Divyanshu67/squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308

On November 3, 2008, the European Commission at Brussels predicted for 2009 an extremely weak growth of GDP, by 0.1%, for the countries of the Eurozone (France, Germany, Italy, Belgium etc.) and even negative number for the UK (−1.0%), Ireland and Spain. On November 6, the IMF at Washington, D.C., launched numbers predicting a worldwide recession by −0.3% for 2009, averaged over the developed economies. On the same day, the Bank of England and the European Central Bank, respectively, reduced their interest rates from 4.5% down to 3%, and from 3.75% down to 3.25%. As a consequence, starting from November 2008, several countries launched large "help packages" for their economies.

Question: On November 3, 2008, who predicted extremely weak GDP growth for the Eurozone in 2009?
Answer: European Commission at Brussels

Question: How much did the European Commission estimate the GDP growth for Eurozone countries would be in 2009?
Answer: 0.1%

Question: How much did the European Commission estimate the GDP growth for the UK would be in 2009?
Answer: −1.0%

Question: On November 6, in Washington, D.C., who predicted a worldwide recession for 2009?
Answer: the IMF

Question: On November 5, 2008, the Bank of England reduced their interest rate from 4.5% to what?
Answer: 3%
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308

The U.S. Federal Reserve and central banks around the world have taken steps to expand money supplies to avoid the risk of a deflationary spiral, in which lower wages and higher unemployment lead to a self-reinforcing decline in global consumption. In addition, governments have enacted large fiscal stimulus packages, by borrowing and spending to offset the reduction in private sector demand caused by the crisis. The U.S. Federal Reserve's new and expanded liquidity facilities were intended to enable the central bank to fulfill its traditional lender-of-last-resort role during the crisis while mitigating stigma, broadening the set of institutions with access to liquidity, and increasing the flexibility with which institutions could tap such liquidity.

Question: What have central banks around the world done to avoid the risk of a deflationary spiral?
Answer: expand money supplies

Question: What have governments done to offset the reduction in private sector demand?
Answer: enacted large fiscal stimulus packages

Question: What is the U.S. Federal Reserve's traditional role during a crisis?
Answer: lender-of-last-resort

Question: What did the U.S. Federal Reserve do to increase access to liquidity?
Answer: expanded liquidity facilities

Question: What type decline does lower wages and higher unemployment lead to?
Answer: self-reinforcing decline
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308

This credit freeze brought the global financial system to the brink of collapse. The response of the Federal Reserve, the European Central Bank, the Bank of England and other central banks was immediate and dramatic. During the last quarter of 2008, these central banks purchased US$2.5 trillion of government debt and troubled private assets from banks. This was the largest liquidity injection into the credit market, and the largest monetary policy action, in world history. Following a model initiated by the United Kingdom bank rescue package, the governments of European nations and the USA guaranteed the debt issued by their banks and raised the capital of their national banking systems, ultimately purchasing $1.5 trillion newly issued preferred stock in their major banks. In October 2010, Nobel laureate Joseph Stiglitz explained how the U.S. Federal Reserve was implementing another monetary policy —creating currency— as a method to combat the liquidity trap. By creating $600 billion and inserting[clarification needed] this directly into banks, the Federal Reserve intended to spur banks to finance more domestic loans and refinance mortgages. However, banks instead were spending the money in more profitable areas by investing internationally in emerging markets. Banks were also investing in foreign currencies, which Stiglitz and others point out may lead to currency wars while China redirects its currency holdings away from the United States.

Question: What brought the global financial system to the brink of collapse?
Answer: credit freeze

Question: How much government debt and troubled private assets did central banks purchase during the last quarter of 2008?
Answer: US$2.5 trillion

Question: How much preferred stock did governments of European nations and the USA purchase in their major banks?
Answer: $1.5 trillion

Question: In October 2010, who was the Nobel laureate that explained how the U.S. Federal Reserve was creating currency to combat the liquidity trap?
Answer: Joseph Stiglitz

Question: What did the banks chose to do with the money created by the Federal Reserve instead of financing more domestic loans and refinancing mortgages?
Answer: investing internationally in emerging markets
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308

United States President Barack Obama and key advisers introduced a series of regulatory proposals in June 2009. The proposals address consumer protection, executive pay, bank financial cushions or capital requirements, expanded regulation of the shadow banking system and derivatives, and enhanced authority for the Federal Reserve to safely wind-down systemically important institutions, among others. In January 2010, Obama proposed additional regulations limiting the ability of banks to engage in proprietary trading. The proposals were dubbed "The Volcker Rule", in recognition of Paul Volcker, who has publicly argued for the proposed changes.

