Divyanshu67/squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
Mary_(mother_of_Jesus)

The Perpetual Virginity of Mary asserts Mary's real and perpetual virginity even in the act of giving birth to the Son of God made Man. The term Ever-Virgin (Greek ἀειπάρθενος) is applied in this case, stating that Mary remained a virgin for the remainder of her life, making Jesus her biological and only son, whose conception and birth are held to be miraculous. While the Orthodox Churches hold the position articulated in the Protoevangelium of James that Jesus' brothers and sisters are older children of Joseph the Betrothed, step-siblings from an earlier marriage that left him widowed, Roman Catholic teaching follows the Latin father Jerome in considering them Jesus' cousins.

Question: What term is used to describe the belief that Mary remained a virgin for her entire life?
Answer: Ever-Virgin

Question: Which Latin father described the belief that Jesus' siblings were his cousins?
Answer: Jerome

Question: Which churches teach that Jesus' brothers and sister were step-siblings from a previous marriage of Joseph the Betrothed?
Answer: Orthodox Churches

Question: What document teaches that Jesus' brothers and sisters were older children of Joseph from a previous marriage?
Answer: Protoevangelium of James

Question: Which doctrine describes the belief that Mary remained a virgin, even though she gave birth to Jesus?
Answer: The Perpetual Virginity of Mary

Question: What is the name of the Latin father who is considered Jesus' cousin?

Question: What doctrine asserts Mary's real and perpetual virginity before the act of giving birth to Jesus?

Question: What is the term used for Mary before giving birth to Jesus?

Question: Who wrote the Protoevangelium of James?
Mary_(mother_of_Jesus)

Orthodox Christianity includes a large number of traditions regarding the Ever Virgin Mary, the Theotokos. The Orthodox believe that she was and remained a virgin before and after Christ's birth. The Theotokia (i.e., hymns to the Theotokos) are an essential part of the Divine Services in the Eastern Church and their positioning within the liturgical sequence effectively places the Theotokos in the most prominent place after Christ. Within the Orthodox tradition, the order of the saints begins with: The Theotokos, Angels, Prophets, Apostles, Fathers, Martyrs, etc. giving the Virgin Mary precedence over the angels. She is also proclaimed as the "Lady of the Angels".

Question: In Orthodox tradition, what comes next in precdence after The Theotokos in the order of the saints?
Answer: Angels

Question: What are hymns to the Theotokos called in Orthodox tradition?
Answer: The Theotokia

Question: In the liturgical sequences of the Eastern Church, who is placed next in prominence after Christ?
Answer: the Theotokos

Question: What is Mary proclaimed to be in the Orthodox tradition?
Answer: "Lady of the Angels"

Question: What do the Orthodox believe Mary remained to be before and after she gave birth to Christ?
Answer: a virgin

Question: Who did Mary proclaim that she was?

Question: What church did Mary give The Theotokia to?

Question: Who does the Virgin Mary say that she takes precedence over?

Question: What services did Mary perform in the Eastern Church?
Mary_(mother_of_Jesus)

The multiple churches that form the Anglican Communion and the Continuing Anglican movement have different views on Marian doctrines and venerative practices given that there is no single church with universal authority within the Communion and that the mother church (the Church of England) understands itself to be both "catholic" and "Reformed". Thus unlike the Protestant churches at large, the Anglican Communion (which includes the Episcopal Church in the United States) includes segments which still retain some veneration of Mary.

Question: What is the mother church of the Angican Communion?
Answer: the Church of England

Question: Which church in the United States is associated with the Angican Communion?
Answer: the Episcopal Church

Question: What practice differentiates the Angican Communon from Protestant churches at large?
Answer: veneration of Mary

Question: What branch of Christianity does the Angican Communion fall under?
Answer: Protestant

Question: Who founded the universal authority within the mother church (the Church of England)?

Question: Which church in the United States did Mary give universal authority to?

Question: How many churches formed the Marian doctrines?

Question: Which church is both "catholic" and "Reformed", but also Protestant?
Mary_(mother_of_Jesus)

Although Calvin and Huldrych Zwingli honored Mary as the Mother of God in the 16th century, they did so less than Martin Luther. Thus the idea of respect and high honor for Mary was not rejected by the first Protestants; but, they came to criticize the Roman Catholics for venerating Mary. Following the Council of Trent in the 16th century, as Marian veneration became associated with Catholics, Protestant interest in Mary decreased. During the Age of the Enlightenment any residual interest in Mary within Protestant churches almost disappeared, although Anglicans and Lutherans continued to honor her.

Question: For what practice did the first Protestants criticize the Roman Catholics?
Answer: venerating Mary

Question: In which century did the Council of Trent occur?
Answer: 16th

Question: Which Protestant churches still honor Mary?
Answer: Anglicans and Lutherans

Question: During which historical era did Protestant interest in Mary almost disappear?
Answer: Age of the Enlightenment

Question: Marian veneration became associated with which Christians after the Council of Trent?
Answer: Catholics

Question: In what century did Martin Luther honor Mary as the Mother of God?

Question: In which century was the Council of Trent ended?

Question: Which Protestant churches began honoring Mary before the 16th century?

