Divyanshu67/squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
Muammar_Gaddafi

The late 1980s saw a series of liberalising economic reforms within Libya designed to cope with the decline in oil revenues. In May 1987, Gaddafi announced the start of the "Revolution within a Revolution", which began with reforms to industry and agriculture and saw the re-opening of small business. Restrictions were placed on the activities of the Revolutionary Committees; in March 1988, their role was narrowed by the newly created Ministry for Mass Mobilization and Revolutionary Leadership to restrict their violence and judicial role, while in August 1988 Gaddafi publicly criticised them, asserting that "they deviated, harmed, tortured" and that "the true revolutionary does not practise repression." In March, hundreds of political prisoners were freed, with Gaddafi falsely claiming that there were no further political prisoners in Libya. In June, Libya's government issued the Great Green Charter on Human Rights in the Era of the Masses, in which 27 articles laid out goals, rights and guarantees to improve the situation of human rights in Libya, restricting the use of the death penalty and calling for its eventual abolition. Many of the measures suggested in the charter would be implemented the following year, although others remained inactive. Also in 1989, the government founded the Al-Gaddafi International Prize for Human Rights, to be awarded to figures from the Third World who had struggled against colonialism and imperialism; the first year's winner was South African anti-apartheid activist Nelson Mandela. From 1994 through to 1997, the government initiated cleansing committees to root out corruption, particularly in the economic sector.

Question: In what year did the "Revolution within a Revolution" begin?
Answer: 1987

Question: In what year was the Ministry for Mass Mobilization and Revolutionary Leadership created?
Answer: 1988

Question: How many articles were contained in the Great Green Charter on Human Rights in the Era of the Masses?
Answer: 27

Question: Who won the Al-Gaddafi International Prize for Human Rights in 1989?
Answer: Nelson Mandela

Question: What was Mandela's nationality?
Answer: South African
Muammar_Gaddafi

In the aftermath of the 1986 U.S. attack, the army was purged of perceived disloyal elements, and in 1988, Gaddafi announced the creation of a popular militia to replace the army and police. In 1987, Libya began production of mustard gas at a facility in Rabta, although publicly denying it was stockpiling chemical weapons, and unsuccessfully attempted to develop nuclear weapons. The period also saw a growth in domestic Islamist opposition, formulated into groups like the Muslim Brotherhood and the Libyan Islamic Fighting Group. A number of assassination attempts against Gaddafi were foiled, and in turn, 1989 saw the security forces raid mosques believed to be centres of counter-revolutionary preaching. In October 1993, elements of the increasingly marginalised army initiated a failed coup in Misrata, while in September 1995, Islamists launched an insurgency in Benghazi, and in July 1996 an anti-Gaddafist football riot broke out in Tripoli. The Revolutionary Committees experienced a resurgence to combat these Islamists.

Question: What bodies were intended to be replaced by the popular militia created in 1988?
Answer: army and police

Question: What chemical weapon did Libya start making in 1987?
Answer: mustard gas

Question: Where did Libya manufacture mustard gas?
Answer: Rabta

Question: Where did an abortive coup occur in 1993?
Answer: Misrata

Question: Where did a Muslim insurgency take place in 1995?
Answer: Benghazi
Muammar_Gaddafi

In 1989, Gaddafi was overjoyed by the foundation of the Arab Maghreb Union, uniting Libya in an economic pact with Mauritania, Morocco, Tunisia and Algeria, viewing it as beginnings of a new Pan-Arab union. Meanwhile, Libya stepped up its support for anti-western militants such as the Provisional IRA, and in 1988, Pan Am Flight 103 was blown up over Lockerbie in Scotland, killing 243 passengers and 16 crew members, plus 11 people on the ground. British police investigations identified two Libyans – Abdelbaset al-Megrahi and Lamin Khalifah Fhimah – as the chief suspects, and in November 1991 issued a declaration demanding that Libya hand them over. When Gaddafi refused, citing the Montreal Convention, the United Nations (UN) imposed Resolution 748 in March 1992, initiating economic sanctions against Libya which had deep repercussions for the country's economy. The country suffered an estimated $900 million financial loss as a result. Further problems arose with the west when in January 1989, two Libyan warplanes were shot down by the U.S. off the Libyan coast. Many African states opposed the UN sanctions, with Mandela criticising them on a visit to Gaddafi in October 1997, when he praised Libya for its work in fighting apartheid and awarded Gaddafi the Order of Good Hope. They would only be suspended in 1998 when Libya agreed to allow the extradition of the suspects to the Scottish Court in the Netherlands, in a process overseen by Mandela.