Question: What was introduced by President Barack Obama in June 2009?
Answer: a series of regulatory proposals

Question: What was one of the items important to consumers that was addressed by the new regulatory proposals introduced in June 2009?
Answer: consumer protection

Question: Regulations were proposed by Obama in January 2010 to limit the ability of banks to engage in which type trading?
Answer: proprietary

Question: Who were proposed new regulations called "The Volcker Rule" named after?
Answer: Paul Volcker

Question: Who publicly argued for changes limiting the ability of banks to engage in proprietary trading?
Answer: Paul Volcker
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308

The U.S. Senate passed a reform bill in May 2010, following the House which passed a bill in December 2009. These bills must now be reconciled. The New York Times provided a comparative summary of the features of the two bills, which address to varying extent the principles enumerated by the Obama administration. For instance, the Volcker Rule against proprietary trading is not part of the legislation, though in the Senate bill regulators have the discretion but not the obligation to prohibit these trades.

Question: When did the U.S. Senate first pass a financial reform bill?
Answer: May 2010

Question: When did the U.S. House first pass a financial reform bill?
Answer: December 2009

Question: What rule against proprietary trading was not part of legislation passed by either the Senate or House?
Answer: Volcker Rule

Question: Which bill gave regulators the discretion to prohibit proprietary trades?
Answer: Senate
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308

European regulators introduced Basel III regulations for banks. It increased capital ratios, limits on leverage, narrow definition of capital (to exclude subordinated debt), limit counter-party risk, and new liquidity requirements. Critics argue that Basel III doesn’t address the problem of faulty risk-weightings. Major banks suffered losses from AAA-rated created by financial engineering (which creates apparently risk-free assets out of high risk collateral) that required less capital according to Basel II. Lending to AA-rated sovereigns has a risk-weight of zero, thus increasing lending to governments and leading to the next crisis. Johan Norberg argues that regulations (Basel III among others) have indeed led to excessive lending to risky governments (see European sovereign-debt crisis) and the ECB pursues even more lending as the solution.

Question: What did European regulators introduce to increase the oversight of banks?
Answer: Basel III regulations

Question: Critics argue that Basel III doesn't address which problem?
Answer: faulty risk-weightings

Question: Who argued that regulations led to excessive lending to risky governments?
Answer: Johan Norberg

Question: What was increased by Basel III regulations?
Answer: capital ratios

Question: What term describes creating risk-free assets out of high risk collateral?
Answer: financial engineering
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308

The U.S. recession that began in December 2007 ended in June 2009, according to the U.S. National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) and the financial crisis appears to have ended about the same time. In April 2009 TIME magazine declared "More Quickly Than It Began, The Banking Crisis Is Over." The United States Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission dates the crisis to 2008. President Barack Obama declared on January 27, 2010, "the markets are now stabilized, and we've recovered most of the money we spent on the banks."

Question: When did the U.S. recession that began in December 2007 end?
Answer: June 2009

Question: When did the financial crisis appear to have ended?
Answer: June 2009

Question: What was the name of the article that appeared in TIME magazine in April 2009 declaring the crisis over?
Answer: More Quickly Than It Began, The Banking Crisis Is Over."

Question: On what date did President Barack Obama declare that the markets are stabilized?
Answer: January 27, 2010

Question: When does the United States Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission date the crisis to?
Answer: 2008
Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308

Advanced economies led global economic growth prior to the financial crisis with "emerging" and "developing" economies lagging behind. The crisis completely overturned this relationship. The International Monetary Fund found that "advanced" economies accounted for only 31% of global GDP while emerging and developing economies accounted for 69% of global GDP from 2007 to 2014. In the tables, the names of emergent economies are shown in boldface type, while the names of developed economies are in Roman (regular) type.

Question: Who led global economic growth after the financial crisis?
Answer: "emerging" and "developing" economies

Question: How much global GDP did emerging and developing economies account for from 2007 to 2014?
Answer: 69%

Question: How much global GDP did "advanced" economies account for from 2007 to 2014?
Answer: 31%

Question: What economies led global economic growth prior to the financial crisis?
Answer: Advanced economies

Question: What relationship between advanced and emerging/developing was completely overturned by the financial crisis of 2007?
Answer: global economic growth
Portugal

Portugal (Portuguese: [puɾtuˈɣaɫ]), officially the Portuguese Republic (Portuguese: República Portuguesa), is a country on the Iberian Peninsula, in Southwestern Europe. It is the westernmost country of mainland Europe, being bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the west and south and by Spain to the north and east. The Portugal–Spain border is 1,214 km (754 mi) long and considered the longest uninterrupted border within the European Union. The republic also includes the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira, both autonomous regions with their own regional governments.

Question: What ocean does Portugal border?
Answer: Atlantic Ocean

Question: What other country does Portugal border?
Answer: Spain

Question: What is the longest uninterrupted border within the European Union?
Answer: Portugal–Spain

Question: Where is Portugal located?
Answer: Iberian Peninsula, in Southwestern Europe

Question: How long is the Portugal-Spain border?
Answer: 1,214 km (754 mi)

Question: What two autonomous regions have their own governments in Portugal?
Answer: Azores and Madeira
Portugal

Portugal maintains a unitary semi-presidential republican form of government and is a developed country with an advanced economy, and a high living standard, having the 18th highest Social Progress in the world, putting it ahead of other Western European countries like France, Spain and Italy. It is a member of numerous international organizations, including the United Nations, the European Union, the Eurozone, OECD, NATO and the Community of Portuguese Language Countries. Portugal is also known for having decriminalized the usage of all common drugs in 2001, the first country in the world to do so. However, drugs are still illegal in Portugal.

