Divyanshu67/squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
Crimean_War

The Baltic was[when?] a forgotten theatre of the Crimean War. Popularisation of events elsewhere overshadowed the significance of this theatre, which was close to Saint Petersburg, the Russian capital. In April 1854 an Anglo-French fleet entered the Baltic to attack the Russian naval base of Kronstadt and the Russian fleet stationed there. In August 1854 the combined British and French fleet returned to Kronstadt for another attempt. The outnumbered Russian Baltic Fleet confined its movements to the areas around its fortifications. At the same time, the British and French commanders Sir Charles Napier and Alexandre Ferdinand Parseval-Deschenes—although they led the largest fleet assembled since the Napoleonic Wars—considered the Sveaborg fortress too well-defended to engage. Thus, shelling of the Russian batteries was limited to two attempts in the summers of 1854 and 1855, and initially, the attacking fleets limited their actions to blockading Russian trade in the Gulf of Finland. Naval attacks on other ports, such as the ones in the island of Hogland in the Gulf of Finland, proved more successful. Additionally, allies conducted raids on less fortified sections of the Finnish coast. These battles are known in Finland as the Åland war.

Question: What is the Russian capital?
Answer: Saint Petersburg

Question: Which theater was next to Saint Petersburg?
Answer: The Baltic

Question: Which fleet joined the Baltic attack?
Answer: Anglo-French fleet

Question: When did the Anglo-French fleet join the Baltic attack?
Answer: April 1854

Question: Which two fleets returned to Kronstadt?
Answer: British and French fleet
Crimean_War

In August 1855 a Franco-British naval force captured and destroyed the Russian Bomarsund fortress on Åland Islands. In the same month, the Western Allied Baltic Fleet tried to destroy heavily defended Russian dockyards at Sveaborg outside Helsinki. More than 1000 enemy guns tested the strength of the fortress for two days. Despite the shelling, the sailors of the 120-gun ship Rossiya, led by Captain Viktor Poplonsky, defended the entrance to the harbor. The Allies fired over 20,000 shells but failed to defeat the Russian batteries. A massive new fleet of more than 350 gunboats and mortar vessels was prepared[by whom?], but before the attack was launched, the war ended.

Question: When did the French and British capture the Russian Bomarsund fortress?
Answer: August 1855

Question: Where was the Russian Bomarsund fortress at?
Answer: Åland Islands

Question: Who led the ship Rossiya?
Answer: Captain Viktor Poplonsky

Question: What was captain Viktor Poplonsky defending? 
Answer: entrance to the harbor
Crimean_War

Part of the Russian resistance was credited[by whom?] to the deployment of newly invented blockade mines. Perhaps the most influential contributor to the development of naval mining was a Swede resident in Russia, the inventor and civil engineer Immanuel Nobel (the father of Alfred Nobel). Immanuel Nobel helped the Russian war effort by applying his knowledge of industrial explosives, such as nitroglycerin and gunpowder. One account dates modern naval mining from the Crimean War: "Torpedo mines, if I may use this name given by Fulton to self-acting mines underwater, were among the novelties attempted by the Russians in their defences about Cronstadt and Sevastopol", as one American officer put it in 1860.

Question: What greatly benefited the Russian resistance?
Answer: newly invented blockade mines

Question: Who contributed the most to developing naval mining?
Answer: Immanuel Nobel

Question: Immanuel Noble had expensive knowledge in what field?
Answer: industrial explosives

Question: Who named the torpedo mines?
Answer: Fulton

Question: What was Immanuel Nobel son's name?
Answer: Alfred Nobel
Crimean_War

Minor naval skirmishes also occurred in the Far East, where at Petropavlovsk on the Kamchatka Peninsula a British and French Allied squadron including HMS Pique under Rear Admiral David Price and a French force under Counter-Admiral Auguste Febvrier Despointes besieged a smaller Russian force under Rear Admiral Yevfimy Putyatin. In September 1854, an Allied landing force was beaten back with heavy casualties, and the Allies withdrew. The Russians escaped under the cover of snow in early 1855 after Allied reinforcements arrived in the region.

Question: Who was in charge of the HMS Pique?
Answer: Rear Admiral David Price

Question: The Russians escaped under the cover of what in 1855?
Answer: snow

Question: Petropavlovsk is located on what peninsula?
Answer: the Kamchatka Peninsula
Crimean_War

Camillo di Cavour, under orders of Victor Emmanuel II of Piedmont-Sardinia, sent an expeditionary corps of 15,000 soldiers, commanded by General Alfonso La Marmora, to side with French and British forces during the war.:111–12 This was an attempt at gaining the favour of the French, especially when the issue of uniting Italy would become an important matter. The deployment of Italian troops to the Crimea, and the gallantry shown by them in the Battle of the Chernaya (16 August 1855) and in the siege of Sevastopol, allowed the Kingdom of Sardinia to be among the participants at the peace conference at the end of the war, where it could address the issue of the Risorgimento to other European powers.

