Divyanshu67/squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
Liberia

Liberia has a long, rich history in textile arts and quilting, as the settlers brought with them their sewing and quilting skills. Liberia hosted National Fairs in 1857 and 1858 in which prizes were awarded for various needle arts. One of the most well-known Liberian quilters was Martha Ann Ricks, who presented a quilt featuring the famed Liberian coffee tree to Queen Victoria in 1892. When President Ellen Johnson Sirleaf moved into the Executive Mansion, she reportedly had a Liberian-made quilt installed in her presidential office.

Question: What arts does Liberia have a rich history of?
Answer: textile arts and quilting

Question: In what years did Liberia host national fairs? 
Answer: 1857 and 1858

Question: Who is Martha Ann Ricks?
Answer: the most well-known Liberian quilters

Question: Who did Martha Ann Ricks present the famed Liberian coffee tree to?
Answer: Queen Victoria

Question: What did President Ellen Johnson Sirleaf have installed in her presidential office?
Answer: Liberian-made quilt

Question: In what years did Liberia host coffee festivals?

Question: Who did Martha Ann Ricks present the quilting skills to?

Question: What arts were brought to Liberia by Queen Victoria?

Question: What kind of tree did Ellen Johnson Sirleaf own?

Question: Where did Queen Victoria install her quilt?
Alfred_North_Whitehead

Beginning in the late 1910s and early 1920s, Whitehead gradually turned his attention from mathematics to philosophy of science, and finally to metaphysics. He developed a comprehensive metaphysical system which radically departed from most of western philosophy. Whitehead argued that reality consists of processes rather than material objects, and that processes are best defined by their relations with other processes, thus rejecting the theory that reality is fundamentally constructed by bits of matter that exist independently of one another. Today Whitehead's philosophical works – particularly Process and Reality – are regarded as the foundational texts of process philosophy.

Question: What did Whitehead first study?
Answer: mathematics

Question: What was Whitehead's second area of study?
Answer: philosophy

Question: What was Whitehead's final area of study?
Answer: metaphysics

Question: What type of system did he develop?
Answer: metaphysical

Question: What did Whitehead argue reality consists of?
Answer: processes

Question: During which decade did Whitehead's focus start shifting away from mathematics?
Answer: 1910s

Question: After moving away from mathematics, what subjects did Whitehead explore?
Answer: philosophy of science, and finally to metaphysics

Question: As opposed to physical objects, what did Whitehead believe reality is composed of?
Answer: processes

Question: What was the predominant theory of reality that Whitehead opposed?
Answer: reality is fundamentally constructed by bits of matter that exist independently of one another

Question: What book of Whitehead's is now considered a primary source of process philosophy?
Answer: Process and Reality

Question: During which decade did Whitehead's focus start shifting away from science?

Question:  As opposed to physical objects, what did Whitehead believe nonreality is composed of?

Question: What song of Whitehead's is now considered a primary source of process philosophy?

Question:  After moving away from mathematics, what subjects did Whitehead reject?

Question: What was the predominant theory of reality that Whitehead agreed with?
Alfred_North_Whitehead

Alfred North Whitehead was born in Ramsgate, Kent, England, in 1861. His father, Alfred Whitehead, was a minister and schoolmaster of Chatham House Academy, a successful school for boys established by Thomas Whitehead, Alfred North's grandfather. Whitehead himself recalled both of them as being very successful schoolmasters, but that his grandfather was the more extraordinary man. Whitehead's mother was Maria Sarah Whitehead, formerly Maria Sarah Buckmaster. Whitehead was apparently not particularly close with his mother, as he never mentioned her in any of his writings, and there is evidence that Whitehead's wife, Evelyn, had a low opinion of her.

Question: Where was Alfred North Whitehead born? 
Answer: Ramsgate, Kent, England

Question: What year was Whitehead born?
Answer: 1861

Question: What was Whitehead's father's profession?
Answer: minister and schoolmaster

Question: What was Whitehead's mother's name?
Answer: Maria Sarah Whitehead,

Question: What was Whitehead's wife's name?
Answer: Evelyn

Question: Where was Alfred North Whitehead born?
Answer: Ramsgate, Kent, England

Question: In what year was Whitehead born?
Answer: 1861

Question: Who founded Chatham House Academy?
Answer: Thomas Whitehead, Alfred North's grandfather

Question: What was Whitehead's father's profession?
Answer: minister and schoolmaster of Chatham House Academy

Question: Who was Whitehead's mother?
Answer: Maria Sarah Whitehead, formerly Maria Sarah Buckmaster

Question: Where was Alfred West Whitehead born?

Question: What happened in 1864?

Question:  Who destroyed Chatham House Academy?

Question:  What was Whitehead's father's hobbies?

