Divyanshu67/squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
Computer_security

Computer security, also known as cybersecurity or IT security, is the protection of information systems from theft or damage to the hardware, the software, and to the information on them, as well as from disruption or misdirection of the services they provide. It includes controlling physical access to the hardware, as well as protecting against harm that may come via network access, data and code injection, and due to malpractice by operators, whether intentional, accidental, or due to them being tricked into deviating from secure procedures.

Question: What must an operator deviate from to harm the computer?
Answer: secure procedures

Question: What is computer security also known as?
Answer: cybersecurity or IT security

Question: What is the protection of information systems?
Answer: Computer security

Question: What are the ways an operator can malpractice?
Answer: intentional, accidental, or due to them being tricked

Question: What is the practice that includes controlling physical access to hardware?
Answer: Computer security

Question: What is the necessity of having an IT?

Question: What can be caused by neglecting a computer security system?

Question: What does the IT security protect?

Question: How can a computer be attacked?

Question: How does IT security work?

Question: What is the theft or damage to hardware or software?

Question: Protecting a device from harm requires deviating from what procedures?

Question: What does computer security misdirect?

Question: What types of harm can come through network access?

Question: Why would IT security partake in malpractice?
Computer_security

Denial of service attacks are designed to make a machine or network resource unavailable to its intended users. Attackers can deny service to individual victims, such as by deliberately entering a wrong password enough consecutive times to cause the victim account to be locked, or they may overload the capabilities of a machine or network and block all users at once. While a network attack from a single IP address can be blocked by adding a new firewall rule, many forms of Distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks are possible, where the attack comes from a large number of points – and defending is much more difficult. Such attacks can originate from the zombie computers of a botnet, but a range of other techniques are possible including reflection and amplification attacks, where innocent systems are fooled into sending traffic to the victim.

Question: What are attacks designed to make a machine or network unavailable to its intended users?
Answer: Denial of service attacks

Question: What does deliberately entering the wrong password enough consecutive times cause?
Answer: the victim account to be locked

Question: What are attacks where innocent systems are fooled into sending traffic to the victom called?
Answer: reflection and amplification attacks

Question: What does DDoS stand for?
Answer: Distributed denial of service

Question: How can a network attack from a single IP address be blocked?
Answer: by adding a new firewall rule

Question: What happens if an attacker enters the wrong password into an account enough times?

Question: What is the point of making network resources unavailable to users?

Question: Why is it difficult to defend against DDos?

Question: Other than being locked out what other methods are used in DDos?

Question: What causes multiple attacks?

Question: What allows a machine to be accessed by its user?

Question: What is done to a password to lock out all users at once?

Question: How is a DDoS from multiple locations defended?

Question: What is an IP address?

Question: What are zombie computers on a botnet?
Computer_security

If access is gained to a car's internal controller area network, it is possible to disable the brakes and turn the steering wheel. Computerized engine timing, cruise control, anti-lock brakes, seat belt tensioners, door locks, airbags and advanced driver assistance systems make these disruptions possible, and self-driving cars go even further. Connected cars may use wifi and bluetooth to communicate with onboard consumer devices, and the cell phone network to contact concierge and emergency assistance services or get navigational or entertainment information; each of these networks is a potential entry point for malware or an attacker. Researchers in 2011 were even able to use a malicious compact disc in a car's stereo system as a successful attack vector, and cars with built-in voice recognition or remote assistance features have onboard microphones which could be used for eavesdropping.

Question: What were researchers in 2011 able to use as a successful attack vector?
Answer: a malicious compact disc in a car's stereo system

Question: In cars with built-in voice recognition features, what can the onboard microphones be used for?
Answer: eavesdropping

Question: Wifi, bluetooth, and cell phone networks are examples of what?
Answer: a potential entry point for malware or an attacker

Question: Assuming access has been gained to the car's internal controller area network, what is it possible to do?
Answer: disable the brakes and turn the steering wheel

Question: What network is used to contact concierge and emergency assitance services as well as getting navigational and entetainment information?
Answer: the cell phone network

Question: What makes cars a risk for computerized attacks?

Question: How were researchers able to eavesdrop in a car?

Question: Why are cars with more technology at a higher risk for attack?

Question: What increases the likelihood of a car being attacked?

Question: What entry points are viable for malware and attackers?

Question: What does an external controller area network control?

Question: When were self-driving cars built?

Question: What networks prevent malware in connected cars?

Question: What did researchers use to prevent attacks in 2011?

Question: What can voice recognition not be used for?
Computer_security

However, relatively few organisations maintain computer systems with effective detection systems, and fewer still have organised response mechanisms in place. As result, as Reuters points out: "Companies for the first time report they are losing more through electronic theft of data than physical stealing of assets". The primary obstacle to effective eradication of cyber crime could be traced to excessive reliance on firewalls and other automated "detection" systems. Yet it is basic evidence gathering by using packet capture appliances that puts criminals behind bars.

