Divyanshu67/squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
Institute_of_technology

Schools called "technical institute" or "technical school" that were formed in the early 20th century provided further education between high school and University or Polytechnic. Most technical institutes have been merged into regional colleges and some have been designated university colleges if they are associated with a local university.

Question: If a technical institute is affiliated with a local university, what does its designation become?
Answer: university colleges

Question: What century brought the advent of technical schools or technical institutes?
Answer: 20th century

Question: A student would attend a technical institute before a university or polytechnic but after what?
Answer: high school
Institute_of_technology

Polytechnic Institutes are technological universities, many dating back to the mid-19th century. A handful of world-renowned Elite American universities include the phrases "Institute of Technology", "Polytechnic Institute", "Polytechnic University", or similar phrasing in their names; these are generally research-intensive universities with a focus on engineering, science and technology. The earliest and most famous of these institutions are, respectively, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI, 1824), New York University Tandon School of Engineering (1854) and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT, 1861). Conversely, schools dubbed "technical colleges" or "technical institutes" generally provide post-secondary training in technical and mechanical fields, focusing on training vocational skills primarily at a community college level—parallel and sometimes equivalent to the first two years at a bachelor's degree-granting institution.

Question: In what year was Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute founded?
Answer: 1824

Question: Which of the three earliest technological universities was founded most recently, in 1861?
Answer: Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Institute_of_technology

Most of these institutes award diplomas after three or three and a half years of education. The Institute of technology implementation (IUT from Instituto universitario de tecnologia on Spanish) began with the creation of the first IUT at Caracas, capital city of Venezuela, called IUT. Dr. Federico Rivero Palacio adopted the French "Institut Universitaire de Technologie"s system, using French personnel and study system based on three-year periods, with research and engineering facilities at the same level as the main national universities to obtain French equivalent degrees. This IUT is the first and only one in Venezuela having French equivalent degrees accepted, implementing this system and observing the high-level degrees some other IUT's were created in Venezuela, regardless of this the term IUT was not used appropriately resulting in some institutions with mediocre quality and no equivalent degree in France. Later, some private institutions sprang up using IUT in their names, but they are not regulated by the original French system and award lower quality degrees.

Question: What city in Venezuela had the first IUT?
Answer: Caracas

Question: Who pioneered using the French system of technological education?
Answer: Dr. Federico Rivero Palacio
Wayback_Machine

The Wayback Machine is a digital archive of the World Wide Web and other information on the Internet created by the Internet Archive, a nonprofit organization, based in San Francisco, California, United States. It was set up by Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat, and is maintained with content from Alexa Internet. The service enables users to see archived versions of web pages across time, which the archive calls a "three dimensional index."

Question: Where does the information stored on the Wayback Machine come from?
Answer: World Wide Web

Question: Which company made the Wayback Machine?
Answer: Internet Archive

Question: Where is Internet Archive headquartered?
Answer: San Francisco

Question: What individuals founded Internet Archive?
Answer: Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat

Question: What is the term used by Internet Archive to describe the Wayback Machine?
Answer: three dimensional index

Question: Where does the information stored on the Internet Archive come from?

Question: Which company made the World Wide Web?

Question: Where is Bruce Gillat headquartered?

Question: What individuals founded the World Wide Web?

Question: What is the term used by the World Wide Web to describe the Wayback Machine?
Wayback_Machine

Since 1996, they have been archiving cached pages of web sites onto their large cluster of Linux nodes. They revisit sites every few weeks or months and archive a new version if the content has changed. Sites can also be captured on the fly by visitors who are offered a link to do so. The intent is to capture and archive content that otherwise would be lost whenever a site is changed or closed down. Their grand vision is to archive the entire Internet.

Question: What operating system is used on Wayback Machine's servers?
Answer: Linux

Question: When does Wayback Machine save a copy of a website?
Answer: if the content has changed

Question: What is the ultimate aim of the Wayback Machine?
Answer: to archive the entire Internet

Question: What operating system is used on the internet's servers?

Question: When does the internet save a copy of a website?

Question: What is the ultimate aim of the visitors?

Question: Where can sites be captured by Linux clusters?

Question: What Linux nodes are hoped to be captured?
Wayback_Machine

The name Wayback Machine was chosen as a droll reference to a plot device in an animated cartoon series, The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show. In one of the animated cartoon's component segments, Peabody's Improbable History, lead characters Mr. Peabody and Sherman routinely used a time machine called the "WABAC machine" (pronounced way-back) to witness, participate in, and, more often than not, alter famous events in history.

Question: What TV show served as inspiration for the Wayback Machine's name?
Answer: The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show

Question: Which characters on The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show used a device that allowed them to travel through time?
Answer: Mr. Peabody and Sherman

Question: What was the machine used by Mr. Peabody and Sherman named?
Answer: WABAC machine

Question: What TV show served as inspiration for WABAC's name?

Question: Which characters on The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show used a device that allowed the to travel through WABAC?

Question: What was the machine used by Rocky named?

