Divyanshu67/squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
Space_Race

In simple terms, the Cold War could be viewed as an expression of the ideological struggle between communism and capitalism. The United States faced a new uncertainty beginning in September 1949, when it lost its monopoly on the atomic bomb. American intelligence agencies discovered that the Soviet Union had exploded its first atomic bomb, with the consequence that the United States potentially could face a future nuclear war that, for the first time, might devastate its cities. Given this new danger, the United States participated in an arms race with the Soviet Union that included development of the hydrogen bomb, as well as intercontinental strategic bombers and intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) capable of delivering nuclear weapons. A new fear of communism and its sympathizers swept the United States during the 1950s, which devolved into paranoid McCarthyism. With communism spreading in China, Korea, and Eastern Europe, Americans came to feel so threatened that popular and political culture condoned extensive "witch-hunts" to expose communist spies. Part of the American reaction to the Soviet atomic and hydrogen bomb tests included maintaining a large Air Force, under the control of the Strategic Air Command (SAC). SAC employed intercontinental strategic bombers, as well as medium-bombers based close to Soviet airspace (in western Europe and in Turkey) that were capable of delivering nuclear payloads.

Question: What year did the US lose its monopoly to the atomic bomb?
Answer: 1949

Question: What type of bomb was first developed during the Cold War?
Answer: the hydrogen bomb

Question: ICBMs is an abbreviation for what?
Answer: intercontinental strategic bombers and intercontinental ballistic missiles

Question: The SAC is an abbreviation for what US force?
Answer: Strategic Air Command

Question: During what decade, did a fear of communism oversweep the US?
Answer: 1950s
Space_Race

For its part, the Soviet Union harbored fears of invasion. Having suffered at least 27 million casualties during World War II after being invaded by Nazi Germany in 1941, the Soviet Union was wary of its former ally, the United States, which until late 1949 was the sole possessor of atomic weapons. The United States had used these weapons operationally during World War II, and it could use them again against the Soviet Union, laying waste its cities and military centers. Since the Americans had a much larger air force than the Soviet Union, and the United States maintained advance air bases near Soviet territory, in 1947 Stalin ordered the development of intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) in order to counter the perceived American threat.

Question: How many casualties did the Soviet Union have during WWII?
Answer: 27 million

Question: The Soviet Union was first invaded by Nazi controlled Germany in what year?
Answer: 1941

Question: Until what year, was the US the sole possessor of the atomic bomb?
Answer: 1949

Question: In what year did Stalin order the development of ICBMs?
Answer: 1947

Question: What type of military force did the US possess a much larger fleet than the Soviet Union?
Answer: air force
Space_Race

In 1953, Korolev was given the go-ahead to develop the R-7 Semyorka rocket, which represented a major advance from the German design. Although some of its components (notably boosters) still resembled the German G-4, the new rocket incorporated staged design, a completely new control system, and a new fuel. It was successfully tested on August 21, 1957 and became the world's first fully operational ICBM the following month. It would later be used to launch the first satellite into space, and derivatives would launch all piloted Soviet spacecraft.

Question: Who began developing the  R-7 Semyorka rocket?
Answer: Korolev

Question:  R-7 Semyorka rocket resembled closely to what other missile?
Answer: German G-4

Question: When was the R-7 Semyorka rocket tested successfully?
Answer: August 21, 1957

Question: The first satellite launched into space used what rocket?
Answer: R-7 Semyorka rocket
Space_Race

The United States had multiple rocket programs divided among the different branches of the American armed services, which meant that each force developed its own ICBM program. The Air Force initiated ICBM research in 1945 with the MX-774. However, its funding was cancelled and only three partially successful launches were conducted in 1947. In 1950, von Braun began testing the Air Force PGM-11 Redstone rocket family at Cape Canaveral. In 1951, the Air Force began a new ICBM program called MX-1593, and by 1955 this program was receiving top-priority funding. The MX-1593 program evolved to become the Atlas-A, with its maiden launch occurring June 11, 1957, becoming the first successful American ICBM. Its upgraded version, the Atlas-D rocket, would later serve as an operational nuclear ICBM and as the orbital launch vehicle for Project Mercury and the remote-controlled Agena Target Vehicle used in Project Gemini.

Question: The US Air Force began research of ICBMs in what year?
Answer: 1945

Question: What type of rocket was first researched by the Air Force?
Answer: MX-774

Question: The MX-774 was tested in what year?
Answer: 1947

Question: The Air Force PGM-11 Redstone rocket family was tested where?
Answer: Cape Canaveral

Question: The Atlas-A first launched on what date?
Answer: June 11, 1957
Space_Race

In 1955, with both the United States and the Soviet Union building ballistic missiles that could be utilized to launch objects into space, the "starting line" was drawn for the Space Race. In separate announcements, just four days apart, both nations publicly announced that they would launch artificial Earth satellites by 1957 or 1958. On July 29, 1955, James C. Hagerty, president Dwight D. Eisenhower's press secretary, announced that the United States intended to launch "small Earth circling satellites" between July 1, 1957, and December 31, 1958, as part of their contribution to the International Geophysical Year (IGY). Four days later, at the Sixth Congress of International Astronautical Federation in Copenhagen, scientist Leonid I. Sedov spoke to international reporters at the Soviet embassy, and announced his country's intention to launch a satellite as well, in the "near future". On August 30, 1955, Korolev managed to get the Soviet Academy of Sciences to create a commission whose purpose was to beat the Americans into Earth orbit: this was the de facto start date for the Space Race. The Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union began a policy of treating development of its space program as a classified state secret.

