Divyanshu67/squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
Nintendo_Entertainment_System

The NES uses a custom-made Picture Processing Unit (PPU) developed by Ricoh. All variations of the PPU feature 2 kB of video RAM, 256 bytes of on-die "object attribute memory" (OAM) to store the positions, colors, and tile indices of up to 64 sprites on the screen, and 28 bytes of on-die palette RAM to allow selection of background and sprite colors. The console's 2 kB of onboard RAM may be used for tile maps and attributes on the NES board and 8 kB of tile pattern ROM or RAM may be included on a cartridge. The system has an available color palette of 48 colors and 6 grays. Up to 25 simultaneous colors may be used without writing new values mid-frame: a background color, four sets of three tile colors and four sets of three sprite colors. The NES palette is based on NTSC rather than RGB values. A total of 64 sprites may be displayed onscreen at a given time without reloading sprites mid-screen. The standard display resolution of the NES is 256 horizontal pixels by 240 vertical pixels.

Question: Who developed Nintendo's PPU?
Answer: Ricoh

Question: How many kb of Video RAM did the PPU have?
Answer: 2

Question: The system has how many colors available on it?
Answer: 48

Question: How many grays could be used as well?
Answer: 6

Question: What is the standard display resolution of the NES?
Answer: 256 horizontal pixels by 240 vertical pixels

Question: Who developed Nintendo's SPU?

Question:  How many mb of Video RAM did the PPU have?

Question:  The system didn't have how many colors available on it?

Question:  How many blacks could be used as well?

Question:  What is not the standard display resolution of the NES?
Nintendo_Entertainment_System

Encouraged by these successes, Nintendo soon turned its attention to the North American market. Nintendo entered into negotiations with Atari to release the Famicom under Atari’s name as the name Nintendo Advanced Video Gaming System. The deal was set to be finalized and signed at the Summer Consumer Electronics Show in June 1983. However, Atari discovered at that show that its competitor Coleco was illegally demonstrating its Coleco Adam computer with Nintendo's Donkey Kong game. This violation of Atari's exclusive license with Nintendo to publish the game for its own computer systems delayed the implementation of Nintendo's game console marketing contract with Atari. Atari's CEO Ray Kassar was fired the next month, so the deal went nowhere, and Nintendo decided to market its system on its own.g[›]

Question: Nintendo agreed with Atari to release the Famicom under what name?
Answer: Nintendo Advanced Video Gaming System

Question: When was the Summer Consumer Electronics Show held?
Answer: June 1983

Question: Which company was illegally demonstrating a Nintendo game?
Answer: Coleco

Question: What was the name of the fired Atari CEO?
Answer: Ray Kassar

Question: Nintendo agreed with Patari to release the Famicom under what name?

Question:  When was the Summer Consumer Electronics Show rejected?

Question:  Which company was legally demonstrating a Nintendo game?

Question: What was the name of the new Atari CEO?
Nintendo_Entertainment_System

To differentiate Nintendo's new home platform from the early 1980s' common perception of a troubled and shallow video game market, the company freshened its product nomenclature and positioning, and it established a strict product approval and licensing policy. The overall system was referred to as an "Entertainment System" instead of a "video game system", which was centered upon a machine called a "Control Deck" instead of a "console", and which featured software cartridges called "Game Paks" instead of "video games". The 10NES lockout chip system acted as a lock-and-key coupling of each Game Pak and Control Deck, deterring the copying or production of NES games which had not first achieved Nintendo's licensed approval. The packaging of the launch lineup of NES games bore pictures of a very close representation of the actual onscreen graphics of the game, which were of sufficiently recognizable quality on their own. Symbols on the launch games' packaging clearly indicated the genre of the game, in order to reduce consumer confusion. A 'seal of quality' was printed on all appropriately licensed game and accessory packaging. The initial seal stated, "This seal is your assurance that Nintendo has approved and guaranteed the quality of this product". This text was later changed to "Official Nintendo Seal of Quality".

Question: What was Nintendo's euphemism for "video game system?"
Answer: Entertainment System

Question: What did Nintendo use instead of the word console?
Answer: Control Deck

Question: What was the term used by Nintendo instead of "video games?"
Answer: Game Pak

Question: What was printed on all licensed games and accessories by Nintendo?
Answer: seal of quality

Question: The seal of quality took on what eventual name?
Answer: Official Nintendo Seal of Quality

Question: What was Nintendo's non-euphemism for "video game system?"

Question:  What didn't Nintendo use instead of the word console?

Question:  What was the term used by Nintendo instead of "games?"

Question: What was printed on all unlicensed games and accessories by Nintendo?

Question:  The seal of quality didn't take on what eventual name?
Nintendo_Entertainment_System

The original model Famicom featured two game controllers, both of which were hardwired to the back of the console. The second controller lacked the START and SELECT buttons, but featured a small microphone. Relatively few games made use of this feature. The earliest produced Famicom units initially had square A and B buttons. This was changed to the circular designs because of the square buttons being caught in the controller casing when pressed down and glitches within the hardware causing the system to freeze occasionally while playing a game.

Question: How were the Famicom controllers attached to the console?
Answer: hardwired

Question: The second Famicom controller lacked START and what other button?
Answer: SELECT

Question: What did the second Famicom controller have as a unique feature?
Answer: microphone

Question: What shape were the A and B buttons on the earliest Famicom controllers?
Answer: square

Question: What shape did the A and B buttons eventually become?
Answer: circular

Question: How were the Famicom controllers unattached to the console?

