Divyanshu67/squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
Muammar_Gaddafi

Having removed the monarchical government, Gaddafi proclaimed the foundation of the Libyan Arab Republic. Addressing the populace by radio, he proclaimed an end to the "reactionary and corrupt" regime, "the stench of which has sickened and horrified us all." Due to the coup's bloodless nature, it was initially labelled the "White Revolution", although was later renamed the "One September Revolution" after the date on which it occurred. Gaddafi insisted that the Free Officers' coup represented a revolution, marking the start of widespread change in the socio-economic and political nature of Libya. He proclaimed that the revolution meant "freedom, socialism, and unity", and over the coming years implemented measures to achieve this.

Question: How did Gaddafi announced his leadership?:
Answer: Addressing the populace by radio

Question: List the two names of Gaddafi's coup.
Answer: "White Revolution", although was later renamed the "One September Revolution"

Question: What did Gaddafi tell the people that the revolution represented?
Answer: freedom, socialism, and unity

Question: What did Gaddafi insist that the coup be referred to as?
Answer: a revolution

Question: What was the name of the government Gaddafi set up after overthrowing the monarchy?
Answer: Libyan Arab Republic

Question: What was the Libyan coup called at first?
Answer: White Revolution

Question: What was the Libyan coup later called, when it was renamed for the day it took place?
Answer: One September Revolution

Question: What was the name of the revolutionary group led by Gaddafi?
Answer: Free Officers

Question: How did Gaddafi characterize the monarchy in his radio address?
Answer: reactionary and corrupt
Muammar_Gaddafi

Although theoretically a collegial body operating through consensus building, Gaddafi dominated the RCC, although some of the others attempted to constrain what they saw as his excesses. Gaddafi remained the government's public face, with the identities of the other RCC members only being publicly revealed on 10 January 1970. All young men from (typically rural) working and middle-class backgrounds, none had university degrees; in this way they were distinct from the wealthy, highly educated conservatives who previously governed the country.

Question: How did Gaddafi staff the RCC members?
Answer: All young men from (typically rural) working and middle-class backgrounds, none had university degrees;

Question: Why did Gaddafi select these men as RCC members?
Answer: they were distinct from the wealthy, highly educated conservatives who previously governed the country.

Question: Whose face was most closely associated with Libya's new government?
Answer: Gaddafi

Question: Did everyone endorse Gaddafi?
Answer: some of the others attempted to constrain what they saw as his excesses

Question: On what date were the members of the RCC announced?
Answer: 10 January 1970

Question: How many members of the RCC had graduated from university?
Answer: none

Question: What was the general age group of the members of the RCC?
Answer: young

Question: What was the sex of all the members of the RCC?
Answer: men

Question: Along with the working class, what was the class background of RCC members?
Answer: middle
Muammar_Gaddafi

The coup completed, the RCC proceeded with their intentions of consolidating the revolutionary government and modernizing the country. They purged monarchists and members of Idris' Senussi clan from Libya's political world and armed forces; Gaddafi believed this elite were opposed to the will of the Libyan people and had to be expunged. "People's Courts" were founded to try various monarchist politicians and journalists, and though many were imprisoned, none were executed. Idris was sentenced to execution in absentia.

Question: What did the RCC do with remnants of the monarchy?
Answer: They purged monarchists and members of Idris' Senussi clan from Libya's political world and armed forces

Question: What happened to Idris?
Answer: Idris was sentenced to execution in absentia.

Question: How did Gaddafi view the elite?
Answer: Gaddafi believed this elite were opposed to the will of the Libyan people and had to be expunged.

Question: What happened to the monarchists and and journalists?
Answer: "People's Courts" were founded to try various monarchist politicians and journalists, and though many were imprisoned, none were executed.

Question: What clan was King Idris part of?
Answer: Senussi

Question: Along with journalists, who was tried in the People's Courts?
Answer: monarchist politicians

Question: How many people were executed by the People's Courts?
Answer: none

Question: What sentence was given to the absent King Idris?
Answer: execution

Question: Along with the Senussi, who was purged from the military?
Answer: monarchists
Muammar_Gaddafi

In May 1970, the Revolutionary Intellectuals Seminar was held to bring intellectuals in line with the revolution, while that year's Legislative Review and Amendment united secular and religious law codes, introducing sharia into the legal system. Ruling by decree, the RCC maintained the monarchy's ban on political parties, in May 1970 banned trade unions, and in 1972 outlawed workers' strikes and suspended newspapers. In September 1971, Gaddafi resigned, claiming to be dissatisfied with the pace of reform, but returned to his position within a month. In February 1973, he resigned again, once more returning the following month.

Question: What was the RCC's view of political parties?
Answer: Ruling by decree, the RCC maintained the monarchy's ban on political parties,

Question: What did Gaddafi do in 1971?
Answer: In September 1971, Gaddafi resigned, claiming to be dissatisfied with the pace of reform, but returned to his position within a month.

Question: What did Gaddafi do in 1973?
Answer: In February 1973, he resigned again, once more returning the following month.