Question: Who gave Camillo di Cavour the orders to send soldiers to aid the French and British forces?
Answer: Victor Emmanuel II

Question: Camillo di Cavour sent how many troops to aid the French and British forces?
Answer: 15,000

Question: Who commanded the soldiers sent by Camillo di Cavour?
Answer: General Alfonso La Marmora

Question: The Battle of the Chernaya took place in what year?
Answer: 1855

Question: Where was Victor Emmanuel II from?
Answer: Piedmont-Sardinia
Crimean_War

Greece played a peripheral role in the war. When Russia attacked the Ottoman Empire in 1853, King Otto of Greece saw an opportunity to expand North and South into Ottoman areas that had large Greek Christian majorities. However, Greece did not coordinate its plans with Russia, did not declare war, and received no outside military or financial support. Greece, an Orthodox nation, had considerable support in Russia, but the Russian government decided it was too dangerous to help Greece expand its holdings.:32–40 When the Russians invaded the Principalities, the Ottoman forces were tied down so Greece invaded Thessaly and Epirus. To block further Greek moves, the British and French occupied the main Greek port at Piraeus from April 1854 to February 1857, and effectively neutralized the Greek army. Greeks, gambling on a Russian victory, incited the large-scale Epirus Revolt of 1854 as well as uprisings in Crete. The insurrections were failures that were easily crushed by the Ottoman army. Greece was not invited to the peace conference and made no gains out of the war.:139 The frustrated Greek leadership blamed the King for failing to take advantage of the situation; his popularity plunged and he was later forced to abdicate.

Question: When Russia attacked the Ottoman Empire who glimpsed an opportunity to advance North and South?
Answer: King Otto of Greece

Question: When the Ottoman forces were busy, who did Greece invade?
Answer: Thessaly and Epirus

Question: From April 1854 to February 1857, what port did the British and French lock down?
Answer: Greek port at Piraeus

Question: In what year did the Epirus Revolt take place?
Answer: 1854

Question: Who stirred up the Epirus Revolt of 1854?
Answer: Greeks
Crimean_War

Dissatisfaction with the conduct of the war was growing with the public in the UK and in other countries, aggravated by reports of fiascos, especially the humiliating defeat of the Charge of the Light Brigade at the Battle of Balaclava. On Sunday, 21 January 1855, a "snowball riot" occurred in Trafalgar Square near St. Martin-in-the-Field in which 1,500 people gathered to protest against the war by pelting buses, cabs, and pedestrians with snow balls. When the police intervened, the snowballs were directed at them. The riot was finally put down by troops and police acting with truncheons. In Parliament, Tories demanded an accounting of all soldiers, cavalry and sailors sent to the Crimea and accurate figures as to the number of casualties that had been sustained by all British armed forces in the Crimea; they were especially concerned with the Battle of Balaclava. When Parliament passed a bill to investigate by the vote of 305 to 148, Aberdeen said he had lost a vote of no confidence and resigned as prime minister on 30 January 1855. The veteran former Foreign Secretary Lord Palmerston became prime minister. Palmerston took a hard line; he wanted to expand the war, foment unrest inside the Russian Empire, and permanently reduce the Russian threat to Europe. Sweden and Prussia were willing to join the UK and France, and Russia was isolated.:400–402, 406–408

Question: On January 21 1855, where did people protest the war?
Answer: Trafalgar Square

Question: How did troops stop the riot?
Answer: with truncheons

Question: What were the people using during the protest?
Answer: snowballs

Question: Who resigned as Prime Minister on January 30, 1855?
Answer: Aberdeen

Question: What position did Lord Palmerston previously hold before becoming a Prime Minister?
Answer: Foreign Secretary
Crimean_War

Peace negotiations at the Congress of Paris resulted in the signing of the Treaty of Paris on 30 March 1856. In compliance with article III, Russia restored to the Ottoman Empire the city and citadel of Kars in common with "all other parts of the Ottoman territory of which the Russian troop were in possession". Russia ceded some land in Bessarabia at the mouth of the Danube to Moldavia. By article IV The United Kingdom, France, Sardinia and Turkey restored to Russia "the towns and ports of Sevastopol, Balaklava, Kamish, Eupatoria, Kerch, Jenikale, Kinburn, as well as all other territories occupied by the allied troops". In conformity with article XI and XIII, the Tsar and the Sultan agreed not to establish any naval or military arsenal on the Black Sea coast. The Black Sea clauses weakened Russia, and it no longer posed a naval threat to the Ottomans. The principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia were nominally returned to the Ottoman Empire; in practice they became independent. The Great Powers pledged to respect the independence and territorial integrity of the Ottoman Empire.:432–33

Question: Where was the Treaty of Paris signed?
Answer: the Congress of Paris

Question: What year was the Treaty of Paris signed?
Answer: 1856

Question: Who agreed to not have any military arsenal on the Black Sea coast?
Answer: the Tsar and the Sultan

