Divyanshu67/squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
Red

After the Communist Party of China took power in 1949, the flag of China became a red flag with a large star symbolizing the Communist Party, and smaller stars symbolizing workers, peasants, the urban middle class and rural middle class. The flag of the Communist Party of China became a red banner with a hammer and sickle, similar to that on the Soviet flag. In the 1950s and 1960s, other Communist regimes such as Vietnam and Laos also adopted red flags. Some Communist countries, such as Cuba, chose to keep their old flags; and other countries used red flags which had nothing to do with Communism or socialism; the red flag of Nepal, for instance, represents the national flower.

Question: What did the biggest star on the flag of China in 1949 represent?
Answer: the Communist Party

Question: In the mid 20th century the flag of Laos was primarily what color?
Answer: red

Question: What does the red color in the Nepalese flag represent?
Answer: the national flower

Question: In what year during the 20th century did the Chinese flag become red?
Answer: 1949

Question: Which group gained power in China in 1949?
Answer: the Communist Party of China

Question: Who took power in China in 1994?

Question: What flag symbolizing China was displayed in 1949?

Question: What happened in 1950?

Question: What country decided to keep their old flag in 1960?
Egypt

The Ptolemaic Kingdom was a powerful Hellenistic state, extending from southern Syria in the east, to Cyrene to the west, and south to the frontier with Nubia. Alexandria became the capital city and a centre of Greek culture and trade. To gain recognition by the native Egyptian populace, they named themselves as the successors to the Pharaohs. The later Ptolemies took on Egyptian traditions, had themselves portrayed on public monuments in Egyptian style and dress, and participated in Egyptian religious life.

Question: What were the reaches of the Ptolemaic Kingdom?
Answer: Syria in the east, to Cyrene to the west, and south to the frontier with Nubia

Question: What was the capital in the Prolemaic Kingdom?
Answer: Alexandria

Question: What were leaders known as during Ptolemaic Kingdom?
Answer: Pharaohs

Question: What religious life was the Ptolemaic Kingdom?
Answer: Egyptian
Egypt

The Suez Canal, built in partnership with the French, was completed in 1869. Its construction led to enormous debt to European banks, and caused popular discontent because of the onerous taxation it required. In 1875 Ismail was forced to sell Egypt's share in the canal to the British Government. Within three years this led to the imposition of British and French controllers who sat in the Egyptian cabinet, and, "with the financial power of the bondholders behind them, were the real power in the Government."

Question: Who partnered with Egypt to build Suez Canal?
Answer: French

Question: In what year did Egypt sell its portion of Suez Canal?
Answer: 1875

Question: To whom did Egypt sell its interest in Suez Canal?
Answer: British Government

Question: Who sold Egypt's portion of Suez?
Answer: Ismail
Egypt

In mid May 1967, the Soviet Union issued warnings to Nasser of an impending Israeli attack on Syria. Although the chief of staff Mohamed Fawzi verified them as "baseless", Nasser took three successive steps that made the war virtually inevitable: On 14 May he deployed his troops in Sinai near the border with Israel, on 19 May he expelled the UN peacekeepers stationed in the Sinai Peninsula border with Israel, and on 23 May he closed the Straits of Tiran to Israeli shipping. On 26 May Nasser declared, "The battle will be a general one and our basic objective will be to destroy Israel".

Question: Who warned of impending Israeli attack on Syria in May 1967?
Answer: Soviet Union i

Question: Who found the claims of Israeli attack baseless?
Answer: Mohamed Fawzi

Question: How many steps did Nasser take in preparation for war?
Answer: three successive steps

Question: On what day did Nasser state "The battle will be a general one and our basic objective will be to destroy Israel?"
Answer: 23 May
Egypt

In 1975, Sadat shifted Nasser's economic policies and sought to use his popularity to reduce government regulations and encourage foreign investment through his program of Infitah. Through this policy, incentives such as reduced taxes and import tariffs attracted some investors, but investments were mainly directed at low risk and profitable ventures like tourism and construction, abandoning Egypt's infant industries. Even though Sadat's policy was intended to modernise Egypt and assist the middle class, it mainly benefited the higher class, and, because of the elimination of subsidies on basic foodstuffs, led to the 1977 Egyptian Bread Riots.

Question: What was encouraged through Infitah?
Answer: foreign investment

Question: What tools did Infitah use to attract investment?
Answer: reduced taxes and import tariffs

Question: What occured in 1977?
Answer: Egyptian Bread Riots.

Question: What was largely ignored and upset many of Sadat's polidy?
Answer: elimination of subsidies on basic foodstuffs
Egypt

Constitutional changes voted on 19 March 2007 prohibited parties from using religion as a basis for political activity, allowed the drafting of a new anti-terrorism law, authorised broad police powers of arrest and surveillance, and gave the president power to dissolve parliament and end judicial election monitoring. In 2009, Dr. Ali El Deen Hilal Dessouki, Media Secretary of the National Democratic Party (NDP), described Egypt as a "pharaonic" political system, and democracy as a "long-term goal". Dessouki also stated that "the real center of power in Egypt is the military".

