Divyanshu67/squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
Premier_League

Players may only be transferred during transfer windows that are set by the Football Association. The two transfer windows run from the last day of the season to 31 August and from 31 December to 31 January. Player registrations cannot be exchanged outside these windows except under specific licence from the FA, usually on an emergency basis. As of the 2010–11 season, the Premier League introduced new rules mandating that each club must register a maximum 25-man squad of players aged over 21, with the squad list only allowed to be changed in transfer windows or in exceptional circumstances. This was to enable the 'home grown' rule to be enacted, whereby the League would also from 2010 require at least 8 of the named 25 man squad to be made up of 'home-grown players'.

Question: When can a player be transferred?
Answer: Players may only be transferred during transfer windows that are set by the Football Association.

Question: When are the transfer windows?
Answer: The two transfer windows run from the last day of the season to 31 August and from 31 December to 31 January.

Question: Can players be transferred under an emergency outside the transfer windows?
Answer: Player registrations cannot be exchanged outside these windows except under specific licence from the FA, usually on an emergency basis.

Question: What new rule was put into practice during the 2010-11 season?
Answer: As of the 2010–11 season, the Premier League introduced new rules mandating that each club must register a maximum 25-man squad of players aged over 21,

Question: Why was this new rule put into effect?
Answer: This was to enable the 'home grown' rule to be enacted,

Question: During which time can a player be transferred from one European football league to another?
Answer: transfer windows

Question: How many transfer windows are available each year from the Football Association?
Answer: two

Question: On which basis are transfers outside of transfer windows licenced?
Answer: emergency

Question: What is the maximum number of players able to be registered to a Premier League team?
Answer: 25

Question: How many of a 25-member Premier League squad must be from the UK or Ireland?
Answer: 8

Question: Who sets the transfer windows in which fans are transferred?

Question: How many transfer windows does the Premier League run?

Question: From when do t he transfer players run?

Question: In which season was it mandated that each club must have a maximum 21-man squad of players over 25?

Question: Which rule stated that at least 21 of the 25 men must be "home grown players"?
Premier_League

The record transfer fee for a Premier League player has risen steadily over the lifetime of the competition. Prior to the start of the first Premier League season Alan Shearer became the first British player to command a transfer fee of more than £3 million. The record rose steadily in the Premier League's first few seasons, until Alan Shearer made a record breaking £15 million move to Newcastle United in 1996. The three highest transfer in the sport's history had a Premier League club on the selling end, with Tottenham Hotspur selling Gareth Bale to Real Madrid for £85 million in 2013, Manchester United's sale of Cristiano Ronaldo to Real Madrid for £80 million in 2009, and Liverpool selling Luis Suárez to Barcelona for £75 million in 2014.

Question: Have transfer fees been increasing over the past years?
Answer: The record transfer fee for a Premier League player has risen steadily over the lifetime of the competition.

Question: What was the record breaking transfer fee in 1996?
Answer: Alan Shearer made a record breaking £15 million move to Newcastle United in 1996.

Question: What was the transfer fee for Gareth Bale in 2013.
Answer: Tottenham Hotspur selling Gareth Bale to Real Madrid for £85 million in 2013,

Question: In 2009, what was the transfer fee for Cristiano Ronaldo?
Answer: Manchester United's sale of Cristiano Ronaldo to Real Madrid for £80 million in 2009,

Question: What was Luis Suarez's transfer fee in 2014?
Answer: Liverpool selling Luis Suárez to Barcelona for £75 million in 2014.

Question: Who was the first British player in the Premier League to receive a transfer fee greater than £3 million?
Answer: Alan Shearer

Question: Who was the first British player in the Premier League to receive a transfer fee greater than £15 million?
Answer: Alan Shearer

Question: Who paid £15 million to transfer Alan Shearer to their club?
Answer: Newcastle United

Question: In which year did Newcastle United pay £15 million to transfer Alan Shearer to their club?
Answer: 1996

Question: For how much did Tottenham Hotspur sell Gareth Bale to Real Madrid for in 2013?
Answer: £85 million

Question: For how long has the record transfer fee steadily declined?

Question: Who was the first Manchester player to command a transfer fee greater than 3 million?

Question: Who made a record breaking move to Tottenham Hotspur in 1996?

Question: For how much was the move between Alan Shearer and Manchester United worth in 1996?

Question: Alan Shearer became the fifth British player to do what?
Premier_League

The Golden Boot is awarded to the top Premier League scorer at the end of each season. Former Blackburn Rovers and Newcastle United striker Alan Shearer holds the record for most Premier League goals with 260. Twenty-four players have reached the 100-goal mark. Since the first Premier League season in 1992–93, 14 different players from 10 different clubs have won or shared the top scorers title. Thierry Henry won his fourth overall scoring title by scoring 27 goals in the 2005–06 season. Andrew Cole and Alan Shearer hold the record for most goals in a season (34) – for Newcastle and Blackburn respectively. Ryan Giggs of Manchester United holds the record for scoring goals in consecutive seasons, having scored in the first 21 seasons of the league.

Question: Who is the Golden Boot award given to each season?
Answer: The Golden Boot is awarded to the top Premier League scorer at the end of each season.

