Divyanshu67/squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
Chihuahua_(state)

The earliest evidence of human inhabitants of modern day Chihuahua was discovered in the area of Samalayuca and Rancho Colorado. Clovis points have been found in northeastern Chihuahua that have been dated from 12,000 BC to 7000 BC. It is thought that these inhabitants were hunter gatherers. Inhabitants of the state later developed farming with the domestication of corn. An archeological site in northern Chihuahua known as Cerro Juanaqueña revealed squash cultivation, irrigation techniques, and ceramic artifacts dating to around 2000 BC.

Question: In which areas were the earliest human inhabitants discovered?
Answer: Samalayuca and Rancho Colorado

Question: What range of years are the oldest ruins from?
Answer: 12,000 BC to 7000 BC

Question: Which vegetable were they found to have been farming?
Answer: corn

Question: Around what year were the ceramic artifacts found to have been from?
Answer: 2000 BC
Chihuahua_(state)

During the period from 2000–2005 it is estimated that 49,722 people left the state for the United States. Some 82,000 people are thought to have immigrated to the state from 2000–2005 mainly coming from Veracruz (17.6%), United States (16.2%), Durango (13.2%), Coahuila (8.0%) and Chiapas (4.5%). It is believed that there is a large number of undocumented immigrants in that state the come from Central and South America which mainly settle in Ciudad Juárez. According to the 2005 census, the population grew 1.06% from 2000 to 2005. The state has an uneven settlement of people and the lowest population density of any Mexican state; according to the 2005 census there were 12 people per km2. Of all the 3,241,444 people in the state, two-thirds (2,072,129) live in the cities of Ciudad Juárez and Chihuahua. Only three other cities have populations over 100,000: Parral 101,147, Cuauhtémoc 105,725, and Delicias 108,187.

Question: How many people left the state for the U.S. between 2000-2005?
Answer: 49,722

Question: In which city is there a large number of undocumented immigrants?
Answer: Ciudad Juárez

Question: Is the population density the highest or lowest of any Mexican state?
Answer: lowest

Question: Which are the largest two cities in the state?
Answer: Ciudad Juárez and Chihuahua
Chihuahua_(state)

In the constituent legislature or convention, the conservative and liberal elements formed using the nicknames of Chirrines and Cuchas. The military entered as a third party. The elections for the first regular legislature were disputed, and it was not until May 1, 1826, that the body was installed. The liberals gained control and the opposition responded by fomenting a conspiracy. This was promptly stopped with the aid of informers, and more strenuous measures were taken against the conservatives. Extra powers were conferred on the Durango governor, Santiago Baca Ortiz, deputy to the first national congress, and leader of the liberal party.

Question: Which nicknames were used to form the conservative and liberal elements?
Answer: Chirrines and Cuchas

Question: Which was the third party?
Answer: The military

Question: In which year was the body installed?
Answer: 1826

Question: Which party had gained control?
Answer: liberals

Question: Who was the Durango governor?
Answer: Santiago Baca Ortiz
Chihuahua_(state)

In 1562 Francisco de Ibarra headed a personal expedition in search of the mythical cities of Cibola and Quivira; he traveled through the present-day state of Chihuahua. Francisco de Ibarra is thought to have been the first European to see the ruins of Paquime. In 1564 Rodrigo de Río de Loza, a lieutenant under Francisco de Ibarra, stayed behind after the expedition and found gold at the foot of the mountains of the Sierra Madre Occidental; he founded the first Spanish city in the region, Santa Barbara in 1567 by bringing 400 European families to the settlement. A few years later in 1569 Franciscan missionaries led by Fray Agustín Rodríguez from the coast of Sinaloa and the state of Durango founded the first mission in the state in Valle de San Bartolomé (present-day Valle de Allende). Fray Agustín Rodríguez evangelized the native population until 1581. Between 1586 and 1588 a epidemic caused a temporary exodus of the small population in the territory of Nueva Vizcaya.

Question: Which cities was Ibarra looking for?
Answer: Cibola and Quivira

Question: Through which present-day state did he travel?
Answer: Chihuahua

Question: Ibarra is thought to have been the first European to see the ruins of which city?
Answer: Paquime

Question: Which was the first Spanish city founded in the region?
Answer: Santa Barbara

Question: What caused a temporary exodus from Nueva Vizcaya?
Answer: epidemic
Chihuahua_(state)

According to the Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informática (INEGI), 95.6% of the population over the age of 15 could read and write Spanish, and 97.3% of children of ages 8–14 could read and write Spanish. An estimated 93.5% of the population ages 6–14 attend an institution of education. Estimated 12.8% of residents of the state have obtained a college degree. Average schooling is 8.5 years, which means that in general the average citizen over 15 years of age has gone as far as a second year in secondary education.

Question: What percentage of the population over 15 could read and write Spanish?
Answer: 95.6%

Question: What percentage of children ages 8-14 could read and write Spanish?
Answer: 97.3%

Question: What percentage of children age 6-14 attend an institution of education?
Answer: 93.5%

Question: What percentage of the population have obtained a college degree?
Answer: 12.8%
Chihuahua_(state)

The state has the 12th-largest state economy in Mexico, accounting for 2.7% of the country’s GDP. Chihuahua has the fifth highest manufacturing GDP in Mexico and ranks second for the most factories funded by foreign investment in the country. As of 2011[update], the state had an estimated 396 billion pesos (31.1 billion dollars) of annual GDP. According to official federal statistical studies, the service sector accounted for the largest portion of the state economy at 59.28%; the manufacturing and industrial sector is estimated to account for 34.36% of the state's GDP, with the agricultural sector accounting for 6.36% of the state's GDP. Manufacturing sector was the principal foreign investment in the state followed by the mining sector. In 2011, the state received approximately 884 million dollars in remittances from the United States, which was 4.5% of all remittances from the United States to Mexico.