Question: Along with Libya, Morocco, Tunisia and Algeria, who was a founding member of the Arab Maghreb Union?
Answer: Mauritania

Question: How many people not on Pan Am Flight 103 were killed by its destruction?
Answer: 11

Question: Along with Lamin Khalifah Fhimah, who was suspected of the attack on Pan Am Flight 103?
Answer: Abdelbaset al-Megrahi

Question: What 1992 UN Resolution imposed sanctions on Libya for its refusal to hand over the Pan Am Flight 103 bombing suspects?
Answer: 748

Question: What was the value of the economic losses experienced by Libya as a result of Resolution 748?
Answer: $900 million
Muammar_Gaddafi

As the 20th century came to a close, Gaddafi increasingly rejected Arab nationalism, frustrated by the failure of his Pan-Arab ideals; instead he turned to Pan-Africanism, emphasising Libya's African identity. From 1997 to 2000, Libya initiated cooperative agreements or bilateral aid arrangements with 10 African states, and in 1999 joined the Community of Sahel-Saharan States. In June 1999, Gaddafi visited Mandela in South Africa, and the following month attended the OAU summit in Algiers, calling for greater political and economic integration across the continent and advocating the foundation of a United States of Africa. He became one of the founders of the African Union (AU), initiated in July 2002 to replace the OAU; at the opening ceremonies, he proclaimed that African states should reject conditional aid from the developed world, a direct contrast to the message of South African President Thabo Mbeki. At the third AU summit, held in Libya in July 2005, he called for a greater level of integration, advocating a single AU passport, a common defence system and a single currency, utilising the slogan: "The United States of Africa is the hope." In June 2005, Libya joined the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA), and in August 2008 Gaddafi was proclaimed "King of Kings" by an assembled committee of traditional African leaders. On 1 February 2009, his "coronation ceremony" was held in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, coinciding with Gaddafi's election as AU chairman for a year.

Question: What organization did Libya join in 1999?
Answer: Community of Sahel-Saharan States

Question: Where did the OAU summit in July 1999 occur?
Answer: Algiers

Question: What organization was founded in July of 2002?
Answer: African Union

Question: What is COMESA?
Answer: Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa

Question: Who was the president of South Africa circa 2002?
Answer: Thabo Mbeki
Muammar_Gaddafi

The era saw Libya's return to the international arena. In 1999, Libya began secret talks with the British government to normalise relations. In 2001, Gaddafi condemned the September 11 attacks on the U.S. by al-Qaeda, expressing sympathy with the victims and calling for Libyan involvement in the War on Terror against militant Islamism. His government continued suppressing domestic Islamism, at the same time as Gaddafi called for the wider application of sharia law. Libya also cemented connections with China and North Korea, being visited by Chinese President Jiang Zemin in April 2002. Influenced by the events of the Iraq War, in December 2003, Libya renounced its possession of weapons of mass destruction, decommissioning its chemical and nuclear weapons programs. Relations with the U.S. improved as a result, while UK Prime Minister Tony Blair met with Gaddafi in the Libyan desert in March 2004. The following month, Gaddafi travelled to the headquarters of the European Union (EU) in Brussels, signifying improved relations between Libya and the EU, the latter ending its remaining sanctions in October. In October 2010, the EU paid Libya €50 million to stop African migrants passing into Europe; Gaddafi encouraged the move, saying that it was necessary to prevent the loss of European cultural identity to a new "Black Europe". Removed from the U.S. list of state sponsors of terrorism in 2006, Gaddafi nevertheless continued his anti-western rhetoric, and at the Second Africa-South America Summit in Venezuela in September 2009, joined Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez in calling for an "anti-imperialist" front across Africa and Latin America. Gaddafi proposed the establishment of a South Atlantic Treaty Organization to rival NATO. That month he also addressed the United Nations General Assembly in New York for the first time, using it to condemn "western aggression". In Spring 2010, Gaddafi proclaimed jihad against Switzerland after Swiss police accused two of his family members of criminal activity in the country, resulting in the breakdown of bilateral relations.

Question: What world leader notably visited Libya in 2002?
Answer: Jiang Zemin

Question: What conflict prompted Libya to end its nuclear weapons program?
Answer: Iraq War

Question: What world leader visited Gaddafi in 2004?
Answer: Tony Blair

Question: In what city is the EU headquarters located?
Answer: Brussels

Question: How much money did Libya receive to stem the flow of African migrants into Europe?
Answer: €50 million
Muammar_Gaddafi

Libya's economy witnessed increasing privatization; although rejecting the socialist policies of nationalized industry advocated in The Green Book, government figures asserted that they were forging "people's socialism" rather than capitalism. Gaddafi welcomed these reforms, calling for wide-scale privatization in a March 2003 speech. In 2003, the oil industry was largely sold to private corporations, and by 2004, there was $40 billion of direct foreign investment in Libya, a sixfold rise over 2003. Sectors of Libya's population reacted against these reforms with public demonstrations, and in March 2006, revolutionary hard-liners took control of the GPC cabinet; although scaling back the pace of the changes, they did not halt them. In 2010, plans were announced that would have seen half the Libyan economy privatized over the following decade. While there was no accompanying political liberalization, with Gaddafi retaining predominant control, in March 2010, the government devolved further powers to the municipal councils. Rising numbers of reformist technocrats attained positions in the country's governance; best known was Gaddafi's son and heir apparent Saif al-Islam Gaddafi, who was openly critical of Libya's human rights record. He led a group who proposed the drafting of the new constitution, although it was never adopted, and in October 2009 was appointed to head the PSLC. Involved in encouraging tourism, Saif founded several privately run media channels in 2008, but after criticising the government they were nationalised in 2009. In October 2010, Gaddafi apologized to African leaders on behalf of Arab nations for their involvement in the African slave trade.