Question: Who were the principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia later return to?
Answer: the Ottoman Empire

Question: Who returned towns and seaports to Russia?
Answer: The United Kingdom, France, Sardinia and Turkey
Crimean_War

The Treaty of Paris stood until 1871, when France was defeated by Prussia in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–1871. While Prussia and several other German states united to form a powerful German Empire, the Emperor of the French, Napoleon III, was deposed to permit the formation of a Third French Republic. During his reign, Napoleon III, eager for the support of the United Kingdom, had opposed Russia over the Eastern Question. Russian interference in the Ottoman Empire, however, did not in any significant manner threaten the interests of France. Thus, France abandoned its opposition to Russia after the establishment of a republic. Encouraged by the decision of the French, and supported by the German minister Otto von Bismarck, Russia renounced the Black Sea clauses of the treaty agreed to in 1856. As the United Kingdom alone could not enforce the clauses, Russia once again established a fleet in the Black Sea.

Question: What year did the Treaty of Paris fall?
Answer: 1871

Question: In what war was France defeated by Prussia?
Answer: Franco-Prussian War

Question: Between what years did the  Franco-Prussian War take place?
Answer: 1870–1871

Question: Napoleon III was removed to form what?
Answer: a Third French Republic

Question: Who renounced the Black Sea clause?
Answer: Russia
Crimean_War

Although it was Russia that was punished by the Paris Treaty, in the long run it was Austria that lost the most from the Crimean War despite having barely taken part in it.:433 Having abandoned its alliance with Russia, Austria was diplomatically isolated following the war,:433 which contributed to its disastrous defeats in the 1859 Franco-Austrian War that resulted in the cession of Lombardy to the Kingdom of Sardinia, and later in the loss of the Habsburg rule of Tuscany and Modena, which meant the end of Austrian influence in Italy. Furthermore, Russia did not do anything to assist its former ally, Austria, in the 1866 Austro-Prussian War:433 with its loss of Venetia and more important than that, its influence in most German-speaking lands. The status of Austria as a great power, with the unifications of Germany and Italy was now severely questioned. It had to compromise with Hungary, the two countries shared the Danubian Empire and Austria slowly became a little more than a German satellite. With France now hostile to Germany, allied with Russia, and Russia competing with the newly renamed Austro-Hungarian Empire for an increased role in the Balkans at the expense of the Ottoman Empire, the foundations were in place for creating the diplomatic alliances that would lead to World War I.

Question: Who lost the most due to the Crimean War?
Answer: Austria

Question: Russia failed to help Austria during what war that took place in 1866?
Answer: Austro-Prussian War

Question: Who became diplomatically isolated after the war?
Answer: Kingdom of Sardinia
Crimean_War

The Crimean War marked the ascendancy of France to the position of pre-eminent power on the Continent,:411 the continued decline of the Ottoman Empire, and the beginning of a decline for Tsarist Russia. As Fuller notes, "Russia had been beaten on the Crimean peninsula, and the military feared that it would inevitably be beaten again unless steps were taken to surmount its military weakness." The Crimean War marks the demise of the Concert of Europe, the balance of power that had dominated Europe since the Congress of Vienna in 1815, and which had included France, Russia, Austria and the United Kingdom.

Question: France rose to power after what war?
Answer: The Crimean War

Question: What empire declined after the Crimean War?
Answer: the Ottoman Empire

Question: The Crimean war marked the end of what dominant European power?
Answer: Concert of Europe
Crimean_War

This view of 'diplomatic drift' as the cause of the war was first popularised by A. W, Kinglake, who portrayed the British as victims of newspaper sensationalism and duplicitous French and Ottoman diplomacy. More recently, the historians Andrew Lambert and Winfried Baumgart have argued that, first, Britain was following a geopolitical strategy in aiming to destroy a fledgling Russian Navy which might challenge the Royal Navy for control of the seas, and second that the war was a joint European response to a century of Russian expansion not just southwards but also into western Europe.

Question: Who made the view of diplomatic drift popular?
Answer: A. W, Kinglake

Question: What did A.W Kinglake make the British out to be?
Answer: as victims

Question: Who believed Britain was following a strategy when trying to destroy Russian Navy?
Answer: Andrew Lambert and Winfried Baumgart
Crimean_War

Russia feared losing Russian America without compensation in some future conflict, especially to the British. While Alaska attracted little interest at the time, the population of nearby British Columbia started to increase rapidly a few years after hostilities ended. Therefore, the Russian emperor, Alexander II, decided to sell Alaska. In 1859 the Russians offered to sell the territory to the United States, hoping that its presence in the region would offset the plans of Russia's greatest regional rival, the United Kingdom.