Question: The state's economy ranks in what place in the country Mexico
Answer: 12th-largest

Question: What was the GDP of the state as of 2011?
Answer: 396 billion pesos

Question: Which sector was the largest portion of the economy?
Answer: service sector

Question: Which sector was the second largest?
Answer: the manufacturing and industrial sector

Question: The state received how much in remittances from the U.S. in 2011?
Answer: 884 million dollars
Chihuahua_(state)

The general features of the preceding occurrence applied also to Chihuahua, although in a modified form. The first person elected under the new constitution of 1825 was Simón Elías Gonzalez, who being in Sonora, was induced to remain there. José Antonio Arcé took his place as ruler in Chihuahua. In 1829, González became general commander of Chihuahua, when his term of office on the west coast expired. Arcé was less of a yorkino than his confrere of Durango. Although unable to resist the popular demand for the expulsion of the Spaniards, he soon quarreled with the legislature, which declared itself firmly for Guerrero, and announcing his support of Bustamante's revolution, he suspended, in March 1830, eight members of that body, the vice-governor, and several other officials, and expelled them from the state. The course thus outlined was followed by Governor José Isidro Madero, who succeeded in 1830, associated with J. J. Calvo as general commander, stringent laws being issued against secret societies, which were supposed to be the main spring to the anti-clerical feeling among liberals.

Question: Who was the first person elected under the new constitution?
Answer: Simón Elías Gonzalez

Question: Where was Gonzalez located when he was elected?
Answer: Sonora

Question: In which year did Gonzalez become commander of Chihuahua?
Answer: 1829

Question: For whom was the revolution named?
Answer: Bustamante

Question: Stringed laws were issued against what group?
Answer: secret societies
Chihuahua_(state)

Between AD 300 and 1300 in the northern part of the state along the wide, fertile valley on the San Miguel River the Casas Grandes (Big Houses) culture developed into an advanced civilization. The Casas Grandes civilization is part of a major prehistoric archaeological culture known as Mogollon which is related to the Ancestral Pueblo culture. Paquime was the center of the Casas Grandes civilization. Extensive archaeological evidence shows commerce, agriculture, and hunting at Paquime and Cuarenta Casas (Forty Houses).

Question: In which region of the state did culture develop?
Answer: northern

Question: To what does Casas Grandes translate in English?
Answer: Big Houses

Question: Which prehistoric culture did Casas Grandes stem from?
Answer: Mogollon

Question: What city was the center of the Casas Grandes civilization?
Answer: Paquime

Question: To what does Cuarenta Casas translate in English?
Answer: Forty Houses
Chihuahua_(state)

The state seemed at relative calm compared to the rest of the country due to its close ties to the United States until 1841. In 1843 the possibility of war was anticipated by the state government and it began to reinforce the defense lines along the political boundary with Texas. Supplies of weapons were sent to fully equip the military and took steps to improve efficiency at the presidios. Later, the Regimen for the Defenders of the Border were organized by the state which were made up of: light cavalry, four squads of two brigades, and a small force of 14 men and 42 officials at the price of 160,603 pesos per year. During the beginning of the 1840s, private citizens took it upon themselves to stop the commercial caravans of supplies from the United States, but being so far away from the large suppliers in central Mexico the caravan was allowed to continue in March 1844. Continuing to anticipate a war, the state legislature on July 11, 1846 by decree enlisted 6,000 men to serve along the border; during that time Ángel Trías quickly rose to power by portraying zealous anti-American rhetoric. Trías took the opportunity to dedicate important state resources to gain economic concessions from the people and loans from many municipalities in preparation to defend the state; he used all the money he received to equip and organize a large volunteer militia. Ángel Trías took measures for state self-dependence in regards to state militia due to the diminishing financial support from the federal government.

Question: Until what year did the state remain calm?
Answer: 1841

Question: In which year did the state begin to reinforce defense?
Answer: 1843

Question: What was the price of the small force along the border?
Answer: 160,603 pesos per year

Question: The state decreed that how many men serve along the border in 1846?
Answer: 6,000

Question: Who took measures to the state level for self-dependence due to diminishing financial support from the federal government?
Answer: Ángel Trías
Chihuahua_(state)

Santa Bárbara became the launching place for expeditions into New Mexico by Spanish conquistadors like: Antonio de Espejo, Gaspar Castaño, Antonio Gutiérrez de Umaña, Francisco Leyba de Bonilla, and Vicente de Zaldívar. Several expeditions were led to find a shorter route from Santa Barbara to New Mexico. In April 1598, Juan de Oñate finally found a short route from Santa Barbara to New Mexico which came to be called El Paso del Norte (The Northern Pass). The discovery of El Paso Del Norte was important for the expansion of El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro (The Inner Land Royal Road) to link Spanish settlements in New Mexico to Mexico City; El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro facilitated transport of settlers and supplies to New Mexico.