Question:  Who was Whitehead's aunt?
Alfred_North_Whitehead

In 1918 Whitehead's academic responsibilities began to seriously expand as he accepted a number of high administrative positions within the University of London system, of which Imperial College London was a member at the time. He was elected Dean of the Faculty of Science at the University of London in late 1918 (a post he held for four years), a member of the University of London's Senate in 1919, and chairman of the Senate's Academic (leadership) Council in 1920, a post which he held until he departed for America in 1924. Whitehead was able to exert his newfound influence to successfully lobby for a new history of science department, help establish a Bachelor of Science degree (previously only Bachelor of Arts degrees had been offered), and make the school more accessible to less wealthy students.

Question: When did Whitehead accept administrative positions?
Answer: 1918

Question: Where did Whitehead accept administrative positions?
Answer: University of London

Question: What was he elected at the University of London?
Answer: Dean of the Faculty of Science

Question: When did Whitehead go to America?
Answer: 1924

Question: In which educational system was Whitehead employed in the late 1910s?
Answer: University of London system

Question: What was Whitehead's title at the University of London in late 1918?
Answer: Dean of the Faculty of Science

Question: What was Whitehead's last position before he traveled to America?
Answer: chairman of the Senate's Academic (leadership) Council

Question: In which year did Whitehead relocate to America?
Answer: 1924

Question: What degree program did Whitehead contribute to establishing at University of London?
Answer: Bachelor of Science

Question: In which year did Whitehead relocate to Africa?

Question: What degree program did Whitehead contribute to unestablishing at University of London?

Question: What was Whitehead's title at the University of France in late 1918?

Question:  What was Whitehead's last position before he traveled to Africa?
Alfred_North_Whitehead

The two volume biography of Whitehead by Victor Lowe is the most definitive presentation of the life of Whitehead. However, many details of Whitehead's life remain obscure because he left no Nachlass; his family carried out his instructions that all of his papers be destroyed after his death. Additionally, Whitehead was known for his "almost fanatical belief in the right to privacy", and for writing very few personal letters of the kind that would help to gain insight on his life. This led to Lowe himself remarking on the first page of Whitehead's biography, "No professional biographer in his right mind would touch him."

Question: How many volumes is the biography of Whitehead?
Answer: two

Question: Who wrote the biography of Whitehead?
Answer: Victor Lowe

Question: What was Whitehead's wish upon his death for his family?
Answer: all of his papers be destroyed after his death.

Question: What did Whitehead believe in so profusely that it was difficult to write a biography on him?
Answer: right to privacy

Question: Who authored Whitehead's biography that is considered to be the most reliable description of Whitehead's life?
Answer: Victor Lowe

Question: Why was no Nachlass left behind after Whitehead's death?
Answer: his family carried out his instructions that all of his papers be destroyed after his death

Question: What was Whitehead's opinion on privacy?
Answer: almost fanatical belief in the right to privacy

Question: What did the author of Whitehead's biography comment on the first page regarding the difficulty of obtaining information about Whitehead?
Answer: "No professional biographer in his right mind would touch him."

Question: Who authored Whitehead's biography that is considered to be the least reliable description of Whitehead's life?

Question:  Why was every Nachlass left behind after Whitehead's death?

Question:  What was Whitehead's opinion on public matters?

Question: What did the author of Whitehead's biography comment on the first page regarding the ease of obtaining information about Whitehead?

Question:  How many pages is the biography of Whitehead?
Alfred_North_Whitehead

In addition to numerous articles on mathematics, Whitehead wrote three major books on the subject: A Treatise on Universal Algebra (1898), Principia Mathematica (co-written with Bertrand Russell and published in three volumes between 1910 and 1913), and An Introduction to Mathematics (1911). The former two books were aimed exclusively at professional mathematicians, while the latter book was intended for a larger audience, covering the history of mathematics and its philosophical foundations. Principia Mathematica in particular is regarded as one of the most important works in mathematical logic of the 20th century.

Question: What did Whitehead publish numerous articles about?
Answer: mathematics

Question: How many books on mathematics did Whitehead write?
Answer: three

Question: Who co-wrote Principia Mathematica with Whitehead?
Answer: Bertrand Russell

Question: Which of Whitehead's books is known as one of the most important works in mathematical logical?
Answer: Principia Mathematica

Question: When did Whitehead write his first book? 
Answer: 1898

Question: What was Whitehead's first published book on mathematics?
Answer: A Treatise on Universal Algebra

Question: With what mathematician and philosopher did Whitehead collaborate to write Principia Mathematica?
Answer: Bertrand Russell

Question: Who was the intended audience of Whitehead's first two mathematics books?
Answer: professional mathematicians

Question: What was Whitehead's final book on mathematics?
Answer: An Introduction to Mathematics

Question: What is the significance of Principia Mathematica currently?
Answer: regarded as one of the most important works in mathematical logic of the 20th century

Question:  What was Whitehead's first unpublished book on mathematics?

Question: With what mathematician and philosopher did Whitehead reject to write Principia Mathematica?

Question:  What was Whitehead's last unpublished book on mathematics?

Question:  What is the insignificance of Principia Mathematica currently?

