Divyanshu67/squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
Predation

Many organisms (of which humans are prime examples) eat from multiple levels of the food chain and, thus, make this classification problematic. A carnivore may eat both secondary and tertiary consumers, and its prey may itself be difficult to classify for similar reasons. Organisms showing both carnivory and herbivory are known as omnivores. Even herbivores such as the giant panda may supplement their diet with meat. Scavenging of carrion provides a significant part of the diet of some of the most fearsome predators. Carnivorous plants would be very difficult to fit into this classification, producing their own food but also digesting anything that they may trap. Organisms that eat detritivores or parasites would also be difficult to classify by such a scheme.

Question: Dead animals that died as a result of natural causes or non-fatal injuries are called?
Answer: carrion

Question: Why are species can be difficult to classify because they?
Answer: eat from multiple levels of the food chain

Question: What are plants that eat both living species and consume sunlight for energy called? 
Answer: Carnivorous plants

Question: What are organisms called that show carnivory and herbivory?
Answer: omnivores

Question: What can make classification of predators problematic when using a food pyramid?
Answer: Many organisms (of which humans are prime examples) eat from multiple levels of the food chain

Question: Why would carnivourous plants be difficult to classify into a food pyramid?
Answer: producing their own food but also digesting anything that they may trap

Question: Would it be easy or difficult to classify organims that eat parasites in a food pyramid?
Answer: difficult

Question: From how many levels of the food chain do parasites usually eat?

Question: What is difficult because parasites eat from more than one food pyramid level?

Question: What are parasites also known as since they eat from more than one level?

Question: What is the nature of the giant panda when its cornered?

Question: What is one thing that giant pandas usually like to eat daily?
Predation

An alternative view offered by Richard Dawkins is of predation as a form of competition: the genes of both the predator and prey are competing for the body (or 'survival machine') of the prey organism. This is best understood in the context of the gene centered view of evolution. Another manner in which predation and competition are connected is throughout intraguild predation. Intraguild predators are those that kill and eat other predators of different species at the same trophic level, and thus that are potential competitors.

Question: Intraguild species consumer other species within?
Answer: the same trophic level

Question: Who proposes the concept of the "survival machine?"
Answer: Richard Dawkins

Question: The argument of the "survival machines" proposes that what two species are competing for the same genes?
Answer: both the predator and prey

Question: Intraguild species may try to consume each other because they are?
Answer: potential competitors

Question: Who described predation by describing competing genes within the predator?
Answer: Richard Dawkins

Question: To what part of the prey does Richard Dawkins refer to as the "survival machine"?
Answer: the body

Question: What are intraguild predators?
Answer: those that kill and eat other predators of different species at the same trophic level

Question: What term is used to decribe predators that prey on their own competition?
Answer: Intraguild

Question: Which version of evolutionary theory is easiest to use when explaining predation as competition?
Answer: gene centered view

Question: What did Richard Dawkins think prey eating each other was a form of?

Question: Why do prey species try to hunt each other?

Question: What is a term that means one prey species eating another?

Question: What is one thing that makes prey faster at hunting for another prey species?

Question: What view helps you understand why prey eat each other?
Predation

Predators may increase the biodiversity of communities by preventing a single species from becoming dominant. Such predators are known as keystone species and may have a profound influence on the balance of organisms in a particular ecosystem. Introduction or removal of this predator, or changes in its population density, can have drastic cascading effects on the equilibrium of many other populations in the ecosystem. For example, grazers of a grassland may prevent a single dominant species from taking over.

Question: What is the title of a predator that maintains balance with an ecosystem?
Answer: keystone species

Question: What is the driving force for maintaining an equilibrium within an ecosystem?
Answer: biodiversity

Question: When a keystone species is lost another species might become?
Answer: dominant

Question: What is increased by keeping a single species from being dominant in an ecosystem?
Answer: biodiversity of communities

Question: Predators that prevent others from becoming dominant are called what?
Answer: keystone species

Question: What changes to a keystone predator can seriously affect an ecosystem's equilibrium?
Answer: Introduction or removal of this predator, or changes in its population density

Question: What does one singe species usually prevent a predator from doing?

Question: What are single species also known as?

Question: What influence does one single species have on an ecosystem?

Question: What kind of effect happens when a single species population changes?

Question: What does a single species dominating the area help promote in a community?
Predation

The elimination of wolves from Yellowstone National Park had profound impacts on the trophic pyramid. Without predation, herbivores began to over-graze many woody browse species, affecting the area's plant populations. In addition, wolves often kept animals from grazing in riparian areas, which protected beavers from having their food sources encroached upon. The removal of wolves had a direct effect on beaver populations, as their habitat became territory for grazing. Furthermore, predation keeps hydrological features such as creeks and streams in normal working order. Increased browsing on willows and conifers along Blacktail Creek due to a lack of predation caused channel incision because they helped slow the water down and hold the soil in place.

