Divyanshu67/squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
United_States_Air_Force

Beyond combat flight crew personnel, perhaps the most dangerous USAF jobs are Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD), Combat rescue officer, Pararescue, Security Forces, Combat Control, Combat Weather, Tactical Air Control Party, and AFOSI agents, who deploy with infantry and special operations units who disarm bombs, rescue downed or isolated personnel, call in air strikes and set up landing zones in forward locations. Most of these are enlisted positions augmented by a smaller number of commissioned officers. Other career fields that have seen increasing exposure to combat include civil engineers, vehicle operators, and Air Force Office of Special Investigations (AFOSI) personnel.

Question: What is one of the most dangerous jobs for USAF personnel?
Answer: Tactical Air Control Party

Question: What does the abbreviation EOD stand for in the USAF?
Answer: Explosive Ordnance Disposal

Question: What do some of these special missions in the USAF who deploy with the infantry do?
Answer: rescue downed or isolated personnel

Question: What are these enlisted positions in the USAF complimented by?
Answer: commissioned officers

Question: What other career fields have seen an increase in active combat missions? 
Answer: Air Force Office of Special Investigations
United_States_Air_Force

Training programs vary in length; for example, 3M0X1 (Services) has 31 days of tech school training, while 3E8X1 (Explosive Ordnance Disposal) is one year of training with a preliminary school and a main school consisting of over 10 separate divisions, sometimes taking students close to two years to complete. Officer technical training conducted by Second Air Force can also vary by AFSC, while flight training for aeronautically-rated officers conducted by AETC's Nineteenth Air Force can last well in excess of one year.

Question: What USAF tech school has 31 days of training?
Answer: 3M0X1 (Services)

Question: How long is the training for Explosive Ordnance Disposal in the USAF?
Answer: one year of training with a preliminary school

Question: Who conducts the training for Technical Officers in the USAF?
Answer: Second Air Force

Question: How long does the flight training for the AETC's Nineteenth Air Force last? 
Answer: excess of one year
United_States_Air_Force

USAF rank is divided between enlisted airmen, non-commissioned officers, and commissioned officers, and ranges from the enlisted Airman Basic (E-1) to the commissioned officer rank of General (O-10). Enlisted promotions are granted based on a combination of test scores, years of experience, and selection board approval while officer promotions are based on time-in-grade and a promotion selection board. Promotions among enlisted personnel and non-commissioned officers are generally designated by increasing numbers of insignia chevrons. Commissioned officer rank is designated by bars, oak leaves, a silver eagle, and anywhere from one to four stars (one to five stars in war-time).[citation needed]

Question: What groups is the USAF rank divided amoung? 
Answer: enlisted airmen, non-commissioned officers, and commissioned officers

Question: How are Enlisted promotions in the USAF decided? 
Answer: based on a combination of test scores, years of experience, and selection board approval

Question: How are Officer promotions within the USAF decided?
Answer: based on time-in-grade and a promotion selection board

Question: How is a Commissioned Officer's rank shown?
Answer: designated by bars, oak leaves, a silver eagle, and anywhere from one to four stars
United_States_Air_Force

Air Force officer promotions are governed by the Defense Officer Personnel Management Act of 1980 and its companion Reserve Officer Personnel Management Act (ROPMA) for officers in the Air Force Reserve and the Air National Guard. DOPMA also establishes limits on the number of officers that can serve at any given time in the Air Force. Currently, promotion from second lieutenant to first lieutenant is virtually guaranteed after two years of satisfactory service. The promotion from first lieutenant to captain is competitive after successfully completing another two years of service, with a selection rate varying between 99% and 100%. Promotion to major through major general is through a formal selection board process, while promotions to lieutenant general and general are contingent upon nomination to specific general officer positions and subject to U.S. Senate approval.

Question: What are Air Force Officer promotions overseen by?
Answer: Defense Officer Personnel Management Act of 1980

Question: Was does ROPMA stand for in the USAF? 
Answer: Reserve Officer Personnel Management Act

Question: Who establishes limits on the amount of Air Force officers? 
Answer: DOPMA

Question: How long does it usually take to be promoted from second to first lieutenant in the USAF? 
Answer: virtually guaranteed after two years

Question: What promotion in the USAF is governed by a formal selection process?
Answer: Promotion to major through major general
United_States_Air_Force

During the board process an officer's record is reviewed by a selection board at the Air Force Personnel Center at Randolph Air Force Base in San Antonio, Texas. At the 10 to 11 year mark, captains will take part in a selection board to major. If not selected, they will meet a follow-on board to determine if they will be allowed to remain in the Air Force. Promotion from major to lieutenant colonel is similar and occurs approximately between the thirteen year (for officers who were promoted to major early "below the zone") and the fifteen year mark, where a certain percentage of majors will be selected below zone (i.e., "early"), in zone (i.e., "on time") or above zone (i.e., "late") for promotion to lieutenant colonel. This process will repeat at the 16 year mark (for officers previously promoted early to major and lieutenant colonel) to the 21 year mark for promotion to full colonel.

