Divyanshu67/squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
Saint_Helena

A satellite ground station with a 7.6-metre (25 ft) satellite dish installed in 1989 at The Briars is the only international connection providing satellite links through Intelsat 707 to Ascension island and the United Kingdom. Since all international telephone and internet communications are relying on this single satellite link both internet and telephone service are subject to sun outages.

Question: How big is the satellite dish at the satellite ground station in feet?
Answer: 25

Question: When was the satellite dish installed?
Answer: 1989

Question: Where was the satellite dish installed?
Answer: The Briars

Question: Both telephone and internet services are subject to what?
Answer: sun outages
Saint_Helena

Saint Helena has the international calling code +290 which, since 2006, Tristan da Cunha shares. Saint Helena telephone numbers changed from 4 to 5 digits on 1 October 2013 by being prefixed with the digit "2", i.e. 2xxxx, with the range 5xxxx being reserved for mobile numbering, and 8xxx being used for Tristan da Cunha numbers (these still shown as 4 digits).

Question: What is the international calling code for Saint Helena?
Answer: +290

Question: Who shares the calling code +290 with Saint Helena?
Answer: Tristan da Cunha

Question: How many digits did Saint Helena change their phone numbers to?
Answer: 5

Question: When did Saint Helena change the amount of digits in their phone numbers?
Answer: 1 October 2013

Question: What digit are Saint Helena phone numbers prefixed with?
Answer: 2
Saint_Helena

Saint Helena has a 10/3.6 Mbit/s internet link via Intelsat 707 provided by SURE. Serving a population of more than 4,000, this single satellite link is considered inadequate in terms of bandwidth.

Question: What speed is Saint Helena internet access?
Answer: 10/3.6 Mbit/s

Question: What is the internet service provided through?
Answer: Intelsat 707

Question: Who provides the internet service in Saint Helena?
Answer: SURE

Question: What kind of population does SURE service?
Answer: more than 4,000

Question: How many satellites provide the link to the internet?
Answer: 1
Saint_Helena

The South Atlantic Express, a 10,000 km (6,214 mi) submarine communications cable connecting Africa to South America, run by the undersea fibre optic provider eFive, will pass St Helena relatively closely. There were no plans to land the cable and install a landing station ashore, which could supply St Helena's population with sufficient bandwidth to fully leverage the benefits of today's Information Society. In January 2012, a group of supporters petitioned the UK government to meet the cost of landing the cable at St Helena. On 6 October 2012, eFive agreed to reroute the cable through St. Helena after a successful lobbying campaign by A Human Right, a San Francisco-based NGA working on initiatives to ensure all people are connected to the Internet. Islanders have sought the assistance of the UK Department for International Development and Foreign and Commonwealth Office in funding the £10m required to bridge the connection from a local junction box on the cable to the island. The UK Government have announced that a review of the island's economy would be required before such funding would be agreed to.

Question: How long is the South Atlantic Express in miles?
Answer: 6,214

Question: Who runs the South Atlantic Express?
Answer: eFive

Question: On what date did eFive announce they would reroute the cable through Saint Helena?
Answer: 6 October 2012

Question: Who lobbied for the cable reroute into South Helena?
Answer: A Human Right
Saint_Helena

The island has two local newspapers, both of which are available on the Internet. The St Helena Independent has been published since November 2005. The Sentinel newspaper was introduced in 2012.

Question: How many local newspapers does the island have?
Answer: two

Question: Where are both newspapers available?
Answer: the Internet

Question: Since when has the St Helena Independent been published?
Answer: November 2005

Question: When was the Sentinel Newspaper introduced?
Answer: 2012
Saint_Helena

Education is free and compulsory between the ages of 5 and 16  The island has three primary schools for students of age 4 to 11: Harford, Pilling, and St Paul’s. Prince Andrew School provides secondary education for students aged 11 to 18. At the beginning of the academic year 2009-10, 230 students were enrolled in primary school and 286 in secondary school.

Question: How many primary schools does the island have?
Answer: 3

Question: What are the 3 primary schools called?
Answer: Harford, Pilling, and St Paul’s

Question: What is the name of the secondary school for the island?
Answer: Prince Andrew School

Question: How many students were enrolled in primary school in 2010?
Answer: 230
Saint_Helena

The Education and Employment Directorate also offers programmes for students with special needs, vocational training, adult education, evening classes, and distance learning. The island has a public library (the oldest in the Southern Hemisphere) and a mobile library service which operates weekly rural areas.

Question: When does the mobile library service operate?
Answer: weekly

Question: Who provides programs to students with special needs?
Answer: The Education and Employment Directorate
Saint_Helena

The UK national curriculum is adapted for local use. A range of qualifications are offered – from GCSE, A/S and A2, to Level 3 Diplomas and VRQ qualifications:

Question: What curriculum does the island adapt?
Answer: The UK national curriculum

Question: What are the qualifications offered?
Answer: GCSE, A/S and A2, to Level 3 Diplomas and VRQ qualifications
Saint_Helena

Sports played on the island include football, cricket, volleyball, tennis, golf, motocross, shooting sports and yachting. Saint Helena has sent teams to a number of Commonwealth Games. Saint Helena is a member of the International Island Games Association. The Saint Helena cricket team made its debut in international cricket in Division Three of the African region of the World Cricket League in 2011.