Question: What animal's food sources were greatly affected with the loss of wolves in Yellowstone National Park?
Answer: beavers

Question: Broader ecological impacts can occur when an apex predator is removed, in the case of Yellowstone, this includes alteration to the?
Answer: hydrological features

Question: Loose soil from lack of trees along the river bed resulted in?
Answer: channel incision

Question: The removal of what animal from Yellowstonw National Park affected beaver populations?
Answer: wolves

Question: How did the removal of wolves from Yellowstone affect beaver habitats?
Answer: habitat became territory for grazing.

Question: Why were plant populations affected after wolves were eliminated from Yellowstone?
Answer: Without predation, herbivores began to over-graze many woody browse species

Question: How did wolves in Yellowstone help beavers eat well?
Answer: wolves often kept animals from grazing in riparian areas, which protected beavers from having their food sources encroached upon

Question: What changes happened when herbivores were eliminated in Yellowstone?

Question: Where did beavers keep animals from grazing?

Question: What animals were protected when herbivores were in Yellowstone?

Question: What group was directly affected when herbivores were removed from the park?

Question: What natural features work better when herbivores are present?
Predation

The act of predation can be broken down into a maximum of four stages: Detection of prey, attack, capture and finally consumption. The relationship between predator and prey is one that is typically beneficial to the predator, and detrimental to the prey species. Sometimes, however, predation has indirect benefits to the prey species, though the individuals preyed upon themselves do not benefit. This means that, at each applicable stage, predator and prey species are in an evolutionary arms race to maximize their respective abilities to obtain food or avoid being eaten. This interaction has resulted in a vast array of adaptations in both groups.

Question: At most there are how many step of predator-prey interaction? 
Answer: maximum of four stages

Question: What is the first step of the predator-prey interaction?
Answer: Detection of prey

Question: How does the prey improve their evolutionary abilities through predator-prey interaction? 
Answer: array of adaptations

Question: Who doesn't benefit from the predator-prey interaction? 
Answer: the individuals preyed upon

Question: How many stages can predation be divided into?
Answer: maximum of four stages

Question: What are the four stages of predation?
Answer: Detection of prey, attack, capture and finally consumption

Question: What dilemma has resulted in many predatory adaptations?
Answer: obtain food or avoid being eaten

Question: In predation's four stages, in what stage is consumption?
Answer: final

Question: How many categories can prey be divided into?

Question: What group seems to have changed the most through evoulution?

Question: What term is used to describe how prey evades a predator?

Question: What is the first stage called when prey notices a predator?

Question: What charactheristics help divide prey into four groups?
Predation

One adaptation helping both predators and prey avoid detection is camouflage, a form of crypsis where species have an appearance that helps them blend into the background. Camouflage consists of not only color but also shape and pattern. The background upon which the organism is seen can be both its environment (e.g., the praying mantis to the right resembling dead leaves) or other organisms (e.g., zebras' stripes blend in with each other in a herd, making it difficult for lions to focus on a single target). The more convincing camouflage is, the more likely it is that the organism will go unseen.

Question: Which adaptation helps both predators and prey?
Answer: camouflage

Question: What term is used for an adaptation that enables species to blend into the background?
Answer: camouflage

Question: Camoflauge consists of what else, in addition to color?
Answer: shape and pattern

Question: Ogranisms use camoflauge to blend with their habitat and what else?
Answer: other organisms

Question: What characteristic helps only prey not be seen?

Question: What else can be used to describe dead leaves besides their color?

Question: What is it a form of when lions can see a single zebra?

Question: What does a praying mantis use to build its home?

Question: What method does a praying mantis use when hunting?
Predation

Mimicry is a related phenomenon where an organism has a similar appearance to another species. One such example is the drone fly, which looks a lot like a bee, yet is completely harmless as it cannot sting at all. Another example of batesian mimicry is the io moth, (Automeris io), which has markings on its wings that resemble an owl's eyes. When an insectivorous predator disturbs the moth, it reveals its hind wings, temporarily startling the predator and giving it time to escape. Predators may also use mimicry to lure their prey, however. Female fireflies of the genus Photuris, for example, copy the light signals of other species, thereby attracting male fireflies, which are then captured and eaten (see aggressive mimicry).

Question: What is the phenomenon where an organism looks like another species called?
Answer: Mimicry

Question: Which organism looks like a bee but cannot sting?
Answer: drone fly

Question: A moth that has markings resembling an owl's eyes is an example of what phenomenon?
Answer: Mimicry

Question: What is a defensive way that mimicry can be used?
Answer: startling the predator and giving it time to escape

Question: How can predators use mimicry?
Answer: to lure their prey

Question: What does a female firefly look like, but isn't able to sting?