Question: What did the Russians fear losing without compensation?
Answer: British Columbia

Question: What province became more popular and saw a increase in population after the war?
Answer: British Columbia

Question: Who made the call to sell Alaska?
Answer: Alexander II

Question: Who did the Russians offer to sell Alaska to?
Answer: the United States

Question: Who is Russia's largest regional rival?
Answer: the United Kingdom
Crimean_War

Notable documentation of the war was provided by William Howard Russell (writing for The Times newspaper) and the photographs of Roger Fenton.:306–309 News from war correspondents reached all nations involved in the war and kept the public citizenry of those nations better informed of the day-to-day events of the war than had been the case in any other war to that date. The British public was very well informed regarding the day-to-day realities of the war in the Crimea. After the French extended the telegraph to the coast of the Black Sea during the winter of 1854, the news reached London in two days. When the British laid an underwater cable to the Crimean peninsula in April 1855, news reached London in a few hours. The daily news reports energised public opinion, which brought down the Aberdeen government and carried Lord Palmerston into office as prime minister.:304–11

Question: Who provided notable documentation of the war?
Answer: William Howard Russell

Question:  William Howard Russell wrote for what newspaper at the time?
Answer: The Times

Question: Who's photographs accompanied William Howard Russell documentation?
Answer: Roger Fenton

Question: Who extended the telegraph to the coast of the Black Sea?
Answer: the French

Question: After the telegraph was extended to the coast of the Black Sea, how long did it take news of the war to reach London?
Answer: two days
Crimean_War

As the memory of the "Charge of the Light Brigade" demonstrates, the war became an iconic symbol of logistical, medical and tactical failures and mismanagement. Public opinion in the UK was outraged at the logistical and command failures of the war; the newspapers demanded drastic reforms, and parliamentary investigations demonstrated the multiple failures of the Army. However, the reform campaign was not well organized, and the traditional aristocratic leadership of the Army pulled itself together, and blocked all serious reforms. No one was punished. The outbreak of the Indian Revolution in 1857 shifted attention to the heroic defense of British interest by the army, and further talk of reform went nowhere. The demand for professionalization was, however, achieved by Florence Nightingale, who gained worldwide attention for pioneering and publicizing modern nursing while treating the wounded.:469–71

Question: Who demanded drastic reforms after the war?
Answer: the newspapers

Question: The outbreak of the Indian Revolution took place in what year?
Answer: 1857

Question: What poem demonstrates that the war became a symbol of failures?
Answer: Charge of the Light Brigade
Crimean_War

The Crimean War also saw the first tactical use of railways and other modern inventions, such as the electric telegraph, with the first "live" war reporting to The Times by William Howard Russell. Some credit Russell with prompting the resignation of the sitting British government through his reporting of the lacklustre condition of British forces deployed in Crimea. Additionally, the telegraph reduced the independence of British overseas possessions from their commanders in London due to such rapid communications. Newspaper readership informed public opinion in the United Kingdom and France as never before. It was the first European war to be photographed.

Question: The tactical use of railways was first used during what war?
Answer: The Crimean War

Question: Who gave the first live war report?
Answer: William Howard Russell

Question: Due to his reporting skills, some give Russell credit for doing what?
Answer: prompting the resignation of the sitting British government

Question: What reduced the independence of British overseas possessions from their commanders in London?
Answer: the telegraph

Question: What was the first European war to be photographed?
Answer: The Crimean War
Nonprofit_organization

A nonprofit organization (NPO, also known as a non-business entity) is an organization whose purposes are other than making a profit. A nonprofit organization is often dedicated to furthering a particular social cause or advocating for a particular point of view. In economic terms, a nonprofit organization uses its surplus revenues to further achieve its purpose or mission, rather than distributing its surplus income to the organization's shareholders (or equivalents) as profit or dividends. This is known as the distribution constraint. The decision to adopt a nonprofit legal structure is one that will often have taxation implications, particularly where the nonprofit seeks income tax exemption, charitable status and so on.

Question: What is the definition of a non-profit organization?
Answer: purposes are other than making a profit

Question: What is an NPO also known as?
Answer: non-business entity

Question: What is the purpose of an NPO?
Answer: furthering a particular social cause or advocating for a particular point of view

Question: What does a non-profit do with the money it takes in, instead of using it for a profit?
Answer: further achieve its purpose or mission, rather than distributing its surplus income to the organization's shareholders (or equivalents) as profit

Question: What is it called when a non-profit uses it's money as it should?
Answer: distribution constraint

Question: What is the purpose of the organization's shareholders?

Question: What does a group of shareholders do with surplus income?

Question: What is the constraint on how shareholders distribute funds called?

Question: What is a nonprofit legal structure also known as?