Question: Which city became the launching place for expeditions into New Mexico?
Answer: Santa Bárbara

Question: In which year was El Paso del Norte found?
Answer: 1598

Question: The path was important for the expansion of which road?
Answer: El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro

Question: Which U.S. state benefited from this road?
Answer: New Mexico
Chihuahua_(state)

Hidalgo is hailed as the Father of the Nation even though it was Agustin de Iturbide and not Hidalgo who achieved Mexican Independence in 1821. Shortly after gaining independence, the day to celebrate it varied between September 16, the day of Hidalgo's Grito, and September 27, the day Iturbide rode into Mexico City to end the war. Later, political movements would favor the more liberal Hidalgo over the conservative Iturbide, so that eventually September 16, 1810 became the officially recognized day of Mexican independence. The reason for this is that Hidalgo is considered to be "precursor and creator of the rest of the heroes of the (Mexican War of) Independence." Hidalgo has become an icon for Mexicans who resist tyranny in the country. Diego Rivera painted Hidalgo's image in half a dozen murals. José Clemente Orozco depicted him with a flaming torch of liberty and considered the painting among his best work. David Alfaro Siqueiros was commissioned by San Nicolas University in Morelia to paint a mural for a celebration commemorating the 200th anniversary of Hidalgo's birth. The town of his parish was renamed Dolores Hidalgo in his honor and the state of Hidalgo was created in 1869. Every year on the night of 15–16 September, the president of Mexico re-enacts the Grito from the balcony of the National Palace. This scene is repeated by the heads of cities and towns all over Mexico. The remains of Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla lie in the column of the Angel of Independence in Mexico City. Next to it is a lamp lit to represent the sacrifice of those who gave their lives for Mexican Independence.

Question: Who was hailed as the Father of the Nation?
Answer: Hidalgo

Question: Who actually achieved independence for the nation?
Answer: Agustin de Iturbide

Question: Which day eventually became the official day of Mexican Independence?
Answer: September 16, 1810

Question: Who painted Hidalgo's image on half a dozen murals?
Answer: Diego Rivera

Question: In which city do Hidalgo's remains lie?
Answer: Mexico City.
Chihuahua_(state)

On February 8, 1847, Doniphan continued his march with 924 men mostly from Missouri; he accompanied a train of 315 wagons of a large commercial caravan heading to the state capital. Meanwhile, the Mexican forces in the state had time to prepare a defense against the Americans. About 20 miles (32 km) north of the capital where two mountain ranges join from east to west is the only pass into the capital; known as Sacramento Pass, this point is now part of present-day Chihuahua City. The Battle of Sacramento was the most important battle fought in the state of Chihuahua because it was the sole defense for the state capital. The battle ended quickly because of some devastating defensive errors from the Mexican forces and the ingenious strategic moves by the American forces. After their loss at the Battle of Sacramento, the remaining Mexican soldiers retreated south, leaving the city to American occupation. Almost 300 Mexicans were killed in the battle, as well as almost 300 wounded. The Americans also confiscated large amounts of Mexican supplies and took 400 Mexican soldiers prisoners of war. American forces maintained an occupation of the state capital for the rest of the Mexican–American War.

Question: In which year did Doniphan march with men from Missouri?
Answer: 1847

Question: How many men did he have?
Answer: 924

Question: What was the pass into the capital known as?
Answer: Sacramento Pass

Question: Which was the most important battle fought in Chihuahua?
Answer: The Battle of Sacramento

Question: How many Mexicans were killed in the battle of Sacramento?
Answer: Almost 300
Chihuahua_(state)

The anti-clerical feeling was widespread, and Durango supported the initial reaction against the government at Mexico. In May 1832, José Urrea, a rising officer, supported the restoration of President Pedraza. On July 20, Governor Elorriaga was reinstated, and Baca along with the legislative minority were brought back to form a new legislature, which met on September 1. Chihuahua showed no desire to imitate the revolutionary movement and Urrea prepared to invade the state. Comandante-general J.J.Calvo threatened to retaliate, and a conflict seemed imminent. The entry of General Santa Anna into Mexico brought calm, as the leaders waited for clarity.

Question: Who supported the reaction against the government?
Answer: Durango

Question: Who supported the restoration of President Pedraza?
Answer: José Urrea

Question: Which state did Urrea prepare to invade?
Answer: Chihuahua

Question: Who threatened to retaliate?
Answer: J.J.Calvo
Chihuahua_(state)

Under threat from the conservative forces, Governor Terrazas was deposed, and the state legislature proclaimed martial law in the state in April 1864 and established Jesús José Casavantes as the new governor. In response, José María Patoni decided to march to Chihuahua with presidential support. Meanwhile, Maximilian von Habsburg, a younger brother of the Emperor of Austria, was proclaimed Emperor Maximilian I of Mexico on April 10, 1864 with the backing of Napoleon III and a group of Mexican conservatives. Before President Benito Juárez was forced to flee, Congress granted him an emergency extension of his presidency, which would go into effect in 1865 when his term expired, and last until 1867. At the same time, the state liberals and conservatives compromised to allow the popular Ángel Trías take the governorship; by this time the French forces had taken control over the central portions of the country and were making preparations to invade the northern states.