Question: How many organisations are estimated to maintain computer systems with effective detection systems?
Answer: relatively few

Question: What is the basic evidence gathered by that puts criminals behind bars?
Answer: packet capture appliances

Question: The primary obstacle to the eradication of cyber crime is the excessive reliance on what?
Answer: firewalls and other automated "detection" systems

Question: What is the source of the quote?
Answer: Reuters

Question: Electronic theft of data is causing more loss than what? 
Answer: physical stealing of assets

Question: What do companies rely on too much in order to keep their information safe?

Question: What do even fewer companies have set in place for their defense?

Question: What do companies have to worry about least?

Question: What is needed to catch these data stealing criminals?

Question: What is a common form of theft in companies?

Question: Most organizations have what kind of detection system?

Question: What is the name of the company that has lost more through electronic theft?

Question: What do most companies no longer rely on?

Question: Physical stealing of assets is a bigger problem than what?

Question: What do criminals use to avoid being captured?
Computer_security

One use of the term "computer security" refers to technology that is used to implement secure operating systems. In the 1980s the United States Department of Defense (DoD) used the "Orange Book" standards, but the current international standard ISO/IEC 15408, "Common Criteria" defines a number of progressively more stringent Evaluation Assurance Levels. Many common operating systems meet the EAL4 standard of being "Methodically Designed, Tested and Reviewed", but the formal verification required for the highest levels means that they are uncommon. An example of an EAL6 ("Semiformally Verified Design and Tested") system is Integrity-178B, which is used in the Airbus A380 and several military jets.

Question: Technology that is used to implement secure operating systems is one use of what term?
Answer: computer security

Question: What does EAL stand for?
Answer: Evaluation Assurance Levels

Question: What is the standard of EAL4?
Answer: Methodically Designed, Tested and Reviewed

Question: What is the standard for EAL6?
Answer: Semiformally Verified Design and Tested

Question: What is an example of a system that meets EAL6?
Answer: Integrity-178B

Question: Which system is used by the Airbus A380 and military jets?

Question: How common are the formal verification for the highest levels?

Question: In the 1980s the Department of Defense used which standards?

Question: What does Common Criteria refer to?

Question: Which level do many common operating systems meet?

Question: When was the Common Criteria defined?

Question: Who created the Common Criteria?

Question: What is the name of a system that meets the EAL4 standard?

Question: What makes it difficult for systems to use the EAL4 standard?

Question: What is an example of a system that uses the Orange Book Standards?
Computer_security

China's network security and information technology leadership team was established February 27, 2014. The leadership team is tasked with national security and long-term development and co-ordination of major issues related to network security and information technology. Economic, political, cultural, social and military fields as related to network security and information technology strategy, planning and major macroeconomic policy are being researched. The promotion of national network security and information technology law are constantly under study for enhanced national security capabilities.

Question: When was Chine's network security and information technology leadership team established?
Answer: February 27, 2014

Question: What is the reason for studying the promotion of national network security ad information technology law?
Answer: enhanced national security capabilities.

Question: What country has a network security and information technology leadership team??
Answer: China

Question: Why was China's network security team established?

Question: What long term developments do they hope to achieve?

Question: Why is network security under study?

Question: Who is the leadership team?

Question: Who is promoting the leadership team and its developments?

Question: Who is researching microeconomic policy?

Question: Which fields unrelated to network security does China's leadership team research?

Question: Who is tasked with the short term development of network security?

Question: When were China's enhanced national security capabilities established?
Computer_security

Eavesdropping is the act of surreptitiously listening to a private conversation, typically between hosts on a network. For instance, programs such as Carnivore and NarusInsight have been used by the FBI and NSA to eavesdrop on the systems of internet service providers. Even machines that operate as a closed system (i.e., with no contact to the outside world) can be eavesdropped upon via monitoring the faint electro-magnetic transmissions generated by the hardware; TEMPEST is a specification by the NSA referring to these attacks.

Question: What is the act of surreptitiously listening to a private conversation?
Answer: Eavesdropping

Question: Conversations that people eavesdrop on are typically between who?
Answer: hosts on a network

Question: Who has used programs such as Carnivore and NarusInsight to eavesdrop on the systems of internet service providers?
Answer: the FBI and NSA

Question: Eavesdropping on a closed system via the faint electro-magnetic trasmissions generated by the hardware has been referred to as what by the NSA?
Answer: TEMPEST

Question: What are machines that operate with no contact to the outside world called?
Answer: a closed system

Question: How can closed systems be eavesdropped upon?

Question: Who is guilty of eavesdropping on private conversations?

Question: Who does the FBI and NSA use Carnivore and Naruslnight to eavesdrop on?