Question: Where is an officer's record in the USAF reviewed for a promotion?
Answer: Air Force Personnel Center at Randolph Air Force Base

Question: What state is the Randolph Air Force Base located in? 
Answer: Texas

Question: When does promotion from major to lieutenant colonel in the USAF typically occur?
Answer: thirteen year

Question: The promotion process repeats when for officers promoted early in the USAF?
Answer: 16 year mark
United_States_Air_Force

Although provision is made in Title 10 of the United States Code for the Secretary of the Air Force to appoint warrant officers, the Air Force does not currently use warrant officer grades, and is the only one of the U.S. Armed Services not to do so. The Air Force inherited warrant officer ranks from the Army at its inception in 1947, but their place in the Air Force structure was never made clear.[citation needed] When the Congress authorized the creation of two new senior enlisted ranks in 1958, Air Force officials privately concluded that these two new "super grades" could fill all Air Force needs then performed at the warrant officer level, although this was not publicly acknowledged until years later.[citation needed] The Air Force stopped appointing warrant officers in 1959, the same year the first promotions were made to the new top enlisted grade, Chief Master Sergeant. Most of the existing Air Force warrant officers entered the commissioned officer ranks during the 1960s, but small numbers continued to exist in the warrant officer grades for the next 21 years.

Question: What section in the US Code for the Secretary of the Air Force allows for the appointment of warrant officers?
Answer: Title 10

Question: When did the USAF inherit warrant officer ranks from the Army?
Answer: 1947

Question: When did Congress authorize the creation of two new senior officer grades?
Answer: 1958

Question: When did the USAF stop appointing warrant officers?
Answer: 1959

Question: What is the newest top enlisted grade in the USAF?
Answer: Chief Master Sergeant
United_States_Air_Force

Enlisted members of the USAF have pay grades from E-1 (entry level) to E-9 (senior enlisted). While all USAF military personnel are referred to as Airmen, the term also refers to the pay grades of E-1 through E-4, which are below the level of non-commissioned officers (NCOs). Above the pay grade of E-4 (i.e., pay grades E-5 through E-9) all ranks fall into the category of NCO and are further subdivided into "NCOs" (pay grades E-5 and E-6) and "Senior NCOs" (pay grades E-7 through E-9); the term "Junior NCO" is sometimes used to refer to staff sergeants and technical sergeants (pay grades E-5 and E-6).

Question: What is the lowest pay grade in the USAF?
Answer: E-1 (entry level)

Question: What is the highest pay grade in the USAF?
Answer: E-9 (senior enlisted)

Question: What pay grades are included in the USAF for Senior NCOs?
Answer: pay grades E-7 through E-9

Question: What does junior NCO refer to in the USAF pay grade system?
Answer: staff sergeants and technical sergeants
United_States_Air_Force

The USAF is the only branch of the U.S. military where NCO status is achieved when an enlisted person reaches the pay grade of E-5. In all other branches, NCO status is generally achieved at the pay grade of E-4 (e.g., a Corporal in the Army and Marine Corps, Petty Officer Third Class in the Navy and Coast Guard). The Air Force mirrored the Army from 1976 to 1991 with an E-4 being either a Senior Airman wearing three stripes without a star or a Sergeant (referred to as "Buck Sergeant"), which was noted by the presence of the central star and considered an NCO. Despite not being an NCO, a Senior Airman who has completed Airman Leadership School can be a supervisor according to the AFI 36-2618.

Question: When does NCO status occur in the USAF?
Answer: when an enlisted person reaches the pay grade of E-5

Question: When does NCO status happen in all other branches of the US Military?
Answer: pay grade of E-4

Question: What must a Senior Airman do to become a supervisor in the USAF?
Answer: completed Airman Leadership School

Question: What rank is NCO status achieved in the US Army?
Answer: Corporal
United_States_Air_Force

The first USAF dress uniform, in 1947, was dubbed and patented "Uxbridge Blue" after "Uxbridge 1683 Blue", developed at the former Bachman-Uxbridge Worsted Company. The current Service Dress Uniform, which was adopted in 1993 and standardized in 1995, consists of a three-button, pocketless coat, similar to that of a men's "sport jacket" (with silver "U.S." pins on the lapels, with a silver ring surrounding on those of enlisted members), matching trousers, and either a service cap or flight cap, all in Shade 1620, "Air Force Blue" (a darker purplish-blue). This is worn with a light blue shirt (Shade 1550) and Shade 1620 herringbone patterned necktie. Enlisted members wear sleeve insignia on both the jacket and shirt, while officers wear metal rank insignia pinned onto the coat, and Air Force Blue slide-on epaulet loops on the shirt. USAF personnel assigned to Base Honor Guard duties wear, for certain occasions, a modified version of the standard service dress uniform, but with silver trim on the sleeves and trousers, with the addition of a ceremonial belt (if necessary), wheel cap with silver trim and Hap Arnold Device, and a silver aiguillette placed on the left shoulder seam and all devices and accoutrement.

Question: When was the first USAF dress uniform introduced?
Answer: 1947

Question: Where was the Uxbridge Blue dress uniform developed?
Answer: former Bachman-Uxbridge Worsted Company

Question: When was the current USAF dress uniform standardized? 
Answer: 1995

Question: Where does an officer in the USAF wear their rank insignia? 
Answer: pinned onto the coat
United_States_Air_Force

In addition to basic uniform clothing, various badges are used by the USAF to indicate a billet assignment or qualification-level for a given assignment. Badges can also be used as merit-based or service-based awards. Over time, various badges have been discontinued and are no longer distributed. Authorized badges include the Shields of USAF Fire Protection, and Security Forces, and the Missile Badge (or "pocket rocket"), which is earned after working in a missile system maintenance or missile operations capacity for at least one year.

