Divyanshu67/squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
Transistor

In a grounded-emitter transistor circuit, such as the light-switch circuit shown, as the base voltage rises, the emitter and collector currents rise exponentially. The collector voltage drops because of reduced resistance from collector to emitter. If the voltage difference between the collector and emitter were zero (or near zero), the collector current would be limited only by the load resistance (light bulb) and the supply voltage. This is called saturation because current is flowing from collector to emitter freely. When saturated, the switch is said to be on.

Question: Why does the collector voltage drop in grounded-emitter transistor circuits?
Answer: reduced resistance from collector to emitter

Question: What would happen if the voltage difference from collector and emitter were zero?
Answer: the collector current would be limited only by the load resistance (light bulb) and the supply voltage

Question: What is the term for a zero difference between collector and emitter?
Answer: saturation

Question: Why is the term saturation named as such?
Answer: current is flowing from collector to emitter freely

Question: What position is the switch in when saturated?
Answer: on

Question: What causes reduced resistance from collector to emitter?

Question: Why does "current" have that name?

Question: What changes the most in a grounded-emitter transistor circuit?

Question: What is the load resistance in a light bulb?

Question: What changes the amount of supply voltage?
Transistor

Providing sufficient base drive current is a key problem in the use of bipolar transistors as switches. The transistor provides current gain, allowing a relatively large current in the collector to be switched by a much smaller current into the base terminal. The ratio of these currents varies depending on the type of transistor, and even for a particular type, varies depending on the collector current. In the example light-switch circuit shown, the resistor is chosen to provide enough base current to ensure the transistor will be saturated.

Question: What is a major problem with using bipolar transistors as switches?
Answer: Providing sufficient base drive current

Question: What does the transistor provide?
Answer: current gain

Question: What determines the current ratio in transistors?
Answer: the type of transistor

Question: If the type of transistor is the same what determines the current ratio?
Answer: collector current

Question: What controls how much gain a transistor provides?

Question: How much current is needed to saturate a light-switch?

Question: What determines how much collector current there is?

Question: What fluctuates the most in a transistor?
Transistor

In a switching circuit, the idea is to simulate, as near as possible, the ideal switch having the properties of open circuit when off, short circuit when on, and an instantaneous transition between the two states. Parameters are chosen such that the "off" output is limited to leakage currents too small to affect connected circuitry; the resistance of the transistor in the "on" state is too small to affect circuitry; and the transition between the two states is fast enough not to have a detrimental effect.

Question: How are parameters chosen in a switching circuit?
Answer: the "off" output is limited to leakage currents too small to affect connected circuitry

Question: What is a switching circuit trying to simulate when on?
Answer: short circuit

Question: What is a switching circuit trying to simulate when off?
Answer: open circuit

Question: How quickly does the change from open circuit to short circuit happen?
Answer: instantaneous

Question: What might stop a switch from transitioning quickly?

Question: What can help a switch work more efficiently?

Question: What kind of circuit has the least amount of resistance?

Question: What kind of circuit has the most resistance?

Question: When is a circuit most likely to fail?
Transistor

Bipolar transistors are so named because they conduct by using both majority and minority carriers. The bipolar junction transistor, the first type of transistor to be mass-produced, is a combination of two junction diodes, and is formed of either a thin layer of p-type semiconductor sandwiched between two n-type semiconductors (an n–p–n transistor), or a thin layer of n-type semiconductor sandwiched between two p-type semiconductors (a p–n–p transistor). This construction produces two p–n junctions: a base–emitter junction and a base–collector junction, separated by a thin region of semiconductor known as the base region (two junction diodes wired together without sharing an intervening semiconducting region will not make a transistor).

Question: What gives bipolar transistors their name?
Answer: they conduct by using both majority and minority carriers

Question: What was the first mass-produced transistor?
Answer: bipolar junction transistor

Question: What is the bipolar junction transistor a combination of?
Answer: two junction diodes

Question: What is the name for a layer of p-type semiconductor set between two n-type semiconductors?
Answer: n–p–n transistor

Question: What is the name for a layer of n-type semiconductor set between two p-type semiconductors?
Answer: p–n–p transistor

Question: What kind of transistor is used the most?

Question: Where do junction diodes get their name?

Question: What is the most common type of bipolar transistor?

Question: How are bipolar transistors mass produced?
Transistor

BJTs have three terminals, corresponding to the three layers of semiconductor—an emitter, a base, and a collector. They are useful in amplifiers because the currents at the emitter and collector are controllable by a relatively small base current. In an n–p–n transistor operating in the active region, the emitter–base junction is forward biased (electrons and holes recombine at the junction), and electrons are injected into the base region. Because the base is narrow, most of these electrons will diffuse into the reverse-biased (electrons and holes are formed at, and move away from the junction) base–collector junction and be swept into the collector; perhaps one-hundredth of the electrons will recombine in the base, which is the dominant mechanism in the base current. By controlling the number of electrons that can leave the base, the number of electrons entering the collector can be controlled. Collector current is approximately β (common-emitter current gain) times the base current. It is typically greater than 100 for small-signal transistors but can be smaller in transistors designed for high-power applications.

