Divyanshu67/squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
Mesozoic

The climatic changes of the late Jurassic and Cretaceous provided for further adaptive radiation. The Jurassic was the height of archosaur diversity, and the first birds and eutherian mammals also appeared. Angiosperms radiated sometime in the early Cretaceous, first in the tropics, but the even temperature gradient allowed them to spread toward the poles throughout the period. By the end of the Cretaceous, angiosperms dominated tree floras in many areas, although some evidence suggests that biomass was still dominated by cycad and ferns until after the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction.

Question: What event produced further adaptations during  the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods?
Answer: climatic changes

Question: When was the top of archosaur diversity?
Answer: Jurassic

Question: What species spread towards the poles during the Jurassic?
Answer: Angiosperms

Question: What species dominated many tree floras by the end of the Cretaceous period?
Answer: angiosperms

Question: What types of species are thought to still have been dominate until after the extinction?
Answer: cycad and ferns

Question: What event stunted adaptions during the Jurassic?

Question: When was the bottom of archosaur diversity?

Question: The temperature gradient prevented what land species growth?

Question: What prevented the spread of angiosperms towards the poles?

Question: What types of species are thought to have died before the extinction?
Mesozoic

The lower (Triassic) boundary is set by the Permian–Triassic extinction event, during which approximately 90% to 96% of marine species and 70% of terrestrial vertebrates became extinct. It is also known as the "Great Dying" because it is considered the largest mass extinction in the Earth's history. The upper (Cretaceous) boundary is set at the Cretaceous–Tertiary (KT) extinction event (now more accurately called the Cretaceous–Paleogene (or K–Pg) extinction event), which may have been caused by the impactor that created Chicxulub Crater on the Yucatán Peninsula. Towards the Late Cretaceous large volcanic eruptions are also believed to have contributed to the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event. Approximately 50% of all genera became extinct, including all of the non-avian dinosaurs.

Question: What event sets the boundary for the Triassic?
Answer: Permian–Triassic extinction

Question: What percentage of marine life died during the extinction?
Answer: 90% to 96%

Question: How many terrestrial species died during the extinction?
Answer: 70%

Question: What is the largest extinction of species in Earth's history known as?
Answer: Great Dying

Question: What is the possible cause of the upper Cretaceous extinction event ?
Answer: K–Pg) extinction

Question: What percentage of marine life growth happened during the Permian–Triassic era?

Question: How many terrestrial species were created during the Permian–Triassic era?

Question: Large volcanic eruptions contributed to the expansion of what period?

Question: What percent of terrestrial vertebrates became extinct on the Yucatán Peninsula?

Question: What percentage of all genera thrived during the Cretaceous–Paleogene era?
Mesozoic

The Late Cretaceous spans from 100 million to 65 million years ago. The Late Cretaceous featured a cooling trend that would continue on in the Cenozoic period. Eventually, tropics were restricted to the equator and areas beyond the tropic lines featured extreme seasonal changes in weather. Dinosaurs still thrived as new species such as Tyrannosaurus, Ankylosaurus, Triceratops and Hadrosaurs dominated the food web. In the oceans, Mosasaurs ruled the seas to fill the role of the Ichthyosaurs, and huge plesiosaurs, such as Elasmosaurus, evolved. Also, the first flowering plants evolved. At the end of the Cretaceous, the Deccan traps and other volcanic eruptions were poisoning the atmosphere. As this was continuing, it is thought that a large meteor smashed into earth, creating the Chicxulub Crater in an event known as the K-T Extinction, the fifth and most recent mass extinction event, in which 75% of life on earth went extinct, including all non-avian dinosaurs. Everything over 10 kilograms went extinct. The age of the dinosaurs was over.

Question: What is the span of the Late Cretaceous period?
Answer: 100 million to 65 million years

Question: What weather trend ocured in the Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic periods?
Answer: cooling

Question: What climate was restricted to the equatorial areas?
Answer: tropics

Question: What type of weather changes did areas outside of the tropics experience?
Answer: extreme seasonal changes

Question: What event ended the age of the dinosaur by causing a 75% extinction?
Answer: K-T Extinction

Question: What weather trend didn't ocur in the Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic periods?

Question: Which dinosaur species saw its demise during the Late Cretaceous?

Question: Which water borne species brought about the extinction of the Mosasaurs?

Question: Flowering plants died out during which period?

Question: Which dinosaurs help pollute the atmosphere?
Mesozoic

The climate of the Cretaceous is less certain and more widely disputed. Higher levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere are thought to have caused the world temperature gradient from north to south to become almost flat: temperatures were about the same across the planet. Average temperatures were also higher than today by about 10°C. In fact, by the middle Cretaceous, equatorial ocean waters (perhaps as warm as 20 °C in the deep ocean) may have been too warm for sea life,[dubious – discuss][citation needed] and land areas near the equator may have been deserts despite their proximity to water. The circulation of oxygen to the deep ocean may also have been disrupted.[dubious – discuss] For this reason, large volumes of organic matter that was unable to decompose accumulated, eventually being deposited as "black shale".