Question: What did constitutional changes in 2007 prohibit?
Answer: parties from using religion as a basis for political activity

Question: What was the long term goal for Egypt?
Answer: democracy

Question: What presidential powers were included in 2007 law changes?
Answer: power to dissolve parliament and end judicial election monitoring

Question: What was Dr. Ali El Deen Hilal Dessouki's position?
Answer: Media Secretary of the National Democratic Party
Egypt

The House of Representatives, whose members are elected to serve five-year terms, specialises in legislation. Elections were last held between November 2011 and January 2012 which was later dissolved. The next parliamentary election will be held within 6 months of the constitution's ratification on 18 January 2014. Originally, the parliament was to be formed before the president was elected, but interim president Adly Mansour pushed the date. The Egyptian presidential election, 2014, took place on 26–28 May 2014. Official figures showed a turnout of 25,578,233 or 47.5%, with Abdel Fattah el-Sisi winning with 23.78 million votes, or 96.91% compared to 757,511 (3.09%) for Hamdeen Sabahi.

Question: What branch of government are the House of Representatives focused on?
Answer: legislation

Question: What tems do House of Representatives serve?
Answer: five-year terms

Question: What percent of votes did el-Sisi get? 
Answer: 96.91%

Question: Who came in second place in election for Egypt president to es-Sisi?
Answer: Hamdeen Sabahi
Egypt

Egypt actively practices capital punishment. Egypt's authorities do not release figures on death sentences and executions, despite repeated requests over the years by human rights organisations. The United Nations human rights office and various NGOs expressed "deep alarm" after an Egyptian Minya Criminal Court sentenced 529 people to death in a single hearing on 25 March 2014. Sentenced supporters of former President Mohamed Morsi will be executed for their alleged role in violence following his ousting in July 2013. The judgment was condemned as a violation of international law. By May 2014, approximately 16,000 people (and as high as more than 40,000 by one independent count), mostly Brotherhood members or supporters, have been imprisoned after the coup  after the Muslim Brotherhood was labelled as terrorist organisation by the post-coup interim Egyptian government.

Question: what controversial practice does Egypt actively administer as punishment?
Answer: capital punishment

Question: In March 2014 what number of people were sentenced to death in a single hearing?
Answer: 529

Question: What was Muslim Brotherhood labelled post coup?
Answer: terrorist organisation

Question: What former president's supporters are set to be executed?
Answer: Mohamed Morsi
Egypt

Egypt has a developed energy market based on coal, oil, natural gas, and hydro power. Substantial coal deposits in the northeast Sinai are mined at the rate of about 600,000 tonnes (590,000 long tons; 660,000 short tons) per year. Oil and gas are produced in the western desert regions, the Gulf of Suez, and the Nile Delta. Egypt has huge reserves of gas, estimated at 2,180 cubic kilometres (520 cu mi), and LNG up to 2012 exported to many countries. In 2013, the Egyptian General Petroleum Co (EGPC) said the country will cut exports of natural gas and tell major industries to slow output this summer to avoid an energy crisis and stave off political unrest, Reuters has reported. Egypt is counting on top liquid natural gas (LNG) exporter Qatar to obtain additional gas volumes in summer, while encouraging factories to plan their annual maintenance for those months of peak demand, said EGPC chairman, Tarek El Barkatawy. Egypt produces its own energy, but has been a net oil importer since 2008 and is rapidly becoming a net importer of natural gas.

Question: What is Egypts energy market based upon?
Answer: coal, oil, natural gas, and hydro power

Question: How much coal is mine yearly in northeast Sinai?
Answer: 600,000 tonnes

Question: Is Egypt able to sustain just from its own energy production?
Answer: has been a net oil importer since 2008

Question: What efforts were made in 2013 to maintain sustainability?
Answer: cut exports of natural gas and tell major industries to slow output this summer to avoid an energy crisis
Egypt

Egypt has a wide range of beaches situated on the Mediterranean and the Red Sea that extend to over 3,000 km. The Red Sea has serene waters, coloured coral reefs, rare fish and beautiful mountains. The Akba Gulf beaches also provide facilities for practising sea sports. Safaga tops the Red Sea zone with its beautiful location on the Suez Gulf. Last but not least, Sharm el-Sheikh (or City of Peace), Hurghada, Luxor (known as world's greatest open-air museum/ or City of the ⅓ of world monuments), Dahab, Ras Sidr, Marsa Alam, Safaga and the northern coast of the Mediterranean are major tourist's destinations of the recreational tourism.

Question: Where are Egyptian beaches situated?
Answer: Mediterranean and the Red Sea

Question: How far do Egyptian beaches extend?
Answer: 3,000 km

Question: What locations on Egypt's northern coast are major tourist destinations for recreational tourism?
Answer: Dahab, Ras Sidr, Marsa Alam, Safaga

Question: What Egypt located body of water is known for its serenity?
Answer: Red Sea
Egypt

Egypt also hosts an unknown number of refugees and asylum seekers, estimated to be between 500,000 and 3 million. There are some 70,000 Palestinian refugees, and about 150,000 recently arrived Iraqi refugees, but the number of the largest group, the Sudanese, is contested.[nb 1] The once-vibrant and ancient Greek and Jewish communities in Egypt have almost disappeared, with only a small number remaining in the country, but many Egyptian Jews visit on religious or other occasions and tourism. Several important Jewish archaeological and historical sites are found in Cairo, Alexandria and other cities.

