Divyanshu67/squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
Melbourne

In May and June 1835, the area which is now central and northern Melbourne was explored by John Batman, a leading member of the Port Phillip Association in Van Diemen's Land (now known as Tasmania), who claimed to have negotiated a purchase of 600,000 acres (2,400 km2) with eight Wurundjeri elders. Batman selected a site on the northern bank of the Yarra River, declaring that "this will be the place for a village". Batman then returned to Launceston in Tasmania. In early August 1835 a different group of settlers, including John Pascoe Fawkner, left Launceston on the ship Enterprize. Fawkner was forced to disembark at Georgetown, Tasmania, because of outstanding debts. The remainder of the party continued and arrived at the mouth of the Yarra River on 15 August 1835. On 30 August 1835 the party disembarked and established a settlement at the site of the current Melbourne Immigration Museum. Batman and his group arrived on 2 September 1835 and the two groups ultimately agreed to share the settlement.

Question: Tasmania was formerly known as what?
Answer: Van Diemen's Land

Question: Current central and northern Melbourne was explored by whom?
Answer: John Batman

Question: How many acres did John Batman claim to purchase?
Answer: 600,000

Question: How many elders did John Batman claim to have negotiated with?
Answer: eight

Question: On what date did Batman reach Melbourne?
Answer: 2 September 1835
Melbourne

Melbourne is typical of Australian capital cities in that after the turn of the 20th century, it expanded with the underlying notion of a 'quarter acre home and garden' for every family, often referred to locally as the Australian Dream. This, coupled with the popularity of the private automobile after 1945, led to the auto-centric urban structure now present today in the middle and outer suburbs. Much of metropolitan Melbourne is accordingly characterised by low density sprawl, whilst its inner city areas feature predominantly medium-density, transit-oriented urban forms. The city centre, Docklands, St. Kilda Road and Southbank areas feature high-density forms.

Question: What is locally referred to as the Australian Dream?
Answer: quarter acre home and garden

Question: Which year marked the start of the private automobile's popularity increase?
Answer: 1945

Question: Do the Docklands, St. Kilda Road, and Southbank areas feature high-density or low-density forms?
Answer: high-density

Question: Is much of Melbourne's metropolitan area characterized as low-density sprawl or high-density sprawl?
Answer: low density
Melbourne

Melbourne is notable as the host city for the 1956 Summer Olympic Games (the first Olympic Games held in the southern hemisphere and Oceania, with all previous games held in Europe and the United States), along with the 2006 Commonwealth Games. Melbourne is so far the southernmost city to host the games. The city is home to three major annual international sporting events: the Australian Open (one of the four Grand Slam tennis tournaments); the Melbourne Cup (horse racing); and the Australian Grand Prix (Formula One). Also, the Australian Masters golf tournament is held at Melbourne since 1979, having been co-sanctioned by the European Tour from 2006 to 2009. Melbourne was proclaimed the "World's Ultimate Sports City", in 2006, 2008 and 2010. The city is home to the National Sports Museum, which until 2003 was located outside the members pavilion at the Melbourne Cricket Ground. It reopened in 2008 in the Olympic Stand.

Question: In what year was Melbourne the host city for the first Olympic Games held in the southern hemisphere?
Answer: 1956

Question: Previous to Melbourne, where were all Olympic games held?
Answer: Europe and the United States

Question: In what three years was Melbourne proclaimed the "World's Ultimate Sports City"?
Answer: 2006, 2008 and 2010

Question: Where did the National Sports Museum reopen in 2008?
Answer: Olympic Stand

Question: Which city is so far the southernmost city to host the Olympic Games?
Answer: Melbourne
Melbourne

Batman's Treaty with the Aborigines was annulled by the New South Wales governor (who at the time governed all of eastern mainland Australia), with compensation paid to members of the association. In 1836, Governor Bourke declared the city the administrative capital of the Port Phillip District of New South Wales, and commissioned the first plan for the city, the Hoddle Grid, in 1837. The settlement was named Batmania after Batman. However, later that year the settlement was named "Melbourne" after the British Prime Minister, William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne, whose seat was Melbourne Hall in the market town of Melbourne, Derbyshire. On 13 April 1837 the settlement's general post office officially opened with that name.

Question: In what year was the first plan for the city commissioned?
Answer: 1837

Question: What was the first plan for the city in 1837 called?
Answer: the Hoddle Grid

Question: On what date did the official general post office open?
Answer: 13 April 1837

Question: What was the settlement originally named?
Answer: Batmania
Melbourne

Melbourne has a temperate oceanic climate (Köppen climate classification Cfb) and is well known for its changeable weather conditions. This is mainly due to Melbourne's location situated on the boundary of the very hot inland areas and the cool southern ocean. This temperature differential is most pronounced in the spring and summer months and can cause very strong cold fronts to form. These cold fronts can be responsible for all sorts of severe weather from gales to severe thunderstorms and hail, large temperature drops, and heavy rain.