Question: What do drone flies copy to attract male fireflies?

Question: What happens when drone flies attract male fireflies?

Question: What do the markings on female fireflies resemble?

Question: Why does a female firefly use the markings on its wings?
Predation

While successful predation results in a gain of energy, hunting invariably involves energetic costs as well. When hunger is not an issue, in general most predators will not seek to attack prey since the costs outweigh the benefits. For instance, a large predatory fish like a shark that is well fed in an aquarium will typically ignore the smaller fish swimming around it (while the prey fish take advantage of the fact that the apex predator is apparently uninterested). Surplus killing represents a deviation from this type of behaviour. The treatment of consumption in terms of cost-benefit analysis is known as optimal foraging theory, and has been quite successful in the study of animal behavior. In general, costs and benefits are considered in energy gain per unit time, though other factors are also important, such as essential nutrients that have no caloric value but are necessary for survival and health.

Question: What makes predation successful?
Answer: gain of energy

Question: Treating the hunt as a cost-benefit scenario is referred to a what?
Answer: optimal foraging theory

Question: In optimal foraging theory, how are costs and benefits measured?
Answer: energy gain per unit time

Question: What benefit do small fish gain when they successfully avoid a predator?

Question: What theory describes how prey fish take advantage of a predator?

Question: How is the behavior of prey fish around an uninterested predator measured?

Question: What cost is involved in evading a predator?

Question: How well do small fish eat when they are in an aquarium?
Predation

Social predation offers the possibility of predators to kill creatures larger than those that members of the species could overpower singly. Lions, hyenas, wolves, dholes, African wild dogs, and piranhas can kill large herbivores that single animals of the same species usually don't dispatch. Social predation allows some animals to organize hunts of creatures that would easily escape a single predator; thus chimpanzees can prey upon colobus monkeys, and Harris's hawks can cut off all possible escapes for a doomed rabbit. Extreme specialization of roles is evident in some hunting that requires co-operation between predators of very different species: humans with the aid of falcons or dogs, or fishing with cormorants. Social predation is often very complex behavior, and not all social creatures (for example, domestic cats) perform it. Even without complex intelligence but instinct alone, some ant species can destroy much larger creatures.

Question: What hunting style allows chimpanzees to prey upon colobus monkeys?
Answer: Social predation

Question: What is an example of co-coperation between predators of different species?
Answer: humans with the aid of falcons or dogs, or fishing with cormorants

Question: What is a species that does not perform social predation?
Answer: domestic cats)

Question: What are some species that use social predation to prey on animals much larger than themselves?
Answer: Lions, hyenas, wolves, dholes, African wild dogs, and piranhas

Question: What method does a rabbit use to evade a group of predators?

Question: Who aids a rabbit to escape a predator through cooperation?

Question: What do some fish use to kill larger creatures?

Question: What method allows herbivores to attack a group of predators?

Question: What did Harris realize that happens between humans and chimpanzees so they can work together?
Predation

It has been observed that well-fed predator animals in a lax captivity (for instance, pet or farm animals) will usually differentiate between putative prey animals who are familiar co-inhabitants in the same human area from wild ones outside the area. This interaction can range from peaceful coexistence to close companionship; motivation to ignore the predatory instinct may result from mutual advantage or fear of reprisal from human masters who have made clear that harming co-inhabitants will not be tolerated. Pet cats and pet mice, for example, may live together in the same human residence without incident as companions. Pet cats and pet dogs under human mastership often depend on each other for warmth, companionship, and even protection, particularly in rural areas.

Question: Well-fed animals in captivity can become friends with prey animals due to what motivation?
Answer: mutual advantage or fear of reprisal from human masters

Question: Why would cats and dogs potentially become companions in captivity?
Answer: warmth, companionship, and even protection

Question: Captive animals can distinguish co-inhabitats from what other group?
Answer: wild ones outside the area

Question: What kind of relationships to people have in rural areas?

Question: Why is there less crime in rural areas?

Question: How do residents feel about someone harming a person in a rural area?

Question: What are two things neighbors depend on each other for in rural areas?

Question: What can people from rural areas differentiate captive animals from?
Predation

Predatory animals often use their usual methods of attacking prey to inflict or to threaten grievous injury to their own predators. The electric eel uses the same electric current to kill prey and to defend itself against animals (anacondas, caimans, egrets, jaguars, mountain lions, giant otters, humans, dogs, and cats) that ordinarily prey upon fish similar to an electric eel in size; the electric eel thus remains an apex predator in a predator-rich environment. A predator small enough to be prey for others, the domestic cat uses its formidable teeth and claws as weapons against animals that might confuse a cat with easier prey. Many non-predatory prey animals, such as a zebra, can give a strong kick that can maim or kill, while others charge with tusks or horns.