Question: Saint Helena is a member of what kind of association?
Answer: International Island Games Association

Question: Where did the Saint Helena cricket team make it's debut in international cricket?
Answer: Division Three of the African region of the World Cricket League

Question: When did the Saint Helena cricket team make it's debut in international cricket?
Answer: 2011
Saint_Helena

The Governor's Cup is a yacht race between Cape Town and Saint Helena island, held every two years in December/January; the most recent event was in December 2010. In Jamestown a timed run takes place up Jacob's Ladder every year, with people coming from all over the world to take part.

Question: Where does the Governor's cup take place? 
Answer: between Cape Town and Saint Helena island,

Question: What months does the Governor's cup take place?
Answer: December/January

Question: When did the most recent Governor's cup take place?
Answer: December 2010
Saint_Helena

There are scouting and guiding groups on Saint Helena and Ascension Island. Scouting was established on Saint Helena island in 1912. Lord and Lady Baden-Powell visited the Scouts on Saint Helena on the return from their 1937 tour of Africa. The visit is described in Lord Baden-Powell's book entitled African Adventures.

Question: What kind of groups are on Saint Helena and Ascension Island?
Answer: scouting and guiding

Question: When was Scouting established on Saint Helena?
Answer: 1912

Question: Who visited the scouts on their return from the tour of Africa in 1937?
Answer: Lord and Lady Baden-Powell

Question: What book describes Lord and Lady Baden-Powel's visit?
Answer: African Adventures
Aspirated_consonant

In phonetics, aspiration is the strong burst of breath that accompanies either the release or, in the case of preaspiration, the closure of some obstruents. In English, aspirated consonants are allophones in complementary distribution with their unaspirated counterparts, but in some other languages, notably most Indian and East Asian languages, the difference is contrastive.

Question: Aspiration and preaspiration are used in what?
Answer: phonetics

Question: Aspirated consonants are what in English?
Answer: allophones

Question: What are two language types where the difference is contrastive?
Answer: Indian and East Asian

Question: What creates a strong burst of breath?

Question: What are aspirated consonants in the Asian language?

Question: Allophones are similar in what two languages?

Question: What accompanies the opening of some obstruents?

Question: What uses a weak burst of breath?
Aspirated_consonant

To feel or see the difference between aspirated and unaspirated sounds, one can put a hand or a lit candle in front of one's mouth, and say pin [pʰɪn] and then spin [spɪn]. One should either feel a puff of air or see a flicker of the candle flame with pin that one does not get with spin. In most dialects of English, the initial consonant is aspirated in pin and unaspirated in spin.

Question: With what word should you see a candle flicker or feel a puff of air?
Answer: pin

Question: In English the first consonant in "pin" is what?
Answer: aspirated

Question: When should one put a hand or a lit candle in front of one's eyes?

Question: In what dialect would the initial consonant be unaspriated in pin and aspirated in spin?

Question: Which word would be aspirated in most English dialects?

Question: What would you see when you use your hand to see the difference between aspirated and unaspirated sounds?

Question: What would you do to see the similarities between aspirated and unaspirated sounds?
Aspirated_consonant

In the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), aspirated consonants are written using the symbols for voiceless consonants followed by the aspiration modifier letter ⟨◌ʰ⟩, a superscript form of the symbol for the voiceless glottal fricative ⟨h⟩. For instance, ⟨p⟩ represents the voiceless bilabial stop, and ⟨pʰ⟩ represents the aspirated bilabial stop.

Question: What does IPA stand for?
Answer: International Phonetic Alphabet

Question: Written IPA consonants use symbols for what?
Answer: voiceless consonants

Question: What modifier indicates a voiceless bilabial stop?
Answer: p

Question: pʰ represents what?
Answer: aspirated bilabial stop

Question: What is considered an unaspirated consonant?

Question: Aspiration modifiers are represented by what?

Question: Voiceless consonants are prefaced by what?

Question: The voiced glottal fricative is indicated by what letter?

Question: The unaspirated bilabial stop is represented by what letter?
Aspirated_consonant

Voiced consonants are seldom actually aspirated. Symbols for voiced consonants followed by ⟨◌ʰ⟩, such as ⟨bʰ⟩, typically represent consonants with breathy voiced release (see below). In the grammatical tradition of Sanskrit, aspirated consonants are called voiceless aspirated, and breathy-voiced consonants are called voiced aspirated.

Question: What is not often aspirated?
Answer: Voiced consonants

Question: The symbol followed by bʰ would likely mean the consonant has what type of release?
Answer: breathy

Question: Voiced aspirated consonants are what type?
Answer: breathy-voiced

Question: Voiced symbols are seldom what?

Question: Symbols for voiceless consonants are typical in what language?

Question: Unaspirated consonants are called what?

Question: Symbols for voiced releases typically represent what?

Question: Breathy-voiced aspirated consonants are called what?
Aspirated_consonant

There are no dedicated IPA symbols for degrees of aspiration and typically only two degrees are marked: unaspirated ⟨k⟩ and aspirated ⟨kʰ⟩. An old symbol for light aspiration was ⟨ʻ⟩, but this is now obsolete. The aspiration modifier letter may be doubled to indicate especially strong or long aspiration. Hence, the two degrees of aspiration in Korean stops are sometimes transcribed ⟨kʰ kʰʰ⟩ or ⟨kʻ⟩ and ⟨kʰ⟩, but they are usually transcribed [k] and [kʰ], with the details of voice-onset time given numerically.