Question: What was used to alter events in a plot?

Question: What was chosen as a droll reference to alter Mr. Peabody?
Wayback_Machine

In 1996 Brewster Kahle, with Bruce Gilliat, developed software to crawl and download all publicly accessible World Wide Web pages, the Gopher hierarchy, the Netnews (Usenet) bulletin board system, and downloadable software. The information collected by these "crawlers" does not include all the information available on the Internet, since much of the data is restricted by the publisher or stored in databases that are not accessible. These "crawlers" also respect the robots exclusion standard for websites whose owners opt for them not to appear in search results or be cached. To overcome inconsistencies in partially cached web sites, Archive-It.org was developed in 2005 by the Internet Archive as a means of allowing institutions and content creators to voluntarily harvest and preserve collections of digital content, and create digital archives.

Question: When was the program necessary to crawl and archive the web created?
Answer: 1996

Question: What is a term used for programs that automatically visit websites and record the data they find?
Answer: crawlers

Question: What rule do crawlers abide by when determining which sites to record?
Answer: robots exclusion standard

Question: What site was created to mitigate issues with incomplete copies of websites?
Answer: Archive-It.org

Question: When was the program necessary to include all information available on the interet created?

Question: What is a term used for programs that automatically visit websites and record the board system they find?

Question: What rule do web sites abide by when determining sites to record?

Question: What site was created to mitigate issues with Bruce Gilliat?

Question: When did Brewster Kate and Bruce Gilliat develop software to download crawlwers?
Wayback_Machine

Information had been kept on digital tape for five years, with Kahle occasionally allowing researchers and scientists to tap into the clunky database. When the archive reached its fifth anniversary, it was unveiled and opened to the public in a ceremony at the University of California, Berkeley.

Question: What medium was originally used to keep Internet Archive's data?
Answer: digital tape

Question: Who were sometimes permitted to use the Archive's database?
Answer: researchers and scientists

Question: At what milestone was the archive made public?
Answer: fifth anniversary

Question: Where was the event launching the publicly-available archive held?
Answer: University of California, Berkeley

Question: What medium was originally used to keep California's data?

Question: Who were sometimes permitted to attend the Archive's public ceremony?

Question: At what milestone was the archive made clunky?

Question: Where was the event launching the digital tape held?

Question: Who allowed researchers and scientists to tap into Berkeley?
Wayback_Machine

Snapshots usually become available more than six months after they are archived or, in some cases, even later; it can take twenty-four months or longer.  The frequency of snapshots is variable, so not all tracked web site updates are recorded. Sometimes there are intervals of several weeks or years between snapshots.

Question: What are the saved versions of a site called?
Answer: Snapshots

Question: What is the minimum amount of time that elapses before most snapshots are released for viewing?
Answer: six months

Question: What term characterizes the rate at which snapshots are made of websites?
Answer: variable

Question: What are the saved versions of an update called?

Question: What is the minimum amount of time that elapses before most snapshots are released for recording?

Question: What term characterizes the rate at which intervals of websites are made?

Question: How many months can it take for intervals to become available?

Question: How long are intervals between cases?
Wayback_Machine

After August 2008 sites had to be listed on the Open Directory in order to be included. According to Jeff Kaplan of the Internet Archive in November 2010, other sites were still being archived, but more recent captures would become visible only after the next major indexing, an infrequent operation.

Question: When did it become a requirement for websites to appear on Open Directory for inclusion in the Archive?
Answer: After August 2008

Question: Who stated that sites not on Open Directory were still being saved but would not be released until the Archive was reindexed?
Answer: Jeff Kaplan

Question: When did Kaplan make comments about the status of non-Open Directory sites?
Answer: November 2010

Question: When did it become a requirement for websites to appear on Open Directory for inclusion in Kaplan?

Question: Who stated that sites not on Open Directory were still being saved but would not be released until the Kaplan was reindexed?

Question: When did Kaplan make comments about the status of Open Directory sites?

Question: Why were sites listed on the Internet Archive after August 2008?

Question: When did Kaplan make comments about the Open Directory?
Wayback_Machine

As of 2009[update], the Wayback Machine contained approximately three petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of 100 terabytes each month; the growth rate reported in 2003 was 12 terabytes/month. The data is stored on PetaBox rack systems manufactured by Capricorn Technologies.

Question: In 2009, what size did the data saved by Wayback Machine reach?
Answer: three petabytes

Question: As of 2003, what was the rate of increase in the amount of data recorded by the Wayback Machine?
Answer: 12 terabytes/month

Question: Where does Wayback Machine keep its information stored?
Answer: PetaBox rack systems

Question: Who makes PetaBox rack systems?
Answer: Capricorn Technologies

Question: In 2009, what size did the data saved by rate systems reach?

Question: As of 2003, what was the rate of increase in the amount of data recorded by rate systems?

Question: Where does Wayback Machine keep its technologies stored?

Question: Who makes rate systems?