Question: In what month and year did Gaddafi make a speech promoting economic privatization?
Answer: March 2003

Question: How much direct foreign investment existed in Libya circa 2004?
Answer: $40 billion

Question: By what factor did direct foreign investment in Libya increase between 2003 and 2004?
Answer: sixfold

Question: According to the plan of 2010, what fraction of Libya's economy was intended to be privatized?
Answer: half

Question: As of October 2009, who was the head of the PSLC?
Answer: Saif al-Islam Gaddafi
Muammar_Gaddafi

Following the start of the Arab Spring in 2011, Gaddafi spoke out in favour of Tunisian President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, then threatened by the Tunisian Revolution. He suggested that Tunisia's people would be satisfied if Ben Ali introduced a Jamahiriyah system there. Fearing domestic protest, Libya's government implemented preventative measures, reducing food prices, purging the army leadership of potential defectors and releasing several Islamist prisoners. They proved ineffective, and on 17 February 2011, major protests broke out against Gaddafi's government. Unlike Tunisia or Egypt, Libya was largely religiously homogenous and had no strong Islamist movement, but there was widespread dissatisfaction with the corruption and entrenched systems of patronage, while unemployment had reached around 30%.

Question: In what year did the so-called Arab Spring occur?
Answer: 2011

Question: Who was the president of Tunisia in 2011?
Answer: Zine El Abidine Ben Ali

Question: About what percentage of the Libyan population was unemployed in 2011?
Answer: 30

Question: On what date in 2011 did protests begin in Libya?
Answer: 17 February

Question: Along with corruption, what were Libyans upset with in 2011?
Answer: patronage
Muammar_Gaddafi

Accusing the rebels of being "drugged" and linked to al-Qaeda, Gaddafi proclaimed that he would die a martyr rather than leave Libya. As he announced that the rebels would be "hunted down street by street, house by house and wardrobe by wardrobe", the army opened fire on protests in Benghazi, killing hundreds. Shocked at the government's response, a number of senior politicians resigned or defected to the protesters' side. The uprising spread quickly through Libya's less economically developed eastern half. By February's end, eastern cities like Benghazi, Misrata, al-Bayda and Tobruk were controlled by rebels, and the Benghazi-based National Transitional Council (NTC) had been founded to represent them.

Question: Who did Gaddafi accuse the Libyan rebels of being linked to?
Answer: al-Qaeda

Question: How many protesters were killed in Benghazi?
Answer: hundreds

Question: What rebel organization was founded in Benghazi?
Answer: National Transitional Council

Question: Cities in what geographic part of Libya were controlled by rebels?
Answer: eastern

Question: Along with Benghazi and Misrata, what cities did the rebels control in February?
Answer: al-Bayda and Tobruk
Muammar_Gaddafi

In the conflict's early months it appeared that Gaddafi's government – with its greater firepower – would be victorious. Both sides disregarded the laws of war, committing human rights abuses, including arbitrary arrests, torture, extrajudicial executions and revenge attacks. On 26 February the United Nations Security Council passed Resolution 1970, suspending Libya from the UN Human Rights Council, implementing sanctions and calling for an International Criminal Court (ICC) investigation into the killing of unarmed civilians. In March, the Security Council declared a no fly zone to protect the civilian population from aerial bombardment, calling on foreign nations to enforce it; it also specifically prohibited foreign occupation. Ignoring this, Qatar sent hundreds of troops to support the dissidents, and along with France and the United Arab Emirates provided the NTC with weaponry and training.

Question: As a result of Resolution 1970, what body was Libya suspended from?
Answer: UN Human Rights Council

Question: In what month did the UN Security Council set up a no fly zone?
Answer: March

Question: How many troops did Qatar send to Libya?
Answer: hundreds

Question: Along with Qatar and France, what nation helped to train the NTC?
Answer: United Arab Emirates
Muammar_Gaddafi

A week after the implementation of the no-fly zone, NATO announced that it would be enforced. On 30 April a NATO airstrike killed Gaddafi's sixth son and three of his grandsons in Tripoli, though Gaddafi and his wife were unharmed. Western officials remained divided over whether Gaddafi was a legitimate military target under the U.N. Security Council resolution. U.S. Secretary of Defense Robert Gates said that NATO was "not targeting Gaddafi specifically" but that his command-and-control facilities were legitimate targets—including a facility inside his sprawling Tripoli compound that was hit with airstrikes on 25 April.

