Divyanshu67/squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
Hindu_philosophy

Pāśupatas divided the created world into the insentient and the sentient. The insentient was the unconscious and thus dependent on the sentient or conscious. The insentient was further divided into effects and causes. The effects were of ten kinds, the earth, four elements and their qualities, colour etc. The causes were of thirteen kinds, the five organs of cognition, the five organs of action, the three internal organs, intellect, the ego principle and the cognising principle. These insentient causes were held responsible for the illusive identification of Self with non-Self. Salvation in Pāśupata involved the union of the soul with God through the intellect.

Question: What group divided the world into two parts?
Answer: Pāśupatas

Question: Into what parts did the Pasupatas divide the world?
Answer: insentient and the sentient

Question: In what staet was the insentient considered to be?
Answer: unconscious

Question: How was the sentient seen as being?
Answer: conscious

Question: For the Pasupatas, how was the union of the soul with God achieved?
Answer: through the intellect

Question: What was the sentient dependent on?

Question: Salvation required the soul separating from what?

Question: What was the sentient broken up into?

Question: How many effects made up the sentient?

Question: What were the effects responsible for?
Hindu_philosophy

Even though, both Kashmir Shaivism and Advaita Vedanta are non-dual philosophies which give primacy to Universal Consciousness (Chit or Brahman), in Kashmir Shavisim, as opposed to Advaita, all things are a manifestation of this Consciousness. This implies that from the point of view of Kashmir Shavisim, the phenomenal world (Śakti) is real, and it exists and has its being in Consciousness (Chit). Whereas, Advaita holds that Brahman is inactive (niṣkriya) and the phenomenal world is an illusion (māyā). The objective of human life, according to Kashmir Shaivism, is to merge in Shiva or Universal Consciousness, or to realize one's already existing identity with Shiva, by means of wisdom, yoga and grace.

Question: What type of philosophy does both Kasmir Shaivism and Advaita Vedanta share?
Answer: non-dual

Question: What aspect do non-dual philosophies give to the highest order of worship?
Answer: Universal Consciousness

Question: As what does Kashmir Shaivism view the conscious world?
Answer: real

Question: Which group sees the world as illusion?
Answer: Advaita

Question: According to Kashmir Shaivism, what is the goal in belief?
Answer: merge in Shiva

Question: What are dual philosophies?

Question: What is the opposite of Shiva?

Question: What are the means of understanding maya according to Kashmir Shaivism?

Question: Advaita says all things are a manifestation of what?

Question: What do believers of Advaita believe is the point of human life?
Political_party

While there is some international commonality in the way political parties are recognized, and in how they operate, there are often many differences, and some are significant. Many political parties have an ideological core, but some do not, and many represent very different ideologies than they did when first founded. In democracies, political parties are elected by the electorate to run a government. Many countries have numerous powerful political parties, such as Germany and India and some nations have one-party systems, such as China. The United States is a two-party system, with its two most powerful parties being the Democratic Party and the Republican Party.

Question: What are the two most powerful political parties in the United States?
Answer: Democratic Party and the Republican Party

Question: Name a nation that has a one-party political system.
Answer: China

Question: How are political parties elected in democracies? 
Answer: the electorate

Question: What are some countries that have multiple powerful political parties?
Answer: Germany and India

Question: What did China have when its government was first founded?

Question: What are the differences in the way people vote in China compared to other countries?

Question: Where does the ideology of China's main political parties come from?

Question: What is the main purpose changing an ideology after a government is founded?

Question: What is one thing Germany and India have changed after their governments were founded?
Political_party

The first political factions, cohering around a basic, if fluid, set of principles emerged from the Exclusion Crisis and Glorious Revolution in late-17th-century England. The Whigs supported Protestant constitutional monarchy against absolute rule and the Tories, originating in the Royalist (or "Cavalier") faction of the English Civil War, were conservative royalist supporters of a strong monarchy as a counterbalance to the republican tendencies of Whigs, who were the dominant political faction for most of the first half of the 18th century; they supported the Hanoverian succession of 1715 against the Jacobite supporters of the deposed Roman Catholic Stuart dynasty and were able to purge Tory politicians from important government positions after the failed Jacobite rising of 1715. The leader of the Whigs was Robert Walpole, who maintained control of the government in the period 1721–1742; his protégé was Henry Pelham (1743–1754).

Question: Around what time did the first political factions start to emerge?
Answer: late-17th-century England

Question: Who was the dominate political party for the first half of the 18th century?
Answer: Whigs

Question: Who was the leader if the Whigs?
Answer: Robert Walpole

Question: In what year did the jacobite rising fail?
Answer: 1715

Question: What groups first formed in 1715 when the Whigs were dominant?