Question: Approximately how many rufugees and asylum seekers are in Egypt?
Answer: between 500,000 and 3 million

Question: How may Palestinian refugees are in Egypt?
Answer: 70,000

Question: How many recent Iraqi refugees are in Egypt?
Answer: 150,000

Question: What cities house several important Jewish archaelogical sites?
Answer: Cairo, Alexandria and other cities
Egypt

Egyptian cinema became a regional force with the coming of sound. In 1936, Studio Misr, financed by industrialist Talaat Harb, emerged as the leading Egyptian studio, a role the company retained for three decades. For over 100 years, more than 4000 films have been produced in Egypt, three quarters of the total Arab production.[citation needed] Egypt is considered the leading country in the field of cinema in the Middle East. Actors from all over the Arab World seek to appear in the Egyptian cinema for the sake of fame. The Cairo International Film Festival has been rated as one of 11 festivals with a top class rating worldwide by the International Federation of Film Producers' Associations.

Question: In what year was Studio Misr founded?
Answer: 1936

Question: Who financed Studio Misr?
Answer: Talaat Harb

Question: In more that 100 years how many films have been produced in Egypt?
Answer: 4000 films

Question: What share of Arab productions have come from Egypt?
Answer: three quarters
Egypt

Egypt has one of the oldest civilisations in the world. It has been in contact with many other civilisations and nations and has been through so many eras, starting from prehistoric age to the modern age, passing through so many ages such as; Pharonic, Roman, Greek, Islamic and many other ages. Because of this wide variation of ages, the continuous contact with other nations and the big number of conflicts Egypt had been through, at least 60 museums may be found in Egypt, mainly covering a wide area of these ages and conflicts.

Question: What is the oldest era in Egypt?
Answer: prehistoric

Question: What are some examples of Ages in Egypt?
Answer: Pharonic, Roman, Greek, Islamic

Question: How many museums are found in Egypt?
Answer: at least 60
Egypt

Some consider koshari (a mixture of rice, lentils, and macaroni) to be the national dish. Fried onions can be also added to koshari. In addition, ful medames (mashed fava beans) is one of the most popular dishes. Fava bean is also used in making falafel (also known as "ta'meyya"), which may have originated in Egypt and spread to other parts of the Middle East. Garlic fried with coriander is added to mulukhiyya, a popular green soup made from finely chopped jute leaves, sometimes with chicken or rabbit.

Question: What is koshari?
Answer: mixture of rice, lentils, and macaroni

Question: What can be added to koshari?
Answer: Fried onions

Question: What beans are used to make falafel?
Answer: Fava bean

Question: What is a polular green soup of Egypt?
Answer: mulukhiyya
Mosaic

Mosaic has a long history, starting in Mesopotamia in the 3rd millennium BC. Pebble mosaics were made in Tiryns in Mycenean Greece; mosaics with patterns and pictures became widespread in classical times, both in Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome. Early Christian basilicas from the 4th century onwards were decorated with wall and ceiling mosaics. Mosaic art flourished in the Byzantine Empire from the 6th to the 15th centuries; that tradition was adopted by the Norman kingdom in Sicily in the 12th century, by eastern-influenced Venice, and among the Rus in Ukraine. Mosaic fell out of fashion in the Renaissance, though artists like Raphael continued to practise the old technique. Roman and Byzantine influence led Jews to decorate 5th and 6th century synagogues in the Middle East with floor mosaics.

Question: What millennium did Mosaic start?
Answer: the 3rd millennium BC

Question: What kind of mosaic were made in Tiryns?
Answer: Pebble mosaics

Question: Who besides the Romans did the Jewish people get influenced by?
Answer: Byzantine

Question: The Norman kingdomwas in what italian city state?
Answer: Sicily

Question: When did mosaic fall out of fashion?
Answer: the Renaissance
Mosaic

There were two main techniques in Greco-Roman mosaic: opus vermiculatum used tiny tesserae, typically cubes of 4 millimeters or less, and was produced in workshops in relatively small panels which were transported to the site glued to some temporary support. The tiny tesserae allowed very fine detail, and an approach to the illusionism of painting. Often small panels called emblemata were inserted into walls or as the highlights of larger floor-mosaics in coarser work. The normal technique was opus tessellatum, using larger tesserae, which was laid on site. There was a distinct native Italian style using black on a white background, which was no doubt cheaper than fully coloured work.