Question: During which seasons are Melbourne's temperature differentials most pronounced?
Answer: spring and summer

Question: Which type of weather fronts are responsible for severe weather such as gales, thunderstorms, hail, and heavy rain in Melbourne?
Answer: cold fronts

Question: What is Melbourne's Koppen climate classification?
Answer: Cfb

Question: Is Melbourne known for changeable or steady weather patterns?
Answer: changeable

Question: What is one cause for Melbourne's fluctuating weather patterns?
Answer: Melbourne's location situated on the boundary of the very hot inland areas and the cool southern ocean
Melbourne

The Hoddle Grid (dimensions of 1 by 1⁄2 mile (1.61 by 0.80 km)) forms the centre of Melbourne's central business district. The grid's southern edge fronts onto the Yarra River. Office, commercial and public developments in the adjoining districts of Southbank and Docklands have made these redeveloped areas into extensions of the CBD in all but name. The city centre has a reputation for its historic and prominent lanes and arcades (most notably Block Place and Royal Arcade) which contain a variety of shops and cafés and are a byproduct of the city's layout.

Question: What are the dimensions of the Hoddle Grid?
Answer: 1 by 1⁄2 mile (1.61 by 0.80 km)

Question: Which edge of the Hoddle Grid fronts onto the Yarra River?
Answer: southern

Question: What is the name of a popular arcade located within the Hoddle Grid?
Answer: Royal Arcade
Melbourne

The city is recognised for its mix of modern architecture which intersects with an extensive range of nineteenth and early twentieth century buildings. Some of the most architecturally noteworthy historic buildings include the World Heritage Site-listed Royal Exhibition Building, constructed over a two-year period for the Melbourne International Exhibition in 1880, A.C. Goode House, a Neo Gothic building located on Collins Street designed by Wright, Reed & Beaver (1891), William Pitt's Venetian Gothic style Old Stock Exchange (1888), William Wardell's Gothic Bank (1883) which features some of Melbourne's finest interiors, the incomplete Parliament House, St Paul's Cathedral (1891) and Flinders Street Station (1909), which was the busiest commuter railway station in the world in the mid-1920s.

Question: Which railway station was the busiest in the world in the mid-1920s?
Answer: Flinders Street Station

Question: In what year was construction on the Flinders Street Station completed?
Answer: 1909

Question: On which street is the A.C. Goode House located?
Answer: Collins Street

Question: Who designed the A.C. Goode House?
Answer: Wright, Reed & Beaver

Question: What style of architecture is the A.C. Goode House?
Answer: Neo Gothic
Melbourne

CSL, one of the world's top five biotech companies, and Sigma Pharmaceuticals have their headquarters in Melbourne. The two are the largest listed Australian pharmaceutical companies. Melbourne has an important ICT industry that employs over 60,000 people (one third of Australia's ICT workforce), with a turnover of $19.8 billion and export revenues of $615 million. In addition, tourism also plays an important role in Melbourne's economy, with about 7.6 million domestic visitors and 1.88 million international visitors in 2004. In 2008, Melbourne overtook Sydney with the amount of money that domestic tourists spent in the city, accounting for around $15.8 billion annually. Melbourne has been attracting an increasing share of domestic and international conference markets. Construction began in February 2006 of a $1 billion 5000-seat international convention centre, Hilton Hotel and commercial precinct adjacent to the Melbourne Exhibition and Convention Centre to link development along the Yarra River with the Southbank precinct and multibillion-dollar Docklands redevelopment.

Question: How many people are employed by the ICT industry in Melbourne?
Answer: 60,000

Question: What percentage of Australia's ICT workforce is imployed in Melbourne's ICT industry?
Answer: one third

Question: In 2008, Melbourne overtook what city with the amount of money that domestic tourists spent in the city?
Answer: Sydney

Question: How many international visitors did Melbourne have in 2004?
Answer: 1.88 million

Question: Domestic visitors spend about how much money in the city of Melbourne annually?
Answer: $15.8 billion
Melbourne

In recent years, Melton, Wyndham and Casey, part of the Melbourne statistical division, have recorded the highest growth rate of all local government areas in Australia. Melbourne could overtake Sydney in population by 2028, The ABS has projected in two scenarios that Sydney will remain larger than Melbourne beyond 2056, albeit by a margin of less than 3% compared to a margin of 12% today. Melbourne's population could overtake that of Sydney by 2037 or 2039, according to the first scenario projected by the ABS; primarily due to larger levels of internal migration losses assumed for Sydney. Another study claims that Melbourne will surpass Sydney in population by 2040.

Question: Melbourne's population could overtake that of Sydney by 2037 or 2039 primarily due to what factor?
Answer: larger levels of internal migration losses assumed for Sydney

Question: According to the first scenario projected by the ABS, how soon could Melbourne overtake Sydney's population level?
Answer: 2037 or 2039

Question: In how many scenarios will Sydney remain higher than Melbourne in population beyond 2056?
Answer: two
Melbourne

Melbourne's live performance institutions date from the foundation of the city, with the first theatre, the Pavilion, opening in 1841. The city's East End Theatre District includes theatres that similarly date from 1850s to the 1920s, including the Princess Theatre, Regent Theatre, Her Majesty's Theatre, Forum Theatre, Comedy Theatre, and the Athenaeum Theatre. The Melbourne Arts Precinct in Southbank is home to Arts Centre Melbourne, which includes the State Theatre, Hamer Hall, the Playhouse and the Fairfax Studio. The Melbourne Recital Centre and Southbank Theatre (principal home of the MTC, which includes the Sumner and Lawler performance spaces) are also located in Southbank. The Sidney Myer Music Bowl, which dates from 1955, is located in the gardens of Kings Domain; and the Palais Theatre is a feature of the St Kilda Beach foreshore.