Question: The second Famicom controller lacked BEGIN and what other button?

Question:  What did the third Famicom controller have as a unique feature?

Question:  What shape were the D and E buttons on the earliest Famicom controllers?

Question:  What shape did the E and F buttons eventually become?
Nintendo_Entertainment_System

Nintendo was not as restrictive as Sega, which did not permit third-party publishing until Mediagenic in late summer 1988. Nintendo's intention, however, was to reserve a large part of NES game revenue for itself. Nintendo required that they be the sole manufacturer of all cartridges, and that the publisher had to pay in full before the cartridges for that game be produced. Cartridges could not be returned to Nintendo, so publishers assumed all the risk. As a result, some publishers lost more money due to distress sales of remaining inventory at the end of the NES era than they ever earned in profits from sales of the games. Because Nintendo controlled the production of all cartridges, it was able to enforce strict rules on its third-party developers, which were required to sign a contract by Nintendo that would obligate these parties to develop exclusively for the system, order at least 10,000 cartridges, and only make five games per year. A 1988 shortage of DRAM and ROM chips also reportedly caused Nintendo to only permit 25% of publishers' requests for cartridges. This was an average figure, with some publishers receiving much higher amounts and others almost none. GameSpy noted that Nintendo's "iron-clad terms" made the company many enemies during the 1980s. Some developers tried to circumvent the five game limit by creating additional company brands like Konami's Ultra Games label; others tried circumventing the 10NES chip.

Question: When did Sega finally permit third-party publishing?
Answer: summer 1988

Question: What was the name of the 1st company Sega permitted?
Answer: Mediagenic

Question: Nintendo was the sole manufacturer of what component for third-party developers?
Answer: cartridges

Question: As cartridges couldn't be returned to Nintendo, the developers took on the entirety of what?
Answer: risk

Question: What year was there a shortage of DRAM and ROM chips?
Answer: 1988

Question:  When did Sega finally permit fourth-party publishing?

Question:  What was the name of the 2nd company Sega permitted?

Question: Nintendo wasn't the sole manufacturer of what component for third-party developers?

Question: As cartridges could be returned to Nintendo, the developers took on the entirety of what?

Question:  What year wasn't there a shortage of DRAM and ROM chips?
Nintendo_Entertainment_System

When Nintendo released the NES in the US, the design styling was deliberately different from that of other game consoles. Nintendo wanted to distinguish its product from those of competitors and to avoid the generally poor reputation that game consoles had acquired following the video game crash of 1983. One result of this philosophy was to disguise the cartridge slot design as a front-loading zero insertion force (ZIF) cartridge socket, designed to resemble the front-loading mechanism of a VCR. The newly designed connector worked quite well when both the connector and the cartridges were clean and the pins on the connector were new. Unfortunately, the ZIF connector was not truly zero insertion force. When a user inserted the cartridge into the NES, the force of pressing the cartridge down and into place bent the contact pins slightly, as well as pressing the cartridge’s ROM board back into the cartridge itself. Frequent insertion and removal of cartridges caused the pins to wear out from repeated usage over the years and the ZIF design proved more prone to interference by dirt and dust than an industry-standard card edge connector. These design issues were not alleviated by Nintendo’s choice of materials; the console slot nickel connector springs would wear due to design and the game cartridge copper connectors were also prone to tarnishing. Many players would try to alleviate issues in the game caused by this corrosion by blowing into the cartridges, then reinserting them, which actually hurt the copper connectors by speeding up the tarnishing.

Question: What does ZIF stand for?
Answer: zero insertion force

Question: The ZIF insertion used by Nintendo was set to emulate what device?
Answer: VCR

Question: The force of pushing in the cartridge did what to the device over eventual use?
Answer: bent the contact pins slightly

Question: What material were the connector springs made of?
Answer: nickel

Question: What material comprised the game cartridge connectors?
Answer: copper

Question:  What does ZID stand for?

Question: The ZID insertion used by Nintendo was set to emulate what device?

Question:  The force of pushing in the cartridge did what to the device without eventual use?

Question:  What material weren't the early connector springs made of?

Question:  What material didn't comprise the game cartridge connectors?
Nintendo_Entertainment_System

In response to these hardware flaws, "Nintendo Authorized Repair Centers" sprang up across the U.S. According to Nintendo, the authorization program was designed to ensure that the machines were properly repaired. Nintendo would ship the necessary replacement parts only to shops that had enrolled in the authorization program. In practice, the authorization process consisted of nothing more than paying a fee to Nintendo for the privilege. In a recent trend, many sites have sprung up to offer Nintendo repair parts, guides, and services that replace those formerly offered by the authorized repair centers.

Question: To address the shoddy hardware, what popped up across the United States?
Answer: Nintendo Authorized Repair Centers

Question: What did the repair centers promise?
Answer: ensure that the machines were properly repaired

Question: What was done to have the privilege of working on an NES for repair?
Answer: paying a fee

Question: To address the shoddy hardware, what popped up across the UK?

Question:  What did the repair centers not promise?