Question: Who has the record for most goals in the Premier League?
Answer: Newcastle United striker Alan Shearer holds the record for most Premier League goals with 260

Question: How many players have achieved 100 goals?
Answer: Twenty-four players have reached the 100-goal mark

Question: How many different players have won the top scorer title?
Answer: 14 different players from 10 different clubs have won or shared the top scorers title.

Question: Who has the record for scoring the most goals in single season?
Answer: Andrew Cole and Alan Shearer hold the record for most goals in a season (34) – for Newcastle and Blackburn respectively.

Question: To whom is the Golden Boot award given to?
Answer: the top Premier League scorer

Question: Who holds the record for the most goals in the Premier League?
Answer: 260

Question: How many players have 100 goals or more in the Premier League?
Answer: Twenty-four

Question: How many different players have won or shared the top scorer title in the Premier League?
Answer: 14

Question: Who had scored four overall scoring titles as of the 2006 season?
Answer: Thierry Henry

Question: Which award is given to the lowest Premier League scorer each year?

Question: Who holds the record for least Premier League goals with 260?

Question: Who holds the record for most Premier League goals with 27?

Question: How many goals did Thierry Henry score when he won his fifth scoring title?

Question: Along with Theirry Henry, who else holds the record for most goals in a season?
Premier_League

Its main body is solid sterling silver and silver gilt, while its plinth is made of malachite, a semi-precious stone. The plinth has a silver band around its circumference, upon which the names of the title-winning clubs are listed. Malachite's green colour is also representative of the green field of play. The design of the trophy is based on the heraldry of Three Lions that is associated with English football. Two of the lions are found above the handles on either side of the trophy – the third is symbolised by the captain of the title winning team as he raises the trophy, and its gold crown, above his head at the end of the season. The ribbons that drape the handles are presented in the team colours of the league champions that year.

Question: What is the Premier League Championship trophy based on?
Answer: The design of the trophy is based on the heraldry of Three Lions that is associated with English football.

Question: Where on the trophy can two of the lions be seen?
Answer: Two of the lions are found above the handles on either side of the trophy

Question: Where can the third lion be seen?
Answer: the third is symbolised by the captain of the title winning team as he raises the trophy, and its gold crown, above his head at the end of the season

Question: What do the ribbons on the trophy mean?
Answer: The ribbons that drape the handles are presented in the team colours of the league champions that year.

Question: The Golden Boot is made of sterling silver, silver gilt and which semi-precious stone?
Answer: malachite

Question: On what type of metal band are the title-winning clubs listed on the Golden Boot?
Answer: silver

Question: What does the green colour of Malachite on the Golden Boot represent?
Answer: the green field of play

Question: How many lions are found on the Golden Boot?
Answer: Two

Question: Who symbolizes the third lion not found on the Golden Boot trophy?
Answer: the captain of the title winning team

Question: The trophy is based on Four Lions associated with what?

Question: The ribbons draped upon the gold crown are presented how?

Question: How is the second ribbon symbolised?

Question: What has a golden band around its circumference?

Question: What is made of solid gold and silver gilt?
Roman_Republic

The Roman Republic (Latin: Res publica Romana; Classical Latin: [ˈreːs ˈpuːb.lɪ.ka roːˈmaː.na]) was the period of ancient Roman civilization beginning with the overthrow of the Roman Kingdom, traditionally dated to 509 BC, and ending in 27 BC with the establishment of the Roman Empire. It was during this period that Rome's control expanded from the city's immediate surroundings to hegemony over the entire Mediterranean world. During the first two centuries of its existence, the Roman Republic expanded through a combination of conquest and alliance, from central Italy to the entire Italian peninsula. By the following century, it included North Africa, Spain, and what is now southern France. Two centuries after that, towards the end of the 1st century BC, it included the rest of modern France, Greece, and much of the eastern Mediterranean. By this time, internal tensions led to a series of civil wars, culminating with the assassination of Julius Caesar, which led to the transition from republic to empire. The exact date of transition can be a matter of interpretation. Historians have variously proposed Julius Caesar's crossing of the Rubicon River in 49 BC, Caesar's appointment as dictator for life in 44 BC, and the defeat of Mark Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC. However, most use the same date as did the ancient Romans themselves, the Roman Senate's grant of extraordinary powers to Octavian and his adopting the title Augustus in 27 BC, as the defining event ending the Republic.

Question: When did the Roman Republic begin?
Answer: 509 BC

Question: When did the Roman Republic end?
Answer: 27 BC

Question: What marked the beginning of the Roman Republic?
Answer: the overthrow of the Roman Kingdom

Question: When was Cleopatra defeated at the Battle of Actium?
Answer: 31 BC

Question: What do most consider to be the event that ended the Roman Republic?
Answer: Roman Senate's grant of extraordinary powers to Octavian
Roman_Republic

Roman government was headed by two consuls, elected annually by the citizens and advised by a senate composed of appointed magistrates. As Roman society was very hierarchical by modern standards, the evolution of the Roman government was heavily influenced by the struggle between the patricians, Rome's land-holding aristocracy, who traced their ancestry to the founding of Rome, and the plebeians, the far more numerous citizen-commoners. Over time, the laws that gave patricians exclusive rights to Rome's highest offices were repealed or weakened, and leading plebeian families became full members of the aristocracy. The leaders of the Republic developed a strong tradition and morality requiring public service and patronage in peace and war, making military and political success inextricably linked. Many of Rome's legal and legislative structures (later codified into the Justinian Code, and again into the Napoleonic Code) can still be observed throughout Europe and much of the world in modern nation states and international organizations.