Question: What is uncertain about the Cretaceous?
Answer: climate

Question: What atmospheric gas caused temperatures levels to be 10 degrees higher than today?
Answer: carbon dioxide

Question: What was about equal across the planet?
Answer: temperatures

Question: During the Cretaceous what climate was thought to be found in areas near the seas?
Answer: deserts

Question: What did large amounts of deposited un-decomposed organic matter later become?
Answer: black shale

Question: What is most volatile aspect about the Cretaceous?

Question: Lower levels of carbon dioxide caused what?

Question: The circulation of oxygen in the deep ocean may have increased during what period?

Question: Black shale was destroyed by what during the Cretaceous period?

Question: Why were equatorial ocean waters too cold?
Mesozoic

The Late Triassic spans from 237 million to 200 million years ago. Following the bloom of the Middle Triassic, the Late Triassic featured frequent heat spells, as well as moderate precipitation (10-20 inches per year). The recent warming led to a boom of reptilian evolution on land as the first true dinosaurs evolve, as well as pterosaurs. All this climatic change, however, resulted in a large die-out known as the Triassic-Jurassic extinction event, in which all archosaurs (excluding ancient crocodiles), most synapsids, and almost all large amphibians went extinct, as well as 34% of marine life in the fourth mass extinction event of the world. The cause is debatable.

Question: What was the span of the Late Triassic?
Answer: 237 million to 200 million years

Question: Besides moderate precipitation, what weather conditions did the Late Triassic have?
Answer: heat spells

Question: When did the first dinosaurs evolve?
Answer: Triassic

Question: According to theory, what did climate change in the Late Triassic cause?
Answer: Triassic-Jurassic extinction

Question: What was the only archosaur to survive the fourth mass extinction?
Answer: crocodiles

Question: Besides moderate precipitation, what weather conditions did the Late Triassic not have?

Question: What lead to the demise of a certain segment of reptilian evolution?

Question: What resulted in a relatively small die-out known as the Triassic Jurassic extinction event?

Question: What survived the Triassic Jurassic extinction event?

Question: 34% of marine life survived what extinction event?
Mesozoic

The Early Cretaceous spans from 145 million to 100 million years ago. The Early Cretaceous saw the expansion of seaways, and as a result, the decline and extinction of sauropods (except in South America). Many coastal shallows were created, and that caused Ichthyosaurs to die out. Mosasaurs evolved to replace them as head of the seas. Some island-hopping dinosaurs, like Eustreptospondylus, evolved to cope with the coastal shallows and small islands of ancient Europe. Other dinosaurs rose up to fill the empty space that the Jurassic-Cretaceous extinction left behind, such as Carcharodontosaurus and Spinosaurus. Of the most successful would be the Iguanodon which spread to every continent. Seasons came back into effect and the poles got seasonally colder, but dinosaurs still inhabited this area like the Leaellynasaura which inhabited the polar forests year-round, and many dinosaurs migrated there during summer like Muttaburrasaurus. Since it was too cold for crocodiles, it was the last stronghold for large amphibians, like Koolasuchus. Pterosaurs got larger as species like Tapejara and Ornithocheirus evolved.

Question: What is the span of the Early Cretaceous?
Answer: 145 million to 100 million years

Question: What event of the Early Cretaceous caused the extinction of several species?
Answer: expansion of seaways

Question: What species died out due to the expansion of coastal shallows?
Answer: Ichthyosaurs

Question: What species dominated the seas?
Answer: Mosasaurs

Question: What dinosaur spread to every continent?
Answer: Iguanodon

Question: What event of the Early Cretaceous caused the proliferation of several species?

Question: What dinosaur was particularly confined to one continent?

Question: What caused Ichthyosaurs to thrive?

Question: Which species avoided the polar areas?

Question: What species was most similar to crocodiles?
Mesozoic

Sea levels began to rise during the Jurassic, which was probably caused by an increase in seafloor spreading. The formation of new crust beneath the surface displaced ocean waters by as much as 200 m (656 ft) more than today, which flooded coastal areas. Furthermore, Pangaea began to rift into smaller divisions, bringing more land area in contact with the ocean by forming the Tethys Sea. Temperatures continued to increase and began to stabilize. Humidity also increased with the proximity of water, and deserts retreated.

Question: What caused the sea to rise during the Jurassic?
Answer: increase in seafloor

Question: Rising seas and displaced waters caused what  element along the coasts?
Answer: flooded coastal areas

Question: Pangaea beginning to break apart created what new sea?
Answer: Tethys Sea

Question: What weather condition increased?
Answer: Temperatures

Question: As humidity increased what land area decreased?
Answer: deserts

Question: What caused the sea to fall during the Jurassic?

Question: Rising seas and displaced waters destroyed what element along the coasts?