Question: Who was president Dwight D. Eisenhower's press secretary?
Answer: James C. Hagerty

Question: The starting date for the Space Race was which date?
Answer: August 30, 1955
Space_Race

The Soviet success caused public controversy in the United States, and Eisenhower ordered the civilian rocket and satellite project, Vanguard, to move up its timetable and launch its satellite much sooner than originally planned. The December 6, 1957 Project Vanguard launch failure occurred at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida, broadcast live in front of a US television audience. It was a monumental failure, exploding a few seconds after launch, and it became an international joke. The satellite appeared in newspapers under the names Flopnik, Stayputnik, Kaputnik, and Dudnik. In the United Nations, the Russian delegate offered the U.S. representative aid "under the Soviet program of technical assistance to backwards nations." Only in the wake of this very public failure did von Braun's Redstone team get the go-ahead to launch their Jupiter-C rocket as soon as they could. In Britain, the USA's Western Cold War ally, the reaction was mixed: some members of the population celebrated the fact that the Soviets had reached space first, while others feared the destructive potential that military uses of spacecraft might bring.

Question: The civilian rocket and satellite project in the US was called what?
Answer: Vanguard

Question: Project Vanguard launch failed on what date?
Answer: December 6, 195

Question: Cape Canaveral Air Force Station is located in what state?
Answer: Florida

Question: in response to Project Vanguard's failed launch, what was the rocket the Soviet Union launched?
Answer: Jupiter-C rocket
Space_Race

On January 31, 1958, nearly four months after the launch of Sputnik 1, von Braun and the United States successfully launched its first satellite on a four-stage Juno I rocket derived from the US Army's Redstone missile, at Cape Canaveral. The satellite Explorer 1 was 30.8 pounds (14.0 kg) in mass. It carried a micrometeorite gauge and a Geiger-Müller tube. It passed in and out of the Earth-encompassing radiation belt with its 194-by-1,368-nautical-mile (360 by 2,534 km) orbit, therefore saturating the tube's capacity and proving what Dr. James Van Allen, a space scientist at the University of Iowa, had theorized. The belt, named the Van Allen radiation belt, is a doughnut-shaped zone of high-level radiation intensity around the Earth above the magnetic equator. Van Allen was also the man who designed and built the satellite instrumentation of Explorer 1. The satellite actually measured three phenomena: cosmic ray and radiation levels, the temperature in the spacecraft, and the frequency of collisions with micrometeorites. The satellite had no memory for data storage, therefore it had to transmit continuously. Two months later in March 1958, a second satellite was sent into orbit with augmented cosmic ray instruments.

Question: The first US satellite to launch without failure was on what date?
Answer: January 31, 1958

Question: The Explorer gathered what 3 measurements?
Answer: cosmic ray and radiation levels, the temperature in the spacecraft, and the frequency of collisions with micrometeorites
Space_Race

On April 2, 1958, President Eisenhower reacted to the Soviet space lead in launching the first satellite, by recommending to the US Congress that a civilian agency be established to direct nonmilitary space activities. Congress, led by Senate Majority Leader Lyndon B. Johnson, responded by passing the National Aeronautics and Space Act, which Eisenhower signed into law on July 29, 1958. This law turned the National Advisory Committee on Aeronautics into the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). It also created a Civilian-Military Liaison Committee, chaired by the President, responsible for coordinating the nation's civilian and military space programs.

Question: Who was the Senate's Majority Leader in 1958?
Answer: Lyndon B. Johnson

Question: The National Aeronautics and Space Act was established in what year?
Answer: 1958

Question: What was NASA called before it became NASA?
Answer: National Advisory Committee on Aeronautics

Question: The first US satellite was launched on what date?
Answer: April 2, 1958
Space_Race

On October 21, 1959, Eisenhower approved the transfer of the Army's remaining space-related activities to NASA. On July 1, 1960, the Redstone Arsenal became NASA's George C. Marshall Space Flight Center, with von Braun as its first director. Development of the Saturn rocket family, which when mature, would finally give the US parity with the Soviets in terms of lifting capability, was thus transferred to NASA.

Question: The Redstone Arsenal became the George C. Marshall Space Flight Center when?
Answer: July 1, 1960

Question: Who was the first director in charge of the George C. Marshall Space Flight Center?
Answer: von Braun
Space_Race

In 1958, Korolev upgraded the R-7 to be able to launch a 400-kilogram (880 lb) payload to the Moon. Three secret 1958 attempts to launch Luna E-1-class impactor probes failed. The fourth attempt, Luna 1, launched successfully on January 2, 1959, but missed the Moon. The fifth attempt on June 18 also failed at launch. The 390-kilogram (860 lb) Luna 2 successfully impacted the Moon on September 14, 1959. The 278.5-kilogram (614 lb) Luna 3 successfully flew by the Moon and sent back pictures of its far side on October 6, 1959.