Question: Who elected consuls in the Roman government?
Answer: citizens

Question: Who eventually became full members of the aristocracy?
Answer: leading plebeian families

Question: What were Rome's legislative structures eventually turned into?
Answer: the Justinian Code

Question: What was the senate that advised consuls in the Roman government comprised of?
Answer: appointed magistrates

Question: What went hand and hand with military success?
Answer: political success
Roman_Republic

The exact causes and motivations for Rome's military conflicts and expansions during the republic are subject to wide debate. While they can be seen as motivated by outright aggression and imperialism, historians typically take a much more nuanced view. They argue that Rome's expansion was driven by short-term defensive and inter-state factors (that is, relations with city-states and kingdoms outside Rome's hegemony), and the new contingencies that these decisions created. In its early history, as Rome successfully defended itself against foreign threats in central and then northern Italy, neighboring city-states sought the protection a Roman alliance would bring. As such, early republican Rome was not an "empire" or "state" in the modern sense, but an alliance of independent city-states (similar to the Greek hegemonies of the same period) with varying degrees of genuine independence (which itself changed over time) engaged in an alliance of mutual self-protection, but led by Rome. With some important exceptions, successful wars in early republican Rome generally led not to annexation or military occupation, but to the restoration of the way things were. But the defeated city would be weakened (sometimes with outright land concessions) and thus less able to resist Romanizing influences, such as Roman settlers seeking land or trade with the growing Roman confederacy. It was also less able to defend itself against its non-Roman enemies, which made attack by these enemies more likely. It was, therefore, more likely to seek an alliance of protection with Rome.

Question: What factor is considered by some to be the main driving force behind the expansion of Rome?
Answer: inter-state factors

Question: What type of policy is considered by some to be responsible for Rome's many military conflicts?
Answer: imperialism

Question: What was a common conclusion to wars in the early days of republican Rome?
Answer: restoration of the way things were

Question: What type of alliance was created between the various Roman city-states?
Answer: mutual self-protection

Question: What did Roman settlers commonly seek out?
Answer: land
Roman_Republic

In contrast, Roman expansion into Spain and Gaul occurred as a mix of alliance-seeking and military occupation. In the 2nd century BC, Roman involvement in the Greek east remained a matter of alliance-seeking, but this time in the face of major powers that could rival Rome. According to Polybius, who sought to trace how Rome came to dominate the Greek east in less than a century, this was mainly a matter of several Greek city-states seeking Roman protection against the Macedonian kingdom and Seleucid Empire in the face of destabilisation created by the weakening of Ptolemaic Egypt. In contrast to the west, the Greek east had been dominated by major empires for centuries, and Roman influence and alliance-seeking led to wars with these empires that further weakened them and therefore created an unstable power vacuum that only Rome could fill. This had some important similarities to (and important differences from) the events in Italy centuries earlier, but this time on a global scale.

Question: What effect did the weakening of Ptolemaic Egypt have on nearby areas?
Answer: destabilisation

Question: Who attempted to find out how Rome dominated the Greek east?
Answer: Polybius

Question: Why was Rome involved in matters in the Greek east?
Answer: alliance-seeking

Question: Which countries citie-states attempted to gain the protection of Rome?
Answer: Greek
Roman_Republic

Historians see the growing Roman influence over the east, as with the west, as not a matter of intentional empire-building, but constant crisis management narrowly focused on short-term goals within a highly unstable, unpredictable, and inter-dependent network of alliances and dependencies. With some major exceptions of outright military rule, the Roman Republic remained an alliance of independent city-states and kingdoms (with varying degrees of independence, both de jure and de facto) until it transitioned into the Roman Empire. It was not until the time of the Roman Empire that the entire Roman world was organized into provinces under explicit Roman control.

Question: What was seen as the behind the Roman influence in the east?
Answer: crisis management

Question: At what point was the entire Roman world joined together under Roman control?
Answer: the time of the Roman Empire

Question: What was not seen as an influence of Rome's influence in the west?
Answer: intentional empire-building

Question: What type of city-states were involved with the Roman Republic?
Answer: independent
Roman_Republic

The first Roman republican wars were wars of both expansion and defence, aimed at protecting Rome itself from neighbouring cities and nations and establishing its territory in the region. Initially, Rome's immediate neighbours were either Latin towns and villages, or else tribal Sabines from the Apennine hills beyond. One by one Rome defeated both the persistent Sabines and the local cities, both those under Etruscan control and those that had cast off their Etruscan rulers. Rome defeated Latin cities in the Battle of Lake Regillus in 496 BC, the Battle of Mons Algidus in 458 BC, the Battle of Corbione in 446 BC, the Battle of Aricia, and especially the Battle of the Cremera in 477 BC wherein it fought against the most important Etruscan city of Veii.