Question: What beliefs did the Tories unite behind during the Glorious Revolution in 1715?

Question: In what year did the Exclusion Crisis end?

Question: How long did the English Civil War last?

Question: Who was the leader of the Hanoverian succession?
Political_party

As the century wore on, the factions slowly began to adopt more coherent political tendencies as the interests of their power bases began to diverge. The Whig party's initial base of support from the great aristocratic families, widened to include the emerging industrial interests and wealthy merchants. As well as championing constitutional monarchy with strict limits on the monarch's power, the Whigs adamantly opposed a Catholic king as a threat to liberty, and believed in extending toleration to nonconformist Protestants, or dissenters. A major influence on the Whigs were the liberal political ideas of John Locke, and the concepts of universal rights employed by Locke and Algernon Sidney.

Question: Who's liberal political ideas influenced the Whigs?
Answer: John Locke

Question: Name the two people who's concepts of universal rights influenced the Whigs.
Answer: Locke and Algernon Sidney

Question: Did the Whigs want to limit the monarch's power?
Answer: championing constitutional monarchy with strict limits on the monarch's power

Question: Did the Whigs support or oppose the Catholic king?
Answer: the Whigs adamantly opposed a Catholic king as a threat to liberty

Question: What was Algernon Sidney considered a threat to?

Question: Who did Algernon Sidney want to be tolerant towards?

Question: Who's concepts of universal rights influenced wealthy merchants?

Question: What did wealthy merchants want to put strict limits on?

Question: What kind of political ideas did a Catholic king support?
Political_party

Although the Tories were dismissed from office for half a century, for most of this period (at first under the leadership of Sir William Wyndham), the Tories retained party cohesion, with occasional hopes of regaining office, particularly at the accession of George II (1727) and the downfall of the ministry of Sir Robert Walpole in 1742. They acted as a united, though unavailing, opposition to Whig corruption and scandals. At times they cooperated with the "Opposition Whigs", Whigs who were in opposition to the Whig government; however, the ideological gap between the Tories and the Opposition Whigs prevented them from coalescing as a single party. They finally regained power with the accession of George III in 1760 under Lord Bute.

Question: Who did the Tories oppose?
Answer: Whigs

Question: Who did the Tories occasionally cooperate with?
Answer: the "Opposition Whigs"

Question: When did the Tories regain power?
Answer: 1760

Question: For how long were the Tories dismissed from office?
Answer: half a century

Question: Why could the Tories and the Opposition Whigs never form a single party?
Answer: ideological gap

Question: When was the downfall of George II?

Question: For how long was Lord Bute dismissed from office?

Question: What type of behavior was Lord Bute known for when in power?

Question: What did differing beliefs prevent Lord Bute and George II from doing?

Question: What did Sir William Wyndham regain in 1760?
Political_party

When they lost power, the old Whig leadership dissolved into a decade of factional chaos with distinct "Grenvillite", "Bedfordite", "Rockinghamite", and "Chathamite" factions successively in power, and all referring to themselves as "Whigs". Out of this chaos, the first distinctive parties emerged. The first such party was the Rockingham Whigs under the leadership of Charles Watson-Wentworth and the intellectual guidance of the political philosopher Edmund Burke. Burke laid out a philosophy that described the basic framework of the political party as "a body of men united for promoting by their joint endeavours the national interest, upon some particular principle in which they are all agreed". As opposed to the instability of the earlier factions, which were often tied to a particular leader and could disintegrate if removed from power, the party was centred around a set of core principles and remained out of power as a united opposition to government.

Question: Who was the first distinctive Whig party that emerged from the chaos?
Answer: the Rockingham Whigs

Question: Who was the leader of the Rockingham Whigs?
Answer: Charles Watson-Wentworth

Question: What was the description for the basic framework of the Rockingham Whigs party?
Answer: "a body of men united for promoting by their joint endeavours the national interest, upon some particular principle in which they are all agreed"

Question: Did the Rockingham Whigs ever regain power as a opposition to the government?
Answer: remained out of power as a united opposition to government.

Question: Who was the Bedfordite faction tied to that made them unstable?

Question: How long did Edmund Burke remain a philosopher?

Question: What group was lead by Edmund Burke?

Question: What happened when Edmund Burke was removed from power?