Question: What does charitable status mean you are dedicated to?
Nonprofit_organization

The nonprofit landscape is highly varied, although many people have come to associate NPOs with charitable organizations. Although charities do comprise an often high profile or visible aspect of the sector, there are many other types of nonprofits. Overall, they tend to be either member-serving or community-serving. Member-serving organizations include mutual societies, cooperatives, trade unions, credit unions, industry associations, sports clubs, retired serviceman's clubs and peak bodies – organizations that benefit a particular group of people i.e. the members of the organization. Typically, community-serving organizations are focused on providing services to the community in general, either globally or locally: organizations delivering human services programs or projects, aid and development programs, medical research, education and health services, and so on. It could be argued many nonprofits sit across both camps, at least in terms of the impact they make. For example, the grassroots support group that provides a lifeline to those with a particular condition or disease could be deemed to be serving both its members (by directly supporting them) and the broader community (through the provision of a helping service for fellow citizens).

Question: What types of organizations are NPOs usually associated with?
Answer: charitable

Question: Who does an NPO usually serve?
Answer: member-serving or community-serving

Question: What do NPOs that center around community usually focus on?
Answer: providing services to the community in general, either globally or locally

Question: What are member serving NPOs really focused on?
Answer: by directly supporting them

Question: What are community serving NPOs focused on?
Answer: a helping service for fellow citizens

Question: What have people come to associate the broader community with?

Question: What elements make up human service programs?

Question: What are the two main types of health services?

Question: How do credit unions serve the community?

Question: How does medical research benefit credit unions?
Nonprofit_organization

Although NPOs are permitted to generate surplus revenues, they must be retained by the organization for its self-preservation, expansion, or plans. NPOs have controlling members or a board of directors. Many have paid staff including management, whereas others employ unpaid volunteers and even executives who work with or without compensation (occasionally nominal). In some countries, where there is a token fee, in general it is used to meet legal requirements for establishing a contract between the executive and the organization.

Question: How does an NPO have to handle surplus money?
Answer: they must be retained by the organization for its self-preservation, expansion, or plans

Question: Who makes most of the decisions for an NPO?
Answer: controlling members or a board of directors

Question: How do NPOs handle staffing?
Answer: Many have paid staff including management, whereas others employ unpaid volunteers and even executives who work with or without compensation

Question: What are token fees used for?
Answer: to meet legal requirements for establishing a contract between the executive and the organization

Question: What control does management have in an NPO?

Question: What do NPO's use their surplus fees for?

Question: How do members meet the legal requirements for staffing?

Question: How do some countries members maintain self-preservation?

Question: What are paid staff permitted to generate?
Nonprofit_organization

Some NPOs may also be a charity or service organization; they may be organized as a profit corporation or as a trust, a cooperative, or they exist informally. A very similar type of organization termed a supporting organization operates like a foundation, but they are more complicated to administer, hold more favorable tax status and are restricted in the public charities they support. Their mole is not to be successful in terms of wealth, but in terms of giving value to the groups of people they administer to.

Question: How are charity or service NPOs usually organized?
Answer: profit corporation or as a trust, a cooperative, or they exist informally

Question: What type of organization behaves much like a foundation?
Answer: a supporting organization

Question:  What is a major function of a foundation?
Answer: giving value to the groups of people they administer to

Question: What are foundations also allowed to be?

Question: What other organization do NPO's also operate like?

Question: What kind of tax status do NPO's have?

Question: What model do NPO's follow instead of being financially successful?

Question: How are groups that focus on financial success organized?
Nonprofit_organization

Canada allows nonprofits to be incorporated or unincorporated. Nonprofits may incorporate either federally, under Part II of the Canada Business Corporations Act or under provincial legislation. Many of the governing Acts for Canadian nonprofits date to the early 1900s, meaning that nonprofit legislation has not kept pace with legislation that governs for-profit corporations; particularly with regards to corporate governance. Federal, and in some provinces (such as Ontario), incorporation is by way of Letters Patent, and any change to the Letters Patent (even a simple name change) requires formal approval by the appropriate government, as do by-law changes. Other provinces (such as Alberta) permit incorporation as of right, by the filing of Articles of Incorporation or Articles of Association.

Question: How are NPOs classified in Canada?
Answer: incorporated or unincorporated

Question: How has Canada's government kept up with the changing forms of NPOs?
Answer: nonprofit legislation has not kept pace with legislation that governs for-profit corporations

Question: How do NPOs change their by-laws, if they had to apply for incorporation by Letters Permit, in Canada?
Answer: formal approval by the appropriate government

Question: How does Alberta handle NPOs filing for incorporation?
Answer: by the filing of Articles of Incorporation or Articles of Association

Question: How is incorporation handled in Ontario?
Answer: Letters Patent

Question: How does Alberta classify provincial legislation?

Question: How are by-law changes handled in Alberta?

Question: What does Canada allow by-law changes to be?

Question: What kind of approval do for-profit corporations need to incorporate as of right in Ontario?