Question: In what battle did Rome claim victory over several Latin cities in?
Answer: the Battle of Lake Regillus

Question: What year did the Battle of Lake Regillus take place?
Answer: 496 BC

Question: In what year did Rome claim victory against the city of Veii?
Answer: 477 BC

Question: What Roman battle took place in the year 446 BC?
Answer: the Battle of Corbione

Question: Who initially had control over the Sabines?
Answer: Etruscan control
Roman_Republic

By 390 BC, several Gallic tribes were invading Italy from the north as their culture expanded throughout Europe. The Romans were alerted to this when a particularly warlike tribe invaded two Etruscan towns close to Rome's sphere of influence. These towns, overwhelmed by the enemy's numbers and ferocity, called on Rome for help. The Romans met the Gauls in pitched battle at the Battle of Allia River around 390–387 BC. The Gauls, led by chieftain Brennus, defeated the Roman army of approximately 15,000 troops, pursued the fleeing Romans back to Rome, and sacked the city before being either driven off or bought off. Romans and Gauls continued to war intermittently in Italy for more than two centuries.[relevant? – discuss]

Question: When did the Battle of Allia River approximately end?
Answer: 387 BC

Question: How many of the Roman military were involved in the Battle of Allia River?
Answer: 15,000 troops

Question: Where did the Romans attempt to escape to after their loss against the Gauls?
Answer: Rome

Question: What is the name of the chieftan who led his army to victory in the Battle of Allia River?
Answer: Brennus

Question: Who asked Rome for assistance after being overburdened by their enemies?
Answer: two Etruscan towns
Roman_Republic

After recovering surprisingly fast from the sack of Rome, the Romans immediately resumed their expansion within Italy. The First Samnite War from 343 BC to 341 BC was relatively short: the Romans beat the Samnites in two battles, but were forced to withdraw before they could pursue the conflict further due to the revolt of several of their Latin allies in the Latin War. Rome beat the Latins in the Battle of Vesuvius and again in the Battle of Trifanum, after which the Latin cities were obliged to submit to Roman rule.

Question: What country did the Romans continue to expand to after Rome was sacked?
Answer: Italy

Question: How many battles were conducted by Rome before they were forced to flee in The First Samnite War?
Answer: two battles

Question: What caused the Romans early withdrawl in The First Samnite War?
Answer: revolt of several of their Latin allies

Question: When did The First Samnite War end?
Answer: 341 BC

Question: Who did Rome claim victory against in The Battle of Vesuvius?
Answer: Latins
Roman_Republic

Despite early victories, Pyrrhus found his position in Italy untenable. Rome steadfastly refused to negotiate with Pyrrhus as long as his army remained in Italy. Facing unacceptably heavy losses from each encounter with the Roman army, Pyrrhus withdrew from the peninsula (hence the term "Pyrrhic victory"). In 275 BC, Pyrrhus again met the Roman army at the Battle of Beneventum. While Beneventum was indecisive, Pyrrhus realised his army had been exhausted and reduced by years of foreign campaigns. Seeing little hope for further gains, he withdrew completely from Italy.

Question: Who suffered a great amount of losses battling the Roman army?
Answer: Pyrrhus

Question: What did Rome refuse to do in their relations with Pyrrhus?
Answer: negotiate

Question: What military leader does the term Pyrrhic victory come from?
Answer: Pyrrhus

Question: What ultimately caused Pyrrhus to vacate completely from the country of Italy?
Answer: Seeing little hope for further gains

Question: In what year did the Battle of Beneventum take place?
Answer: 275 BC
Roman_Republic

The first few naval battles were disasters for Rome. However, after training more sailors and inventing a grappling engine, a Roman naval force was able to defeat a Carthaginian fleet, and further naval victories followed. The Carthaginians then hired Xanthippus of Carthage, a Spartan mercenary general, to reorganise and lead their army. He cut off the Roman army from its base by re-establishing Carthaginian naval supremacy. The Romans then again defeated the Carthaginians in naval battle at the Battle of the Aegates Islands and left Carthage with neither a fleet nor sufficient coin to raise one. For a maritime power the loss of their access to the Mediterranean stung financially and psychologically, and the Carthaginians sued for peace.

Question: What battles were initially complete disasters for Rome?
Answer: naval battles

Question: What type of engine was invented by the Romans?
Answer: grappling engine

Question: Who did the Carthaginians hire to lead their army after several losses against the Romans?
Answer: Xanthippus

Question: Who claimed victory at the Battle of Aegates Islands?
Answer: The Romans

Question: Who lost access to the Mediterranean after numerous naval losses?
Answer: the Carthaginians
Roman_Republic

The Romans held off Hannibal in three battles, but then Hannibal smashed a succession of Roman consular armies. By this time Hannibal's brother Hasdrubal Barca sought to cross the Alps into Italy and join his brother with a second army. Hasdrubal managed to break through into Italy only to be defeated decisively on the Metaurus River. Unable to defeat Hannibal on Italian soil, the Romans boldly sent an army to Africa under Scipio Africanus to threaten the Carthaginian capital. Hannibal was recalled to Africa, and defeated at the Battle of Zama.