Question: Who uses the programs Carnivore and Naruslnsight?

Question: What is eavesdropping?

Question: What programs do ISPs use to eavesdrop on the FBI?

Question: What is a conversation between hosts on a network called?

Question: What is special about hosts on a network?

Question: What transmissions does NarusInsight listen to?

Question: What program does the FBI use to eavesdrop on closed systems?
Computer_security

Desktop computers and laptops are commonly infected with malware either to gather passwords or financial account information, or to construct a botnet to attack another target. Smart phones, tablet computers, smart watches, and other mobile devices such as Quantified Self devices like activity trackers have also become targets and many of these have sensors such as cameras, microphones, GPS receivers, compasses, and accelerometers which could be exploited, and may collect personal information, including sensitive health information. Wifi, Bluetooth, and cell phone network on any of these devices could be used as attack vectors, and sensors might be remotely activated after a successful breach.

Question: What are desktop computers and laptops commonly infected with?
Answer: malware

Question: Constructing a botnet to attack another target is an example of the activity of what?
Answer: malware

Question: Activity trackers are an example of what?
Answer: Quantified Self devices

Question: What could wifi, bluetooth, and cellphone network on devices be used as?
Answer: attack vectors

Question: What could be remotely activated after a sucessful breach?
Answer: sensors

Question: What do malware programs intend to collect from laptops and computers?

Question: What is the secondary interest of an attacker using malware?

Question: Why do gadgets that have GPS or collect data about your habits put you at risk for an attack?

Question: What could be collected from your devices by an attacker?

Question: What are cameras, microphones, GPS receivers, compasses and accelerometers considered?

Question: What is the name of the malware that affects activity trackers?

Question: What is another name for malware?

Question: How are Quantified Self Devices breached?

Question: What sensitive information do wifi networks carry?

Question: What type of information is rarely collected from a laptop?
Computer_security

Within computer systems, two of many security models capable of enforcing privilege separation are access control lists (ACLs) and capability-based security. Using ACLs to confine programs has been proven to be insecure in many situations, such as if the host computer can be tricked into indirectly allowing restricted file access, an issue known as the confused deputy problem. It has also been shown that the promise of ACLs of giving access to an object to only one person can never be guaranteed in practice. Both of these problems are resolved by capabilities. This does not mean practical flaws exist in all ACL-based systems, but only that the designers of certain utilities must take responsibility to ensure that they do not introduce flaws.[citation needed]

Question: What does ACL stand for?
Answer: access control lists

Question: ACLs and capability based security are two security models capable of what?
Answer: enforcing privilege separation

Question: A host computer tricked into indirectly allowing access to restricted files is known as what?
Answer: the confused deputy problem

Question: The confused deputy problem and the problem of not guaranteeing only one person has access are resolved by what?
Answer: capabilities

Question: What must designers of systems that are ACL based do?
Answer: take responsibility to ensure that they do not introduce flaws

Question: What has using ACLs to confine programs proven?

Question: How can a computer with ACL be tricked?

Question: Which two models in computer systems enforce privilege separation?

Question: Can an ACLs limit access to one person?

Question: What is the total number of security models in a computer system?

Question: When is an ACL most secure?

Question: What prevents ACLs from giving access to only one person?

Question: What do ACLs promise?

Question: Who is not responsible for the flaws in an ACL system?
Computer_security

In 1994, over a hundred intrusions were made by unidentified crackers into the Rome Laboratory, the US Air Force's main command and research facility. Using trojan horses, hackers were able to obtain unrestricted access to Rome's networking systems and remove traces of their activities. The intruders were able to obtain classified files, such as air tasking order systems data and furthermore able to penetrate connected networks of National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Goddard Space Flight Center, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, some Defense contractors, and other private sector organizations, by posing as a trusted Rome center user.

Question: In what year did over a hundred intrusions made into the Rome Laboraroty?
Answer: 1994

Question: How were hackers able to obtain unrestricted access to Rome's networking systems?
Answer: Using trojan horses

Question: How were hackers able to penetrate connected networks?
Answer: by posing as a trusted Rome center user

Question: What is the Rome Laboratory?
Answer: the US Air Force's main command and research facility

Question: Who does the Goddard Space Flight Center belong to?
Answer: National Aeronautics and Space Administration

Question: What did the hackers obtain?

Question: Why were the hackers untraceable?

Question: Posing as a trusted Rome Center user what did hackers use?

Question: Intrusion hackers were thought to be who?

Question: How were hackers able to go undetected?

Question: Who were the crackers identified as?

Question: When was the Rome Laboratory created?

Question: What were the intruders unable to access?

Question: What did the 1994 breach of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Goddard Space Flight Center also give the crackers access to?