Question: What is worn by USAF members to indicate a billet assignment? 
Answer: various badges

Question: What else can Badges be used to designate in the USAF? 
Answer: merit-based or service-based awards

Question: What is one of the types of Authorized Badges in the USAF? 
Answer: Shields of USAF Fire Protection

Question: When is the special "pocket rocket" badge given to USAF personnel working in a missile system operation? 
Answer: at least one year
United_States_Air_Force

Officers may be commissioned upon graduation from the United States Air Force Academy, upon graduation from another college or university through the Air Force Reserve Officer Training Corps (AFROTC) program, or through the Air Force Officer Training School (OTS). OTS, previously located at Lackland AFB, Texas until 1993 and located at Maxwell Air Force Base in Montgomery, Alabama since 1993, in turn encompasses two separate commissioning programs: Basic Officer Training (BOT), which is for line-officer candidates of the active-duty Air Force and the U.S. Air Force Reserve; and the Academy of Military Science (AMS), which is for line-officer candidates of the Air National Guard. (The term "line officer" derives from the concept of the line of battle and refers to an officer whose role falls somewhere within the "Line of the Air", meaning combat or combat-support operations within the scope of legitimate combatants as defined by the Geneva Conventions.)

Question: USAF Officers can be commissioned after graduation from what school? 
Answer: United States Air Force Academy

Question: What is another program that allows officers to become commissioned in the USAF?
Answer: Air Force Officer Training School

Question: Where is the OTS in the US currently located?
Answer: Maxwell Air Force Base in Montgomery, Alabama

Question: How many commissioning programs does the OTS offer the USAF?
Answer: two

Question: What is a line officer in the USAF? 
Answer: concept of the line of battle and refers to an officer whose role falls somewhere within the "Line of the Air"
United_States_Air_Force

The Air Force also provides Commissioned Officer Training (COT) for officers of all three components who are direct-commissioned to non-line positions due to their credentials in medicine, law, religion, biological sciences, or healthcare administration. Originally viewed as a "knife and fork school" that covered little beyond basic wear of the uniform, COT in recent years has been fully integrated into the OTS program and today encompasses extensive coursework as well as field exercises in leadership, confidence, fitness, and deployed-environment operations.

Question: What does the Air Force provide for officers of direct to non-line positions?
Answer: Commissioned Officer Training

Question: What fields of study in the COT are included in this area of the USAF? 
Answer: medicine, law, religion, biological sciences, or healthcare administration

Question: What is an example of the coursework now offered in the COT in the USAF? 
Answer: deployed-environment operations
United_States_Air_Force

The US Air Force Fitness Test (AFFT) is designed to test the abdominal circumference, muscular strength/endurance and cardiovascular respiratory fitness of airmen in the USAF. As part of the Fit to Fight program, the USAF adopted a more stringent physical fitness assessment; the new fitness program was put into effect on 1 June 2010. The annual ergo-cycle test which the USAF had used for several years had been replaced in 2004. In the AFFT, Airmen are given a score based on performance consisting of four components: waist circumference, the sit-up, the push-up, and a 1.5-mile (2.4 km) run. Airmen can potentially earn a score of 100, with the run counting as 60%, waist circumference as 20%, and both strength test counting as 10% each. A passing score is 75 points. Effective 1 July 2010, the AFFT is administered by the base Fitness Assessment Cell (FAC), and is required twice a year. Personnel may test once a year if he or she earns a score above a 90%. Additionally, only meeting the minimum standards on each one of these tests will not get you a passing score of 75%, and failing any one component will result in a failure for the entire test.

Question: What test is designed to test the fitness of airmen in the USAF? 
Answer: US Air Force Fitness Test

Question: What is the more strict program that the USAF adopted in 2010 called?
Answer: Fit to Fight program

Question: How long is the run that the USAF airmen are tested on for the fitness program? 
Answer: 1.5-mile

Question: What is a passing score on the US Air Force Fitness Test? 
Answer: 75 points

Question: What score must an airman get on the US Air Force Fitness test to be able to opt out of one of the mandatory twice a year retests? 
Answer: 90%
United_States_Air_Force

The ground-attack aircraft of the USAF are designed to attack targets on the ground and are often deployed as close air support for, and in proximity to, U.S. ground forces. The proximity to friendly forces require precision strikes from these aircraft that are not possible with bomber aircraft listed below. They are typically deployed as close air support to ground forces, their role is tactical rather than strategic, operating at the front of the battle rather than against targets deeper in the enemy's rear.