Question: What was the name of Hannibal's family member that wanted to join his army in battle?
Answer: Hasdrubal Barca

Question: At what river was Hasdrubal Barca defeated at?
Answer: Metaurus River

Question: In which battle was Hannibal clearly defeated at?
Answer: the Battle of Zama

Question: Who had led the army that the Romans had sent to Africa?
Answer: Scipio Africanus

Question: Why did the Romans send an army to Africa?
Answer: to threaten the Carthaginian capital
Roman_Republic

Carthage never recovered militarily after the Second Punic War, but quickly economically and the Third Punic War that followed was in reality a simple punitive mission after the neighbouring Numidians allied to Rome robbed/attacked Carthaginian merchants. Treaties had forbidden any war with Roman allies, and defense against robbing/pirates was considered as "war action": Rome decided to annihilate the city of Carthage. Carthage was almost defenceless, and submitted when besieged. However, the Romans demanded complete surrender and moval of the city into the (desert) inland far off any coastal or harbour region, and the Carthaginians refused. The city was besieged, stormed, and completely destroyed. Ultimately, all of Carthage's North African and Iberian territories were acquired by Rome. Note that "Carthage" was not an 'empire', but a league of punic colonies (port cities in the western mediterranean) like the 1st and 2nd Athenian ("attic") leagues, under leadership of Carthage. Punic Carthago was gone, but the other punic cities in the western mediterranean flourished under Roman rule.

Question: What had prevented Carthage from defending their territory from pirates?
Answer: Treaties

Question: What type of colony was Carthage primarily comprised of?
Answer: punic colonies

Question: What cities flourished after they were conquered by the Romans?
Answer: punic cities

Question: What was the main request of the Romans that Carthage turned down?
Answer: complete surrender

Question: Who did the Numidians form an alliance with?
Answer: Rome
Roman_Republic

Rome's preoccupation with its war with Carthage provided an opportunity for Philip V of the kingdom of Macedonia, located in the north of the Greek peninsula, to attempt to extend his power westward. Philip sent ambassadors to Hannibal's camp in Italy, to negotiate an alliance as common enemies of Rome. However, Rome discovered the agreement when Philip's emissaries were captured by a Roman fleet. The First Macedonian War saw the Romans involved directly in only limited land operations, but they ultimately achieved their objective of pre-occupying Philip and preventing him from aiding Hannibal.

Question: What kingdom sent an ambassador to Italy in an attempt to form an alliance against Rome?
Answer: Macedonia

Question: Where did Philip V want to extend his control to?
Answer: westward

Question: What peninsula was the kingdom of Macedonia able to be found in?
Answer: Greek peninsula

Question: Who did Philip V seek an alliance with?
Answer: Hannibal

Question: At what point did Rome discover that an alliance between Philip V and Hannibal had been achieved?
Answer: Philip's emissaries were captured by a Roman fleet
Roman_Republic

The past century had seen the Greek world dominated by the three primary successor kingdoms of Alexander the Great's empire: Ptolemaic Egypt, Macedonia and the Seleucid Empire. In 202 BC, internal problems led to a weakening of Egypt's position, thereby disrupting the power balance among the successor states. Macedonia and the Seleucid Empire agreed to an alliance to conquer and divide Egypt. Fearing this increasingly unstable situation, several small Greek kingdoms sent delegations to Rome to seek an alliance. The delegation succeeded, even though prior Greek attempts to involve Rome in Greek affairs had been met with Roman apathy. Our primary source about these events, the surviving works of Polybius, do not state Rome's reason for getting involved. Rome gave Philip an ultimatum to cease his campaigns against Rome's new Greek allies. Doubting Rome's strength (a reasonable doubt, given Rome's performance in the First Macedonian War) Philip ignored the request, and Rome sent an army of Romans and Greek allies, beginning the Second Macedonian War. Despite his recent successes against the Greeks and earlier successes against Rome, Philip's army buckled under the pressure from the Roman-Greek army. In 197 BC, the Romans decisively defeated Philip at the Battle of Cynoscephalae, and Philip was forced to give up his recent Greek conquests. The Romans declared the "Peace of the Greeks", believing that Philip's defeat now meant that Greece would be stable. They pulled out of Greece entirely, maintaining minimal contacts with their Greek allies.

Question: What was declared by the Romans now that the Philip had been defeated?
Answer: "Peace of the Greeks"

Question: Where did the Romans remove their troops from after Philip's loss?
Answer: Greece

Question: What request of Rome was ignored by Philip V that quickly led to the start of the Second Macedonian War?
Answer: an ultimatum to cease his campaigns against Rome's new Greek allies

Question: In what year did Philip lose the Battle of Cynoscephalae?
Answer: 197 BC

Question: What was Philip forced to return after his loss in the Battle of Cynoscephalae?
Answer: his recent Greek conquests
Roman_Republic

With Egypt and Macedonia weakened, the Seleucid Empire made increasingly aggressive and successful attempts to conquer the entire Greek world. Now not only Rome's allies against Philip, but even Philip himself, sought a Roman alliance against the Seleucids. The situation was made worse by the fact that Hannibal was now a chief military advisor to the Seleucid emperor, and the two were believed to be planning an outright conquest not just of Greece, but of Rome itself. The Seleucids were much stronger than the Macedonians had ever been, because they controlled much of the former Persian Empire, and by now had almost entirely reassembled Alexander the Great's former empire.