Question: How many terminals do BJTs have?
Answer: three

Question: How many layers of semiconductor do BJTs have?
Answer: three

Question: What are the layers of semiconductor in a BJT?
Answer: an emitter, a base, and a collector

Question: How can one find the amount of collector current?
Answer: β (common-emitter current gain) times the base current

Question: What is the usual collector current for small-signal transistors?
Answer: greater than 100

Question: Why is the base of a BJT narrow?

Question: Where are BJT amplifiers most commonly used?

Question: What controls how many electrons are injected into the base region?

Question: How many electrons are injected into the base region?
Transistor

In a FET, the drain-to-source current flows via a conducting channel that connects the source region to the drain region. The conductivity is varied by the electric field that is produced when a voltage is applied between the gate and source terminals; hence the current flowing between the drain and source is controlled by the voltage applied between the gate and source. As the gate–source voltage (VGS) is increased, the drain–source current (IDS) increases exponentially for VGS below threshold, and then at a roughly quadratic rate (IGS ∝ (VGS − VT)2) (where VT is the threshold voltage at which drain current begins) in the "space-charge-limited" region above threshold. A quadratic behavior is not observed in modern devices, for example, at the 65 nm technology node.

Question: What determines the conductivity in a FET?
Answer: electric field that is produced when a voltage is applied between the gate and source terminals

Question: What controls the current between the drain and source?
Answer: the voltage applied between the gate and source

Question: At what rate is the drain-source current increased when the gate-source current is increased?
Answer: a roughly quadratic rate

Question: Where is a quadratic behavior not observed?
Answer: in modern devices

Question: What controls the voltage applied between the gate and the source terminals?

Question: Why is quadratic behavior not observed in modern devices?

Question: Where does current fluctuate the most?

Question: How quickly does the voltage increase?
Transistor

FETs are divided into two families: junction FET (JFET) and insulated gate FET (IGFET). The IGFET is more commonly known as a metal–oxide–semiconductor FET (MOSFET), reflecting its original construction from layers of metal (the gate), oxide (the insulation), and semiconductor. Unlike IGFETs, the JFET gate forms a p–n diode with the channel which lies between the source and drain. Functionally, this makes the n-channel JFET the solid-state equivalent of the vacuum tube triode which, similarly, forms a diode between its grid and cathode. Also, both devices operate in the depletion mode, they both have a high input impedance, and they both conduct current under the control of an input voltage.

Question: How many groups are FETs split into?
Answer: two

Question: What are the names of the groups of FETs
Answer: junction FET (JFET) and insulated gate FET (IGFET)

Question: What is the common term for an IFGET?
Answer: a metal–oxide–semiconductor FET (MOSFET)

Question: How is a JFET different from an IGFET?
Answer: the JFET gate forms a p–n diode with the channel

Question: What mode do both JFET and IGFET operate in?
Answer: depletion mode

Question: What is a vacuum tube triode made from?

Question: What controls the amount of input voltage?

Question: How many layers of metal are in the gate of an IGFET?

Question: What kind of FET is mass produced?
Transistor

FETs are further divided into depletion-mode and enhancement-mode types, depending on whether the channel is turned on or off with zero gate-to-source voltage. For enhancement mode, the channel is off at zero bias, and a gate potential can "enhance" the conduction. For the depletion mode, the channel is on at zero bias, and a gate potential (of the opposite polarity) can "deplete" the channel, reducing conduction. For either mode, a more positive gate voltage corresponds to a higher current for n-channel devices and a lower current for p-channel devices. Nearly all JFETs are depletion-mode because the diode junctions would forward bias and conduct if they were enhancement-mode devices; most IGFETs are enhancement-mode types.

Question: How are FET's separated?
Answer: depletion-mode and enhancement-mode types

Question: At what point is a channel off in enhancement-mode?
Answer: at zero bias

Question: At what point is a channel on in depletion-mode?
Answer: at zero bias

Question: What channel corresponds with high current?
Answer: n-channel devices

Question: What channel corresponds with low current?
Answer: p-channel devices

Question: What type of FET is more common?

Question: What controls how positive the gate voltage is?

Question: What controls the gate potential of a FET?

Question: What type of FET usually has a higher voltage?
Transistor

The bipolar junction transistor (BJT) was the most commonly used transistor in the 1960s and 70s. Even after MOSFETs became widely available, the BJT remained the transistor of choice for many analog circuits such as amplifiers because of their greater linearity and ease of manufacture. In integrated circuits, the desirable properties of MOSFETs allowed them to capture nearly all market share for digital circuits. Discrete MOSFETs can be applied in transistor applications, including analog circuits, voltage regulators, amplifiers, power transmitters and motor drivers.

Question: What was the most frequently used transistor in the 1960s and 70s?
Answer: bipolar junction transistor

Question: Why were BJTs so popular?
Answer: their greater linearity and ease of manufacture

Question: What are some applications of discrete MOSFETs?
Answer: transistor applications, including analog circuits, voltage regulators, amplifiers, power transmitters and motor drivers

Question: What were the most popular digital circuits of the time?
Answer: MOSFETs

Question: When did MOSFETs become widely available?