Question: What do corporations have to file in Alberta if they want to change their name?
Nonprofit_organization

During 2009, the federal government enacted new legislation repealing the Canada Corporations Act, Part II - the Canada Not-for-Profit Corporations Act. This Act was last amended on 10 October 2011 and the act was current till 4 March 2013. It allows for incorporation as of right, by Articles of Incorporation; does away with the ultra vires doctrine for nonprofits; establishes them as legal persons; and substantially updates the governance provisions for nonprofits. Ontario also overhauled its legislation, adopting the Ontario Not-for-Profit Corporations Act during 2010; pending the outcome of an anticipated election during October 2011,[dated info] the new Act is expected to be in effect as of 1 July 2013.

Question: When was the Canada Corporations Act, Part II repealed?
Answer: 2009

Question: What did the creation of the Canada Not-for-Profit Corporations Act mean for NPOs?
Answer: incorporation as of right, by Articles of Incorporation

Question: When did Ontario adopt the Canada Not-for-Profit Corporations Act?
Answer: 2010

Question: When does Ontario expect the Canada Not-for-Profits Corpaoations Act to go into effect?
Answer: 1 July 2013

Question: When was the Canada Not-for-Profit corporations Act last ammended?
Answer: 10 October 2011

Question: On October 10, 2011 what was repealed?

Question: What act was amended in 2009?

Question: What act did Ontario adopt in 2009?

Question: What two things did the anticipated election in 2009 mean for NPO's?

Question: When did Ontario repeal the Canada Corporations Act?
Nonprofit_organization

Canada also permits a variety of charities (including public and private foundations). Charitable status is granted by the Canada Revenue Agency (CRA) upon application by a nonprofit; charities are allowed to issue income tax receipts to donors, must spend a certain percentage of their assets (including cash, investments and fixed assets) and file annual reports in order to maintain their charitable status. In determining whether an organization can become a charity, CRA applies a common law test to its stated objects and activities. These must be:

Question: Who grants a charitable status to an NPO in Canada?
Answer: Canada Revenue Agency (CRA)

Question: What are donors to receive from a NPO?
Answer: income tax receipts

Question: How does an NPO keep their charitable status?
Answer: file annual reports

Question: How does the Canada Revenue Agency decide who can have a charitable status?
Answer: a common law test to its stated objects and activities

Question: What kinds of assets must the NPO spend in order to keep it's charitable status?
Answer: cash, investments and fixed assets

Question: How do donors keep their assets?

Question: What is the CRA allowed to issue to donors?

Question: How do fixed assets determine an NPO's status?

Question: What are donors required to spend in Canada?

Question: What test must be taken for a NPO to keep its status?
Nonprofit_organization

In South Africa, charities issue a tax certificate when requested by donors which can be used as a tax deduction by the donor. Non Profit Organisations are registered under Companies and Intellectual Property Commission as Nonprofit Companies (NPCs) but may voluntarily register with The Nonprofit Companies Directorate. Trusts are registered by the Master of the High Court. Section 21 Companies are registered under the Company's Act. All are classified as Voluntary Organisations and all must be registered with the South Africa Revenue Services "SARS".[citation needed]

Question: What do NPOs in South Africa give to their donors?
Answer: a tax certificate

Question: What can a tax certificate issued by a South Africian NPO be used for?
Answer: a tax deduction by the donor

Question: Where are South Africian NPOs registered?
Answer: Companies and Intellectual Property Commission as Nonprofit Companies (NPCs)

Question: Who keeps track of the trusts of South Africian NPOs?
Answer: Master of the High Court

Question: Who would a South Africian NPO register with if they were a voluntary organization?
Answer: South Africa Revenue Services "SARS"

Question: What does Master of the High Court issue to donors?

Question: What group must all donors be registered with?

Question: What can a tax certificate be used for when requested by the Master of the High Court?

Question: What are trusts able to voluntarily register with?

Question: Who can use a tax certificate when its issued by the Master of the High Court?
Nonprofit_organization

A charity is a nonprofit organisation that meets stricter criteria regarding its purpose and the method in which it makes decisions and reports its finances. For example, a charity is generally not allowed to pay its Trustees. In England and Wales, charities may be registered with the Charity Commission. In Scotland, the Office of the Scottish Charity Regulator serves the same function. Other organizations which are classified as nonprofit organizations elsewhere, such as trade unions, are subject to separate regulations, and are not regarded as "charities" in the technical sense.

Question: What is the definition of a charity?
Answer: nonprofit organisation that meets stricter criteria regarding its purpose and the method in which it makes decisions and reports its finances

Question: Where are charity organizations registered in England and Wales?
Answer: Charity Commission

Question: Where would an NPO or charity organization register in Scotland?
Answer: Office of the Scottish Charity Regulator

Question: What is one of the contraints of an NPO with regards to assets?
Answer: generally not allowed to pay its Trustees

Question: Is a trade union governed by the Office of the Scottish Charity Regulator?
Answer: not regarded as "charities" in the technical sense

Question: What is the definition of a trade union?

Question: Where are trade unions registered in England and Wales?

Question: Where are trade unions registered in Scotland?

Question: Who is the Charity Commission not allowed to pay?