Question: What is stored on Petabox petabyte systems?
Wayback_Machine

In 2009, the Internet Archive migrated its customized storage architecture to Sun Open Storage, and hosts a new data center in a Sun Modular Datacenter on Sun Microsystems' California campus.

Question: When did Internet Archive chance its platform for data storage?
Answer: 2009

Question: Which platform did Internet Archive adopt in 2009?
Answer: Sun Open Storage

Question: Where does Internet archive run a datacenter?
Answer: Sun Microsystems' California campus

Question: When did Internet Archive chance its platform for California?

Question: Which campus did Internet Archive adopt 2009?

Question: Where does Internet archive run a sun storage center?

Question: When did the Internet Archive leave California?

Question: What state is home to the first data center?
Wayback_Machine

In 2011 a new, improved version of the Wayback Machine, with an updated interface and fresher index of archived content, was made available for public testing.

Question: When was an upgrade of the Wayback Machine released for testing?
Answer: 2011

Question: When was an upgrade of the game released for testing?

Question: What did the Wayback Machine keep the same?

Question: What was closed for testing?

Question: What used the same index of archived content?

Question: When was the Wayback Machine retired?
Wayback_Machine

In March 2011, it was said on the Wayback Machine forum that "The Beta of the new Wayback Machine has a more complete and up-to-date index of all crawled materials into 2010, and will continue to be updated regularly. The index driving the classic Wayback Machine only has a little bit of material past 2008, and no further index updates are planned, as it will be phased out this year".

Question: When were details of the test version of the updated Wayback Machine released?
Answer: March 2011

Question: The older version of Wayback Machine did not have much new data past what year?
Answer: 2008

Question: The newer version of the Wayback Machine included date up to and including what year?
Answer: 2010

Question: When were details of the final version of the released?

Question: Past what year did the older version of Wayback Machine had  much new data?

Question: In what year was the oldest version of the Wayback Machine?

Question: When did the Wayback Forum talk about the predecessor to the Wayback Machine?

Question: What only has a little bit of material past 2007?
Wayback_Machine

In October 2013, the company announced the "Save a Page" feature which allows any Internet user to archive the contents of a URL. This became a threat of abuse by the service for hosting malicious binaries.

Question: What was the functionality called that gave users the ability to save a snapshot of a site?
Answer: Save a Page

Question: When was Save a Page made available?
Answer: October 2013

Question: What was the functionality called that gave users the ability to save a URL of a site?

Question: When was a URL available?

Question: What became a threat of theft?

Question: When did the company announce "Save a Binary"?

Question: What did "Save a Company" host?
Wayback_Machine

In a 2009 case, Netbula, LLC v. Chordiant Software Inc., defendant Chordiant filed a motion to compel Netbula to disable the robots.txt file on its web site that was causing the Wayback Machine to retroactively remove access to previous versions of pages it had archived from Nebula's site, pages that Chordiant believed would support its case.

Question: What 2009 court battle involved the Wayback Machine?
Answer: Netbula, LLC v. Chordiant Software Inc.

Question: Which company thought that Wayback Machine data was important for its argument?
Answer: Chordiant

Question: What did Chordiant request that the court deactivate on Netbula's website?
Answer: the robots.txt file

Question: What 2009 court battle involved Netbula's robots?

Question: Which company thought that Wayback Machine data was important for robots?

Question: What did the Wayback Machine request that the court deactivate on Netbulas website?

Question: What did the Wayback Machine believe would support its case?

Question: Who filed a motion to compel the Wayback Machine to disable the robots.txt file?
Wayback_Machine

Netbula objected to the motion on the ground that defendants were asking to alter Netbula's web site and that they should have subpoenaed Internet Archive for the pages directly. An employee of Internet Archive filed a sworn statement supporting Chordiant's motion, however, stating that it could not produce the web pages by any other means "without considerable burden, expense and disruption to its operations."

Question: Who did Netbula believe was the entity that should be responsible for the availability of its snapshots?
Answer: Internet Archive

Question: Which party did Internet Archive side with?
Answer: Chordiant

Question: Who did Netbula believe was the entity that should be responsible for the availability of its expenses?

Question: Which party did Netbula side with?

Question: Who objected to the motion on the ground that defendants were asking to alter Chordiant's web site?

Question: What would producing web pages have caused Netbula?

Question: Who filed a sworn statement supporting Netubla's motion?
Wayback_Machine

Magistrate Judge Howard Lloyd in the Northern District of California, San Jose Division, rejected Netbula's arguments and ordered them to disable the robots.txt blockage temporarily in order to allow Chordiant to retrieve the archived pages that they sought.

Question: Which judge presided over the Netbula v. Chordiant case?
Answer: Magistrate Judge Howard Lloyd

Question: In what jurisdiction was the Netbula v. Chordiant case tried?
Answer: Northern District of California, San Jose Division

Question: Which party won its argument regarding Netbula's robots.txt file?
Answer: Chordiant

Question: Which judge presided over the California v. Chordiant case?

Question: In what jurisdiction was the California v. Chordiant case tried?