Question: What description was the basic framework for government created by Chathamite factions?
Political_party

The modern Conservative Party was created out of the 'Pittite' Tories of the early 19th century. In the late 1820s disputes over political reform broke up this grouping. A government led by the Duke of Wellington collapsed amidst dire election results. Following this disaster Robert Peel set about assembling a new coalition of forces. Peel issued the Tamworth Manifesto in 1834 which set out the basic principles of Conservatism; – the necessity in specific cases of reform in order to survive, but an opposition to unnecessary change, that could lead to "a perpetual vortex of agitation". Meanwhile, the Whigs, along with free trade Tory followers of Robert Peel, and independent Radicals, formed the Liberal Party under Lord Palmerston in 1859, and transformed into a party of the growing urban middle-class, under the long leadership of William Ewart Gladstone.

Question: What was the modern Conservative party created from?
Answer: the 'Pittite' Tories

Question: Who Issued the Tamworth manifesto?
Answer: Robert Peel

Question: Which party did the Whigs, along with others form?
Answer: the Liberal Party

Question: In what year was the Tamworth manifesto introduced?
Answer: 1834

Question: What was created by the modern Conservative Party in 1859 to define basic Conservative principles?

Question: What event broke up the Liberal Party?

Question: Why did the government led by Willian Ewart Gladstone collapse?

Question: What did the PIttite Tories do after the Duke's government collapsed?

Question: When did Lord Palmerston create the Pittite Tories?
Political_party

Although the Founding Fathers of the United States did not originally intend for American politics to be partisan, early political controversies in the 1790s over the extent of federal government powers saw the emergence of two proto-political parties- the Federalist Party and the Democratic-Republican Party, which were championed by Framers Alexander Hamilton and James Madison, respectively. However, a consensus reached on these issues ended party politics in 1816 for a decade, a period commonly known as the Era of Good Feelings.

Question: What were the two proto-political parties?
Answer: the Federalist Party and the Democratic-Republican Party

Question: In which year did the period known as the "Era of Good Feelings" begin?
Answer: 1816

Question: What did the founding fathers not intend American politics to become?
Answer: partisan

Question: Who were the leaders of the Federalist and Democratic-Republican parties?
Answer: Framers Alexander Hamilton and James Madison

Question: What did James Madison intend the mindset of the Federalist Party to be?

Question: In what year was the Federalist Party founded?

Question: In what year did the Democratic-Republican Party split?

Question: What was the period called after the Federalist Party was created?

Question: How long was James Madison involved with the Federalist Party?
Political_party

At the same time, the political party reached its modern form, with a membership disciplined through the use of a party whip and the implementation of efficient structures of control. The Home Rule League Party, campaigning for Home Rule for Ireland in the British Parliament was fundamentally changed by the great Irish political leader Charles Stewart Parnell in the 1880s. In 1882, he changed his party's name to the Irish Parliamentary Party and created a well-organized grass roots structure, introducing membership to replace "ad hoc" informal groupings. He created a new selection procedure to ensure the professional selection of party candidates committed to taking their seats, and in 1884 he imposed a firm 'party pledge' which obliged MPs to vote as a bloc in parliament on all occasions. The creation of a strict party whip and a formal party structure was unique at the time. His party's efficient structure and control contrasted with the loose rules and flexible informality found in the main British parties; – they soon came to model themselves on the Parnellite model.

Question: Who was the leader of the Irish political party in the 1880s?
Answer: Charles Stewart Parnell

Question: What did Charles Stewart Parnell change his parties name to in 1882?
Answer: Irish Parliamentary Party

Question: Did the Irish Parliamentary Party ever adopt the Parnellite model?
Answer: they soon came to model themselves on the Parnellite model.

Question: When was the use of a party whip first implemented?

Question: What did the party whip change the party name to in 1884?

Question: What was the Parnellite model replaced with in government?

Question: What did the British Parties create to ensure committed members were selected?

Question: What was imposed by the British Parties in 1884?
Political_party

A political party is typically led by a party leader (the most powerful member and spokesperson representing the party), a party secretary (who maintains the daily work and records of party meetings), party treasurer (who is responsible for membership dues) and party chair (who forms strategies for recruiting and retaining party members, and also chairs party meetings). Most of the above positions are also members of the party executive, the leading organization which sets policy for the entire party at the national level. The structure is far more decentralized in the United States because of the separation of powers, federalism and the multiplicity of economic interests and religious sects. Even state parties are decentralized as county and other local committees are largely independent of state central committees. The national party leader in the U.S. will be the president, if the party holds that office, or a prominent member of Congress in opposition (although a big-state governor may aspire to that role). Officially, each party has a chairman for its national committee who is a prominent spokesman, organizer and fund-raiser, but without the status of prominent elected office holders.

Question: Do political parties have a Party leader?
Answer: A political party is typically led by a party leader

Question: Who maintains the daily work and records of party meetings?
Answer: party secretary

Question: Who is responsible for the membership fees and expenses? 
Answer: party treasurer

Question: Who is responsible for recruiting and maintaining party members?
Answer: party chair

Question: Who is a fund-raiser usually lead by?