Question: What form of government does Portugal maintain?
Answer: unitary semi-presidential republican

Question: What is Portugal's Social Progress ranking?
Answer: 18th highest

Question: Which three Western European countries have a lower Social Progress ranking than Portugal?
Answer: France, Spain and Italy

Question: What are three international organizations that Portugal belongs to?
Answer: United Nations, the European Union, the Eurozone, OECD, NATO and the Community of Portuguese Language Countries

Question: In 2001, Portugal was the first country in the world to do what?
Answer: decriminalized the usage of all common drugs
Portugal

In 27 BC, Lusitania gained the status of Roman province. Later, a northern province of Lusitania was formed, known as Gallaecia, with capital in Bracara Augusta, today's Braga. There are still many ruins of castros (hill forts) all over modern Portugal and remains of Castro culture. Numerous Roman sites are scattered around present-day Portugal, some urban remains are quite large, like Conímbriga and Mirobriga. The former, beyond being one of the largest Roman settlements in Portugal, is also classified as a National Monument. Conímbriga lies 16 km from Coimbra which by its turn was the ancient Aeminium). The site also has a museum that displays objects found by archaeologists during their excavations.

Question: In what year did Lusitania become a Roman province?
Answer: 27 BC

Question: What was the Northern province of Lusitania known as?
Answer: Gallaecia

Question: What are castros?
Answer: hill forts

Question: What are two large Roman sites that still exist today in Portugal?
Answer: Conímbriga and Mirobriga

Question: How far apart are Conimbriga and Coimbra?
Answer: 16 km
Portugal

After annexing the County of Portugal into one of the several counties that made up the Kingdom of Asturias, King Alfonso III of Asturias knighted Vimara Peres, in 868 AD, as the First Count of Portus Cale (Portugal). The region became known as Portucale, Portugale, and simultaneously Portugália — the County of Portugal. Later the Kingdom of Asturias was divided into a number of Christian Kingdoms in Northern Spain due to dynastic divisions of inheritance among the kings offspring. With the forced abdication of Alfonso III "the Great" of Asturias by his sons in 910, the Kingdom of Asturias split into three separate kingdoms of León, Galicia and Asturias. The three kingdoms were eventually reunited in 924 (León and Galicia in 914, Asturias later) under the crown of León.

Question: Who annexed the County of Portugal into the Kingdom of Asturias?
Answer: King Alfonso III

Question: In which year was Vimara Peres knighted?
Answer: 868 AD

Question: What was Vimara knighted as?
Answer: First Count of Portus Cale

Question: What three names did Portugal become known as after Vimara Peres was knighted?
Answer: Portucale, Portugale, and simultaneously Portugália

Question: Why was the Kingdom of Asturias divided?
Answer: dynastic divisions of inheritance among the kings offspring
Portugal

In 1738, Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, 1st Marquis of Pombal, began a diplomatic career as the Portuguese Ambassador in London and later in Vienna. The Queen consort of Portugal, Archduchess Maria Anne Josefa of Austria, was fond of Melo; and after his first wife died, she arranged the widowed de Melo's second marriage to the daughter of the Austrian Field Marshal Leopold Josef, Count von Daun. King John V of Portugal, however, was not pleased and recalled Melo to Portugal in 1749. John V died the following year and his son, Joseph I of Portugal, was crowned. In contrast to his father, Joseph I was fond of de Melo, and with the Queen Mother's approval, he appointed Melo as Minister of Foreign Affairs.

Question: Who was the 1st Marquis of Pombal?
Answer: Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo

Question: What title did Archduchess Maria Anne Josefa hold?
Answer: Queen consort of Portugal

Question: Who arranged the widow de Melo's second marriage?
Answer: Queen consort of Portugal

Question: Who was de Melo's second marriage to?
Answer: the daughter of the Austrian Field Marshal Leopold Josef, Count von Daun

Question: Who was not pleased by de Melo's second marriage?
Answer: King John V of Portugal
Portugal

But Sebastião de Melo's greatest reforms were economic and financial, with the creation of several companies and guilds to regulate every commercial activity. He demarcated the region for production of Port to ensure the wine's quality, and this was the first attempt to control wine quality and production in Europe. He ruled with a strong hand by imposing strict law upon all classes of Portuguese society from the high nobility to the poorest working class, along with a widespread review of the country's tax system. These reforms gained him enemies in the upper classes, especially among the high nobility, who despised him as a social upstart.