Question: What was the impact of incorporating the sharia into the legal system?
Answer: united secular and religious law codes

Question: In what year did the Revolutionary Intellectuals Seminar occur?
Answer: 1970

Question: What did the RCC outlaw in 1970?
Answer: trade unions

Question: What publications were shut down 1972?
Answer: newspapers

Question: In what month and year did Gaddafi first resign?
Answer: September 1971

Question: In what year did Gaddafi's second resignation occur?
Answer: 1973
Muammar_Gaddafi

With crude oil as the country's primary export, Gaddafi sought to improve Libya's oil sector. In October 1969, he proclaimed the current trade terms unfair, benefiting foreign corporations more than the Libyan state, and by threatening to reduce production, in December Jalloud successfully increased the price of Libyan oil. In 1970, other OPEC states followed suit, leading to a global increase in the price of crude oil. The RCC followed with the Tripoli Agreement, in which they secured income tax, back-payments and better pricing from the oil corporations; these measures brought Libya an estimated $1 billion in additional revenues in its first year.

Question: What was Libya's main export?
Answer: crude oil

Question: How did Gaddafi's decisions in the oil industry impact other OPEC states?
Answer: In 1970, other OPEC states followed suit, leading to a global increase in the price of crude oil.

Question: What was the main export of Libya?
Answer: crude oil

Question: How much money did Libya accrue in a year as a result of the Tripoli Agreement?
Answer: $1 billion

Question: What organization of oil producers was Libya a part of?
Answer: OPEC

Question: Who was responsible for raising the price of Libyan oil in 1969?
Answer: Jalloud
Muammar_Gaddafi

Increasing state control over the oil sector, the RCC began a program of nationalization, starting with the expropriation of British Petroleum's share of the British Petroleum-N.B. Hunt Sahir Field in December 1971. In September 1973, it was announced that all foreign oil producers active in Libya were to be nationalized. For Gaddafi, this was an important step towards socialism. It proved an economic success; while gross domestic product had been $3.8 billion in 1969, it had risen to $13.7 billion in 1974, and $24.5 billion in 1979. In turn, the Libyans' standard of life greatly improved over the first decade of Gaddafi's administration, and by 1979 the average per-capita income was at $8,170, up from $40 in 1951; this was above the average of many industrialized countries like Italy and the U.K.

Question: In 1979, how much did the average per capita income change for Libyans?
Answer: by 1979 the average per-capita income was at $8,170, up from $40 in 1951

Question: What decision allowed Gaddafi to move Libya closer to socialism?
Answer: In September 1973, it was announced that all foreign oil producers active in Libya were to be nationalized.

Question: How did Libya's gross domestic product increase from 1969 to 1979?
Answer: while gross domestic product had been $3.8 billion in 1969, it had risen to $13.7 billion in 1974, and $24.5 billion in 1979.

Question: How did the RCC begin their march toward nationalization?
Answer: starting with the expropriation of British Petroleum's share of the British Petroleum-N.B. Hunt Sahir Field in December 1971.

Question: What company's property did Libya nationalize in December of 1971?
Answer: British Petroleum

Question: In what month and year was a blanket nationalization of foreign oil production proclaimed?
Answer: September 1973

Question: What was Libya's GDP in 1969?
Answer: $3.8 billion

Question: In what year did Libya have a GDP of $24.5 billion?
Answer: 1979

Question: What was Libya's per-capita income in 1951?
Answer: $40
Muammar_Gaddafi

The RCC attempted to suppress regional and tribal affiliation, replacing it with a unified pan-Libyan identity. In doing so, they tried discrediting tribal leaders as agents of the old regime, and in August 1971 a Sabha military court tried many of them for counter-revolutionary activity. Long-standing administrative boundaries were re-drawn, crossing tribal boundaries, while pro-revolutionary modernizers replaced traditional leaders, but the communities they served often rejected them. Realizing the failures of the modernizers, Gaddafi created the Arab Socialist Union (ASU), a mass mobilization vanguard party of which he was president. The ASU recognized the RCC as its "Supreme Leading Authority", and was designed to further revolutionary enthusiasm throughout the country.

Question: What sort of identity was promoted by the RCC?
Answer: pan-Libyan

Question: What identities did the RCC try to dissuade?
Answer: regional and tribal

Question: What were tribal leaders accused of in 1971?
Answer: counter-revolutionary activity

Question: Where was the military court located that tried the tribal leaders in 1971?
Answer: Sabha

Question: Of what party did Gaddafi become president in this period?
Answer: Arab Socialist Union
Muammar_Gaddafi

The RCC implemented measures for social reform, adopting sharia as a basis. The consumption of alcohol was banned, night clubs and Christian churches were shut down, traditional Libyan dress was encouraged, while Arabic was decreed as the only language permitted in official communications and on road signs. From 1969 to 1973, the RCC introduced social welfare programs funded with oil money, which led to house-building projects and improved healthcare and education. In doing so, they greatly expanded the public sector, providing employment for thousands.