Question: There are no IPA symbols for what?
Answer: degrees of aspiration

Question: What may be doubled to indicate a long aspiration?
Answer: aspiration modifier

Question: What language, according to the text, may need double stops to indicate aspiration length?
Answer: Korean

Question: How are voice-onset time details usually presented?
Answer: numerically

Question: Which two IPA symbols are marked?

Question: The two degrees of aspiration in English stops are transcribed as what?

Question: The details of voice-onset symbols are given how?

Question: Which old letter for light aspiration is now obsolete?

Question: The aspiration modifier letter may be tripled to indicate what?
Aspirated_consonant

Preaspirated consonants are marked by placing the aspiration modifier letter before the consonant symbol: ⟨ʰp⟩ represents the preaspirated bilabial stop.

Question: A preaspirated consonant is marked how?
Answer: placing the aspiration modifier letter before the consonant symbol

Question: What represents a preaspirated bilabial stop?
Answer: ⟨ʰp⟩

Question: Preaspirated symbols are marked how?

Question: What represents the unaspirated bilabial stop?

Question: What represents the aspiration modifier letter?

Question: What represents the preaspirated bilabial start?

Question: Unaspirated consonants are marked how?
Aspirated_consonant

Unaspirated or tenuis consonants are occasionally marked with the modifier letter for unaspiration ⟨◌˭⟩, a superscript equal sign: ⟨t˭⟩. Usually, however, unaspirated consonants are left unmarked: ⟨t⟩.

Question: How are unaspirated or tenuis consonants sometimes marked for unaspiration?
Answer: with the modifier letter

Question: What is the superscript equal sign?
Answer: ⟨t˭⟩

Question: Most often, unaspirated consonants are what?
Answer: left unmarked

Question: How are unaspirated consonants left unmarked?
Answer: ⟨t⟩

Question: Aspirated or tenuis consonants are occasionally marked how?

Question: How are aspirated consonants marked?

Question: How are aspirated consonants usually left?

Question: What is occasionally marked with the modifier letter for aspiration?

Question: Unspirated or tenuis symbols are occasionally marked with which letter?
Aspirated_consonant

Voiceless consonants are produced with the vocal folds open (spread) and not vibrating, and voiced consonants are produced when the vocal folds are fractionally closed and vibrating (modal voice). Voiceless aspiration occurs when the vocal cords remain open after a consonant is released. An easy way to measure this is by noting the consonant's voice-onset time, as the voicing of a following vowel cannot begin until the vocal cords close.

Question: What is created when the vocal folds are spread and do not vibrate?
Answer: Voiceless consonants

Question: What is created when vocal folds are slightly closed and vibrate?
Answer: voiced consonants

Question: What is it called when a person's vocal cords stay open after a consonant?
Answer: Voiceless aspiration

Question: Voiced consonants are produced when what opens?

Question: How would you measure voiced aspiration?

Question: When the vocal folds are vibrating, what is produced?

Question: What can not begin until after the vocal cords open?

Question: What is produced when the vocal folds are open and vibrating?
Aspirated_consonant

Phonetically in some languages, such as Navajo, aspiration of stops tends to be realised as voiceless velar airflow; aspiration of affricates is realised as an extended length of the frication.

Question: Aspiration of stops is seen as voiceless velar airflow in some languages, such as what?
Answer: Navajo

Question: In Navajo, the aspiration of affricates can be seen as what?
Answer: an extended length of the frication

Question: What is realized as an extended length of the airflow?

Question: In what language does the unaspiration of stops tend to be realized as voiceless velar airflow?

Question: What is realized as voiced velar airflow?

Question: In what language does voiceless velar airflow not exist?

Question: Aspiration of airflow is realized as what?
Aspirated_consonant

Aspirated consonants are not always followed by vowels or other voiced sounds. For example, in Eastern Armenian, aspiration is contrastive even word-finally, and aspirated consonants occur in consonant clusters. In Wahgi, consonants are aspirated only in final position.

Question: In Eastern Armenian, aspirated consonants occur in what?
Answer: consonant clusters

Question: Where are consonants aspirated in just the final position?
Answer: Wahgi

Question: Unaspirated consonants are not always followed by what?

Question: In what language is unaspiration contrastive?

Question: In what language are consonants aspirated only in start position?

Question: What occurs in sound clusters?

Question: What is not always followed by vowels or unvoiced sounds?
Aspirated_consonant

Armenian and Cantonese have aspiration that lasts about as long as English aspirated stops, in addition to unaspirated stops. Korean has lightly aspirated stops that fall between the Armenian and Cantonese unaspirated and aspirated stops as well as strongly aspirated stops whose aspiration lasts longer than that of Armenian or Cantonese. (See voice-onset time.)

Question: As well as lasting as long as an English aspirated stop, the Armenian and Cantonese aspiration lasts as long as what?
Answer: unaspirated stops

Question: What languages have aspiration that lasts about as long as Korean aspirated stops?

Question: Whose aspiration lasts longer than that of Armenian or Korean?

Question: Whose stops are shorter than that of Armenian or Cantonese?

Question: Korean has what kind of unaspirated stops?