Question: What weather condition became much more stable?

Question: Why did humidity decrease during the Jurassic?

Question: By how much did oceans increase in size compared to today?
Mesozoic

The Early Jurassic spans from 200 million years to 175 million years ago. The climate was much more humid than the Triassic, and as a result, the world was very tropical. In the oceans, Plesiosaurs, Ichthyosaurs and Ammonites fill waters as the dominant races of the seas. On land, dinosaurs and other reptiles stake their claim as the dominant race of the land, with species such as Dilophosaurus at the top. The first true crocodiles evolved, pushing out the large amphibians to near extinction. All-in-all, reptiles rise to rule the world. Meanwhile, the first true mammals evolve, but remained relatively small sized.

Question: What is the span of years for the Early Jurassic?
Answer: 200 million years to 175 million

Question: What feature of the climate produced a more tropical world?
Answer: more humid

Question: Besides Ichthyosaurs and Ammonites, what was the other dominate species in the seas?
Answer: Plesiosaurs

Question: What was the highest order of species n land?
Answer: Dilophosaurus

Question: What other order evolved during the Jurassic?
Answer: true mammals

Question: What feature of the climate hindered a more tropical world

Question: Plesiosaurs and Ichthyosaurs were mostly hunted by with competitive species?

Question: What species saw itself at the bottom of the race hierarchy?

Question: Reptiles were a submissive species during what time period?

Question: Crocodiles were threatened by what species?
Mesozoic

Compared to the vigorous convergent plate mountain-building of the late Paleozoic, Mesozoic tectonic deformation was comparatively mild. The sole major Mesozoic orogeny occurred in what is now the Arctic, creating the Innuitian orogeny, the Brooks Range, the Verkhoyansk and Cherskiy Ranges in Siberia, and the Khingan Mountains in Manchuria. This orogeny was related to the opening of the Arctic Ocean and subduction of the North China and Siberian cratons under the Pacific Ocean. Nevertheless, the era featured the dramatic rifting of the supercontinent Pangaea. Pangaea gradually split into a northern continent, Laurasia, and a southern continent, Gondwana. This created the passive continental margin that characterizes most of the Atlantic coastline (such as along the U.S. East Coast) today.

Question: At what time was tectonic formation mild?
Answer: Mesozoic

Question: Where did the basic geological changes of this period occur?
Answer: Arctic

Question: What supercontinent split to form two smaller continents?
Answer: Pangaea

Question: What was the northern continent split from Pangaea?
Answer: Laurasia

Question: What was Pangaea's southern continent called?
Answer: Gondwana

Question: At what time was tectonic formation especially active?

Question: What was the northern continent that combined into Pangaea?

Question: What continent split to destroy the passive continental margin near the Atlantic?

Question: What destroyed the Innuitian orogeny?
Mesozoic

Recent research indicates that the specialized animals that formed complex ecosystems, with high biodiversity, complex food webs and a variety of niches, took much longer to reestablish, recovery did not begin until the start of the mid-Triassic, 4M to 6M years after the extinction and was not complete until 30M years after the Permian–Triassic extinction event. Animal life was then dominated by various archosaurian reptiles: dinosaurs, pterosaurs, and aquatic reptiles such as ichthyosaurs, plesiosaurs, and mosasaurs.

Question: What type of animals took longer to reestablish?
Answer: specialized animals

Question: When did recovery of these diverse animals begin?
Answer: mid-Triassic

Question: How long after the Permian-Triassic extinction did animal recovery take to completion?
Answer: 30M years

Question: What dominated animal life in the Triassic?
Answer: reptiles

Question: How many years after the extinction did animal recovery begin?
Answer: 4M to 6M

Question: What type of animals were especially quick to reestablish?

Question: The recovery of many species failed during what period of the Triassic?

Question: What animal life was most at risk in the Triassic?

Question: How many years of recovery did the extinction interrupt?
Mesozoic

The era began in the wake of the Permian–Triassic extinction event, the largest well-documented mass extinction in Earth's history, and ended with the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event, another mass extinction which is known for having killed off non-avian dinosaurs, as well as other plant and animal species. The Mesozoic was a time of significant tectonic, climate and evolutionary activity. The era witnessed the gradual rifting of the supercontinent Pangaea into separate landmasses that would eventually move into their current positions. The climate of the Mesozoic was varied, alternating between warming and cooling periods. Overall, however, the Earth was hotter than it is today. Non-avian dinosaurs appeared in the Late Triassic and became the dominant terrestrial vertebrates early in the Jurassic, occupying this position for about 135 million years until their demise at the end of the Cretaceous. Birds first appeared in the Jurassic, having evolved from a branch of theropod dinosaurs. The first mammals also appeared during the Mesozoic, but would remain small—less than 15 kg (33 lb)—until the Cenozoic.