Question: How many attempts to the Moon did Luna E-1-class probes fail before successfully launching?
Answer: 4

Question: The first probe to land on the Moon was in what year?
Answer: 1959

Question: Which Luna probe successfully photographed the back side of the Moon?
Answer: Luna 3
Space_Race

The US reacted to the Luna program by embarking on the Ranger program in 1959, managed by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory. The Block I Ranger 1 and Ranger 2 suffered Atlas-Agena launch failures in August and November 1961. The 727-pound (330 kg) Block II Ranger 3 launched successfully on January 26, 1962, but missed the Moon. The 730-pound (330 kg) Ranger 4 became the first US spacecraft to reach the Moon, but its solar panels and navigational system failed near the Moon and it impacted the far side without returning any scientific data. Ranger 5 ran out of power and missed the Moon by 725 kilometers (391 nmi) on October 21, 1962. The first successful Ranger mission was the 806-pound (366 kg) Block III Ranger 7 which impacted on July 31, 1964.

Question: The Ranger program from 1959 was managed by what organization?
Answer: NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory

Question: The first spacecraft to make it to the Moon was what?
Answer: Ranger 4

Question: The first Ranger mission that didn't fail was which one?
Answer: Block III Ranger 7

Question: The Block III Ranger 7 mission successfully reached the moon on what date?
Answer: July 31, 1964

Question: What program led to the establishment of the Ranger program?
Answer: Luna
Space_Race

Gagarin became a national hero of the Soviet Union and the Eastern Bloc, and a worldwide celebrity. Moscow and other cities in the USSR held mass demonstrations, the scale of which was second only to the World War II Victory Parade of 1945. April 12 was declared Cosmonautics Day in the USSR, and is celebrated today in Russia as one of the official "Commemorative Dates of Russia." In 2011, it was declared the International Day of Human Space Flight by the United Nations.

Question: April 12, in the USSR, is what special day?
Answer: Cosmonautics Day

Question: What year was established as the International Day of Human Space Flight by the United Nations?
Answer: 2011
Space_Race

The US Air Force had been developing a program to launch the first man in space, named Man in Space Soonest. This program studied several different types of one-man space vehicles, settling on a ballistic re-entry capsule launched on a derivative Atlas missile, and selecting a group of nine candidate pilots. After NASA's creation, the program was transferred over to the civilian agency and renamed Project Mercury on November 26, 1958. NASA selected a new group of astronaut (from the Greek for "star sailor") candidates from Navy, Air Force and Marine test pilots, and narrowed this down to a group of seven for the program. Capsule design and astronaut training began immediately, working toward preliminary suborbital flights on the Redstone missile, followed by orbital flights on the Atlas. Each flight series would first start unmanned, then carry a primate, then finally men.

Question: Man in Space Soonest was a program by which organization?
Answer: US Air Force

Question: Man in Space Soonest was reestablished as what in November 26, 1958?
Answer: Project Mercury
Space_Race

Three weeks later, on May 5, 1961, Alan Shepard became the first American in space, launched in a ballistic trajectory on Mercury-Redstone 3, in a spacecraft he named Freedom 7. Though he did not achieve orbit like Gagarin, he was the first person to exercise manual control over his spacecraft's attitude and retro-rocket firing. After his successful return, Shepard was celebrated as a national hero, honored with parades in Washington, New York and Los Angeles, and received the NASA Distinguished Service Medal from President John F. Kennedy.

Question: The first American to travel into space was whom?
Answer: Alan Shepard

Question: When did Alan Shepard first arrive in space?
Answer: May 5, 1961

Question: The spaceship that carried Alan Shepard was named what?
Answer: Freedom 7

Question: The first person to have control over driving their spacecraft was whom?
Answer: Alan Shepard

Question: Which president awarded Alan Shepard the NASA Distinguished Service Medal?
Answer: John F. Kennedy
Space_Race

American Virgil "Gus" Grissom repeated Shepard's suborbital flight in Liberty Bell 7 on July 21, 1961. Almost a year after the Soviet Union put a human into orbit, astronaut John Glenn became the first American to orbit the Earth, on February 20, 1962. His Mercury-Atlas 6 mission completed three orbits in the Friendship 7 spacecraft, and splashed down safely in the Atlantic Ocean, after a tense reentry, due to what falsely appeared from the telemetry data to be a loose heat-shield. As the first American in orbit, Glenn became a national hero, and received a ticker-tape parade in New York City, reminiscent of that given for Charles Lindbergh. On February 23, 1962, President Kennedy escorted him in a parade at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, where he awarded Glenn with the NASA service medal.

Question: The first American to orbit around the planet was whom?
Answer: John Glenn

Question: When did John Glenn orbit the Earth?
Answer: February 20, 1962

Question: Where did John Glenn land on Earth after coming back from orbit?
Answer: Atlantic Ocean

Question: John Glenn's spaceship was named what when he orbited the Earth?
Answer: Friendship 7
Space_Race

Gherman Titov became the first Soviet cosmonaut to exercise manual control of his Vostok 2 craft on August 6, 1961. The Soviet Union demonstrated 24-hour launch pad turnaround and the capability to launch two piloted spacecraft, Vostok 3 and Vostok 4, in essentially identical orbits, on August 11 and 12, 1962. The two spacecraft came within approximately 6.5 kilometers (4.0 mi) of one another, close enough for radio communication. Vostok 4 also set a record of nearly four days in space. Though the two craft's orbits were as nearly identical as possible given the accuracy of the launch rocket's guidance system, slight variations still existed which drew the two craft at first as close to each other as 6.5 kilometers (3.5 nautical miles), then as far apart as 2,850 kilometers (1,540 nautical miles). There were no maneuvering rockets on the Vostok to permit space rendezvous, required to keep two spacecraft a controlled distance apart.