Question: Who was deposed under threat from conservative forces?
Answer: Governor Terrazas

Question: Who was established as the new governor?
Answer: Jesús José Casavantes

Question: Who decided to march on Chihuahua in response?
Answer: José María Patoni

Question: Which president was forced to flee?
Answer: President Benito Juárez

Question: Until which year did his extended term last?
Answer: 1867
Chihuahua_(state)

The state united behind the Plan of Ayutla and ratified the new constitution in 1855. The state was able to survive through the Reform War with minimal damage due to the large number of liberal political figures. The 1858 conservative movement did not succeed in the state even after the successful military campaign of the conservative Zuloaga with 1,000 men occupied the cities of Chihuahua and Parral. In August 1859, Zuloaga and his forces were defeated by the liberal Orozco and his forces; Orozco soon after deposed the state governor, but had to flee to Durango two months later. In the late 1860s the conservative General Cajen briefly entered the state after his campaign through the state of Jalisco and helped establish conservative politicians and ran out the liberal leaders Jesús González Ortega and José María Patoni. Cajen took possession of the state capital and established himself as governor; he brooked no delay in uniting a large force to combat the liberal forces which he defeated in La Batalla del Gallo. Cajen attained several advantages over the liberals within the state, but soon lost his standing due to a strong resurgence of the liberal forces within the state. The successful liberal leaders José María Patoni of Durango and J.E. Muñoz of Chihuahua quickly strengthened their standing by limiting the political rights of the clergy implementing the presidential decree. The state elected General Luis Terrazas, a liberal leader, as governor; he would continue to fight small battles within the state to suppress conservative uprisings during 1861.

Question: In which year was the new constitution ratified?
Answer: 1855

Question: The state was able to survive through which war?
Answer: Reform War

Question: The conservative movement occurred during which year?
Answer: 1858

Question: 1000 men occupied which cities?
Answer: Chihuahua and Parral

Question: Who established himself as governor?
Answer: Cajen
Chihuahua_(state)

After running imperial military affairs in the states of Coahuila and Durango, General Agustín Enrique Brincourt made preparations to invade the state of Chihuahua. On July 8, 1865 Brincourt crossed the Nazas River in northern Durango, heading toward Chihuahua. On July 22 Brincourt crossed the banks of Río Florido into Ciudad Jiménez; one day later he arrived at Valle de Allende where he sent Colonel Pyot with a garrison to take control of Hidalgo del Parral. Brincourt continued through Santa Rosalia de Camargo and Santa Cruz de Rosales. President Juárez remained in the state capital until August 5, 1865 when he left for El Paso del Norte (present-day Ciudad Juárez) due to evidence that the French were to attack the city. On the same day, the President named General Manuel Ojinaga the new governor and placed him in charge of all the republican forces. Meanwhile, General Villagran surprised the imperial forces in control of Hidalgo de Parral; after a short two-hour battle, Colonel Pyot was defeated and forced to retreat. At the Battle of Parral, the French lost 55 men to the Republican forces. On August 13, 1865, the French forces with an estimated 2,500 men arrived at the outskirts of Chihuahua City, and on August 15, 1865, General Brincourt defeated the republican forces, taking control of the state capital. Brincourt designated Tomás Zuloaga as Prefect of Chihuahua. Fearing the French would continue their campaign to El Paso del Norte, President Juárez relocated to El Carrizal, a secluded place in the mountains near El Paso del Norte, in August 1865, . It would have been easy for the French forces to continue in pursuit of President Juárez across the border, but they feared altercations with American forces. General François Achille Bazaine ordered the French troops to retreat back to the state of Durango after only reaching a point one days travel north of Chihuahua City. General Brincourt asked for 1,000 men to be left behind to help maintain control over the state, but his request was denied. After the death of General Ojinaga, the Republican government declared General Villagran in charge of the fight against the Imperial forces. The French left the state on October 29, 1865. President Juárez returned to Chihuahua City on November 20, 1865 and remained in the city until December 9, 1865 when he returned to El Paso del Norte. Shortly after the president left Chihuahua City, Terrazas was restored as governor of the state on December 11, 1865.

Question: Brincourt made preparations to invade which state?
Answer: Chihuahua

Question: In which states had Brincourt run military affairs previously?
Answer: Coahuila and Durango

Question: Who remained in the capital until August 5, 1865?
Answer: President Juárez

Question: Who surprised the imperial forces in control of Hidalgo?
Answer: General Villagran

Question: The Republican government declared who in charge of the fight against the imperialists?
Answer: General Villagran
Chihuahua_(state)

General Aguirre moved to the deserts of the southeastern portion of the state and defeated the French forces in Parral, led by Colonel Cottret. By the middle of 1866, the state of Chihuahua was declared free of enemy control; Parral was the last French stronghold within the state. On June 17, 1866, President Juárez arrived in Chihuahua City and remained in the capital until December 10, 1866. During his two years in the state of Chihuahua, President Juárez passed ordinances regarding the rights of adjudication of property and nationalized the property of the clergy. The distance of the French forces and their allies allowed the Ministry of War, led by General Negrete, to reorganize the state's national guard into the Patriotic Battalion of Chihuahua, which was deployed to fight in the battle of Matamoros, Tamaulipas against the French. After a series of major defeats and an escalating threat from Prussia, France began pulling troops out of Mexico in late 1866. Disillusioned with the liberal political views of Maximilian, the Mexican conservatives abandoned him, and in 1867 the last of the Emperor's forces were defeated. Maximilian was sentenced to death by a military court; despite national and international pleas for amnesty, Juárez refused to commute the sentence. Maximilian was executed by firing squad on June 19, 1867.