Question: During what Age did Calvin and Huldrych Zwingli form the Council of Trent?
Mary_(mother_of_Jesus)

 In Methodism, Mary is honored as the Mother of God. Methodists do not have any additional teachings on the Virgin Mary except from what is mentioned in Scripture and the ecumenical Creeds. As such, Methodists believe that Mary was conceived in her womb through the Holy Ghost and accept the doctrine of the Virgin Birth, although they, along with Orthodox Christians and other Protestant Christians, reject the doctrine of the Immaculate Conception. John Wesley, the principal founder of the Methodist movement within the Church of England, believed that Mary "continued a pure and unspotted virgin", thus upholding the doctrine of the perpetual virginity of Mary. Contemporary Methodism does hold that Mary was a virgin before, during, and immediately after the birth of Christ. In addition, some Methodists also hold the doctrine of the Assumption of Mary as a pious opinion.

Question: Which doctrine about Mary do Methodists reject?
Answer: the Immaculate Conception

Question: Who was the founder of the Methodist movement?
Answer: John Wesley

Question: What are the sources of beliefs about Mary held by Methodists?
Answer: Scripture and the ecumenical Creeds

Question: The Methodist movement began in which church?
Answer: the Church of England

Question: Which Marian doctrine did John Wesley uphold in founding Methodism?
Answer: the perpetual virginity of Mary

Question: What group founded the doctrine of the Immaculate Conception?

Question: What country was the church in that John Wesley departed from?

Question: Who wrote the the doctrine of the Assumption of Mary?

Question: The Methodist movement ended in which church?
Mary_(mother_of_Jesus)

She is the only woman directly named in the Qur'an; declared (uniquely along with Jesus) to be a Sign of God to humanity; as one who "guarded her chastity"; an obedient one; chosen of her mother and dedicated to Allah whilst still in the womb; uniquely (amongst women) Accepted into service by God; cared for by (one of the prophets as per Islam) Zakariya (Zacharias); that in her childhood she resided in the Temple and uniquely had access to Al-Mihrab (understood to be the Holy of Holies), and was provided with heavenly "provisions" by God.

Question: To whom was Mary dedicated while still in the womb?
Answer: Allah

Question: Which prophet cared for Mary?
Answer: Zakariya

Question: What is understood to be the Holy of Holies in Islam?
Answer: Al-Mihrab

Question: Where did Mary reside in her chilhood?
Answer: the Temple

Question: What did God provide for Mary?
Answer: heavenly "provisions"

Question: Who did Mary reside in the Temple with?

Question:  Who gave Mary unique access to Al-Mihrab?

Question: Who provided Zakariya with heavenly "provisions"?

Question: Who dedicated Mary to Allah while she still in her mother's womb?

Question: Where did Mary's mother reside?
Mary_(mother_of_Jesus)

From the early stages of Christianity, belief in the virginity of Mary and the virgin conception of Jesus, as stated in the gospels, holy and supernatural, was used by detractors, both political and religious, as a topic for discussions, debates and writings, specifically aimed to challenge the divinity of Jesus and thus Christians and Christianity alike. In the 2nd century, as part of the earliest anti-Christian polemics, Celsus suggested that Jesus was the illegitimate son of a Roman soldier named Panthera. The views of Celsus drew responses from Origen, the Church Father in Alexandria, Egypt, who considered it a fabricated story. How far Celsus sourced his view from Jewish sources remains a subject of discussion.

Question: Who suggested that Jesus was the son of a Roman soldier?
Answer: Celsus

Question: What was the name of the Roman soldier said by Celsus to be the father of Jesus?
Answer: Panthera

Question: Origen was a Church Father in which Egyptian city?
Answer: Alexandria

Question: In which century did Celsus suggest that Jesus' father was a Roman soldier?
Answer: 2nd

Question: For what purpose did detractors use the idea of Mary's virginity and the virgin conception of Jesus?
Answer: to challenge the divinity of Jesus

Question: Who suggested that Panthera was the illegitimate son Jesus?

Question: What century did Panthera become a Roman Soldier?

Question: In what Egyptian city did Origen visit his Church Father?

Question: In what Egyptian city did Jesus find the Roman soldier?

Question: Who was Celsus an illegitimate son of?
Mary_(mother_of_Jesus)

Mary had been venerated since Early Christianity, and is considered by millions to be the most meritorious saint of the religion. The Eastern and Oriental Orthodox, Roman Catholic, Anglican, and Lutheran Churches believe that Mary, as Mother of Jesus, is the Mother of God and the Theotokos, literally "Giver of birth to God". There is significant diversity in the Marian beliefs and devotional practices of major Christian traditions. The Roman Catholic Church holds distinctive Marian dogmas; namely her status as the mother of God; her Immaculate Conception; her perpetual virginity; and her Assumption into heaven. Many Protestants minimize Mary's role within Christianity, based on the argued brevity of biblical references. Mary (Maryam) also has a revered position in Islam, where a whole chapter of the Qur'an is devoted to her, also describing the birth of Jesus.

Question: What is the literal meaning of Theotokos?
Answer: Giver of birth to God

Question: Which branch of Christianity gives a diminished role to Mary?
Answer: Protestants

Question: What is Mary called in Islam?
Answer: Maryam

Question: What is the basis for Mary's diminished role in Protestantism?
Answer: brevity of biblical references

Question: Which two Protestant churches, along with the Roman Catholic and Orthodox churches, believe that Mary is the Mother of God?
Answer: Anglican, and Lutheran

Question: Which other religion gives sainthood to Mary?