Question: What is the definition of a fund-raiser?

Question: What are the duties of a national committee?

Question: What does a state governor do?

Question: What role do most spokesmen aspire to?
Political_party

When the party is represented by members in the lower house of parliament, the party leader simultaneously serves as the leader of the parliamentary group of that full party representation; depending on a minimum number of seats held, Westminster-based parties typically allow for leaders to form frontbench teams of senior fellow members of the parliamentary group to serve as critics of aspects of government policy. When a party becomes the largest party not part of the Government, the party's parliamentary group forms the Official Opposition, with Official Opposition frontbench team members often forming the Official Opposition Shadow cabinet. When a party achieves enough seats in an election to form a majority, the party's frontbench becomes the Cabinet of government ministers.

Question: When does a party form an official opposition?
Answer: When a party becomes the largest party not part of the Government

Question: What type of parties allow leaders to form frontbench teams?
Answer: Westminster-based parties

Question: When does a party's frontbench become the Cabinet of government ministers?
Answer: When a party achieves enough seats in an election to form a majority

Question: If a party is represented by members from the lower house of parliament, what other position can the party leader serve?
Answer: leader of the parliamentary group of that full party representation

Question: What type of parties allow leaders to form a Shadow cabinet?

Question: What does the party leader serve as when the party is represented by the Shadow cabinet?

Question: What is the main role of the Cabinet of government ministers?

Question: What is formed when a party becomes the largest party not part of the Cabinet of government ministers?

Question: What  does the Official Opposition Shadow cabinet become when it can form a majority with enough seats?
Political_party

The freedom to form, declare membership in, or campaign for candidates from a political party is considered a measurement of a state's adherence to liberal democracy as a political value. Regulation of parties may run from a crackdown on or repression of all opposition parties, a norm for authoritarian governments, to the repression of certain parties which hold or promote ideals which run counter to the general ideology of the state's incumbents (or possess membership by-laws which are legally unenforceable).

Question: What is considered a measurement of a state's support to liberal democracy?
Answer: The freedom to form, declare membership in, or campaign for

Question: How are parties regulated?
Answer: a crackdown on or repression of all opposition parties

Question: Will parties that hold a counter belief to the general beliefs of the state's incumbents be repressed?
Answer: to the repression of certain parties which hold or promote ideals which run counter to the general ideology of the state's incumbents

Question: How are government crackdowns categorized by democracies?

Question: What rights threaten the formation of a liberal democracy?

Question: After what event do opposition parties usually form?

Question: What is the first thing authoritarian governments want citizens to do to show loyalty to the party?

Question: What is one right that is not the norm for authoritarian governments?
Political_party

Furthermore, in the case of far-right, far-left and regionalism parties in the national parliaments of much of the European Union, mainstream political parties may form an informal cordon sanitarian which applies a policy of non-cooperation towards those "Outsider Parties" present in the legislature which are viewed as 'anti-system' or otherwise unacceptable for government. Cordon Sanitarian, however, have been increasingly abandoned over the past two decades in multi-party democracies as the pressure to construct broad coalitions in order to win elections – along with the increased willingness of outsider parties themselves to participate in government – has led to many such parties entering electoral and government coalitions.

Question: Will mainstream political parties not cooperate towards outsider parties if they are too extream?
Answer: mainstream political parties may form an informal cordon sanitarian which applies a policy of non-cooperation towards those "Outsider Parties"

Question: which  outsider parties considered unacceptable to work with?
Answer: far-right, far-left and regionalism

Question: What has been increasingly abandoned in the past two decades?
Answer: Cordon Sanitarian

Question: What has caused far-right parties to be abandoned over the past two decades?

Question: What kind of democracies were created after the formation of the EU?

Question: What groups have Outsider Parties not wanted to cooperate with recently?

Question: What did Outsider Parties form because they didn't want to cooperate with government?

Question: What kind of policy do Outsider Parties usually have towards the government?
Political_party

In a nonpartisan system, no official political parties exist, sometimes reflecting legal restrictions on political parties. In nonpartisan elections, each candidate is eligible for office on his or her own merits. In nonpartisan legislatures, there are no typically formal party alignments within the legislature. The administration of George Washington and the first few sessions of the United States Congress were nonpartisan. Washington also warned against political parties during his Farewell Address. In the United States, the unicameral legislature of Nebraska is nonpartisan but is elected and votes on informal party lines. In Canada, the territorial legislatures of the Northwest Territories and Nunavut are nonpartisan. In New Zealand, Tokelau has a nonpartisan parliament. Many city and county governments[vague] are nonpartisan. Nonpartisan elections and modes of governance are common outside of state institutions. Unless there are legal prohibitions against political parties, factions within nonpartisan systems often evolve into political parties.