Question: Armenian unaspirated stops last longer than whose?
Aspirated_consonant

Aspiration varies with place of articulation. The Spanish voiceless stops /p t k/ have voice-onset times (VOTs) of about 5, 10, and 30 milliseconds, whereas English aspirated /p t k/ have VOTs of about 60, 70, and 80 ms. Voice-onset time in Korean has been measured at 20, 25, and 50 ms for /p t k/ and 90, 95, and 125 for /pʰ tʰ kʰ/.

Question: Aspiration alters with what?
Answer: place of articulation

Question: Voice-onset times in Armenian measure at 20, 25, and what?

Question: Unaspiration varies with what?

Question: Which language measures at 60, 70, and 50 ms?

Question: The Spanish voice-closing times are what?

Question: The Spanish voiced stops are?
Aspirated_consonant

When aspirated consonants are doubled or geminated, the stop is held longer and then has an aspirated release. An aspirated affricate consists of a stop, fricative, and aspirated release. A doubled aspirated affricate has a longer hold in the stop portion and then has a release consisting of the fricative and aspiration.

Question: What happens when an aspirated consonant is doubled or geminated?
Answer: the stop is held longer and then has an aspirated release.

Question: What is comprised of a stop, fricative, and aspirated release?
Answer: An aspirated affricate

Question: What happens when aspirated consonants are tripled or germinated?

Question: What has a release of the fricative and unaspiration?

Question: An unaspirated consonant consists of what?

Question: What consists of a stop, fricative, and unaspirated release?

Question: A tripled aspirated affricate has a longer what?
Aspirated_consonant

Icelandic and Faroese have preaspirated [ʰp ʰt ʰk]; some scholars interpret these as consonant clusters as well. In Icelandic, preaspirated stops contrast with double stops and single stops:

Question: What two languages mentioned have have preaspirated [ʰp ʰt ʰk]?
Answer: Icelandic and Faroese

Question: What do scholars say the preaspirated [ʰp ʰt ʰk] are too?
Answer: consonant clusters

Question: What do preaspirated stops contrast with in Icelandic?
Answer: double stops and single stops

Question: What stops contrast with triple and single stops?

Question: Icelandic and English have preaspirated what?

Question: Aspirated stops contrast with what?

Question: In Faroese, preaspirated stops contrast with what?

Question: Symbol clusters exists in which two languages?
Aspirated_consonant

Preaspirated stops also occur in most Sami languages; for example, in North Sami, the unvoiced stop and affricate phonemes /p/, /t/, /ts/, /tʃ/, /k/ are pronounced preaspirated ([ʰp], [ʰt] [ʰts], [ʰtʃ], [ʰk]) when they occur in medial or final position.

Question: The Sami tongue also has what?
Answer: Preaspirated stops

Question: Which Sami tongue has unvoiced stop and affricate phonemes pronounced preaspirated?
Answer: North Sami

Question: Unaspirated stops occur in which languages?

Question: What occurs in the medial or start position?

Question: The voiced stop and affricate phonemes occur in what position?

Question: What are pronounced unaspirated?

Question: In South Sami what are pronounced preaspirated?
Aspirated_consonant

Although most aspirated obstruents in the world's language are stops and affricates, aspirated fricatives such as [sʰ], [fʰ] or [ɕʰ] have been documented in Korean, in a few Tibeto-Burman languages, in some Oto-Manguean languages, and in the Siouan language Ofo. Some languages, such as Choni Tibetan, have up to four contrastive aspirated fricatives [sʰ] [ɕʰ], [ʂʰ] and [xʰ].

Question: How many contrastive aspirated fricatives does Choni Tibetan have?
Answer: up to four

Question: Unaspirated fricatives have been documented in which language?

Question: Which language has up to five contrastive aspirated fricatives?

Question: Most unaspirated obstruents are what?

Question: The Siouan language Ofo has how many contrastive aspirated fricatives?

Question: Choni Tibetan has how many unaspirated fricatives?
Aspirated_consonant

True aspirated voiced consonants, as opposed to murmured (breathy-voice) consonants such as the [bʱ], [dʱ], [ɡʱ] that are common in the languages of India, are extremely rare. They have been documented in Kelabit Taa, and the Kx'a languages. Reported aspirated voiced stops, affricates and clicks are [b͡pʰ, d͡tʰ, d͡tsʰ, d͡tʃʰ, ɡ͡kʰ, ɢ͡qʰ, ᶢʘʰ, ᶢǀʰ, ᶢǁʰ, ᶢǃʰ, ᶢǂʰ].

Question: Indian languages commonly have murmured consonants instead of what?
Answer: True aspirated voiced consonants

Question: True aspirated consonants are considered what?
Answer: rare

Question: True aspirated consonants have been found in Kelabit Taa and what else?
Answer: Kx'a languages

Question: Are truly unaspirated voiceless consonants common or rare?

Question: What is common in the language of English?

Question: Murmured consonants are uncommon in which language of which country?

Question: What has been documented in Kelabit Taa, and the Kx'a languages?

Question: True aspirated voice consonants are common in which country?
Aspirated_consonant

Aspiration has varying significance in different languages. It is either allophonic or phonemic, and may be analyzed as an underlying consonant cluster.

Question: What has a different significance in various languages?
Answer: Aspiration

Question: What two forms can aspiration be in?
Answer: allophonic or phonemic

Question: What may be analyzed as an underlying symbol cluster?

Question: Aspiration can differ in which two languages?

Question: Unaspiration has varying significance in what?

Question: What may be analyzed as an underlying phonemic cluster?