Question: What was done to have the privilege of working on an SNES for repair?
Nintendo_Entertainment_System

Video output connections varied from one model of the console to the next. The original HVC-001 model of the Family Computer featured only radio frequency (RF) modulator output. When the console was released in North America and Europe, support for composite video through RCA connectors was added in addition to the RF modulator. The HVC-101 model of the Famicom dropped the RF modulator entirely and adopted composite video output via a proprietary 12-pin "multi-out" connector first introduced for the Super Famicom/Super Nintendo Entertainment System. Conversely, the North American re-released NES-101 model most closely resembled the original HVC-001 model Famicom, in that it featured RF modulator output only. Finally, the PlayChoice-10 utilized an inverted RGB video output.

Question: The HVC-001 featured which kind of mod output?
Answer: radio frequency (RF)

Question: The HVC-101 lost the RF and adopted which output for use in North America and Europe?
Answer: composite video

Question: The Super NES had how many pins in its proprietary connector?
Answer: 12

Question: The re-released NES-101 model in North America went back to what perceived primitive output?
Answer: RF modulator

Question: The HVC-001 featured which kind of mod input?

Question: The HVC-101 lost the RF and adopted which input for use in North America and Europe?

Question:  The Super NES had how many pins in its non-proprietary connector?

Question: The re-released NES-101 model in South America went back to what perceived primitive output?
Nintendo_Entertainment_System

The NES dropped the hardwired controllers, instead featuring two custom 7-pin ports on the front of the console. Also in contrast to the Famicom, the controllers included with the NES were identical to each other—the second controller lacked the microphone that was present on the Famicom model and possessed the same START and SELECT buttons as the primary controller. Some NES localizations of games, such as The Legend of Zelda, which required the use of the Famicom microphone in order to kill certain enemies, suffered from the lack of hardware to do so.

Question: How many pins did the controller ports have on the NES?
Answer: 7

Question: Unlike the Famicom, the NES controllers possessed what consistent feature?
Answer: identical

Question: The second controller possessed the START and SELECT buttons as what other device?
Answer: primary controller

Question: What did the Legend of Zelda require in certain instances to kill enemies?
Answer: Famicom microphone

Question: How many pins did the controller ports have on the SNES?

Question: Unlike the Famicom, the SNES controllers possessed what consistent feature?

Question: The second controller possessed the ON and OFF buttons as what other device?

Question: What did the Legend of Link require in certain instances to kill enemies?
Nintendo_Entertainment_System

A thriving market of unlicensed NES hardware clones emerged during the climax of the console's popularity. Initially, such clones were popular in markets where Nintendo never issued a legitimate version of the console. In particular, the Dendy (Russian: Де́нди), an unlicensed hardware clone produced in Taiwan and sold in the former Soviet Union, emerged as the most popular video game console of its time in that setting and it enjoyed a degree of fame roughly equivalent to that experienced by the NES/Famicom in North America and Japan. A Famicom clone was marketed in Argentina under the name of "Family Game", resembling the original hardware design. The Micro Genius (Simplified Chinese: 小天才) was marketed in Southeast Asia as an alternative to the Famicom; Samurai was the popular PAL alternative to the NES; and in Central Europe, especially Poland, the Pegasus was available. Samurai was also available in India in early 90s which was the first instance of console gaming in India.

Question: What was the name of the NES clone produced in Taiwan?
Answer: Dendy

Question: Where was the Dendy sold?
Answer: Soviet Union

Question: Which country marketed a clone called "Family Game?"
Answer: Argentina

Question: What was the name of the clone in Poland?
Answer: Pegasus

Question: India's first gaming console was also a clone, called what?
Answer: Samurai

Question:  What was the name of the SNES clone produced in Taiwan?

Question: Where was the Nendy sold?

Question:  Which country marketed an anti-clone called "Family Game?"

Question: What was the name of the clone in France?

Question:  France's first gaming console was also a clone, called what?
Nintendo_Entertainment_System

The NES Test Station's front features a Game Pak slot and connectors for testing various components (AC adapter, RF switch, Audio/Video cable, NES Control Deck, accessories and games), with a centrally-located selector knob to chose which component to test. The unit itself weighs approximately 11.7 pounds without a TV. It connects to a television via a combined A/V and RF Switch cable. By actuating the green button, a user can toggle between an A/V Cable or RF Switch connection. The television it is connected to (typically 11" to 14") is meant to be placed atop it.

Question: How much does the NES unit weigh in pounds?
Answer: 11.7

Question: How large was the typical television recommended for the device?
Answer: typically 11" to 14"

Question: Where was the Television meant to be placed?
Answer: atop

Question: What's the name of the feature on the front of the front of the NES test device?
Answer: Game Pak slot

Question: How much does the SNES unit weigh in pounds?

Question:  How small was the typical television recommended for the device?

Question:  Where was the Dvd player meant to be placed?

Question: What's the name of the feature on the front of the front of the SNES test device?
Athanasius_of_Alexandria

Saint Athanasius of Alexandria (/ˌæθəˈneɪʃəs/; Greek: Ἀθανάσιος Ἀλεξανδρείας, Athanásios Alexandrías; c. 296–298 – 2 May 373), also called Athanasius the Great, Athanasius the Confessor or, primarily in the Coptic Orthodox Church, Athanasius the Apostolic, was the twentieth bishop of Alexandria (as Athanasius I). His episcopate lasted 45 years (c. 8 June 328 – 2 May 373), of which over 17 were spent in five exiles ordered by four different Roman emperors. Athanasius is a renowned Christian theologian, a Church Father, the chief defender of Trinitarianism against Arianism, and a noted Egyptian leader of the fourth century.