Question: Which church first considered Mary a saint?

Question: What other religious text do Protestants read?

Question: What other belief do believers of Islam believe?
Mary_(mother_of_Jesus)

Mary resided in "her own house"[Lk.1:56] in Nazareth in Galilee, possibly with her parents, and during her betrothal — the first stage of a Jewish marriage — the angel Gabriel announced to her that she was to be the mother of the promised Messiah by conceiving him through the Holy Spirit, and she responded, "I am the handmaid of the Lord. Let it be done unto me according to your word." After a number of months, when Joseph was told of her conception in a dream by "an angel of the Lord", he planned to divorce her; but the angel told him to not hesitate to take her as his wife, which Joseph did, thereby formally completing the wedding rites.[Mt 1:18-25]

Question: What is the first stage of Jewish marriage?
Answer: betrothal

Question: Which angel announced to Mary that she was to be the mother of the Messiah?
Answer: Gabriel

Question: What did Joseph plan to do when told of Mary's coneption in a dream?
Answer: divorce her

Question: Where did Mary live when she was visited by the angel Gabriel?
Answer: in Nazareth in Galilee

Question: In his dream, who told Joseph about Mary's conception?
Answer: an angel of the Lord

Question: What is the last stage of Jewish marriage?

Question: What angel did Joseph meet before he had the dream?

Question: Where was Joseph born?

Question: Where did Joseph live when he was visited by the angel Gabriel?

Question: Where was Joseph conceived?
Mary_(mother_of_Jesus)

The Virgin birth of Jesus was an almost universally held belief among Christians from the 2nd until the 19th century. It is included in the two most widely used Christian creeds, which state that Jesus "was incarnate of the Holy Spirit and the Virgin Mary" (the Nicene Creed in what is now its familiar form) and the Apostles' Creed. The Gospel of Matthew describes Mary as a virgin who fulfilled the prophecy of Isaiah 7:14, mistranslating the Hebrew word alma ("young woman") in Isaiah 7:14 as "virgin", though.[citation needed] The authors of the Gospels of Matthew and Luke consider Jesus' conception not the result of intercourse and assert that Mary had "no relations with man" before Jesus' birth.[Mt 1:18] [Mt 1:25] [Lk 1:34] This alludes to the belief that Mary conceived Jesus through the action of God the Holy Spirit, and not through intercourse with Joseph or anyone else.

Question: Which Gospel says that Mary fulfilled the prophecy of Isaiah?
Answer: Matthew

Question: Until which century was the Virgin birth of Jesus held almost universally among Christians?
Answer: 19th

Question: What Hebrew word is used to describe Mary in Isaiah 7:14?
Answer: alma

Question: Which verse in Luke states that Mary had "no relations with man" before Jesus' birth?
Answer: 1:34

Question: Along with the Nicene Creed, which other Christian creed asserts the Virgin birth of Jesus?
Answer: the Apostles' Creed

Question: What century was the Apostles' Creed written in?

Question: When Isaiah spoke to Mary he called her by what Hebrew word?

Question: In what century did Mary fulfill the prophecy?

Question: Which creed was written by Isaiah?
Mary_(mother_of_Jesus)


In the Catholic Church, Mary is accorded the title "Blessed", (from Latin beatus, blessed, via Greek μακάριος, makarios and Latin facere, make) in recognition of her assumption to Heaven and her capacity to intercede on behalf of those who pray to her. Catholic teachings make clear that Mary is not considered divine and prayers to her are not answered by her, they are answered by God. The four Catholic dogmas regarding Mary are: Mother of God, Perpetual virginity of Mary, Immaculate Conception (of Mary) and Assumption of Mary.

Question: What title is given to Mary in the Catholic Church?
Answer: Blessed

Question: What is the Latin word from which Mary's title of Blessed is derived?
Answer: beatus

Question: How many Catholic dogmas are there regarding Mary?
Answer: four

Question: Along with Mother of God, Immaculate Conception and Assumption of Mary, what is the other Catholic dogma related to Mary?
Answer: Perpetual virginity of Mary

Question: What title did Mary give to the Catholic Church?

Question: Since Mary states that she is not divine, what teachings carry on her statements?

Question: Where does Mary send prayers to?

Question: How many Latin dogmas are there regarding Mary?

Question: What state was Mary in before giving birth to Jesus?
Mary_(mother_of_Jesus)

The views of the Church Fathers still play an important role in the shaping of Orthodox Marian perspective. However, the Orthodox views on Mary are mostly doxological, rather than academic: they are expressed in hymns, praise, liturgical poetry and the veneration of icons. One of the most loved Orthodox Akathists (i.e. standing hymns) is devoted to Mary and it is often simply called the Akathist Hymn. Five of the twelve Great Feasts in Orthodoxy are dedicated to Mary. The Sunday of Orthodoxy directly links the Virgin Mary's identity as Mother of God with icon veneration. A number of Orthodox feasts are connected with the miraculous icons of the Theotokos.

Question: What are Akathists?
Answer: standing hymns

Question: How many of the Orthodox Great Feasts dedicated to Mary?
Answer: Five

Question: What is name of the Orthodox hymn devoted to Mary?
Answer: the Akathist Hymn

Question: Which event on the Orthodox calendar is related to Mary and icon veneration?
Answer: Sunday of Orthodoxy

Question: Who wrote the Akathist Hymn?