Question: What is either allophonic or a cluster?
Aspirated_consonant

In some languages, such as English, aspiration is allophonic. Stops are distinguished primarily by voicing, and voiceless stops are sometimes aspirated, while voiced stops are usually unaspirated.

Question: Aspiration is what, in English and some other languages?
Answer: allophonic

Question: How are stops distinguished?
Answer: voicing

Question: Voiceless stops are at times what?
Answer: aspirated

Question: Voiced stops are most often what?
Answer: unaspirated

Question: In what language in unaspiration allophonic?

Question: Voiceless languages are sometimes what?

Question: Symbols are distinguished primarily by what?

Question: Voiced breaths are usually what?

Question: What are sometimes allophonic?
Aspirated_consonant

They are unaspirated for almost all speakers when immediately following word-initial s, as in spill, still, skill. After an s elsewhere in a word they are normally unaspirated as well, except sometimes in compound words. When the consonants in a cluster like st are analyzed as belonging to different morphemes (heteromorphemic) the stop is aspirated, but when they are analyzed as belonging to one morpheme the stop is unaspirated.[citation needed] For instance, distend has unaspirated [t] since it is not analyzed as two morphemes, but distaste has an aspirated middle [tʰ] because it is analyzed as dis- + taste and the word taste has an aspirated initial t.

Question: When following a word such as spill, they are what for most speakers?
Answer: unaspirated

Question: If the letter s is a different place in the word, it is typical unaspirated unless the word is what?
Answer: compound words

Question: If there is a cluster such as st and it belongs to different morphemes, the stop is what?
Answer: aspirated

Question: If the st belongs to one morpheme, then the stop is what?
Answer: unaspirated

Question: What is unaspirated since it is not analyzed as three morphemes?

Question: What word-initial is aspirated for almost all speakers?

Question: When is the consonant unaspirated?

Question: Distaste has an unaspirated middle why?

Question: After a k elsewhere in a word they are normally what?
Aspirated_consonant

In many languages, such as Armenian, Korean, Thai, Indo-Aryan languages, Dravidian languages, Icelandic, Ancient Greek, and the varieties of Chinese, tenuis and aspirated consonants are phonemic. Unaspirated consonants like [p˭ s˭] and aspirated consonants like [pʰ ʰp sʰ] are separate phonemes, and words are distinguished by whether they have one or the other.

Question: In languages like Thai and Icelandic, tenuis and aspirated consonants are what?
Answer: phonemic

Question: [p˭ s˭] and [pʰ ʰp sʰ] are separate what?
Answer: phonemes

Question: In the Armenian language, tenuis and unaspirated stops are what?

Question: What makes up combined phonemes?

Question: Sentences are distinguished by what?

Question: In the English language, tenuis and aspirated consonants are what?

Question: An example of an unaspirated stop is?
Aspirated_consonant

In Danish and most southern varieties of German, the "lenis" consonants transcribed for historical reasons as ⟨b d ɡ⟩ are distinguished from their fortis counterparts ⟨p t k⟩, mainly in their lack of aspiration.

Question: How are lenis consonants distinguished from fortis consonants?
Answer: their lack of aspiration

Question: If the lenis are ⟨b d ɡ⟩, what are the fortis counterparts?
Answer: ⟨p t k⟩

Question: What is often transcribed for numerical reasons?

Question: In English, "lenis" consonants are know as what?

Question: The "lenis" consonants are distinguished from their modern counterparts by what?

Question: Fortis counterparts are known as what in the Spanish language?

Question: Fortis counterparts are translated as what in the Chinese language?
Aspirated_consonant

Standard Chinese (Mandarin) has stops and affricates distinguished by aspiration: for instance, /t tʰ/, /t͡s t͡sʰ/. In pinyin, tenuis stops are written with letters that represent voiced consonants in English, and aspirated stops with letters that represent voiceless consonants. Thus d represents /t/, and t represents /tʰ/.

Question: Mandarin has stops and affricates that are distinguished by what?
Answer: aspiration

Question: Tenuis stops have letters that are representative of English voiced consonant in what?
Answer: pinyin

Question: What kind of stops in pinyin are written with letters that representative of voiceless consonants?
Answer: aspirated stops

Question: The English language has stops and affricates distinguished by what?

Question: In pinyin, tenuis consonants are written how?

Question: In pinyin, unaspirated stops are written how?

Question: What is written with letter that represent voiced consonants?

Question: What represents d?
Aspirated_consonant

Wu Chinese has a three-way distinction in stops and affricates: /p pʰ b/. In addition to aspirated and unaspirated consonants, there is a series of muddy consonants, like /b/. These are pronounced with slack or breathy voice: that is, they are weakly voiced. Muddy consonants as initial cause a syllable to be pronounced with low pitch or light (陽 yáng) tone.

Question: What has a three-way distinction in regards to stops and affricates?
Answer: Wu Chinese

Question: What is the actual distinction for Wu Chinese?
Answer: /p pʰ b/

Question: What is /b/ representative of, in addition to aspirated and unaspirated consonants?
Answer: Muddy consonants

Question: What kind of voice are muddy consonants pronounced with?
Answer: slack or breathy

Question: Wu Chinese has a four-way distinction in what?

Question: What is strongly voiced?

Question: What causes a syllable to be pronounced with high pitch or light tone?

Question: What is an example of a breathy consonant?