Question: On what philosophy was the RCC's social reforms based?
Answer: sharia

Question: What language was used in official communications by the government of Libya?
Answer: Arabic

Question: During what period were oil-funded programs for social welfare created?
Answer: 1969 to 1973

Question: What religion was suppressed in Libya?
Answer: Christian

Question: What beverage did the Libyan government ban?
Answer: alcohol
Muammar_Gaddafi

The influence of Nasser's Arab nationalism over the RCC was immediately apparent. The administration was instantly recognized by the neighbouring Arab nationalist regimes in Egypt, Syria, Iraq and Sudan, with Egypt sending experts to aid the inexperienced RCC. Gaddafi propounded Pan-Arab ideas, proclaiming the need for a single Arab state stretching across North Africa and the Middle East. In December 1969, Libya founded the Arab Revolutionary Front with Egypt and Sudan as a step towards political unification, and in 1970 Syria stated its intention to join.

Question: What philosophy influenced the RCC?
Answer: Arab nationalism

Question: Along with Egypt, Iraq and Sudan, what country's Arab nationalist government recognized the Libyan revolutionary government?
Answer: Syria

Question: What Arab nationalist thinker was influential with the RCC?
Answer: Nasser

Question: What countries founded the Arab Revolutionary Front with Libya?
Answer: Egypt and Sudan

Question: In what year was the Arab Revolutionary Front founded?
Answer: 1969
Muammar_Gaddafi

After Nasser died in November 1970, his successor, Anwar Sadat, suggested that rather than a unified state, they create a political federation, implemented in April 1971; in doing so, Egypt, Syria and Sudan got large grants of Libyan oil money. In February 1972, Gaddafi and Sadat signed an unofficial charter of merger, but it was never implemented as relations broke down the following year. Sadat became increasingly wary of Libya's radical direction, and the September 1973 deadline for implementing the Federation passed by with no action taken.

Question: Who did Anwar Sadat succeed?
Answer: Nasser

Question: What was the alternative to creating an Arab political federation?
Answer: unified state

Question: Along with Libya, what nations joined the political federation?
Answer: Egypt, Syria and Sudan

Question: In what year was the merger charter signed?
Answer: 1972

Question: When did the federation have to be implemented by?
Answer: September 1973
Muammar_Gaddafi

After the 1969 coup, representatives of the Four Powers – France, the United Kingdom, the United States and the Soviet Union – were called to meet RCC representatives. The U.K. and U.S. quickly extended diplomatic recognition, hoping to secure the position of their military bases in Libya and fearing further instability. Hoping to ingratiate themselves with Gaddafi, in 1970 the U.S. informed him of at least one planned counter-coup. Such attempts to form a working relationship with the RCC failed; Gaddafi was determined to reassert national sovereignty and expunge what he described as foreign colonial and imperialist influences. His administration insisted that the U.S. and U.K. remove their military bases from Libya, with Gaddafi proclaiming that "the armed forces which rose to express the people's revolution [will not] tolerate living in their shacks while the bases of imperialism exist in Libyan territory." The British left in March and the Americans in June 1970.

Question: What nations comprised the Four Powers?
Answer: France, the United Kingdom, the United States and the Soviet Union

Question: Who told Gaddafi about a possible counter-coup in 1970?
Answer: U.S.

Question: Along with the U.S., what major power recognized Gaddafi's government at an early date?
Answer: U.K.

Question: In what month and year did the United States remove its military bases from Libya?
Answer: June 1970

Question: Who removed their Libyan military bases in March of 1970?
Answer: British
Muammar_Gaddafi

Moving to reduce Italian influence, in October 1970 all Italian-owned assets were expropriated and the 12,000-strong Italian community expelled from Libya alongside a smaller number of Jews. The day became a national holiday. Aiming to reduce NATO power in the Mediterranean, in 1971 Libya requested that Malta cease to allow NATO to use its land for a military base, in turn offering them foreign aid. Compromising, Malta's government continued allowing NATO use of the island, but only on the condition that they would not use it for launching attacks on Arab territory. Orchestrating a military build-up, the RCC began purchasing weapons from France and the Soviet Union. The commercial relationship with the latter led to an increasingly strained relationship with the U.S., who were then engaged in the Cold War with the Soviets.

Question: How many Italians lived in Libya prior to October of 1970?
Answer: 12,000

Question: In addition to Italians, what people were kicked out of Libya in 1970?
Answer: Jews

Question: Who did the RCC buy military equipment from?
Answer: France and the Soviet Union

Question: Who were the adversaries of the Soviets during the Cold War?
Answer: U.S.

Question: Who did Libya offer foreign aid to in 1971?
Answer: Malta
Muammar_Gaddafi

His relationship with Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat of Fatah was strained, with Gaddafi considering him too moderate and calling for more violent action. Instead he supported militia like the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine, Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine – General Command, the Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine, As-Sa'iqa, the Palestinian Popular Struggle Front, and the Abu Nidal Organization. He funded the Black September Organization who perpetrated the 1972 Munich massacre of Israeli athletes in West Germany, and had the killed militants' bodies flown to Libya for a hero's funeral. Gaddafi also welcomed the three surviving attackers in Tripoli following their release in exchange for the hostages of hijacked Lufthansa Flight 615 a few weeks later and allowed them to go into hiding.