Question: Which theatre was Melbourne's first live performance institution?
Answer: Pavilion

Question: In what year did the Pavilion open?
Answer: 1841

Question: The Princess Theatre, Regent Theatre, and Forum Theatre are members of which of Melbourne's theater districts?
Answer: East End Theatre District

Question: Where are the Melbourne Recital Centre and Southbank Theatre located?
Answer: Southbank

Question: From what year does the Sidney Myer Music Bowl date?
Answer: 1955
Melbourne

Like many Australian cities, Melbourne has a high dependency on the automobile for transport, particularly in the outer suburban areas where the largest number of cars are bought, with a total of 3.6 million private vehicles using 22,320 km (13,870 mi) of road, and one of the highest lengths of road per capita in the world. The early 20th century saw an increase in popularity of automobiles, resulting in large-scale suburban expansion. By the mid 1950s there was just under 200 passenger vehicles per 1000 people by 2013 there was 600 passenger vehicles per 1000 people. Today it has an extensive network of freeways and arterial roadways used by private vehicles including freight as well as public transport systems including bus and taxis. Major highways feeding into the city include the Eastern Freeway, Monash Freeway and West Gate Freeway (which spans the large West Gate Bridge), whilst other freeways circumnavigate the city or lead to other major cities, including CityLink (which spans the large Bolte Bridge), Eastlink, the Western Ring Road, Calder Freeway, Tullamarine Freeway (main airport link) and the Hume Freeway which links Melbourne and Sydney.

Question: Does Melbourne have a high or low dependency on the automobile?
Answer: high

Question: How many private vehicles travel Melbourne's 13,870 miles of road?
Answer: 3.6 million

Question: Which freeway spans the large Bolte Bridge?
Answer: CityLink

Question: Which freeway links Melbourne and Sydney?
Answer: Hume Freeway
Melbourne

At the time of Australia's federation on 1 January 1901, Melbourne became the seat of government of the federation. The first federal parliament was convened on 9 May 1901 in the Royal Exhibition Building, subsequently moving to the Victorian Parliament House where it was located until 1927, when it was moved to Canberra. The Governor-General of Australia resided at Government House in Melbourne until 1930 and many major national institutions remained in Melbourne well into the twentieth century.

Question: On what date was the first federal parliament convened?
Answer: 9 May 1901

Question: Where was the first federal parliament convened in 1901?
Answer: Royal Exhibition Building

Question: The Governor-General of Australia resided at the Government House in Melbourne until what year?
Answer: 1930

Question: Where was the federal parliament moved after 1927?
Answer: Canberra
Melbourne

As the centre of Australia's "rust belt", Melbourne experienced an economic downturn between 1989 to 1992, following the collapse of several local financial institutions. In 1992 the newly elected Kennett government began a campaign to revive the economy with an aggressive development campaign of public works coupled with the promotion of the city as a tourist destination with a focus on major events and sports tourism. During this period the Australian Grand Prix moved to Melbourne from Adelaide. Major projects included the construction of a new facility for the Melbourne Museum, Federation Square, the Melbourne Exhibition and Convention Centre, Crown Casino and the CityLink tollway. Other strategies included the privatisation of some of Melbourne's services, including power and public transport, and a reduction in funding to public services such as health, education and public transport infrastructure.

Question: During which years did Melbourne experience an economic downturn?
Answer: 1989 to 1992

Question: Which city is the center of Australia's "rust belt"?
Answer: Melbourne

Question: The Australian Grand Prix moved to Melbourne from where?
Answer: Adelaide

Question: Which government in 1992 began a campaign to revive the economy?
Answer: Kennett
Melbourne

Melbourne is an international cultural centre, with cultural endeavours spanning major events and festivals, drama, musicals, comedy, music, art, architecture, literature, film and television. The climate, waterfront location and nightlife make it one of the most vibrant destinations in Australia. For five years in a row (as of 2015) it has held the top position in a survey by The Economist Intelligence Unit of the world's most liveable cities on the basis of a number of attributes which include its broad cultural offerings. The city celebrates a wide variety of annual cultural events and festivals of all types, including Australia's largest free community festival—Moomba, the Melbourne International Arts Festival, Melbourne International Film Festival, Melbourne International Comedy Festival and the Melbourne Fringe Festival. The culture of the city is an important drawcard for tourists, of which just under two million international overnight visitors and 57.7 million domestic overnight visited during the year ending March 2014.