Question: What type of mosaic uses small tesserae?
Answer: opus vermiculatum

Question: What was the benefit of using small pieces to create a mosaic?
Answer: very fine detail

Question: What were small panel mosaics known as?
Answer: emblemata

Question: What was the name of the mosaic technique that used larger tesserae?
Answer: opus tessellatum

Question: Why were black and white pieces used in most italian mosaics?
Answer: cheaper than fully coloured work
Mosaic

In 1913 the Zliten mosaic, a Roman mosaic famous for its many scenes from gladiatorial contests, hunting and everyday life, was discovered in the Libyan town of Zliten. In 2000 archaeologists working in Leptis Magna, Libya, uncovered a 30 ft length of five colorful mosaics created during the 1st or 2nd century AD. The mosaics show a warrior in combat with a deer, four young men wrestling a wild bull to the ground, and a gladiator resting in a state of fatigue, staring at his slain opponent. The mosaics decorated the walls of a cold plunge pool in a bath house within a Roman villa. The gladiator mosaic is noted by scholars as one of the finest examples of mosaic art ever seen — a "masterpiece comparable in quality with the Alexander Mosaic in Pompeii."

Question: What scenes are depicted on the Zliten mosaic?
Answer: gladiatorial contests

Question: When was the Zliten mosaic discovered?
Answer: 1913

Question: The mosaics uncovered in Libya were from which century?
Answer: 1st or 2nd century AD

Question: How long was the mural discovered in Libya?
Answer: 30 ft

Question: The gladiator mosaic is on par with the Alexander mosaic in which city?
Answer: Pompeii
Mosaic

The mosaic pavement of the Vrina Plain basilica of Butrint, Albania appear to pre-date that of the Baptistery by almost a generation, dating to the last quarter of the 5th or the first years of the 6th century. The mosaic displays a variety of motifs including sea-creatures, birds, terrestrial beasts, fruits, flowers, trees and abstracts – designed to depict a terrestrial paradise of God’s creation. Superimposed on this scheme are two large tablets, tabulae ansatae, carrying inscriptions. A variety of fish, a crab, a lobster, shrimps, mushrooms, flowers, a stag and two cruciform designs surround the smaller of the two inscriptions, which reads: In fulfilment of the vow (prayer) of those whose names God knows. This anonymous dedicatory inscription is a public demonstration of the benefactors’ humility and an acknowledgement of God’s omniscience.

Question: The floor mosaic in Butrint is how much older than that of the Baptistry?
Answer: almost a generation

Question: In what country is Butrint?
Answer: Albania

Question: What type of message was left on the mosaics at Butrint?
Answer: prayer

Question: What was the mosaic at Butrint designed to portray?
Answer: a terrestrial paradise

Question: The Vrina Plain basilica is in which city?
Answer: Butrint
Mosaic

In the 7th–9th centuries Rome fell under the influence of Byzantine art, noticeable on the mosaics of Santa Prassede, Santa Maria in Domnica, Sant'Agnese fuori le Mura, Santa Cecilia in Trastevere, Santi Nereo e Achilleo and the San Venanzio chapel of San Giovanni in Laterano. The great dining hall of Pope Leo III in the Lateran Palace was also decorated with mosaics. They were all destroyed later except for one example, the so-called Triclinio Leoniano of which a copy was made in the 18th century. Another great work of Pope Leo, the apse mosaic of Santa Susanna, depicted Christ with the Pope and Charlemagne on one side, and SS. Susanna and Felicity on the other. It was plastered over during a renovation in 1585. Pope Paschal I (817–824) embellished the church of Santo Stefano del Cacco with an apsidal mosaic which depicted the pope with a model of the church (destroyed in 1607).

Question: During which centuries did ROme fall under the influence of Byzantine art?
Answer: the 7th–9th centuries

Question: The lateran Palace was decorated with what?
Answer: mosaics

Question: What do most mosaics from the 7th-9th centuries have in common?
Answer: They were all destroyed later

Question: When was the mosaic at the church of Santo Stefano del Cacco destroyed?
Answer: 1607

Question: Which mosaic survived through the 9th century, and then had a copy made in the 18th?
Answer: Triclinio Leoniano
Mosaic

Very few early Byzantine mosaics survived the Iconoclastic destruction of the 8th century. Among the rare examples are the 6th-century Christ in majesty (or Ezekiel's Vision) mosaic in the apse of the Church of Hosios David in Thessaloniki that was hidden behind mortar during those dangerous times. Nine mosaic panels in the Hagios Demetrios Church, which were made between 634 and 730, also escaped destruction. Unusually almost all represent Saint Demetrius of Thessaloniki, often with suppliants before him.

Question: How many Byzantine mosaics survived past the 8th century?
Answer: Very few

Question: The mosaic in the church in Thessaloniki is know as what?
Answer: Christ in majesty (or Ezekiel's Vision)

Question: Why was Christ in majesty protected from the iconoclastic destruction?
Answer: hidden behind mortar

Question: When were the panels in the Hagios Demetrios Church created?
Answer: between 634 and 730

Question: What is common about the surviving mosaics from the 7th-9th centuries?
Answer: almost all represent Saint Demetrius
Mosaic

In the Iconoclastic era, figural mosaics were also condemned as idolatry. The Iconoclastic churches were embellished with plain gold mosaics with only one great cross in the apse like the Hagia Irene in Constantinople (after 740). There were similar crosses in the apses of the Hagia Sophia Church in Thessaloniki and in the Church of the Dormition in Nicaea. The crosses were substituted with the image of the Theotokos in both churches after the victory of the Iconodules (787–797 and in 8th–9th centuries respectively, the Dormition church was totally destroyed in 1922).