Question: Who was the intended audience of Whitehead's last mathematics books?
Alfred_North_Whitehead

At the time structures such as Lie algebras and hyperbolic quaternions drew attention to the need to expand algebraic structures beyond the associatively multiplicative class. In a review Alexander Macfarlane wrote: "The main idea of the work is not unification of the several methods, nor generalization of ordinary algebra so as to include them, but rather the comparative study of their several structures." In a separate review, G. B. Mathews wrote, "It possesses a unity of design which is really remarkable, considering the variety of its themes."

Question: Lie algebras and hypobolic quanternions drew attention to the need for what?
Answer: expand algebraic structures

Question: What did reviewer GB Mathews say algebraic structures possessed? 
Answer: unity of design

Question: Reviewer Alexander Macfarlane believed that the main idea of the work is a comparative study of what?
Answer: several structures

Question: What did Lie algebras and hyperbolic quaternions demonstrate a need for?
Answer: the need to expand algebraic structures beyond the associatively multiplicative class

Question: How did Alexander Macfarlane summarize the relationship between different methods in "A Treatise on Algebra" in his review?
Answer: comparative study of their several structures

Question: What was G.B. Matthew's opinion of "A Treatise on Algebra"?
Answer: "It possesses a unity of design which is really remarkable, considering the variety of its themes."

Question: How did Alexander Macfarlane summarize the relationship between similar methods in "A Treatise on Algebra" in his review?

Question:  What wasnt' G.B. Matthew's opinion of "A Treatise on Algebra"?

Question: What did Lie algebras and hyperbolic quaternions not demonstrate a need for?

Question: Lie algebras and hypobolic quanternions drew attention to the lack of need for what?

Question: What did reviewer GB Mathews say algebraic structures did not possess?
Alfred_North_Whitehead

Whitehead and Russell had thought originally that Principia Mathematica would take a year to complete; it ended up taking them ten years. To add insult to injury, when it came time for publication, the three-volume work was so massive (more than 2,000 pages) and its audience so narrow (professional mathematicians) that it was initially published at a loss of 600 pounds, 300 of which was paid by Cambridge University Press, 200 by the Royal Society of London, and 50 apiece by Whitehead and Russell themselves. Despite the initial loss, today there is likely no major academic library in the world which does not hold a copy of Principia Mathematica.

Question: How long did Whitehead and Russell think it would take them to complete Principia Mathematica?
Answer: a year

Question: How long did it actually take Whitehead and Russell to complete Principia Mathematica?
Answer: ten years

Question: How many volumes was Principia Mathematica?
Answer: three

Question: How many pages was Principia Mathematica?
Answer: 2,000

Question: Who paid to publish Principia Mathematica?
Answer: Cambridge University Press

Question: How long did Whitehead and Russell expect to spend creating Principia Mathematica?
Answer: a year

Question: How long did it actually take to complete Principia Mathematica? 
Answer: ten years

Question: Why was there a funding shortfall for the publishing of Princpia Mathematica? 
Answer: the three-volume work was so massive (more than 2,000 pages) and its audience so narrow (professional mathematicians)

Question: Who supplied the funding to cover the shortfall?
Answer: 00 of which was paid by Cambridge University Press, 200 by the Royal Society of London, and 50 apiece by Whitehead and Russell

Question: How prevalent is Principia Mathematica today?
Answer: today there is likely no major academic library in the world which does not hold a copy of Principia Mathematica

Question: How long did Whitehead and Russell not expect to spend creating Principia Mathematica?

Question: Why was there a funding burst for the publishing of Princpia Mathematica?

Question:  Who didn't supply the funding to cover the shortfall?

Question:  How prevalent is Principia Mathematica when it came out?
Alfred_North_Whitehead

The ultimate substantive legacy of Principia Mathematica is mixed. It is generally accepted that Kurt Gödel's incompleteness theorem of 1931 definitively demonstrated that for any set of axioms and inference rules proposed to encapsulate mathematics, there would in fact be some truths of mathematics which could not be deduced from them, and hence that Principia Mathematica could never achieve its aims. However, Gödel could not have come to this conclusion without Whitehead and Russell's book. In this way, Principia Mathematica's legacy might be described as its key role in disproving the possibility of achieving its own stated goals. But beyond this somewhat ironic legacy, the book popularized modern mathematical logic and drew important connections between logic, epistemology, and metaphysics.

Question: When was Kurt Godel's incompleteness theorem?
Answer: 1931

Question: What did Kurt Godel's theorem demonstrate about axioms and the inference rules?
Answer: some truths of mathematics which could not be deduced from them

Question: Godel couldn't have come to his conclusion without what book?
Answer: Principia Mathematica

Question: Besides logic and epistemology, what else did Principia Mathematica connect?
Answer: metaphysics

Question: What is the general consensus of the axioms and inference rules declared in Principia Mathematica? 
Answer: mixed

Question: Who discovered the incompleteness theorem of 1931?
Answer: Kurt Gödel

Question: What did the incompleteness theorem of 1931 indicate regarding Principia Mathematica?
Answer: for any set of axioms and inference rules proposed to encapsulate mathematics, there would in fact be some truths of mathematics which could not be deduced

Question: Why was Gödels finding ironic?
Answer: Gödel could not have come to this conclusion without Whitehead and Russell's book

Question: Despite its imperfection, what are now considered valuable achievements of Principia Mathematica?
Answer: the book popularized modern mathematical logic and drew important connections between logic, epistemology, and metaphysics

Question: What is the general consensus of the axioms and inference rules not declared in Principia Mathematica?