Question: Which factors make Melbourne one of the moust vibrant destinations in Australia?
Answer: The climate, waterfront location and nightlife

Question: For how many years in a row has Melbourne held the top position in a survey of the world's most liveable cities?
Answer: five

Question: What is Australia's largest free community festival?
Answer: Moomba

Question: How many international overnight visitors came to Melbourne during the year ending March 2014?
Answer: just under two million

Question: How many domestic overnight visitors came to Melbourne during the year ending March 2014?
Answer: 57.7 million
Melbourne

Melbourne has a highly diversified economy with particular strengths in finance, manufacturing, research, IT, education, logistics, transportation and tourism. Melbourne houses the headquarters for many of Australia's largest corporations, including five of the ten largest in the country (based on revenue), and four of the largest six in the country (based on market capitalisation) (ANZ, BHP Billiton (the world's largest mining company), the National Australia Bank and Telstra), as well as such representative bodies and think tanks as the Business Council of Australia and the Australian Council of Trade Unions. Melbourne's suburbs also have the Head Offices of Wesfarmers companies Coles (including Liquorland), Bunnings, Target, K-Mart & Officeworks. The city is home to Australia's largest and busiest seaport which handles more than $75 billion in trade every year and 39% of the nation's container trade. Melbourne Airport provides an entry point for national and international visitors, and is Australia's second busiest airport.[citation needed]

Question: In which areas does Melbourne's diversified economy have strengths?
Answer: finance, manufacturing, research, IT, education, logistics, transportation and tourism

Question: Which company is the world's largest mining company?
Answer: BHP Billiton

Question: Which city is home to Australia's largest and busiest seaport?
Answer: Melbourne

Question: Which city is home to Australia's second busiest airport?
Answer: Melbourne

Question: How much money in trade does Australia's largest and busiest seaport handle?
Answer: $75 billion
Melbourne

Melbourne has the largest Greek-speaking population outside of Europe, a population comparable to some larger Greek cities like Larissa and Volos. Thessaloniki is Melbourne's Greek sister city. The Vietnamese surname Nguyen is the second most common in Melbourne's phone book after Smith. The city also features substantial Indian, Sri Lankan, and Malaysian-born communities, in addition to recent South African and Sudanese influxes. The cultural diversity is reflected in the city's restaurants that serve international cuisines.

Question: Which city has the largest Greek-speaking population outside of Europe?
Answer: Melbourne

Question: Which city in Greece is Melbourne's sister city?
Answer: Thessaloniki

Question: What is the most common surname in Melbourne's phone book?
Answer: Smith

Question: What is the secondmost common surname in Melbourne's phone book?
Answer: Nguyen
Melbourne

Melbourne universities have campuses all over Australia and some internationally. Swinburne University has campuses in Malaysia, while Monash has a research centre based in Prato, Italy. The University of Melbourne, the second oldest university in Australia, was ranked first among Australian universities in the 2010 THES international rankings. The 2012–2013 Times Higher Education Supplement ranked the University of Melbourne as the 28th (30th by QS ranking) best university in the world. Monash University was ranked as the 99th (60th by QS ranking) best university in the world. Both universities are members of the Group of Eight, a coalition of leading Australian tertiary institutions offering comprehensive and leading education.

Question: Which Melbourne based university has campuses in Malaysia?
Answer: Swinburne University

Question: Which Melbourne based college has a research centre in Prato, Italy?
Answer: Monash

Question: Which university is the second oldest in Australia?
Answer: The University of Melbourne

Question: What is the Group of Eight?
Answer: a coalition of leading Australian tertiary institutions offering comprehensive and leading education
John,_King_of_England

John was born to Henry II of England and Eleanor of Aquitaine on 24 December 1166. Henry had inherited significant territories along the Atlantic seaboard—Anjou, Normandy and England—and expanded his empire by conquering Brittany. Henry married the powerful Eleanor of Aquitaine, who reigned over the Duchy of Aquitaine and had a tenuous claim to Toulouse and Auvergne in southern France, in addition to being the former wife of Louis VII of France. The result was the Angevin Empire, named after Henry's paternal title as Count of Anjou and, more specifically, its seat in Angers.[nb 2] The Empire, however, was inherently fragile: although all the lands owed allegiance to Henry, the disparate parts each had their own histories, traditions and governance structures. As one moved south through Anjou and Aquitaine, the extent of Henry's power in the provinces diminished considerably, scarcely resembling the modern concept of an empire at all. Some of the traditional ties between parts of the empire such as Normandy and England were slowly dissolving over time. It was unclear what would happen to the empire on Henry's death. Although the custom of primogeniture, under which an eldest son would inherit all his father's lands, was slowly becoming more widespread across Europe, it was less popular amongst the Norman kings of England. Most believed that Henry would divide the empire, giving each son a substantial portion, and hoping that his children would continue to work together as allies after his death. To complicate matters, much of the Angevin empire was held by Henry only as a vassal of the King of France of the rival line of the House of Capet. Henry had often allied himself with the Holy Roman Emperor against France, making the feudal relationship even more challenging.