Question: Do official political parties exist in a nonpartisan system?
Answer: In a nonpartisan system, no official political parties exist

Question: Was the administration of George Washington nonpartisan?
Answer: The administration of George Washington and the first few sessions of the United States Congress were nonpartisan.

Question: What did Washington warn against during his farewell address?
Answer: political parties

Question: What do factions within nonpartisan systems evolve into?
Answer: political parties

Question: What restrictions are there on candidates when there are no political parties?

Question: What attitude did George Washington have on legal restrictions in office?

Question: How does the legislature take office in Tokelau?

Question: What is another action the legislature of Tokelau is able to do?

Question: What does the Northwest Territories warn against?
Political_party

In one-party systems, one political party is legally allowed to hold effective power. Although minor parties may sometimes be allowed, they are legally required to accept the leadership of the dominant party. This party may not always be identical to the government, although sometimes positions within the party may in fact be more important than positions within the government. North Korea and China are examples; others can be found in Fascist states, such as Nazi Germany between 1934 and 1945. The one-party system is thus usually equated with dictatorships and tyranny.

Question: In what systems is the political party allowed to legally hold effective power?
Answer: one-party systems

Question: What are North Korea and China examples of?
Answer: positions within the party may in fact be more important than positions within the government

Question: What is the one-party system often compared with?
Answer: dictatorships and tyranny

Question: When was Nazi Germany in a one-party system?
Answer: 1934 and 1945

Question: What kind of leadership must the dominant party accept in China?

Question: During what years did North Korea move to a one party system?

Question: What are minor parties often compared to due to their influence?

Question: What are minor parties usually identical to?

Question: In what country were minor party positions more important?
Political_party

In dominant-party systems, opposition parties are allowed, and there may be even a deeply established democratic tradition, but other parties are widely considered to have no real chance of gaining power. Sometimes, political, social and economic circumstances, and public opinion are the reason for others parties' failure. Sometimes, typically in countries with less of an established democratic tradition, it is possible the dominant party will remain in power by using patronage and sometimes by voting fraud. In the latter case, the definition between dominant and one-party system becomes rather blurred. Examples of dominant party systems include the People's Action Party in Singapore, the African National Congress in South Africa, the Cambodian People's Party in Cambodia, the Liberal Democratic Party in Japan, and the National Liberation Front in Algeria. One-party dominant system also existed in Mexico with the Institutional Revolutionary Party until the 1990s, in the southern United States with the Democratic Party from the late 19th century until the 1970s, in Indonesia with the Golkar from the early 1970s until 1998.

Question: When are opposition parties allowed?
Answer: In dominant-party systems

Question: What are some of the reasons for a party's failure?
Answer: political, social and economic circumstances, and public opinion

Question: What are some ways a dominant party can stay in power?
Answer: patronage and sometimes by voting fraud

Question: What are some examples of dominant party systems?
Answer: African National Congress in South Africa, the Cambodian People's Party in Cambodia

Question: For how long did the dominant one-party system last in mexico?
Answer: 1990s

Question: How likely is it that there was voting fraud in the 1998 election?

Question: What were the reasons for the Democratic Parties failure in 1990?

Question: What were two things that the Liberal Democratic Party in Japan used in the 1970's to try and win an election?

Question: What are some parties that were guilty of using voter fraud?

Question: How long did the People's Action Party in Singapore last?
Political_party

The United States has become essentially a two-party system. Since a conservative (such as the Republican Party) and liberal (such as the Democratic Party) party has usually been the status quo within American politics. The first parties were called Federalist and Republican, followed by a brief period of Republican dominance before a split occurred between National Republicans and Democratic Republicans. The former became the Whig Party and the latter became the Democratic Party. The Whigs survived only for two decades before they split over the spread of slavery, those opposed becoming members of the new Republican Party, as did anti-slavery members of the Democratic Party. Third parties (such as the Libertarian Party) often receive little support and are very rarely the victors in elections. Despite this, there have been several examples of third parties siphoning votes from major parties that were expected to win (such as Theodore Roosevelt in the election of 1912 and George Wallace in the election of 1968). As third party movements have learned, the Electoral College's requirement of a nationally distributed majority makes it difficult for third parties to succeed. Thus, such parties rarely win many electoral votes, although their popular support within a state may tip it toward one party or the other. Wallace had weak support outside the South. More generally, parties with a broad base of support across regions or among economic and other interest groups, have a great chance of winning the necessary plurality in the U.S.'s largely single-member district, winner-take-all elections. The tremendous land area and large population of the country are formidable challenges to political parties with a narrow appeal.