Question:  Who discovered the incompleteness theorem of 1961?

Question: What did the incompleteness theorem of 1955 indicate regarding Principia Mathematica?
Alfred_North_Whitehead

Whitehead's most complete work on education is the 1929 book The Aims of Education and Other Essays, which collected numerous essays and addresses by Whitehead on the subject published between 1912 and 1927. The essay from which Aims of Education derived its name was delivered as an address in 1916 when Whitehead was president of the London Branch of the Mathematical Association. In it, he cautioned against the teaching of what he called "inert ideas" – ideas that are disconnected scraps of information, with no application to real life or culture. He opined that "education with inert ideas is not only useless: it is, above all things, harmful."

Question: What year was The Aims of Education and Other Essays published?
Answer: 1929

Question: What was the Aims of Education and Other Essays comprised of?
Answer: numerous essays and addresses

Question: What teaching did Whitehead caution against teaching?
Answer: inert ideas

Question: When was "The Aims of Education and Other Essays" published?
Answer: 1929

Question: During what periods of time were the essays and address contained in "The Aims of Education and Other Essays" composed?
Answer: between 1912 and 1927

Question: What is the origin of the title of the book?
Answer: The essay from which Aims of Education derived its name was delivered as an address in 1916

Question: How did Whitehead define "inert ideas"?
Answer: ideas that are disconnected scraps of information, with no application to real life or culture

Question: What was Whitehead's criticism of the use of inert ideas in education?
Answer: "education with inert ideas is not only useless: it is, above all things, harmful."

Question: When was "The Aims of DeEducation and Other Essays" published?

Question: During what periods of time were the essays and address contained in "The Aims of Education and Other Essays" destroyed?

Question:  What is the origin of the title of the song?

Question:  How didn't Whitehead define "inert ideas"?

Question: What was Whitehead's criticism of the use of inert ideas in noneducation?
Alfred_North_Whitehead

Rather than teach small parts of a large number of subjects, Whitehead advocated teaching a relatively few important concepts that the student could organically link to many different areas of knowledge, discovering their application in actual life. For Whitehead, education should be the exact opposite of the multidisciplinary, value-free school model – it should be transdisciplinary, and laden with values and general principles that provide students with a bedrock of wisdom and help them to make connections between areas of knowledge that are usually regarded as separate.

Question: Whitehead's education style was to teach what?
Answer: a relatively few important concepts

Question: What should Whitehead's students organically link due to his teaching methods?
Answer: different areas of knowledge, discovering their application in actual life.

Question: Whitehead believed education should be the opposite of what?
Answer: value-free school model

Question: What did Whitehead believe regarding the variety of subjects in education?
Answer: Whitehead advocated teaching a relatively few important concepts

Question: How did Whitehead propose that students would expand their knowledge beyond the subjects taught in school?
Answer: important concepts that the student could organically link to many different areas of knowledge, discovering their application in actual life

Question: What was Whitehead's general opinion of what the school model should be?
Answer: For Whitehead, education should be the exact opposite of the multidisciplinary, value-free school model

Question: What was Whitehead's opinion on the inclusion of values and general principles in education?
Answer: it should be transdisciplinary, and laden with values and general principles that provide students with a bedrock of wisdom

Question: How did Whitehead reject that students would expand their knowledge beyond the subjects taught in school?

Question: What was Whitehead's opinion on the inclusion of values and general principles in noneducation?

Question: What did Whitehead believe regarding the lack of variety of subjects in education?

Question: What was Whitehead's general opinion of what the school model shouldn't be?
Alfred_North_Whitehead

Whitehead did not begin his career as a philosopher. In fact, he never had any formal training in philosophy beyond his undergraduate education. Early in his life he showed great interest in and respect for philosophy and metaphysics, but it is evident that he considered himself a rank amateur. In one letter to his friend and former student Bertrand Russell, after discussing whether science aimed to be explanatory or merely descriptive, he wrote: "This further question lands us in the ocean of metaphysic, onto which my profound ignorance of that science forbids me to enter." Ironically, in later life Whitehead would become one of the 20th century's foremost metaphysicians.

Question: What is the highest Whitehead was trained in philosophy? 
Answer: undergraduate

Question: What did Whitehead consider himself as a philosopher? 
Answer: rank amateur

Question: What is the relationship between Whitehead and Russell?
Answer: friend and former student

Question: What was Whitehead considered as a metaphysician?
Answer: one of the 20th century's foremost metaphysicians.