Question: At what point did the Mesozoic era begin?
Answer: Permian–Triassic extinction

Question: When did the Mesozoic end?
Answer: Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction

Question: What kind of geologic activity occurred during the Mesozoic?
Answer: tectonic

Question: Besides climate changes, what other important activity occurred during the Mesozoic?
Answer: evolutionary

Question: When mamals appeared they remained small until what period?
Answer: Cenozoic

Question: At what point did the Mesozoic era end?

Question: The Mesozoic was a time devoid of what activity?

Question: What quickly split the supercontinent Pangea into landmasses?

Question: Non-avian dinosaurs disappeared in what period?

Question: Birds devolved from what branch of dinosaurs?
Mesozoic

The Middle Triassic spans from 247 million to 237 million years ago. The Middle Triassic featured the beginnings of the breakup of Pangaea, and the beginning of the Tethys Sea. The ecosystem had recovered from the devastation that was the Great Dying. Phytoplankton, coral, and crustaceans all had recovered, and the reptiles began to get bigger and bigger. New aquatic reptiles evolved such as Ichthyosaurs and Nothosaurs. Meanwhile, on land, Pine forests flourished, bringing along mosquitoes and fruit flies. The first ancient crocodilians evolved, which sparked competition with the large amphibians that had since ruled the freshwater world.

Question: What is the span of years of the Middle Triassic?
Answer: 247 million to 237 million

Question: What continuing event began in the Middle Triassic?
Answer: breakup of Pangaea

Question: During the breakup of Pangaea, what sea was created?
Answer: Tethys Sea

Question: From what had the ecosystem had to recover?
Answer: the Great Dying

Question: What type of animal began to flourish and become increasingly large?
Answer: reptiles

Question: What continuing event ended in the Middle Triassic?

Question: In what period did pine forests mostly die out?

Question: During the formation of Pangaea, what sea was created?

Question: Pine forests brought about the demise of what insects?
Mesozoic

The Late Jurassic spans from 163 million to 145 million years ago. The Late Jurassic featured a massive extinction of sauropods and Ichthyosaurs due to the separation of Pangaea into Laurasia and Gondwana in an extinction known as the Jurassic-Cretaceous extinction. Sea levels rose, destroying fern prairies and creating shallows in its wake. Ichthyosaurs went extinct whereas sauropods, as a whole, did not die out in the Jurassic; in fact, some species, like the Titanosaurus, lived up to the K-T extinction. The increase in sea-levels opened up the Atlantic sea way which would continue to get larger over time. The divided world would give opportunity for the diversification of new dinosaurs.

Question: How many years did the Late Jurassic cover?
Answer: 163 million to 145 million

Question: What did the separation of Pangaea cause to become extinct?
Answer: sauropods and Ichthyosaurs

Question: What is the extinction caused by the splitting of Pangaea called?
Answer: Jurassic-Cretaceous extinction

Question: What caused the destruction of fern prairies and increasing shallows?
Answer: Sea levels rose

Question: What did the rise in sea levels open in the seaways? 
Answer: Atlantic sea

Question: In the Late Jurassic what species survived?

Question: The separation of Pangaea allowed what species to thrive above others?

Question: Sea levels fell during what time period that spanned from 163 million to 145 million years ago?

Question: The increase in sea levels closed up which sea?
Mesozoic

The Triassic was generally dry, a trend that began in the late Carboniferous, and highly seasonal, especially in the interior of Pangaea. Low sea levels may have also exacerbated temperature extremes. With its high specific heat capacity, water acts as a temperature-stabilizing heat reservoir, and land areas near large bodies of water—especially the oceans—experience less variation in temperature. Because much of the land that constituted Pangaea was distant from the oceans, temperatures fluctuated greatly, and the interior of Pangaea probably included expansive areas of desert. Abundant red beds and evaporites such as halite support these conclusions, but evidence exists that the generally dry climate of the Triassic was punctuated by episodes of increased rainfall. Most important humid episodes were the Carnian Pluvial Event and one in the Rhaetian, few million years before the Triassic–Jurassic extinction event.

Question: What was the general rainfall in the Triassic?
Answer: dry

Question: What could have made temperatures more extreme?
Answer: Low sea levels

Question: Because of distance form the sea and wide variance in temperatures, what was the interior of Pangaea like?
Answer: desert

Question: What were there periods of during the Triassic?
Answer: increased rainfall

Question: What was the Carnian Pluvial event?
Answer: increased rainfall

Question: In what period was it consistently rainy?

Question: What caused the Triassic–Jurassic extinction event?

Question: Why was the Carnian Pluvial event especially dry?
Mesozoic

The dominant land plant species of the time were gymnosperms, which are vascular, cone-bearing, non-flowering plants such as conifers that produce seeds without a coating. This is opposed to the earth's current flora, in which the dominant land plants in terms of number of species are angiosperms. One particular plant genus, Ginkgo, is thought to have evolved at this time and is represented today by a single species, Ginkgo biloba. As well, the extant genus Sequoia is believed to have evolved in the Mesozoic.