Question: What Palestinian political figure had a poor relationship with Gaddafi?
Answer: Yasser Arafat

Question: What organization did Arafat belong to?
Answer: Fatah

Question: Who was responsible for the attack on Israeli athletes in 1972?
Answer: Black September Organization

Question: In what city did the 1972 attack on Israeli athletes occur?
Answer: Munich

Question: How many terrorists survived the 1972 Munich attack?
Answer: three
Muammar_Gaddafi

Gaddafi financially supported other militant groups across the world, including the Black Panther Party, Nation of Islam, Tupamaros, 19th of April Movement and Sandinista National Liberation Front in the Americas, the ANC among other liberation movements in the fight against Apartheid in South Africa, the Provisional Irish Republican Army, ETA, Sardinian nationalists, Action directe, the Red Brigades, and the Red Army Faction in Europe, and the Armenian Secret Army, Japanese Red Army, Free Aceh Movement, and Moro National Liberation Front in Asia. Gaddafi was indiscriminate in the causes he funded, sometimes switching from supporting one side in a conflict to the other, as in the Eritrean War of Independence. Throughout the 1970s these groups received financial support from Libya, which came to be seen as a leader in the Third World's struggle against colonialism and neocolonialism. Though many of these groups were labelled "terrorists" by critics of their activities, Gaddafi rejected such a characterisation, instead considering them revolutionaries engaged in liberation struggles.

Question: During what conflict did Gaddafi notably switch sides?
Answer: Eritrean War of Independence

Question: During what decade did Libya finance militant groups?
Answer: 1970s

Question: What was the Third World fighting against in the 1970s?
Answer: colonialism and neocolonialism

Question: On what continent did the Red Army Faction operate?
Answer: Europe

Question: What was the ANC combating?
Answer: Apartheid
Muammar_Gaddafi

On 16 April 1973, Gaddafi proclaimed the start of a "Popular Revolution" in a Zuwarah speech. He initiated this with a 5-point plan, the first point of which dissolved all existing laws, to be replaced by revolutionary enactments. The second point proclaimed that all opponents of the revolution had to be removed, while the third initiated an administrative revolution that Gaddafi proclaimed would remove all traces of bureaucracy and the bourgeoisie. The fourth point announced that the population must form People's Committees and be armed to defend the revolution, while the fifth proclaimed the beginning of a cultural revolution to expunge Libya of "poisonous" foreign influences. He began to lecture on this new phase of the revolution in Libya, Egypt, and France.

Question: On what date did Gaddafi declare the beginning of a "Popular Revolution"?
Answer: 16 April 1973

Question: What happened to Libya's laws as a result of the first point of Gaddafi's speech?
Answer: dissolved

Question: How many points did the Popular Revolution plan have?
Answer: 5

Question: What type of revolution began as a result of the third point?
Answer: administrative

Question: Along with Libya and France, where did Gaddafi speak on the Popular Revolution?
Answer: Egypt
Muammar_Gaddafi

As part of this Popular Revolution, Gaddafi invited Libya's people to found General People's Committees as conduits for raising political consciousness. Although offering little guidance for how to set up these councils, Gaddafi claimed that they would offer a form of direct political participation that was more democratic than a traditional party-based representative system. He hoped that the councils would mobilize the people behind the RCC, erode the power of the traditional leaders and the bureaucracy, and allow for a new legal system chosen by the people.

Question: What were the Libyan people instructed to create in conjunction with the Popular Revolution?
Answer: General People's Committees

Question: Along with the bureaucracy, who were the General People's Committees directed at?
Answer: traditional leaders

Question: What political system did Gaddafi claim was less democratic than the General People's Committees?
Answer: traditional party-based representative
Muammar_Gaddafi

The People's Committees led to a high percentage of public involvement in decision making, within the limits permitted by the RCC, but exacerbated tribal divisions. They also served as a surveillance system, aiding the security services in locating individuals with views critical of the RCC, leading to the arrest of Ba'athists, Marxists and Islamists. Operating in a pyramid structure, the base form of these Committees were local working groups, who sent elected representatives to the district level, and from there to the national level, divided between the General People's Congress and the General People's Committee. Above these remained Gaddafi and the RCC, who remained responsible for all major decisions.

Question: What negative consequence did the People's Committees lead to?
Answer: tribal divisions

Question: Along with Ba'athists and Islamists, who was arrested as a result of the actions of the People's Committees?
Answer: Marxists

Question: Along with the General People's Congress, what national body represented the People's Committees?
Answer: General People's Committee

Question: What kind of structure did the People's Committee system use?
Answer: pyramid
Muammar_Gaddafi

In June 1973, Gaddafi created a political ideology as a basis for the Popular Revolution. Third International Theory considered the U.S. and the Soviet Union as imperialist, thus rejected Western capitalism as well as Eastern bloc communism's atheism. In this respect it was similar to the Three Worlds Theory developed by China's political leader Mao Zedong. As part of this theory, Gaddafi praised nationalism as a progressive force and advocated the creation of a pan-Arab state which would lead the Islamic and Third Worlds against imperialism.