Question: How many of the of the twelve Great Feasts in Orthodoxy did Mary attend?

Question: On what day does the Mother of God allow icon veneration?

Question: How many Orthodox feasts are connected with the miraculous icons of the Theotokos?

Question: What does Mary also call Akathists?
Mary_(mother_of_Jesus)

Mary's special position within God's purpose of salvation as "God-bearer" (Theotokos) is recognised in a number of ways by some Anglican Christians. All the member churches of the Anglican Communion affirm in the historic creeds that Jesus was born of the Virgin Mary, and celebrates the feast days of the Presentation of Christ in the Temple. This feast is called in older prayer books the Purification of the Blessed Virgin Mary on February 2. The Annunciation of our Lord to the Blessed Virgin on March 25 was from before the time of Bede until the 18th century New Year's Day in England. The Annunciation is called the "Annunciation of our Lady" in the 1662 Book of Common Prayer. Anglicans also celebrate in the Visitation of the Blessed Virgin on 31 May, though in some provinces the traditional date of July 2 is kept. The feast of the St. Mary the Virgin is observed on the traditional day of the Assumption, August 15. The Nativity of the Blessed Virgin is kept on September 8.

Question: What is the name given to the Annunciation in the 1662 Book of Common Prayer?
Answer: Annunciation of our Lady

Question: On what date do most Anglicans celebrate the Visitation of the Blessed Virgin?
Answer: 31 May

Question: What is another name for the feast of the Presentation of Christ in the Temple in the Anglican Communion?
Answer: the Purification of the Blessed Virgin Mary

Question: On what date is the Presentation of Christ in the Temple celebrated by Anglicans?
Answer: February 2

Question: On what day was the Annunciation tradtionally celebrated in England until the 18th century?
Answer: New Year's Day

Question: When did Mary attain the special position within God's purpose of salvation as "God-bearer"?

Question: When was Jesus born of the Virgin Mary?

Question: On what day is the Presentation of Christ in the Temple?

Question: What year was the Purification of the Blessed Virgin Mary?

Question: Who brought Book of Common Prayer to England?
Mary_(mother_of_Jesus)

Protestants in general reject the veneration and invocation of the Saints.:1174 Protestants typically hold that Mary was the mother of Jesus, but was an ordinary woman devoted to God. Therefore, there is virtually no Marian veneration, Marian feasts, Marian pilgrimages, Marian art, Marian music or Marian spirituality in today's Protestant communities. Within these views, Roman Catholic beliefs and practices are at times rejected, e.g., theologian Karl Barth wrote that "the heresy of the Catholic Church is its Mariology".

Question: Which theologian described Mariology as "the heresy of the Catholic Church?"
Answer: Karl Barth

Question: Protestants hold that Mary had what relationship to Jesus?
Answer: mother

Question: Protestants reject what practices in relation to the Saints?
Answer: veneration and invocation

Question: Protestants describe Mary as devoted to whom?
Answer: God

Question: How many pieces of Marian music did theologian Karl Barth write?

Question: How many of the Saints reject the Protestants?

Question: Mary stated that she was the mother of Jesus, but also referred to herself as?

Question: What feasts did Karl Barth attend?

Question: Who took the very first Marian Pilgrimage?
Mary_(mother_of_Jesus)

The statement that Joseph "knew her not till she brought forth her first born son" (Matthew 1:25 DouayRheims) has been debated among scholars, with some saying that she did not remain a virgin and some saying that she was a perpetual virgin. Other scholars contend that the Greek word heos (i.e., until) denotes a state up to a point, but does not mean that the state ended after that point, and that Matthew 1:25 does not confirm or deny the virginity of Mary after the birth of Jesus. According to Biblical scholar Bart Ehrman the Hebrew word almah, meaning young woman of childbearing age, was translated into Greek as parthenos, which only means virgin, in Isaiah 7:14, which is commonly believed by Christians to be the prophecy of the Virgin Mary referred to in Matthew 1:23. While Matthew and Luke give differing versions of the virgin birth, John quotes the uninitiated Philip and the disbelieving Jews gathered at Galilee referring to Joseph as Jesus's father.

Question: Who do Christians believe is prophesized in Isaiah 7:14?
Answer: Virgin Mary

Question: What is the meaning of the Greek word "heos?"
Answer: until

Question: Which verse in Matthew is believed to refer to Isaiah's prohecy of the Virgin Mary?
Answer: 1:23

Question: Which Gospel writer provided a version of the virgin birth that was different than Matthew's?
Answer: Luke

Question: What is the English tranlation of the Greek word "parthenos?"
Answer: virgin

Question: Who knew Mary before she brought forth her first born son?

Question: Where did Philip first meet Joseph?

Question: Where did Matthew and Luke gather with the disbelieving Jews?

Question: What Biblical scholar currently believes that Mary was a perpetual virgin?