Question: Who was the twentieth bishop of Alexandria?
Answer: Saint Athanasius of Alexandria

Question: What was one nickname for Saint Athanasius of Alexandria?
Answer: Athanasius the Great

Question: For how many years was Saint Athanasius of Alexandria a bishop?
Answer: 45 years

Question: How many years was Saint Athanasius of Alexandria in exile?
Answer: 17

Question: When did Saint Athanasius die?
Answer: 2 May 373

Question: What name is Saint Athanasius also known as?
Answer: Athanasius the Great

Question: Of what city was he bishop?
Answer: Alexandria

Question: How long did his episcopate last?
Answer: 45 years

Question: What is another name that Saint Athanasius is know as?
Answer: Athanasius the Confessor

Question: How old was Saint Athanasius of Alexandria when he became known as the chief defender of Trinitarianism against Arianism?

Question: During what years was Saint Athanasius of Alexandria exiled?

Question: What city was Saint Athanasius of Alexandria exiled to?

Question: How many times has Saint Athanasius of Alexandria been to Egypt?

Question: What year was Saint Athanasius of Alexandria named Athanasius the Great?

Question: Who was the thirteenth bishop of Alexandria?

Question:  What was not a nickname for Saint Athanasius of Alexandria?

Question:  For how many years was Saint Athanasius of Alexandria a pope?

Question:  How many years was Saint Athanasius of Alexandria in freedom?

Question: Of what city was he not a bishop?
Athanasius_of_Alexandria

T. Gilmartin, (Professor of History, Maynooth, 1890), writes in Church History, Vol. 1, Ch XVII: On the death of Alexander, five months after the termination of the Council of Nice, Athanasius was unanimously elected to fill the vacant see. He was most unwilling to accept the dignity, for he clearly foresaw the difficulties in which it would involve him. The clergy and people were determined to have him as their bishop, Patriarch of Alexandria, and refused to accept any excuses. He at length consented to accept a responsibility that he sought in vain to escape, and was consecrated in 326, when he was about thirty years of age.

Question: In what year was Athanasius consecrated?
Answer: 326

Question: How old was Athanasius when he became the Patriarch of Alexandria?
Answer: about thirty years of age

Question: Did Athanasius want to be the Patriarch of Alexandria?
Answer: He was most unwilling to accept

Question: Did the people want Athanasius as their bishop?
Answer: people were determined to have him

Question: How long after the Council of Nice did Saint Athanasius die?
Answer: five months

Question: Was Saint Athanasius willing or unwilling to fill the vacancy?
Answer: unwilling

Question: In what year was he consecrated?
Answer: in 326

Question: How old was he when he was consecrated?
Answer: thirty years of age.

Question: In what year was Athanasius not consecrated?

Question: How old was Athanasius when he became the Pope of Alexandria?

Question:  Did Athanasius want to be the Saint of Alexandria?

Question:  How long after the Council of Nice was Saint Athanasius born?
Athanasius_of_Alexandria

Through the influence of the Eusebian faction at Constantinople, an Arian bishop, George of Cappadocia, was now appointed to rule the see of Alexandria. Athanasius, after remaining some days in the neighbourhood of the city, finally withdrew into the desert of Upper Egypt, where he remained for a period of six years, living the life of the monks, devoting himself to the composition of a group of writings; "Apology to Constantius", the "Apology for his Flight", the "Letter to the Monks", and the "History of the Arians".

Question: Where did Athanasius remain for 6 years while living as a monk?
Answer: Upper Egypt

Question: What is name of one of the compositions composed by Athanasius while he lived as a monk?
Answer: Letter to the Monks

Question: Who took over after Athanasius?
Answer: George of Cappadocia

Question: Who influenced George of Cappadocia to become the new ruler?
Answer: the Eusebian faction at Constantinople

Question: Who was appointed to rule the see of Alexandria?
Answer: George of Cappadocia

Question: To where did Saint Athanasius withdraw?
Answer: the desert of Upper Egypt

Question: How long did he spend in the desert?
Answer: six years

Question: What is one thing he wrote during this time?
Answer: Apology to Constantius

Question: Who influenced the appointment of George of Cappadocia?
Answer: the Eusebian faction at Constantinople

Question: Who wrote "Gratitude for his Flight"?

Question: Who wrote "Future of the Arians"?

Question: Who wrote "Gratitude to Constantius"?
Athanasius_of_Alexandria

The Arians no longer presented an unbroken front to their orthodox opponents. The Emperor Constantius, who had been the cause of so much trouble, died 4 November, 361 and was succeeded by Julian. The proclamation of the new prince's accession was the signal for a pagan outbreak against the still dominant Arian faction in Alexandria. George, the usurping Bishop, was flung into prison and murdered. An obscure presbyter of the name of Pistus was immediately chosen by the Arians to succeed him, when fresh news arrived that filled the orthodox party with hope. An edict had been put forth by Julian permitting the exiled bishops of the "Galileans" to return to their "towns and provinces". Athanasius received a summons from his own flock, and he accordingly re-entered his episcopal capitol on 22 February, 362.