Question: What were de Melo's greatest reforms?
Answer: economic and financial

Question: Why did e Melo demarcate the region for production of Port?
Answer: to ensure the wine's quality

Question: Did de Melo impose strict laws only on one class of people?
Answer: upon all classes of Portuguese society from the high nobility to the poorest working class

Question: Among which class did de Melo's reforms gain him the most enemies?
Answer: especially among the high nobility

Question: Who was the first person to try to ensure the wine's quality in Portugal?
Answer: Sebastião de Melo
Portugal

Despite the calamity and huge death toll, Lisbon suffered no epidemics and within less than one year was already being rebuilt. The new city centre of Lisbon was designed to resist subsequent earthquakes. Architectural models were built for tests, and the effects of an earthquake were simulated by marching troops around the models. The buildings and big squares of the Pombaline City Centre still remain as one of Lisbon's tourist attractions. Sebastião de Melo also made an important contribution to the study of seismology by designing an inquiry that was sent to every parish in the country.

Question: What type of natural disaster was the city center of Lisbon designed to resist?
Answer: earthquakes

Question: How were earthquakes simulated on the architectural models?
Answer: marching troops around the models

Question: What are some of Lisbon's tourist attractions?
Answer: The buildings and big squares of the Pombaline City Centre

Question: How did de Melo contribute to the study of seismology?
Answer: by designing an inquiry that was sent to every parish in the country

Question: Did Lisbon suffer any epidemics from the calamity?
Answer: Lisbon suffered no epidemics
Portugal

Following the earthquake, Joseph I gave his Prime Minister even more power, and Sebastião de Melo became a powerful, progressive dictator. As his power grew, his enemies increased in number, and bitter disputes with the high nobility became frequent. In 1758 Joseph I was wounded in an attempted assassination. The Távora family and the Duke of Aveiro were implicated and executed after a quick trial. The Jesuits were expelled from the country and their assets confiscated by the crown. Sebastião de Melo prosecuted every person involved, even women and children. This was the final stroke that broke the power of the aristocracy. Joseph I made his loyal minister Count of Oeiras in 1759.

Question: What happened to Joseph I in 1758?
Answer: wounded in an attempted assassination

Question: Who was implicated in the attempted assassination of Joseph I?
Answer: The Távora family and the Duke of Aveiro

Question: Who was expelled from the country after the assassination attempt on Joseph I?
Answer: The Jesuits

Question: What act finally broke the power of the aristocracy?
Answer: Sebastião de Melo prosecuted every person involved, even women and children

Question: In what year did Joseph I make his minister the Count of Oeiras?
Answer: 1759
Portugal

Following the Távora affair, the new Count of Oeiras knew no opposition. Made "Marquis of Pombal" in 1770, he effectively ruled Portugal until Joseph I's death in 1779. However, historians also argue that Pombal’s "enlightenment," while far-reaching, was primarily a mechanism for enhancing autocracy at the expense of individual liberty and especially an apparatus for crushing opposition, suppressing criticism, and furthering colonial economic exploitation as well as intensifying book censorship and consolidating personal control and profit.

Question: Was the new Count of Oeiras opposed by anyone after the Tavora affair?
Answer: knew no opposition

Question: In which year was the Count of Oeiras made the Marquis of Pambal?
Answer: 1770

Question: How long did the Marquis of Pombal rule Portugal?
Answer: until Joseph I's death in 1779

Question: What did Pombal's enlightenment promote at the expense of individual liberty?
Answer: autocracy

Question: What was Pombal's "enlightenment" an apparatus for?
Answer: crushing opposition, suppressing criticism, and furthering colonial economic exploitation
Portugal

With the occupation by Napoleon, Portugal began a slow but inexorable decline that lasted until the 20th century. This decline was hastened by the independence in 1822 of the country's largest colonial possession, Brazil. In 1807, as Napoleon's army closed in on Lisbon, the Prince Regent João VI of Portugal transferred his court to Brazil and established Rio de Janeiro as the capital of the Portuguese Empire. In 1815, Brazil was declared a Kingdom and the Kingdom of Portugal was united with it, forming a pluricontinental State, the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves.

Question: Under whose occupation did Portugal begin a slow decline?
Answer: Napoleon

Question: How long did Portugal's decline last?
Answer: until the 20th century

Question: In what year did Brazil become independent from Portugal?
Answer: 1822

Question: To where did Prince Regent Joao VI of Portugal transfer his court?
Answer: Brazil

Question: What was the name of the pluricontinental state formed by Portugal and Brazil in 1815?
Answer: United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves
Portugal

As a result of the change in its status and the arrival of the Portuguese royal family, Brazilian administrative, civic, economical, military, educational, and scientific apparatus were expanded and highly modernized. Portuguese and their allied British troops fought against the French Invasion of Portugal and by 1815 the situation in Europe had cooled down sufficiently that João VI would have been able to return safely to Lisbon. However, the King of Portugal remained in Brazil until the Liberal Revolution of 1820, which started in Porto, demanded his return to Lisbon in 1821.