Question: When was John born?
Answer: 24 December 1166

Question: Who did Henry marry?
Answer: Eleanor of Aquitaine

Question: Who was Henry's ally?
Answer: Holy Roman Emperor
John,_King_of_England

In 1173 John's elder brothers, backed by Eleanor, rose in revolt against Henry in the short-lived rebellion of 1173 to 1174. Growing irritated with his subordinate position to Henry II and increasingly worried that John might be given additional lands and castles at his expense, Henry the Young King travelled to Paris and allied himself with Louis VII. Eleanor, irritated by her husband's persistent interference in Aquitaine, encouraged Richard and Geoffrey to join their brother Henry in Paris. Henry II triumphed over the coalition of his sons, but was generous to them in the peace settlement agreed at Montlouis. Henry the Young King was allowed to travel widely in Europe with his own household of knights, Richard was given Aquitaine back, and Geoffrey was allowed to return to Brittany; only Eleanor was imprisoned for her role in the revolt.

Question: Who backed John's elder brothers?
Answer: Eleanor

Question: Where did Henry travel to?
Answer: Paris

Question: Who returned to Brittany?
Answer: Geoffrey

Question: Who was imprisoned?
Answer: Eleanor
John,_King_of_England

After Richard's death on 6 April 1199 there were two potential claimants to the Angevin throne: John, whose claim rested on being the sole surviving son of Henry II, and young Arthur I of Brittany, who held a claim as the son of John's elder brother Geoffrey. Richard appears to have started to recognise John as his heir presumptive in the final years before his death, but the matter was not clear-cut and medieval law gave little guidance as to how the competing claims should be decided. With Norman law favouring John as the only surviving son of Henry II and Angevin law favouring Arthur as the only son of Henry's elder son, the matter rapidly became an open conflict. John was supported by the bulk of the English and Norman nobility and was crowned at Westminster, backed by his mother, Eleanor. Arthur was supported by the majority of the Breton, Maine and Anjou nobles and received the support of Philip II, who remained committed to breaking up the Angevin territories on the continent. With Arthur's army pressing up the Loire valley towards Angers and Philip's forces moving down the valley towards Tours, John's continental empire was in danger of being cut in two.

Question: When did Richard die?
Answer: 6 April 1199

Question: Who was the sole surviving son?
Answer: John

Question: Where was John crowned?
Answer: Westminster

Question: Whose army pressed up the Loire valley?
Answer: Arthur
John,_King_of_England

The nature of government under the Angevin monarchs was ill-defined and uncertain. John's predecessors had ruled using the principle of vis et voluntas, or "force and will", taking executive and sometimes arbitrary decisions, often justified on the basis that a king was above the law. Both Henry II and Richard had argued that kings possessed a quality of "divine majesty"; John continued this trend and claimed an "almost imperial status" for himself as ruler. During the 12th century, there were contrary opinions expressed about the nature of kingship, and many contemporary writers believed that monarchs should rule in accordance with the custom and the law, and take counsel of the leading members of the realm. There was as yet no model for what should happen if a king refused to do so. Despite his claim to unique authority within England, John would sometimes justify his actions on the basis that he had taken council with the barons. Modern historians remain divided as to whether John suffered from a case of "royal schizophrenia" in his approach to government, or if his actions merely reflected the complex model of Angevin kingship in the early 13th century.

Question: What principle did John's predecessors use?
Answer: vis et voluntas

Question: What quality did Henry II and Richard possess?
Answer: divine majesty

Question: What century were there contrary opinions expressed about the nature of kingship?
Answer: 12th century

Question: What did John suffer from?
Answer: royal schizophrenia
John,_King_of_England

At the start of John's reign there was a sudden change in prices, as bad harvests and high demand for food resulted in much higher prices for grain and animals. This inflationary pressure was to continue for the rest of the 13th century and had long-term economic consequences for England. The resulting social pressures were complicated by bursts of deflation that resulted from John's military campaigns. It was usual at the time for the king to collect taxes in silver, which was then re-minted into new coins; these coins would then be put in barrels and sent to royal castles around the country, to be used to hire mercenaries or to meet other costs. At those times when John was preparing for campaigns in Normandy, for example, huge quantities of silver had to be withdrawn from the economy and stored for months, which unintentionally resulted in periods during which silver coins were simply hard to come by, commercial credit difficult to acquire and deflationary pressure placed on the economy. The result was political unrest across the country. John attempted to address some of the problems with the English currency in 1204 and 1205 by carrying out a radical overhaul of the coinage, improving its quality and consistency.

Question: What happened at the start of John's reign?
Answer: sudden change in prices

Question: How long did the inflationary pressure continue?
Answer: 13th century

Question: When did John address problems with the English currency?
Answer: 1204 and 1205

Question: How did he address the problems with the English currency?
Answer: carrying out a radical overhaul of the coinage
John,_King_of_England

John, the youngest of five sons of King Henry II of England and Eleanor of Aquitaine, was at first not expected to inherit significant lands. Following the failed rebellion of his elder brothers between 1173 and 1174, however, John became Henry's favourite child. He was appointed the Lord of Ireland in 1177 and given lands in England and on the continent. John's elder brothers William, Henry and Geoffrey died young; by the time Richard I became king in 1189, John was a potential heir to the throne. John unsuccessfully attempted a rebellion against Richard's royal administrators whilst his brother was participating in the Third Crusade. Despite this, after Richard died in 1199, John was proclaimed King of England, and came to an agreement with Philip II of France to recognise John's possession of the continental Angevin lands at the peace treaty of Le Goulet in 1200.