Question: Who succeeded Emperor Constantius?
Answer: Julian

Question: Who succeeded George of Cappadocia?
Answer: Pistus

Question: In what year did Athanasius return to his episcopal capitol?
Answer: 362

Question: In what year did Emperor Constantius die?
Answer: 361

Question: How did George of Cappadocia die in prison?
Answer: murdered

Question: Were the Arians united in their oppostion?
Answer: The Arians no longer presented an unbroken front

Question: Who succeeded the Emperor Constantius?
Answer: Julian

Question: What happened to the usurping bishop, George?
Answer: flung into prison and murdered

Question: Who then succeeded George?
Answer: An obscure presbyter of the name of Pistus

Question: When did Athanasius re-enter the capitol?
Answer: 22 February, 362

Question:  Who preceded Emperor Constantius?

Question: Who preceded George of Cappadocia?

Question: In what year was Emperor Constantius born?

Question:  How did George of Cappadocia die outside of prison?
Athanasius_of_Alexandria

The accession of Valens gave a fresh lease of life to the Arian party. He issued a decree banishing the bishops who had been deposed by Constantius, but who had been permitted by Jovian to return to their sees. The news created the greatest consternation in the city of Alexandria itself, and the prefect, in order to prevent a serious outbreak, gave public assurance that the very special case of Athanasius would be laid before the emperor. But the saint seems to have divined what was preparing in secret against him. He quietly withdrew from Alexandria, 5 October, and took up his abode in a country house outside the city. Valens, who seems to have sincerely dreaded the possible consequences of another popular outbreak, within a few weeks issued orders allowing Athanasius to return to his episcopal see.

Question: What party benefited from the accession of Valens?
Answer: Arian

Question: Valens issued a decree banishing the bishops that were deposed by who?
Answer: Constantius

Question: What saint fled from Alexandria on 5 October to a country house outside Alexandria?
Answer: Athanasius

Question: Valens' banishment of Athanasius created the greatest consternation in what city?
Answer: Alexandria

Question: What did the decree of Valens do?
Answer: banishing the bishops who had been deposed by Constantius

Question: When the people in the city were concerned about Athanasius, what did the prefect do? 
Answer: case of Athanasius would be laid before the emperor

Question: What did  Athanasius do to protect himself?
Answer: withdrew from Alexandria, 5 October

Question: How did Valens get him to return?
Answer: issued orders allowing Athanasius to return to his episcopal see

Question:  What party didn't benefit from the accession of Valens?

Question: Valens didn't issue a decree banishing the bishops that were deposed by who?

Question: What happened on October 4?

Question: What did the decree of Valens not do?
Athanasius_of_Alexandria

His biography of Anthony the Great entitled Life of Antony(Βίος καὶ Πολιτεία Πατρὸς Ἀντωνίου, Vita Antonii) became his most widely-read work. Translated into several languages, it played an important role in the spreading of the ascetic ideal in Eastern and Western Christianity. Depicting Anthony as an illiterate and holy man who through his existence in a primordial landscape has an absolute connection to the divine truth, the biography also resembles the life of his biographer Athanasius. It later served as an inspiration to Christian monastics in both the East and the West. The so-called Athanasian Creed dates from well after Athanasius's death and draws upon the phraseology of Augustine's De trinitate.

Question: Who wrote the biography entitled Life of Antony?
Answer: Athanasius

Question: Life of Antony played an important role in the spreading of ascetic ideals in what religion?
Answer: Eastern and Western Christianity

Question: The biography, Life of Antony, also resembles of the life of who?
Answer: Athanasius

Question: The so-called Athanasian Creed draws upon the phraseology of what?
Answer: Augustine's De trinitate

Question: About whom did he write his most widely-read work?
Answer: Anthony the Great

Question: Why was this work considered to be important?
Answer: spreading of the ascetic ideal in Eastern and Western Christianity

Question: How did he depict Anthony?
Answer: illiterate and holy

Question: Whose life did Anthony's resemble?
Answer: Athanasius

Question: What does the Athanasian Creed draw upon?
Answer: Augustine's De trinitate

Question: Who wrote the autobiography entitled Life of Antony?

Question: Life of Antony played an unimportant role in the spreading of ascetic ideals in what religion?

Question:  The biography, Life of Antony, also resembles of the life of what religion?

Question:  About whom did he write his least widely-read work?
Athanasius_of_Alexandria

Conflict with Arius and Arianism as well as successive Roman emperors shaped Athanasius's career. In 325, at the age of 27, Athanasius began his leading role against the Arians as his bishop's assistant during the First Council of Nicaea. Roman emperor Constantine the Great had convened the council in May–August 325 to address the Arian position that the Son of God, Jesus of Nazareth, is of a distinct substance from the Father. Three years after that council, Athanasius succeeded his mentor as archbishop of Alexandria. In addition to the conflict with the Arians (including powerful and influential Arian churchmen led by Eusebius of Nicomedia), he struggled against the Emperors Constantine, Constantius II, Julian the Apostate and Valens. He was known as "Athanasius Contra Mundum" (Latin for Athanasius Against the World).