Question: What are the ground-attack aircraft in the USAF usually deployed in support for? 
Answer: U.S. ground forces

Question: What does the closeness to friendly troops require of these US Air Force aircraft?
Answer: precision strikes

Question: What part of a battle line are the precision strike aircraft of the USAF deployed?
Answer: front of the battle

Question: What type of aircraft is not appropriate to be used in close proximity of US ground troops? 
Answer: bomber aircraft
United_States_Air_Force

In the US Air Force, the distinction between bombers, fighters that are actually fighter-bombers, and attack aircraft has become blurred. Many attack aircraft, even ones that look like fighters, are optimized to drop bombs, with very little ability to engage in aerial combat. Many fighter aircraft, such as the F-16, are often used as 'bomb trucks', despite being designed for aerial combat. Perhaps the one meaningful distinction at present is the question of range: a bomber is generally a long-range aircraft capable of striking targets deep within enemy territory, whereas fighter bombers and attack aircraft are limited to 'theater' missions in and around the immediate area of battlefield combat. Even that distinction is muddied by the availability of aerial refueling, which greatly increases the potential radius of combat operations. The US, Russia, and the People's Republic of China operate strategic bombers.

Question: What are most attack aircraft in the US Air Force designed to do? 
Answer: drop bombs

Question: What type of USAF aircraft is designed for long range airstrike attacks? 
Answer: bomber

Question: What types of aircraft are typically limited to close proximity of battlefield conflict by the USAF? 
Answer: fighter bombers and attack aircraft

Question: What increases the radius of combat missions by the US Air Force?
Answer: aerial refueling

Question: What countries utilize strategic bomber aircraft in their missions? 
Answer: US, Russia, and the People's Republic of China
United_States_Air_Force

The service's B-2A aircraft entered service in the 1990s, its B-1B aircraft in the 1980s and its current B-52H aircraft in the early 1960s. The B-52 Stratofortress airframe design is over 60 years old and the B-52H aircraft currently in the active inventory were all built between 1960 and 1962. The B-52H is scheduled to remain in service for another 30 years, which would keep the airframe in service for nearly 90 years, an unprecedented length of service for any aircraft. The B-21 is projected to replace the B-52 and parts of the B-1B force by the mid-2020s.

Question: When did the B-2A aircraft enter into service of the US Air Force? 
Answer: 1990s

Question: When did the USAF introduce the B-1B aircraft? 
Answer: 1980s

Question: What aircraft in the USAF was introduced in the 1960s?
Answer: B-52H

Question: How long is the B-52H scheduled to remain in service of the USAF? 
Answer: 30 years

Question: What aircraft is scheduled to replace the B-52 in the USAF?
Answer: B-21
United_States_Air_Force

Cargo and transport aircraft are typically used to deliver troops, weapons and other military equipment by a variety of methods to any area of military operations around the world, usually outside of the commercial flight routes in uncontrolled airspace. The workhorses of the USAF Air Mobility Command are the C-130 Hercules, C-17 Globemaster III, and C-5 Galaxy. These aircraft are largely defined in terms of their range capability as strategic airlift (C-5), strategic/tactical (C-17), and tactical (C-130) airlift to reflect the needs of the land forces they most often support. The CV-22 is used by the Air Force for the U.S. Special Operations Command (USSOCOM). It conducts long-range, special operations missions, and is equipped with extra fuel tanks and terrain-following radar. Some aircraft serve specialized transportation roles such as executive/embassy support (C-12), Antarctic Support (LC-130H), and USSOCOM support (C-27J, C-145A, and C-146A). The WC-130H aircraft are former weather reconnaissance aircraft, now reverted to the transport mission.

Question: What type of aircraft is used to deliver troops and weapons to military operations? 
Answer: Cargo and transport

Question: What aircraft are considered the workhorses of the US Air Force?
Answer: C-130 Hercules, C-17 Globemaster III, and C-5 Galaxy

Question: The CV-22 aircraft is used by what section of the USAF?
Answer: U.S. Special Operations Command

Question: What aircraft offers Antarctic Support to the US Air Force?
Answer: LC-130H

Question: What did the USAF use the WC-130H aircraft for before they converted them for transport missions? 
Answer: weather reconnaissance aircraft
United_States_Air_Force

The purpose of electronic warfare is to deny the opponent an advantage in the EMS and ensure friendly, unimpeded access to the EM spectrum portion of the information environment. Electronic warfare aircraft are used to keep airspaces friendly, and send critical information to anyone who needs it. They are often called "The Eye in the Sky." The roles of the aircraft vary greatly among the different variants to include Electronic Warfare/Jamming (EC-130H), Psychological Operations/Communications (EC-130J), Airborne Early Warning and Control (E-3), Airborne Command Post (E-4B), ground targeting radar (E-8C), range control (E-9A), and communications relay (E-11A)

Question: What is the purpose of electronic warfare?
Answer: deny the opponent an advantage in the EMS

Question: What nickname is given to Electronic warfare aircraft?
Answer: The Eye in the Sky

Question: What does the USAF use Electronic warfare aircraft for?
Answer: to keep airspaces friendly, and send critical information to anyone who needs it

Question: What is the EC-130H used for by the US Air Force? 
Answer: Electronic Warfare/Jamming

Question: What does the USAF use the E-4B aircraft for?
Answer: Airborne Command Post
United_States_Air_Force

The fighter aircraft of the USAF are small, fast, and maneuverable military aircraft primarily used for air-to-air combat. Many of these fighters have secondary ground-attack capabilities, and some are dual-roled as fighter-bombers (e.g., the F-16 Fighting Falcon); the term "fighter" is also sometimes used colloquially for dedicated ground-attack aircraft. Other missions include interception of bombers and other fighters, reconnaissance, and patrol. The F-16 is currently used by the USAF Air Demonstration squadron, the Thunderbirds, while a small number of both man-rated and non-man-rated F-4 Phantom II are retained as QF-4 aircraft for use as Full Scale Aerial Targets (FSAT) or as part of the USAF Heritage Flight program. These extant QF-4 aircraft are being replaced in the FSAT role by early model F-16 aircraft converted to QF-16 configuration. The USAF has 2,025 fighters in service as of September 2012.