Question: Who was Henry's favorite child?
Answer: John

Question: When was John appointed the Lord of Ireland?
Answer: 1177

Question: When did Richard I become king?
Answer: 1189

Question: Who unsuccessfully attempted a rebellion against Richard's royal administrators?
Answer: John
John,_King_of_England

The character of John's relationship with his second wife, Isabella of Angoulême, is unclear. John married Isabella whilst she was relatively young – her exact date of birth is uncertain, and estimates place her between at most 15 and more probably towards nine years old at the time of her marriage.[nb 15] Even by the standards of the time, Isabella was married whilst very young. John did not provide a great deal of money for his wife's household and did not pass on much of the revenue from her lands, to the extent that historian Nicholas Vincent has described him as being "downright mean" towards Isabella. Vincent concluded that the marriage was not a particularly "amicable" one. Other aspects of their marriage suggest a closer, more positive relationship. Chroniclers recorded that John had a "mad infatuation" with Isabella, and certainly John had conjugal relationships with Isabella between at least 1207 and 1215; they had five children. In contrast to Vincent, historian William Chester Jordan concludes that the pair were a "companionable couple" who had a successful marriage by the standards of the day.

Question: Who was John's second wife?
Answer: Isabella of Angoulême

Question:  Nicholas Vincent was described as what?
Answer: downright mean

Question: When did John have conjugal relationships with Isabella?
Answer: 1207 and 1215

Question: How many children did John and Isabella have?
Answer: five children
John,_King_of_England

When war with France broke out again in 1202, John achieved early victories, but shortages of military resources and his treatment of Norman, Breton and Anjou nobles resulted in the collapse of his empire in northern France in 1204. John spent much of the next decade attempting to regain these lands, raising huge revenues, reforming his armed forces and rebuilding continental alliances. John's judicial reforms had a lasting impact on the English common law system, as well as providing an additional source of revenue. An argument with Pope Innocent III led to John's excommunication in 1209, a dispute finally settled by the king in 1213. John's attempt to defeat Philip in 1214 failed due to the French victory over John's allies at the battle of Bouvines. When he returned to England, John faced a rebellion by many of his barons, who were unhappy with his fiscal policies and his treatment of many of England's most powerful nobles. Although both John and the barons agreed to the Magna Carta peace treaty in 1215, neither side complied with its conditions. Civil war broke out shortly afterwards, with the barons aided by Louis of France. It soon descended into a stalemate. John died of dysentery contracted whilst on campaign in eastern England during late 1216; supporters of his son Henry III went on to achieve victory over Louis and the rebel barons the following year.

Question: When did war with France break out?
Answer: 1202

Question: When was John excommunicated?
Answer: 1209

Question: When was the Magna Carta peace treaty agreed upon?
Answer: 1215

Question: Who won victory over Louis and the rebel barons?
Answer: Henry III
John,_King_of_England

Baronial unrest in England prevented the departure of the planned 1205 expedition, and only a smaller force under William Longespée deployed to Poitou. In 1206 John departed for Poitou himself, but was forced to divert south to counter a threat to Gascony from Alfonso VIII of Castile. After a successful campaign against Alfonso, John headed north again, taking the city of Angers. Philip moved south to meet John; the year's campaigning ended in stalemate and a two-year truce was made between the two rulers.

Question: What prevented the departure of the planned 1205 expedition?
Answer: Baronial unrest in England

Question: When did Poitou depart?
Answer: 1206

Question: Why did John divert south?
Answer: to counter a threat to Gascony from Alfonso VIII of Castile

Question: Why did Philip move south?
Answer: to meet John
John,_King_of_England

During John's early years, Henry attempted to resolve the question of his succession. Henry the Young King had been crowned King of England in 1170, but was not given any formal powers by his father; he was also promised Normandy and Anjou as part of his future inheritance. Richard was to be appointed the Count of Poitou with control of Aquitaine, whilst Geoffrey was to become the Duke of Brittany. At this time it seemed unlikely that John would ever inherit substantial lands, and he was jokingly nicknamed "Lackland" by his father.

Question: When was Henry crowned King of England?
Answer: 1170

Question: What was Henry promised as part of his future inheritance?
Answer: Normandy and Anjou

Question: Who became the Duke of Brittany?
Answer: Geoffrey

Question: What was John's nickname?
Answer: Lackland
John,_King_of_England

John grew up to be around 5 ft 5 in (1.68 m) tall, relatively short, with a "powerful, barrel-chested body" and dark red hair; he looked to contemporaries like an inhabitant of Poitou. John enjoyed reading and, unusually for the period, built up a travelling library of books. He enjoyed gambling, in particular at backgammon, and was an enthusiastic hunter, even by medieval standards. He liked music, although not songs. John would become a "connoisseur of jewels", building up a large collection, and became famous for his opulent clothes and also, according to French chroniclers, for his fondness for bad wine. As John grew up, he became known for sometimes being "genial, witty, generous and hospitable"; at other moments, he could be jealous, over-sensitive and prone to fits of rage, "biting and gnawing his fingers" in anger.[nb 3]