Question: What was the extent of Whitehead's education in philosophy?
Answer: he never had any formal training in philosophy beyond his undergraduate education

Question: With what friend and former student did Whitehead correspond regarding the goals of science?
Answer: Bertrand Russell

Question: What was Whitehead's opinion of his own knowledge of metaphysics in that correspondence?
Answer: "This further question lands us in the ocean of metaphysic, onto which my profound ignorance of that science forbids me to enter."

Question: How did Whitehead eventually become regarded in the field of metaphysics?
Answer: in later life Whitehead would become one of the 20th century's foremost metaphysicians

Question: What was the extent of Whitehead's noneducation in philosophy?

Question: With what friend and former student did Whitehead not correspond regarding the goals of science?

Question: What wasn't Whitehead's opinion of his own knowledge of metaphysics in that correspondence?

Question: How did Whitehead eventually become regarded in the field of science?
Alfred_North_Whitehead

Whitehead was unimpressed by this objection. In the notes of one his students for a 1927 class, Whitehead was quoted as saying: "Every scientific man in order to preserve his reputation has to say he dislikes metaphysics. What he means is he dislikes having his metaphysics criticized." In Whitehead's view, scientists and philosophers make metaphysical assumptions about how the universe works all the time, but such assumptions are not easily seen precisely because they remain unexamined and unquestioned. While Whitehead acknowledged that "philosophers can never hope finally to formulate these metaphysical first principles," he argued that people need to continually re-imagine their basic assumptions about how the universe works if philosophy and science are to make any real progress, even if that progress remains permanently asymptotic. For this reason Whitehead regarded metaphysical investigations as essential to both good science and good philosophy.

Question: What do philosophers do, in Whitehead's view?
Answer: make metaphysical assumptions about how the universe works

Question: Assumptions of how the universe works are difficult to see precisely because of what?
Answer: they remain unexamined and unquestioned

Question: What did Whitehead ask people to reimagine in order for philosophy to make progress?
Answer: basic assumptions about how the universe works

Question: What did Whitehead regard as essential to good science and good philosophy?
Answer: metaphysical investigations

Question: What quotation of Whitehead's was noted by a student in 1927?
Answer: "Every scientific man in order to preserve his reputation has to say he dislikes metaphysics. What he means is he dislikes having his metaphysics criticized."

Question: What was Whitehead's opinion of basic assumptions in metaphysics?
Answer: such assumptions are not easily seen precisely because they remain unexamined and unquestioned

Question: What did Whitehead feel was necessary regarding basic assumptions in metaphysics?
Answer: people need to continually re-imagine their basic assumptions about how the universe works if philosophy and science are to make any real progress

Question: What was Whitehead's opinion of metaphysical investigations?
Answer: Whitehead regarded metaphysical investigations as essential to both good science and good philosophy

Question:  What quotation of Whitehead's was noted by a student in 1977?

Question: What did Whitehead feel was necessary regarding complex assumptions in metaphysics?

Question:  What was Whitehead's opinion of nonmetaphysical investigations?
Alfred_North_Whitehead

Perhaps foremost among what Whitehead considered faulty metaphysical assumptions was the Cartesian idea that reality is fundamentally constructed of bits of matter that exist totally independently of one another, which he rejected in favor of an event-based or "process" ontology in which events are primary and are fundamentally interrelated and dependent on one another. He also argued that the most basic elements of reality can all be regarded as experiential, indeed that everything is constituted by its experience. He used the term "experience" very broadly, so that even inanimate processes such as electron collisions are said to manifest some degree of experience. In this, he went against Descartes' separation of two different kinds of real existence, either exclusively material or else exclusively mental. Whitehead referred to his metaphysical system as "philosophy of organism", but it would become known more widely as "process philosophy."

Question: What idea states that reality is fundamentally constructed of bits of matter?
Answer: Cartesian idea

Question: Whitehead rejected the Cartesian idea in favor of what?
Answer: an event-based or "process" ontology

Question: Whitehead believed instead of matter existing independently of each other, it did what?
Answer: interrelated and dependent

Question: Whitehead believed that reality should be regarded as what?
Answer: experiential

Question: Whitehead's system as "philosophy of organism" became widely known as what term?
Answer: process philosophy

Question: What Cartesian concept did Whitehead believe to be erroneous?
Answer: reality is fundamentally constructed of bits of matter that exist totally independently of one another

Question: What theory did Whitehead prefer to the Cartesian concept?
Answer: event-based or "process" ontology in which events are primary and are fundamentally interrelated and dependent on one another

Question: How did whitehead define "experience"?
Answer: He used the term "experience" very broadly, so that even inanimate processes such as electron collisions are said to manifest some degree of experience

Question: How did Descartes' distinguish types of existence?
Answer: two different kinds of real existence, either exclusively material or else exclusively mental

Question: How did Whitehead identify his system of metaphysics?
Answer: "philosophy of organism"

Question: What Cartesian concept did Whitehead believe to be correct?