Question: What type of party system is the United States?
Answer: two-party system

Question: What were the first parties in the united States called?
Answer: Federalist and Republican

Question: For how long did the Whigs survive?
Answer: two decades

Question: What are challenged to an unpopular political party?
Answer: tremendous land area and large population of the country

Question: Which party was anti-slavery?
Answer: Democratic Party

Question: In what year did National and Democratic Republicans split?

Question: What topic caused Teddy Roosevelt to lose the election in 1912?

Question: For how long did the Federalist Party exist?

Question: What was Teddy Roosevelt guilty of in 1912?

Question: What kind of support did Teddy Roosevelt have outside the South?
Political_party

The UK political system, while technically a multi-party system, has functioned generally as a two-party (sometimes called a "two-and-a-half party") system; since the 1920s the two largest political parties have been the Conservative Party and the Labour Party. Before the Labour Party rose in British politics the Liberal Party was the other major political party along with the Conservatives. Though coalition and minority governments have been an occasional feature of parliamentary politics, the first-past-the-post electoral system used for general elections tends to maintain the dominance of these two parties, though each has in the past century relied upon a third party to deliver a working majority in Parliament. (A plurality voting system usually leads to a two-party system, a relationship described by Maurice Duverger and known as Duverger's Law.) There are also numerous other parties that hold or have held a number of seats in Parliament.

Question: What has the UK political system functioned as?
Answer: a two-party (sometimes called a "two-and-a-half party") system

Question: What are the two largest political parties in the UK?
Answer: Conservative Party and the Labour Party

Question: What was the other major party before the Labour party?
Answer: Liberal Party

Question: What is Duveger's Law?
Answer: A plurality voting system usually leads to a two-party system

Question: What system was created by Maurice Duverger in the UK?

Question: When was Duverger's Law passed in the UK?

Question: How many seats has Maurice Duverger held in Parliament?

Question: What was the only party that helped pass Duverger's Law?

Question: What does allowing Conservatives in government usually lead to?
Political_party

More commonly, in cases where there are three or more parties, no one party is likely to gain power alone, and parties work with each other to form coalition governments. This has been an emerging trend in the politics of the Republic of Ireland since the 1980s and is almost always the case in Germany on national and state level, and in most constituencies at the communal level. Furthermore, since the forming of the Republic of Iceland there has never been a government not led by a coalition (usually of the Independence Party and one other (often the Social Democratic Alliance). A similar situation exists in the Republic of Ireland; since 1989, no one party has held power on its own. Since then, numerous coalition governments have been formed. These coalitions have been exclusively led by one of either Fianna Fáil or Fine Gael. Political change is often easier with a coalition government than in one-party or two-party dominant systems.[dubious – discuss] If factions in a two-party system are in fundamental disagreement on policy goals, or even principles, they can be slow to make policy changes, which appears to be the case now in the U.S. with power split between Democrats and Republicans. Still coalition governments struggle, sometimes for years, to change policy and often fail altogether, post World War II France and Italy being prime examples. When one party in a two-party system controls all elective branches, however, policy changes can be both swift and significant. Democrats Woodrow Wilson, Franklin Roosevelt and Lyndon Johnson were beneficiaries of such fortuitous circumstances, as were Republicans as far removed in time as Abraham Lincoln and Ronald Reagan. Barack Obama briefly had such an advantage between 2009 and 2011.

Question: In which case are parties not likely to gain power on their own?
Answer: in cases where there are three or more parties

Question: Is Ireland ever not led by a coalition Government?
Answer: since the forming of the Republic of Iceland there has never been a government not led by a coalition

Question: Since what date has Ireland not been led by a single power?
Answer: 1989

Question: When is political change easier?
Answer: Political change is often easier with a coalition government

Question: What are prime examples coalition governments that struggle to change policy?
Answer: post World War II France and Italy

Question: What do parties work to form when one party gains power?

Question: How long as the Republic of Ireland had a dominant party?

Question: What country usually has a dominant party at the national and state level?

Question: What country has always had a dominant party in power since it was formed?

Question: What two countries have usually been able to make swift policy changes since WW II?
Political_party

Political parties, still called factions by some, especially those in the governmental apparatus, are lobbied vigorously by organizations, businesses and special interest groups such as trade unions. Money and gifts-in-kind to a party, or its leading members, may be offered as incentives. Such donations are the traditional source of funding for all right-of-centre cadre parties. Starting in the late 19th century these parties were opposed by the newly founded left-of-centre workers' parties. They started a new party type, the mass membership party, and a new source of political fundraising, membership dues.