Question: On what date did NATO kill Gaddafi's son?
Answer: 30 April

Question: What organization killed Gaddafi's grandsons?
Answer: NATO

Question: At the time of these events, what was Robert Gates' title?
Answer: Secretary of Defense

Question: What city did NATO bomb on 25 April?
Answer: Tripoli
Muammar_Gaddafi

On 27 June, the ICC issued arrest warrants for Gaddafi, his son Saif al-Islam, and his brother-in-law Abdullah Senussi, head of state security, for charges concerning crimes against humanity. Libyan officials rejected the ICC, claiming that it had "no legitimacy whatsoever" and highlighting that "all of its activities are directed at African leaders". That month, Amnesty International published their findings, in which they asserted that many of the accusations of mass human rights abuses made against Gaddafist forces lacked credible evidence, and were instead fabrications of the rebel forces which had been readily adopted by the western media. Amnesty International did however still accuse Gaddafi forces of numerous war crimes. On 15 July 2011, at a meeting in Istanbul, over 30 governments recognised the NTC as the legitimate government of Libya. Gaddafi responded to the announcement with a speech on Libyan national television, in which he called on supporters to "Trample on those recognitions, trample on them under your feet ... They are worthless".

Question: What position was held by Gaddafi's brother-in-law?
Answer: head of state security

Question: About how many governments recognized the legitimacy of the NTC at a meeting on July 15, 2011?
Answer: 30

Question: Where did the July 15, 2011 meeting take place?
Answer: Istanbul

Question: Which child of Gaddafi did the ICC issue an arrest warrant for on June 27?
Answer: Saif al-Islam

Question: Who is Gaddafi's brother-in-law?
Answer: Abdullah Senussi
Muammar_Gaddafi

Now with NATO support in the form of air cover, the rebel militia pushed westward, defeating loyalist armies and securing control of the centre of the country. Gaining the support of Amazigh (Berber) communities of the Nafusa Mountains, who had long been persecuted as non-Arabic speakers under Gaddafi, the NTC armies surrounded Gaddafi loyalists in several key areas of western Libya. In August, the rebels seized Zliten and Tripoli, ending the last vestiges of Gaddafist power. On 25 August, the Arab League recognised the NTC to be "the legitimate representative of the Libyan state", on which basis Libya would resume its membership in the League.

Question: What is another term for the Amazigh?
Answer: Berber

Question: What language did the Berbers living in the Nafusa Mountains not speak?
Answer: Arabic

Question: On what date did the NTC government enter the Arab League?
Answer: 25 August

Question: What were the last two cities to be controlled by Gaddafi's government?
Answer: Zliten and Tripoli

Question: What organization provided air support to the Libyan rebels?
Answer: NATO
Muammar_Gaddafi

Only a few towns in western Libya—such as Bani Walid, Sebha and Sirte—remained Gaddafist strongholds. Retreating to Sirte after Tripoli's fall, Gaddafi announced his willingness to negotiate for a handover to a transitional government, a suggestion rejected by the NTC. Surrounding himself with bodyguards, he continually moved residences to escape NTC shelling, devoting his days to prayer and reading the Qur'an. On 20 October, Gaddafi broke out of Sirte's District 2 in a joint civilian-military convoy, hoping to take refuge in the Jarref Valley. At around 8.30am, NATO bombers attacked, destroying at least 14 vehicles and killing at least 53. The convoy scattered, and Gaddafi and those closest to him fled to a nearby villa, which was shelled by rebel militia from Misrata. Fleeing to a construction site, Gaddafi and his inner cohort hid inside drainage pipes while his bodyguards battled the rebels; in the conflict, Gaddafi suffered head injuries from a grenade blast while defence minister Abu-Bakr Yunis Jabr was killed.

Question: In what geographic part of Libya is Bani Walid located?
Answer: western

Question: After Tripoli was conquered, where did Gaddafi go?
Answer: Sirte

Question: Leaving Sirte, what valley did Gaddafi hope to travel to?
Answer: Jarref

Question: About how many people were killed in the October 20 bombing of Gaddafi's convoy?
Answer: 53

Question: After fleeing to a construction site, how was Gaddafi injured?
Answer: grenade blast
Muammar_Gaddafi