Question: What are the desirable properties of MOSFETs?

Question: What was the most common application of MOSFETs?

Question: Which type of circuit is older?

Question: What kind of circuit is used more in the present?
Transistor

The Pro Electron standard, the European Electronic Component Manufacturers Association part numbering scheme, begins with two letters: the first gives the semiconductor type (A for germanium, B for silicon, and C for materials like GaAs); the second letter denotes the intended use (A for diode, C for general-purpose transistor, etc.). A 3-digit sequence number (or one letter then 2 digits, for industrial types) follows. With early devices this indicated the case type. Suffixes may be used, with a letter (e.g. "C" often means high hFE, such as in: BC549C) or other codes may follow to show gain (e.g. BC327-25) or voltage rating (e.g. BUK854-800A). The more common prefixes are:

Question: What is the Pro Electron standard?
Answer: European Electronic Component Manufacturers Association part numbering scheme

Question: How many letters does the part numbering scheme begin with?
Answer: two letters

Question: What is the first letter in the part numbering scheme?
Answer: the semiconductor type

Question: What is the second letter in the part numbering scheme?
Answer: the intended use

Question: What follows the 2 letters in the part numbering scheme?
Answer: A 3-digit sequence number

Question: What is the most common semiconductor type?

Question: What is the most common intended use for transistors?

Question: What kinds of transistor are more likely to use a suffix?

Question: What devices are more likely to have a code with a voltage rating?

Question: What is the most common reason to have a suffix on a device's number?
Transistor

The JEDEC EIA370 transistor device numbers usually start with "2N", indicating a three-terminal device (dual-gate field-effect transistors are four-terminal devices, so begin with 3N), then a 2, 3 or 4-digit sequential number with no significance as to device properties (although early devices with low numbers tend to be germanium). For example, 2N3055 is a silicon n–p–n power transistor, 2N1301 is a p–n–p germanium switching transistor. A letter suffix (such as "A") is sometimes used to indicate a newer variant, but rarely gain groupings.

Question: What does the JEDEC EIA370 transistor number start with?
Answer: 2N

Question: what does the 2N is the JEDEC EIA370 mean?
Answer: a three-terminal device

Question: What follows the 2N in a JEDEC EIA370?
Answer: a 2, 3 or 4-digit sequential number with no significance as to device properties

Question: What does a letter at the end of a device number mean?
Answer: a newer variant

Question: What does the number 2N1301 indicate?
Answer: a p–n–p germanium switching transistor

Question: What were most early devices made from?

Question: What is the most common amount of extra digits in a device number?

Question: Which devices usually have the shortest transistor device numbers?

Question: What are most modern devices made from?

Question: What is the most common letter suffix?
Transistor

Manufacturers of devices may have their own proprietary numbering system, for example CK722. Since devices are second-sourced, a manufacturer's prefix (like "MPF" in MPF102, which originally would denote a Motorola FET) now is an unreliable indicator of who made the device. Some proprietary naming schemes adopt parts of other naming schemes, for example a PN2222A is a (possibly Fairchild Semiconductor) 2N2222A in a plastic case (but a PN108 is a plastic version of a BC108, not a 2N108, while the PN100 is unrelated to other xx100 devices).

Question: What was once an indicator of the devices creator?
Answer: a manufacturer's prefix

Question: What makes a manufacturer's prefix less reliable?
Answer: devices are second-sourced

Question: What is the marking for a 2N2222A in a plastic case?
Answer: PN2222A

Question: What is a plastic version of a BC108?
Answer: PN108

Question: What manufacturer creates the most devices?

Question: What is the marking for a 2N108 in a plastic case?

Question: What kind of case is most common?

Question: How many naming schemes use an accurate manufacturer's prefix?

Question: Who decided what letters were in the manufacturer's prefixes?
Transistor

The junction forward voltage is the voltage applied to the emitter–base junction of a BJT in order to make the base conduct a specified current. The current increases exponentially as the junction forward voltage is increased. The values given in the table are typical for a current of 1 mA (the same values apply to semiconductor diodes). The lower the junction forward voltage the better, as this means that less power is required to "drive" the transistor. The junction forward voltage for a given current decreases with increase in temperature. For a typical silicon junction the change is −2.1 mV/°C. In some circuits special compensating elements (sensistors) must be used to compensate for such changes.

Question: What is the junction forward voltage?
Answer: the voltage applied to the emitter–base junction of a BJT

Question: What is the purpose of a junction forward voltage?
Answer: to make the base conduct a specified current

Question: What is the ideal junction forward voltage?
Answer: lower

Question: Why is the ideal junction forward voltage lower?
Answer: less power is required to "drive" the transistor

Question: When happens to the junction forward voltage when temperature is raised?
Answer: decreases

Question: What applies voltage to the emitter-base junction?

Question: What are most BJTs made of?

Question: What are sensistors made of?