Question: In what month and year did Gaddafi begin Third International Theory?
Answer: June 1973

Question: Who was the founder of Three Worlds Theory?
Answer: Mao Zedong

Question: What sort of state did Gaddafi believe should be founded?
Answer: pan-Arab

Question: Along with the United States, what country did Gaddafi believe to be imperialist?
Answer: Soviet Union

Question: What economic philosophy was associated with the West?
Answer: capitalism
Muammar_Gaddafi

Gaddafi summarized Third International Theory in three short volumes published between 1975 and 1979, collectively known as The Green Book. Volume one was devoted to the issue of democracy, outlining the flaws of representative systems in favour of direct, participatory GPCs. The second dealt with Gaddafi's beliefs regarding socialism, while the third explored social issues regarding the family and the tribe. While the first two volumes advocated radical reform, the third adopted a socially conservative stance, proclaiming that while men and women were equal, they were biologically designed for different roles in life. During the years that followed, Gaddafists adopted quotes from The Green Book, such as "Representation is Fraud", as slogans. Meanwhile, in September 1975, Gaddafi implemented further measures to increase popular mobilization, introducing objectives to improve the relationship between the Councils and the ASU.

Question: Gaddafi's written work on Third International Theory consisted of how many volumes?
Answer: three

Question: When was the last volume of Gaddafi's work on Third International Theory published?
Answer: 1979

Question: What was the title given to Gaddafi's Third International Theory writings?
Answer: The Green Book

Question: What volume of The Green Book discussed democracy?
Answer: one

Question: What political philosophy was discussed in the second volume of The Green Book?
Answer: socialism
Muammar_Gaddafi

In September 1975, Gaddafi purged the army, arresting around 200 senior officers, and in October he founded the clandestine Office for the Security of the Revolution. In 1976, student demonstrations broke out in Tripoli and Benghazi, and were attacked by police and Gaddafist students. The RCC responded with mass arrests, and introduced compulsory national service for young people. Dissent also arose from conservative clerics and the Muslim Brotherhood, who were persecuted as anti-revolutionary. In January 1977, two dissenting students and a number of army officers were publicly hanged; Amnesty International condemned it as the first time in Gaddafist Libya that dissenters had been executed for purely political crimes.

Question: In what year was the Office for the Security of the Revolution founded?
Answer: 1975

Question: In what year did student protests occur in Benghazi?
Answer: 1976

Question: How many senior officers were expelled fro the army in 1975?
Answer: 200

Question: How many students were executed in January of 1977?
Answer: two

Question: Who criticized the political execution of students and military officers that occurred in January 1977?
Answer: Amnesty International
Muammar_Gaddafi

Following Anwar Sadat's ascension to the Egyptian presidency, Libya's relations with Egypt deteriorated. Sadat was perturbed by Gaddafi's unpredictability and insistence that Egypt required a cultural revolution. In February 1973, Israeli forces shot down Libyan Arab Airlines Flight 114, which had strayed from Egyptian airspace into Israeli-held territory during a sandstorm. Gaddafi was infuriated that Egypt had not done more to prevent the incident, and in retaliation planned to destroy the RMS Queen Elizabeth 2, a British ship chartered by American Jews to sail to Haifa for Israel's 25th anniversary. Gaddafi ordered an Egyptian submarine to target the ship, but Sadat cancelled the order, fearing a military escalation.

Question: Whose rise to the presidency of Egypt led to the decline in relations between Egypt and Libya?
Answer: Sadat

Question: What nation's military destroyed Libyan Arab Airlines Flight 114?
Answer: Israeli

Question: Why did Libyan Arab Airlines Flight 114 accidentally fly into Israel's airspace?
Answer: sandstorm

Question: What city was the destination of RMS Queen Elizabeth 2?
Answer: Haifa

Question: Jews from what nation chartered the RMS Queen Elizabeth 2?
Answer: American
Muammar_Gaddafi

Gaddafi was later infuriated when Egypt and Syria planned the Yom Kippur War against Israel without consulting him, and was angered when Egypt conceded to peace talks rather than continuing the war. Gaddafi become openly hostile to Egypt's leader, calling for Sadat's overthrow, and when Sudanese President Gaafar Nimeiry took Sadat's side, Gaddafi by 1975 sponsored the Sudan People's Liberation Army to overthrow Nimeiry. Focusing his attention elsewhere in Africa, in late 1972 and early 1973, Libya invaded Chad to annex the uranium-rich Aouzou Strip. Offering financial incentives, he successfully convinced 8 African states to break off diplomatic relations with Israel in 1973. Intent on propagating Islam, in 1973 Gaddafi founded the Islamic Call Society, which had opened 132 centres across Africa within a decade. In 1973 he converted Gabonese President Omar Bongo, an action which he repeated three years later with Jean-Bédel Bokassa, president of the Central African Republic.

Question: Who was allied with Egypt during the Yom Kippur War?
Answer: Syria

Question: Who was the president of Sudan in 1975?
Answer: Gaafar Nimeiry

Question: What revolutionary group sought to overthrow the president of Sudan?
Answer: Sudan People's Liberation Army

Question: Prior to the Libyan invasion, what country was the Aouzou Strip a part of?
Answer: Chad

Question: What element did the Aouzou Strip possess a great deal of?
Answer: uranium
Muammar_Gaddafi

Gaddafi sought to develop closer links in the Maghreb; in January 1974 Libya and Tunisia announced a political union, the Arab Islamic Republic. Although advocated by Gaddafi and Tunisian President Habib Bourguiba, the move was deeply unpopular in Tunisia and soon abandoned. Retaliating, Gaddafi sponsored anti-government militants in Tunisia into the 1980s. Turning his attention to Algeria, in 1975 Libya signed the Hassi Messaoud defence agreement allegedly to counter "Moroccan expansionism", also funding the Polisario Front of Western Sahara in their independence struggle against Morocco. Seeking to diversify Libya's economy, Gaddafi's government began purchasing shares in major European corporations like Fiat as well as buying real estate in Malta and Italy, which would become a valuable source of income during the 1980s oil slump.