Question:  What theory did Whitehead not prefer to the Cartesian concept?

Question:  How did whitehead define "inexperience"?

Question:  How did Whitehead identify his system of math?
Alfred_North_Whitehead

This is not to say that Whitehead's thought was widely accepted or even well-understood. His philosophical work is generally considered to be among the most difficult to understand in all of the western canon. Even professional philosophers struggled to follow Whitehead's writings. One famous story illustrating the level of difficulty of Whitehead's philosophy centers around the delivery of Whitehead's Gifford lectures in 1927–28 – following Arthur Eddington's lectures of the year previous – which Whitehead would later publish as Process and Reality:

Question: In all of the western canon, what is Whitehead's work considered?
Answer: the most difficult to understand

Question: Who also struggled to follow Whitehead's writings?
Answer: professional philosophers

Question: When did Whitehead delivery the Gifford lectures?
Answer: 1927–28

Question: Following Arthur Eddington's lectures, what did Whitehead  publish?
Answer: Process and Reality

Question: What is the general opinion of the difficulty level of Whitehead's work in philosophy?
Answer: generally considered to be among the most difficult to understand in all of the western canon

Question: What lectures did Whitehead present in 1927-28?
Answer: Gifford lectures

Question: Under what name were those lectures later published?
Answer: Process and Reality

Question: What is the general opinion of the difficulty level of Whitehead's work in math?

Question:  What lectures did Whitehead not present in 1927-28?

Question:  Under what name were those lectures first published?

Question: In all of the western canon, what is Whitehead's work never considered?
Alfred_North_Whitehead

However, Mathews' frustration with Whitehead's books did not negatively affect his interest. In fact, there were numerous philosophers and theologians at Chicago's Divinity School that perceived the importance of what Whitehead was doing without fully grasping all of the details and implications. In 1927 they invited one of America's only Whitehead experts – Henry Nelson Wieman – to Chicago to give a lecture explaining Whitehead's thought. Wieman's lecture was so brilliant that he was promptly hired to the faculty and taught there for twenty years, and for at least thirty years afterward Chicago's Divinity School was closely associated with Whitehead's thought.

Question: Who was frustrated in Whitehead's books but still interested?
Answer: Mathews

Question: What school recognized the importance of Whitehead's work?
Answer: Chicago's Divinity School

Question: Who was invited to the Chicago Divinity school as one of Whitehead's only experts?
Answer: Henry Nelson Wieman

Question: When was Henry Nelson Wieman invited to the Chicago Divinity school?
Answer: 1927

Question: What happened after Henry Nelson Wieman gave a lecture about Whitehead?
Answer: hired

Question: What affect did Matthews' opinion of the difficulty of Whitehead's works have on his interest in them?
Answer: Mathews' frustration with Whitehead's books did not negatively affect his interest

Question: How did many philosophers and theologians at Chicago's Divinity School view Whitehead's work?
Answer: perceived the importance of what Whitehead was doing without fully grasping all of the details and implications

Question: What expert on Whitehead delivered a lecture at the school to explain Whitehead's ideas?
Answer: Henry Nelson Wieman

Question: What was the result of that lecture?
Answer: Wieman's lecture was so brilliant that he was promptly hired to the faculty and taught there for twenty years

Question: What affect did Matthews' opinion of the ease of Whitehead's works have on his interest in them?

Question: How did many philosophers and theologians at Illinois Divinity School view Whitehead's work?

Question: What expert on Whitehead delivered a lecture at the school to reject Whitehead's ideas?

Question:  Who was amused in Whitehead's books but still interested?
Alfred_North_Whitehead

Wieman's words proved prophetic. Though Process and Reality has been called "arguably the most impressive single metaphysical text of the twentieth century," it has been little-read and little-understood, partly because it demands – as Isabelle Stengers puts it – "that its readers accept the adventure of the questions that will separate them from every consensus." Whitehead questioned western philosophy's most dearly held assumptions about how the universe works, but in doing so he managed to anticipate a number of 21st century scientific and philosophical problems and provide novel solutions.

Question: Which publication is considered the most impressive metaphysical text?
Answer: Process and Reality

Question: Who thought Process and Reality was little-read because the reader has to separate them from normal thought?
Answer: Isabelle Stengers

Question: What philosophy in the west was challenged by Whitehead?
Answer: how the universe works

Question: What was Whitehead's philosophy able to anticipate for the 21st century?
Answer: scientific and philosophical problems

Question: What was the outcome of anticipating the scientific and philosophical problems Whitehead proposed?
Answer: novel solutions

Question: How has "Process and Reality" been described? 
Answer: "arguably the most impressive single metaphysical text of the twentieth century,"

Question: What did Isabelle Stengers say is the reason that "Process and Reality" is not commonly read and understood?
Answer: it demands – as Isabelle Stengers puts it – "that its readers accept the adventure of the questions that will separate them from every consensus."