Question: What first person from the USSR controlled their own spacecraft?
Answer: Gherman Titov

Question: Gherman Titov from the USSR drove his own spacecraft on what date?
Answer: August 6, 1961

Question: Radio communication was possible between which two spacecrafts in August 11 and 12, 1962?
Answer: Vostok 3 and Vostok 4
Space_Race

The Soviet Union duplicated its dual-launch feat with Vostok 5 and Vostok 6 (June 16, 1963). This time they launched the first woman (also the first civilian), Valentina Tereshkova, into space on Vostok 6. Launching a woman was reportedly Korolev's idea, and it was accomplished purely for propaganda value. Tereshkova was one of a small corps of female cosmonauts who were amateur parachutists, but Tereshkova was the only one to fly. The USSR didn't again open its cosmonaut corps to women until 1980, two years after the United States opened its astronaut corps to women.

Question: The first woman that went into space was whom?
Answer: Valentina Tereshkova

Question: What spacecraft carried  Valentina Tereshkova, the first woman in space?
Answer: Vostok 6

Question: The first woman to launch into space was on what date?
Answer: June 16, 1963

Question: The first woman to go into space was from which country?
Answer: The USSR
Space_Race

On October 2, 1997, it was reported that Khrushchev's son Sergei claimed Khrushchev was poised to accept Kennedy's proposal at the time of Kennedy's assassination on November 22, 1963. During the next few weeks he reportedly concluded that both nations might realize cost benefits and technological gains from a joint venture, and decided to accept Kennedy's offer based on a measure of rapport during their years as leaders of the world's two superpowers, but changed his mind and dropped the idea since he did not have the same trust for Kennedy's successor, Lyndon Johnson.

Question: President Kennedy was killed when?
Answer: November 22, 1963

Question: How did US President Kennedy die?
Answer: assassination
Space_Race

As President, Johnson steadfastly pursued the Gemini and Apollo programs, promoting them as Kennedy's legacy to the American public. One week after Kennedy's death, he issued an executive order renaming the Cape Canaveral and Apollo launch facilities after Kennedy.

Question: What two locations in Florida were renamed after Kennedy by President Johnson?
Answer: Cape Canaveral and Apollo launch facilities

Question: Which two space programs were heavily worked on by President Johnson?
Answer: Gemini and Apollo
Space_Race

The greater advances of the Soviet space program at the time allowed their space program to achieve other significant firsts, including the first EVA "spacewalk" and the first mission performed by a crew in shirt-sleeves. Gemini took a year longer than planned to accomplish its first flight, allowing the Soviets to achieve another first, launching Voskhod 1 on October 12, 1964, the first spacecraft with a three-cosmonaut crew. The USSR touted another technological achievement during this mission: it was the first space flight during which cosmonauts performed in a shirt-sleeve-environment. However, flying without spacesuits was not due to safety improvements in the Soviet spacecraft's environmental systems; rather this innovation was accomplished because the craft's limited cabin space did not allow for spacesuits. Flying without spacesuits exposed the cosmonauts to significant risk in the event of potentially fatal cabin depressurization. This feat would not be repeated until the US Apollo Command Module flew in 1968; this later mission was designed from the outset to safely transport three astronauts in a shirt-sleeve environment while in space.

Question: On what date was the first successful three man astronaut crew?
Answer: October 12, 1964

Question: The first flight in a spacecraft that allowed no suits to be worn inside was was?
Answer: Voskhod 1

Question: The US Apollo Command Module flew without spacesuits in what year?
Answer: 1968
Space_Race

On May 10, 1962, Vice President Johnson addressed the Second National Conference on the Peaceful Uses of Space revealing that the United States and the USSR both supported a resolution passed by the Political Committee of the UN General Assembly on December 1962, which not only urged member nations to "extend the rules of international law to outer space," but to also cooperate in its exploration. Following the passing of this resolution, Kennedy commenced his communications proposing a cooperative American/Soviet space program.

Question: A problem was resolved by whom when both the US and the USSR supported a cooperative space program?
Answer: Political Committee of the UN General Assembly

Question: The cooperative space program was passed on what date?
Answer: December 1962
Space_Race

On January 27, 1967, the same day the US and USSR signed the Outer Space Treaty, the crew of the first manned Apollo mission, Command Pilot Virgil "Gus" Grissom, Senior Pilot Edward H. White, and Pilot Roger Chaffee, were killed in a fire that swept through their spacecraft cabin during a ground test, less than a month before the planned February 21 launch. An investigative board determined the fire was probably caused by an electrical spark, and quickly grew out of control, fed by the spacecraft's pure oxygen atmosphere. Crew escape was made impossible by inability to open the plug door hatch cover against the greater-than-atmospheric internal pressure. The board also found design and construction flaws in the spacecraft, and procedural failings, including failure to appreciate the hazard of the pure-oxygen atmosphere, as well as inadequate safety procedures. All these flaws had to be corrected over the next twenty-two months until the first piloted flight could be made. Mercury and Gemini veteran Grissom had been a favored choice of Deke Slayton, NASA's Director of Flight Crew Operations, to make the first piloted landing.