Question: What is the primary function of the USAF fighter aircraft?
Answer: air-to-air combat

Question: What is the name of a type of dual purpose fighter-bomber aircraft used by the US Air Force?
Answer: F-16 Fighting Falcon

Question: What aircraft is used by the US Air Demonstration group The Thunderbirds?
Answer: F-16

Question: What kind of aircraft is utilized by the USAF in Full Scale Aerial Targets?
Answer: F-4 Phantom II

Question: What are the QF-4 aircraft being replaced by the US Air Force? 
Answer: early model F-16 aircraft converted to QF-16 configuration
United_States_Air_Force

The USAF's KC-135 and KC-10 aerial refueling aircraft are based on civilian jets. The USAF aircraft are equipped primarily for providing the fuel via a tail-mounted refueling boom, and can be equipped with "probe and drogue" refueling systems. Air-to-air refueling is extensively used in large-scale operations and also used in normal operations; fighters, bombers, and cargo aircraft rely heavily on the lesser-known "tanker" aircraft. This makes these aircraft an essential part of the Air Force's global mobility and the U.S. force projection. The KC-46A Pegasus is undergoing testing and is projected to be delivered to USAF units starting in 2017.

Question: What kind of aircraft is the USAF's KC-135?
Answer: aerial refueling aircraft

Question: How does the aerial refueling aircraft supply fuel during flight?
Answer: tail-mounted refueling boom

Question: When is air-to-air refueling primarily used by the US Air Force?
Answer: large-scale operations

Question: What aircraft will be available for use by the US Air Force in 2017?
Answer: KC-46A Pegasus
United_States_Air_Force

In response to the 2007 United States Air Force nuclear weapons incident, Secretary of Defense Robert Gates accepted in June 2009 the resignations of Secretary of the Air Force Michael Wynne and the Chief of Staff of the Air Force General T. Michael Moseley. Moseley's successor, General Norton A. Schwartz, a former tactical airlift and special operations pilot was the first officer appointed to that position who did not have a background as a fighter or bomber pilot. The Washington Post reported in 2010 that General Schwartz began to dismantle the rigid class system of the USAF, particularly in the officer corps.

Question: What US Secretary of Defense accepted resignations of top US Air Force officials in June of 2009?
Answer: Robert Gates

Question: What US Secretary of the Air Force resigned following a nuclear weapons problem ?
Answer: Michael Wynne

Question: Who was appointed to the Chief of Staff of the Air Force following Mosley's resignation?
Answer: General Norton A. Schwartz

Question: What newspaper reported on Schwartz's dismantlement of the US Air Force's class system?
Answer: The Washington Post
United_States_Air_Force

Daniel L. Magruder, Jr defines USAF culture as a combination of the rigorous application of advanced technology, individualism and progressive airpower theory. Major General Charles J. Dunlap, Jr. adds that the U.S. Air Force's culture also includes an egalitarianism bred from officers perceiving themselves as their service's principal "warriors" working with small groups of enlisted airmen either as the service crew or the onboard crew of their aircraft. Air Force officers have never felt they needed the formal social "distance" from their enlisted force that is common in the other U.S. armed services. Although the paradigm is changing, for most of its history, the Air Force, completely unlike its sister services, has been an organization in which mostly its officers fought, not its enlisted force, the latter being primarily a rear echelon support force. When the enlisted force did go into harm's way, such as members of multi-crewed aircraft, the close comradeship of shared risk in tight quarters created traditions that shaped a somewhat different kind of officer/enlisted relationship than exists elsewhere in the military.

Question: What author wrote about the US Air Force egalitarian culture?
Answer: Major General Charles J. Dunlap, Jr.

Question: How does the US Air Force differ from other branches of the military?
Answer: an organization in which mostly its officers fought

Question: How have the enlisted forces of the US Air Force been seen?
Answer: primarily a rear echelon support force
United_States_Air_Force

Cultural and career issues in the U.S. Air Force have been cited as one of the reasons for the shortfall in needed UAV operators. In spite of an urgent need for UAVs or drones to provide round the clock coverage for American troops during the Iraq War, the USAF did not establish a new career field for piloting them until the last year of that war and in 2014 changed its RPA training syllabus again, in the face of large aircraft losses in training, and in response to a GAO report critical of handling of drone programs. Paul Scharre has reported that the cultural divide between the USAF and US Army has kept both services from adopting each other's drone handing innovations.