Question: Which party won its argument regarding California's robots.txt file?

Question: Who rejected California's arguments?

Question: Why was California allowed to disable the robots.txt blockage?
Wayback_Machine

In an October 2004 case, Telewizja Polska USA, Inc. v. Echostar Satellite, No. 02 C 3293, 65 Fed. R. Evid. Serv. 673 (N.D. Ill. Oct. 15, 2004), a litigant attempted to use the Wayback Machine archives as a source of admissible evidence, perhaps for the first time. Telewizja Polska is the provider of TVP Polonia and EchoStar operates the Dish Network. Prior to the trial proceedings, EchoStar indicated that it intended to offer Wayback Machine snapshots as proof of the past content of Telewizja Polska's web site. Telewizja Polska brought a motion in limine to suppress the snapshots on the grounds of hearsay and unauthenticated source, but Magistrate Judge Arlander Keys rejected Telewizja Polska's assertion of hearsay and denied TVP's motion in limine to exclude the evidence at trial. At the trial, however, district Court Judge Ronald Guzman, the trial judge, overruled Magistrate Keys' findings,[citation needed] and held that neither the affidavit of the Internet Archive employee nor the underlying pages (i.e., the Telewizja Polska website) were admissible as evidence. Judge Guzman reasoned that the employee's affidavit contained both hearsay and inconclusive supporting statements, and the purported web page printouts were not self-authenticating.[citation needed]

Question: What does Telewizja Polska operate?
Answer: TVP Polonia

Question: What is EchoStar's platform?
Answer: the Dish Network

Question: Which judge denied Telewizja Polska's attempt to block the use of Internet Archive contents as evidence?
Answer: Magistrate Judge Arlander Keys

Question: Which judge overturned Keys' ruling?
Answer: district Court Judge Ronald Guzman

Question: What does Telewizja Polska intend to offer?

Question: What is Romand Guzmans platform?

Question: Which judge denied Echostar's attempt to block the use of Internet Archive contents as evidence?

Question: Which judge overturned Polska's ruling?

Question: Who rejected Echostar's assertion of hearsay?
Wayback_Machine

Provided some additional requirements are met (e.g. providing an authoritative statement of the archivist), the United States patent office and the European Patent Office will accept date stamps from the Internet Archive as evidence of when a given Web page was accessible to the public. These dates are used to determine if a Web page is available as prior art for instance in examining a patent application.

Question: When are Internet Archive timestamps useful for patent offices?
Answer: in examining a patent application

Question: What is an example of a condition that must be met for the Internet Archive data to be considered acceptable for submission to patent offices in the US and Europe?
Answer: authoritative statement of the archivist

Question: When are Internet Archive timestamps harmful for patent offices?

Question: What is an example of a condition that must be met for the Internet Archive data to be considered acceptable for submission to patent offices on the Web?

Question: What are used to determine if a patent is available?

Question: What will accept date stamps from the public?

Question: What does the patent offices require before they accept applications for employment?
Wayback_Machine

There are technical limitations to archiving a web site, and as a consequence, it is possible for opposing parties in litigation to misuse the results provided by web site archives. This problem can be exacerbated by the practice of submitting screen shots of web pages in complaints, answers, or expert witness reports, when the underlying links are not exposed and therefore, can contain errors. For example, archives such as the Wayback Machine do not fill out forms and therefore, do not include the contents of non-RESTful e-commerce databases in their archives.

Question: What kind of limitations exist in keeping copies of a website?
Answer: technical

Question: The omission of what element in screenshots can make them unreliable as evidence?
Answer: underlying links

Question: What elements of webpages are not used by Wayback Machine?
Answer: forms

Question: What kind of sites contain information that the Wayback Machine does not record?
Answer: e-commerce

Question: What kind of limitations exist in keeping copies of the Wayback Machine?

Question: The omission of what element in Wayback Machines can make them unreliable as evidence?

Question: What elements of webpages are not used by site archives?

Question: What kind of sites contain information that the screen shots do not record?

Question: When is it possible for opposing parties to misuse e-commerce?
Wayback_Machine

In Europe the Wayback Machine could be interpreted as violating copyright laws. Only the content creator can decide where their content is published or duplicated, so the Archive would have to delete pages from its system upon request of the creator. The exclusion policies for the Wayback Machine may be found in the FAQ section of the site. The Wayback Machine also retroactively respects robots.txt files, i.e., pages that currently are blocked to robots on the live web temporarily will be made unavailable from the archives as well.

Question: What kinds of laws could the Wayback Machine be viewed as breaking in Europe?
Answer: copyright laws

Question: What would the Internet Archive have to do if requested by someone whose content is available on Wayback Machine?
Answer: delete pages from its system

Question: In what part of the website are Wayback Machine's rules regarding removing content?
Answer: FAQ

Question: What kinds of laws could the Wayback Machine be viewed as breaking in the FAQ?

Question: What would the Internet Archive have to do if requested by someone whose content is available on robots.txt files?

Question: In what part of Europe are Wayback Machine's rules regarding removing content?