Question: How tall was John?
Answer: 5 ft 5 in

Question: What did John build up?
Answer: travelling library of books

Question: Who became a connoisseur of jewels?
Answer: John

Question: What did John do in fits of rage?
Answer: biting and gnawing his fingers
John,_King_of_England

When the Archbishop of Canterbury, Hubert Walter, died on 13 July 1205, John became involved in a dispute with Pope Innocent III that would lead to the king's excommunication. The Norman and Angevin kings had traditionally exercised a great deal of power over the church within their territories. From the 1040s onwards, however, successive popes had put forward a reforming message that emphasised the importance of the church being "governed more coherently and more hierarchically from the centre" and established "its own sphere of authority and jurisdiction, separate from and independent of that of the lay ruler", in the words of historian Richard Huscroft. After the 1140s, these principles had been largely accepted within the English church, albeit with an element of concern about centralising authority in Rome. These changes brought the customary rights of lay rulers such as John over ecclesiastical appointments into question. Pope Innocent was, according to historian Ralph Turner, an "ambitious and aggressive" religious leader, insistent on his rights and responsibilities within the church.

Question: When did Hubert Walter die?
Answer: 13 July 1205

Question: What lead to the king's excommunication?
Answer: a dispute with Pope Innocent III

Question: Who said Pope Innocent was an ambitious and aggressive religious leader?
Answer: historian Ralph Turner
John,_King_of_England

In 1185 John made his first visit to Ireland, accompanied by 300 knights and a team of administrators. Henry had tried to have John officially proclaimed King of Ireland, but Pope Lucius III would not agree. John's first period of rule in Ireland was not a success. Ireland had only recently been conquered by Anglo-Norman forces, and tensions were still rife between Henry II, the new settlers and the existing inhabitants. John infamously offended the local Irish rulers by making fun of their unfashionable long beards, failed to make allies amongst the Anglo-Norman settlers, began to lose ground militarily against the Irish and finally returned to England later in the year, blaming the viceroy, Hugh de Lacy, for the fiasco.

Question: When did John make his first visit to Ireland?
Answer: 1185

Question: How many knights accompanied John to Ireland?
Answer: 300

Question: How did John offend the local Irish rulers?
Answer: making fun of their unfashionable long beards
John,_King_of_England

Henry the Young King fought a short war with his brother Richard in 1183 over the status of England, Normandy and Aquitaine. Henry II moved in support of Richard, and Henry the Young King died from dysentery at the end of the campaign. With his primary heir dead, Henry rearranged the plans for the succession: Richard was to be made King of England, albeit without any actual power until the death of his father; Geoffrey would retain Brittany; and John would now become the Duke of Aquitaine in place of Richard. Richard refused to give up Aquitaine; Henry II was furious and ordered John, with help from Geoffrey, to march south and retake the duchy by force. The two attacked the capital of Poitiers, and Richard responded by attacking Brittany. The war ended in stalemate and a tense family reconciliation in England at the end of 1184.

Question: Who did Henry fight a short war with in 1183?
Answer: Richard

Question: How did Henry the Young King die?
Answer: dysentery

Question: Who became the Duke of Aquitaine in place of Richard?
Answer: John

Question: When did the war end?
Answer: 1184
John,_King_of_England

Under mounting political pressure, John finally negotiated terms for a reconciliation, and the papal terms for submission were accepted in the presence of the papal legate Pandulf Verraccio in May 1213 at the Templar Church at Dover. As part of the deal, John offered to surrender the Kingdom of England to the papacy for a feudal service of 1,000 marks (equivalent to £666 at the time) annually: 700 marks (£466) for England and 300 marks (£200) for Ireland, as well as recompensing the church for revenue lost during the crisis. The agreement was formalised in the Bulla Aurea, or Golden Bull. This resolution produced mixed responses. Although some chroniclers felt that John had been humiliated by the sequence of events, there was little public reaction. Innocent benefited from the resolution of his long-standing English problem, but John probably gained more, as Innocent became a firm supporter of John for the rest of his reign, backing him in both domestic and continental policy issues. Innocent immediately turned against Philip, calling upon him to reject plans to invade England and to sue for peace. John paid some of the compensation money he had promised the church, but he ceased making payments in late 1214, leaving two-thirds of the sum unpaid; Innocent appears to have conveniently forgotten this debt for the good of the wider relationship.

Question: When were the papal terms for submission accepted?
Answer: May 1213

Question: How many marks did John surrender?
Answer: 1,000

Question: Where was the agreement formalised?
Answer: Bulla Aurea
John,_King_of_England

The political turmoil continued. John began to explore an alliance with the French king Philip II, freshly returned from the crusade. John hoped to acquire Normandy, Anjou and the other lands in France held by Richard in exchange for allying himself with Philip. John was persuaded not to pursue an alliance by his mother. Longchamp, who had left England after Walter's intervention, now returned, and argued that he had been wrongly removed as justiciar. John intervened, suppressing Longchamp's claims in return for promises of support from the royal administration, including a reaffirmation of his position as heir to the throne. When Richard still did not return from the crusade, John began to assert that his brother was dead or otherwise permanently lost. Richard had in fact been captured en route to England by the Duke of Austria and was handed over to Emperor Henry VI, who held him for ransom. John seized the opportunity and went to Paris, where he formed an alliance with Philip. He agreed to set aside his wife, Isabella of Gloucester, and marry Philip's sister, Alys, in exchange for Philip's support. Fighting broke out in England between forces loyal to Richard and those being gathered by John. John's military position was weak and he agreed to a truce; in early 1194 the king finally returned to England, and John's remaining forces surrendered. John retreated to Normandy, where Richard finally found him later that year. Richard declared that his younger brother – despite being 27 years old – was merely "a child who has had evil counsellors" and forgave him, but removed his lands with the exception of Ireland.