Question: What provoked the modernization and expansion of the Brazilian administrative, civic, economical, military, educational, and scientific apparatus?
Answer: the change in its status and the arrival of the Portuguese royal family

Question: Portugese and British troops fought against the invasion of which country?
Answer: French

Question: By what year had the situation in Europe cool down enough so that Joao VI would have been able to safely return to Lisbon?
Answer: 1815

Question: Until when did the King of Portugal remain in Brazil?
Answer: until the Liberal Revolution of 1820

Question: Where did the Liberal Revolution of 1820 begin?
Answer: Porto
Portugal

With the Conference of Berlin of 1884, Portuguese Africa territories had their borders formally established on request of Portugal in order to protect the centuries-long Portuguese interests in the continent from rivalries enticed by the Scramble for Africa. Portuguese Africa's cities and towns like Nova Lisboa, Sá da Bandeira, Silva Porto, Malanje, Tete, Vila Junqueiro, Vila Pery and Vila Cabral were founded or redeveloped inland during this period and beyond. New coastal towns like Beira, Moçâmedes, Lobito, João Belo, Nacala and Porto Amélia were also founded. Even before the turn of the 20th century, railway tracks as the Benguela railway in Angola, and the Beira railway in Mozambique, started to be built to link coastal areas and selected inland regions.

Question: When was the Conference of Berlin held?
Answer: 1884

Question: Why were the Portugese Africa territories' borders formally established?
Answer: to protect the centuries-long Portuguese interests in the continent from rivalries enticed by the Scramble for Africa

Question: During what period were the Portugese Africa's cities founded or redeveloped?
Answer: Scramble for Africa

Question: What new Portugese Africa's coastal towns were developed during the Scramble for Africa?
Answer: Beira, Moçâmedes, Lobito, João Belo, Nacala and Porto Amélia

Question: When were railroad tracks being installed Portugese Africa?
Answer: before the turn of the 20th century
Portugal

A report released in January 2011 by the Diário de Notícias and published in Portugal by Gradiva, had demonstrated that in the period between the Carnation Revolution in 1974 and 2010, the democratic Portuguese Republic governments encouraged over-expenditure and investment bubbles through unclear Public–private partnerships and funding of numerous ineffective and unnecessary external consultancy and advisory of committees and firms. This allowed considerable slippage in state-managed public works and inflated top management and head officer bonuses and wages. Persistent and lasting recruitment policies boosted the number of redundant public servants. Risky credit, public debt creation, and European structural and cohesion funds were mismanaged across almost four decades.

Question: Between 1974 and 2010, how did the Portuguese government encourage over-expenditure and investment bubbles?
Answer: unclear Public–private partnerships and funding of numerous ineffective and unnecessary external consultancy and advisory of committees and firms

Question: By whom was a report published in 2011 that demonstrated the Portuguese government encouraged over-expenditure and investment bubbles?
Answer: Diário de Notícias
Portugal

Portuguese cinema has a long tradition, reaching back to the birth of the medium in the late 19th century. Portuguese film directors such as Arthur Duarte, António Lopes Ribeiro, António Reis, Pedro Costa, Manoel de Oliveira, João César Monteiro, António-Pedro Vasconcelos, Fernando Lopes, João Botelho and Leonel Vieira, are among those that gained notability. Noted Portuguese film actors include Joaquim de Almeida, Daniela Ruah, Maria de Medeiros, Diogo Infante, Soraia Chaves, Ribeirinho, Lúcia Moniz, and Diogo Morgado.

Question: In which period was cinema born?
Answer: late 19th century

Question: Who are some examples of Portuguese film directors?
Answer: Arthur Duarte, António Lopes Ribeiro, António Reis, Pedro Costa, Manoel de Oliveira, João César Monteiro, António-Pedro Vasconcelos, Fernando Lopes

Question: Who are some noted Portuguese actors?
Answer: Joaquim de Almeida, Daniela Ruah, Maria de Medeiros, Diogo Infante, Soraia Chaves, Ribeirinho, Lúcia Moniz, and Diogo Morgado
Humanism

Humanism is a philosophical and ethical stance that emphasizes the value and agency of human beings, individually and collectively, and generally prefers critical thinking and evidence (rationalism, empiricism) over acceptance of dogma or superstition. The meaning of the term humanism has fluctuated according to the successive intellectual movements which have identified with it. Generally, however, humanism refers to a perspective that affirms some notion of human freedom and progress. In modern times, humanist movements are typically aligned with secularism, and today humanism typically refers to a non-theistic life stance centred on human agency and looking to science rather than revelation from a supernatural source to understand the world.

Question: What can be seen as of essential importance to a practiced of humanism?
Answer: human beings

Question: What is a common tenant of humanism?
Answer: freedom and progress

Question: These days humanism could be viewed as a form of what?
Answer: secularism

Question:  What can be credited for the changes in the definition of humanism? 
Answer: intellectual movements

Question: Instead of turning to a spiritual or divine source practicers of humanism turn to what?
Answer: science

Question: What can be seen as no importance to the practice of humanism?

Question: What is a fake tenant of humanism?

Question: What is humanism no longer viewed as a form of?

Question: What had no influence on the changes in the definition of humanism?