Question: What causes a stop to be pronounced with low pitch or light tone?
Aspirated_consonant

Many Indo-Aryan languages have aspirated stops. Sanskrit, Hindi, Bengali, Marathi, and Gujarati have a four-way distinction in stops: voiceless, aspirated, voiced, and breathy-voiced or voiced aspirated, such as /p pʰ b bʱ/. Punjabi has lost breathy-voiced consonants, which resulted in a tone system, and therefore has a distinction between voiceless, aspirated, and voiced: /p pʰ b/.

Question: How many distinctions in stops do languages like Bengali and Hindi have?
Answer: four

Question: What is another term for voice-aspirated?
Answer: breathy-voiced

Question: Which distinction has Punjabi lost?
Answer: breathy-voiced consonants

Question: What languages have unaspirated stops?

Question: Sanskrit has a three-way distinction in what?

Question: What has gained breathy-voiced consonants?

Question: What happened to result in a toneless system?

Question: What is an example of a two-way distinction in stops?
Aspirated_consonant

Some of the Dravidian languages, such as Telugu, Tamil, Malayalam, and Kannada, have a distinction between voiced and voiceless, aspirated and unaspirated only in loanwords from Indo-Aryan languages. In native Dravidian words, there is no distinction between these categories and stops are underspecified for voicing and aspiration.

Question: Telegu, Kannada and others are considered to be some of the what languages?
Answer: Dravidian

Question: What has no distinction between the categories  of voiced, voiceless, aspirated and unaspirated?
Answer: native Dravidian words

Question: In native English words, there is no distinction between what?

Question: What is used only in loanwords from Spanish languages?

Question: What is underspecified for voicing and unaspiratoin?

Question: There are many category distinctions in what language?

Question: All of the Dravidian languages have a distinction between what?
Aspirated_consonant

Western Armenian has a two-way distinction between aspirated and voiced: /tʰ d/. Western Armenian aspirated /tʰ/ corresponds to Eastern Armenian aspirated /tʰ/ and voiced /d/, and Western voiced /d/ corresponds to Eastern voiceless /t/.

Question: What language has two-way distinctions between aspirated and voiced?
Answer: Western Armenian

Question: Western Armenian /tʰ/ compares to eastern Armenian /tʰ/ and what?
Answer: /d/

Question: The Western Armenian voiced /d/ compares to the Eastern Armenian voiceless what?
Answer: /t/

Question: Western Armenian has a three-way distinction between what?

Question: Western Armenian aspirated corresponds to Eastern American what?

Question: Western voiced /d/ corresponds to Eastern voiced what?

Question: Eastern Armenian has a two-way distinction between what?

Question: Western voiceless /d/ corresponds to what?
Aspirated_consonant

Some forms of Greek before the Koine Greek period are reconstructed as having aspirated stops. The Classical Attic dialect of Ancient Greek had a three-way distinction in stops like Eastern Armenian: /t tʰ d/. These stops were called ψιλά, δασέα, μέσα "thin, thick, middle" by Koine Greek grammarians.

Question: Early Greek (before Koine) have been redone with what?
Answer: aspirated stops.

Question: What Greek dialect had three-way stop distinction like Eastern Armenian?
Answer: Classical Attic

Question: Who referred to the Classical Attic dialect stops by the three distinctions?
Answer: Greek grammarians

Question: A two-way distinction in stops was called what?

Question: Some forms of English are reconstructed as what?

Question: Which Armenian language had a two-way distinction in stops?

Question: The Classical Arctic dialect belonged to which country?

Question: Which languages are reconstructed as having unaspirated stops?
Aspirated_consonant

There were aspirated stops at three places of articulation: labial, coronal, and velar /pʰ tʰ kʰ/. Earlier Greek, represented by Mycenaean Greek, likely had a labialized velar aspirated stop /kʷʰ/, which later became labial, coronal, or velar depending on dialect and phonetic environment.

Question: What is the representation for the three places of articulation?
Answer: /pʰ tʰ kʰ/

Question: Earlier Greek was represented by what?
Answer: Mycenaean Greek

Question: Whether a stop was labial, coronal or velar depended on what two things?
Answer: dialect and phonetic environment

Question: Unaspirated stops were at which three places of articulation?

Question: Early Greece was represented by what?

Question: What likely had a velar unaspirated stop?

Question: The three places of articulation are the labial, cortical and what?

Question: The labialized velar unaspirated stop is represented by what?
Aspirated_consonant

The other Ancient Greek dialects, Ionic, Doric, Aeolic, and Arcadocypriot, likely had the same three-way distinction at one point, but Doric seems to have had a fricative in place of /tʰ/ in the Classical period, and the Ionic and Aeolic dialects sometimes lost aspiration (psilosis).

Question: Dialects such as Aeolic and Doric had how many distinctions that were the same at one point in time?
Answer: three

Question: Which two dialects lost aspiration at times?
Answer: Ionic and Aeolic

Question: Rather than /tʰ/, what did the Doric dialect have in place during the Classical period?
Answer: fricative

Question: What ancient dialects had the same two-way distinction at one point?

Question: What dialect had a fricative in the Modern period?

Question: Which four dialects sometimes lost aspiration?

Question: Which two dialects sometime gained aspiration?