Question: What are some predators of the electric eel?
Answer: (anacondas, caimans, egrets, jaguars, mountain lions, giant otters, humans, dogs, and cats

Question: What defense does a zebra have against predators?
Answer: strong kick that can maim or kill

Question: What defenses does a domestic cat have against predators?
Answer: formidable teeth and claws

Question: The electric eel uses electric shock for defense and what other purpose?
Answer: to kill prey

Question: What method is used by giant otters to prevent their prey from attacking them?

Question: What are a few predators of giant otters?

Question: What status does a giant otter keep among other predators?

Question: What does a caiman use to defend itself agains a predator?

Question: What is the favorite food of an electric eel?
Predation

Mobbing can be an interspecies activity: it is common for birds to respond to mobbing calls of a different species. Many birds will show up at the sight of mobbing and watch and call, but not participate. It should also be noted that some species can be on both ends of a mobbing attack. Crows are frequently mobbed by smaller songbirds as they prey on eggs and young from these birds' nests, but these same crows will cooperate with smaller birds to drive away hawks or larger mammalian predators. On occasion, birds will mob animals that pose no threat.

Question: Is a species always the antagonist in a mobbing attack, or can it play roles on both sides?
Answer: species can be on both ends of a mobbing attack

Question: Which bird is an example of being both a predator and defender in mobbing attacks?
Answer: Crows

Question: Will birds often mob animals that do not pose a threat?
Answer: On occasion

Question: Crows will cooperate with small birds to drive away what predators?
Answer: hawks or larger mammalian predators

Question: What is an activity usually done by mammalian predators?

Question: What will larger predators do when they see mobbing taking place?

Question: What is one thing hawks do when they see mobbing?

Question: What are hawks often mobbed by when they try to eat their eggs?

Question: What do hawks do when they want to drive away crows?
Predation

Aposematism, where organisms are brightly colored as a warning to predators, is the antithesis of camouflage. Some organisms pose a threat to their predators—for example they may be poisonous, or able to harm them physically. Aposematic coloring involves bright, easily recognizable and unique colors and patterns. For example, bright coloration in Variable Checkerspot butterflies leads to decreased predation attempts by avian predators. Upon being harmed (e.g., stung) by their prey, the appearance in such an organism will be remembered as something to avoid. While that particular prey organism may be killed, the coloring benefits the prey species as a whole.

Question: What scientific term is used to describe  organisms that are brightly colored as a warning to predators?
Answer: Aposematism

Question: Does aposematism benefit only the organism ddirectly, or the entire population as a whole?
Answer: species as a whole

Question: How does aposematism help a species population?
Answer: Upon being harmed (e.g., stung) by their prey, the appearance in such an organism will be remembered as something to avoid

Question: What visual cues are characteristic of aposematism?
Answer: bright, easily recognizable and unique colors and patterns

Question: What term means how predators avoid a dangerous prey?

Question: What do predators use to warn their prey?

Question: What benefit does camoflage give the Variable Checkerspot butterfly?

Question: What group benefits from using camoflage if an organism is killed using it?

Question: How does a predator see a species using camflage as?
Predation

It is fairly clear that predators tend to lower the survival and fecundity of their prey, but on a higher level of organization, populations of predator and prey species also interact. It is obvious that predators depend on prey for survival, and this is reflected in predator populations being affected by changes in prey populations. It is not so obvious, however, that predators affect prey populations. Eating a prey organism may simply make room for another if the prey population is approaching its carrying capacity.

Question: What do predators depend on for survival?
Answer: prey

Question: Prey that is eaten is simply replaced by anohter when the population is close to what?
Answer: carrying capacity

Question: Predators lower what aspects of their prey?
Answer: survival and fecundity

Question: What does one predator species do for another if its reaching carrying capacity?

Question: What is reduced in a predator species if it reaches carrying capacity?

Question: What do different species of predators do when they encounter each other?

Question: What do different predators sometimes need each other for?

Question: What helps more than one group of predators interact?
Predation

A lone naked human is at a physical disadvantage to other comparable apex predators in areas such as speed, bone density, weight, and physical strength. Humans also lack innate weaponry such as claws. Without crafted weapons, society, or cleverness, a lone human can easily be defeated by fit predatory animals, such as wild dogs, big cats and bears (see Man-eater). However, humans are not solitary creatures; they are social animals with highly developed social behaviors. Early humans, such as Homo erectus, have been using stone tools and weapons for well over a million years. Anatomically modern humans have been apex predators since they first evolved, and many species of carnivorous megafauna actively avoid interacting with humans; the primary environmental competitor for a human is other humans. The one subspecies of carnivorous megafauna that does interact frequently with humans in predatory roles is the domestic dog, but usually as a partner in predation especially if they hunt together. Cannibalism has occurred in various places, among various cultures, and for various reasons. At least a few people, such as the Donner party, are said to have resorted to it in desperation.