Question: What does humanism condemn instead of turning to a spiritual or divine source?
Humanism

Gellius says that in his day humanitas is commonly used as a synonym for philanthropy – or kindness and benevolence toward one's fellow human being. Gellius maintains that this common usage is wrong, and that model writers of Latin, such as Cicero and others, used the word only to mean what we might call "humane" or "polite" learning, or the Greek equivalent Paideia. Gellius became a favorite author in the Italian Renaissance, and, in fifteenth-century Italy, teachers and scholars of philosophy, poetry, and rhetoric were called and called themselves "humanists". Modern scholars, however, point out that Cicero (106 – 43 BCE), who was most responsible for defining and popularizing the term humanitas, in fact frequently used the word in both senses, as did his near contemporaries. For Cicero, a lawyer, what most distinguished humans from brutes was speech, which, allied to reason, could (and should) enable them to settle disputes and live together in concord and harmony under the rule of law. Thus humanitas included two meanings from the outset and these continue in the modern derivative, humanism, which even today can refer to both humanitarian benevolence and to scholarship.

Question: What was humanism once considered the same as?
Answer: philanthropy

Question: Who has disagreed with this connotation of the word?
Answer: Gellius

Question: In which period did Gellius gain fame?
Answer: Italian Renaissance

Question: Who is credited with clarifying and making the term humanitas commonplace?
Answer: Cicero

Question: What is the characteristic that most separates humans from animals?
Answer: speech

Question: What was humanism once considered worse than?

Question: Who can't disagree with a connotation of a word?

Question: Which period did Gellius lose fame?

Question: Who is credited with clarifying and making the term humanitas forbidden?

Question: What is the characteristic that most indicates why humans are the same as robots?
Humanism

During the French Revolution, and soon after, in Germany (by the Left Hegelians), humanism began to refer to an ethical philosophy centered on humankind, without attention to the transcendent or supernatural. The designation Religious Humanism refers to organized groups that sprang up during the late-nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. It is similar to Protestantism, although centered on human needs, interests, and abilities rather than the supernatural. In the Anglophone world, such modern, organized forms of humanism, which are rooted in the 18th-century Enlightenment, have to a considerable extent more or less detached themselves from the historic connection of humanism with classical learning and the liberal arts.

Question:  At the time of the French Revolution what previous focus of humanism was removed?
Answer: supernatural

Question: Protestantism differs from Humanism in its focus is on what?
Answer: supernatural

Question: What do current tenants humanism have their origins in?
Answer: 18th-century Enlightenment

Question: What was a name for humanism believers who emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries?
Answer: Religious Humanism

Question: What previous focus of humanism was required at the time of the French Revolution?

Question: What makes Protestantism the exact same as Humanism?

Question: What do current tenants of humanism avoid?

Question: What was a name for humanism believers who emerged in the late 12th and early 13th centuries?
Humanism

In 1808 Bavarian educational commissioner Friedrich Immanuel Niethammer coined the term Humanismus to describe the new classical curriculum he planned to offer in German secondary schools, and by 1836 the word "humanism" had been absorbed into the English language in this sense. The coinage gained universal acceptance in 1856, when German historian and philologist Georg Voigt used humanism to describe Renaissance humanism, the movement that flourished in the Italian Renaissance to revive classical learning, a use which won wide acceptance among historians in many nations, especially Italy.

Question:  In what year did the term humanism gain yet another layer of meaning?
Answer: 1808

Question: Who can be credited with assisting the word humanism with finding a home in the English language?
Answer: Friedrich Immanuel Niethammer

Question: Who was responsible for yet another definition of the philosophy in 1856?
Answer: Georg Voigt

Question: What nation was highly receptive to the new definition of this concept?
Answer: Italy

Question: What year did the term humanism remove yet another layer of meaning?

Question: Who can be credited with assisting the word humanism with finding a barrier from the English language?

Question: Who was responsible for yet another definition of the philosophy in 1854?

Question: What nation was not receptive to the new definition of this concept?

Question: Who destroyed the term Humanismus?
Humanism

But in the mid-18th century, during the French Enlightenment, a more ideological use of the term had come into use. In 1765, the author of an anonymous article in a French Enlightenment periodical spoke of "The general love of humanity ... a virtue hitherto quite nameless among us, and which we will venture to call 'humanism', for the time has come to create a word for such a beautiful and necessary thing". The latter part of the 18th and the early 19th centuries saw the creation of numerous grass-roots "philanthropic" and benevolent societies dedicated to human betterment and the spreading of knowledge (some Christian, some not). After the French Revolution, the idea that human virtue could be created by human reason alone independently from traditional religious institutions, attributed by opponents of the Revolution to Enlightenment philosophes such as Rousseau, was violently attacked by influential religious and political conservatives, such as Edmund Burke and Joseph de Maistre, as a deification or idolatry of humanity. Humanism began to acquire a negative sense. The Oxford English Dictionary records the use of the word "humanism" by an English clergyman in 1812 to indicate those who believe in the "mere humanity" (as opposed to the divine nature) of Christ, i.e., Unitarians and Deists. In this polarised atmosphere, in which established ecclesiastical bodies tended to circle the wagons and reflexively oppose political and social reforms like extending the franchise, universal schooling, and the like, liberal reformers and radicals embraced the idea of Humanism as an alternative religion of humanity. The anarchist Proudhon (best known for declaring that "property is theft") used the word "humanism" to describe a "culte, déification de l’humanité" ("worship, deification of humanity") and Ernest Renan in L’avenir de la science: pensées de 1848 ("The Future of Knowledge: Thoughts on 1848") (1848–49), states: "It is my deep conviction that pure humanism will be the religion of the future, that is, the cult of all that pertains to humanity—all of life, sanctified and raised to the level of a moral value."