A Misratan militia took Gaddafi prisoner, beating him, causing serious injuries; the events were filmed on a mobile phone. A video appears to picture Gaddafi being poked or stabbed in the rear end "with some kind of stick or knife" or possibly a bayonet. Pulled onto the front of a pick-up truck, he fell off as it drove away. His semi-naked, lifeless body was then placed into an ambulance and taken to Misrata; upon arrival, he was found to be dead. Official NTC accounts claimed that Gaddafi was caught in a cross-fire and died from his bullet wounds. Other eye-witness accounts claimed that rebels had fatally shot Gaddafi in the stomach; a rebel identifying himself as Senad el-Sadik el-Ureybi later claimed responsibility. Gaddafi's son Mutassim, who had also been among the convoy, was also captured, and found dead several hours later, most probably from an extrajudicial execution. Around 140 Gaddafi loyalists were rounded up from the convoy; tied up and abused, the corpses of 66 were found at the nearby Mahari Hotel, victims of extrajudicial execution. Libya's chief forensic pathologist, Dr. Othman al-Zintani, carried out the autopsies of Gaddafi, his son and Jabr in the days following their deaths; although the pathologist initially told the press that Gaddafi had died from a gunshot wound to the head, the autopsy report was not made public.

Question: Who claimed to have murdered Gaddafi?
Answer: Senad el-Sadik el-Ureybi

Question: What son of Gaddafi, present in the convoy, was found dead shortly after being captured?
Answer: Mutassim

Question: Where did an ambulance take Gaddafi after he was murdered?
Answer: Misrata

Question: How many bodies of Gaddafi supporters were found at the Mahari Hotel?
Answer: 66

Question: Who was the chief forensic pathologist of Libya?
Answer: Dr. Othman al-Zintani
Muammar_Gaddafi

On the afternoon of Gaddafi's death, NTC Prime Minister Mahmoud Jibril publicly revealed the news. Gaddafi's corpse was placed in the freezer of a local market alongside the corpses of Yunis Jabr and Mutassim; the bodies were publicly displayed for four days, with Libyans from all over the country coming to view them. In response to international calls, on 24 October Jibril announced that a commission would investigate Gaddafi's death. On 25 October, the NTC announced that Gaddafi had been buried at an unidentified location in the desert; Al Aan TV showed amateur video footage of the funeral. Seeking vengeance for the killing, Gaddafist sympathisers fatally wounded one of those who had captured Gaddafi, Omran Shaaban, near Bani Walid in September 2012.

Question: Who was the prime minister of the NTC?
Answer: Mahmoud Jibril

Question: For how many days was Gaddafi's corpse displayed in public?
Answer: four

Question: Who was killed by Gaddafi supporters for his role in Gaddafi's capture?
Answer: Omran Shaaban

Question: Near what town was Oran Shaaban killed?
Answer: Bani Walid

Question: On what date did the NTC announce Gaddafi's burial?
Answer: 25 October
Muammar_Gaddafi

As a schoolboy, Gaddafi adopted the ideologies of Arab nationalism and Arab socialism, influenced in particular by Nasserism, the thought of Egyptian revolutionary and president Gamal Abdel Nasser, whom Gaddafi adopted as his hero. During the early 1970s, Gaddafi formulated his own particular approach to Arab nationalism and socialism, known as Third International Theory, which has been described as a combination of "utopian socialism, Arab nationalism, and the Third World revolutionary theory that was in vogue at the time". He laid out the principles of this Theory in the three volumes of The Green Book, in which he sought to "explain the structure of the ideal society." His Arab nationalist views led him to believe that there needed to be unity across the Arab world, combining the Arab nation under a single nation-state. He described his approach to economics as "Islamic socialism", although biographers Blundy and Lycett noted that Gaddafi's socialism had a "curiously Marxist undertone", with political scientist Sami Hajjar arguing that Gaddafi's model of socialism offered a simplification of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels' theories. Gaddafi saw his socialist Jamahiriyah as a model for the Arab, Islamic, and non-aligned worlds to follow.

Question: What philosophy was named for Gamal Abdel Nasser?
Answer: Nasserism

Question: What did Gaddafi call his political philosophy created in the 1970s?
Answer: Third International Theory

Question: What philosophy was combined with socialism and nationalism to form Third International Theory?
Answer: Third World revolutionary theory

Question: The Green Book consisted of how many volumes?
Answer: three

Question: What is the occupation of Sami Hajjar?
Answer: political scientist
Muammar_Gaddafi

Gaddafi's ideological worldview was moulded by his environment, namely his Islamic faith, his Bedouin upbringing, and his disgust at the actions of European colonialists in Libya. He was driven by a sense of "divine mission", believing himself a conduit of Allah's will, and thought that he must achieve his goals "no matter what the cost". Raised within the Sunni branch of Islam, Gaddafi called for the implementation of sharia within Libya. He desired unity across the Islamic world, and encouraged the propagation of the faith elsewhere. On a 2010 visit to Italy, he paid a modelling agency to find 200 young Italian women for a lecture he gave urging them to convert. He also funded the construction and renovation of two mosques in Africa, including Uganda's Kampala Mosque. He nevertheless clashed with conservative Libyan clerics as to his interpretation of Islam. Many criticised his attempts to encourage women to enter traditionally male-only sectors of society, such as the armed forces. Gaddafi was keen to improve women's status, though saw the sexes as "separate but equal" and therefore felt women should usually remain in traditional roles.