Question: What language does Biblical scholar Bart Ehrmam primarily speak?
Mary_(mother_of_Jesus)

The hagiography of Mary and the Holy Family can be contrasted with other material in the Gospels. These references include an incident which can be interpreted as Jesus rejecting his family in the New Testament: "And his mother and his brothers arrived, and standing outside, they sent in a message asking for him ... And looking at those who sat in a circle around him, Jesus said, 'These are my mother and my brothers. Whoever does the will of God is my brother, and sister, and mother'."[3:31-35] Other verses suggest a conflict between Jesus and his family, including an attempt to have Jesus restrained because "he is out of his mind", and the famous quote: "A prophet is not without honor except in his own town, among his relatives and in his own home." A leading Biblical scholar commented: "there are clear signs not only that Jesus's family rejected his message during his public ministry but that he in turn spurned them publicly".

Question: Who did Jesus say were his "brother, and sister, and mother?"
Answer: Whoever does the will of God

Question: According to Jesus, who is "without honor except in his own town?"
Answer: A prophet

Question: What do some Biblical scholars claim that Jesus' family did with his message during his ministry?
Answer: rejected

Question: Who had a conflict with Jesus and his family?

Question: Who did Jesus send a message to while he was standing outside?

Question: Who embraced his family according to the New Testament?

Question: What was Mary reading when she was standing outside?
Mary_(mother_of_Jesus)

Although the Catholics and the Orthodox may honor and venerate Mary, they do not view her as divine, nor do they worship her. Roman Catholics view Mary as subordinate to Christ, but uniquely so, in that she is seen as above all other creatures. Similarly Theologian Sergei Bulgakov wrote that the Orthodox view Mary as "superior to all created beings" and "ceaselessly pray for her intercession". However, she is not considered a "substitute for the One Mediator" who is Christ. "Let Mary be in honor, but let worship be given to the Lord", he wrote. Similarly, Catholics do not worship Mary as a divine being, but rather "hyper-venerate" her. In Roman Catholic theology, the term hyperdulia is reserved for Marian veneration, latria for the worship of God, and dulia for the veneration of other saints and angels. The definition of the three level hierarchy of latria, hyperdulia and dulia goes back to the Second Council of Nicaea in 787.

Question: What is the term used for veneration of Mary in Roman Catholic theology?
Answer: hyperdulia

Question: In what year was the hierarchy of latria, hyperdulia and dulia established?
Answer: 787

Question: Who is venerated in the Roman Catholic practice of dulia?
Answer: other saints and angels

Question: Which theologian wrote that Mary is considered to be "superior to all created beings," but is not to be the object of worhip?
Answer: Sergei Bulgakov

Question: What is the Roman Catholic term used to denote the worship of God?
Answer: latria

Question: When did the the Second Council of Nicaea begin?

Question: When did the the Second Council of Nicaea end?

Question: What is the Ortodox term used to denote the worship of God?

Question: What is the Ortodox term reserved for Marian veneration?

Question: In what year did Sergei Bulgakov attend the Second Council of Nicaea?
Mary_(mother_of_Jesus)

Mary is referred to by the Eastern Orthodox Church, Oriental Orthodoxy, the Anglican Church, and all Eastern Catholic Churches as Theotokos, a title recognized at the Third Ecumenical Council (held at Ephesus to address the teachings of Nestorius, in 431). Theotokos (and its Latin equivalents, "Deipara" and "Dei genetrix") literally means "Godbearer". The equivalent phrase "Mater Dei" (Mother of God) is more common in Latin and so also in the other languages used in the Western Catholic Church, but this same phrase in Greek (Μήτηρ Θεοῦ), in the abbreviated form of the first and last letter of the two words (ΜΡ ΘΥ), is the indication attached to her image in Byzantine icons. The Council stated that the Church Fathers "did not hesitate to speak of the holy Virgin as the Mother of God".

Question: In what year did the Third Ecumenical Council occur in Ephesus?
Answer: 431

Question: Whose teachings were addressed at the Third Ecumenical Council?
Answer: Nestorius

Question: What does the phrase "Mater Dei" mean?
Answer: Mother of God

Question: What are the two Latin equivalents of the Greek term "Theokotos?"
Answer: "Deipara" and "Dei genetrix"

Question: What is the literal translation of Theokotos?
Answer: Godbearer

Question: In what year did Mary attend the Third Ecumenical Council?

Question: What is the name of the Council where Mary meet Nestorius?

Question: What language was spoken by Nestorius?

Question: What language was spoken by the Church Fathers?

Question: When did Mary meet the Church Fathers?
Mary_(mother_of_Jesus)

Roman Catholics believe in the Immaculate Conception of Mary, as proclaimed Ex Cathedra by Pope Pius IX in 1854, namely that she was filled with grace from the very moment of her conception in her mother's womb and preserved from the stain of original sin. The Latin Rite of the Roman Catholic Church has a liturgical feast by that name, kept on December 8. Orthodox Christians reject the Immaculate Conception dogma principally because their understanding of ancestral sin (the Greek term corresponding to the Latin "original sin") differs from the Augustinian interpretation and that of the Roman Catholic Church.

Question: On what date is the feast of the Immaculate Conception in the Latin Rite of the Roman Catholic Church?
Answer: December 8

Question: Which pope proclaimed the Immaculate Conception of Mary?
Answer: Pope Pius IX

Question: In what year did Pope Pius IX make his Ex Cathedra proclamation of the Immaculate Conception of Mary?
Answer: 1854

Question: According to the doctrine of Immaculate Conception, where was Mary when she first become filled with grace?
Answer: in her mother's womb

Question: What is the Greek term that means the same thing as "original sin?"
Answer: ancestral sin

Question: On what day did Mary attend The Latin Rite of the Roman Catholic Church liturgical feast?