Question: What may be found in the robots.txt files section of the site?

Question: Who can decide when pages are deleted from Europe?
Wayback_Machine

In late 2002, the Internet Archive removed various sites that were critical of Scientology from the Wayback Machine. An error message stated that this was in response to a "request by the site owner." Later, it was clarified that lawyers from the Church of Scientology had demanded the removal and that the site owners did not want their material removed.

Question: Web pages that contained content critical of what religous movement were taken off of the Internet Archive in 2002?
Answer: Scientology

Question: Who was mistakenly credited for having the sites with criticism of Scientology removed from the Internet Archive?
Answer: the site owner

Question: Who was the actual party that requested the critical sites be taken down?
Answer: Church of Scientology

Question: Web pages that contained content critical of what religious movement were taken off of the Wayback Machine in 2002?

Question: Who was mistakenly credited for having the sites with criticism of Scientology removed from the Wayback Machine?

Question: Who was the actual party that requested the Wayback Machine to be taken down?

Question: When did the Church of Scientology remove files?

Question: Who did not want the Wayback Machine removed?
Wayback_Machine

In 2003, Harding Earley Follmer & Frailey defended a client from a trademark dispute using the Archive's Wayback Machine. The attorneys were able to demonstrate that the claims made by the plaintiff were invalid, based on the content of their web site from several years prior. The plaintiff, Healthcare Advocates, then amended their complaint to include the Internet Archive, accusing the organization of copyright infringement as well as violations of the DMCA and the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act. Healthcare Advocates claimed that, since they had installed a robots.txt file on their web site, even if after the initial lawsuit was filed, the Archive should have removed all previous copies of the plaintiff web site from the Wayback Machine. The lawsuit was settled out of court.

Question: Which law firm leveraged Wayback Machine to protect their client in 2003?
Answer: Harding Earley Follmer & Frailey

Question: Which company filed suit against Harding, Earley, Follmer & Frailey's client?
Answer: Healthcare Advocates

Question: Who did Healthcare advocates change their case to include as a defendant?
Answer: Internet Archive

Question: What laws did Healthcare Advocates accuse Internet Archive of having broken?
Answer: the DMCA and the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act

Question: Which law firm leveaged the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act to protect their client in 2003?

Question: Which company filed suit against Harding Early Follmer & Frailey?

Question: Who did Healthcare advocates change their case to include as a plaintiff?

Question: What laws did Healthcare Advocates accuse Early Follmer & Frailey of having broken?

Question: What should Early Follmer & Frailey have removed?
Wayback_Machine

Robots.txt is used as part of the Robots Exclusion Standard, a voluntary protocol the Internet Archive respects that disallows bots from indexing certain pages delineated by its creator as off-limits. As a result, the Internet Archive has rendered unavailable a number of web sites that now are inaccessible through the Wayback Machine. Currently, the Internet Archive applies robots.txt rules retroactively; if a site blocks the Internet Archive, such as Healthcare Advocates, any previously archived pages from the domain are rendered unavailable as well. In cases of blocked sites, only the robots.txt file is archived.

Question: What kind of protocol is the Robots Exclusion Standard?
Answer: voluntary

Question: What file is utilized to exercise the rights promoted by the Robots Exclusion Standard?
Answer: Robots.txt

Question: If a site prevents Internet Archive from recording it, what file is still saved?
Answer: Robots.txt

Question: What kind of protocol is the Internet Archive?

Question: What file is utilized to exercise the rights promoted by the Internet Archive?

Question: If a site prevents Internet Archive from recording it, what file is rendered unavailable?

Question: What does the Healthcare Advocates respect?
Wayback_Machine

The Internet Archive states, however, "Sometimes a website owner will contact us directly and ask us to stop crawling or archiving a site. We comply with these requests." In addition, the web site says: "The Internet Archive is not interested in preserving or offering access to Web sites or other Internet documents of persons who do not want their materials in the collection."

Question: Who asserts that they will respond to direct contacts requesting material be removed from the archive?
Answer: Internet Archive

Question: Who asserts that they will respond to direct contracts requesting material be removed from Web sites?

Question: What are owners not interested in?

Question: What do Web site owners do with requests?

Question: How does the Internet Archives contact owners?

Question: Who is interested in preserving Web sites of persons who do not want their materials in the collection?
Wayback_Machine

In December 2005, activist Suzanne Shell filed suit demanding Internet Archive pay her US $100,000 for archiving her web site profane-justice.org between 1999 and 2004. Internet Archive filed a declaratory judgment action in the United States District Court for the Northern District of California on January 20, 2006, seeking a judicial determination that Internet Archive did not violate Shell's copyright. Shell responded and brought a countersuit against Internet Archive for archiving her site, which she alleges is in violation of her terms of service. On February 13, 2007, a judge for the United States District Court for the District of Colorado dismissed all counterclaims except breach of contract. The Internet Archive did not move to dismiss copyright infringement claims Shell asserted arising out of its copying activities, which would also go forward.