Question: What is the reason for the shortage of UAV operators in the US Air Force?
Answer: Cultural and career issues

Question: During what war the the USAF establish a new career field for piloting UAVs and drones?
Answer: Iraq War

Question: Why did the USAF change its training methods on UAVs in 2014?
Answer: large aircraft losses in training

Question: What branch of the US Military does a cultural divide prevent the US Air Force from adopting their drone protocols?
Answer: US Army
United_States_Air_Force

Many of the U.S. Air Force's formal and informal traditions are an amalgamation of those taken from the Royal Air Force (e.g., dining-ins/mess nights) or the experiences of its predecessor organizations such as the U.S. Army Air Service, U.S. Army Air Corps and the U.S. Army Air Forces. Some of these traditions range from "Friday Name Tags" in flying units to an annual "Mustache Month." The use of "challenge coins" is a recent innovation that was adopted from the U.S. Army while another cultural tradition unique to the Air Force is the "roof stomp", practiced by Air Force members to welcome a new commander or to commemorate another event, such as a retirement.

Question: Where did some of the US Air Force traditions come from? 
Answer: Royal Air Force

Question: What traditions does the US Air Force have? 
Answer: "Friday Name Tags" in flying units

Question: What organization did the US Air Force adopt "Challenge Coins" from?
Answer: U.S. Army

Question: What does the roof stomp tradition signify in the US Air Force?
Answer: welcome a new commander or to commemorate another event, such as a retirement
Light-emitting_diode

Recent developments in LEDs permit them to be used in environmental and task lighting. LEDs have many advantages over incandescent light sources including lower energy consumption, longer lifetime, improved physical robustness, smaller size, and faster switching. Light-emitting diodes are now used in applications as diverse as aviation lighting, automotive headlamps, advertising, general lighting, traffic signals, camera flashes and lighted wallpaper. As of 2015[update], LEDs powerful enough for room lighting remain somewhat more expensive, and require more precise current and heat management, than compact fluorescent lamp sources of comparable output.

Question: What type of atmosphere can LED lighting be used?
Answer: environmental

Question: What is an advantage to using LED lighting over the normal light sources?
Answer: longer lifetime

Question: What does LED stand for?
Answer: Light-emitting diodes

Question: Why are some people hesitant to use LED lighting?
Answer: more expensive

Question: What is a popular use for LED lighting?
Answer: traffic signals

Question: What type of atmosphere can't LED lighting be used?

Question: What is an advantage to using non-LED lighting over the normal light sources?

Question:  What does LEED stand for?

Question:  Why aren't some people hesitant to use LED lighting?

Question:  What is a popular use for non-LED lighting?
Light-emitting_diode

Electroluminescence as a phenomenon was discovered in 1907 by the British experimenter H. J. Round of Marconi Labs, using a crystal of silicon carbide and a cat's-whisker detector. Soviet inventor Oleg Losev reported creation of the first LED in 1927. His research was distributed in Soviet, German and British scientific journals, but no practical use was made of the discovery for several decades. Kurt Lehovec, Carl Accardo and Edward Jamgochian, explained these first light-emitting diodes in 1951 using an apparatus employing SiC crystals with a current source of battery or pulse generator and with a comparison to a variant, pure, crystal in 1953.

Question: LED lighting is the end result of what phenomenon?
Answer: Electroluminescence

Question: When was Electroluminescence discovered?
Answer: 1907

Question: What was the nationality of the man who discovered Electroluminescence?
Answer: British

Question: What type of detector did H.J. Round use to help him in his discovery?
Answer: cat's-whisker

Question: Who is the Soviet man that created the first LED?
Answer: Oleg Losev

Question: LED lighting is the beginning result of what phenomenon?

Question:  When was non-Electroluminescence discovered?

Question: What was the nationality of the woman who discovered Electroluminescence?

Question: What type of light did H.J. Round use to help him in his discovery?

Question:  Who is the Soviet man that created the second LED?
Light-emitting_diode

In 1957, Braunstein further demonstrated that the rudimentary devices could be used for non-radio communication across a short distance. As noted by Kroemer Braunstein".. had set up a simple optical communications link: Music emerging from a record player was used via suitable electronics to modulate the forward current of a GaAs diode. The emitted light was detected by a PbS diode some distance away. This signal was fed into an audio amplifier, and played back by a loudspeaker. Intercepting the beam stopped the music. We had a great deal of fun playing with this setup." This setup presaged the use of LEDs for optical communication applications.

Question: What year was it discovered that early LED instruments could be used for non-radio communication?
Answer: 1957

Question: Who discovered non-radio uses for early LED devices?
Answer: Kroemer Braunstein

Question: The current in non-radio communication had to go through what type of component?
Answer: a GaAs diode

Question: What other component was needed to detect the first current of a non-radio signal?
Answer: a PbS diode

Question: What final device was needed to hear the signal from the initial GaAs diode?
Answer: audio amplifier

Question: What year was it discovered that early LED instruments could be used for radio communication?

Question: Who discovered radio uses for early LED devices?

Question:  The current in radio communication had to go through what type of component?

Question: What other component was needed to detect the second current of a radio signal?