Question: What was the dominant plant species of the Mesozoic?
Answer: gymnosperms

Question: What is an example of a gymnosperm?
Answer: conifers

Question: What are the dominate plant species on Earth now?
Answer: angiosperms

Question: When did the Ginkgo evolve?
Answer: Mesozoic

Question: What famous tree species is believed to have evolved during the Mesozoic?
Answer: Sequoia

Question: What plant species died out in the Mesozoic?

Question: Ginkgo species died out in what period?

Question: What are the most at risk species on Earth now?

Question: What land species died out in this period?
Videoconferencing

It was only in the 1980s that digital telephony transmission networks became possible, such as with ISDN networks, assuring a minimum bit rate (usually 128 kilobits/s) for compressed video and audio transmission. During this time, there was also research into other forms of digital video and audio communication. Many of these technologies, such as the Media space, are not as widely used today as videoconferencing but were still an important area of research. The first dedicated systems started to appear in the market as ISDN networks were expanding throughout the world. One of the first commercial videoconferencing systems sold to companies came from PictureTel Corp., which had an Initial Public Offering in November, 1984.

Question: In what decade was digital telephony transmission made possible?
Answer: the 1980s

Question: What is the minimum bit rate for compressed video and audio transmission?
Answer: 128 kilobits/s

Question: What is an example of an early form of digital video and audio communication?
Answer: the Media space

Question: In what form did the first dedicated videoconferencing system appear as?
Answer: ISDN networks

Question: What company offered the first commercial videoconferencing system?
Answer: PictureTel Corp.

Question: When did video and audio transmission come into being?

Question: In November, 1984, what else was being researched?

Question: What other minimum bit rate is not as widely used as videoconferencing?

Question: What started to appear as the Media space was expanding world wide?

Question: Where did the first compressed video transmission that was sold sold come from?
Videoconferencing

The MC controls the conferencing while it is active on the signaling plane, which is simply where the system manages conferencing creation, endpoint signaling and in-conferencing controls. This component negotiates parameters with every endpoint in the network and controls conferencing resources. While the MC controls resources and signaling negotiations, the MP operates on the media plane and receives media from each endpoint. The MP generates output streams from each endpoint and redirects the information to other endpoints in the conference.

Question: What controls the conferencing while its active on the signaling plane?
Answer: The MC

Question: Where does the videoconferencing system manage conferencing creation?
Answer: the signaling plane

Question: What is one example of what the signaling plane controls in a videoconferencing system?
Answer: endpoint signaling

Question: On what plane does the MC operate?
Answer: the media plane

Question: What generates output streams from each endpoint?
Answer: The MP

Question: What does the MP control while active on the signaling plane?

Question: Where does the system manage output streams while it is active?

Question: What does the MC receive from in-conferencing controls?

Question: What does the signaling plane do with information in a conference?

Question: What signaling negotiations does the MP operate on?
Videoconferencing

High speed Internet connectivity has become more widely available at a reasonable cost and the cost of video capture and display technology has decreased. Consequently, personal videoconferencing systems based on a webcam, personal computer system, software compression and broadband Internet connectivity have become affordable to the general public. Also, the hardware used for this technology has continued to improve in quality, and prices have dropped dramatically. The availability of freeware (often as part of chat programs) has made software based videoconferencing accessible to many.

Question: What technology has become more widely available and affordable?
Answer: High speed Internet connectivity

Question: What is an example of a personal videoconferencing system tool?
Answer: webcam

Question: What has made videoconferencing accessible to many?
Answer: The availability of freeware

Question: Videoconferencing freeware is widely available in what programs?
Answer: chat programs

Question: What has become more available as the availability of freeware has decreased?

Question: What has having access to a webcam done for videoconferencing?

Question: What has happened after internet connectivity for technology has improved?

Question: What type of programs is video capture usually a part of?

Question: What has made high speed internet accessible to many?
Videoconferencing

Videophone calls (also: videocalls, video chat as well as Skype and Skyping in verb form), differ from videoconferencing in that they expect to serve individuals, not groups. However that distinction has become increasingly blurred with technology improvements such as increased bandwidth and sophisticated software clients that can allow for multiple parties on a call. In general everyday usage the term videoconferencing is now frequently used instead of videocall for point-to-point calls between two units. Both videophone calls and videoconferencing are also now commonly referred to as a video link.

Question: Videophone calls are different from videoconferencing in what way?
Answer: serve individuals, not groups

Question: What is an example of a videophone call program?
Answer: Skype

Question: What term is more used today to refer to calls between two units?
Answer: videoconferencing

Question: What are videoconferencing calls now more commonly known as?
Answer: a video link

Question: What is another name for videophone calls?
Answer: video chat

Question: What technology serves sophisticated software clients and not groups?

Question: How does increased bandwidth differ from point-to-point calls?

Question: What is an example of a teleconferencing program?

Question: What are software clients and multiple parties commonly called?