Question: What type of intrusion did the crackers use to gain access to Rome Laboratory?
Computer_security

In July of 2015, a hacker group known as "The Impact Team" successfully breached the extramarital relationship website Ashley Madison. The group claimed that they had taken not only company data but user data as well. After the breach, The Impact Team dumped emails from the company's CEO, to prove their point, and threatened to dump customer data unless the website was taken down permanently. With this initial data release, the group stated “Avid Life Media has been instructed to take Ashley Madison and Established Men offline permanently in all forms, or we will release all customer records, including profiles with all the customers' secret sexual fantasies and matching credit card transactions, real names and addresses, and employee documents and emails. The other websites may stay online.”  When Avid Life Media, the parent company that created the Ashley Madison website, did not take the site offline, The Impact Group released two more compressed files, one 9.7GB and the second 20GB. After the second data dump, Avid Life Media CEO Noel Biderman resigned, but the website remained functional.

Question: When did The Impact Team successfully breach Ashley Madison?
Answer: July of 2015

Question: What is the name of the parent company that created Ashley Madison?
Answer: Avid Life Media

Question: When did the Avid Life Media CEO resign?
Answer: After the second data dump

Question: What was in the first data dump?
Answer: emails from the company's CEO

Question: What website, in addition to Ashley Madison, was Avid Media instructed to take offline?
Answer: Established Men

Question: Why was the website to be removed?

Question: How did the site remain functional after the data breach?

Question: What was the response from people using the service?

Question: Was the Goal of the Impact Team carried out?

Question: Were other sites compromised in addition to Ashley Madison?

Question: Who was the CEO of Ashley Madison?

Question: When was Ashley Madison taken down?

Question: When was Established Man taken offline?

Question: How large was the data dump of the CEO's emails?

Question: Why was the customer data dumped first?
Computer_security

The question of whether the government should intervene or not in the regulation of the cyberspace is a very polemical one. Indeed, for as long as it has existed and by definition, the cyberspace is a virtual space free of any government intervention. Where everyone agree that an improvement on cybersecurity is more than vital, is the government the best actor to solve this issue? Many government officials and experts think that the government should step in and that there is a crucial need for regulation, mainly due to the failure of the private sector to solve efficiently the cybersecurity problem. R. Clarke said during a panel discussion at the RSA Security Conference in San Francisco, he believes that the "industry only responds when you threaten regulation. If industry doesn't respond (to the threat), you have to follow through." On the other hand, executives from the private sector agree that improvements are necessary, but think that the government intervention would affect their ability to innovate efficiently.

Question: According to goverment officials, what has the failure of the private sector to solve efficiently the cybersecurity problem created?
Answer: a crucial need for regulation

Question: Where was the RSA Security Conference held?
Answer: San Francisco

Question: Who believes that government intervention would affect innovation?
Answer: executives from the private sector

Question: Who said "industry only responds when you threaten regulation"?
Answer: R. Clarke

Question: What is a virtual space free of any government intervention?
Answer: cyberspace

Question: What is the polemical problem presented?

Question: What is considered vital of the internet?

Question: Who currently runs cyberspace?

Question: Is the cyberspace industry under attack or threatened by regulation?

Question: Who believes they are better at improving cyberspace?

Question: What do most people agree on in regards to internet security?

Question: Why did R. Clarke want to avoid government intervention?

Question: Where is government intervention most common?

Question: Why is threatening an industry unhelpful according to Clarke?

Question: Where is Clarke from?
Computer_security

On October 3, 2010, Public Safety Canada unveiled Canada’s Cyber Security Strategy, following a Speech from the Throne commitment to boost the security of Canadian cyberspace. The aim of the strategy is to strengthen Canada’s "cyber systems and critical infrastructure sectors, support economic growth and protect Canadians as they connect to each other and to the world." Three main pillars define the strategy: securing government systems, partnering to secure vital cyber systems outside the federal government, and helping Canadians to be secure online. The strategy involves multiple departments and agencies across the Government of Canada. The Cyber Incident Management Framework for Canada outlines these responsibilities, and provides a plan for coordinated response between government and other partners in the event of a cyber incident. The Action Plan 2010–2015 for Canada's Cyber Security Strategy outlines the ongoing implementation of the strategy.

Question: When did Public Safety Canada unveil Canada's Cyber Security Strategy?
Answer: October 3, 2010

Question: What outlines the ongoing implementation of the Cyber Security Strategy?
Answer: The Action Plan 2010–2015 for Canada's Cyber Security Strategy

Question: What outlines the responsibilities and provides a plan for coordination during a cyber incident?
Answer: The Cyber Incident Management Framework for Canada

Question: Canadian cyberspace was boosted by who?

Question: Multiple departments were involved in what?

Question: What type of plan is provided?

Question: Why was a cyber security plan unveiled in October of 2010?

Question: Who is the security measure meant to help the most?

Question: When was Public Safety Canada founded?