Question: During which period was the philosophy of humanism next updated?
Answer: French Enlightenment

Question: What was the criticism of Humanism made by conservatives of the time?
Answer: idolatry of humanity

Question: Who continued to support the belief system despite its critics?
Answer: liberal reformers and radicals

Question: Who felt that humanism would surely be a major "religion" today?
Answer: Ernest Renan

Question: Which period was the philosophy of humanism banned?

Question: What was the criticism of Humanism made by magicians of the time?

Question: Who continued to end the belief system despite its critics?

Question: Who felt that humanism would surely be a minor "religion" today?

Question: What idea was never attacked?
Humanism

At about the same time, the word "humanism" as a philosophy centred on humankind (as opposed to institutionalised religion) was also being used in Germany by the so-called Left Hegelians, Arnold Ruge, and Karl Marx, who were critical of the close involvement of the church in the repressive German government. There has been a persistent confusion between the several uses of the terms: philanthropic humanists look to what they consider their antecedents in critical thinking and human-centered philosophy among the Greek philosophers and the great figures of Renaissance history; and scholarly humanists stress the linguistic and cultural disciplines needed to understand and interpret these philosophers and artists.

Question: What was the main difference between humanism and the religions of the time?
Answer: centred on humankind

Question: What well known socialist adopted the usage of this term in Germany?
Answer: Karl Marx

Question: Who did benevolent believers in humanism turn to for ideas about the philosophy?
Answer: Greek philosophers

Question: Where did the learned believers place their focus?
Answer: linguistic and cultural disciplines

Question: What was the main avoidance between humanism and the religions of the time?

Question: What well known conservative adopted the usage of this term in Germany?

Question: Who did harmful believers in humanism turn to for ideas about the philosophy?

Question: Where did the learned believers remove their focus?
Humanism

Another instance of ancient humanism as an organised system of thought is found in the Gathas of Zarathustra, composed between 1,000 BCE – 600 BCE in Greater Iran. Zarathustra's philosophy in the Gathas lays out a conception of humankind as thinking beings dignified with choice and agency according to the intellect which each receives from Ahura Mazda (God in the form of supreme wisdom). The idea of Ahura Mazda as a non-intervening deistic divine God/Grand Architect of the universe tied with a unique eschatology and ethical system implying that each person is held morally responsible for their choices, made freely in this present life, in the afterlife. The importance placed on thought, action, responsibility, and a non-intervening creator was appealed to by, and inspired a number of, Enlightenment humanist thinkers in Europe such as Voltaire and Montesquieu.

Question: Which ancient text provides an example of the humanist way of thinking?
Answer: Gathas of Zarathustra

Question: When was this writing penned?
Answer: afterlife

Question: What well know scholar was inspired by Humanism?
Answer: Voltaire

Question: Which classified text provides an example of the humanist way of thinking?

Question: What well know scholar was destroyed by Humanism?

Question: When was Gathas of Zarathustra lost forever?

Question: What well know scholar was killed by Humanism?
Humanism

In China, Yellow Emperor is regarded as the humanistic primogenitor.[citation needed] Sage kings such as Yao and Shun are humanistic figures as recorded.[citation needed] King Wu of Zhou has the famous saying: "Humanity is the Ling (efficacious essence) of the world (among all)." Among them Duke of Zhou, respected as a founder of Rujia (Confucianism), is especially prominent and pioneering in humanistic thought. His words were recorded in the Book of History as follows (translation):[citation needed]

Question: Who was known as being a founder of humanism thought in China?
Answer: Yellow Emperor

Question: What early adopter and developer of is associated with Confucianism?
Answer: Book of History

Question: Who is known for the thought that humanity is the most important thing in the world?
Answer: Wu of Zhou

Question: Who was known as being a founder of humanism thought in Finland?

Question: What early adopter and developer is no longer associated with Confucianism?

Question: Whose words were hidden by the Book of HIstory?

Question: Who is known for the thought that humanity is the least important thing in the world?
Humanism

In the 6th century BCE, Taoist teacher Lao Tzu espoused a series of naturalistic concepts with some elements of humanistic philosophy. The Silver Rule of Confucianism from Analects XV.24, is an example of ethical philosophy based on human values rather than the supernatural. Humanistic thought is also contained in other Confucian classics, e.g., as recorded in Zuo Zhuan, Ji Liang says, "People is the zhu (master, lord, dominance, owner or origin) of gods. So, to sage kings, people first, gods second"; Neishi Guo says, "Gods, clever, righteous and wholehearted, comply with human." Taoist and Confucian secularism contain elements of moral thought devoid of religious authority or deism however they only partly resembled our modern concept of secularism.