Question: What kind of circuit needs special compensating elements the most?
Transistor

Because the electron mobility is higher than the hole mobility for all semiconductor materials, a given bipolar n–p–n transistor tends to be swifter than an equivalent p–n–p transistor. GaAs has the highest electron mobility of the three semiconductors. It is for this reason that GaAs is used in high-frequency applications. A relatively recent FET development, the high-electron-mobility transistor (HEMT), has a heterostructure (junction between different semiconductor materials) of aluminium gallium arsenide (AlGaAs)-gallium arsenide (GaAs) which has twice the electron mobility of a GaAs-metal barrier junction. Because of their high speed and low noise, HEMTs are used in satellite receivers working at frequencies around 12 GHz. HEMTs based on gallium nitride and aluminium gallium nitride (AlGaN/GaN HEMTs) provide a still higher electron mobility and are being developed for various applications.

Question: What is quicker, a bipolar n-p-n transistor or a p-n-p transistor?
Answer: a given bipolar n–p–n transistor

Question: What semiconductor has the highest electron mobility?
Answer: GaAs

Question: What is the common application of GaAs?
Answer: high-frequency applications

Question: What does HEMT stand for?
Answer: high-electron-mobility transistor

Question: What are common applications of HEMT?
Answer: satellite receivers

Question: What is the most common kind of semiconductor?

Question: What causes HEMTs to have high speed and low noise?

Question: Which material has the highest electron mobility?

Question: Where are HEMTs most commonly used?
Transistor

Discrete transistors are individually packaged transistors. Transistors come in many different semiconductor packages (see image). The two main categories are through-hole (or leaded), and surface-mount, also known as surface-mount device (SMD). The ball grid array (BGA) is the latest surface-mount package (currently only for large integrated circuits). It has solder "balls" on the underside in place of leads. Because they are smaller and have shorter interconnections, SMDs have better high-frequency characteristics but lower power rating.

Question: What is a discrete transistor?
Answer: individually packaged transistors

Question: What are the two most common types of transistor?
Answer: through-hole (or leaded), and surface-mount

Question: What is another name for the surface-mount transistor?
Answer: surface-mount device (SMD)

Question: What is the newest surface-mount transistor?
Answer: ball grid array (BGA)

Question: What is a ball grid array composed of?
Answer: solder "balls" on the underside in place of leads

Question: What is the most common type of transistor?

Question: How many solder "balls" does a Ball Grid Array have?

Question: What is the most common type of semiconductor package?

Question: What is the most important attribute for a transistor to have?

Question: What is the oldest type of semiconductor package?
Modern_history

In the Pre-Modern era, many people's sense of self and purpose was often expressed via a faith in some form of deity, be that in a single God or in many gods. Pre-modern cultures have not been thought of creating a sense of distinct individuality, though. Religious officials, who often held positions of power, were the spiritual intermediaries to the common person. It was only through these intermediaries that the general masses had access to the divine. Tradition was sacred to ancient cultures and was unchanging and the social order of ceremony and morals in a culture could be strictly enforced.

Question: What did many people in the Pre-Modern era express their faith through?
Answer: via a faith in some form of deity

Question: What were Religious officials perceived as in the Pre-Modern era?
Answer: spiritual intermediaries

Question: Through whom did the general masses have access to the divine?
Answer: Religious officials

Question: What belief did ancient cultures consider sacred?
Answer: Tradition

Question: How were the moral standards of ancient cultures enforced?
Answer: strictly

Question: Peoples sense of worth was expressed through what in the Pre-modern era?
Answer: via a faith in some form of deity

Question: Who were spiritual intermediates? 
Answer: Religious officials

Question: Through who did the masses have access to the divine?
Answer: spiritual intermediaries

Question: What belief was considered sacred by ancient civilizations?
Answer: Tradition

Question: What did social order mandate be strictly enforced?
Answer: ceremony and morals
Modern_history

The term "modern" was coined in the 16th century to indicate present or recent times (ultimately derived from the Latin adverb modo, meaning "just now). The European Renaissance (about 1420–1630), which marked the transition between the Late Middle Ages and Early Modern times, started in Italy and was spurred in part by the rediscovery of classical art and literature, as well as the new perspectives gained from the Age of Discovery and the invention of the telescope and microscope, expanding the borders of thought and knowledge.

Question: What term was coined in the 16th century to indicate present time?
Answer: modern

Question: The term "modern" was derived from what Latin adverb?
Answer: modo

Question: What caused the transition between the middle ages and early modern times?
Answer: The European Renaissance

Question: In what country did The European Renaissance start?
Answer: Italy

Question: What two instruments were invented during The European Renaissance?
Answer: telescope and microscope

Question: What phrase was coined in the 16th century to reference recent times?
Answer: modern

Question: The phrase modern originated form what?
Answer: Latin adverb modo

Question: What did The European renaissance mark?
Answer: transition between the Late Middle Ages and Early Modern times

Question: Through what time period did The European renaissance last?
Answer: 1420–1630)

Question: In what country did The European renaissance begin?
Answer: Italy
Modern_history

The term "Early Modern" was introduced in the English language in the 1930s. to distinguish the time between what we call Middle Ages and time of the late Enlightenment (1800) (when the meaning of the term Modern Ages was developing its contemporary form). It is important to note that these terms stem from European history. In usage in other parts of the world, such as in Asia, and in Muslim countries, the terms are applied in a very different way, but often in the context with their contact with European culture in the Age of Discovery.