Question: What type of call is another name for point-to-point chat?
Videoconferencing

Technological developments by videoconferencing developers in the 2010s have extended the capabilities of video conferencing systems beyond the boardroom for use with hand-held mobile devices that combine the use of video, audio and on-screen drawing capabilities broadcasting in real-time over secure networks, independent of location. Mobile collaboration systems now allow multiple people in previously unreachable locations, such as workers on an off-shore oil rig, the ability to view and discuss issues with colleagues thousands of miles away. Traditional videoconferencing system manufacturers have begun providing mobile applications as well, such as those that allow for live and still image streaming.

Question: In what decade did developers extend the capabilities of videoconferencing to more devices?
Answer: the 2010s

Question: What allows people in remote locations the ability to video-conference with colleagues far away?
Answer: Mobile collaboration systems

Question: What is one example of an application that videoconferencing manufacturers have begun to offer?
Answer: still image streaming

Question: What type of applications have videoconferencing manufacturers begun to offer?
Answer: mobile

Question: What is an example of a place that videoconferencing can be used today?
Answer: hand-held mobile devices

Question: What have moblie collaboration system manufacturers provided?

Question: What has the use of video done in the 2010's?

Question: What is one type of application that mobile collaboration manufacturers offer?

Question: What have videoconferencing developers created for use with off shore oil rigs?

Question: What does still image streaming allow?
Videoconferencing

Videoconferencing provides students with the opportunity to learn by participating in two-way communication forums. Furthermore, teachers and lecturers worldwide can be brought to remote or otherwise isolated educational facilities. Students from diverse communities and backgrounds can come together to learn about one another, although language barriers will continue to persist. Such students are able to explore, communicate, analyze and share information and ideas with one another. Through videoconferencing, students can visit other parts of the world to speak with their peers, and visit museums and educational facilities. Such virtual field trips can provide enriched learning opportunities to students, especially those in geographically isolated locations, and to the economically disadvantaged. Small schools can use these technologies to pool resources and provide courses, such as in foreign languages, which could not otherwise be offered.

Question: What can videoconferencing offer students?
Answer: participating in two-way communication forums

Question: Who can benefit from two-way communication forums?
Answer: students

Question: What is a major barrier to videoconferencing between some communities?
Answer: language

Question: What is one example of how students can benefit from videoconferencing?
Answer: virtual field trips

Question: What is one experience that students using videoconferencing can achieve?
Answer: visit museums

Question: What do geographically isolated areas provide to students?

Question: Who can  be brought to small schools to help students learn?

Question: What will persist when teachers and lecturers are brought together?

Question: What can students do through geographically isolated locations

Question: Who can learn from foreign language forums?
Videoconferencing

One of the first demonstrations of the ability for telecommunications to help sign language users communicate with each other occurred when AT&T's videophone (trademarked as the "Picturephone") was introduced to the public at the 1964 New York World's Fair –two deaf users were able to communicate freely with each other between the fair and another city. Various universities and other organizations, including British Telecom's Martlesham facility, have also conducted extensive research on signing via videotelephony. The use of sign language via videotelephony was hampered for many years due to the difficulty of its use over slow analogue copper phone lines, coupled with the high cost of better quality ISDN (data) phone lines. Those factors largely disappeared with the introduction of more efficient video codecs and the advent of lower cost high-speed ISDN data and IP (Internet) services in the 1990s.

Question: What company introduced the first device to help deaf people communicate through telecommunications?
Answer: AT&T

Question: What was the name of AT&T's videophone device?
Answer: Picturephone

Question: In what year was AT&T's "Picturephone" device introduced?
Answer: 1964

Question: Where was AT&T's "Picturephone" device unveiled?
Answer: 1964 New York World's Fair

Question: In what decade were more efficient ways of using sign language via video-telephony developed?
Answer: 1990s

Question: Where was the Picturephone introduced in the 1990's?

Question: Where were universities able to communicate with each other at the fair?

Question: What organization conducted research on ISDN phone lines?

Question: How were video codecs hampered for years?

Question: What was introduced to make extensive research easier over video telephony?
Videoconferencing

In the increasingly globalized film industry, videoconferencing has become useful as a method by which creative talent in many different locations can collaborate closely on the complex details of film production. For example, for the 2013 award-winning animated film Frozen, Burbank-based Walt Disney Animation Studios hired the New York City-based husband-and-wife songwriting team of Robert Lopez and Kristen Anderson-Lopez to write the songs, which required two-hour-long transcontinental videoconferences nearly every weekday for about 14 months.

Question: In what industry has videoconferencing become useful?
Answer: film

Question: On what film was videoconferencing widely used?
Answer: Frozen

Question: What year was the movie Frozen released?
Answer: 2013

Question: In what city were the songwriting team of Frozen located?
Answer: New York City

Question: How many months did the songwriters work on the movie via videoconferencing?
Answer: 14

Question: How has videoconferencing become useful in the songwriting industry?