Question: What effect did Whitehead have on the future of metaphysics?
Answer: he managed to anticipate a number of 21st century scientific and philosophical problems and provide novel solutions.

Question: How has "Process and Reality" been rejected?

Question: What did Isabelle Stengers say is the reason that "Process and Reality" is commonly read and understood?

Question:  What effect did Whitehead have on the past of metaphysics?

Question: Which publication is considered the least impressive metaphysical text?
Alfred_North_Whitehead

In Whitehead's view, then, concepts such as "quality", "matter", and "form" are problematic. These "classical" concepts fail to adequately account for change, and overlook the active and experiential nature of the most basic elements of the world. They are useful abstractions, but are not the world's basic building blocks. What is ordinarily conceived of as a single person, for instance, is philosophically described as a continuum of overlapping events. After all, people change all the time, if only because they have aged by another second and had some further experience. These occasions of experience are logically distinct, but are progressively connected in what Whitehead calls a "society" of events. By assuming that enduring objects are the most real and fundamental things in the universe, materialists have mistaken the abstract for the concrete (what Whitehead calls the "fallacy of misplaced concreteness").

Question: Concepts such as quality, matter, and form fail to account for what?
Answer: change

Question: What concepts overlook the experiential nature of basic elements?
Answer: quality", "matter", and "form"

Question: What are the concepts quality, matter, and form considered?
Answer: "classical" concepts

Question: Instead of being a single person, what does Whitehead view a person as?
Answer: continuum of overlapping events

Question: What does Whitehead call experiences that are progressively connected?
Answer: society

Question: What basic concepts did Whitehead believe were questionable?
Answer: "quality", "matter", and "form"

Question: Why did he believe those concepts were inaccurate?
Answer: These "classical" concepts fail to adequately account for change, and overlook the active and experiential nature of the most basic elements of the world.

Question: How did Whitehead classify what is usually seen as an individual person?
Answer: a continuum of overlapping events

Question: How did Whitehead refer to the combination of a person's separate experiences?
Answer: a "society" of events

Question: How did Whitehead define the "fallacy of misplaced concreteness"?
Answer: By assuming that enduring objects are the most real and fundamental things in the universe, materialists have mistaken the abstract for the concrete

Question:  What basic concepts did Whitehead believe were not questionable?

Question:  Why did he believe those concepts were accurate?

Question: How did Whitehead refer to the combination of a person's not separate experiences?

Question: How did Whitehead classify what is usually seen as a nonindividual person?

Question:  How did Whitehead define the "fallacy of well placed concreteness"?
Alfred_North_Whitehead

To put it another way, a thing or person is often seen as having a "defining essence" or a "core identity" that is unchanging, and describes what the thing or person really is. In this way of thinking, things and people are seen as fundamentally the same through time, with any changes being qualitative and secondary to their core identity (e.g. "Mark's hair has turned gray as he has gotten older, but he is still the same person"). But in Whitehead's cosmology, the only fundamentally existent things are discrete "occasions of experience" that overlap one another in time and space, and jointly make up the enduring person or thing. On the other hand, what ordinary thinking often regards as "the essence of a thing" or "the identity/core of a person" is an abstract generalization of what is regarded as that person or thing's most important or salient features across time. Identities do not define people, people define identities. Everything changes from moment to moment, and to think of anything as having an "enduring essence" misses the fact that "all things flow", though it is often a useful way of speaking.

Question: The idea that people are unchanging and stay the same even through changes is considered what?
Answer: defining essence

Question: In Whitehead's cosmology, what are the only things that fundamentally exist?
Answer: occasions of experience

Question: Where do occasions of experience overlap?
Answer: time and space

Question: In Whitehead's view, identities do not define people, but what?
Answer: people define identities

Question: Instead of having an enduring essence, what does Whitehead believe?
Answer: all things flow"

Question: Regarding the idea that individuals or objects don't fundamentally change, what terms can be used to describe what an object or individual actually is?
Answer: "defining essence" or a "core identity"

Question: In that line of thinking, how are changes described?
Answer: qualitative and secondary to their core identity

Question: What did Whitehead believe were essentially the only things that truly exist?
Answer: discrete "occasions of experience" that overlap one another in time and space, and jointly make up the enduring person or thing

Question: Regarding the idea that individuals or objects fundamentally change, what terms can be used to describe what an object or individual actually is?

Question:  In that line of thinking, how are changes never described?

Question: What did Whitehead believe were not essentially the only things that truly exist?

Question: The idea that people are changing and stay the same even through changes is considered what?