Question: Athanasius began his leading role at what age?
Answer: 27

Question: In what year was the First Council of Nicaea?
Answer: 325

Question: Athanasius was also known as what?
Answer: Athanasius Contra Mundum

Question: How many years after the First Council of Nicaea did Athanasius become archbishop?
Answer: Three years

Question: Who is one emporer Athanasius struggled against?
Answer: Constantine

Question: What conflict shaped his career?
Answer: Conflict with Arius and Arianism

Question: Why was the First Council of Nicaea convened?
Answer: Jesus of Nazareth, is of a distinct substance from the Father

Question: Because of his conflicts with the emperors, how was he known?
Answer: Athanasius Against the World

Question: Whose position was it that Jesus was the Son of God?
Answer: the Arian position

Question: What year did Athanasius become a Roman emperor?

Question: What year did Constantine meet Athanasius?

Question: How old was Constantine when he was crowned emperor?

Question: In what year did the First Council of Nicaea end?

Question: How many years did the First Council of Nicaea last?

Question: Athanasius ended his leading role at what age?

Question:  In what year was the last Council of Nicaea?

Question:  Athanasius was never known as what?

Question: How many years after the First Council of Nicaea did Athanasius become pope?

Question:  What peaceful protest shaped his career?
Athanasius_of_Alexandria

Rufinus relates a story that as Bishop Alexander stood by a window, he watched boys playing on the seashore below, imitating the ritual of Christian baptism. He sent for the children and discovered that one of the boys (Athanasius) had acted as bishop. After questioning Athanasius, Bishop Alexander informed him that the baptisms were genuine, as both the form and matter of the sacrament had been performed through the recitation of the correct words and the administration of water, and that he must not continue to do this as those baptized had not been properly catechized. He invited Athanasius and his playfellows to prepare for clerical careers.

Question: As a child, Athanasius imitated what ritual?
Answer: ritual of Christian baptism

Question: Were the pretend baptisms real?
Answer: the baptisms were genuine

Question: Why was Athanasius instructed to stop pretend baptising?
Answer: not been properly catechized

Question: What work did the Bishop suggest for Athanasius?
Answer: clerical careers

Question: When Rufinus stood by a window what did he witness?

Question: Who did Bishop Alexander baptize?

Question: Who told Rufinus that the baptisms were genuine?

Question: What was Rufinus' career?

Question: As an adult, Athanasius imitated what ritual?

Question:  Why was Athanasius ordered to continue baptising?

Question:  What school did the Bishop suggest for Athanasius?
Athanasius_of_Alexandria

Athanasius recounts being a student, as well as being educated by the Martyrs of the Great (tenth) and last persecution of Christianity by pagan Rome.[citation needed] This persecution was most severe in the East, particularly in Egypt and Palestine. Peter of Alexandria, the 17th archbishop of Alexandria, was martyred in 311 in the closing days of that persecution, and may have been one of those teachers. His successor as bishop of Alexandria, Alexander of Alexandria (312–328) was an Origenist as well as a documented mentor of Athanasius. According to Sozomen, Bishop Alexander "invited Athanasius to be his commensal and secretary. He had been well educated, and was versed in grammar and rhetoric, and had already, while still a young man, and before reaching the episcopate, given proof to those who dwelt with him of his wisdom and acumen". Athanasius's earliest work, Against the Heathen – On the Incarnation (written before 319), bears traces of Origenist Alexandrian thought (such as repeatedly quoting Plato and used a definition from Aristotle's Organon) but in an orthodox way. Athanasius was also familiar with the theories of various philosophical schools, and in particular with the developments of Neo-Platonism. Ultimately, Athanasius would modify the philosophical thought of the School of Alexandria away from the Origenist principles such as the "entirely allegorical interpretation of the text". Still, in later works, Athanasius quotes Homer more than once (Hist. Ar. 68, Orat. iv. 29). In his letter to Emperor Constantius, he presents a defense of himself bearing unmistakable traces of a study of Demosthenes de Corona.

Question: Where was persecution of Christianity the worst?
Answer: in the East

Question: In what year was Peter of Alexandria martyred?
Answer: in 311

Question: Who could have been one of Athanasius's teachers?
Answer: Peter of Alexandria

Question: What suggests that Athanasius was familiar with ancient Greek philosophers?
Answer: quoting Plato

Question: What famous Greek author did Athanasius  quote?
Answer: Homer

Question: Where was Athanasius martyred?

Question: When was Homer martyred?

Question: When did Athanasius meet Plato?

Question: When did Athanasius attend the School of Alexandria?

Question: Where was persecution of Christianity the best?

Question:  In what year was Peter of Alexandria born?

Question: Who could have been one of Athanasius's students?

Question:  What suggests that Athanasius was unfamiliar with ancient Greek philosophers?

Question:  What famous Italian author did Athanasius quote?
Athanasius_of_Alexandria

In about 319, when Athanasius was a deacon, a presbyter named Arius came into a direct conflict with Alexander of Alexandria. It appears that Arius reproached Alexander for what he felt were misguided or heretical teachings being taught by the bishop. Arius's theological views appear to have been firmly rooted in Alexandrian Christianity, and his Christological views were certainly not radical at all. He embraced a subordinationist Christology which taught that Christ was the divine Son (Logos) of God, made, not begotten, heavily influenced by Alexandrian thinkers like Origen, and which was a common Christological view in Alexandria at the time. Support for Arius from powerful bishops like Eusebius of Caesarea and Eusebius of Nicomedia, further illustrate how Arius's subordinationist Christology was shared by other Christians in the Empire. Arius was subsequently excommunicated by Alexander, and he would begin to elicit the support of many bishops who agreed with his position.