Question: How many departments does the new strategy involve?

Question: Who created the Action Plan?

Question: What was the predecessor to Canada's Cyber Security Strategy?

Question: When was the Speech from the Throne?
Computer_security

Computers control functions at many utilities, including coordination of telecommunications, the power grid, nuclear power plants, and valve opening and closing in water and gas networks. The Internet is a potential attack vector for such machines if connected, but the Stuxnet worm demonstrated that even equipment controlled by computers not connected to the Internet can be vulnerable to physical damage caused by malicious commands sent to industrial equipment (in that case uranium enrichment centrifuges) which are infected via removable media. In 2014, the Computer Emergency Readiness Team, a division of the Department of Homeland Security, investigated 79 hacking incidents at energy companies.

Question: What is a potential attack vector for utilities such as the power grid?
Answer: The Internet

Question: What demonstrated equipment controlled by computers not connected to the internet can also be vulnerable?
Answer: the Stuxnet worm

Question: When did the Computer Emergency Readiness Team investigate 79 hacking incidents at energy companies?
Answer: 2014

Question: What department does the Computer Emergency Readiness Team belong to?
Answer: the Department of Homeland Security

Question: How did the Stuxnet worm infect industrial equipment?
Answer: via removable media

Question: What division was part of the Department of Homeland Security?

Question: Can computers not attached to the internet be attack by a virus?

Question: What industrial equipment effected after receiving malicious commands?

Question: What type of damage was dealt to the industrial equipment?

Question: What controls the functions of our utilities such as telecommunications, power grid, nuclear power plants, etc?

Question: What controls computer functions?

Question: Who created the Stuxnet worm?

Question: When was the Stuxnet worm created?

Question: What was infected in the 79 hacking incidents at energy companies?

Question: How many people were on the Computer Emergency Readiness Team?
Computer_security

Today, computer security comprises mainly "preventive" measures, like firewalls or an exit procedure. A firewall can be defined as a way of filtering network data between a host or a network and another network, such as the Internet, and can be implemented as software running on the machine, hooking into the network stack (or, in the case of most UNIX-based operating systems such as Linux, built into the operating system kernel) to provide real time filtering and blocking. Another implementation is a so-called physical firewall which consists of a separate machine filtering network traffic. Firewalls are common amongst machines that are permanently connected to the Internet.

Question: Firewalls and exit procedures are considered what?
Answer: "preventive" measures

Question: What is defined as a way of filtering network data between a host or network and another network?
Answer: A firewall

Question: What does a physical firewall consist of?
Answer: a separate machine filtering network traffic

Question: What type of machines normall have a firewall?
Answer: permanently connected to the Internet

Question: What compromises mainly preventative measures?
Answer: computer security

Question: Computer security is mostly comprised of what?

Question: How are firewalls implemented?

Question: Which system has a built in firewall?

Question: What is another form of having a firewall connected?

Question: Which part of a Linux computer is the firewall built into?

Question: What types of measures do computer security firms rarely use today?

Question: What type of machine rarely uses firewalls?

Question: What is an exit procedure?

Question: How are exit procedures implemented?

Question: What type of OS does not use the operating system kernel?
Computer_security

Serious financial damage has been caused by security breaches, but because there is no standard model for estimating the cost of an incident, the only data available is that which is made public by the organizations involved. "Several computer security consulting firms produce estimates of total worldwide losses attributable to virus and worm attacks and to hostile digital acts in general. The 2003 loss estimates by these firms range from $13 billion (worms and viruses only) to $226 billion (for all forms of covert attacks). The reliability of these estimates is often challenged; the underlying methodology is basically anecdotal."

Question: What has caused serious financial damage?
Answer: security breaches

Question: Data made public who is available to estimate the cost of an incident?
Answer: the organizations involved

Question: What is the amount of losses estimated from worms and viruses in 2003?
Answer: $13 billion

Question: Who produces estimates of worldwide losses attributable to security breaches?
Answer: Several computer security consulting firms

Question: What is the underlying methodology of finding worldwide estimates for losses fur to security breaches?
Answer: basically anecdotal

Question: What was the loss estimated for covert attacks in 2003?

Question: What forms of attack were responsible for the loss?

Question: What information is used to estimate the cost of the incident?

Question: How wide-scale were the losses?

Question: Why is difficult to estimate loss in this situation?

Question: How much did firms save in 2003 from preventing attacks?

Question: When was the standard model for estimating the cost of a breach established?

Question: What data is not made public when an organization is breached?

Question: What was the minimum estimate of losses due to security breaches in the US in 2003?