Question: In Whitehead's cosmology, what are the only things that fundamentally dont exist?
Alfred_North_Whitehead

Whitehead pointed to the limitations of language as one of the main culprits in maintaining a materialistic way of thinking, and acknowledged that it may be difficult to ever wholly move past such ideas in everyday speech. After all, each moment of each person's life can hardly be given a different proper name, and it is easy and convenient to think of people and objects as remaining fundamentally the same things, rather than constantly keeping in mind that each thing is a different thing from what it was a moment ago. Yet the limitations of everyday living and everyday speech should not prevent people from realizing that "material substances" or "essences" are a convenient generalized description of a continuum of particular, concrete processes. No one questions that a ten-year-old person is quite different by the time he or she turns thirty years old, and in many ways is not the same person at all; Whitehead points out that it is not philosophically or ontologically sound to think that a person is the same from one second to the next.

Question: What did Whitehead believe was a culprit in maintaining a materialistic way of thinking?
Answer: limitations of language

Question: Why couldn't each moment of each person's life be given a different proper name?
Answer: limitations of language

Question: Whitehead's main philosophy on humans changing is what?
Answer: each thing is a different thing from what it was a moment ago

Question: What did Whitehead believe was one of the biggest reasons materialistic thinking endured?
Answer: limitations of language

Question: Why did Whitehead think people continued to subscribe to materialistic thinking?
Answer: it is easy and convenient to think of people and objects as remaining fundamentally the same things

Question: What did Whitehead believe regarding factors that limit people's understanding of his concepts?
Answer: should not prevent people from realizing that "material substances" or "essences" are a convenient generalized description of a continuum

Question: What did Whitehead state about the belief that a person is exactly the same from moment to moment?
Answer: it is not philosophically or ontologically sound

Question: Why did Whitehead think people continued to subscribe to nonmaterialistic thinking?

Question: What did Whitehead believe regarding factors that don't limit people's understanding of his concepts?

Question: What did Whitehead believe was one of the biggest reasons materialistic thinking did not endure?
Alfred_North_Whitehead

A second problem with materialism is that it obscures the importance of relations. It sees every object as distinct and discrete from all other objects. Each object is simply an inert clump of matter that is only externally related to other things. The idea of matter as primary makes people think of objects as being fundamentally separate in time and space, and not necessarily related to anything. But in Whitehead's view, relations take a primary role, perhaps even more important than the relata themselves. A student taking notes in one of Whitehead's fall 1924 classes wrote that:

Question: What obscures the importance of relations according to Whitehead?
Answer: materialism

Question: What does Materialism see each object as?
Answer: distinct and discrete

Question: How is each object related to other things?
Answer: externally

Question: What is another issue that Whitehead had with materialism?
Answer: it obscures the importance of relations

Question: What is the general materialistic view of an object?
Answer: Each object is simply an inert clump of matter that is only externally related to other things

Question: How the fundamental concept of matter influence people to view objects?
Answer: The idea of matter as primary makes people think of objects as being fundamentally separate in time and space, and not necessarily related to anything

Question: What is Whitehead's belief regarding the importance of relations?
Answer: in Whitehead's view, relations take a primary role, perhaps even more important than the relata themselves

Question: What is the materialistic view of matter in relation to other objects?
Answer: It sees every object as distinct and discrete from all other objects.

Question: How the fundamental concept of matter influence people to not view objects?

Question:  What is another issue that Whitehead had without materialism?

Question:  What is the general non-materialistic view of an object?

Question:  What is Whitehead's non-belief regarding the importance of relations?

Question: What is the materialistic view of matter in relation to no ohter objects?
Alfred_North_Whitehead

In fact, Whitehead describes any entity as in some sense nothing more and nothing less than the sum of its relations to other entities – its synthesis of and reaction to the world around it. A real thing is just that which forces the rest of the universe to in some way conform to it; that is to say, if theoretically a thing made strictly no difference to any other entity (i.e. it was not related to any other entity), it could not be said to really exist. Relations are not secondary to what a thing is, they are what the thing is.

Question: Whitehead believes any entity is in some sense what?
Answer: nothing more and nothing less than the sum of its relations to other entities

Question: If an object made no difference to any other entity, what could be said about it?
Answer: not be said to really exist.

Question: If relations are not secondary to what a thing is, what is it?
Answer: they are what the thing is

Question: What makes up the sum of relations to an entity?
Answer: rld around it

Question: A real object forces the universe to do what?
Answer: in some way conform to it

Question: How does Whitehead characterize anything that exists?
Answer: in some sense nothing more and nothing less than the sum of its relations to other entities – its synthesis of and reaction to the world around it

Question: How does he describe what makes something real?
Answer: A real thing is just that which forces the rest of the universe to in some way conform to it

Question: In Whitehead's thinking, what could be said about something that has no effect on any other person or object?
Answer: if theoretically a thing made strictly no difference to any other entity (i.e. it was not related to any other entity), it could not be said to really exist

Question: What did Whitehead believe about the concept of relations in the context of defining an entity?
Answer: Relations are not secondary to what a thing is, they are what the thing is.

Question: How does Whitehead not characterize anything that exists?

Question:  How does he describe what makes something fake?

Question: In Whitehead's thinking, what could be said about something that has a lot of effect on any other person or object?

Question: What did Whitehead believe about the concept of relations in the context of not defining an entity?