Question: In what industry has using different locations become useful?

Question: In what year was the film industry globalized?

Question: How long did songwriters work in different locations through videoconferencing?

Question: On what movie were complex details of film production used?
Videoconferencing

A videoconference system is generally higher cost than a videophone and deploys greater capabilities. A videoconference (also known as a videoteleconference) allows two or more locations to communicate via live, simultaneous two-way video and audio transmissions. This is often accomplished by the use of a multipoint control unit (a centralized distribution and call management system) or by a similar non-centralized multipoint capability embedded in each videoconferencing unit. Again, technology improvements have circumvented traditional definitions by allowing multiple party videoconferencing via web-based applications.

Question: What is a video-conference also known as?
Answer: videoteleconference

Question: What does a video-conference use that allows communication in live situations?
Answer: a multipoint control unit

Question: What is a multi-point control unit?
Answer: call management system

Question: How does video-conferencing allow multiple parties to communicate with each other?
Answer: web-based applications

Question: How many locations can one use videoconferencing for?
Answer: two or more

Question: What is a web-based application more expensive than?

Question: How does a videophone allow live communication?

Question: What is a videophone also known as?

Question: How many locations can you use a videophone in?

Question: What have videophones allowed by going around traditional definitions?
Videoconferencing

This technique was very expensive, though, and could not be used for applications such as telemedicine, distance education, and business meetings. Attempts at using normal telephony networks to transmit slow-scan video, such as the first systems developed by AT&T Corporation, first researched in the 1950s, failed mostly due to the poor picture quality and the lack of efficient video compression techniques. The greater 1 MHz bandwidth and 6 Mbit/s bit rate of the Picturephone in the 1970s also did not achieve commercial success, mostly due to its high cost, but also due to a lack of network effect —with only a few hundred Picturephones in the world, users had extremely few contacts they could actually call to, and interoperability with other videophone systems would not exist for decades.

Question: What is one area where teleconferencing could not be used?
Answer: telemedicine

Question: Who developed the first systems to transmit slow-scan video?
Answer: AT&T Corporation

Question: When was the first slow-scan video systems researched?
Answer: the 1950s

Question: What was the bit rate of AT&T's Picturephone?
Answer: 6 Mbit/s

Question: What was the bandwidth of AT&T's Picturephone?
Answer: 1 MHz

Question: Who developed the first system to transmit distance education?

Question: In what area could business meetings not be used?

Question: Why did using business meetings to transmit slow-scan video fail?

Question: In the 1950's why did the Picturephone not become a success?

Question: How many telephony networks were there in the world?
Videoconferencing

While videoconferencing technology was initially used primarily within internal corporate communication networks, one of the first community service usages of the technology started in 1992 through a unique partnership with PictureTel and IBM Corporations which at the time were promoting a jointly developed desktop based videoconferencing product known as the PCS/1. Over the next 15 years, Project DIANE (Diversified Information and Assistance Network) grew to utilize a variety of videoconferencing platforms to create a multi-state cooperative public service and distance education network consisting of several hundred schools, neighborhood centers, libraries, science museums, zoos and parks, public assistance centers, and other community oriented organizations.

Question: What year did one the first community service usages of videoconferencing take place?
Answer: 1992

Question: What company helped in the creation of community service videoconferencing?
Answer: IBM

Question: What is the videoconferencing product that both IBM and PictureTel worked on?
Answer: PCS/1

Question: What does DIANE in Project DIANE stand for?
Answer: Diversified Information and Assistance Network

Question: How many years did it take for Project DIANE to grow?
Answer: 15

Question: Where was distance education first used?

Question: What was first used  in neighborhood centers?

Question: What did a partnership between libraries and science museums promote in 1992?

Question: In 1992 what are two places that were part of the PictureTel network?

Question: What did IBM Corporations grow to create over the next 15 years?
Videoconferencing

Simultaneous videoconferencing among three or more remote points is possible by means of a Multipoint Control Unit (MCU). This is a bridge that interconnects calls from several sources (in a similar way to the audio conference call). All parties call the MCU, or the MCU can also call the parties which are going to participate, in sequence. There are MCU bridges for IP and ISDN-based videoconferencing. There are MCUs which are pure software, and others which are a combination of hardware and software. An MCU is characterised according to the number of simultaneous calls it can handle, its ability to conduct transposing of data rates and protocols, and features such as Continuous Presence, in which multiple parties can be seen on-screen at once. MCUs can be stand-alone hardware devices, or they can be embedded into dedicated videoconferencing units.

Question: What enables videoconferencing to connect three or more remote points?
Answer: Multipoint Control Unit (MCU)

Question: What is one type of MCU bridge?
Answer: IP

Question: In what way can an MCU be characterized?
Answer: the number of simultaneous calls it can handle

Question: What feature enables an MCU to allow for multiple parties to be seen on screen at the same time?
Answer: Continuous Presence

Question: Where can an MCU be embedded?
Answer: dedicated videoconferencing units

Question: What makes videoconferencing between Continuous Presence possible?