Question: What are trustees subject to that other groups aren't?
Nonprofit_organization

After a nonprofit organization has been formed at the state level, the organization may seek recognition of tax exempt status with respect to U.S. federal income tax. That is done typically by applying to the Internal Revenue Service (IRS), although statutory exemptions exist for limited types of nonprofit organizations. The IRS, after reviewing the application to ensure the organization meets the conditions to be recognized as a tax exempt organization (such as the purpose, limitations on spending, and internal safeguards for a charity), may issue an authorization letter to the nonprofit granting it tax exempt status for income tax payment, filing, and deductibility purposes. The exemption does not apply to other Federal taxes such as employment taxes. Additionally, a tax-exempt organization must pay federal tax on income that is unrelated to their exempt purpose. Failure to maintain operations in conformity to the laws may result in an organization losing its tax exempt status.

Question: How does a US NPO apply for tax exempt status?
Answer: applying to the Internal Revenue Service (IRS)

Question: What are some things the IRS looks at in a charity applying for tax exempt status?
Answer: purpose, limitations on spending, and internal safeguards for a charity

Question: Does this tax exempt status apply to other taxes?
Answer: must pay federal tax on income that is unrelated to their exempt purpose

Question: What happens if an NPO does not abide by the tax laws?
Answer: losing its tax exempt status

Question: Who has the final say on whether or not an NPO is granted tax exempt status?
Answer: Internal Revenue Service (IRS)

Question: What can a nonprofit do after it pays employment taxes?

Question: How does a nonprofit ensure limits on spending?

Question: What exists for limited types of deductibility purposes?

Question: What conditions must an authorization letter meet to show income?

Question: What type of tax can a company that is federally formed be exempt from?
Nonprofit_organization

Individual states and localities offer nonprofits exemptions from other taxes such as sales tax or property tax. Federal tax-exempt status does not guarantee exemption from state and local taxes, and vice versa. These exemptions generally have separate applications and their requirements may differ from the IRS requirements. Furthermore, even a tax exempt organization may be required to file annual financial reports (IRS Form 990) at the state and federal level. A tax exempt organization's 990 forms are required to be made available for public scrutiny. An example of nonprofit organization in the US is Project Vote Smart.

Question: What can states or cities offer to NPOs?
Answer: exemptions from other taxes such as sales tax or property tax

Question: What form must an NPO make available to the public?
Answer: 990 forms

Question: Are the state requirements to be tax exempt the same as the Federal requirements?
Answer: generally have separate applications and their requirements may differ from the IRS requirements

Question: What financial form must be filed with both the state and federal governments each year?
Answer: IRS Form 990

Question: What is one example of an NPO in the United States?
Answer: Project Vote Smart

Question: What must a company file if they pay sales tax?

Question: At what level does a company need to file if they pay sales tax?

Question: What does paying property tax not guarantee?

Question: What does a company need to use to show payment of sales tax?

Question: What must IRS 990 forms be available for?
Nonprofit_organization

The board of directors has ultimate control over the organization, but typically an executive director is hired. In some cases, the board is elected by a membership, but commonly, the board of directors is self-perpetuating. In these "board-only" organizations, board members nominate new members and vote on their fellow directors nominations. Part VI, section A, question 7a of the Form 990 asks "members, stockholders, or other persons who had the power to elect or appoint one or more members of the governing body?".

Question: Who is in control of the organization?
Answer: board of directors

Question: Who does the board hire to help with running the organization?
Answer: executive director

Question: How is the board of directors most often chosen?
Answer: self-perpetuating

Question: How is a board of directors less commonly chosen?
Answer: elected by a membership

Question: Where, on Form 990, does an organization have to list what type of board they have?
Answer: Part VI, section A, question 7a

Question: What does the executive director have ultimate control of?

Question: How is the executive director commonly elected?

Question: What do board members do when they have an executive director?

Question: What is the job status of an executive director?

Question: Where does the executive director need to list what type of board the organization has?
Nonprofit_organization

Capacity building is an ongoing problem experienced by NPOs for a number of reasons. Most rely on external funding (government funds, grants from charitable foundations, direct donations) to maintain their operations and changes in these sources of revenue may influence the reliability or predictability with which the organization can hire and retain staff, sustain facilities, create programs, or maintain tax-exempt status. For example, a university that sells research to for-profit companies may have tax exemption problems. In addition, unreliable funding, long hours and low pay can result in employee retention problems. During 2009, the US government acknowledged this critical need by the inclusion of the Nonprofit Capacity Building Program in the Serve America Act. Further efforts to quantify the scope of the sector and propose policy solutions for community benefit were included in the Nonprofit Sector and Community Solutions Act, proposed during 2010.