Question: What physical disadvantages do humans have against other apex predators?
Answer: speed, bone density, weight, and physical strength

Question: For how long have humans been using stone tools and weapons?
Answer: well over a million years

Question: What are humans' primary competitors?
Answer: other humans

Question: What is one known istance of cannibalism?
Answer: the Donner party

Question: With what species do humans hunt in partnership?
Answer: domestic dog

Question: In what areas do bears have an advantage compared to big cats?

Question: What is one thing bears use to find their prey?

Question: How are bears socially instead of being solitary?

Question: How long have bears existed?

Question: How long have bears been apex predators?
Predation

Having small population size is a characteristic almost universally inherent to apex predators, humans and dogs by far the most blatant exceptions. Low numbers wouldn't be a problem for apex predators if there was an abundance of prey and no competition or niche overlap, a scenario that is rarely, if ever, encountered in the wild. The competitive exclusion principle states that if two species' ecological niches overlap, there is a very high likelihood of competition as both species are in direct competition for the same resources. This factor alone could lead to the extirpation of one or both species, but is compounded by the added factor of prey abundance.

Question: What two apex predators do not have a small population size?
Answer: humans and dogs

Question: Do apex predators generally have a large or small population?
Answer: small

Question: Which principle states that if two species ecologicl niches/ overlap, both species are likely to be in competition with one another?
Answer: competitive exclusion principle

Question: What other factor is relevant to the competitive exclusion principle?
Answer: prey abundance

Question: What are two situations apex predators always live with in the wild?

Question: What kind of population do prey populations usually have?

Question: When two species have a small population, what is likely to happen between them?

Question: What principle states that when two prey species have small populations they will compete with each other?

Question: What is one thing that humans and dogs have that applies to other apex predators?
Predation

A predator's effect on its prey species is hard to see in the short-term. However, if observed over a longer period of time, it is seen that the population of a predator will correlationally rise and fall with the population of its prey in a cycle similar to the boom and bust cycle of economics. If a predator overhunts its prey, the prey population will lower to numbers that are too scarce for the predators to find. This will cause the predator population to dip, decreasing the predation pressure on the prey population. The decrease in predators will allow the small number of prey left to slowly increase their population to somewhere around their previous abundance, which will allow the predator population to increase in response to the greater availability of resources. If a predator hunts its prey species to numbers too low to sustain the population in the short term, they can cause not only the extinction or extirpation of the prey but also the extinction of their own species, a phenomenon known as coextinction. This is a risk that wildlife conservationists encounter when introducing predators to prey that have not coevolved with the same or similar predators. This possibility depends largely on how well and how fast the prey species is able to adapt to the introduced predator. One way that this risk can be avoided is if the predator finds an alternative prey species or if an alternative prey species is introduced (something that ecologists and environmentalists try to avoid whenever possible). An alternative prey species would help to lift some of the predation pressure from the initial prey species, giving the population a chance to recover, however it does not guarantee that the initial prey species will be able to recover as the initial prey population may have been hunted to below sustainable numbers or to complete extinction.

Question: When a predator hunts too much of its prey, causing both populations to dissappear, the phenomenon is called what?
Answer: coextinction

Question: Are predator's effects on prey easiest to see in the short-term or long-term?
Answer: longer period of time

Question: The rise and fall of predator and prey populations are similar to what, in the US economy?
Answer: boom and bust cycle of economics

Question: When are the effects of economics hard to see?

Question: What is the cycle of complete extinction similar to?

Question: What risk to conservationists encounter when they cause the predator population to dip?

Question: What happens if wildlife conservationists limit prey populations?

Question: What does introducing a new prey species guarantee for the weaker predators?
Predation

Predators may be put to use in conservation efforts to control introduced species. Although the aim in this situation is to remove the introduced species entirely, keeping its abundance down is often the only possibility. Predators from its natural range may be introduced to control populations, though in some cases this has little effect, and may even cause unforeseen problems. Besides their use in conservation biology, predators are also important for controlling pests in agriculture. Natural predators are an environmentally friendly and sustainable way of reducing damage to crops, and are one alternative to the use of chemical agents such as pesticides.

Question: How can natural predators benefit crops?
Answer: reducing damage to crops, and are one alternative to the use of chemical agents such as pesticides

Question: How are predators beneficial to agriculture?
Answer: controlling pests

Question: If removing an introduced species entirely isn't a posibility, what is the next best outcome?
Answer: keeping its abundance down

Question: Predators are used in conservation to reduce what type of species from the environment?
Answer: introduced species

Question: What is one way pesticides benefit crops?

Question: What is one thing that can happen if you use pesticides?

Question: What is the only thing that is possible when removing pests?

Question: In what area are agricultural pests used for research?