Question: Where did Aguirre defeat the French forces?
Answer: Parral

Question: Who had been leading the French forces?
Answer: Colonel Cottret

Question: During which year was Chihuahua declared free of enemy control?
Answer: 1866

Question: Who passed laws regarding rights of adjudication of property?
Answer: President Juárez

Question: Who was executed by firing squad on June 19, 1867?
Answer: Maximilian
Chihuahua_(state)

The United States Congress declared war on Mexico on May 13, 1846 after only having a few hours to debate. Although President José Mariano Paredes's issuance of a manifesto on May 23 is sometimes considered the declaration of war, Mexico officially declared war by Congress on July 7. After the American invasion of New Mexico, Chihuahua sent 12,000 men led by Colonel Vidal to the border to stop the American military advance into the state. The Mexican forces being impatient to confront the American forces passed beyond El Paso del Norte about 20 miles (32 km) north along the Rio Grande. The first battle that Chihuahua fought was the battle of El Bracito; the Mexican forces consisting of 500 cavalry and 70 infantry confronted a force of 1,100–1,200 Americans on December 25, 1846. The battle ended badly by the Mexican forces that were then forced to retreat back into the state of Chihuahua. By December 27, 1846, the American forces occupied El Paso Del Norte. General Doniphan maintained camp in El Paso Del Norte awaiting supplies and artillery which he received in February 1847.

Question: Who declared war on Mexico in 1846?
Answer: The United States

Question: How many men did Chihuahua send to defend New Mexico?
Answer: 12,000

Question: Which was the first battle fought by Chihuahua?
Answer: battle of El Bracito

Question: Who won the battle?
Answer: The United States

Question: Which general maintained camp in El Paso Del Norte after the battle?
Answer: General Doniphan
Chihuahua_(state)

But the peace in the state did not last long, the elections of 1875 caused new hostilities. Ángel Trías led a new movement against the government in June 1875 and maintained control over the government until September 18, 1875 when Donato Guerra the orchestrator of the Revolution of the North was captured. Donato Guerra was assassinated in a suburb of Chihuahua City where he was incarcerated for conspiring with Ángel Trías. During October 1875 several locations were controlled by rebel forces, but the government finally regained control on November 25, 1875.

Question: The elections of which year caused new hostilities?
Answer: 1875

Question: Who led a movement against the government in June of 1875?
Answer: Ángel Trías

Question: Which orchestrator of the Revolution of the North was captured?
Answer: Donato Guerra

Question: Guerra was assassinated in a suburb of which city?
Answer: Chihuahua City

Question: With whom was he said to have conspired?
Answer: Ángel Trías
Chihuahua_(state)

Under Governor Miguel Ahumada, the education system in the state was unified and brought under tighter control by the state government, and the metric system was standardized throughout the state to replace the colonial system of weights and measures. On September 16, 1897, the Civilian Hospital of Chihuahua was inaugurated in Chihuahua City and became known among the best in the country. In 1901 the Heroes Theater (Teatro de los Héroes) opened in Chihuahua City. On August 18, 1904, Governor Terrazas was replaced by Governor Enrique C. Creel. From 1907 to 1911, the Creel administration succeeded in advancing the state's legal system, modernizing the mining industry, and raising public education standards. In 1908 the Chihuahuan State Penitentiary was built, and the construction on the first large scale dam project was initiated on the Chuviscar River. During the same time, the streets of Chihuahua City were paved and numerous monuments were built in Chihuahua City and Ciudad Juárez.

Question: Under which governor was the education system unified?
Answer: Miguel Ahumada

Question: Which system of measurement was standardized?
Answer: metric system

Question: What was inaugurated in Chihuahua City on September 16, 1897?
Answer: Civilian Hospital

Question: The first large scale dam project was initiated on which river?
Answer: Chuviscar River
Chihuahua_(state)

Despite the internal stability (known as the paz porfiriana), modernization, and economic growth in Mexico during the Porfiriato from 1876 to 1910, many across the state became deeply dissatisfied with the political system. When Díaz first ran for office, he committed to a strict “No Re-election” policy in which he disqualified himself to serve consecutive terms. Eventually backtracking on many of his initial political positions Díaz became a de facto dictator. Díaz became increasingly unpopular due to brutal suppression of political dissidents by using the Rurales and manipulating the elections to solidify his political machine. The working class was frustrated with the Díaz regime due to the corruption of the political system that had increased the inequality between the rich and poor. The peasants felt disenfranchised by the policies that promoted the unfair distribution of land where 95% of the land was owned by the top 5%.