Question: What country formed a political union with Libya in 1974?
Answer: Tunisia

Question: What was the name of the abortive political union between Tunisia and Libya in 1974?
Answer: Arab Islamic Republic

Question: Who was the president of Tunisia in 1974?
Answer: Habib Bourguiba

Question: With what country did Libya conclude the Hassi Messaoud defense agreement?
Answer: Algeria

Question: Against what government was the Hassi Messaoud defense agreement directed against?
Answer: Moroccan
Muammar_Gaddafi

On 2 March 1977 the General People's Congress adopted the "Declaration of the Establishment of the People's Authority" at Gaddafi's behest. Dissolving the Libyan Arab Republic, it was replaced by the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (Arabic: الجماهيرية العربية الليبية الشعبية الاشتراكية‎, al-Jamāhīrīyah al-‘Arabīyah al-Lībīyah ash-Sha‘bīyah al-Ishtirākīyah), a "state of the masses" conceptualized by Gaddafi. Officially, the Jamahiriya was a direct democracy in which the people ruled themselves through the 187 Basic People's Congresses, where all adult Libyans participated and voted on national decisions. These then sent members to the annual General People's Congress, which was broadcast live on television. In principle, the People's Congresses were Libya's highest authority, with major decisions proposed by government officials or with Gaddafi himself requiring the consent of the People's Congresses.

Question: What was the name of the state founded in Libya on March 2, 1977?
Answer: Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya

Question: How many Basic People's Congresses existed in the Jamahiriya?
Answer: 187

Question: What body did the members elected by the Basic People's Congresses attend?
Answer: General People's Congress

Question: How often did the General People's Congress occur?
Answer: annual

Question: What was the official name of Libya prior to the establishment of the Jamahiriya?
Answer: Libyan Arab Republic
Muammar_Gaddafi

Debate remained limited, and major decisions regarding the economy and defence were avoided or dealt with cursorily; the GPC largely remained "a rubber stamp" for Gaddafi's policies. On rare occasions, the GPC opposed Gaddafi's suggestions, sometimes successfully; notably, when Gaddafi called on primary schools to be abolished, believing that home schooling was healthier for children, the GPC rejected the idea. In other instances, Gaddafi pushed through laws without the GPC's support, such as when he desired to allow women into the armed forces. Gaddafi proclaimed that the People's Congresses provided for Libya's every political need, rendering other political organizations unnecessary; all non-authorized groups, including political parties, professional associations, independent trade unions and women's groups, were banned.

Question: What was the GPC accused of being vis-à-vis Gaddafi?
Answer: a rubber stamp

Question: What policy did Gaddafi propose that the GPC was against?
Answer: primary schools to be abolished

Question: What type of education did Gaddafi prefer to primary schools?
Answer: home schooling

Question: What was a policy that Gaddafi instituted without support from the GPC?
Answer: allow women into the armed forces
Muammar_Gaddafi

With preceding legal institutions abolished, Gaddafi envisioned the Jamahiriya as following the Qur'an for legal guidance, adopting sharia law; he proclaimed "man-made" laws unnatural and dictatorial, only permitting Allah's law. Within a year he was backtracking, announcing that sharia was inappropriate for the Jamahiriya because it guaranteed the protection of private property, contravening The Green Book's socialism. His emphasis on placing his own work on a par with the Qur'an led conservative clerics to accuse him of shirk, furthering their opposition to his regime. In July, a border war broke out with Egypt, in which the Egyptians defeated Libya despite their technological inferiority. The conflict lasted one week before both sides agreed to sign a peace treaty that was brokered by several Arab states. That year, Gaddafi was invited to Moscow by the Soviet government in recognition of their increasing commercial relationship.

Question: What book did the Jamahiriya look to for legal advice?
Answer: Qur'an

Question: What tenet of sharia did Gaddafi believe was incompatible with socialism?
Answer: protection of private property

Question: What relationship led the Soviets to invite Gaddafi to Moscow?
Answer: commercial

Question: What did conservative Muslim clerics accuse Gaddafi of?
Answer: shirk

Question: Who won a border war with Libya?
Answer: Egypt
Muammar_Gaddafi

In December 1978, Gaddafi stepped down as Secretary-General of the GPC, announcing his new focus on revolutionary rather than governmental activities; this was part of his new emphasis on separating the apparatus of the revolution from the government. Although no longer in a formal governmental post, he adopted the title of "Leader of the Revolution" and continued as commander-in-chief of the armed forces. He continued exerting considerable influence over Libya, with many critics insisting that the structure of Libya's direct democracy gave him "the freedom to manipulate outcomes".