Question: Why are loss estimates rarely challenged?
Computer_security

While hardware may be a source of insecurity, such as with microchip vulnerabilities maliciously introduced during the manufacturing process, hardware-based or assisted computer security also offers an alternative to software-only computer security. Using devices and methods such as dongles, trusted platform modules, intrusion-aware cases, drive locks, disabling USB ports, and mobile-enabled access may be considered more secure due to the physical access (or sophisticated backdoor access) required in order to be compromised. Each of these is covered in more detail below.

Question: Microchips vulnerabilities are introduced when?
Answer: during the manufacturing process

Question: What offers an alternative to soft-ware only computer security?
Answer: hardware-based or assisted computer security

Question: What can hardware be a source of?
Answer: insecurity

Question: What is required in order for hardware to be compromised?
Answer: physical access (or sophisticated backdoor access)

Question: What step can increase computer security?

Question: What is used in physical access of a computer?

Question: What causes hardware to be insecure?

Question: How can a cell phone increase computer security?

Question: What physical device is used as a passkey for your computer?

Question: When are microchip vulnerabilities removed?

Question: Dongles less secure because of what?

Question: What is an example of software-only computer security?

Question: What is required to compromise a software-only computer?

Question: What type of vulnerability is hardware-based computer security impervious to?
Computer_security

Public Safety Canada’s Canadian Cyber Incident Response Centre (CCIRC) is responsible for mitigating and responding to threats to Canada’s critical infrastructure and cyber systems. The CCIRC provides support to mitigate cyber threats, technical support to respond and recover from targeted cyber attacks, and provides online tools for members of Canada’s critical infrastructure sectors. The CCIRC posts regular cyber security bulletins on the Public Safety Canada website. The CCIRC also operates an online reporting tool where individuals and organizations can report a cyber incident. Canada's Cyber Security Strategy is part of a larger, integrated approach to critical infrastructure protection, and functions as a counterpart document to the National Strategy and Action Plan for Critical Infrastructure.

Question: What does CCIRC stand for?
Answer: Canadian Cyber Incident Response Centre

Question: Who is resposible for mitigating and responding to threats to Canada's critical infrastructure?
Answer: CCIRC

Question: Where does the CCIRC post regular cyber security bulletins?
Answer: on the Public Safety Canada website

Question: What functions as a counterpart document to the National Strategy and Action Plan for Critical Infrastructure?
Answer: Canada's Cyber Security Strategy

Question: What sort of responses are CCIRC responsible for?

Question: What would CCIRC do in an event of a breach?

Question: What does the CCIRC operate?

Question: CCIRC is part of what that is much larger?

Question: Online tools are meant for what by CCIRC?

Question: What organization is attacking Canada's infrastructure?

Question: Who runs Public Safety Canada?

Question: What document contradicts the Cyber Security Strategy?

Question: Who controls Canada's infrastructure?

Question: What do individuals use to create a cyber incident?
Computer_security

This has led to new terms such as cyberwarfare and cyberterrorism. More and more critical infrastructure is being controlled via computer programs that, while increasing efficiency, exposes new vulnerabilities. The test will be to see if governments and corporations that control critical systems such as energy, communications and other information will be able to prevent attacks before they occur. As Jay Cross, the chief scientist of the Internet Time Group, remarked, "Connectedness begets vulnerability."

Question: Who said "Connectedness begets vulnerability?"
Answer: Jay Cross

Question: What organization does Jay Cross belong to?
Answer: the Internet Time Group

Question: What is the advantage of more critical infrastructure being controlled via computer programs?
Answer: increasing efficiency

Question: What is the disadvantage of more critical infrastructure being controlled via computer programs?
Answer: exposes new vulnerabilities

Question: What has led to cyberwarfare?

Question: What is cyberterrorism?

Question: In what way does "connectedness begets vulnerability?"

Question: What types of test will be run?

Question: Will cyberterrorism evolve with new technology?

Question: Who coined the word "cyberwarfare"?

Question: What computer program controls critical infrastructure?

Question: Which infrastructures are the least vulnerable to attack?

Question: What is cyberterrorism?

Question: Who disagreed with the saying "Connectedness begets vulnerability"?
Computer_security

On September 27, 2010, Public Safety Canada partnered with STOP.THINK.CONNECT, a coalition of non-profit, private sector, and government organizations dedicated to informing the general public on how to protect themselves online. On February 4, 2014, the Government of Canada launched the Cyber Security Cooperation Program. The program is a $1.5 million five-year initiative aimed at improving Canada’s cyber systems through grants and contributions to projects in support of this objective. Public Safety Canada aims to begin an evaluation of Canada's Cyber Security Strategy in early 2015. Public Safety Canada administers and routinely updates the GetCyberSafe portal for Canadian citizens, and carries out Cyber Security Awareness Month during October.