Question: Who sued Internet Archive in 2005?
Answer: Suzanne Shell

Question: What was the URL owned by Suzanne Shell?
Answer: profane-justice.org

Question: In what jurisdiction were Internet Archive's counterclaims filed?
Answer: Northern District of California

Question: In what jurisdiction where counterclaims nullified by the court?
Answer: District of Colorado

Question: Who sued Internet Archive in 2004?

Question: What was the URL owned by the Internet Archive?

Question: In what jurisdiction was Suzanne Shell's counterclaims filed?

Question: In what jurisdiction were claims nullified by the court?

Question: When did Suzanne Shell file a declaratory judgment action?
Wayback_Machine

On April 25, 2007, Internet Archive and Suzanne Shell jointly announced the settlement of their lawsuit. The Internet Archive said it "...has no interest in including materials in the Wayback Machine of persons who do not wish to have their Web content archived. We recognize that Ms. Shell has a valid and enforceable copyright in her Web site and we regret that the inclusion of her Web site in the Wayback Machine resulted in this litigation." Shell said, "I respect the historical value of Internet Archive's goal. I never intended to interfere with that goal nor cause it any harm."

Question: When did Suzanne Shell's suit against Internet Archive come to an end?
Answer: April 25, 2007

Question: Who stated that they had no wish to violate individuals' copyrights?
Answer: Internet Archive

Question: Who stated that they did not want to cause damage to the Internet Archive?
Answer: Suzanne Shell

Question: When did Wayback Machine's suit against Internet Archive come to an end?

Question: Who stated that they had no wish to violate the values of Suzanne Shell?

Question: Who stated that they did not want to cause damage to the Wayback Machine?

Question: Who regretted the inclusion of Wayback Mountain's Web site?

Question: Who never intended to interfere with Suzanne Shell's goal?
Wayback_Machine

In 2013–14 a pornographic actor was trying to remove archived images of himself, first by sending multiple DMCA requests to the Archive and then in the Federal Court of Canada.

Question: What was the first method used by the actor in trying to get his images taken down?
Answer: DMCA requests

Question: What legal system did the actor use after filing DMCA petitions?
Answer: Federal Court of Canada

Question: What was the first method used by the actor in trying to get the DMCA taken down?

Question: What legal actions did the actor use after filing pornographic images?

Question: When did a pornographic actor send multiple requests to DMCA?

Question: What was the DMCA trying to remove?

Question: When was the DMCA trying to remove archived images?
Dutch_Republic

The Dutch Republic, also known as the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands (Republiek der Zeven Verenigde Nederlanden), Republic of the United Netherlands or Republic of the Seven United Provinces (Republiek der Zeven Verenigde Provinciën), was a republic in Europe existing from 1581, when part of the Netherlands separated from Spanish rule, until 1795. It preceded the Batavian Republic, the Kingdom of Holland, the United Kingdom of the Netherlands, and ultimately the modern Kingdom of the Netherlands. Alternative names include the United Provinces (Verenigde Provinciën), Federated Dutch Provinces (Foederatae Belgii Provinciae), and Dutch Federation (Belgica Foederata).

Question: What are some other names the Dutch Republic is known by?
Answer: the United Provinces (Verenigde Provinciën), Federated Dutch Provinces (Foederatae Belgii Provinciae), and Dutch Federation (Belgica Foederata)

Question: The Dutch Republic was a republic of Europe during what time?
Answer: from 1581, when part of the Netherlands separated from Spanish rule, until 1795

Question: What republics did the Dutch Republic come before?
Answer: Batavian Republic, the Kingdom of Holland, the United Kingdom of the Netherlands, and ultimately the modern Kingdom of the Netherlands

Question: What is also known as the Republic of the seventeen United Netherlands?

Question: When did part of Spain separate from the Netherlands?

Question: The Batavian Repulic preceded what other Republic?

Question: What was the Kingdom of the Netherlands later known as?

Question: What year marked the beginning of the existence of the Spanish Republic?

Question: What republics did the Spanish kingdom come before?

Question: What are some other names the Batvian Republic is known by?

Question: During what period was the Kingdom of Holland a republic of Europe?

Question: Name one name the Batvian Republic is also known as?
Dutch_Republic

Until the 16th century, the Low Countries – corresponding roughly to the present-day Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg – consisted of a number of duchies, counties, and Prince-bishoprics, almost all of which were under the supremacy of the Holy Roman Empire, with the exception of the county of Flanders, which was under the Kingdom of France.

Question: The Low Countries were made up of which present day countries?
Answer: Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg

Question: Which counties in the Low Countries were not ruled by the Holy Roman Empire?
Answer: Flanders

Question: What countries were considered part of the low countries after the sixteenth century?

Question: What were ruled by the Roman Empire?

Question: Which Empire ruled the county of Flanders?

Question: What kingdom was a holy Roman empire under?

Question: What three countries were under the Kingdom of France?

Question: What did the Low Countries under the Kingdom of France consist of?

Question: What county was under the Holy Roman Empire?