Question: Why were mosaics destroyed in the iconoclastic era?
Answer: condemned as idolatry

Question: What was the common mosaic theme of iconoclastic churches?
Answer: gold mosaics with only one great cross

Question: When did the Iconodules  change the cross in the Hagia Sophia?
Answer: 787–797

Question: When was the Dormition church destroyed? 
Answer: 1922

Question: When did the Hagia Irene adapt the iconoclastic era mosaics?
Answer: after 740
Mosaic

Another great undertaking by Constantine Monomachos was the restoration of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem between 1042 and 1048. Nothing survived of the mosaics which covered the walls and the dome of the edifice but the Russian abbot Daniel, who visited Jerusalem in 1106–1107 left a description: "Lively mosaics of the holy prophets are under the ceiling, over the tribune. The altar is surmounted by a mosaic image of Christ. In the main altar one can see the mosaic of the Exhaltation of Adam. In the apse the Ascension of Christ. The Annunciation occupies the two pillars next to the altar."

Question: Who restored the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in the 1040's?
Answer: Constantine Monomachos

Question: What survives of the mosaics that adorned the walls and dome of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre?
Answer: Nothing

Question: Who left the only description of the mosaics at the Church of the Holy Sepulchre?
Answer: the Russian abbot Daniel

Question: Where did the Russian abbot Daniel travel in 1106-07?
Answer: Jerusalem
Mosaic

The 9th- and 10th-century mosaics of the Hagia Sophia in Constantinople are truly classical Byzantine artworks. The north and south tympana beneath the dome was decorated with figures of prophets, saints and patriarchs. Above the principal door from the narthex we can see an Emperor kneeling before Christ (late 9th or early 10th century). Above the door from the southwest vestibule to the narthex another mosaic shows the Theotokos with Justinian and Constantine. Justinian I is offering the model of the church to Mary while Constantine is holding a model of the city in his hand. Both emperors are beardless – this is an example for conscious archaization as contemporary Byzantine rulers were bearded. A mosaic panel on the gallery shows Christ with Constantine Monomachos and Empress Zoe (1042–1055). The emperor gives a bulging money sack to Christ as a donation for the church.

Question: When were the Byzantine mosaics of the Hagia Sophia created?
Answer: The 9th- and 10th-century

Question: The tympana under the dome had images of whom displayed?
Answer: prophets, saints and patriarchs

Question: When did the Empress Zoe die?
Answer: 1055

Question: What does the Empress give to Christ as depicted by the mosaic?
Answer: a bulging money sack

Question: Who was depicted with the Empress Zoe on a panel in the gallery of the Hagia Sophia?
Answer: Constantine Monomachos
Mosaic

There are very few existing mosaics from the Komnenian period but this paucity must be due to accidents of survival and gives a misleading impression. The only surviving 12th-century mosaic work in Constantinople is a panel in Hagia Sophia depicting Emperor John II and Empress Eirene with the Theotokos (1122–34). The empress with her long braided hair and rosy cheeks is especially capturing. It must be a lifelike portrayal because Eirene was really a redhead as her original Hungarian name, Piroska shows. The adjacent portrait of Emperor Alexios I Komnenos on a pier (from 1122) is similarly personal. The imperial mausoleum of the Komnenos dynasty, the Pantokrator Monastery was certainly decorated with great mosaics but these were later destroyed. The lack of Komnenian mosaics outside the capital is even more apparent. There is only a "Communion of the Apostles" in the apse of the cathedral of Serres.

Question: Why are there so few surviving mosaics from the Komnenian period?
Answer: accidents of survival

Question: Where is the only existing 12th century mosaic in Constantinople?
Answer: Hagia Sophia

Question: What deity does the 12th century mosaic in the Hagia Sophia depict?
Answer: the Theotokos

Question: The empress Eirene had what color hair?
Answer: red

Question: The only surviving mosaic from the Komnenos dynasty outside Constantinople is in what church?
Answer: the cathedral of Serres
Mosaic

The heyday of mosaic making in Sicily was the age of the independent Norman kingdom in the 12th century. The Norman kings adopted the Byzantine tradition of mosaic decoration to enhance the somewhat dubious legality of their rule. Greek masters working in Sicily developed their own style, that shows the influence of Western European and Islamic artistic tendencies. Best examples of Sicilian mosaic art are the Cappella Palatina of Roger II, the Martorana church in Palermo and the cathedrals of Cefalù and Monreale.

Question: when was the height of mosaic art in sicily?
Answer: the 12th century

Question: Who adopted the Byzantine mosaic tradition?
Answer: Norman kings

Question: Why did the Normans adopt a Byzantine art style?
Answer: enhance the somewhat dubious legality of their rule

Question: Who was influenced by Western European and Islamic tendencies?
Answer: Greek masters working in Sicily

Question: The Martorana church is an example of the best mosaic art in what part italy?
Answer: Sicily
Mosaic

Southern Italy was also part of the Norman kingdom but great mosaics did not survive in this area except the fine mosaic pavement of the Otranto Cathedral from 1166, with mosaics tied into a tree of life, mostly still preserved. The scenes depict biblical characters, warrior kings, medieval beasts, allegories of the months and working activity. Only fragments survived from the original mosaic decoration of Amalfi's Norman Cathedral. The mosaic ambos in the churches of Ravello prove that mosaic art was widespread in Southern Italy during the 11th–13th centuries.