Question: The internal stability was known as what?
Answer: paz porfiriana

Question: During what years did the economic growth occur?
Answer: 1876 to 1910

Question: Who committed to a strict "No Re-election" policy when running for office?
Answer: Díaz

Question: Which class was frustrated with Diaz due to corruption?
Answer: working class
Chihuahua_(state)

In response to Madero's letter to action, Pascual Orozco (a wealthy mining baron) and Chihuahua Governor Abraham González formed a powerful military union in the north, taking military control of several northern Mexican cities with other revolutionary leaders, including Pancho Villa. Against Madero's wishes, Orozco and Villa fought for and won Ciudad Juárez. After militias loyal to Madero defeated the Mexican federal army, on May 21, 1911, Madero signed the Treaty of Ciudad Juárez with Díaz. It required that Díaz abdicate his rule and be replaced by Madero. Insisting on a new election, Madero won overwhelmingly in late 1911, and he established a liberal democracy and received support from the United States and popular leaders such as Orozco and Villa. Orozco eventually became disappointed with the Madero's government and led a rebellion against him. He organized his own army, called "Orozquistas"—also called the Colorados ("Red Flaggers")—after Madero refused to agree to social reforms calling for better working hours, pay and conditions. The rural working class, which had supported Madero, now took up arms against him in support of Orozco.

Question: Orozco responded to whose letter to action?
Answer: Madero

Question: Which governor teamed up with Orozco?
Answer: Governor Abraham González

Question: Orozco and Villa fought for and won which city?
Answer: Ciudad Juárez

Question: Madero received support from which country?
Answer: United States

Question: Orozco's army was called by what name?
Answer: Orozquistas
Chihuahua_(state)

The situation became so tense that war with the United States seemed imminent. On April 22, 1914, on the initiative of Felix A. Sommerfeld and Sherburne Hopkins, Pancho Villa traveled to Juárez to calm fears along the border and asked President Wilson's emissary George Carothers to tell "Señor Wilson" that he had no problems with the American occupation of Veracruz. Carothers wrote to Secretary William Jennings Bryan: "As far as he was concerned we could keep Vera Cruz [sic] and hold it so tight that not even water could get in to Huerta and . . . he could not feel any resentment". Whether trying to please the U.S. government or through the diplomatic efforts of Sommerfeld and Carothers, or maybe as a result of both, Villa stepped out from under Carranza’s stated foreign policy.

Question: War with what country seemed imminent?
Answer: United States

Question: Pancho Villa seeked a conversation with which American President?
Answer: President Wilson

Question: Villa stepped out of whose foreign policy?
Answer: Carranza’s

Question: To which Secretary did Carothers write?
Answer: Secretary William Jennings Bryan
Chihuahua_(state)

The state of Chihuahua is the largest state in the country and is known as El Estado Grande (The Big State); it accounts for 12.6% of the land of Mexico. The area is landlocked by the states of Sonora to the west, Sinaloa to the south-west, Durango to the south, and Coahuila to the east, and by the U.S. states of Texas to the northeast and New Mexico to the north. The state is made up of three geologic regions: Mountains, Plains-Valleys, and Desert, which occur in large bands from west to east. Because of the different geologic regions there are contrasting climates and ecosystems.

Question: Which state is the largest in the country by land?
Answer: Chihuahua

Question: What percentage of the country does it make up?
Answer: 12.6%

Question: Which state borders Chihuahua to the direct west?
Answer: Sonora

Question: Which U.S. state borders to the northeast?
Answer: Texas
Chihuahua_(state)

The climate in the state depends mainly in the elevation of the terrain. According to Köppen climate classification the state has five major climate zones. The Sierra Madre Occidental dominates the western part of the state; there are two main climates in this area: Subtropical Highland (Cfb) and Humid Subtropical (Cwa). There are some microclimates in the state due to the varying topology mostly found in the western side of the state. The two best known microclimates are: Tropical savanna climate (Aw) in deep canyons located in the extreme southern part of the state; Continental Mediterranean climate (Dsb) in the extremely high elevations of the Sierra Madre Occidental. Satellite image to the right shows the vegetation is much greener in the west because of the cooler temperatures and larger amounts of precipitation as compared to the rest of the state.

Question: Climate in the state depends mainly on what?
Answer: elevation of the terrain

Question: Which mountain range dominates the western part of the state?
Answer: The Sierra Madre Occidental

Question: Vegetation is much greener in which side of the state, east or west?
Answer: west

Question: Which side of the state has more precipitation?
Answer: west

Question: Which part of the state has the most desert; north, south, east, or west?
Answer: southern
Chihuahua_(state)

The Chihuahuan Desert is home to a diverse ecosystem which is home to a large variety of mammals. The most common mammals in the desert include: Desert cottontail Sylvilagus audubonii, black-tailed jackrabbit Lepus californicus, hooded skunk Mephitis macroura, cactus mouse Peromyscus eremicus, swift fox Vulpes velox, white-throated woodrat Neotoma albigula, pallid bat Antrozous pallidus, and coyote Canis latrans. The most observed reptiles in the desert include: Mohave rattlesnake Crotalus scutulatus, twin-spotted rattlesnake Crotalus pricei, prairie rattlesnake Crotalus viridis, ridge-nosed rattlesnake Crotalus willardi, whip snake Masticophis flagellum, New Mexico whiptail Cnemidophorus neomexicanus, and red-spotted toad Bufo punctatus.