Question: What was gained aspiration called?
Aspirated_consonant

Later, during the Koine Greek period, the aspirated and voiceless stops /tʰ d/ of Attic Greek lenited to voiceless and voiced fricatives, yielding /θ ð/ in Medieval and Modern Greek.

Question: Attic Greek lenited to what?
Answer: voiceless and voiced fricatives

Question: The lenited Attic Greek yielded /θ ð/ in what periods?
Answer: Medieval and Modern Greek

Question: Arctic Greek yielded what other versions of the Greek language?

Question: During what period did unaspirated and voiceless stops lenited to voiceless and voiced fricatives?

Question: What represents unaspirated and voiceless stops?

Question: Arctic Greek lenited to what?
Aspirated_consonant

The term aspiration sometimes refers to the sound change of debuccalization, in which a consonant is lenited (weakened) to become a glottal stop or fricative [ʔ h ɦ].

Question: Aspiration may refer to a sound change of what?
Answer: debuccalization

Question: Debuccalization is when consonants are weakened to become what?
Answer: glottal stop or fricative

Question: What is another term for a consonant being weakened?
Answer: lenited

Question: The term unaspiration sometimes refers to what?

Question: When is a consonant strengthened to become a glottal stop or fricative?

Question: What is sometime referred to as the vocal change of debuccalization?

Question: What sometimes becomes a global stop or fricative?

Question: When a sound is lenited it becomes what?
Aspirated_consonant

So-called voiced aspirated consonants are nearly always pronounced instead with breathy voice, a type of phonation or vibration of the vocal folds. The modifier letter ⟨◌ʰ⟩ after a voiced consonant actually represents a breathy-voiced or murmured dental stop, as with the "voiced aspirated" bilabial stop ⟨bʰ⟩ in the Indo-Aryan languages. This consonant is therefore more accurately transcribed as ⟨b̤⟩, with the diacritic for breathy voice, or with the modifier letter ⟨bʱ⟩, a superscript form of the symbol for the voiced glottal fricative ⟨ɦ⟩.

Question: What is breathy voice?
Answer: a type of phonation or vibration of the vocal folds

Question: The ⟨bʰ⟩ in the Indo-Aryan languages is better transcribed how for breathy voice?
Answer: ⟨b̤⟩, with the diacritic

Question: What is the superscript form of the symbol for the voiceless glottal fricative?

Question: Unaspirated consonants are nearly always pronouced how?

Question: What causes a murmured vibration of the vocal cords?

Question: What represents a strong voiced or breathy dental stop?

Question: What represents the "voice aspirated" bilabial stop in the English language?
Aspirated_consonant

Some linguists restrict the double-dot subscript ⟨◌̤⟩ to murmured sonorants, such as vowels and nasals, which are murmured throughout their duration, and use the superscript hook-aitch ⟨◌ʱ⟩ for the breathy-voiced release of obstruents.

Question: What do some linguists restrict the double-dot subscript ⟨◌̤⟩ to?
Answer: murmured sonorants

Question: What are, according to the text, murmured for their duration?
Answer: vowels and nasals

Question: What uses the ⟨◌ʱ⟩?
Answer: breathy-voiced release of obstruents.

Question: Some linguists restrict what to loud sonorants?

Question: What are murmured thought part of their duration?

Question: What represents the double-dot hook-aitch?

Question: What is used for the loud-voiced release of obstruents?

Question: All linguists restrict the double-dot subscript to what?
Space_Race

The Space Race was a 20th-century competition between two Cold War rivals, the Soviet Union (USSR) and the United States (US), for supremacy in spaceflight capability. It had its origins in the missile-based nuclear arms race between the two nations that occurred following World War II, enabled by captured German rocket technology and personnel. The technological superiority required for such supremacy was seen as necessary for national security, and symbolic of ideological superiority. The Space Race spawned pioneering efforts to launch artificial satellites, unmanned space probes of the Moon, Venus, and Mars, and human spaceflight in low Earth orbit and to the Moon. The competition began on August 2, 1955, when the Soviet Union responded to the US announcement four days earlier of intent to launch artificial satellites for the International Geophysical Year, by declaring they would also launch a satellite "in the near future". The Soviet Union beat the US to this, with the October 4, 1957 orbiting of Sputnik 1, and later beat the US to the first human in space, Yuri Gagarin, on April 12, 1961. The Space Race peaked with the July 20, 1969 US landing of the first humans on the Moon with Apollo 11. The USSR tried but failed manned lunar missions, and eventually cancelled them and concentrated on Earth orbital space stations. A period of détente followed with the April 1972 agreement on a co-operative Apollo–Soyuz Test Project, resulting in the July 1975 rendezvous in Earth orbit of a US astronaut crew with a Soviet cosmonaut crew.

Question: On what date did the Space Race begin?
Answer: August 2, 1955

Question: Sputnik 1 started orbiting on what date?
Answer: October 4, 1957

Question: Who was the first person in space?
Answer: Yuri Gagarin

Question: What was the date that the first human reached space?
Answer: April 12, 1961
Space_Race

The Space Race can trace its origins to Germany, beginning in the 1930s and continuing during World War II when Nazi Germany researched and built operational ballistic missiles. Starting in the early 1930s, during the last stages of the Weimar Republic, German aerospace engineers experimented with liquid-fueled rockets, with the goal that one day they would be capable of reaching high altitudes and traversing long distances. The head of the German Army's Ballistics and Munitions Branch, Lieutenant Colonel Karl Emil Becker, gathered a small team of engineers that included Walter Dornberger and Leo Zanssen, to figure out how to use rockets as long-range artillery in order to get around the Treaty of Versailles' ban on research and development of long-range cannons. Wernher von Braun, a young engineering prodigy, was recruited by Becker and Dornberger to join their secret army program at Kummersdorf-West in 1932. Von Braun had dreams about conquering outer space with rockets, and did not initially see the military value in missile technology.