Question: What term was created in the 1930's to separate the middle ages form the 1800's?
Answer: Early Modern

Question: The 1800"s are referred to as?
Answer: time of the late Enlightenment

Question: What do the terms "Early Modern" and  'Modern Ages" originate from?
Answer: European history

Question: What are the terms "Early Modern" and "Modern Ages" used for i other countries?
Answer: in the context with their contact with European culture in the Age of Discovery.

Question: When was the term "Early Modern" implemented into the English language?
Answer: 1930s

Question: What does the term "Early Modern" mean?
Answer: to distinguish the time between what we call Middle Ages and time of the late Enlightenment

Question: What time period is referred to as The Late Enlightenment?
Answer: 1800

Question: Where do the terms "Middle Ages" and "Modern Ages" originate from?
Answer: European history

Question: What are the terms "Middle Ages" and "Modern Ages" used for in other countries?
Answer: in the context with their contact with European culture in the Age of Discovery.
Modern_history

In the Contemporary era, there were various socio-technological trends. Regarding the 21st century and the late modern world, the Information age and computers were forefront in use, not completely ubiquitous but often present in daily life. The development of Eastern powers was of note, with China and India becoming more powerful. In the Eurasian theater, the European Union and Russian Federation were two forces recently developed. A concern for Western world, if not the whole world, was the late modern form of terrorism and the warfare that has resulted from the contemporary terrorist acts.

Question: In what era were there many socio-technological trends?
Answer: Contemporary era

Question: The 21st century is refereed to as what?
Answer: the Information age

Question: What device was used most during the The Information age?
Answer: computers

Question: What was a major concern for Western civilization during the 21 century?
Answer: terrorist acts

Question: In what time were there many socio-technological trends?
Answer: Contemporary era

Question: What is the 21st century also known as?
Answer: the Information age

Question: What device was used most during 21st century?
Answer: computers

Question: What was considered a threat to Western civilization?
Answer: terrorist acts
Modern_history

In Asia, various Chinese dynasties and Japanese shogunates controlled the Asian sphere. In Japan, the Edo period from 1600 to 1868 is also referred to as the early modern period. And in Korea, from the rising of Joseon Dynasty to the enthronement of King Gojong is referred to as the early modern period. In the Americas, Native Americans had built a large and varied civilization, including the Aztec Empire and alliance, the Inca civilization, the Mayan Empire and cities, and the Chibcha Confederation. In the west, the European kingdoms and movements were in a movement of reformation and expansion. Russia reached the Pacific coast in 1647 and consolidated its control over the Russian Far East in the 19th century.

Question: Who controlled the Asian Sphere during the period between 1600-1868?
Answer: Chinese dynasties and Japanese shogunates

Question: What is the period between 1600-1868 referred to as?
Answer: the Edo period

Question: What is the Edo period also known as?
Answer: the early modern period

Question: What is time is considered the "Modern Period" in Korea?
Answer: from the rising of Joseon Dynasty to the enthronement of King Gojong

Question: Name one of the tribes Native Americans established in the Americas.
Answer: Aztec Empire

Question: What two groups controlled the Asian Sphere?
Answer: Chinese dynasties and Japanese shogunates

Question: What time is referred to as the Edo period?
Answer: 1600 to 1868

Question: What is the 'Early Modern period" known as in Japan?
Answer: the rising of Joseon Dynasty to the enthronement of King Gojong

Question: Name one of the tribes Native Americans formed in the Americas?
Answer: Aztec Empire
Modern_history

In China, urbanization increased as the population grew and as the division of labor grew more complex. Large urban centers, such as Nanjing and Beijing, also contributed to the growth of private industry. In particular, small-scale industries grew up, often specializing in paper, silk, cotton, and porcelain goods. For the most part, however, relatively small urban centers with markets proliferated around the country. Town markets mainly traded food, with some necessary manufactures such as pins or oil. Despite the xenophobia and intellectual introspection characteristic of the increasingly popular new school of neo-Confucianism, China under the early Ming dynasty was not isolated. Foreign trade and other contacts with the outside world, particularly Japan, increased considerably. Chinese merchants explored all of the Indian Ocean, reaching East Africa with the treasure voyages of Zheng He.