Question:  What first device was needed to hear the signal from the initial GaAs diode?
Light-emitting_diode

In September 1961, while working at Texas Instruments in Dallas, Texas, James R. Biard and Gary Pittman discovered near-infrared (900 nm) light emission from a tunnel diode they had constructed on a GaAs substrate. By October 1961, they had demonstrated efficient light emission and signal coupling between a GaAs p-n junction light emitter and an electrically-isolated semiconductor photodetector. On August 8, 1962, Biard and Pittman filed a patent titled "Semiconductor Radiant Diode" based on their findings, which described a zinc diffused p–n junction LED with a spaced cathode contact to allow for efficient emission of infrared light under forward bias. After establishing the priority of their work based on engineering notebooks predating submissions from G.E. Labs, RCA Research Labs, IBM Research Labs, Bell Labs, and Lincoln Lab at MIT, the U.S. patent office issued the two inventors the patent for the GaAs infrared (IR) light-emitting diode (U.S. Patent US3293513), the first practical LED. Immediately after filing the patent, Texas Instruments (TI) began a project to manufacture infrared diodes. In October 1962, TI announced the first LED commercial product (the SNX-100), which employed a pure GaAs crystal to emit a 890 nm light output. In October 1963, TI announced the first commercial hemispherical LED, the SNX-110.

Question: In what state what near-infrared light emission discovered? 
Answer: Texas

Question: What type of diode was used to help discover near-infrared light emission?
Answer: tunnel

Question: In what year was the patent filed for the Semiconductor Radiant Diode?
Answer: 1962

Question: What was the first practical LED?
Answer: GaAs infrared (IR) light-emitting diode

Question: The two inventors of the first practical diode were employed by what famous company?
Answer: Texas Instruments (TI)

Question: In what state what not-infrared light emission discovered?

Question:  What type of diode was used to help discover non-infrared light emission?

Question: In what year was the patent filed for the non-Semiconductor Radiant Diode?

Question:  What was the first non-practical LED?

Question: The two inventors of the first practical non-diode were employed by what famous company?
Light-emitting_diode

The first visible-spectrum (red) LED was developed in 1962 by Nick Holonyak, Jr., while working at General Electric Company. Holonyak first reported his LED in the journal Applied Physics Letters on the December 1, 1962. M. George Craford, a former graduate student of Holonyak, invented the first yellow LED and improved the brightness of red and red-orange LEDs by a factor of ten in 1972. In 1976, T. P. Pearsall created the first high-brightness, high-efficiency LEDs for optical fiber telecommunications by inventing new semiconductor materials specifically adapted to optical fiber transmission wavelengths.

Question: At what global company was the first visible-spectrum LED developed?
Answer: General Electric Company

Question: What GE employee developed the visible-spectrum LED?
Answer: Nick Holonyak, Jr.

Question: What color is associated with the visible-spectrum LED?
Answer: red

Question: What color LED was later created in 1972?
Answer: yellow

Question: What graduate student of Holonyak created the yellow LED?
Answer: M. George Craford

Question: At what global company was the first non-visible-spectrum LED developed?

Question:  What GE employee developed the non-visible-spectrum LED?

Question:  What color is associated with the non-visible-spectrum LED?

Question:  What color non-LED was later created in 1972?

Question:  What graduate student of Holonyak created the yellow non-LED?
Light-emitting_diode

The first commercial LEDs were commonly used as replacements for incandescent and neon indicator lamps, and in seven-segment displays, first in expensive equipment such as laboratory and electronics test equipment, then later in such appliances as TVs, radios, telephones, calculators, as well as watches (see list of signal uses). Until 1968, visible and infrared LEDs were extremely costly, in the order of US$200 per unit, and so had little practical use. The Monsanto Company was the first organization to mass-produce visible LEDs, using gallium arsenide phosphide (GaAsP) in 1968 to produce red LEDs suitable for indicators. Hewlett Packard (HP) introduced LEDs in 1968, initially using GaAsP supplied by Monsanto. These red LEDs were bright enough only for use as indicators, as the light output was not enough to illuminate an area. Readouts in calculators were so small that plastic lenses were built over each digit to make them legible. Later, other colors became widely available and appeared in appliances and equipment. In the 1970s commercially successful LED devices at less than five cents each were produced by Fairchild Optoelectronics. These devices employed compound semiconductor chips fabricated with the planar process invented by Dr. Jean Hoerni at Fairchild Semiconductor. The combination of planar processing for chip fabrication and innovative packaging methods enabled the team at Fairchild led by optoelectronics pioneer Thomas Brandt to achieve the needed cost reductions. These methods continue to be used by LED producers.

Question: What was the first commercial uses of LEDs?
Answer: replacements for incandescent and neon indicator lamps

Question: How much did the early LEDs cost?
Answer: US$200 per unit

Question: What was one use of early LED light in products?
Answer: calculators

Question: What modern company introduced LEDs in 1968?
Answer: Hewlett Packard (HP)

Question: In what decade were production costs greatly reduced for LEDs to enable successful commercial uses?
Answer: 1970s

Question: What was the first commercial uses of non-LEDs?

Question: How much did the early non-LEDs cost?

Question:  What was one use of early non-LED light in products?

Question:  What modern company introduced non-LEDs in 1968?