Question: Who had now been appointed as a military advisor to the emperor of Seleucid?
Answer: Hannibal

Question: What was thought to be the plan of Hannibal and the emperor of Seleucid?
Answer: an outright conquest not just of Greece, but of Rome itself

Question: Which empire currently controlled the majority of the former Persian Empire?
Answer: Seleucids

Question: Who had managed to recreate nearly the entirety of the empire of Alexander the Great?
Answer: Seleucids

Question: Which former enemy wanted an alliance with the Romans?
Answer: Philip
Roman_Republic

Fearing the worst, the Romans began a major mobilization, all but pulling out of recently pacified Spain and Gaul. They even established a major garrison in Sicily in case the Seleucids ever got to Italy. This fear was shared by Rome's Greek allies, who had largely ignored Rome in the years after the Second Macedonian War, but now followed Rome again for the first time since that war. A major Roman-Greek force was mobilized under the command of the great hero of the Second Punic War, Scipio Africanus, and set out for Greece, beginning the Roman-Syrian War. After initial fighting that revealed serious Seleucid weaknesses, the Seleucids tried to turn the Roman strength against them at the Battle of Thermopylae (as they believed the 300 Spartans had done centuries earlier). Like the Spartans, the Seleucids lost the battle, and were forced to evacuate Greece. The Romans pursued the Seleucids by crossing the Hellespont, which marked the first time a Roman army had ever entered Asia. The decisive engagement was fought at the Battle of Magnesia, resulting in a complete Roman victory. The Seleucids sued for peace, and Rome forced them to give up their recent Greek conquests. Although they still controlled a great deal of territory, this defeat marked the decline of their empire, as they were to begin facing increasingly aggressive subjects in the east (the Parthians) and the west (the Greeks). Their empire disintegrated into a rump over the course of the next century, when it was eclipsed by Pontus. Following Magnesia, Rome again withdrew from Greece, assuming (or hoping) that the lack of a major Greek power would ensure a stable peace. In fact, it did the opposite.

Question: Which town in Italy now housed a large Roman garrison?
Answer: Sicily

Question: Why was a garrison implented in Italy by the Romans?
Answer: in case the Seleucids ever got to Italy

Question: Who had been defeated in the Battle of Thermopylae?
Answer: the Seleucids

Question: Why did the Romans decide to withdraw their forces from Greece?
Answer: assuming (or hoping) that the lack of a major Greek power would ensure a stable peace

Question: What loss started a decline of the Seleucids Empire?
Answer: Battle of Magnesia
Roman_Republic

Convinced now that the Greeks (and therefore the rest of the region) would not have peace if left alone, Rome decided to establish its first permanent foothold in the Greek world, and divided the Kingdom of Macedonia into four client republics. Yet, Macedonian agitation continued. The Fourth Macedonian War, 150 to 148 BC, was fought against a Macedonian pretender to the throne who was again destabilizing Greece by trying to re-establish the old kingdom. The Romans swiftly defeated the Macedonians at the Second battle of Pydna.

Question: How many republics was the Kingdom of Macedonia splintered into?
Answer: four client republics

Question: In what year did the Fourt Macedonian War end?
Answer: 148 BC

Question: Who did Rome fight in the Fourth Macedonian War?
Answer: a Macedonian pretender to the throne

Question: What effect did the establishment of the kingdom of Macedonia have on Greece?
Answer: destabilizing

Question: Who could claim victory at the Second Battle of Pydna?
Answer: The Romans
Roman_Republic

The Jugurthine War of 111–104 BC was fought between Rome and Jugurtha of the North African kingdom of Numidia. It constituted the final Roman pacification of Northern Africa, after which Rome largely ceased expansion on the continent after reaching natural barriers of desert and mountain. Following Jugurtha's usurpation of the throne of Numidia, a loyal ally of Rome since the Punic Wars, Rome felt compelled to intervene. Jugurtha impudently bribed the Romans into accepting his usurpation. Jugurtha was finally captured not in battle but by treachery.

Question: What war is considered to be the last Roman pacification in Northern Africa?
Answer: The Jugurthine War

Question: What eventually caused Jugurtha to become a captive?
Answer: treachery

Question: When did the Jugurthine War end?
Answer: 104 BC

Question: Who attempted to usurp the throne of Numidia?
Answer: Jugurtha

Question: Who did Jugurtha have to bribe in order for them to accept him as the new leader of Numidia?
Answer: the Romans
Roman_Republic

In 121 BC, Rome came into contact with two Celtic tribes (from a region in modern France), both of which they defeated with apparent ease. The Cimbrian War (113–101 BC) was a far more serious affair than the earlier clashes of 121 BC. The Germanic tribes of the Cimbri and the Teutons migrated from northern Europe into Rome's northern territories, and clashed with Rome and her allies. At the Battle of Aquae Sextiae and the Battle of Vercellae both tribes were virtually annihilated, which ended the threat.

Question: When did the Cimbrian War end?
Answer: 101 BC

Question: In what year did Rome come into contact with a couple Celtic tribes?
Answer: 121 BC

Question: What war began in the year 113 BC?
Answer: The Cimbrian War

Question: Where did the tribes that were almost annihilated in the Battle of Vercellae hail from?
Answer: northern Europe
Roman_Republic

The extensive campaigning abroad by Roman generals, and the rewarding of soldiers with plunder on these campaigns, led to a general trend of soldiers becoming increasingly loyal to their generals rather than to the state. Rome was also plagued by several slave uprisings during this period, in part because vast tracts of land had been given over to slave farming in which the slaves greatly outnumbered their Roman masters. In the 1st century BC at least twelve civil wars and rebellions occurred. This pattern continued until 27 BC, when Octavian (later Augustus) successfully challenged the Senate's authority, and was made princeps (first citizen).