Question: When did Pope Pius IX become a Roman Catholic?

Question: What language, besides Latin, did Pope Pius IX speak?

Question: In what year did Orthodox Christians reject the Ex Cathedra?
Mary_(mother_of_Jesus)

The Protoevangelium of James, an extra-canonical book, has been the source of many Orthodox beliefs on Mary. The account of Mary's life presented includes her consecration as a virgin at the temple at age three. The High Priest Zachariah blessed Mary and informed her that God had magnified her name among many generations. Zachariah placed Mary on the third step of the altar, whereby God gave her grace. While in the temple, Mary was miraculously fed by an angel, until she was twelve years old. At that point an angel told Zachariah to betroth Mary to a widower in Israel, who would be indicated. This story provides the theme of many hymns for the Feast of Presentation of Mary, and icons of the feast depict the story. The Orthodox believe that Mary was instrumental in the growth of Christianity during the life of Jesus, and after his Crucifixion, and Orthodox Theologian Sergei Bulgakov wrote: "The Virgin Mary is the center, invisible, but real, of the Apostolic Church."

Question: What book is considered to be the source of many Orthodox beliefs regarding Mary?
Answer: The Protoevangelium of James

Question: At what age was Mary consecrated?
Answer: three

Question: Which priest officiated at Mary's consecration?
Answer: Zachariah

Question: While Mary lived in the temple, who was said to have fed her?
Answer: an angel

Question: Who blessed The High Priest Zachariah?

Question: On what step of the altar did Mary place herself on?

Question: For how many years did Mary feed angels?

Question: Who wrote The Protoevangelium of James?

Question: How old was Mary when she traveled to Israel?
Mary_(mother_of_Jesus)

In the Islamic tradition, Mary and Jesus were the only children who could not be touched by Satan at the moment of their birth, for God imposed a veil between them and Satan. According to author Shabbir Akhtar, the Islamic perspective on Mary's Immaculate Conception is compatible with the Catholic doctrine of the same topic. "O People of the Book! Do not go beyond the bounds in your religion, and do not say anything of Allah but the truth. The Messiah, Jesus son of Mary, was but a Messenger of God, and a Word of His (Power) which He conveyed to Mary, and a spirit from Him. So believe in Allah (as the One, Unique God), and His Messengers (including Jesus, as Messenger); and do not say: (Allah is one of) a trinity. Give up (this assertion) â€" (it is) for your own good (to do so). Allah is but One Allah ; All-Glorified He is in that He is absolutely above having a son. To Him belongs whatever is in the heavens and whatever is on the earth. And Allah suffices as the One to be relied on, to Whom affairs should be referred." Quran 4/171

Question: Which religion believes that God put a veil between Satan and Mary?
Answer: Islamic

Question: According to Shabbir Akhtar, what role does Islam believe Jesus to hold?
Answer: a Messenger of God

Question: Who does the Islamic religion hold to be the One, Unique God?
Answer: Allah

Question: What term is used to refer to Christains by author Shabbir Akhtar?
Answer: People of the Book

Question: Who were the only children that could touch Satan?

Question: When did God remove the veil imposed between them (Mary and Jesus) and Satan?

Question: Who wrote that Allah is not above having a son?

Question: Who wrote the Catholic perspective on Mary's Immaculate Conception?
Mary_(mother_of_Jesus)

The issue of the parentage of Jesus in the Talmud affects also the view of his mother. However the Talmud does not mention Mary by name and is considerate rather than only polemic. The story about Panthera is also found in the Toledot Yeshu, the literary origins of which can not be traced with any certainty and given that it is unlikely to go before the 4th century, it is far too late to include authentic remembrances of Jesus. The Blackwell Companion to Jesus states that the Toledot Yeshu has no historical facts as such, and was perhaps created as a tool for warding off conversions to Christianity. The name Panthera may be a distortion of the term parthenos (virgin) and Raymond E. Brown considers the story of Panthera a fanciful explanation of the birth of Jesus which includes very little historical evidence. Robert Van Voorst states that given that Toledot Yeshu is a medieval document and due to its lack of a fixed form and orientation towards a popular audience, it is "most unlikely" to have reliable historical information.

Question: Where in Jewish literature is the story about Panthera found?
Answer: the Toledot Yeshu

Question: According to the Blackwell Companion to Jesus, for what purpose was the Toledot Yeshu written?
Answer: warding off conversions to Christianity

Question: What is the meaning of the term "parthenos?"
Answer: virgin

Question: During what historical period was the Toledot Yeshu written?
Answer: medieval

Question: What event does Raymond E. Brown believe the Toledot Yeshu describes?
Answer: the birth of Jesus

Question: Who wrote the medieval document the Toledot Yeshu?

Question: Who wrote the story of Panthera?

Question: What affects how Jesus views his mother?

Question: In what century was The Blackwell Companion written?

Question: Who wrote The Blackwell Companion?
Mary_(mother_of_Jesus)

The gospels of Matthew and Luke in the New Testament describe Mary as a virgin (Greek: παρθένος, parthénos) and Christians believe that she conceived her son while a virgin by the Holy Spirit. This took place when she was already betrothed to Joseph and was awaiting the concluding rite of marriage, the formal home-taking ceremony. She married Joseph and accompanied him to Bethlehem, where Jesus was born. According to ancient Jewish custom, Mary could have been betrothed at about 12, however, there is no direct evidence of Mary's age at betrothal or in pregnancy. The term "betrothal" is an awkward translation of kiddushin; according to the Jewish law those called "betrothed" were actually husband and wife.