Question: What made Arius's belief about Jesus different from Alexander's?
Answer: Son (Logos) of God, made, not begotten

Question: Was this differing view common among Christians of the day?
Answer: common Christological view

Question: What other leaders believed this?
Answer: powerful bishops

Question: What eventually happened to Arius?
Answer: excommunicated by Alexander

Question: When did Athanasius become a deacon?

Question: When did Arius become a deacon?

Question: Where was Arius born?

Question: When did Athanasius become a bishop?

Question: Where did Origen meet Athanasius?

Question: What made Arius's belief about Jesus the same from Alexander's?

Question:  What other leaders did not believe this?

Question: Who was communicated by Alexander?
Athanasius_of_Alexandria

Athanasius's episcopate began on 9 May 328 as the Alexandrian Council elected Athanasius to succeed the aged Alexander. That council also denounced various heresies and schisms, many of which continued to preoccupy his 45-year-long episcopate (c. 8 June 328 – 2 May 373). Patriarch Athanasius spent over 17 years in five exiles ordered by four different Roman Emperors, not counting approximately six more incidents in which Athanasius fled Alexandria to escape people seeking to take his life. This gave rise to the expression "Athanasius contra mundum" or "Athanasius against the world". However, during his first years as bishop, Athanasius visited the churches of his territory, which at that time included all of Egypt and Libya. He established contacts with the hermits and monks of the desert, including Pachomius, which proved very valuable to him over the years. Shortly thereafter, Athanasius became occupied with the theological disputes against Arians within the Byzantine Empire that would occupy much of his life.

Question: Who did Athanasius succeed?
Answer: Alexander

Question: How many exiles did he endure?
Answer: five exiles

Question: The churches of what countries were in his territory?
Answer: Egypt and Libya

Question: Was he united with the Arians in his beliefs?
Answer: disputes against Arians

Question: Who did Athanasius proceed?

Question:  How many exiles did he evade?

Question:  The churches of what countries were in not his territory?

Question: Who did he agree with in his beliefs?
Athanasius_of_Alexandria

Pope Julius had died in April, 352, and was succeeded by Liberius. For two years Liberius had been favourable to the cause of Athanasius; but driven at last into exile, he was induced to sign an ambiguous formula, from which the great Nicene text, the "homoousion", had been studiously omitted. In 355 a council was held at Milan, where in spite of the vigorous opposition of a handful of loyal prelates among the Western bishops, a fourth condemnation of Athanasius was announced to the world. With his friends scattered, the saintly Hosius in exile, and Pope Liberius denounced as acquiescing in Arian formularies, Athanasius could hardly hope to escape. On the night of 8 February, 356, while engaged in services in the Church of St. Thomas, a band of armed men burst in to secure his arrest. It was the beginning of his third exile.

Question: In what year did Pope Julius die?
Answer: 352

Question: Did Liberius sympathize with Athanasius?
Answer: Liberius had been favourable

Question: What was the outcome of the Council of Milan?
Answer: a fourth condemnation of Athanasius

Question: What was  Athanasius doing when he was arrested?
Answer: engaged in services

Question: Where the men armed who arrested him?
Answer: armed men

Question: In what year was Pope Julius born?

Question: What wasn't the outcome of the Council of Milan?

Question: Who was arrested by unarmed men?

Question: What happened in 368?
Athanasius_of_Alexandria

Constantius, renewing his previous policies favoring the Arians, banished Athanasius from Alexandria once again. This was followed, in 356, by an attempt to arrest Athanasius during a vigil service. Athanasius fled to Upper Egypt, where he stayed in several monasteries and other houses. During this period, Athanasius completed his work Four Orations against the Arians and defended his own recent conduct in the Apology to Constantius and Apology for His Flight. Constantius's persistence in his opposition to Athanasius, combined with reports Athanasius received about the persecution of non-Arians by the new Arian bishop George of Laodicea, prompted Athanasius to write his more emotional History of the Arians, in which he described Constantius as a precursor of the Antichrist.

Question: Who had a policy of condemning Athanasius?
Answer: the Arians

Question: What was Athanasius doing the next time an arrest was attempted?
Answer: a vigil service

Question: Where did Athanasius flee to after this attempt?
Answer: Upper Egypt

Question: What did he write during this time?
Answer: Four Orations against the Arians

Question: In which work did he refer to Constantius as a precursor of the Antichrist?
Answer: History of the Arians

Question:  Who had a policy of agreeing with Athanasius?

Question: What was Athanasius doing the first time an arrest was attempted?

Question:  Where did Athanasius flee to before this attempt?