Question: How were soldiers rewarded by Roman generals?
Answer: with plunder

Question: Who saw increased loyalty from the Roman soldiers?
Answer: their generals

Question: Who was greater in numbers than the Roman slave masters?
Answer: the slaves

Question: Around how many rebellious uprisings and civil wars happened in the 1st century BC?
Answer: twelve

Question: Which individual later became princeps after having challenged the senate?
Answer: Octavian
Roman_Republic

Between 135 BC and 71 BC there were three "Servile Wars" involving slave uprisings against the Roman state. The third and final uprising was the most serious, involving ultimately between 120,000 and 150,000 slaves under the command of the gladiator Spartacus. In 91 BC the Social War broke out between Rome and its former allies in Italy when the allies complained that they shared the risk of Rome's military campaigns, but not its rewards. Although they lost militarily, the allies achieved their objectives with legal proclamations which granted citizenship to more than 500,000 Italians.

Question: How many slaves at most were under the command of Spartacus?
Answer: 150,000

Question: When was the beginning of the Social War?
Answer: 91 BC

Question: How many Italians became citizens after the loss of the Social War?
Answer: more than 500,000

Question: How many slave uprisings were there between the years of 135 BC and 71 BC?
Answer: three

Question: Ultimately what started the Social War?
Answer: allies complained that they shared the risk of Rome's military campaigns, but not its rewards
Roman_Republic

The internal unrest reached its most serious state, however, in the two civil wars that were caused by the clash between generals Gaius Marius and Lucius Cornelius Sulla starting from 88 BC. In the Battle of the Colline Gate at the very door of the city of Rome, a Roman army under Sulla bested an army of the Marius supporters and entered the city. Sulla's actions marked a watershed in the willingness of Roman troops to wage war against one another that was to pave the way for the wars which ultimately overthrew the Republic, and caused the founding of the Roman Empire.

Question: What type of war was caused by the clash of two generals?
Answer: civil wars

Question: In what year did Marius and Sull begin to clash?
Answer: 88 BC

Question: In what specific section of Rome did the Battle of the Colline Gate take place?
Answer: very door of the city

Question: Who was defeated in the Battle of the Colline Gate?
Answer: an army of the Marius supporters

Question: What can be considered one of the causes that led to the downfall of the Roman Republic?
Answer: the willingness of Roman troops to wage war against one another
Roman_Republic

Mithridates the Great was the ruler of Pontus, a large kingdom in Asia Minor (modern Turkey), from 120 to 63 BC. Mithridates antagonised Rome by seeking to expand his kingdom, and Rome for her part seemed equally eager for war and the spoils and prestige that it might bring. In 88 BC, Mithridates ordered the killing of a majority of the 80,000 Romans living in his kingdom. The massacre was the official reason given for the commencement of hostilities in the First Mithridatic War. The Roman general Lucius Cornelius Sulla forced Mithridates out of Greece proper, but then had to return to Italy to answer the internal threat posed by his rival, Gaius Marius. A peace was made between Rome and Pontus, but this proved only a temporary lull.

Question: Who was the leader of Pontus in the year 85 BC?
Answer: Mithridates the Great

Question: With which individual did Lucius Cornelius have a rivalry?
Answer: Gaius Marius

Question: How did the ruler of Pontus anger Rome?
Answer: by seeking to expand his kingdom

Question: When was the last year of Mithridates the Great's reign?
Answer: 63 BC

Question: How many Romans lived in Mithridate the Great's kingdom in 88 BC?
Answer: 80,000
Roman_Republic

During his term as praetor in the Iberian Peninsula (modern Portugal and Spain), Pompey's contemporary Julius Caesar defeated two local tribes in battle. After his term as consul in 59 BC, he was appointed to a five-year term as the proconsular Governor of Cisalpine Gaul (part of current northern Italy), Transalpine Gaul (current southern France) and Illyria (part of the modern Balkans). Not content with an idle governorship, Caesar strove to find reason to invade Gaul (modern France and Belgium), which would give him the dramatic military success he sought. When two local tribes began to migrate on a route that would take them near (not into) the Roman province of Transalpine Gaul, Caesar had the barely sufficient excuse he needed for his Gallic Wars, fought between 58 BC and 49 BC.

Question: Who held  a term as praetor in the Iberian Peninsula?
Answer: Julius Caesar

Question: Why did Julius Caesar wish to invade Gaul?
Answer: would give him the dramatic military success he sought

Question: When did Julius Caesar's term as consul end?
Answer: 59 BC

Question: What military leader was Julius Caesar a contemporary of?
Answer: Pompey

Question: What was the reasoning Julius Caesar used to start the Gallic Wars?
Answer: two local tribes began to migrate on a route that would take them near (not into) the Roman province of Transalpine Gaul
Roman_Republic

By 59 BC an unofficial political alliance known as the First Triumvirate was formed between Gaius Julius Caesar, Marcus Licinius Crassus, and Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus ("Pompey the Great") to share power and influence. In 53 BC, Crassus launched a Roman invasion of the Parthian Empire (modern Iraq and Iran). After initial successes, he marched his army deep into the desert; but here his army was cut off deep in enemy territory, surrounded and slaughtered at the Battle of Carrhae in which Crassus himself perished. The death of Crassus removed some of the balance in the Triumvirate and, consequently, Caesar and Pompey began to move apart. While Caesar was fighting in Gaul, Pompey proceeded with a legislative agenda for Rome that revealed that he was at best ambivalent towards Caesar and perhaps now covertly allied with Caesar's political enemies. In 51 BC, some Roman senators demanded that Caesar not be permitted to stand for consul unless he turned over control of his armies to the state, which would have left Caesar defenceless before his enemies. Caesar chose civil war over laying down his command and facing trial.