Question: How old was Mary when she met Joseph?

Question: Where did Mary first meet Joseph?

Question: How old was Mary when she conceived?

Question: Where was Mary born?
Mary_(mother_of_Jesus)

Since the angel Gabriel had told Mary (according to Luke 1:36) that Elizabeth—having previously been barren—was then miraculously pregnant, Mary hurried to see Elizabeth, who was living with her husband Zechariah in "Hebron, in the hill country of Judah". Mary arrived at the house and greeted Elizabeth who called Mary "the mother of my Lord", and Mary spoke the words of praise that later became known as the Magnificat from her first word in the Latin version.[Luke 1:46-55] After about three months, Mary returned to her own house.[Lk 1:56-57]

Question: What language did Mary speak?

Question: Where did Mary first meet the angel Gabriel?

Question: Where did Elizabeth first meet Zechariah?

Question: What language did Elizabeth speak?

Question: What did the angel Gabriel tell Elizabeth whom Mary was?
Mary_(mother_of_Jesus)

Christian Marian perspectives include a great deal of diversity. While some Christians such as Roman Catholics and Eastern Orthodox have well established Marian traditions, Protestants at large pay scant attention to Mariological themes. Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, Anglican, and Lutherans venerate the Virgin Mary. This veneration especially takes the form of prayer for intercession with her Son, Jesus Christ. Additionally it includes composing poems and songs in Mary's honor, painting icons or carving statues of her, and conferring titles on Mary that reflect her position among the saints.

Question: Who did Jesus paint icons and carve statues of?

Question: Who wrote poems and songs for Mary?

Question: Which church first wrote the Mariological themes?

Question: Who do the saints compose poems and songs about?
Melbourne

The main passenger airport serving the metropolis and the state is Melbourne Airport (also called Tullamarine Airport), which is the second busiest in Australia, and the Port of Melbourne is Australia's busiest seaport for containerised and general cargo. Melbourne has an extensive transport network. The main metropolitan train terminus is Flinders Street Station, and the main regional train and coach terminus is Southern Cross Station. Melbourne is also home to Australia's most extensive freeway network and has the world's largest urban tram network.

Question: What airport serves Melbourne?
Answer: Melbourne Airport (also called Tullamarine Airport)

Question: What is the main metropolitan train terminus called in Melbourne?
Answer: Flinders Street Station

Question: What is the main regional train and coach terminus in Melbourne?
Answer: Southern Cross Station

Question: What city is known to be home to Australia's most extensive freeway network?
Answer: Melbourne

Question: What country has the world's largest urban tram network?
Answer: Australia

Question: What passenger airport serves Melbourne?
Answer: Melbourne Airport (also called Tullamarine Airport)

Question: What is the busiest seaport in Melbourne?
Answer: Port of Melbourne

Question: What is the name of the main metropolitan train terminus called in Melbourne?
Answer: Flinders Street Station

Question: What is the name of the coach terminus in Melbourne?
Answer: Southern Cross Station

Question: Who has the most extensive freeway network?
Answer: Australia

Question: What is another name for Melborne Airport?
Answer: Tullamarine Airport

Question: Which airport is the second busiest in Australia?
Answer: Melbourne Airport (also called Tullamarine Airport)

Question: Which port in Melborne is the busiest seaport for containerised and general cargo?
Answer: Port of Melbourne

Question: What is Melborne's main metropolitan train terminus?
Answer: Flinders Street Station

Question: Where is the world's largest urban tram network located?
Answer: Melbourne
Melbourne

A brash boosterism that had typified Melbourne during this time ended in the early 1890s with a severe depression of the city's economy, sending the local finance and property industries into a period of chaos during which 16 small "land banks" and building societies collapsed, and 133 limited companies went into liquidation. The Melbourne financial crisis was a contributing factor in the Australian economic depression of the 1890s and the Australian banking crisis of 1893. The effects of the depression on the city were profound, with virtually no new construction until the late 1890s.

Question: When did severe depression hit Melbourne's city?
Answer: 1890s

Question: What went into liquidation in Melbourne around the 1890's?
Answer: 16 small "land banks" and building societies collapsed, and 133 limited companies

Question: When did new construction start in Melbourne?
Answer: late 1890s

Question: When did Australia have a banking crisis?
Answer: 1893.

Question: During what decade did Melbourne suffer a sever economic depression?
Answer: early 1890s

Question: How many "land banks" and building societies collapsed during the 1890s depression in Melbourne?
Answer: 16

Question: How many limited companies went into liquidation during the 1890s depression in Melbourne?
Answer: 133

Question: The Melbourne financial crisis was a contributing factor to what banking crisis in 1893?
Answer: Australian

Question: When did new construction start to reimerge after the early 1890s depression in Melbourne?
Answer: late 1890s
Melbourne

Melbourne's CBD, compared with other Australian cities, has comparatively unrestricted height limits and as a result of waves of post-war development contains five of the six tallest buildings in Australia, the tallest of which is the Eureka Tower, situated in Southbank. It has an observation deck near the top from where you can see above all of Melbourne's structures. The Rialto tower, the city's second tallest, remains the tallest building in the old CBD; its observation deck for visitors has recently closed.