Question: The Outer Space Treaty was signed by the US and the USSR on what date?
Answer: January 27, 1967

Question: What was the cause of the fire that killed everyone on the first Apollo mission before launch?
Answer: electrical spark

Question: Who were the three people who died on the first Apollo mission before launch?
Answer: Command Pilot Virgil "Gus" Grissom, Senior Pilot Edward H. White, and Pilot Roger Chaffee
Space_Race

Meanwhile, the Soviet Union was having its own problems with Soyuz development. Engineers reported 200 design faults to party leaders, but their concerns "were overruled by political pressures for a series of space feats to mark the anniversary of Lenin's birthday."[citation needed] On April 24, 1967, the single pilot of Soyuz 1, Vladimir Komarov, became the first in-flight spaceflight fatality. The mission was planned to be a three-day test, to include the first Soviet docking with an unpiloted Soyuz 2, but the mission was plagued with problems. Early on, Komarov's craft lacked sufficient electrical power because only one of two solar panels had deployed. Then the automatic attitude control system began malfunctioning and eventually failed completely, resulting in the craft spinning wildly. Komarov was able to stop the spin with the manual system, which was only partially effective. The flight controllers aborted his mission after only one day. During the emergency re-entry, a fault in the landing parachute system caused the primary chute to fail, and the reserve chute became tangled with the drogue chute; Komarov was killed on impact. Fixing the spacecraft faults caused an eighteen-month delay before piloted Soyuz flights could resume.

Question: Who was the person credited with the first in-flight space death?
Answer: Vladimir Komarov

Question: When did Vladimir Komarov die on impact from his spacecraft crash?
Answer: April 24, 1967
Space_Race

The United States recovered from the Apollo 1 fire, fixing the fatal flaws in an improved version of the Block II command module. The US proceeded with unpiloted test launches of the Saturn V launch vehicle (Apollo 4 and Apollo 6) and the Lunar Module (Apollo 5) during the latter half of 1967 and early 1968. Apollo 1's mission to check out the Apollo Command/Service Module in Earth orbit was accomplished by Grissom's backup crew commanded by Walter Schirra on Apollo 7, launched on October 11, 1968. The eleven-day mission was a total success, as the spacecraft performed a virtually flawless mission, paving the way for the United States to continue with its lunar mission schedule.

Question: Apollo 7 launched from Earth on what date?
Answer: October 11, 1968

Question: Who was in charge of the Apollo 7 mission on board?
Answer: Walter Schirra
Space_Race

During the summer of 1968, the Apollo program hit another snag: the first pilot-rated Lunar Module (LM) was not ready for orbital tests in time for a December 1968 launch. NASA planners overcame this challenge by changing the mission flight order, delaying the first LM flight until March 1969, and sending Apollo 8 into lunar orbit without the LM in December. This mission was in part motivated by intelligence rumors the Soviet Union might be ready for a piloted Zond flight during late 1968. In September 1968, Zond 5 made a circumlunar flight with tortoises on board and returned to Earth, accomplishing the first successful water landing of the Soviet space program in the Indian Ocean. It also scared NASA planners, as it took them several days to figure out that it was only an automated flight, not piloted, because voice recordings were transmitted from the craft en route to the Moon. On November 10, 1968 another automated test flight, Zond 6 was launched, but this time encountered difficulties in its Earth reentry, and depressurized and deployed its parachute too early, causing it to crash-land only 16 kilometers (9.9 mi) from where it had been launched six days earlier. It turned out there was no chance of a piloted Soviet circumlunar flight during 1968, due to the unreliability of the Zonds.

Question: The first successful water landing in the Indian Ocean by the Soviets was was when?
Answer: 1968

Question: What animal was carried aboard the  Zond 5?
Answer: tortoises

Question: The first Lunar Module was delayed to what date?
Answer: March 1969
Space_Race

On December 21, 1968, Frank Borman, James Lovell, and William Anders became the first humans to ride the Saturn V rocket into space on Apollo 8. They also became the first to leave low-Earth orbit and go to another celestial body, and entered lunar orbit on December 24. They made ten orbits in twenty hours, and transmitted one of the most watched TV broadcasts in history, with their Christmas Eve program from lunar orbit, that concluded with a reading from the biblical Book of Genesis. Two and a half hours after the broadcast, they fired their engine to perform the first trans-Earth injection to leave lunar orbit and return to the Earth. Apollo 8 safely landed in the Pacific ocean on December 27, in NASA's first dawn splashdown and recovery.