Question:  What did he paint during this time?
Athanasius_of_Alexandria

T. Gilmartin, (Professor of History, Maynooth, 1890), writes in Church History, Vol. 1, Ch XVII: The Arians sought the approval of an Ecumenical Council. They sought to hold two councils. Constantius, summoned the bishops of the East to meet at Seleucia in Isauria, and those of the West to Rimini in Italy. A preliminary conference was held by the Arians at Sirmium, to agree a formula of faith. A "Homoeon" creed was adopted, declaring The Son to be "like the Father". The two met in autumn of 359. At Seleucia, one hundred and fifty bishops, of which one hundred and five were semi-Arian. The semi-Arians refused to accept anything less than the "Homoiousion", (see: Homoiousian), formulary of faith. The Imperial Prefect was obliged to disband, without agreeing on any creed. Acacius, the leader of the "Homoean" party went to Constantinople, where the Sirmian formulary of faith was approved by the "Home Synod", (consisted of those bishops who happened to be present at the Court for the time), and a decree of deposition issued against the leaders of the semi-Arians. At Rimini were over four hundred of which eighty were Arian, the rest were orthodox. The orthodox fathers refused to accept any creed but the Nicene, while the others were equally in favour of the Sirmian. Each party sent a deputation to the Emperor to say there was no probability to agreement, and asked for the bishops to return to their dioceses. For the purpose of wearing-down the orthodox bishops; (Sulpitius Severius says), Constantius delayed his answer for several months, and finally prevailed on them to accept the Sirmian creed. It was after this Council that Jerome said: " ...the whole world groaned in astonishment to find itself Arian."

Question: Where did bishops of the West meet?
Answer: Rimini in Italy

Question: What did the Arians agree upon at Sirmium?
Answer: a formula of faith

Question: What was the belief that was approved at this council?
Answer: The Son to be "like the Father"

Question: What did the orthodox leaders believe?
Answer: the Nicene

Question: What belief was accepted by Constantius?
Answer: Arian

Question:  Where did bishops of the East meet?

Question: What did the Arians disagree upon at Sirmium?

Question:  What was the belief that was disproved at this council?

Question:  What did the orthodox leaders not believe?

Question:  What belief was not accepted by Constantius?
Athanasius_of_Alexandria

With characteristic energy he set to work to re-establish the somewhat shattered fortunes of the orthodox party and to purge the theological atmosphere of uncertainty. To clear up the misunderstandings that had arisen in the course of the previous years, an attempt was made to determine still further the significance of the Nicene formularies. In the meanwhile, Julian, who seems to have become suddenly jealous of the influence that Athanasius was exercising at Alexandria, addressed an order to Ecdicius, the Prefect of Egypt, peremptorily commanding the expulsion of the restored primate, on the ground that he had never been included in the imperial act of clemency. The edict was communicated to the bishop by Pythicodorus Trico, who, though described in the "Chronicon Athanasianum" (XXXV) as a "philosopher", seems to have behaved with brutal insolence. On 23 October the people gathered about the proscribed bishop to protest against the emperor's decree; but Athanasius urged them to submit, consoling them with the promise that his absence would be of short duration.

Question: Who was jealous of Athanasius's influence?
Answer: Julian

Question: What position did Ecdicius hold?
Answer: Prefect of Egypt

Question: What did Julian try to do to Athanasius?
Answer: expulsion

Question: Did Athanasius tell the people to protest?
Answer: urged them to submit

Question: Did he think he would be gone a long time?
Answer: short duration

Question: Who wasn't jealous of Athanasius's influence?

Question:  What position did Ecdicius reject?

Question: What did Athanasius not tell the people?
Athanasius_of_Alexandria

Athanasius also wrote a two-part Against the Heathen and The Incarnation of the Word of God. Completed probably early in his life, before the Arian controversy, they constitute the first classic work of developed Orthodox theology. In the first part, Athanasius attacks several pagan practices and beliefs. The second part presents teachings on the redemption. Also in these books, Athanasius put forward the belief that the Son of God, the eternal Word through whom God created the world, entered that world in human form to lead men back into the harmony from which they had earlier fallen away.

Question: When did he write his first works on Orthodox Christianity?
Answer: before the Arian controversy

Question: Which of the two first works addresses pagan practices?
Answer: Against the Heathen

Question: How did he believe Jesus came into the world?
Answer: in human form

Question: Which of his works addresses redemption and the Son of God?
Answer: Incarnation of the Word of God

Question:  When did he write his last works on Orthodox Christianity?

Question:  Which of the last works addresses pagan practices?

Question:  How did he not believe Jesus came into the world?

Question:  Which of his works did not address redemption and the Son of God?
Athanasius_of_Alexandria

In the light of Mother F. A. Forbes research and reference to Pope Saint Gregory's writings, it would appear that Athanasius was constrained to be Bishop: She writes that when the Patriarch Alexander was on his death-bed he called Athanasius, who fled fearing he would be constrained to be made Bishop. "When the Bishops of the Church assembled to elect their new Patriarch, the whole Catholic population surrounded the church, holding up their hands to Heaven and crying; "Give us Athanasius!" The Bishops had nothing better. Athanasius was thus elected, as Gregory tells us..." (Pope Gregory I, would have full access to the Vatican Archives).

Question: What did he do when he thought he might be made Bishop?
Answer: fled

Question: Who did the Catholics of Alexandria want as their Bishop?
Answer: "Give us Athanasius!"

Question: Was there someone else that was preferred as Bishop?
Answer: The Bishops had nothing better

Question: When did Alexander ask to see Athanasius? 
Answer: on his death-bed

Question:  What did he do when he thought he might be fired from being Bishop?

Question:  Who didn't the Catholics of Alexandria want as their Bishop?

Question:  When did Athanasius ask to see Alexander?