Question: The Chihuahuan Desert is home to many of which type of animal?
Answer: mammals

Question: Which type of reptile is most common in the desert?
Answer: rattlesnake

Question: Mephitis macroura is which type of mammal?
Answer: skunk
Chihuahua_(state)

The plains at the foot of the Sierra Madre Occidental is an elongated mesa known as Altiplanicie Mexicana that exhibits a steppe climate and serves as a transition zone from the mountain climate in the western part of the state to the desert climate in the eastern side of the state. The steppe zone accounts for a third of the state's area, and it experiences pronounced dry and wet seasons. The pronounced rainy season in the steppe is usually observed in the months of July, August, and September. The steppe also encounters extreme temperatures that often reach over 100 °F in the summer and drop below 32 °F in the winter. The steppe zone is an important agriculture zone due to an extensive development of canals exploiting several rivers that flow down from the mountains. The steppe zone is the most populated area of the state.

Question: Which months make up the pronounced rainy season in the steppe?
Answer: July, August, and September

Question: The steppe reaches temperatures above what in the winter?
Answer: 100 °F

Question: The steppe is important agriculturally because of what feature?
Answer: canals

Question: The mountain climate is found in which part of the state?
Answer: western
Chihuahua_(state)

The state has a great diversity due to the large number of microclimates found and dramatic varying terrain. The flora throughout the Sierra Madre Occidental mountain range varies with elevation. Pine (Pinus) and oak (Quercus) species are usually found at an elevation of 2,000 m (6,560 ft) above sea level. The most common species of flora found in the mountains are: Pinus, Quercus, Abies, Ficus, Vachellia, Ipomoea, Acacia, Lysiloma, Bursera, Vitex, Tabebuia, Sideroxylon, Cordia, Fouquieria, Pithecellobium. The state is home to one of the largest variation species of the genus Pinus in the world. The lower elevations have a steppe vegetation with a variety of grasses and small bushes. Several species of Juniperus dot the steppe and the transition zone.

Question: The state has great diversity thanks to the large number of what?
Answer: microclimates

Question: What type of life varies greatly with the elevation in the mountains?
Answer: flora

Question: The state is home to one of the largest variation species of which genus?
Answer: Pinus

Question: Several species of which type dot the steppe and transition zone?
Answer: Juniperus
Chihuahua_(state)

The state has one city with a population exceeding one million: Ciudad Juárez. Ciudad Juárez is ranked eighth most populous city in the country and Chihuahua City was ranked 16th most populous in Mexico. Chihuahua (along with Baja California) is the only state in Mexico to have two cities ranked in the top 20 most populated. El Paso and Ciudad Juárez comprise one of the largest binational metropolitan areas in the world with a combined population of 2.4 million. In fact, Ciudad Juárez is one of the fastest growing cities in the world in spite of the fact that it is "the most violent zone in the world outside of declared war zones". For instance, a few years ago the Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas published that in Ciudad Juárez "the average annual growth over the 10-year period 1990–2000 was 5.3 percent. Juárez experienced much higher population growth than the state of Chihuahua and than Mexico as a whole". Chihuahua City has one of the highest literacy rates in the country at 98%; 35% of the population is aged 14 or below, 60% 15-65, and 5% over 65. The growth rate is 2.4%. The 76.5% of the population of the state of Chihuahua live in cities which makes the state one of the most urbanized in Mexico.

Question: Which city in the state exceeds one million?
Answer: Ciudad Juárez

Question: Juarez is ranked where among cities in the country?
Answer: eighth

Question: El Paso and Ciudad Juarez combine for a population of how many people?
Answer: 2.4 million

Question: What is the literacy rate in Chihuahua City?
Answer: 98%

Question: What percentage of people in Chihuahua live in cities?
Answer: 76.5%
Chihuahua_(state)

The French forces tried to subdue and capture the liberal government based in Saltillo. On September 21, 1864, José María Patoni and Jesús González Ortega lost against the French forces at the Battle of Estanzuelas; the supreme government led by President Juárez was forced to evacuate the city of Saltillo and relocate to Chihuahua. Juárez stopped in Ciudad Jiménez, Valle de Allende, and Hidalgo de Parral, in turn. He decreed Parral the capital of Mexico from October 2–5, 1864. Perceiving the threat from the advancing French forces, the president continued his evacuation through Santa Rosalía de Camargo, Santa Cruz de Rosales, and finally Chihuahua, Chihuahua. On October 12, 1864, the people of the state gave President Juárez an overwhelmingly supportive reception, led by Governor Ángel Trías. On October 15, 1864 the city of Chihuahua was declared the temporary capital of Mexico.

Question: French forces tried to capture the liberal government based where?
Answer: Saltillo

Question: Which two generals lost against the French on September 21, 1864?
Answer: José María Patoni and Jesús González

Question: The goverment led by whom was forced to evacuate Saltillo?
Answer: President Juárez

Question: Which was the last city through which Juarez evacuated?
Answer: Chihuahua, Chihuahua

Question: Which governor led the supportive reception of President Juarez?
Answer: Ángel Trías
Chihuahua_(state)

President Benito Juárez was re-elected in the general election of 1867 in which he received strong liberal support, especially in Chihuahua. Luis Terrazas was confirmed by the people of Chihuahua to be governor of the state. But soon after the election, President Juárez had another crisis on his hands; the Juárez administration was suspected to be involved in the assassination of the military chief José María Patoni executed by General Canto in August 1868. General Canto turned himself over to Donato Guerra. Canto was sentenced to death, but later his sentence changed to 10 years imprisonment. The sense of injustice gave rise to a new rebellion in 1869 that threatened the federal government. In response, the Juárez administration took drastic measures by temporarily suspending constitutional rights, but the governor of Chihuahua did not support this action. Hostilities continued to increase especially after the election of 1871 which was perceived to be fraudulent. A new popular leader arose among the rebels, Porfirio Díaz. The federal government was successful in quelling rebellions in Durango an Chihuahua. On July 18, 1872, President Juárez died from a heart attack; soon after, many of his supporters ceased the fighting. Peace returned to Chihuahua and the new government was led by Governor Antonio Ochoa (formerly a co-owner of the Batopilas silver mines) in 1873 after Luis Terrazas finished his term in 1872.