Question: When did Public Safety Canada partner with Stop.Think. Connect?
Answer: September 27, 2010

Question: When was the Cyber Security Cooperation Program launched by the Government of Canada?
Answer: February 4, 2014

Question: Who routinely updates the GetCyberSafe portal for Canadian citizens?
Answer: Public Safety Canada

Question: What month is Cyber Security Awareness Month?
Answer: October

Question: How much does the Cyber Security Cooperation Program cost?
Answer: $1.5 million

Question: STOP.THINK.CONNECT is what kind of organization?

Question: What type of grants were given out by the Canadian Government?

Question: What does the Cyber Security Cooperation monitor?

Question: Why is there a cyber security month?

Question: How are people protected online?

Question: When was STOP.THINK.CONNECT created?

Question: How expensive is the GetCyberSafe portal?

Question: When was the Cyber Security Cooperation Program shut down?

Question: When was the GetCyberSafe portal created?

Question: When is the international Cyber Security Awareness month?
Computer_security

An unauthorized user gaining physical access to a computer is most likely able to directly download data from it. They may also compromise security by making operating system modifications, installing software worms, keyloggers, or covert listening devices. Even when the system is protected by standard security measures, these may be able to be by passed by booting another operating system or tool from a CD-ROM or other bootable media. Disk encryption and Trusted Platform Module are designed to prevent these attacks.

Question: Installing keyloggers and making operating system modifications are examples of ways unauthorized users for what?
Answer: compromise security

Question: Booting a tool or another operating system from a CD Rom can bypass what?
Answer: standard security measures

Question: Disk encryption and Trusted Platform Module are designed to prevent what?
Answer: attacks

Question: An unauthorized user with physical access to a computer can likely do what?
Answer: directly download data from it

Question: What increases the safety of a computer?

Question: What can cause standard security measures to become obsolete?

Question: What is the number one cause of data theft?

Question: What can an attacker install to your computer in order to collect personal data?

Question: What can infect other computers from your own?

Question: What can an authorized user with access to a computer do?

Question: How are computers made secure?

Question: What does CD-ROM stand for?

Question: What is the name of a program designed to attack a computer?

Question: How does a user bypass a compromised security?
Computer_security

Clickjacking, also known as "UI redress attack or User Interface redress attack", is a malicious technique in which an attacker tricks a user into clicking on a button or link on another webpage while the user intended to click on the top level page. This is done using multiple transparent or opaque layers. The attacker is basically "hijacking" the clicks meant for the top level page and routing them to some other irrelevant page, most likely owned by someone else. A similar technique can be used to hijack keystrokes. Carefully drafting a combination of stylesheets, iframes, buttons and text boxes, a user can be led into believing that they are typing the password or other information on some authentic webpage while it is being channeled into an invisible frame controlled by the attacker.

Question: UI redress attack or User Interface redress attack is also known as what?
Answer: Clickjacking

Question: What is a malicious technique in which an attacker tricks the user into clicking on a button or link?
Answer: Clickjacking

Question: Where are the clicks meant for the top level page routed?
Answer: some other irrelevant page

Question: Where would a password typed on a seemingly authetic webpage be directed?
Answer: into an invisible frame controlled by the attacker

Question: How istricking the user accomplished in clickjacking?
Answer: using multiple transparent or opaque layers

Question: What is intended to be hijacked through a page overlay?

Question: What else can be hijacked through UI redress?

Question: What part of a webpage is meant to collect keystrokes?

Question: Why can the user not see the other page used by the attacker?

Question: Where is are the passwords and information stored by the attacker?

Question: What is avoiding a UI redress attack called?

Question: How are clicks routed back to the top level page?

Question: How is an legitimate webpage created?

Question: What is another name for hijacking keystrokes?

Question: Where is a user redirected to after putting in their password?
Computer_security

In 1988, only 60,000 computers were connected to the Internet, and most were mainframes, minicomputers and professional workstations. On November 2, 1988, many started to slow down, because they were running a malicious code that demanded processor time and that spread itself to other computers – the first internet "computer worm". The software was traced back to 23-year-old Cornell University graduate student Robert Tappan Morris, Jr. who said 'he wanted to count how many machines were connected to the Internet'.

Question: How many computers were connected to the internet in 1988?
Answer: 60,000

Question: When was the first computer worm released?
Answer: November 2, 1988

Question: Who was the first computer worm traced back to?
Answer: Robert Tappan Morris, Jr.

Question: What is a malicious code that demands processor time and spreads itself to other computers?
Answer: computer worm

Question: Why did Morris Jr make the computer worm?
Answer: he wanted to count how many machines were connected to the Internet

Question: What types of computers were connected to the internet in 1988?

Question: On Nov 2, 1988 what caused many computers to slow down?

Question: When was the first computer worm?

Question: Who created the first computer worm?

Question: How old was the Cornell University Grad Student who created the worm?

Question: How many computers began to slow down on Nov. 2, 1988?

Question: Who tracked down the first computer worm?

Question: When was the computer worm caught?