Question: What are ways that a charitable foundation receives money for it's cause?
Answer: government funds, grants from charitable foundations, direct donations

Question: What type of funding do charitable organizations typically rely on?
Answer: external funding

Question: What are some problems that affect employee retention and volunteers?
Answer: unreliable funding, long hours and low pay

Question: What legislation did the US introduce to try and help the NPOs?
Answer: Nonprofit Capacity Building Program

Question: When was the Nonprofit Sector and Community Solutions Act adopted?
Answer: 2010

Question: Who is external funding an ongoing problem for?

Question: What problem did NPO's have in 2010?

Question: What are some things that affect government funds and grants?

Question: What did organizations take part in proposing in 2009?

Question: What are two areas that experience problems when Community Solutions has a change in funding?
Nonprofit_organization

In Australia, nonprofit organisations include trade unions, charitable entities, co-operatives, universities and hospitals, mutual societies, grass-root and support groups, political parties, religious groups, incorporated associations, not-for-profit companies, trusts and more. Furthermore, they operate across a multitude of domains and industries, from health, employment, disability and other human services to local sporting clubs, credit unions and research institutes. A nonprofit organisation in Australia can choose from a number of legal forms depending on the needs and activities of the organisation: co-operative, company limited by guarantee, unincorporated association, incorporated association (by the Associations Incorporation Act 1985) or incorporated association or council (by the Commonwealth Aboriginal Councils and Associations Act 1976). From an academic perspective, social enterprise is for the most part considered a sub-set of the nonprofit sector as typically they too are concerned with a purpose relating to a public good, however these are not bound to adhere to a nonprofit legal structure and many incorporate and operate as for-profit entities.

Question: What is the biggest concern of non-profits in Australia?
Answer: a purpose relating to a public good

Question: When was the Commonwealth Aboriginal Councils and Associations Act adopted?
Answer: 1976

Question: When was the Associations Incorporation Act adopted?
Answer: 1985

Question: What does the Associations Incorporation Act cover?
Answer: incorporated association

Question: Who covers incorporated associations or councils?
Answer: Commonwealth Aboriginal Councils and Associations Act

Question: What are the Commonwealth Aboriginal Councils most concerned with?

Question: What are health services not bound to since 1976?

Question: In what year was the Commonwealth Aboriginal Council formed?

Question: What can the employment industry in Australia choose from depending on their needs?

Question: What are religious groups considered by the Aboriginal Council?
Nonprofit_organization

Many nonprofit organizations find it difficult to create consistent messaging that resonates with their various stakeholders as marketing budgets are minimal or nonexistent. Marketing is in many cases a taboo word that NPOs or others don't like to associate with such community benefit organizations. There are strategic ways in which nonprofits can leverage their access to various community stakeholders to get their name and cause recognized by the public, but it is imperative to have an outreach strategy which includes a financial plan to execute that outreach/marketing strategy, particularly if the organization has plans to rebrand or expand their initiaives.

Question: What kind of marketing budgets do NPOs usually have?
Answer: minimal or nonexistent

Question: Why is marketing harder for NPOs?
Answer: taboo word that NPOs or others don't like to associate with such community benefit organizations

Question: What does an NPO need to have in order to begin thinking about expansion or rebranding?
Answer: an outreach strategy which includes a financial plan to execute that outreach/marketing strategy

Question: What is a moer low-key way that NPOs can get access to marketing and word of mouth?
Answer: leverage their access to various community stakeholders to get their name and cause recognized by the public

Question: What do financial plans make it hard to create?

Question: What is strategy considered in many cases by NPO's?

Question: What is the status of NPO's financial plans usually?

Question: What do NPO's use to have their financial plan be recognized by stakeholders?

Question: What do stakeholders use to implement a marketing strategy?
Nonprofit_organization

Resource mismanagement is a particular problem with NPOs because the employees are not accountable to anybody with a direct stake in the organization. For example, an employee may start a new program without disclosing its complete liabilities. The employee may be rewarded for improving the NPO's reputation, making other employees happy, and attracting new donors. Liabilities promised on the full faith and credit of the organization but not recorded anywhere constitute accounting fraud. But even indirect liabilities negatively affect the financial sustainability of the NPO, and the NPO will have financial problems unless strict controls are instated. Some commentators have also argued that receiving significant funding from large for-profit corporations can ultimately alter the NPO's functions.

Question: What is a major hurdle of the financial aspect of an NPO?
Answer: Resource mismanagement

Question: How is resource mismanagement allowed to happen so easily?
Answer: employees are not accountable to anybody with a direct stake in the organization

Question: How can an NPO help to prevent financial problems?
Answer: strict controls

Question: What can constitute accounting fraud when nothing is recorded?
Answer: Liabilities promised on the full faith and credit of the organization

Question: What can a large influx of money from a for-profit company do to an organization?
Answer: alter the NPO's functions

Question: Why is making employees happy a problem with NPO's?

Question: What can an employee do with the organization's reputation without disclosing donors?

Question: What are three ways a commentator is rewarded?

Question: How can a for-profit organization prevent financial problems?

Question: What can large corporations attracting donors do to a NPO?