Question: What variety of Islam was Gaddafi raised in?
Answer: Sunni

Question: In what country is Kampala Mosque located?
Answer: Uganda

Question: In what ethnic culture was Gaddafi raised?
Answer: Bedouin

Question: In what year did Gaddafi notably visit Italy?
Answer: 2010
Muammar_Gaddafi

A fundamental part of Gaddafi's ideology was anti-Zionism. He believed that the state of Israel should not exist, and that any Arab compromise with the Israeli government was a betrayal of the Arab people. In large part due to their support of Israel, Gaddafi despised the United States, considering the country to be imperialist and lambasting it as "the embodiment of evil." Rallying against Jews in many of his speeches, his anti-Semitism has been described as "almost Hitlerian" by Blundy and Lycett. From the late 1990s onward, his view seemed to become more moderate. In 2007, he advocated the Isratin single-state solution to the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, stating that "the [Israel-Palestine] solution is to establish a democratic state for the Jews and the Palestinians... This is the fundamental solution, or else the Jews will be annihilated in the future, because the Palestinians have [strategic] depth." Two years later he argued that a single-state solution would "move beyond old conflicts and look to a unified future based on shared culture and respect."

Question: What country did Gaddafi refer to as "the embodiment of evil"?
Answer: United States

Question: How did Gaddafi believe the Israel-Palestine conflict should be resolved?
Answer: Isratin single-state solution

Question: Who compared Gaddafi to Hitler?
Answer: Blundy and Lycett

Question: What was a major factor in Gaddafi's hatred of the United States?
Answer: support of Israel
Muammar_Gaddafi

Gaddafi was a very private individual, who described himself as a "simple revolutionary" and "pious Muslim" called upon by Allah to continue Nasser's work. Reporter Mirella Bianco found that his friends considered him particularly loyal and generous, and asserted that he adored children. She was told by Gaddafi's father that even as a child he had been "always serious, even taciturn", a trait he also exhibited in adulthood. His father said that he was courageous, intelligent, pious, and family oriented.

Question: Whose efforts did Gaddafi see himself as continuing?
Answer: Nasser

Question: What was Gaddafi's religious affiliation?
Answer: Muslim

Question: Who stated that Gaddafi was fond of children?
Answer: Mirella Bianco

Question: What is Mirella Biano's occupation?
Answer: Reporter

Question: Who remarked on Gaddafi's family orientation?
Answer: His father
Muammar_Gaddafi

In the 1970s and 1980s there were reports of his making sexual advances toward female reporters and members of his entourage. After the civil war, more serious charges came to light. Annick Cojean, a journalist for Le Monde, wrote in her book, Gaddafi's Harem that Gaddafi had raped, tortured, performed urolagnia, and imprisoned hundreds or thousands of women, usually very young. Another source—Libyan psychologist Seham Sergewa—reported that several of his female bodyguards claim to have been raped by Gaddafi and senior officials. After the civil war, Luis Moreno Ocampo, prosecutor for the International Criminal Court, said there was evidence that Gaddafi told soldiers to rape women who had spoken out against his regime. In 2011 Amnesty International questioned this and other claims used to justify NATO's war in Libya.

Question: What publication did Annick Cojean work for?
Answer: Le Monde

Question: What is the nationality of Seham Sergewa?
Answer: Libyan

Question: What ICC prosector claimed that Gaddafi had ordered soldiers to rape opposition women?
Answer: Luis Moreno Ocampo

Question: What book was written by Annick Cojean?
Answer: Gaddafi's Harem
Muammar_Gaddafi

Following his ascension to power, Gaddafi moved into the Bab al-Azizia barracks, a six-mile long fortified compound located two miles from the center of Tripoli. His home and office at Azizia was a bunker designed by West German engineers, while the rest of his family lived in a large two-story building. Within the compound were also two tennis courts, a soccer field, several gardens, camels, and a Bedouin tent in which he entertained guests. In the 1980s, his lifestyle was considered modest in comparison to those of many other Arab leaders. Gaddafi allegedly worked for years with Swiss banks to launder international banking transactions. In November 2011, The Sunday Times identified property worth £1 billion in the UK that Gaddafi allegedly owned. Gaddafi had an Airbus A340 private jet, which he bought from Prince Al-Waleed bin Talal of Saudi Arabia for $120 million in 2003. Operated by Tripoli-based Afriqiyah Airways and decorated externally in their colours, it had various luxuries including a jacuzzi.