Question: What are called factions by some people?
Answer: Political parties

Question: What are political parties lobbied by?
Answer: organizations, businesses and special interest groups

Question: What are traditional sources of funding for parties?
Answer: Money and gifts

Question: Around which time was the mass membership party started?
Answer: 19th century

Question: What do some people still call trade unions?

Question: What do special interest groups receive for paying membership dues?

Question: What groups support having to pay trade unions?

Question: During what time were lobbyists the most prevalent in government?

Question: What newly founded party opposed all government?
Political_party

From the second half of the 20th century on parties which continued to rely on donations or membership subscriptions ran into mounting problems. Along with the increased scrutiny of donations there has been a long-term decline in party memberships in most western democracies which itself places more strains on funding. For example, in the United Kingdom and Australia membership of the two main parties in 2006 is less than an 1/8 of what it was in 1950, despite significant increases in population over that period.

Question: Why did parties that relied on donations or subscriptions run into problems?
Answer: increased scrutiny of donations there has been a long-term decline in party memberships

Question: When did parties that relied on donations start to run into problems?
Answer: second half of the 20th century

Question: What was the population of Australia in the 20th century compared to 1950?

Question: In what year did western democracies start to decline?

Question: What did the government of the UK have happen in 1950 due to lack of funding?

Question: What had happened to funding for the Australian government in 1950?

Question: In what year did Australia adopt a democratic government?
Political_party

In the United Kingdom, it has been alleged that peerages have been awarded to contributors to party funds, the benefactors becoming members of the House of Lords and thus being in a position to participate in legislating. Famously, Lloyd George was found to have been selling peerages. To prevent such corruption in the future, Parliament passed the Honours (Prevention of Abuses) Act 1925 into law. Thus the outright sale of peerages and similar honours became a criminal act. However, some benefactors are alleged to have attempted to circumvent this by cloaking their contributions as loans, giving rise to the 'Cash for Peerages' scandal.

Question: In the United Kingdom, what is awarded to people who help fund the parties?
Answer: peerages

Question: Who was discovered to be selling peerages?
Answer: Lloyd George

Question: What act did parliament put into place to stop such corruptions?
Answer: Honours (Prevention of Abuses) Act

Question: What did the Honours act do?
Answer: outright sale of peerages and similar honours became a criminal act

Question: How did people attempt to overcome this law?
Answer: cloaking their contributions as loans

Question: What scandal took place in 1925?

Question: What is awarded to people in the UK who manage loans for a living?

Question: What did Lloyd George help people acquire in his earlier profession?

Question: What do people become a member of if they help people get approved for a loan?

Question: What can people who approve loans for a living take part in in government?
Political_party

There are two broad categories of public funding, direct, which entails a monetary transfer to a party, and indirect, which includes broadcasting time on state media, use of the mail service or supplies. According to the Comparative Data from the ACE Electoral Knowledge Network, out of a sample of over 180 nations, 25% of nations provide no direct or indirect public funding, 58% provide direct public funding and 60% of nations provide indirect public funding. Some countries provide both direct and indirect public funding to political parties. Funding may be equal for all parties or depend on the results of previous elections or the number of candidates participating in an election. Frequently parties rely on a mix of private and public funding and are required to disclose their finances to the Election management body.

Question: What are the two categories of public funding?
Answer: direct, which entails a monetary transfer to a party, and indirect

Question: Which percentage of nations provide no direct or indirect public funding?
Answer: 25%

Question: What percentage of nations provide direct funding?
Answer: 58%

Question: Are parties required to reveal their funding?
Answer: required to disclose their finances to the Election management body.

Question: What percentage of nations provide indirect funding?
Answer: 60%

Question: What is one type of political party?

Question: Where do you have to broadcast on if you are a member of a direct party?

Question: How many people know about the ACE Electoral Knowledge network?

Question: How many known political parties are there worldwide?

Question: What type of information do over 180 parties disclose to the ACE Electoral Knowledge Network?
Political_party

In fledgling democracies funding can also be provided by foreign aid. International donors provide financing to political parties in developing countries as a means to promote democracy and good governance. Support can be purely financial or otherwise. Frequently it is provided as capacity development activities including the development of party manifestos, party constitutions and campaigning skills. Developing links between ideologically linked parties is another common feature of international support for a party. Sometimes this can be perceived as directly supporting the political aims of a political party, such as the support of the US government to the Georgian party behind the Rose Revolution. Other donors work on a more neutral basis, where multiple donors provide grants in countries accessible by all parties for various aims defined by the recipients. There have been calls by leading development think-tanks, such as the Overseas Development Institute, to increase support to political parties as part of developing the capacity to deal with the demands of interest-driven donors to improve governance.