Question: Until what century was the county of Flanders part of the Low Countries?

Question: Name one type of government the county of Flanders had when under the rule of the Holy Roman Empire?
Dutch_Republic

Most of the Low Countries had come under the rule of the House of Burgundy and subsequently the House of Habsburg. In 1549 Holy Roman Emperor Charles V issued the Pragmatic Sanction, which further unified the Seventeen Provinces under his rule. Charles was succeeded by his son, King Philip II of Spain. In 1568 the Netherlands, led by William I of Orange, revolted against Philip II because of high taxes, persecution of Protestants by the government, and Philip's efforts to modernize and centralize the devolved-medieval government structures of the provinces. This was the start of the Eighty Years' War.

Question: The majority of the Low Countries were ruled by which houses?
Answer: the House of Burgundy and subsequently the House of Habsburg

Question: Who issued the Pragmatic Sanction?
Answer: Holy Roman Emperor Charles V

Question: In what year did the Netherlands rise up against Philip II?
Answer: 1568

Question: Why did the people of the Netherlands rise up against Philip II?
Answer: high taxes, persecution of Protestants by the government, and Philip's efforts to modernize and centralize the devolved-medieval government structures of the provinces

Question: The low countries ruled most of what two houses?

Question: What did Charles V block in 1549?

Question: What further fragment of the seventeen provinces?

Question: When did Philip II conquer the Netherlands?

Question: What war ended with a revolt led by William I

Question: When did the House of Burgundy issue the Pragmatic Sanction?

Question: What did modernizing the government structures do to the Low Countries status?

Question: When did the House of Burgundy revolt against Philip II?

Question: Name two reasons why the Low Countries turned against Philip II?

Question: What event started after the revolt let by King Philip II of Spain?
Dutch_Republic

In 1579 a number of the northern provinces of the Low Countries signed the Union of Utrecht, in which they promised to support each other in their defence against the Spanish army. This was followed in 1581 by the Act of Abjuration, the declaration of independence of the provinces from Philip II.

Question: In what year was the Union of Utrecht signed?
Answer: 1579

Question: Who signed the Union of Utrecht?
Answer: a number of the northern provinces of the Low Countries

Question: What was the declaration of independence of the provinces from Philip II called?
Answer: the Act of Abjuration

Question: In what year was the Act of Abjuration signed?
Answer: 1581

Question: What was the purpose of the Union of Utrecht?
Answer: to support each other in their defence against the Spanish army

Question: In what year did the provinces of the low countries sign the Union of Utrecht?

Question: Who promised to help each other attack the Spanish army?

Question: Who declared their independence from Philip II in 1579?

Question: Who did the Union of Utrecht declare independence from?

Question: Who did the provinces promise to support with the Act of Abjuration?

Question: In 1581 who signed the Union of Utrecht?

Question: What was the name of the declaration of independence from the Low Countries?

Question: What did Low Country provinces sign promising to support each other against Philip II?

Question: During what year was the declaration of independence from the Spanish signed?

Question: Who promised to support each other while defending against Philip II?
Dutch_Republic

In 1582 the United Provinces invited Francis, Duke of Anjou to lead them; but after a failed attempt to take Antwerp in 1583, the duke left the Netherlands again. After the assassination of William of Orange (10 July 1584), both Henry III of France and Elizabeth I of England declined the offer of sovereignty. However, the latter agreed to turn the United Provinces into a protectorate of England (Treaty of Nonsuch, 1585), and sent the Earl of Leicester as governor-general. This was unsuccessful and in 1588 the provinces became a confederacy. The Union of Utrecht is regarded as the foundation of the Republic of the Seven United Provinces, which was not recognized by the Spanish Empire until the Peace of Westphalia in 1648.

Question: In what year did the United Provinces invite Francis, Duke of Anjou to lead them?
Answer: 1582

Question: In what year did Francis, Duke of Anjou leave the Netherlands?
Answer: 1583

Question: When was William of Orange assassinated?
Answer: 10 July 1584

Question: Who agreed to turn the United Provinces into a protectorate of England?
Answer: Elizabeth I

Question: In what year did the United Provinces become a confederacy?
Answer: 1588

Question: In what year did the Duke of Anjou conquered the United provinces?

Question: Who talk Antwerp in 1583?

Question: What two rulers fought over the provinces after the assassination of William of Orange?

Question: What treaty gave England sovereignty over the United provinces?

Question: In what year did the Spanish Empire stopped recognizing the Republic of the Seven United Provinces?

Question: When was the Duke of Anjou assassinated?

Question: When did Henry III leave the Netherlands?

Question: When did the Duke of Anjou decline an offer of soverignty?

Question: Who was sent as governer-general to the Spanish Empire?