Question: Which three people were the first to ride the Saturn V rocket into space?
Answer: Frank Borman, James Lovell, and William Anders

Question: What date did Frank Borman, James Lovell, and William Anders leave Earth on the Apollo 8 mission?
Answer: December 21, 1968

Question: During what holiday, was the Apollo 8 mission broadcast from orbit?
Answer: Christmas Eve

Question: Which ocean did the Apolo 8 mission land in?
Answer: Pacific
Space_Race

Apollo 11 was prepared with the goal of a July landing in the Sea of Tranquility. The crew, selected in January 1969, consisted of commander (CDR) Neil Armstrong, Command Module Pilot (CMP) Michael Collins, and Lunar Module Pilot (LMP) Edwin "Buzz" Aldrin. They trained for the mission until just before the actual launch day. On July 16, 1969, at exactly 9:32 am EDT, the Saturn V rocket, AS-506, lifted off from Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39 in Florida.

Question: Apollo 11 mission was to land where on the Moon?
Answer: Sea of Tranquility

Question: When did the Apollo 11 mission launch?
Answer: July 16, 1969

Question: What state did the Saturn V rocket launch from?
Answer: Florida

Question: When was the crew chosen to participate on the Apollo 11 mission?
Answer: January 1969
Space_Race

The trip to the Moon took just over three days. After achieving orbit, Armstrong and Aldrin transferred into the Lunar Module, named Eagle, and after a landing gear inspection by Collins remaining in the Command/Service Module Columbia, began their descent. After overcoming several computer overload alarms caused by an antenna switch left in the wrong position, and a slight downrange error, Armstrong took over manual flight control at about 180 meters (590 ft), and guided the Lunar Module to a safe landing spot at 20:18:04 UTC, July 20, 1969 (3:17:04 pm CDT). The first humans on the Moon would wait another six hours before they ventured out of their craft. At 02:56 UTC, July 21 (9:56 pm CDT July 20), Armstrong became the first human to set foot on the Moon.

Question: How long did the trip to the Moon last for the crew of the Apollo 11?
Answer: three days

Question: The Lunar Module of the Apollo 11 was named after what animal?
Answer: Eagle

Question: Who was the first human to take a step on the Moon?
Answer: Armstrong

Question: At what time on Earth did Armstrong first step onto the Moon?
Answer: 9:56 pm CDT July 20
Space_Race

The first step was witnessed by at least one-fifth of the population of Earth, or about 723 million people. His first words when he stepped off the LM's landing footpad were, "That's one small step for [a] man, one giant leap for mankind." Aldrin joined him on the surface almost 20 minutes later. Altogether, they spent just under two and one-quarter hours outside their craft. The next day, they performed the first launch from another celestial body, and rendezvoused back with Columbia.

Question: How many people saw the first step onto the Moon?
Answer: 723 million

Question: When did they launch from the Moon to reattach to the Columbia?
Answer: The next day
Space_Race

Apollo 11 left lunar orbit and returned to Earth, landing safely in the Pacific Ocean on July 24, 1969. When the spacecraft splashed down, 2,982 days had passed since Kennedy's commitment to landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to the Earth before the end of the decade; the mission was completed with 161 days to spare. With the safe completion of the Apollo 11 mission, the Americans won the race to the Moon.

Question: When did the Apollo 11 mission land back on Earth?
Answer: July 24, 1969

Question: Where did the Apollo 11 mission land back on Earth?
Answer: Pacific Ocean
Space_Race

The first landing was followed by another, precision landing on Apollo 12 in November 1969. NASA had achieved its first landing goal with enough Apollo spacecraft and Saturn V launchers left for eight follow-on lunar landings through Apollo 20, conducting extended-endurance missions and transporting the landing crews in Lunar Roving Vehicles on the last five. They also planned an Apollo Applications Program to develop a longer-duration Earth orbital workshop (later named Skylab) to be constructed in orbit from a spent S-IVB upper stage, using several launches of the smaller Saturn IB launch vehicle. But planners soon decided this could be done more efficiently by using the two live stages of a Saturn V to launch the workshop pre-fabricated from an S-IVB (which was also the Saturn V third stage), which immediately removed Apollo 20. Belt-tightening budget cuts soon led NASA to cut Apollo 18 and 19 as well, but keep three extended/Lunar Rover missions. Apollo 13 encountered an in-flight spacecraft failure and had to abort its lunar landing in April 1970, returning its crew safely but temporarily grounding the program again. It resumed with four successful landings on Apollo 14 (February 1971), Apollo 15 (July 1971), Apollo 16 (April 1972), and Apollo 17 (December 1972).

Question: When was the second landing on the Moon successful?
Answer: November 1969

Question: When did the Apollo 14 mission land successfully?
Answer: February 1971

Question: Apollo 15 landed on the Moon on what date?
Answer: July 1971

Question: On what date was the Apollo 16 successful on landing on the Moon?
Answer: April 1972

Question: Apollo 17 landed on the Moon on which date?
Answer: December 1972
Space_Race

Having lost the race to the Moon, the USSR decided to concentrate on orbital space stations. During 1969 and 1970, they launched six more Soyuz flights after Soyuz 3, then launched the first space station, the Salyut 1 laboratory designed by Kerim Kerimov, on April 19, 1971. Three days later, the Soyuz 10 crew attempted to dock with it, but failed to achieve a secure enough connection to safely enter the station. The Soyuz 11 crew of Vladislav Volkov, Georgi Dobrovolski and Viktor Patsayev successfully docked on June 7, and completed a record 22-day stay. The crew became the second in-flight space fatality during their reentry on June 30. They were asphyxiated when their spacecraft's cabin lost all pressure, shortly after undocking. The disaster was blamed on a faulty cabin pressure valve, that allowed all the air to vent into space. The crew was not wearing pressure suits and had no chance of survival once the leak occurred.