Question: When was the invasion of the Parthian Empire begun?
Answer: 53 BC

Question: Who started the invasion of the Parthian Empire?
Answer: Crassus

Question: In what battle did Marcus Licinius Crassus die?
Answer: the Battle of Carrhae

Question: Who was believed to have had a secret allegiance with enemies of Julius Caesar?
Answer: Pompey

Question: What did the senators request of Caesar in order for him to stand for consul?
Answer: turned over control of his armies to the state
Roman_Republic

By the spring of 49 BC, the hardened legions of Caesar crossed the river Rubicon, the legal boundary of Roman Italy beyond which no commander might bring his army, and swept down the Italian peninsula towards Rome, while Pompey ordered the abandonment of Rome. Afterwards Caesar turned his attention to the Pompeian stronghold of Hispania (modern Spain) but decided to tackle Pompey himself in Greece. Pompey initially defeated Caesar, but failed to follow up on the victory, and was decisively defeated at the Battle of Pharsalus in 48 BC, despite outnumbering Caesar's forces two to one, albeit with inferior quality troops. Pompey fled again, this time to Egypt, where he was murdered.

Question: During what year did Caesar's armies cross the river Rubicon?
Answer: 49 BC

Question: Who would be seen as having been defeated in the Battle of Pharsalus?
Answer: Pompey

Question: In which year did The Battle of Pharsalus take place?
Answer: 48 BC

Question: In what country did Pompey die in?
Answer: Egypt

Question: Who decided to attack Pompey in Greece?
Answer: Caesar
Roman_Republic

Caesar was now the primary figure of the Roman state, enforcing and entrenching his powers. His enemies feared that he had ambitions to become an autocratic ruler. Arguing that the Roman Republic was in danger, a group of senators hatched a conspiracy and assassinated Caesar at a meeting of the Senate in March 44 BC.  Mark Antony, Caesar's lieutenant, condemned Caesar's assassination, and war broke out between the two factions. Antony was denounced as a public enemy, and Caesar's adopted son and chosen heir, Gaius Octavianus, was entrusted with the command of the war against him. At the Battle of Mutina Mark Antony was defeated by the consuls Hirtius and Pansa, who were both killed.

Question: Who was now considered to be the primary figure in the Roman state?
Answer: Caesar

Question: Which group of people conspired against Caesar in order to have him assassinated?
Answer: senators

Question: When did Julius Caesar die?
Answer: March 44 BC

Question: Which former lieutenant of Caesar was considered a public threat after Caesar was assassinated?
Answer: Mark Antony

Question: Why did the Roman senators wish to have Caesar assassinated?
Answer: the Roman Republic was in danger
Roman_Republic

However, civil war flared again when the Second Triumvirate of Octavian, Lepidus and Mark Antony failed. The ambitious Octavian built a power base of patronage and then launched a campaign against Mark Antony. At the naval Battle of Actium off the coast of Greece, Octavian decisively defeated Antony and Cleopatra. Octavian was granted a series of special powers including sole "imperium" within the city of Rome, permanent consular powers and credit for every Roman military victory, since all future generals were assumed to be acting under his command. In 27 BC Octavian was granted the use of the names "Augustus" and "Princeps", indicating his primary status above all other Romans, and he adopted the title "Imperator Caesar" making him the first Roman Emperor.

Question: What failure caused the the flares of civil war to spark up again?
Answer: Second Triumvirate of Octavian

Question: Who defeated Cleopatra and Mark Antony at the Battle of Actium?
Answer: Octavian

Question: In what year was Octavian first allowed to use the names Augustus and Princeps?
Answer: 27 BC

Question: Who has been designated as the first Emperor of Rome?
Answer: Octavian

Question: Which individual was granted permanent consular powers?
Answer: Octavian
Roman_Republic

The last king of the Roman Kingdom, Lucius Tarquinius Superbus, was overthrown in 509 BC by a group of noblemen led by Lucius Junius Brutus. Tarquin made a number of attempts to retake the throne, including the Tarquinian conspiracy, the war with Veii and Tarquinii and finally the war between Rome and Clusium, all of which failed to achieve Tarquin's objectives. The most important constitutional change during the transition from kingdom to republic concerned the chief magistrate. Before the revolution, a king would be elected by the senators for a life term. Now, two consuls were elected by the citizens for an annual term. Each consul would check his colleague, and their limited term in office would open them up to prosecution if they abused the powers of their office. Consular political powers, when exercised conjointly with a consular colleague, were no different from those of the old king.

Question: Who was considered to be the last king of the Roman Kingdom?
Answer: Lucius Tarquinius Superbus

Question: When did the last king of the Roman Kingdom lose his seat of power?
Answer: 509 BC

Question: Who would elect a king in the Roman Kingdom prior to the revolution?
Answer: senators

Question: What was the length of a term that a king would be elected for in the Roman Kingdom?
Answer: life term

Question: Who were the joint consulars considered to be an equal of politically?
Answer: old king