Question: Name one of the reasons urbanization grew in China.
Answer: population grew

Question: What did Nanjing and Beijing contribute to?
Answer: growth of private industry

Question: What are Nanjing and Beijing?
Answer: Large urban centers

Question: Under what rule was China not isolated?
Answer: the early Ming dynasty

Question: During The Early MIng Dynasty Chinese merchants explored all of what?
Answer: Indian Ocean

Question: What caused urbanization to increase in China?
Answer: the population grew

Question: Where did Chinese merchants explore? 
Answer: all of the Indian Ocean
Modern_history

The Qing dynasty (1644–1911) was founded after the fall of the Ming, the last Han Chinese dynasty, by the Manchus. The Manchus were formerly known as the Jurchens. When Beijing was captured by Li Zicheng's peasant rebels in 1644, the Chongzhen Emperor, the last Ming emperor, committed suicide. The Manchus then allied with former Ming general Wu Sangui and seized control of Beijing, which became the new capital of the Qing dynasty. The Mancus adopted the Confucian norms of traditional Chinese government in their rule of China proper. Schoppa, the editor of The Columbia Guide to Modern Chinese History argues, "A date around 1780 as the beginning of modern China is thus closer to what we know today as historical 'reality'. It also allows us to have a better baseline to understand the precipitous decline of the Chinese polity in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries."

Question: What was founded after the fall of the Ming?
Answer: The Qing dynasty

Question: The Qing dynasty lasted through what time period?
Answer: 1644–1911

Question: What were the Manchus originally known as?
Answer: the Jurchens

Question: Why did the last Ming Emperor commit suicide?
Answer: Beijing was captured by Li Zicheng's peasant rebels

Question: Who became allies with the Manchus to seize control over Beijing?
Answer: former Ming general Wu Sangui

Question: The Qing dynasty formed after what event?
Answer: after the fall of the Ming

Question: During what time period did the Qing dynasty rule?
Answer: 1644–1911

Question: What were the Manchus originally named?
Answer: Jurchens

Question: Who was Beijing captured by in 1644?
Answer: Li Zicheng's peasant rebels

Question: Who did the Manchus make an Ally with to seize control of Beijing?
Answer: former Ming general Wu Sangui
Modern_history

Society in the Japanese "Tokugawa period" (Edo society), unlike the shogunates before it, was based on the strict class hierarchy originally established by Toyotomi Hideyoshi. The daimyo, or lords, were at the top, followed by the warrior-caste of samurai, with the farmers, artisans, and traders ranking below. In some parts of the country, particularly smaller regions, daimyo and samurai were more or less identical, since daimyo might be trained as samurai, and samurai might act as local lords. Otherwise, the largely inflexible nature of this social stratification system unleashed disruptive forces over time. Taxes on the peasantry were set at fixed amounts which did not account for inflation or other changes in monetary value. As a result, the tax revenues collected by the samurai landowners were worth less and less over time. This often led to numerous confrontations between noble but impoverished samurai and well-to-do peasants, ranging from simple local disturbances to much bigger rebellions. None, however, proved compelling enough to seriously challenge the established order until the arrival of foreign powers.

Question: What was society based on during the Tukugawa period?
Answer: strict class hierarchy

Question: Strict class hierarchy was established by who?
Answer: Toyotomi Hideyoshi

Question: What group were considered to be at the top of the Strict Class Hierarchy?
Answer: The daimyo, or lords

Question: How were taxes charged during the Tukugawa period?
Answer: set at fixed amounts

Question: What effect did  having taxes charged at a fixed amount have on it's revenue?
Answer: tax revenues collected by the samurai landowners were worth less and less over time.

Question: What is the Tokugawa period also known as?
Answer: Edo society

Question: What was society in  the Tokugawa period based in?
Answer: strict class hierarchy

Question: What group was considered at the top of the Strict Class Society?
Answer: The daimyo, or lords,

Question: How were taxes charged in the Tokugawa period?
Answer: set at fixed amounts

Question: What effect did the way the taxes were charged have on it's revenue.
Answer: revenues collected by the samurai landowners were worth less and less over time.
Modern_history

On the Indian subcontinent, the Mughal Empire ruled most of India in the early 18th century. The "classic period" ended with the death and defeat of Emperor Aurangzeb in 1707 by the rising Hindu Maratha Empire, although the dynasty continued for another 150 years. During this period, the Empire was marked by a highly centralized administration connecting the different regions. All the significant monuments of the Mughals, their most visible legacy, date to this period which was characterised by the expansion of Persian cultural influence in the Indian subcontinent, with brilliant literary, artistic, and architectural results. The Maratha Empire was located in the south west of present-day India and expanded greatly under the rule of the Peshwas, the prime ministers of the Maratha empire. In 1761, the Maratha army lost the Third Battle of Panipat which halted imperial expansion and the empire was then divided into a confederacy of Maratha states.

Question: Who ruled most of India in the early 18th century?
Answer: Mughal Empire

Question: How did the "Classic Period" end?
Answer: the death and defeat of Emperor Aurangzeb in 1707

Question: Who was behind the death off Emperor Aurangzeb?
Answer: Hindu Maratha Empire

Question: Where was the The Maratha Empire centralized?
Answer: south west of present-day India

Question: What happened when the  Maratha Army lost the third battle of Panipat?
Answer: the empire was then divided into a confederacy of Maratha states.