Question: How far is the Bab al-Azizia barracks from Tripoli?
Answer: two miles

Question: Who designed Gaddafi's Azizia home?
Answer: West German engineers

Question: How many tennis courts existed in Gaddafi's compound?
Answer: two

Question: What was the value of Gaddafi's supposed British property holdings as of November 2011?
Answer: £1 billion

Question: How much did Gaddafi pay for his Airbus A340?
Answer: $120 million
Muammar_Gaddafi

Gaddafi married his first wife, Fatiha al-Nuri, in 1969. She was the daughter of General Khalid, a senior figure in King Idris' administration, and was from a middle-class background. Although they had one son, Muhammad Gaddafi (b. 1970), their relationship was strained, and they divorced in 1970. Gaddafi's second wife was Safia Farkash, née el-Brasai, a former nurse from Obeidat tribe born in Bayda. They met in 1969, following his ascension to power, when he was hospitalized with appendicitis; he claimed that it was love at first sight. The couple remained married until his death. Together they had seven biological children: Saif al-Islam Gaddafi (b. 1972), Al-Saadi Gaddafi (b. 1973), Mutassim Gaddafi (1974–2011), Hannibal Muammar Gaddafi (b. 1975), Ayesha Gaddafi (b. 1976), Saif al-Arab Gaddafi (1982–2011), and Khamis Gaddafi (1983–2011). He also adopted two children, Hanna Gaddafi and Milad Gaddafi.

Question: Who was Gaddafi's first father-in-law?
Answer: General Khalid

Question: When was Gaddafi's son by Fatiha al-Nuri born?
Answer: 1970

Question: What was the maiden surname of Gaddafi's second wife?
Answer: el-Brasai

Question: What tribe did Safia Farkash belong to?
Answer: Obeidat

Question: When did Khamis Gaddafi die?
Answer: 2011
Muammar_Gaddafi

Gaddafi was notably confrontational in his approach to foreign powers, and generally shunned western ambassadors and diplomats, believing them to be spies. He once said that HIV was "a peaceful virus, not an aggressive virus" and assured attendees at the African Union that "if you are straight you have nothing to fear from AIDS". He also said that the H1N1 influenza virus was a biological weapon manufactured by a foreign military, and he assured Africans that the tsetse fly and mosquito were "God's armies which will protect us against colonialists". Should these 'enemies' come to Africa, "they will get malaria and sleeping sickness".

Question: What sort of virus did Gaddafi describe HIV as?
Answer: peaceful

Question: Who did Gaddafi claim created H1N1?
Answer: a foreign military

Question: According to Gaddafi, what insects made up God's armies?
Answer: tsetse fly and mosquito

Question: What illnesses did Gaddafi claim would afflict invading colonialists?
Answer: malaria and sleeping sickness
Muammar_Gaddafi

Starting in the 1980s, he travelled with his all-female Amazonian Guard, who were allegedly sworn to a life of celibacy. However, according to psychologist Seham Sergewa, after the civil war several of the guards told her they had been pressured into joining and raped by Gaddafi and senior officials. He hired several Ukrainian nurses to care for him and his family's health, and traveled everywhere with his trusted Ukrainian nurse Halyna Kolotnytska. Kolotnytska's daughter denied the suggestion that the relationship was anything but professional.

Question: What was the name of Gaddafi's female bodyguard?
Answer: Amazonian Guard

Question: In what decade was Gaddafi first accompanied by his female bodyguard?
Answer: 1980s

Question: What is Halyna Kolotnytska's nationality?
Answer: Ukrainian

Question: What is the profession of Halyna Kolotnytska?
Answer: nurse

Question: What sort of relationship did Gaddafi have with Halyna Kolotnytska?
Answer: professional
Muammar_Gaddafi

Gaddafi remained a controversial and divisive figure on the world stage throughout his life and after death. Supporters praised Gaddafi's administration for the creation of an almost classless society through domestic reform. They stress the regime's achievements in combating homelessness and ensuring access to food and safe drinking water. Highlighting that under Gaddafi, all Libyans enjoyed free education to a university level, they point to the dramatic rise in literacy rates after the 1969 revolution. Supporters have also applauded achievements in medical care, praising the universal free healthcare provided under the Gaddafist administration, with diseases like cholera and typhoid being contained and life expectancy raised. Biographers Blundy and Lycett believed that under the first decade of Gaddafi's leadership, life for most Libyans "undoubtedly changed for the better" as material conditions and wealth drastically improved, while Libyan studies specialist Lillian Craig Harris remarked that in the early years of his administration, Libya's "national wealth and international influence soared, and its national standard of living has risen dramatically." Such high standards declined during the 1980s, as a result of economic stagnation. Gaddafi claimed that his Jamahiriya was a "concrete utopia", and that he had been appointed by "popular assent", with some Islamic supporters believing that he exhibited barakah. His opposition to Western governments earned him the respect of many in the Euro-American far right.