Question: What chemical agent is used to control introduced species?
Marvel_Comics

Marvel counts among its characters such well-known superheroes as Spider-Man, Iron Man, Captain America, Wolverine, Thor, Hulk, Ant-Man, such teams as the Avengers, the Guardians of the Galaxy, the Fantastic Four, the Inhumans and the X-Men, and antagonists such as Doctor Doom, The Enchantress, Green Goblin, Ultron, Doctor Octopus, Thanos, Magneto and Loki. Most of Marvel's fictional characters operate in a single reality known as the Marvel Universe, with locations that mirror real-life cities. Characters such as Spider-Man, the Fantastic Four, the Avengers, Daredevil and Doctor Strange are based in New York City, whereas the X-Men have historically been based in Salem Center, New York and Hulk's stories often have been set in the American Southwest.

Question: Captain America, Thor and Ultron all inhabit what fictional milieu?
Answer: Marvel Universe

Question: Fictional placements within this setting are modeled off what?
Answer: real-life cities

Question: Spiderman's fictional city is based off what real American location?
Answer: New York

Question: What Marvel character's stories are set in an area resembling the American Southwest?
Answer: Hulk

Question: Which two groups of Marvel crimefighters are based in a fictional version of New York City?
Answer: the Fantastic Four, the Avengers

Question: Where is the character of Ant-Man based?

Question: Where is Marvel located?

Question: Which super villain lives in the American southwest?

Question: What were many real-life locations based off of?

Question: Which group fought the Fantastic Four in New York City?
Marvel_Comics

Martin Goodman founded the company later known as Marvel Comics under the name Timely Publications in 1939. Martin Goodman, a pulp magazine publisher who had started with a Western pulp in 1933, was expanding into the emerging—and by then already highly popular—new medium of comic books. Launching his new line from his existing company's offices at 330 West 42nd Street, New York City, he officially held the titles of editor, managing editor, and business manager, with Abraham Goodman officially listed as publisher.

Question: Who originally founded Marvel Comics?
Answer: Martin Goodman

Question: What was the original name of Marvel Comics?
Answer: Timely Publications

Question: When was Marvel founded?
Answer: 1939

Question: In what city was Marvel based when it was founded?
Answer: New York City

Question: What was Abraham Goodman's official title when Marvel was founded?
Answer: publisher

Question: When was Martin Goodman born?

Question: What was Timely Publications originally called?

Question: Who created the western pulp genre?

Question: When did Timely Publications become Marvel Comics?

Question: Who decided to rename Timely Publications to Marvel Comics?
Marvel_Comics

Timely's first publication, Marvel Comics #1 (cover dated Oct. 1939), included the first appearance of Carl Burgos' android superhero the Human Torch, and the first appearances of Bill Everett's anti-hero Namor the Sub-Mariner, among other features. The issue was a great success, with it and a second printing the following month selling, combined, nearly 900,000 copies. While its contents came from an outside packager, Funnies, Inc., Timely had its own staff in place by the following year. The company's first true editor, writer-artist Joe Simon, teamed with artist and emerging industry notable Jack Kirby to create one of the first patriotically themed superheroes, Captain America, in Captain America Comics #1 (March 1941). It, too, proved a hit, with sales of nearly one million. Goodman formed Timely Comics, Inc., beginning with comics cover-dated April 1941 or Spring 1941.

Question: What was the cover date on Marvel Comics #1?
Answer: Oct. 1939

Question: Who was Marvel/Timely's first true full-time editor?
Answer: Joe Simon

Question: Besides Simon, who co-created Captain America?
Answer: Jack Kirby

Question: What is the name of the character created by Carl Burgos?
Answer: the Human Torch

Question: In what issue was Namor, The Sub-Mariner introduced?
Answer: Marvel Comics #1

Question: How many copies did the first printing of Marvel Comics #1 sell?

Question: What year did Joe Simon join Timely?

Question: When was Funnies, Inc. founded?

Question: What was Bill Everett's job title?

Question: When did Goodman disband Timely Comics, Inc?
Marvel_Comics

While no other Timely character would achieve the success of these "big three", some notable heroes—many of which continue to appear in modern-day retcon appearances and flashbacks—include the Whizzer, Miss America, the Destroyer, the original Vision, and the Angel. Timely also published one of humor cartoonist Basil Wolverton's best-known features, "Powerhouse Pepper", as well as a line of children's funny-animal comics featuring popular characters like Super Rabbit and the duo Ziggy Pig and Silly Seal.

Question: What cartoon humorist did some high profile stories for Marvel in the early years?
Answer: Basil Wolverton

Question: What was the name of the humorous feature penned by Wolverton?
Answer: "Powerhouse Pepper"

Question: What duo of kid-themed characters were featured in early Marvel issues?
Answer: Ziggy Pig and Silly Seal

Question: What early Marvel character may have been envisioned as a female counterpoint to Captain America?
Answer: Miss America

Question: The most popular early Marvel heroes were collectively and colloquially known as what?
Answer: "big three"

Question: Which characters matched the success of the big three?