Question: What region of italy was part of the Norman empire?
Answer: Southern

Question: The only surviving mosaic from Norman held souther Italy is what?
Answer: pavement of the Otranto Cathedral

Question: The mosaics in churches of Ravello prove what?
Answer: mosaic art was widespread

Question: What survives from the mosaics of Amalfi's Norman Cathedral?
Answer: Only fragments

Question: What year were the mosaic pavements installed at the Otranto Cathedral?
Answer: 1166
Mosaic

Sometimes not only church interiors but façades were also decorated with mosaics in Italy like in the case of the St Mark's Basilica in Venice (mainly from the 17th–19th centuries, but the oldest one from 1270–75, "The burial of St Mark in the first basilica"), the Cathedral of Orvieto (golden Gothic mosaics from the 14th century, many times redone) and the Basilica di San Frediano in Lucca (huge, striking golden mosaic representing the Ascension of Christ with the apostles below, designed by Berlinghiero Berlinghieri in the 13th century). The Cathedral of Spoleto is also decorated on the upper façade with a huge mosaic portraying the Blessing Christ (signed by one Solsternus from 1207).

Question: What was special about St Mark's Basilica in Venice?
Answer: façades were also decorated

Question: When was the latest addition to the facade at St Mark's Basilica in Venice?
Answer: from 1270–75

Question: the Cathedral of Orvieto has a mosaic facade, done first in which century?
Answer: the 14th

Question: the Basilica di San Frediano in Lucca has a large golden mosaic facade depicting which figure?
Answer: Christ

Question: The Cathedral of Spoleto is signed by who?
Answer: Solsternus
Mosaic

The Crusaders in the Holy Land also adopted mosaic decoration under local Byzantine influence. During their 12th-century reconstruction of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem they complemented the existing Byzantine mosaics with new ones. Almost nothing of them survived except the "Ascension of Christ" in the Latin Chapel (now confusingly surrounded by many 20th-century mosaics). More substantial fragments were preserved from the 12th-century mosaic decoration of the Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem. The mosaics in the nave are arranged in five horizontal bands with the figures of the ancestors of Christ, Councils of the Church and angels. In the apses the Annunciation, the Nativity, Adoration of the Magi and Dormition of the Blessed Virgin can be seen. The program of redecoration of the church was completed in 1169 as a unique collaboration of the Byzantine emperor, the king of Jerusalem and the Latin Church.

Question: What nation influenced the Crusaders mosaic styles?
Answer: Byzantine

Question: Where is the Church of the Holy Sepulchre located?
Answer: Jerusalem

Question: What is the name of the lone surviving mosaic of the Crusader period?
Answer: "Ascension of Christ"

Question: Where is the mosaic "Ascension of Christ" located?
Answer: in the Latin Chapel

Question: The Byzantine emperor, the king of Jerusalem and the Latin Church came together in what year to redecorate the Church of the Holy Sepulchre?
Answer: 1169
Mosaic

Jerusalem with its many holy places probably had the highest concentration of mosaic-covered churches but very few of them survived the subsequent waves of destructions. The present remains do not do justice to the original richness of the city. The most important is the so-called "Armenian Mosaic" which was discovered in 1894 on the Street of the Prophets near Damascus Gate. It depicts a vine with many branches and grape clusters, which springs from a vase. Populating the vine's branches are peacocks, ducks, storks, pigeons, an eagle, a partridge, and a parrot in a cage. The inscription reads: "For the memory and salvation of all those Armenians whose name the Lord knows." Beneath a corner of the mosaic is a small, natural cave which contained human bones dating to the 5th or 6th centuries. The symbolism of the mosaic and the presence of the burial cave indicates that the room was used as a mortuary chapel.

Question: Which city had the highest percentage of mosaic covered churches?
Answer: Jerusalem

Question: Where was the Armenian Mosaic found in Jerusalem?
Answer: near Damascus Gate

Question: When was the Armenian Mosaic re-discovered?
Answer: 1894

Question: What was the room under the Armenian Mosaic used for?
Answer: mortuary chapel

Question: What type of plant is depicted in the Armenian Mosaic?
Answer: a vine with many branches
Mosaic

Islamic architecture used mosaic technique to decorate religious buildings and palaces after the Muslim conquests of the eastern provinces of the Byzantine Empire. In Syria and Egypt the Arabs were influenced by the great tradition of Roman and Early Christian mosaic art. During the Umayyad Dynasty mosaic making remained a flourishing art form in Islamic culture and it is continued in the art of zellige and azulejo in various parts of the Arab world, although tile was to become the main Islamic form of wall decoration.