Question: What can also be provided by foreign aid?
Answer: funding

Question: What do international donors do to promote democracy? 
Answer: provide financing to political parties in developing countries

Question: What is another common occurrence of international support for a party? 
Answer: Developing links between ideologically linked parties

Question: What does the overseas development institute want to do?
Answer: to increase support to political parties

Question: What funding does the Overseas Development Institute like to offer to support democracies?

Question: What was used during the Rose Revolution to make it successful?

Question: What does the Georgian party want to increase?

Question: Why does the Georgian party want to increase support to political parties?

Question: What did the Georgian party want to promote by financing political parties in developing countries?
Political_party

Green is the color for green parties, Islamist parties, Nordic agrarian parties and Irish republican parties. Orange is sometimes a color of nationalism, such as in the Netherlands, in Israel with the Orange Camp or with Ulster Loyalists in Northern Ireland; it is also a color of reform such as in Ukraine. In the past, Purple was considered the color of royalty (like white), but today it is sometimes used for feminist parties. White also is associated with nationalism. "Purple Party" is also used as an academic hypothetical of an undefined party, as a Centrist party in the United States (because purple is created from mixing the main parties' colors of red and blue) and as a highly idealistic "peace and love" party—in a similar vein to a Green Party, perhaps. Black is generally associated with fascist parties, going back to Benito Mussolini's blackshirts, but also with Anarchism. Similarly, brown is sometimes associated with Nazism, going back to the Nazi Party's tan-uniformed storm troopers.

Question: What parties is the color green for?
Answer: Islamist parties, Nordic agrarian parties and Irish republican parties

Question: What was purple considered the color for?
Answer: royalty

Question: What parties is the color black associated with?
Answer: fascist parties

Question: Brown is associated with what parties?
Answer: Nazism

Question: What color is orange associated with?
Answer: nationalism

Question: What uniforms do storm troopers wear in Islamist parties?

Question: What was green considered the color of in the past?

Question: What color is the Centrist Party in Israel?

Question: What party is similar to Irish republican parties?

Question: What group is similar to the Ulster Loyalists?
Political_party

Political color schemes in the United States diverge from international norms. Since 2000, red has become associated with the right-wing Republican Party and blue with the left-wing Democratic Party. However, unlike political color schemes of other countries, the parties did not choose those colors; they were used in news coverage of 2000 election results and ensuing legal battle and caught on in popular usage. Prior to the 2000 election the media typically alternated which color represented which party each presidential election cycle. The color scheme happened to get inordinate attention that year, so the cycle was stopped lest it cause confusion the following election.

Question: What is the color red associated with?
Answer: right-wing Republican Party

Question: What political party is the color blue associated with?
Answer: left-wing Democratic Party

Question: Did the political parties choose those colors?
Answer: unlike political color schemes of other countries, the parties did not choose those colors

Question: In what year did the occurrence of using different color schemes for the parties stop?
Answer: 2000

Question: What color was chosen by the Democratic Party before 2000?

Question: Before 2000 what color did the Republican party choose to be associated with?

Question: What have international political parties not chosen for themselves since 2000?

Question: What happened when other countries violated political color scheme norms in 2000?

Question: What did parties in other countries alternate to avoid confusion in 2000?
Political_party

During the 19th and 20th century, many national political parties organized themselves into international organizations along similar policy lines. Notable examples are The Universal Party, International Workingmen's Association (also called the First International), the Socialist International (also called the Second International), the Communist International (also called the Third International), and the Fourth International, as organizations of working class parties, or the Liberal International (yellow), Hizb ut-Tahrir, Christian Democratic International and the International Democrat Union (blue). Organized in Italy in 1945, the International Communist Party, since 1974 headquartered in Florence has sections in six countries.[citation needed] Worldwide green parties have recently established the Global Greens. The Universal Party, The Socialist International, the Liberal International, and the International Democrat Union are all based in London. Some administrations (e.g. Hong Kong) outlaw formal linkages between local and foreign political organizations, effectively outlawing international political parties.

Question: When did political parties organize themselves into international organizations?
Answer: 19th and 20th century

Question: What are some examples of this?
Answer: The Universal Party, International Workingmen's Association

Question: Name an example of an administration that outlaws links between local and foreign political organizations. 
Answer: Hong Kong

Question: In what year was the Universal Party organized in Italy?

Question: Where has The Universal Party headquarters been located since 1974?

Question: How many countries does The Universal Party operate in?

Question: What groups organized in Hong Kong in the 19th and 20th century?

Question: What was outlawed in Italy in 1945?