Question: Benito Juarez was reelected in which year?
Answer: 1867

Question: Which state gave Juarez a particularly notably strong support?
Answer: Chihuahua

Question: Who was confirmed to be the president of the state of Chihuahua?
Answer: Luis Terrazas

Question: Which general turned himself over to Donato Guerra?
Answer: General Canto

Question: Which year's election was perceived to be fraudulent?
Answer: 1871
Chihuahua_(state)

The Díaz administration made political decisions and took legal measures that allowed the elite throughout Mexico to concentrate the nation's wealth by favoring monopolies. During this time, two-fifths of the state's territory was divided among 17 rich families which owned practically all of the arable land in Chihuahua. The state economy grew at a rapid pace during the Porfiriato; the economy in Chihuahua was dominated by agriculture and mining. The Díaz administration helped Governor Luis Terrazas by funding the Municipal Public Library in Chihuahua City and passing a federal initiative for the construction of the railroad from Chihuahua City to Ciudad Júarez. By 1881, the Central Mexican Railroad was completed which connected Mexico City to Ciudad Juárez. In 1883 telephone lines were installed throughout the state, allowing communication between Chihuahua City and Aldama. By 1888 the telephone services were extended from the capital to the cites of Julimes, Meoqui, and Hidalgo del Parral; the telecommunication network in the state covered an estimated 3,500 kilometers. The need of laborers to construct the extensive infrastructure projects resulted in a significant Asian immigration, mostly from China. Asian immigrants soon become integral to the state economy by opening restaurants, small grocery stores, and hotels. By the end of the Terrazas term, the state experienced an increase in commerce, mining, and banking. When the banks were nationalized, Chihuahua became the most important banking state in Mexico.

Question: The Diaz administration allowed the elite to concentrate wealth by favoring what?
Answer: monopolies

Question: Two-fifths of the state's territory was divided between how many families?
Answer: 17

Question: This state grew at a rapid pace during the Porfiriato.
Answer: Chihuahua

Question: What were installed throughout the state in 1883?
Answer: telephone lines

Question: Asian immigrants became integral to the state economy by opening what businesses?
Answer: restaurants, small grocery stores, and hotels.
Chihuahua_(state)

The uneasy alliance of Carranza, Obregón, Villa, and Zapata eventually led the rebels to victory. The fight against Huerta formally ended on August 15, 1914, when Álvaro Obregón signed a number of treaties in Teoloyucan in which the last of Huerta's forces surrendered to him and recognized the constitutional government. On August 20, 1914, Carranza made a triumphal entry into Mexico City. Carranza (supported by Obregón) was now the strongest candidate to fill the power vacuum and set himself up as head of the new government. This government successfully printed money, passed laws, etc.

Question: The uneasy alliance between whom eventually won rebels the victory?
Answer: Carranza, Obregón, Villa, and Zapata

Question: The fight against Huerta formally ended on which date?
Answer: August 15, 1914

Question: In which city did Obregon sign a number of treaties?
Answer: Teoloyucan

Question: Who made a triumphant entry into Mexico City on August 20, 1914?
Answer: Carranza
Chihuahua_(state)

The main mountain range in the state is the Sierra Madre Occidental reaching a maximum altitude of 10,826 ft (3,300 m) known as Cerro Mohinora. Mountains account for one third of the state's surface area which include large coniferous forests. The climate in the mountainous regions varies Chihuahua has more forests than any other state in Mexico making the area a bountiful source of wood; the mountainous areas are rich in minerals important to Mexico's mining industry. Precipitation and temperature in the mountainous areas depends on the elevation. Between the months of November and March snow storms are possible in the lower elevations and are frequent in the higher elevations. There are several watersheds located in the Sierra Madre Occidental all of the water that flows through the state; most of the rivers finally empty into the Río Grande. Temperatures in some canyons in the state reach over 100 °F in the summer while the same areas rarely drop below 32 °F in the winter. Microclimates found in the heart of the Sierra Madre Occidental in the state could be considered tropical, and wild tropical plants have been found in some canyons. La Barranca del Cobre, or Copper Canyon, a spectacular canyon system larger and deeper than the Grand Canyon; the canyon also contains Mexico's two tallest waterfalls: Basaseachic Falls and Piedra Volada. There are two national parks found in the mountainous area of the state: Cumbres de Majalca National Park and Basaseachic Falls National Park.

Question: Which is the main mountain range in the state?
Answer: Sierra Madre Occidental

Question: What altitude does the mountain range reach at maximum?
Answer: 10,826 ft (3,300 m)

Question: Which state has more forests than any other?
Answer: Chihuahua

Question: Precipitation and temperature in the mountainous region depend on what?
Answer: elevation

Question: What type of plants can be found in some canyons?
Answer: tropical