Question: What is one thing that characterizes an ISDN?

Question: What feature lets more than one person participate in sequence?

Question: What are remote points made of?

Question: What is one type of simultaneous call that acts as a bridge?
Videoconferencing

Videoconferencing can enable individuals in distant locations to participate in meetings on short notice, with time and money savings. Technology such as VoIP can be used in conjunction with desktop videoconferencing to enable low-cost face-to-face business meetings without leaving the desk, especially for businesses with widespread offices. The technology is also used for telecommuting, in which employees work from home. One research report based on a sampling of 1,800 corporate employees showed that, as of June 2010, 54% of the respondents with access to video conferencing used it “all of the time” or “frequently”.

Question: In what one way can videoconferencing help a person?
Answer: money savings

Question: What technology can be used along with videoconferencing?
Answer: VoIP

Question: What is another use of VoIP?
Answer: telecommuting

Question: What is telecommuting?
Answer: work from home

Question: What is the percentage of people who use videoconferencing a majority of the time?
Answer: 54%

Question: What can time savings help people do?

Question: What are face-to-face business meetings also used for?

Question: What did a report based on money savings show?

Question: As of June 2010 what  percentage of telecommuters used the technology frequently?

Question: What are low-cost meetings also used for?
Videoconferencing

Finally, in the 1990s, Internet Protocol-based videoconferencing became possible, and more efficient video compression technologies were developed, permitting desktop, or personal computer (PC)-based videoconferencing. In 1992 CU-SeeMe was developed at Cornell by Tim Dorcey et al. In 1995 the first public videoconference between North America and Africa took place, linking a technofair in San Francisco with a techno-rave and cyberdeli in Cape Town. At the Winter Olympics opening ceremony in Nagano, Japan, Seiji Ozawa conducted the Ode to Joy from Beethoven's Ninth Symphony simultaneously across five continents in near-real time.

Question: In what decade was Internet video-conferencing made possible?
Answer: 1990s

Question: In what device was videoconferencing finally able to be used in?
Answer: desktop

Question: In what year was CU-SeeMe, a desktop-based videoconferencing tool, developed?
Answer: 1992

Question: In what year did the first public video-conference take place?
Answer: 1995

Question: What South African city participated in the first public video-conference?
Answer: Cape Town

Question: What was developed at Cornell by Seiji Ozawa?

Question: When did the CU-SeeMee take place that linked San Francisco and Captown?

Question: What happened at a technofair in Nagano, Japan in real time?

Question: What became possible that allowed the Winter Olympics opening ceremony to happen?

Question: When did Nagano Japan take part in the first public video-conference linking two continents?
Videoconferencing

The core technology used in a videoconferencing system is digital compression of audio and video streams in real time. The hardware or software that performs compression is called a codec (coder/decoder). Compression rates of up to 1:500 can be achieved. The resulting digital stream of 1s and 0s is subdivided into labeled packets, which are then transmitted through a digital network of some kind (usually ISDN or IP). The use of audio modems in the transmission line allow for the use of POTS, or the Plain Old Telephone System, in some low-speed applications, such as videotelephony, because they convert the digital pulses to/from analog waves in the audio spectrum range.

Question: What is the software that performs audio and/or video compression?
Answer: a codec (coder/decoder)

Question: How high can compression rates go?
Answer: 1:500

Question: What is one digital network through which a digital stream can be transmitted?
Answer: IP

Question: What does POTS stand for?
Answer: Plain Old Telephone System

Question: What do POTS do?
Answer: convert the digital pulses to/from analog waves

Question: What is the core digital network used in a videoconferencing system?

Question: What is the low speed application that performs compression?

Question: How high can audio modems go?

Question: What is transmitted through low speed applications of some kind?

Question: What does an ISDN convert in the audio spectrum range?
Videoconferencing

Typical use of the various technologies described above include calling or conferencing on a one-on-one, one-to-many or many-to-many basis for personal, business, educational, deaf Video Relay Service and tele-medical, diagnostic and rehabilitative use or services. New services utilizing videocalling and videoconferencing, such as teachers and psychologists conducting online sessions, personal videocalls to inmates incarcerated in penitentiaries, and videoconferencing to resolve airline engineering issues at maintenance facilities, are being created or evolving on an ongoing basis.

Question: What profession utilizes videoconferencing technology to conduct online sessions?
Answer: teachers

Question: What is one way that videocalling can be used?
Answer: personal videocalls to inmates

Question: What is a common use of conferencing technology?
Answer: tele-medical

Question: What is one common use of tele-medical technology?

Question: What is one way businesses can conduct online sessions?

Question: What can diagnostic services resolve at maintenance facilities?

Question: How often is the def Video Relay Service evolving?

Question: What services do inmates incarcerated in penitentiaries use?