Question: Who created Miss America?

Question: What cartoon was the Destroyer featured in?

Question: What animal characters were featured in Powerhouse Pepper?

Question: Where do the animal comic characters sometimes continue to appear?
Marvel_Comics

Goodman's business strategy involved having his various magazines and comic books published by a number of corporations all operating out of the same office and with the same staff. One of these shell companies through which Timely Comics was published was named Marvel Comics by at least Marvel Mystery Comics #55 (May 1944). As well, some comics' covers, such as All Surprise Comics #12 (Winter 1946–47), were labeled "A Marvel Magazine" many years before Goodman would formally adopt the name in 1961.

Question: Marvel Comics was part of many entities having what relationship with Timely?
Answer: shell companies

Question: When were all of Goodman's comic entities officially put under the moniker of Marvel Comics?
Answer: 1961

Question: By what other name were some Marvel-related comic books published?
Answer: "A Marvel Magazine"

Question: Under what handle were Marvel's detective fiction comics published?
Answer: Marvel Mystery Comics

Question: When did Goodman begin partnering with shell companies?

Question: What were the biggest danger to Goodman's business strategy?

Question: When were comics first published under the label Marvel Magazine?

Question: When was the first Marvel Mystery Comic published?

Question: What was the first comic to be published after Goodman formally adopted the name Marvel Comics?
Marvel_Comics

Atlas, rather than innovate, took a proven route of following popular trends in television and movies—Westerns and war dramas prevailing for a time, drive-in movie monsters another time—and even other comic books, particularly the EC horror line. Atlas also published a plethora of children's and teen humor titles, including Dan DeCarlo's Homer the Happy Ghost (à la Casper the Friendly Ghost) and Homer Hooper (à la Archie Andrews). Atlas unsuccessfully attempted to revive superheroes from late 1953 to mid-1954, with the Human Torch (art by Syd Shores and Dick Ayers, variously), the Sub-Mariner (drawn and most stories written by Bill Everett), and Captain America (writer Stan Lee, artist John Romita Sr.). Atlas did not achieve any breakout hits and, according to Stan Lee, Atlas survived chiefly because it produced work quickly, cheaply, and at a passable quality.

Question: Which writer and artist was behind the Sub-Mariner?
Answer: Bill Everett

Question: What was Marvel's major offshoot with Westerns, war stories, and monster comics called?
Answer: Atlas

Question: What was Dan DeCarlo's spooky but humorous comic aimed at kids called?
Answer: Homer the Happy Ghost

Question: DeCarlo also penned a knock-off of what teen comic superstar?
Answer: Archie Andrews

Question: What was the name of DeCarlo's main character in his humorous teen series?
Answer: Homer Hooper

Question: When did Atlas launch?

Question: Who ran Atlas?

Question: When did the Archie Andrews comics run?

Question: What company successfully revived several superheroes?

Question: What was another name for the Human Torch?
Marvel_Comics

In 1961, writer-editor Stan Lee revolutionized superhero comics by introducing superheroes designed to appeal to more all-ages readers than the predominantly child audiences of the medium. Modern Marvel's first superhero team, the titular stars of The Fantastic Four #1 (Nov. 1961), broke convention with other comic book archetypes of the time by squabbling, holding grudges both deep and petty, and eschewing anonymity or secret identities in favor of celebrity status. Subsequently, Marvel comics developed a reputation for focusing on characterization and adult issues to a greater extent than most superhero comics before them, a quality which the new generation of older readers appreciated. This applied to The Amazing Spider-Man title in particular, which turned out to be Marvel's most successful book. Its young hero suffered from self-doubt and mundane problems like any other teenager, something readers could identify with.

Question: Marvel's first team of superheroes was known by what alliterative name?
Answer: The Fantastic Four

Question: What was the issue date when this superhero team debuted?
Answer: Nov. 1961

Question: What Marvel executive helped change the focus of Marvel's stories and characters?
Answer: Stan Lee

Question: What is Marvel's best-selling comic?
Answer: The Amazing Spider-Man

Question: In the Marvel Universe, the public treated conferred what response on the Fantastic Four?
Answer: celebrity status

Question: Who introduced superheroes marketed primarily towards children?

Question: What superhero team used secret identities?

Question: When was Spider-Man launched?

Question: What did most comic superheros focus on that Marvel did not?

Question: What was Marvel's least successful book?
Marvel_Comics

Lee and freelance artist and eventual co-plotter Jack Kirby's Fantastic Four originated in a Cold War culture that led their creators to revise the superhero conventions of previous eras to better reflect the psychological spirit of their age. Eschewing such comic-book tropes as secret identities and even costumes at first, having a monster as one of the heroes, and having its characters bicker and complain in what was later called a "superheroes in the real world" approach, the series represented a change that proved to be a great success.