Question: In what decade were production costs greatly reduced for non-LEDs to enable successful commercial uses?
Light-emitting_diode

The first high-brightness blue LED was demonstrated by Shuji Nakamura of Nichia Corporation in 1994 and was based on InGaN. In parallel, Isamu Akasaki and Hiroshi Amano in Nagoya were working on developing the important GaN nucleation on sapphire substrates and the demonstration of p-type doping of GaN. Nakamura, Akasaki and Amano were awarded the 2014 Nobel prize in physics for their work. In 1995, Alberto Barbieri at the Cardiff University Laboratory (GB) investigated the efficiency and reliability of high-brightness LEDs and demonstrated a "transparent contact" LED using indium tin oxide (ITO) on (AlGaInP/GaAs).

Question: What color LED was demonstrated in 1994?
Answer: blue

Question: Who demonstrated the first blue LED?
Answer: Shuji Nakamura

Question: What did Nakamura, Akasaki, and Amano receive for their work?
Answer: 2014 Nobel prize in physics

Question: Who investigated the efficiency of high-brightness LED at Cardiff University in 1995?
Answer: Alberto Barbieri

Question: What substance did Barbieri use in his work with high-brightness LED?
Answer: indium tin oxide

Question:  What color non-LED was demonstrated in 1994?

Question:  Who demonstrated the first red LED?

Question:  What did Nakamura, Akasaki, and Amano receive for their study?

Question: Who investigated the efficiency of low-brightness LED at Cardiff University in 1995?

Question: What substance did Barbieri use in his work with low-brightness LED?
Light-emitting_diode

The attainment of high efficiency in blue LEDs was quickly followed by the development of the first white LED. In this device a Y
3Al
5O
12:Ce (known as "YAG") phosphor coating on the emitter absorbs some of the blue emission and produces yellow light through fluorescence. The combination of that yellow with remaining blue light appears white to the eye. However using different phosphors (fluorescent materials) it also became possible to instead produce green and red light through fluorescence. The resulting mixture of red, green and blue is not only perceived by humans as white light but is superior for illumination in terms of color rendering, whereas one cannot appreciate the color of red or green objects illuminated only by the yellow (and remaining blue) wavelengths from the YAG phosphor.

Question: What LED quickly followed the blue LEDs?
Answer: white

Question: What does the YAG phosphor coating produce?
Answer: yellow light

Question: What LED quickly followed the red LEDs?

Question:  What does the YAG phosphor coating not produce?
Light-emitting_diode

A P-N junction can convert absorbed light energy into a proportional electric current. The same process is reversed here (i.e. the P-N junction emits light when electrical energy is applied to it). This phenomenon is generally called electroluminescence, which can be defined as the emission of light from a semi-conductor under the influence of an electric field. The charge carriers recombine in a forward-biased P-N junction as the electrons cross from the N-region and recombine with the holes existing in the P-region. Free electrons are in the conduction band of energy levels, while holes are in the valence energy band. Thus the energy level of the holes will be lesser than the energy levels of the electrons. Some portion of the energy must be dissipated in order to recombine the electrons and the holes. This energy is emitted in the form of heat and light.

Question: What converts absorbed light energy into an electric current?
Answer: P-N junction

Question: What is the phenomenon where a P-N junction emits light when an electrical current is applied to it?
Answer: electroluminescence

Question: Where are the free electrons located in the production of electroluminescence?
Answer: the conduction band

Question: Whose energy levels are lower than the electrons in the electroluminescence process?
Answer: holes existing in the P-region

Question: Why is some energy in the electroluminescence process emitted as heat and light?
Answer: to recombine the electrons and the holes

Question: What converts absorbed light energy into an non-electric current?

Question: What is the phenomenon where a P-N junction emits light when a non-electrical current is applied to it?

Question:  Where are the free electrons located in the production of non-electroluminescence?

Question: Whose energy levels are lower than the non-electrons in the electroluminescence process?

Question: Why is some energy in the electroluminescence process emitted as heat and darkness?
Light-emitting_diode

In September 2003, a new type of blue LED was demonstrated by Cree that consumes 24 mW at 20 milliamperes (mA). This produced a commercially packaged white light giving 65 lm/W at 20 mA, becoming the brightest white LED commercially available at the time, and more than four times as efficient as standard incandescents. In 2006, they demonstrated a prototype with a record white LED luminous efficacy of 131 lm/W at 20 mA. Nichia Corporation has developed a white LED with luminous efficacy of 150 lm/W at a forward current of 20 mA. Cree's XLamp XM-L LEDs, commercially available in 2011, produce 100 lm/W at their full power of 10 W, and up to 160 lm/W at around 2 W input power. In 2012, Cree announced a white LED giving 254 lm/W, and 303 lm/W in March 2014. Practical general lighting needs high-power LEDs, of one watt or more. Typical operating currents for such devices begin at 350 mA.

Question: In what year was a new type of blue LED produced?
Answer: 2003

Question: Who demonstrated in 2003 the new type of blue LED?
Answer: Cree

Question: How much more efficient as standard incandescents was the white LED commercially available in 2003?
Answer: four times

Question: What is the typical operating current for high-power LEDs?
Answer: 350 mA

Question:  In what year was a new type of red LED produced?

Question:  Who demonstrated in 2003 the new type of red LED?

Question: How much more efficient as standard incandescents was the red LED commercially available in 2003?

Question:  What is the typical operating current for low-power LEDs?