Question: In what year did Gaddafi resign from his position in the GPC?
Answer: 1978

Question: Prior to his resignation, what office did Gaddafi occupy in the GPC?
Answer: Secretary-General

Question: After Gaddafi stepped down from the GPC, what title did he take?
Answer: Leader of the Revolution

Question: What authority did Gaddafi have over the Libyan armed forces?
Answer: commander-in-chief
Muammar_Gaddafi

Libya began to turn towards socialism. In March 1978, the government issued guidelines for housing redistribution, attempting to ensure the population that every adult Libyan owned his own home and that nobody was enslaved to paying their rent. Most families were banned from owning more than one house, while former rental properties were seized and sold to the tenants at a heavily subsidized price. In September, Gaddafi called for the People's Committees to eliminate the "bureaucracy of the public sector" and the "dictatorship of the private sector"; the People's Committees took control of several hundred companies, converting them into worker cooperatives run by elected representatives.

Question: In September of 1978, what bureaucracy did Gaddafi speak out against?
Answer: public sector

Question: What "dictatorship" did Gaddafi attack in September of 1978?
Answer: private sector

Question: After People's Committees expropriated companies, what did they turn them into?
Answer: worker cooperatives

Question: How many companies were taken over by People's Committees?
Answer: several hundred
Muammar_Gaddafi

On 2 March 1979, the GPC announced the separation of government and revolution, the latter being represented by new Revolutionary Committees, who operated in tandem with the People's Committees in schools, universities, unions, the police force and the military. Dominated by revolutionary zealots, the Revolutionary Committees were led by Mohammad Maghgoub and a Central Coordinating Office, and met with Gaddafi annually. Publishing a weekly magazine The Green March (al-Zahf al-Akhdar), in October 1980 they took control of the press. Responsible for perpetuating revolutionary fervour, they performed ideological surveillance, later adopting a significant security role, making arrests and putting people on trial according to the "law of the revolution" (qanun al-thawra). With no legal code or safeguards, the administration of revolutionary justice was largely arbitrary and resulted in widespread abuses and the suppression of civil liberties: the "Green Terror."

Question: On what date did the GPC separate the revolution from the government?
Answer: 2 March 1979,

Question: Who was the leader of the Revolutionary Committees?
Answer: Mohammad Maghgoub

Question: What was the English name of the magazine published by the Revolutionary Committees?
Answer: The Green March

Question: How often was al-Zahf al-Akhdar published?
Answer: weekly

Question: What bodies represented the revolution after the separation of government and revolution?
Answer: Revolutionary Committees
Muammar_Gaddafi

In 1979, the committees began the redistribution of land in the Jefara plain, continuing through 1981. In May 1980, measures to redistribute and equalize wealth were implemented; anyone with over 1000 dinar in his bank account saw that extra money expropriated. The following year, the GPC announced that the government would take control of all import, export and distribution functions, with state supermarkets replacing privately owned businesses; this led to a decline in the availability of consumer goods and the development of a thriving black market.

Question: Where did land redistribution begin in 1979?
Answer: Jefara plain

Question: When did the Jefara plain land redistribution end?
Answer: 1981

Question: What was the maximum amount of money a person could have in their bank account without having it expropriated in 1980?
Answer: 1000 dinar

Question: As a result of the 1981 laws putting the government in control of commerce, what began to thrive?
Answer: black market

Question: What took the place of private businesses in 1981?
Answer: state supermarkets
Muammar_Gaddafi

In 1979, the U.S. placed Libya on its list of "State Sponsors of Terrorism", while at the end of the year a demonstration torched the U.S. embassy in Tripoli in solidarity with the perpetrators of the Iran hostage crisis. The following year, Libyan fighters began intercepting U.S. fighter jets flying over the Mediterranean, signalling the collapse of relations between the two countries. Libyan relations with Lebanon and Shi'ite communities across the world also deteriorated due to the August 1978 disappearance of imam Musa al-Sadr when visiting Libya; the Lebanese accused Gaddafi of having him killed or imprisoned, a charge he denied. Relations with Syria improved, as Gaddafi and Syrian President Hafez al-Assad shared an enmity with Israel and Egypt's Sadat. In 1980, they proposed a political union, with Libya paying off Syria's £1 billion debt to the Soviet Union; although pressures led Assad to pull out, they remained allies. Another key ally was Uganda, and in 1979, Gaddafi sent 2,500 troops into Uganda to defend the regime of President Idi Amin from Tanzanian invaders. The mission failed; 400 Libyans were killed and they were forced to retreat. Gaddafi later came to regret his alliance with Amin, openly criticising him.