Question: What is the tallest tower in Australia?
Answer: Eureka Tower

Question: Which tower is Melbourne's second tallest?
Answer: The Rialto

Question: Is the observation deck in The Rialto currently opened or closed?
Answer: closed

Question: On which of Melbourne's banks is the Eureka Tower located?
Answer: Southbank

Question: What building is the tallest building in the old CBD?
Answer: The Rialto tower
Melbourne

Melbourne is experiencing high population growth, generating high demand for housing. This housing boom has increased house prices and rents, as well as the availability of all types of housing. Subdivision regularly occurs in the outer areas of Melbourne, with numerous developers offering house and land packages. However, after 10 years[when?] of planning policies to encourage medium-density and high-density development in existing areas with greater access to public transport and other services, Melbourne's middle and outer-ring suburbs have seen significant brownfields redevelopment.

Question: What is generating high demand for housing in Melbourne?
Answer: high population growth

Question: What effect has the housing boom had on house prices and rents?
Answer: increased

Question: Which of Melbourne's suburbs have seen significant brownfields redevelopment in recent years?
Answer: middle and outer-ring

Question: What types of surburban development did Melbourne policies promote?
Answer: medium-density and high-density
Melbourne

Founded by free settlers from the British Crown colony of Van Diemen's Land on 30 August 1835, in what was then the colony of New South Wales, it was incorporated as a Crown settlement in 1837. It was named "Melbourne" by the Governor of New South Wales, Sir Richard Bourke, in honour of the British Prime Minister of the day, William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne. It was officially declared a city by Queen Victoria in 1847, after which it became the capital of the newly founded colony of Victoria in 1851. During the Victorian gold rush of the 1850s, it was transformed into one of the world's largest and wealthiest cities. After the federation of Australia in 1901, it served as the nation's interim seat of government until 1927.

Question: Who was Melbourne named by?
Answer: the Governor of New South Wales, Sir Richard Bourke

Question: Who was Melbourne named in honor of?
Answer: the British Prime Minister of the day, William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne

Question: What year was Melbourne officially declared a city?
Answer: 1847

Question: What year did Melbourne cease in serving as the nations interim seat of government?
Answer: 1927

Question: Melbourne became the capital of what colony in 1851?
Answer: Victoria
Melbourne

In response to attribution of recent climate change, the City of Melbourne, in 2002, set a target to reduce carbon emissions to net zero by 2020 and Moreland City Council established the Zero Moreland program, however not all metropolitan municipalities have followed, with the City of Glen Eira notably deciding in 2009 not to become carbon neutral. Melbourne has one of the largest urban footprints in the world due to its low density housing, resulting in a vast suburban sprawl, with a high level of car dependence and minimal public transport outside of inner areas. Much of the vegetation within the city are non-native species, most of European origin, and in many cases plays host to invasive species and noxious weeds. Significant introduced urban pests include the common myna, feral pigeon, brown rat, European wasp, common starling and red fox. Many outlying suburbs, particularly towards the Yarra Valley and the hills to the north-east and east, have gone for extended periods without regenerative fires leading to a lack of saplings and undergrowth in urbanised native bushland. The Department of Sustainability and Environment partially addresses this problem by regularly burning off. Several national parks have been designated around the urban area of Melbourne, including the Mornington Peninsula National Park, Port Phillip Heads Marine National Park and Point Nepean National Park in the south east, Organ Pipes National Park to the north and Dandenong Ranges National Park to the east. There are also a number of significant state parks just outside Melbourne. Responsibility for regulating pollution falls under the jurisdiction of the EPA Victoria and several local councils. Air pollution, by world standards, is classified as being good. Summer and autumn are the worst times of year for atmospheric haze in the urban area.

Question: In what year did Melbourne set a target to reduce carbon emissions to net zero?
Answer: 2002

Question: By what year did Melbourne state it wished to be completely carbon neutral?
Answer: 2020

Question: Which city notably opted not to become carbon neutral in 2009?
Answer: City of Glen Eira

Question: Does Melbourne have one of the largest or smallest carbon footprints in the world?
Answer: largest

Question: Who is responsible for regulating pollution in Melbourne?
Answer: EPA Victoria and several local councils
Melbourne

In 2012, the city contained a total of 594 high-rise buildings, with 8 under construction, 71 planned and 39 at proposal stage making the city's skyline the second largest in Australia. The CBD is dominated by modern office buildings including the Rialto Towers (1986), built on the site of several grand classical Victorian buildings, two of which — the Rialto Building (1889) designed by William Pitt and the Winfield Building (1890) designed by Charles D'Ebro and Richard Speight — still remain today and more recently hi-rise apartment buildings including Eureka Tower (2006), which is listed as the 13th tallest residential building in the world in January 2014.

Question: Who designed the Rialto Building in 1889? 
Answer: William Pitt

Question: Who designed the Winfield Building in 1890?
Answer: Charles D'Ebro and Richard Speight

Question: Which building was listed as the 13th tallest residential building in the world in January 2014?
Answer: Eureka Tower

Question: In what year was the Eureka Tower completed?
Answer: 2006

Question: How does Melbourne's skyline rank in terms of other skylines in Australia?
Answer: second largest