Question: Who ruled most of India in the 18 century?
Answer: Mughal Empire

Question: What event ended the "classic period"?
Answer: the death and defeat of Emperor Aurangzeb

Question: What caused the death of Emperor Auranzeb? 
Answer: the rising Hindu Maratha Empire,

Question: Where was the Maratha Empire centralized?
Answer: south west of present-day India

Question: What caused the Maratha Empire to split in 1761?
Answer: the Maratha army lost the Third Battle of Panipat
Modern_history

The development of New Imperialism saw the conquest of nearly all eastern hemisphere territories by colonial powers. The commercial colonization of India commenced in 1757, after the Battle of Plassey, when the Nawab of Bengal surrendered his dominions to the British East India Company, in 1765, when the Company was granted the diwani, or the right to collect revenue, in Bengal and Bihar, or in 1772, when the Company established a capital in Calcutta, appointed its first Governor-General, Warren Hastings, and became directly involved in governance.

Question: What did the development of new imperialism cause?
Answer: the conquest of nearly all eastern hemisphere territories by colonial powers.

Question: When did the commercial colonization of India begin?
Answer: 1757

Question: What happened n the battle of Plassey?
Answer: Nawab of Bengal surrendered his dominions to the British East India Company

Question: When was the British East Company given the right to collect revenue?
Answer: 1765

Question: What is the term used to describe the "Right to collect revenue"?
Answer: diwani
Modern_history

The Maratha states, following the Anglo-Maratha wars, eventually lost to the British East India Company in 1818 with the Third Anglo-Maratha War. The rule lasted until 1858, when, after the Indian rebellion of 1857 and consequent of the Government of India Act 1858, the British government assumed the task of directly administering India in the new British Raj. In 1819 Stamford Raffles established Singapore as a key trading post for Britain in their rivalry with the Dutch. However, their rivalry cooled in 1824 when an Anglo-Dutch treaty demarcated their respective interests in Southeast Asia. From the 1850s onwards, the pace of colonization shifted to a significantly higher gear.

Question: In what year did the Maratha states lose to the British East Company?
Answer: 1818

Question: What was the name of the war lost by the Maratha states in 1818?
Answer: the Third Anglo-Maratha War

Question: How long did the British east Indian Company rule last after the war?
Answer: 1858

Question: What caused the British east Indian Company rule to end?
Answer: the Indian rebellion of 1857 and consequent of the Government of India Act 1858

Question: What did Britain establish in 1824?
Answer: Singapore as a key trading post
Modern_history

The Dutch East India Company (1800) and British East India Company (1858) were dissolved by their respective governments, who took over the direct administration of the colonies. Only Thailand was spared the experience of foreign rule, although, Thailand itself was also greatly affected by the power politics of the Western powers. Colonial rule had a profound effect on Southeast Asia. While the colonial powers profited much from the region's vast resources and large market, colonial rule did develop the region to a varying extent.

Question: What dispatched of The Dutch East India Company and the British East India Company?
Answer: their respective governments

Question: What country did not have to succumb to forign rule?
Answer: Thailand

Question: Who also profited from Southeast Asia resources?
Answer: colonial powers
Modern_history

Many major events caused Europe to change around the start of the 16th century, starting with the Fall of Constantinople in 1453, the fall of Muslim Spain and the discovery of the Americas in 1492, and Martin Luther's Protestant Reformation in 1517. In England the modern period is often dated to the start of the Tudor period with the victory of Henry VII over Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth in 1485. Early modern European history is usually seen to span from the start of the 15th century, through the Age of Reason and the Age of Enlightenment in the 17th and 18th centuries, until the beginning of the Industrial Revolution in the late 18th century.

Question: In what year did the fall of Constantinople happen? 
Answer: 1453

Question: When is the modern period dated in England?
Answer: Battle of Bosworth in 1485

Question: Who was defeated by Henry Vll at the battle of Bosworth?
Answer: Richard III
Modern_history

Russia experienced territorial growth through the 17th century, which was the age of Cossacks. Cossacks were warriors organized into military communities, resembling pirates and pioneers of the New World. In 1648, the peasants of Ukraine joined the Zaporozhian Cossacks in rebellion against Poland-Lithuania during the Khmelnytsky Uprising, because of the social and religious oppression they suffered under Polish rule. In 1654 the Ukrainian leader, Bohdan Khmelnytsky, offered to place Ukraine under the protection of the Russian Tsar, Aleksey I. Aleksey's acceptance of this offer led to another Russo-Polish War (1654–1667). Finally, Ukraine was split along the river Dnieper, leaving the western part (or Right-bank Ukraine) under Polish rule and eastern part (Left-bank Ukraine and Kiev) under Russian. Later, in 1670–71 the Don Cossacks led by Stenka Razin initiated a major uprising in the Volga region, but the Tsar's troops were successful in defeating the rebels. In the east, the rapid Russian exploration and colonisation of the huge territories of Siberia was led mostly by Cossacks hunting for valuable furs and ivory. Russian explorers pushed eastward primarily along the Siberian river routes, and by the mid-17th century there were Russian settlements in the Eastern Siberia, on the Chukchi Peninsula, along the Amur River, and on the Pacific coast. In 1648 the Bering Strait between Asia and North America was passed for the first time by Fedot Popov and Semyon Dezhnyov.