Question: The USSR launched their first space station on what date?
Answer: April 19, 1971

Question: Who made up the crew of the Soyuz 11?
Answer: Vladislav Volkov, Georgi Dobrovolski and Viktor Patsayev
Space_Race

Salyut 1's orbit was increased to prevent premature reentry, but further piloted flights were delayed while the Soyuz was redesigned to fix the new safety problem. The station re-entered the Earth's atmosphere on October 11, after 175 days in orbit. The USSR attempted to launch a second Salyut-class station designated Durable Orbital Station-2 (DOS-2) on July 29, 1972, but a rocket failure caused it to fail to achieve orbit. After the DOS-2 failure, the USSR attempted to launch four more Salyut-class stations through 1975, with another failure due to an explosion of the final rocket stage, which punctured the station with shrapnel so that it wouldn't hold pressure. While all of the Salyuts were presented to the public as non-military scientific laboratories, some of them were actually covers for the military Almaz reconnaissance stations.

Question: The station, Salyut 1, came back to Earth on which date?
Answer: October 11

Question: How long did the station, Salyut 1, stay in orbit?
Answer: 175 days

Question: Why did The Durable Orbital Station-2 not reach orbit?
Answer: rocket failure
Space_Race

The United States launched the orbital workstation Skylab 1 on May 14, 1973. It weighed 169,950 pounds (77,090 kg), was 58 feet (18 m) long by 21.7 feet (6.6 m) in diameter, with a habitable volume of 10,000 cubic feet (280 m3). Skylab was damaged during the ascent to orbit, losing one of its solar panels and a meteoroid thermal shield. Subsequent manned missions repaired the station, and the final mission's crew, Skylab 4, set the Space Race endurance record with 84 days in orbit when the mission ended on February 8, 1974. Skylab stayed in orbit another five years before reentering the Earth's atmosphere over the Indian Ocean and Western Australia on July 11, 1979.

Question: The Skylab 1 was launched on which date?
Answer: May 14, 1973

Question: How much did the Skylab 1 weigh?
Answer: 169,950 pounds

Question: When did the Skylab 1 finally come back to Earth?
Answer: July 11, 1979
Space_Race

The two nations planned a joint mission to dock the last US Apollo craft with a Soyuz, known as the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project (ASTP). To prepare, the US designed a docking module for the Apollo that was compatible with the Soviet docking system, which allowed any of their craft to dock with any other (e.g. Soyuz/Soyuz as well as Soyuz/Salyut). The module was also necessary as an airlock to allow the men to visit each other's craft, which had incompatible cabin atmospheres. The USSR used the Soyuz 16 mission in December 1974 to prepare for ASTP.

Question: ASTP stands for what?
Answer: Apollo-Soyuz Test Project

Question: Which Soyuz mission in December 1974 was to be used for the ASTP?
Answer: 16
Web_browser

A web browser (commonly referred to as a browser) is a software application for retrieving, presenting, and traversing information resources on the World Wide Web. An information resource is identified by a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI/URL) and may be a web page, image, video or other piece of content. Hyperlinks present in resources enable users easily to navigate their browsers to related resources.

Question: What do people typically call a web browser?
Answer: browser

Question: What platform is a browser used on?
Answer: World Wide Web

Question: What does URL mean?
Answer: Uniform Resource Identifier

Question: What allows a person to direct their browser to a resource?
Answer: Hyperlinks

Question: What is the definition of the World Wide Web?

Question: What helps identify the WWW?

Question: What are examples of the WWW?

Question: What does content present in applications help users do?

Question: What is something that identifies how a video plays in a software application?
Web_browser

Although browsers are primarily intended to use the World Wide Web, they can also be used to access information provided by web servers in private networks or files in file systems.

Question: The primary function of a browser is to use what?
Answer: the World Wide Web

Question: In addition to accessing the Internet, browsers can also access info that is put there by web servers in what?
Answer: private networks

Question: A browser can also access files where?
Answer: file systems

Question: What can information access when used?

Question: What are private networks primarily intended to use?

Question: Where are browsers located?

Question: Where is a browser so you are able to find it later?

Question: The primary function of file systems is to use what?
Web_browser

The first web browser was invented in 1990 by Sir Tim Berners-Lee. Berners-Lee is the director of the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), which oversees the Web's continued development, and is also the founder of the World Wide Web Foundation. His browser was called WorldWideWeb and later renamed Nexus.

Question: When was the first browser created?
Answer: 1990

Question: Who invented the first browser?
Answer: Sir Tim Berners-Lee

Question: What was Berners-Lee a director of?
Answer: the World Wide Web Consortium

Question: What organization did Berners-Lee create?
Answer: World Wide Web Foundation

Question: When did Sir Tim Berners Le invent the WWW?

Question: What was the W3C later renamed?

Question: What does WordWideweb oversee?

Question: What group did Nexus start?