Question: Who joined with Stan Lee in creating the Fantastic Four?
Answer: Jack Kirby

Question: What historic era did the Fantastic Four initially inhabit?
Answer: Cold War

Question: What traditional superhero element did the Fantastic Four initially do without?
Answer: costumes

Question: None of the Fantastic Four had what hidden element so common to other superheroes?
Answer: secret identities

Question: The emphasis on relatable settings and character motivations in Marvel's 1960s comics is called what?
Answer: "superheroes in the real world"

Question: What tradition did Marvel embrace?

Question: What historic era was Marvel trying to eschew?

Question: Who wrote comics that focused on secret identities and costumes?

Question: Choosing to follow comic book tradition and tropes was called what?

Question: What war was Jack Kirby in?
Marvel_Comics

All of these elements struck a chord with the older readers, such as college-aged adults, and they successfully gained in a way not seen before. In 1965, Spider-Man and the Hulk were both featured in Esquire magazine's list of 28 college campus heroes, alongside John F. Kennedy and Bob Dylan. In 2009 writer Geoff Boucher reflected that, "Superman and DC Comics instantly seemed like boring old Pat Boone; Marvel felt like The Beatles and the British Invasion. It was Kirby's artwork with its tension and psychedelia that made it perfect for the times—or was it Lee's bravado and melodrama, which was somehow insecure and brash at the same time?"

Question: What magazine featured two Marvel Characters in a college campus heroes feature?
Answer: Esquire

Question: What two Marvel characters were part of that campus heroes section?
Answer: Spider-Man and the Hulk

Question: Which publisher is Marvel's biggest rival?
Answer: DC Comics

Question: Writer Geoff Boucher compared DC to what dull 1960s crooner?
Answer: Pat Boone

Question: What two real life persons were also part of the magazine feature alongside fictional Marvel characters?
Answer: John F. Kennedy and Bob Dylan

Question: When did Esquire start?

Question: When did Geoff Boucher join Marvel?

Question: Who compared DC comics to the Beatles?

Question: What real-life president was featured in a Spider-Man comic?

Question: Which DC superhero was listed in Esquire's top 28 college campus heroes?
Marvel_Comics

In addition to Spider-Man and the Fantastic Four, Marvel began publishing further superhero titles featuring such heroes and antiheroes as the Hulk, Thor, Ant-Man, Iron Man, the X-Men, Daredevil, the Inhumans, Black Panther, Doctor Strange, Captain Marvel and the Silver Surfer, and such memorable antagonists as Doctor Doom, Magneto, Galactus, Loki, the Green Goblin, and Doctor Octopus, all existing in a shared reality known as the Marvel Universe, with locations that mirror real-life cities such as New York, Los Angeles and Chicago.

Question: What actual US cities have fictional equivalents in Marvel's comic milieu?
Answer: New York, Los Angeles and Chicago

Question: What Marvel hero is related to a tiny insect?
Answer: Ant-Man

Question: The shared milieu inhabited by all Marvel heroes and villains is known as?
Answer: the Marvel Universe

Question: Which two comic book titles were the precursors to the widening of this overall setting?
Answer: Spider-Man and the Fantastic Four

Question: What fictional universe was Los Angeles based on?

Question: Who was Daredevil's main antagonist?

Question: What city does Black Panther live in?

Question: Spider-Man and the Fantastic Four were published after what comic?

Question: What are the real-life cities New York, Los Angeles, and Chicago called?
Marvel_Comics

In 1968, while selling 50 million comic books a year, company founder Goodman revised the constraining distribution arrangement with Independent News he had reached under duress during the Atlas years, allowing him now to release as many titles as demand warranted. Late that year he sold Marvel Comics and his other publishing businesses to the Perfect Film and Chemical Corporation, which continued to group them as the subsidiary Magazine Management Company, with Goodman remaining as publisher. In 1969, Goodman finally ended his distribution deal with Independent by signing with Curtis Circulation Company.

Question: How many comics did Marvel sell during 1968?
Answer: 50 million

Question: What company was distributing Marvel's titles at that point?
Answer: Independent News

Question: To whom was Marvel sold in 1968?
Answer: the Perfect Film and Chemical Corporation

Question: What wholly-owned affiliate of this company did Marvel operate within?
Answer: Magazine Management Company

Question: What distributor took over Marvel's titles in 1969?
Answer: Curtis Circulation Company

Question: How many comic books had Goodman sold by 1968?

Question: In what year did Independent News and Goodman first make their distribution arrangement?

Question: What publishing businesses did Goodman sell besides Marvel Comics?

Question: Who was the founder of the Perfect Film and Chemical Corporation?

Question: Who did Goodman switch distribution to in 1968?