Question: When were humanism beliefs mixed with another philosophy by a Taoist thinker?
Answer: 6th century BCE

Question: What is an example of Humanism based philosophy that focused on ethics?
Answer: Silver Rule of Confucianism

Question: Who can be credited with saying essentially humans are the gods of gods?
Answer: Ji Liang

Question: Where could you read this information?
Answer: Zuo Zhuan

Question: When were humanism beliefs separated from another philosophy by a Taoist thinker?

Question: What is an example of Humanism based philosophy that discouraged ethics?

Question: Who can be credited with saying essentially humans are the gods of humans?

Question: What classic did Ji Liang burn?

Question: Who decided to stop teaching Tao?
Humanism

6th-century BCE pre-Socratic Greek philosophers Thales of Miletus and Xenophanes of Colophon were the first in the region to attempt to explain the world in terms of human reason rather than myth and tradition, thus can be said to be the first Greek humanists. Thales questioned the notion of anthropomorphic gods and Xenophanes refused to recognise the gods of his time and reserved the divine for the principle of unity in the universe. These Ionian Greeks were the first thinkers to assert that nature is available to be studied separately from the supernatural realm. Anaxagoras brought philosophy and the spirit of rational inquiry from Ionia to Athens. Pericles, the leader of Athens during the period of its greatest glory was an admirer of Anaxagoras. Other influential pre-Socratics or rational philosophers include Protagoras (like Anaxagoras a friend of Pericles), known for his famous dictum "man is the measure of all things" and Democritus, who proposed that matter was composed of atoms. Little of the written work of these early philosophers survives and they are known mainly from fragments and quotations in other writers, principally Plato and Aristotle. The historian Thucydides, noted for his scientific and rational approach to history, is also much admired by later humanists. In the 3rd century BCE, Epicurus became known for his concise phrasing of the problem of evil, lack of belief in the afterlife, and human-centred approaches to achieving eudaimonia. He was also the first Greek philosopher to admit women to his school as a rule.

Question: Who was one of the first Greeks to adopt a humanistic outlook?
Answer: Thales of Miletus

Question: Where did this type of thinking next travel to?
Answer: Athens

Question: Who first introduced the idea that matter is made of atoms?
Answer: Democritus

Question: Who was the first person to provide education opportunities to females?
Answer: Epicurus

Question: Who was one of the last Greeks to adopt a humanistic outlook?

Question: Where did this type of thinking end?

Question: Who first dismissed the idea that matter is made of atoms?

Question: Who was the only person to provide education opportunities to females?

Question: Who was the only Greek philosopher to forbid women at his school?
Humanism

Renaissance humanism was an intellectual movement in Europe of the later Middle Ages and the Early Modern period. The 19th-century German historian Georg Voigt (1827–91) identified Petrarch as the first Renaissance humanist. Paul Johnson agrees that Petrarch was "the first to put into words the notion that the centuries between the fall of Rome and the present had been the age of Darkness". According to Petrarch, what was needed to remedy this situation was the careful study and imitation of the great classical authors. For Petrarch and Boccaccio, the greatest master was Cicero, whose prose became the model for both learned (Latin) and vernacular (Italian) prose.

Question: When did the first wave of Humanism reach Europe?
Answer: Middle Ages and the Early Modern period

Question: Who was thought to be the original believer of humanism in of the Renaissance period?
Answer: Petrarch

Question: The study and following of classical writers was said to be a solution to what issue?
Answer: Cicero

Question: When did the first wave of Humanism fail to reach Europe?

Question: Who was thought to be the only believer of humanism in of the Renaissance period?

Question: What issue was the study and following of classical writers said to be a problem of?

Question: Who did not understand prose?

Question: What was an intellectual movement forbidden in Europe?
Humanism

In the high Renaissance, in fact, there was a hope that more direct knowledge of the wisdom of antiquity, including the writings of the Church fathers, the earliest known Greek texts of the Christian Gospels, and in some cases even the Jewish Kabbalah, would initiate a harmonious new era of universal agreement. With this end in view, Renaissance Church authorities afforded humanists what in retrospect appears a remarkable degree of freedom of thought. One humanist, the Greek Orthodox Platonist Gemistus Pletho (1355–1452), based in Mystras, Greece (but in contact with humanists in Florence, Venice, and Rome) taught a Christianised version of pagan polytheism.

Question:  What is one religious text that was thought to eventually lead to a peace between all?
Answer: the Jewish Kabbalah

Question: Who gave followers of Humanism the ability to think out of bounds?
Answer: era of universal agreement

Question: What cities may have influenced the beliefs of Gemistus Pleto?
Answer: Florence, Venice, and Rome

Question: What is one religious text that was thought to eventually lead to a war between all?

Question: Who gave followers of Humanism the ability to think inside the box?

Question: What cities may have influenced the fashion of Gemistus Pleto?

Question: Who denounced being a humanist in 1357?