Question: What did Nexus invent in 1990?
Web_browser

In 1993, browser software was further innovated by Marc Andreessen with the release of Mosaic, "the world's first popular browser", which made the World Wide Web system easy to use and more accessible to the average person. Andreesen's browser sparked the internet boom of the 1990s. The introduction of Mosaic in 1993 – one of the first graphical web browsers – led to an explosion in web use. Andreessen, the leader of the Mosaic team at National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA), soon started his own company, named Netscape, and released the Mosaic-influenced Netscape Navigator in 1994, which quickly became the world's most popular browser, accounting for 90% of all web use at its peak (see usage share of web browsers).

Question: Who released Mosaic?
Answer: Marc Andreessen

Question: When was Mosaic released?
Answer: 1993

Question: When Andreessen left the company he worked for, what new company did he start?
Answer: Netscape

Question: What browser did Andreessen release in 1994?
Answer: Netscape Navigator

Question: What did the World Wide Web help release in the 1990's?

Question: What did the release of Mosaic in 1994 by NCSA lead to?

Question: What company was started by Mosaic?

Question: When was the NCSA Navigator released by Mosaic?

Question: What percentage of web use did Mosaic have at its peak in 1993?
Web_browser

Microsoft responded with its Internet Explorer in 1995, also heavily influenced by Mosaic, initiating the industry's first browser war. Bundled with Windows, Internet Explorer gained dominance in the web browser market; Internet Explorer usage share peaked at over 95% by 2002.

Question: Who released the Internet Explorer browser?
Answer: Microsoft

Question: When did Microsoft release Internet Explorer?
Answer: 1995

Question: The release of Internet Explorer started the first what?
Answer: browser war

Question: What was bundled with Internet Explorer?
Answer: Windows

Question: When did Microsoft release Mosaic?

Question: What did Microsoft releasing Mosaic cause?

Question: What was Mosaic bundled with?

Question: What did Mosaic gain after it was released by Microsoft?

Question: By what percentage was Mosaic being used in 1995?
Web_browser

Opera debuted in 1996; it has never achieved widespread use, having less than 2% browser usage share as of February 2012 according to Net Applications. Its Opera-mini version has an additive share, in April 2011 amounting to 1.1% of overall browser use, but focused on the fast-growing mobile phone web browser market, being preinstalled on over 40 million phones. It is also available on several other embedded systems, including Nintendo's Wii video game console.

Question: Opera was introduced in what year?
Answer: 1996

Question: What accounted for 1.1% of browser use in April 2011?
Answer: Opera-mini version

Question: Opera focused on which quickly growing market?
Answer: mobile phone web browser

Question: Opera is also available on which video game console?
Answer: Nintendo's Wii

Question: What program debuted in February 2012?

Question: When was the Nintendo Wii introduced?

Question: What market did Nintendo focus on to expand its use?

Question: How has usage of the Nintendo Wii been shown over time?

Question: How many game consoles has Nintendo sold?
Web_browser

In 1998, Netscape launched what was to become the Mozilla Foundation in an attempt to produce a competitive browser using the open source software model. That browser would eventually evolve into Firefox, which developed a respectable following while still in the beta stage of development; shortly after the release of Firefox 1.0 in late 2004, Firefox (all versions) accounted for 7% of browser use. As of August 2011, Firefox has a 28% usage share.

Question: What did Netscape launch in 1998?
Answer: Mozilla Foundation

Question: Netscape wanted to have a competitive browser using what?
Answer: open source software model

Question: What was the resulting browser for the Mozilla Foundation?
Answer: Firefox

Question: When was Firefox released?
Answer: late 2004

Question: What did Firefox launch in 1998?

Question: How much usage share did Netscape have in 1998?

Question: At what point did open source software gain popularity?

Question: What software model was released in 1998?

Question: What percentage of the open source model did Netscape have shortly after release?
Web_browser

Apple's Safari had its first beta release in January 2003; as of April 2011, it had a dominant share of Apple-based web browsing, accounting for just over 7% of the entire browser market.

Question: When was the first beta release for Safari?
Answer: January 2003

Question: Who created Safari?
Answer: Apple

Question: When was Apple founded?

Question: When did web browsers become active?

Question: When did the browser market become dominant in software?

Question: How much software was released by Safari in January 2003?

Question: When did the entire browser market begin beta release of software?
Web_browser

The most recent major entrant to the browser market is Chrome, first released in September 2008. Chrome's take-up has increased significantly year by year, by doubling its usage share from 8% to 16% by August 2011. This increase seems largely to be at the expense of Internet Explorer, whose share has tended to decrease from month to month. In December 2011, Chrome overtook Internet Explorer 8 as the most widely used web browser but still had lower usage than all versions of Internet Explorer combined. Chrome's user-base continued to grow and in May 2012, Chrome's usage passed the usage of all versions of Internet Explorer combined. By April 2014, Chrome's usage had hit 45%.

Question: Which browser is the newest to enter the field?
Answer: Chrome

Question: When was Chrome released?
Answer: September 2008

Question: As Chrome usage increases, which browser usage has continued to decrease?
Answer: Internet Explorer

Question: When did Chrome become more used than all versions of Internet Explorer?
Answer: May 2012

Question: In what year was Internet Explorer released?

Question: By how much did IE double its usage share?

Question: When did Internet Explorer 8 overtake Chrome as the more popular browser?

Question: What was IE's increase in usage percentage in August 2011?

Question: When did the usage of IE surpass all versions of Chrome combined?