Question: Who did John explore an alliance with?
Answer: French king Philip II

Question: What did John do when Richard did not return from his crusade?
Answer: assert that his brother was dead

Question: Who captured Richard?
Answer: Duke of Austria

Question: When did the king return to England?
Answer: 1194
John,_King_of_England

The political situation in England rapidly began to deteriorate. Longchamp refused to work with Puiset and became unpopular with the English nobility and clergy. John exploited this unpopularity to set himself up as an alternative ruler with his own royal court, complete with his own justiciar, chancellor and other royal posts, and was happy to be portrayed as an alternative regent, and possibly the next king. Armed conflict broke out between John and Longchamp, and by October 1191 Longchamp was isolated in the Tower of London with John in control of the city of London, thanks to promises John had made to the citizens in return for recognition as Richard's heir presumptive. At this point Walter of Coutances, the Archbishop of Rouen, returned to England, having been sent by Richard to restore order. John's position was undermined by Walter's relative popularity and by the news that Richard had married whilst in Cyprus, which presented the possibility that Richard would have legitimate children and heirs.

Question: Who refused to work with Puiset?
Answer: Longchamp

Question: When was Longchamp isolated in the Tower of London?
Answer: October 1191

Question: Where did Walter of Coutances return to?
Answer: England
John,_King_of_England

Letters of support from the pope arrived in April but by then the rebel barons had organised. They congregated at Northampton in May and renounced their feudal ties to John, appointing Robert fitz Walter as their military leader. This self-proclaimed "Army of God" marched on London, taking the capital as well as Lincoln and Exeter. John's efforts to appear moderate and conciliatory had been largely successful, but once the rebels held London they attracted a fresh wave of defectors from John's royalist faction. John instructed Langton to organise peace talks with the rebel barons.

Question: Where did the rebel barons congregate?
Answer: Northampton

Question: Who was the rebel baron leader?
Answer: Robert fitz Walter

Question: What did John instruct Langton to do?
Answer: organise peace talks with the rebel barons
John,_King_of_England

The new peace would only last for two years; war recommenced in the aftermath of John's decision in August 1200 to marry Isabella of Angoulême. In order to remarry, John first needed to abandon Isabel, Countess of Gloucester, his first wife; John accomplished this by arguing that he had failed to get the necessary papal permission to marry Isabel in the first place – as a cousin, John could not have legally wed her without this. It remains unclear why John chose to marry Isabella of Angoulême. Contemporary chroniclers argued that John had fallen deeply in love with Isabella, and John may have been motivated by desire for an apparently beautiful, if rather young, girl. On the other hand, the Angoumois lands that came with Isabella were strategically vital to John: by marrying Isabella, John was acquiring a key land route between Poitou and Gascony, which significantly strengthened his grip on Aquitaine.[nb 5]

Question: How long did the new peace last?
Answer: two years

Question: When was John's decision to marry Isabella?
Answer: August 1200

Question: John acquired key land between Poitou and where?
Answer: Gascony
John,_King_of_England

After his coronation, John moved south into France with military forces and adopted a defensive posture along the eastern and southern Normandy borders. Both sides paused for desultory negotiations before the war recommenced; John's position was now stronger, thanks to confirmation that the counts Baldwin IX of Flanders and Renaud of Boulogne had renewed the anti-French alliances they had previously agreed to with Richard. The powerful Anjou nobleman William des Roches was persuaded to switch sides from Arthur to John; suddenly the balance seemed to be tipping away from Philip and Arthur in favour of John. Neither side was keen to continue the conflict, and following a papal truce the two leaders met in January 1200 to negotiate possible terms for peace. From John's perspective, what then followed represented an opportunity to stabilise control over his continental possessions and produce a lasting peace with Philip in Paris. John and Philip negotiated the May 1200 Treaty of Le Goulet; by this treaty, Philip recognised John as the rightful heir to Richard in respect to his French possessions, temporarily abandoning the wider claims of his client, Arthur.[nb 4] John, in turn, abandoned Richard's former policy of containing Philip through alliances with Flanders and Boulogne, and accepted Philip's right as the legitimate feudal overlord of John's lands in France. John's policy earned him the disrespectful title of "John Softsword" from some English chroniclers, who contrasted his behaviour with his more aggressive brother, Richard.

Question: John moved south into where?
Answer: France

Question: Who renewed the anti-French alliances?
Answer: Baldwin IX of Flanders and Renaud of Boulogne

Question: When was the Treaty of Le Goulet negotiated?
Answer: May 1200

Question: What nickname did John's policy earn him?
Answer: John Softsword