Question: Who conquered the Eastern Provinces of the Byzantine empire?
Answer: Muslim

Question: In Syria and Egypt, other than early Christians, who influenced their mosaic work?
Answer: Roman

Question: What would later become the main Islamic form of wall decoration?
Answer: tile

Question: The Umayyad Dynasty made mosaic making do what in the Islamic culture?
Answer: remained a flourishing art form
Mosaic

Some of the best examples of later Islamic mosaics were produced in Moorish Spain. The golden mosaics in the mihrab and the central dome of the Great Mosque in Corduba have a decidedly Byzantine character. They were made between 965 and 970 by local craftsmen, supervised by a master mosaicist from Constantinople, who was sent by the Byzantine Emperor to the Umayyad Caliph of Spain. The decoration is composed of colorful floral arabesques and wide bands of Arab calligraphy. The mosaics were purported to evoke the glamour of the Great Mosque in Damascus, which was lost for the Umayyad family.

Question: Where are some of the best examples of islamic mosaic work found?
Answer: Moorish Spain

Question: The mosaics in the Great Mosque in Corduba have what kind of style?
Answer: Byzantine

Question: When were the mosaics in the Great Mosque in Corduba created?
Answer: between 965 and 970

Question: Who created the mosaics in the Great Mosque in Corduba?
Answer: local craftsmen

Question: Who sent the master mosaicist to Spain?
Answer: the Byzantine Emperor
Mosaic

In styles that owe as much to videogame pixel art and popculture as to traditional mosaic, street art has seen a novel reinvention and expansion of mosaic artwork. The most prominent artist working with mosaics in street art is the French Invader. He has done almost all his work in two very distinct mosaic styles, the first of which are small "traditional" tile mosaics of 8 bit video game character, installed in cities across the globe, and the second of which are a style he refers to as "Rubikcubism", which uses a kind of dual layer mosaic via grids of scrambled Rubik's Cubes. Although he is the most prominent, other street and urban artists do work in Mosaic styles as well.

Question: What has recently seen an expansion of mosaic artwork?
Answer: street art

Question: Who is the most famous street artist who works with mosaics?
Answer: the French Invader

Question: The French invader coined his own style of mosaic named what?
Answer: Rubikcubism

Question: What does the French Invader usually create with the traditional style of mosaic?
Answer: 8 bit video game character

Question: How does the French Invader create "Rubikcubism" styled mosaics?
Answer: grids of scrambled Rubik's Cubes
Mosaic

Portuguese pavement (in Portuguese, Calçada Portuguesa) is a kind of two-tone stone mosaic paving created in Portugal, and common throughout the Lusosphere. Most commonly taking the form of geometric patterns from the simple to the complex, it also is used to create complex pictorial mosaics in styles ranging from iconography to classicism and even modern design. In Portuguese-speaking countries, many cities have a large amount of their sidewalks and even, though far more occasionally, streets done in this mosaic form. Lisbon in particular maintains almost all walkways in this style.

Question: Portuguese pavement is known by what other name?
Answer: Calçada Portuguesa

Question: What is Portuguese pavement?
Answer: two-tone stone mosaic paving

Question: What is the most common pattern for Portuguese pavement?
Answer: geometric

Question: Which city has almost all of its sidewalks in Portuguese pavement?
Answer: Lisbon

Question: What other cityscape is done with Portuguese pavement?
Answer: streets
University

The original Latin word "universitas" refers in general to "a number of persons associated into one body, a society, company, community, guild, corporation, etc." At the time of the emergence of urban town life and medieval guilds, specialised "associations of students and teachers with collective legal rights usually guaranteed by charters issued by princes, prelates, or the towns in which they were located" came to be denominated by this general term. Like other guilds, they were self-regulating and determined the qualifications of their members.

Question: From what language does Universitas come from?
Answer: Latin

Question: Around the beginning of what two things did word universitas start to become prevalent?
Answer: urban town life and medieval guilds

Question: What did a universitas have in common with similar guilds?
Answer: they were self-regulating

Question: Which individuals usually approved charters for universitas?
Answer: princes, prelates

Question: What is the original greek word for university?

Question: What does the greek work "universitas" mean?

Question: Who issued charters to guilds?

Question: How did universities differ from guilds?

Question: From what language does "emergence" come from?

Question: Around the beginning of what two things did the word emergence start to become prevalent?

Question: What did an emergence have in common with similar guilds?

Question: Which individuals usually approved charters for generals?

Question: What was not guaranteed by charters?
University

An important idea in the definition of a university is the notion of academic freedom. The first documentary evidence of this comes from early in the life of the first university. The University of Bologna adopted an academic charter, the Constitutio Habita, in 1158 or 1155, which guaranteed the right of a traveling scholar to unhindered passage in the interests of education. Today this is claimed as the origin of "academic freedom". This is now widely recognised internationally - on 18 September 1988, 430 university rectors signed the Magna Charta Universitatum, marking the 900th anniversary of Bologna's foundation. The number of universities signing the Magna Charta Universitatum continues to grow, drawing from all parts of the world.

Question: In terms of academics what is a core requirement of a university?
Answer: academic freedom

Question: What was the first university?
Answer: University of Bologna

Question: What charter is said to be the first establishing academic freedom in a university?
Answer: the Constitutio Habita

Question: What did the Constitutio Habita say students were allowed?
Answer: unhindered passage in the interests of education

Question: On what date was the Magna Carta Universitatum signed?
Answer: 18 September 1988

Question: What kind of freedom was not initially assosiated with universities?