Question: What list did the United States add Libya to in 1979?
Answer: State Sponsors of Terrorism

Question: In what Libyan city was the United States embassy burned in 1979?
Answer: Tripoli

Question: What event prompted the burning of the US embassy in Libya?
Answer: Iran hostage crisis

Question: How much money did Syria owe to the Soviets as of 1980?
Answer: £1 billion

Question: What country's military was attacking Uganda in 1979?
Answer: Tanzanian
Muammar_Gaddafi

The early and mid-1980s saw economic trouble for Libya; from 1982 to 1986, the country's annual oil revenues dropped from $21 billion to $5.4 billion. Focusing on irrigation projects, 1983 saw construction start on "Gaddafi's Pet Project", the Great Man-Made River; although designed to be finished by the end of the decade, it remained incomplete at the start of the 21st century. Military spending increased, while other administrative budgets were cut back. Libya had long supported the FROLINAT militia in neighbouring Chad, and in December 1980, re-invaded Chad at the request of the Frolinat-controlled GUNT government to aid in the civil war; in January 1981, Gaddafi suggested a political merger. The Organisation of African Unity (OAU) rejected this, and called for a Libyan withdrawal, which came about in November 1981. The civil war resumed, and so Libya sent troops back in, clashing with French forces who supported the southern Chadian forces. Many African nations had tired of Libya's policies of interference in foreign affairs; by 1980, nine African states had cut off diplomatic relations with Libya, while in 1982 the OAU cancelled its scheduled conference in Tripoli in order to prevent Gaddafi gaining chairmanship. Proposing political unity with Morocco, in August 1984, Gaddafi and Moroccan monarch Hassan II signed the Oujda Treaty, forming the Arab-African Union; such a union was considered surprising due to the strong political differences and longstanding enmity that existed between the two governments. Relations remained strained, particularly due to Morocco's friendly relations with the U.S. and Israel; in August 1986, Hassan abolished the union. Domestic threats continued to plague Gaddafi; in May 1984, his Bab al-Azizia home was unsuccessfully attacked by a joint NFSL–Muslim Brotherhood militia, and in the aftermath 5000 dissidents were arrested.

Question: How much money did Libya earn from oil in 1986?
Answer: $5.4 billion

Question: What was another name for the Great Man-Made River?
Answer: Gaddafi's Pet Project

Question: In what country did FROLINAT operate?
Answer: Chad

Question: In what year did the Libyan military pull out of Chad at the behest of the OAU?
Answer: 1981

Question: Who was the ruler of Morocco in 1984?
Answer: Hassan II
Muammar_Gaddafi

In 1981, the new US President Ronald Reagan pursued a hard line approach to Libya, erroneously considering it a puppet regime of the Soviet Union. In turn, Gaddafi played up his commercial relationship with the Soviets, visiting Moscow again in April 1981 and 1985, and threatening to join the Warsaw Pact. The Soviets were nevertheless cautious of Gaddafi, seeing him as an unpredictable extremist. Beginning military exercises in the Gulf of Sirte – an area of sea that Libya claimed as a part of its territorial waters – in August 1981 the U.S. shot down two Libyan Su-22 planes monitoring them. Closing down Libya's embassy in Washington, D.C., Reagan advised U.S. companies operating in the country to reduce the number of American personnel stationed there. In March 1982, the U.S. implemented an embargo of Libyan oil, and in January 1986 ordered all U.S. companies to cease operating in the country, although several hundred workers remained. Diplomatic relations also broke down with the U.K., after Libyan diplomats were accused in the shooting death of Yvonne Fletcher, a British policewoman stationed outside their London embassy, in April 1984. In Spring 1986, the U.S. Navy again began performing exercises in the Gulf of Sirte; the Libyan military retaliated, but failed as the U.S. sank several Libyan ships.

Question: In what years did Gaddafi visit the Soviet Union?
Answer: 1981 and 1985

Question: What did Reagan wrongly believe Libya to be?
Answer: a puppet regime of the Soviet Union

Question: As a result of American hostility, what military alliance did Libya say it would join?
Answer: Warsaw Pact

Question: What Libyan aircraft were shot down by the United States in 1981?
Answer: Su-22

Question: What was the occupation of Yvonne Fletcher?
Answer: policewoman
Muammar_Gaddafi

After the U.S. accused Libya of orchestrating the 1986 Berlin discotheque bombing, in which two American soldiers died, Reagan decided to retaliate militarily. The Central Intelligence Agency were critical of the move, believing that Syria were a greater threat and that an attack would strengthen Gaddafi's reputation; however Libya was recognised as a "soft target." Reagan was supported by the U.K. but opposed by other European allies, who argued that it would contravene international law. In Operation El Dorado Canyon, orchestrated on 15 April 1986, U.S. military planes launched a series of air-strikes on Libya, bombing military installations in various parts of the country, killing around 100 Libyans, including several civilians. One of the targets had been Gaddafi's home. Himself unharmed, two of Gaddafi's sons were injured, and he claimed that his four-year-old adopted daughter Hanna was killed, although her existence has since been questioned.  In the immediate aftermath, Gaddafi retreated to the desert to meditate, while there were sporadic clashes between Gaddafists and army officers who wanted to overthrow the government. Although the U.S. was condemned internationally, Reagan received a popularity boost at home. Publicly lambasting U.S. imperialism, Gaddafi's reputation as an anti-imperialist was strengthened both domestically and across the Arab world, and in June 1986, he ordered the names of the month to be changed in Libya.

Question: About how many Libyans died in Operation El Dorado Canyon?
Answer: 100

Question: What terrorist attack did the United States claim Libya supported?
Answer: 1986 Berlin discotheque bombing

Question: How many Americans died in the Berlin disco bombing of 1986?
Answer: two

Question: What country did the CIA believe Reagan should attack instead of Libya?
Answer: Syria

Question: What was the name of Gaddafi's daughter who may not have existed?
Answer: Hanna