Question: Where was the computer worm created?

Question: Which internet connected computers slowed down?
Computer_security

In 2013 and 2014, a Russian/Ukrainian hacking ring known as "Rescator" broke into Target Corporation computers in 2013, stealing roughly 40 million credit cards, and then Home Depot computers in 2014, stealing between 53 and 56 million credit card numbers. Warnings were delivered at both corporations, but ignored; physical security breaches using self checkout machines are believed to have played a large role. "The malware utilized is absolutely unsophisticated and uninteresting," says Jim Walter, director of threat intelligence operations at security technology company McAfee – meaning that the heists could have easily been stopped by existing antivirus software had administrators responded to the warnings. The size of the thefts has resulted in major attention from state and Federal United States authorities and the investigation is ongoing.

Question: Who are Rescator?
Answer: a Russian/Ukrainian hacking ring

Question: What was stolen from Target Corporation computers in 2013?
Answer: 40 million credit cards

Question: How many credit card numbers were stole from Home Depot in 2014?
Answer: between 53 and 56 million

Question: What machines were involved in the physical security breaches that played a large role in the incident?
Answer: self checkout machines

Question: Who is Jim Walter?
Answer: director of threat intelligence operations at security technology company McAfee

Question: What was done when credit cards were stolen?

Question: What was the main breach?

Question: Who could have easily stopped the hacking?

Question: Unsophisticated malware was used on what?

Question: Why was the malware uninteresting?

Question: Who was the leader of Rescator?

Question: What was stolen from McAfee?

Question: When was the investigation concluded?

Question: Why weren't the companies warned about the threat?

Question: When was Rescator formed?
Computer_security

Berlin starts National Cyber Defense Initiative: On June 16, 2011, the German Minister for Home Affairs, officially opened the new German NCAZ (National Center for Cyber Defense) Nationales Cyber-Abwehrzentrum located in Bonn. The NCAZ closely cooperates with BSI (Federal Office for Information Security) Bundesamt für Sicherheit in der Informationstechnik, BKA (Federal Police Organisation) Bundeskriminalamt (Deutschland), BND (Federal Intelligence Service) Bundesnachrichtendienst, MAD (Military Intelligence Service) Amt für den Militärischen Abschirmdienst and other national organisations in Germany taking care of national security aspects. According to the Minister the primary task of the new organisation founded on February 23, 2011, is to detect and prevent attacks against the national infrastructure and mentioned incidents like Stuxnet.

Question: What does NCAZ stand for?
Answer: Nationales Cyber-Abwehrzentrum

Question: What does NCAZ take care of?
Answer: national security aspects

Question: When was NCAZ opened?
Answer: June 16, 2011

Question: Whan was NCAZ founded?
Answer: February 23, 2011

Question: What is the purpose of NCAZ?
Answer: to detect and prevent attacks against the national infrastructure

Question: Why does Berlin start a National Cyber Defense Initiative?

Question: Why does NCAZ work closely with BSI?

Question: Who takes care of national security?

Question: What incidents are it to prevent?

Question: What was the Stuxnet incident?

Question: Where is the German Minister for Home Affairs located?

Question: When did the incident in Stuxnet happen?

Question: Where is the BSI located?

Question: Who opened the BDN?

Question: What is the primary task of the Minister for Home Affairs?
Orthodox_Judaism

Orthodox Judaism is the approach to religious Judaism which subscribes to a tradition of mass revelation and adheres to the interpretation and application of the laws and ethics of the Torah as legislated in the Talmudic texts by the Tanaim and Amoraim. These texts were subsequently developed and applied by later authorities, known as the Gaonim, Rishonim, and Acharonim. Orthodox Judaism generally includes Modern Orthodox Judaism (אורתודוקסיה מודרנית) and Ultra-Orthodox or Haredi Judaism (יהדות חרדית), but complete within is a wide range of philosophies. Although Orthodox Judaism would probably be considered the mainstream expression of Judaism prior to the 19th century, for some Orthodox Judaism is a modern self-identification that distinguishes it from traditional pre-modern Judaism.

Question: What is the approach to Judiasm that subscribes to a tradition of mass revelation?
Answer: Orthodox

Question: What is the name of the book that has the laws and ethics for Orthodox Judaism?
Answer: Torah

Question: what texts were legislated by the Tanarim and Amoraim?
Answer: Talmudic

Question: What besides Modern Orthodox Judaism does Orthodox Judaism consist of?
Answer: Haredi Judaism

Question: Orthodox Judaism is a self-identification that distinguishes it from what?
Answer: pre-modern Judaism

Question: What is Orthodox Christianity a religion that subscribes to?

Question: What does Orthodox Christianity adhere to?

Question: Who is the Bible legislated by?

Question: Where will you not find Modern Judaism?

Question: What is a religion with a single philosophy?