Question: What charter was adopted in the 11th century?

Question: What university restricted the right of of scholars to travel?

Question: What did the Constitution Habita guarantee to all travelers?

Question: In terms of academics what is a core requirement of a rector?

Question: What was the first monestery?

Question: What charter is said to be the first establishing education in a university?

Question: What did the Magna Charta Universitatum say students were allowed?

Question: What marked the 430th anniversary of Bologna's foundation?
University

European higher education took place for hundreds of years in Christian cathedral schools or monastic schools (scholae monasticae), in which monks and nuns taught classes; evidence of these immediate forerunners of the later university at many places dates back to the 6th century. The earliest universities were developed under the aegis of the Latin Church by papal bull as studia generalia and perhaps from cathedral schools. It is possible, however, that the development of cathedral schools into universities was quite rare, with the University of Paris being an exception. Later they were also founded by Kings (University of Naples Federico II, Charles University in Prague, Jagiellonian University in Kraków) or municipal administrations (University of Cologne, University of Erfurt). In the early medieval period, most new universities were founded from pre-existing schools, usually when these schools were deemed to have become primarily sites of higher education. Many historians state that universities and cathedral schools were a continuation of the interest in learning promoted by monasteries.

Question: What is a scholae monasticae?
Answer: monastic schools

Question: Who presided over classes at a scholae monasticae?
Answer: monks and nuns

Question: In the chronology of academic institutions, where are Christian cathedral schools compared to universities?
Answer: immediate forerunners

Question: What church is said to be responsible for the formation of universities?
Answer: Latin Church

Question: During which era did universities grow out of already extant schools?
Answer: early medieval period

Question: Where did education originally take place across the world?

Question: What type of schools forbid women to teach?

Question: What began in the 600's?

Question: What church encouraged but did not get directly involved in forming universities?

Question: What caused most existing schools to decline?

Question: Who presided over universities?

Question: During which era did universities grow out of monasteries?

Question: What were the earliest monasteries developed under?

Question: What are three monasteries started by Kings?

Question: Where were most new universities funded from?
University

All over Europe rulers and city governments began to create universities to satisfy a European thirst for knowledge, and the belief that society would benefit from the scholarly expertise generated from these institutions. Princes and leaders of city governments perceived the potential benefits of having a scholarly expertise develop with the ability to address difficult problems and achieve desired ends. The emergence of humanism was essential to this understanding of the possible utility of universities as well as the revival of interest in knowledge gained from ancient Greek texts.

Question: Why did rulers and governments in Europe form universities?
Answer: to satisfy a European thirst for knowledge

Question: What outlook developed the creation of the university system?
Answer: humanism

Question: Which ancient texts began to see more study after universities were formed?
Answer: Greek

Question: What type of governments were involved in creating universities?
Answer: city governments

Question: Who established universities around the world?

Question: What increased the study of Latin text?

Question: Who established unuiversities for their own benefit?

Question: What outlook slowed the spread of universities?

Question: Why did rulers and governments in Europe form texts?

Question: What outlook developed the creation of the European system?

Question: Which ancient texts began to see more study after governments were formed?

Question: What types of governments were involved in creating rulers?

Question: Who perceived the benefits of rulers?
University

The rediscovery of Aristotle's works–more than 3000 pages of it would eventually be translated –fuelled a spirit of inquiry into natural processes that had already begun to emerge in the 12th century. Some scholars believe that these works represented one of the most important document discoveries in Western intellectual history. Richard Dales, for instance, calls the discovery of Aristotle's works "a turning point in the history of Western thought." After Aristotle re-emerged, a community of scholars, primarily communicating in Latin, accelerated the process and practice of attempting to reconcile the thoughts of Greek antiquity, and especially ideas related to understanding the natural world, with those of the church. The efforts of this "scholasticism" were focused on applying Aristotelian logic and thoughts about natural processes to biblical passages and attempting to prove the viability of those passages through reason. This became the primary mission of lecturers, and the expectation of students.

Question: Roughly how many pages of the works of Aristotle were translated by the 12th century?
Answer: more than 3000 pages

Question: Richard Dales believes that the work of Aristotle represents the turning point of what?
Answer: Western thought

Question: What word described the early attempts to understand the work of Aristotle?
Answer: scholasticism

Question: What faculty did scholars attempt to use to prove the thoughts of Aristotle?
Answer: reason

Question: What language did 12th century scholars studying Aristotle speak in?
Answer: Latin

Question: What began to emerge in the 1200's?

Question: What is considered one of the most important discoveries in the world?

Question: Who called the discovery of Aristotle's work a turning point in Western Science?

Question: Who used Greek to communicate?

Question: What focused on using Aristotelian logic to disprove the bible?

Question: Roughly how many pages of the works of Richard Dales were translated by the 12th century?

Question: What did Aristotle believe that the work of Richard Dales represent the turning point of?

Question: What word described the early attempts to understand the work of Dales?

Question: What faculty did scholars attempt to use to prove the thoughts of Aristotle?

Question: What language did 12th century scholars studying Dale speak in?