Question: When did Russia experience territorial growth?
Answer: the 17th century

Question: The 17th century is also known as?
Answer: age of Cossacks.

Question: Who are Cossacks?
Answer: warriors organized into military communities

Question: Who joined the Cossacks in 1648?
Answer: peasants of Ukraine

Question: Why dd the Peasants of Ukraine join the Cossacks?
Answer: in rebellion against Poland-Lithuania
Modern_history

Traditionally, the European intellectual transformation of and after the Renaissance bridged the Middle Ages and the Modern era. The Age of Reason in the Western world is generally regarded as being the start of modern philosophy, and a departure from the medieval approach, especially Scholasticism. Early 17th-century philosophy is often called the Age of Rationalism and is considered to succeed Renaissance philosophy and precede the Age of Enlightenment, but some consider it as the earliest part of the Enlightenment era in philosophy, extending that era to two centuries. The 18th century saw the beginning of secularization in Europe, rising to notability in the wake of the French Revolution.

Question: What bridged the middle ages to the modern era?
Answer: European intellectual transformation

Question: What is regarded as the start of modern philosophy? 
Answer: The Age of Reason

Question: What is 17th century philosophy also referred to as?
Answer: the Age of Rationalism

Question: What does the Age of Rationalism succeed? 
Answer: Renaissance philosophy

Question: What did the beginning of the 18th century mark the beginning of in Europe? 
Answer: secularization
Modern_history

The Age of Enlightenment is a time in Western philosophy and cultural life centered upon the 18th century in which reason was advocated as the primary source and legitimacy for authority. Enlightenment gained momentum more or less simultaneously in many parts of Europe and America. Developing during the Enlightenment era, Renaissance humanism as an intellectual movement spread across Europe. The basic training of the humanist was to speak well and write (typically, in the form of a letter). The term umanista comes from the latter part of the 15th century. The people were associated with the studia humanitatis, a novel curriculum that was competing with the quadrivium and scholastic logic.

Question: What was the age of Enlightenment centered on?
Answer: the 18th century in which reason was advocated as the primary source and legitimacy for authority.

Question: Where did Enlightenment gain momentum?
Answer: Europe and America

Question: What is the basic training of a humanist?
Answer: speak well and write

Question: From where does the phrase humanist originate? 
Answer: the 15th century

Question: What were the studia humanitatis competing against?
Answer: quadrivium and scholastic logic.
Modern_history

Renaissance humanism took a close study of the Latin and Greek classical texts, and was antagonistic to the values of scholasticism with its emphasis on the accumulated commentaries; and humanists were involved in the sciences, philosophies, arts and poetry of classical antiquity. They self-consciously imitated classical Latin and deprecated the use of medieval Latin. By analogy with the perceived decline of Latin, they applied the principle of ad fontes, or back to the sources, across broad areas of learning.

Question: What did renaissance humanism reference?
Answer: Latin and Greek classical texts

Question: renaissance humanism was antagonistic to what?
Answer: scholasticism

Question: What did renaissance humanism place an emphasis on?
Answer: accumulated commentaries
Modern_history

The quarrel of the Ancients and the Moderns was a literary and artistic quarrel that heated up in the early 1690s and shook the Académie française. The opposing two sides were, the Ancients (Anciens) who constrain choice of subjects to those drawn from the literature of Antiquity and the Moderns (Modernes), who supported the merits of the authors of the century of Louis XIV. Fontenelle quickly followed with his Digression sur les anciens et les modernes (1688), in which he took the Modern side, pressing the argument that modern scholarship allowed modern man to surpass the ancients in knowledge.

Question: What was the basis of the quarrel between the Ancients and the moderns?
Answer: literary and artistic

Question: In what time period did the quarrel between the Ancients and the Moderns peak?
Answer: early 1690s

Question: Moderns support the merits of whom?
Answer: authors of the century of Louis XIV. Fontenelle

Question: What did Louis XIV believe about the modern man?
Answer: modern scholarship allowed modern man to surpass the ancients in knowledge.
Modern_history

The Scientific Revolution was a period when European ideas in classical physics, astronomy, biology, human anatomy, chemistry, and other classical sciences were rejected and led to doctrines supplanting those that had prevailed from Ancient Greece to the Middle Ages which would lead to a transition to modern science. This period saw a fundamental transformation in scientific ideas across physics, astronomy, and biology, in institutions supporting scientific investigation, and in the more widely held picture of the universe. Individuals started to question all manners of things and it was this questioning that led to the Scientific Revolution, which in turn formed the foundations of contemporary sciences and the establishment of several modern scientific fields.

Question: What s the Scientific Revolution?
Answer: a period when European ideas in classical physics, astronomy, biology, human anatomy, chemistry, and other classical sciences were rejected

Question: What did the Scientific Revolution cause?
Answer: a transition to modern science

Question: What did the Scientific Revolution force people to do?
Answer: question all manners of things

Question: What did Scientific Revolution form?
Answer: several modern scientific fields.