Question: Which war in history did the Space Race begin to take root?
Answer: World War II

Question: A secretive army installation began in Kummersdorf-West in what year?
Answer: 1932
Space_Race

During the Second World War, General Dornberger was the military head of the army's rocket program, Zanssen became the commandant of the Peenemünde army rocket centre, and von Braun was the technical director of the ballistic missile program. They would lead the team that built the Aggregate-4 (A-4) rocket, which became the first vehicle to reach outer space during its test flight program in 1942 and 1943. By 1943, Germany began mass-producing the A-4 as the Vergeltungswaffe 2 ("Vengeance Weapon" 2, or more commonly, V2), a ballistic missile with a 320 kilometers (200 mi) range carrying a 1,130 kilograms (2,490 lb) warhead at 4,000 kilometers per hour (2,500 mph). Its supersonic speed meant there was no defense against it, and radar detection provided little warning. Germany used the weapon to bombard southern England and parts of Allied-liberated western Europe from 1944 until 1945. After the war, the V-2 became the basis of early American and Soviet rocket designs.

Question: During WWII, who was in charge of the German army's rocket program?
Answer: General Dornberger

Question: What was the first object to enter space?
Answer: Aggregate-4 (A-4) rocket

Question: When did the Aggregate-4 (A-4) rocket reach space?
Answer: 1942 and 1943
Space_Race

At war's end, American, British, and Soviet scientific intelligence teams competed to capture Germany's rocket engineers along with the German rockets themselves and the designs on which they were based. Each of the Allies captured a share of the available members of the German rocket team, but the United States benefited the most with Operation Paperclip, recruiting von Braun and most of his engineering team, who later helped develop the American missile and space exploration programs. The United States also acquired a large number of complete V2 rockets.

Question: What military operation allowed the US to recruit the German engineer, Von Braun?
Answer: Operation Paperclip

Question: The US had captured what type of missiles during Operation Paperclip?
Answer: V2 rockets
Space_Race

The German rocket center in Peenemünde was located in the eastern part of Germany, which became the Soviet zone of occupation. On Stalin's orders, the Soviet Union sent its best rocket engineers to this region to see what they could salvage for future weapons systems. The Soviet rocket engineers were led by Sergei Korolev. He had been involved in space clubs and early Soviet rocket design in the 1930s, but was arrested in 1938 during Joseph Stalin's Great Purge and imprisoned for six years in Siberia. After the war, he became the USSR's chief rocket and spacecraft engineer, essentially the Soviet counterpart to von Braun. His identity was kept a state secret throughout the Cold War, and he was identified publicly only as "the Chief Designer." In the West, his name was only officially revealed when he died in 1966.

Question: The German rocket center was located in what city?
Answer: Peenemünde

Question: Who was in charge of the Soviet rocket engineer team that went into Germany?
Answer: Sergei Korolev

Question: What year was Sergei Korolev arrested?
Answer: 1938

Question: Sergei Korolev died in what year?
Answer: 1966

Question: After the war, Sergei Korolev was known under what title?
Answer: USSR's chief rocket and spacecraft engineer
Space_Race

The American professor Robert H. Goddard had worked on developing solid-fuel rockets since 1914, and demonstrated a light battlefield rocket to the US Army Signal Corps only five days before the signing of the armistice that ended World War I. He also started developing liquid-fueled rockets in 1921; yet he had not been taken seriously by the public, and was not sponsored by the government as part of the post-WW II rocket development effort. Von Braun, himself inspired by Goddard's work, was bemused by this when debriefed by his American handlers, asking them, "Why didn't you just ask Dr. Goddard?"[citation needed]

Question: What professor began working on solid-fuel rockets since 1914?
Answer: Robert H. Goddard

Question: Liquid-fueled rockets were developed in what year?
Answer: 1921
Space_Race

Von Braun and his team were sent to the United States Army's White Sands Proving Ground, located in New Mexico, in 1945. They set about assembling the captured V2s and began a program of launching them and instructing American engineers in their operation. These tests led to the first rocket to take photos from outer space, and the first two-stage rocket, the WAC Corporal-V2 combination, in 1949. The German rocket team was moved from Fort Bliss to the Army's new Redstone Arsenal, located in Huntsville, Alabama, in 1950. From here, von Braun and his team would develop the Army's first operational medium-range ballistic missile, the Redstone rocket, that would, in slightly modified versions, launch both America's first satellite, and the first piloted Mercury space missions. It became the basis for both the Jupiter and Saturn family of rockets.

Question: The  United States Army's White Sands Proving Ground is located where?
Answer: New Mexico

Question: Von Braun and his associates were sent to  United States Army's White Sands Proving Ground in what year?
Answer: 1945

Question: The first two-stage rocket was developed in what year?
Answer: 1949

Question: The Army's new Redstone Arsenal is located in what city and state?
Answer: Huntsville, Alabama

Question: What year was the German rocket team moved to Alabama?
Answer: 1950