Question: What did Henry III do with the United Provinces  after William of Orange was assassinated?
Dutch_Republic

The Republic of the United Provinces lasted until a series of republican revolutions in 1783–1795 created the Batavian Republic. During this period, republican forces took several major cities of the Netherlands. After initially fleeing, the monarchist forces came back with British, Austrian, and Prussian troops and retook the Netherlands. The republican forces fled to France, but then successfully re-invaded alongside the army of the French republic. After the French Republic became the French Empire under Napoleon, the Batavian Republic was replaced by the Napoleonic Kingdom of Holland.

Question: What events created the Batavian Republic?
Answer: a series of republican revolutions in 1783–1795

Question: The republican forces fled to which country?
Answer: France

Question: The Napoleonic Kingdom of Holland replaced which republic?
Answer: the Batavian Republic

Question: What republic began with a series of republican revolutions?

Question: What did the Batavian Republic take part in from 1783 to 1795?

Question: During what period did Republican forces loose several major cities of the Netherlands?

Question: What Republic replaced the Napoleonic Kingdom of Holland?

Question: Who fled from France to the Netherlands?

Question: What happened that led to the creation of the French Republic?

Question: Who came back to retake the Batavian Republic?

Question: Where did the Prussian forces flee to?

Question: What did the French Republic become under the British?

Question: What Kingdom replaced the monarchist forces under Napoleon?
Dutch_Republic

The Netherlands regained independence from France in 1813. In the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 the names "United Provinces of the Netherlands" and "United Netherlands" were used. In 1815 it was rejoined with the Austrian Netherlands, Luxembourg and Liège (the "Southern provinces") to become the Kingdom of the Netherlands, informally known as the Kingdom of the United Netherlands, to create a strong buffer state north of France. After Belgium and Luxembourg became independent, the state became unequivocally known as the Kingdom of the Netherlands, as it remains today.

Question: In what year did the Netherlands gain independence from France?
Answer: 1813

Question: What names were used in the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814?
Answer: "United Provinces of the Netherlands" and "United Netherlands"

Question: The Kingdom of the Netherlands was formed by which countries?
Answer: Austrian Netherlands, Luxembourg and Liège

Question: When did Belgium regain independence from France?

Question: What names were Luxembourg known by in the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814?

Question: What kingdom created a buffer state north of Belgium?

Question: What happened to the Kingdom of the United Netherlands after France became independent?

Question: What did the Southern provinces treaty accomplish for the Netherlands?
Dutch_Republic

During the Dutch Golden Age in the late 16th century onward, the Dutch Republic dominated world trade in the 17th century, conquering a vast colonial empire and operating the largest fleet of merchantmen of any nation. The County of Holland was the wealthiest and most urbanized region in the world.

Question: The Dutch Republic dominated world trade during what time?
Answer: the Dutch Golden Age

Question: What was the wealthiest and most urbanized region in the world during the 17th century?
Answer: The County of Holland

Question: When did the country of Holland dominate world trade?

Question: What was the status of the Dutch Golden Age compared to the world?

Question: During the 17th century what did Holland conquer?

Question: What kind of fleet did Holland have in the 17th century?

Question: What trade fleet was the wealthiest and most urbanized?
Dutch_Republic

The free trade spirit of the time received a strong augmentation through the development of a modern, effective stock market in the Low Countries. The Netherlands has the oldest stock exchange in the world, founded in 1602 by the Dutch East India Company. While Rotterdam has the oldest bourse in the Netherlands, the world's first stock exchange – that of the Dutch East-India Company – went public in six different cities. Later, a court ruled that the company had to reside legally in a single city, so Amsterdam is recognized as the oldest such institution based on modern trading principles. While the banking system evolved in the Low Countries, it was quickly incorporated by the well-connected English, stimulating English economic output.

Question: When was the stock exchange founded in the Netherlands?
Answer: 1602

Question: Which city in the Netherlands has the oldest stock exchange?
Answer: Rotterdam

Question: The Dutch East-India Company inhabited how many cities?
Answer: six

Question: Which city did the Dutch East-India Company decide to reside in after a court decided they could legally only operate in one city?
Answer: Amsterdam

Question: When was the oldest stock exchange founded in England?

Question: What court founded the stock exchange in the Netherlands?

Question: Where did the spirit of the time evolve?

Question: Who adopted the modern trading principles that stimulated their economy?

Question: How many cities did the Low Countries inhabit?
Dutch_Republic

Between 1590–1712 the Dutch also possessed one of the strongest and fastest navies in the world, allowing for their varied conquests including breaking the Portuguese sphere of influence on the Indian Ocean and in the Orient, as well as a lucrative slave trade from Africa and the Pacific.

Question: The Dutch had one of the strongest and fastest navies in the world during what time?
Answer: 1590–1712

Question: The Dutch operated a slave trade from which locations?
Answer: Africa and the Pacific

Question: What was one of the conquests of the Dutch Navy?
Answer: breaking the Portuguese sphere of influence on the Indian Ocean and in the Orient

Question: From what location did the Portugese operate a slave trade?

Question: When did the Portugese have a strong and fast navy?

Question: What was broken by Africa on the Indian Ocean and in the Orient?

Question: Where was the Dutch navy located?

Question: During what time period did Africa break Portugese influence?