Question: What diseases were minimized by Gaddafi's health care policies?
Answer: cholera and typhoid

Question: What was the cost of primary and secondary education under Gaddafi?
Answer: free

Question: Why did living standards decline in 1980s Libya?
Answer: economic stagnation

Question: Due to his opposition to West governments, who notably respected Gaddafi?
Answer: Euro-American far right

Question: What is the occupation of Lillian Craig Harris?
Answer: Libyan studies specialist
Muammar_Gaddafi

Critics labelled Gaddafi "despotic, cruel, arrogant, vain and stupid", with western governments and press presenting him as the "vicious dictator of an oppressed people". During the Reagan administration, the United States regarded him as "Public Enemy No. 1" and Reagan famously dubbed him the "mad dog of the Middle East". According to critics, the Libyan people lived in a climate of fear under Gaddafi's administration, due to his government's pervasive surveillance of civilians. Gaddafi's Libya was typically described by western commentators as "a police state". Opponents were critical of Libya's human rights abuses; according to Human Rights Watch (HRW) and others, hundreds of arrested political opponents often failed to receive a fair trial, and were sometimes subjected to torture or extrajudicial execution, most notably in the Abu Salim prison, including an alleged massacre on 29 June 1996 in which HRW estimated that 1,270 prisoners were massacred. Dissidents abroad or "stray dogs" were also publicly threatened with death and sometimes killed by government hit squads. His government's treatment of non-Arab Libyans has also came in for criticism from human rights activists, with native Berbers, Italians, Jews, refugees, and foreign workers all facing persecution in Gaddafist Libya. According to journalist Annick Cojean and psychologist Seham Sergewa, Gaddafi and senior officials raped and imprisoned hundreds or thousands of young women and reportedly raped several of his female bodyguards. Gaddafi's government was frequently criticized for not being democratic, with Freedom House consistently giving Libya under Gaddafi the "Not Free" ranking for civil liberties and political rights.

Question: What did Reagan call Gaddafi?
Answer: mad dog of the Middle East

Question: According to Human Rights Watch, how many prisoners were killed on June 29, 1996?
Answer: 1,270

Question: Under Gaddafi, how did Freedom House rate Libya?
Answer: Not Free

Question: What did Gaddafi call Libya dissidents based outside the country?
Answer: stray dogs

Question: At what prison did extrajudicial executions occur according to HRW?
Answer: Abu Salim
Muammar_Gaddafi

International reactions to Gaddafi's death were divided. U.S. President Barack Obama stated that it meant that "the shadow of tyranny over Libya has been lifted," while UK Prime Minister David Cameron stated that he was "proud" of his country's role in overthrowing "this brutal dictator". Contrastingly, former Cuban President Fidel Castro commented that in defying the rebels, Gaddafi would "enter history as one of the great figures of the Arab nations", while Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez described him as "a great fighter, a revolutionary and a martyr." Nelson Mandela expressed sadness at the news, praising Gaddafi for his anti-apartheid stance, remarking that he backed the African National Congress during "the darkest moments of our struggle". Gaddafi was mourned by many as a hero across Sub-Saharan Africa, for instance, a vigil was held by Muslims in Sierra Leone. The Daily Times of Nigeria stated that while undeniably a dictator, Gaddafi was the most benevolent in a region that only knew dictatorship, and that he was "a great man that looked out for his people and made them the envy of all of Africa." The Nigerian newspaper Leadership reported that while many Libyans and Africans would mourn Gaddafi, this would be ignored by western media and that as such it would take 50 years before historians decided whether he was "martyr or villain."

Question: Who referred to Gaddafi as a martyr?
Answer: Hugo Chávez

Question: Who noted Gaddafi's opposition to apartheid?
Answer: Nelson Mandela

Question: Who expressed pride at overthrowing Gaddafi's government?
Answer: David Cameron

Question: In what country was there a notable Muslim vigil for Gaddafi?
Answer: Sierra Leone

Question: Who said something about tyranny?
Answer: Barack Obama
Muammar_Gaddafi

Following his defeat in the civil war, Gaddafi's system of governance was dismantled and replaced under the interim government of the NTC, who legalised trade unions and freedom of the press. In July 2012, elections were held to form a new General National Congress (GNC), who officially took over governance from the NTC in August. The GNC proceeded to elect Mohammed Magariaf as president of the chamber, and then voted Mustafa A.G. Abushagur as Prime Minister; when Abushagar failed to gain congressional approval, the GNC instead elected Ali Zeidan to the position. In January 2013, the GNC officially renamed the Jamahiriyah as the "State of Libya".

Question: Who was elected president of the GNC?
Answer: Mohammed Magariaf

Question: Who was initially named prime minister by the GNC?
Answer: Mustafa A.G. Abushagur

Question: Why did Mustafa A.G. Abushagur not become prime minister?
Answer: failed to gain congressional approval

Question: Who did the GNC eventually make prime minister?
Answer: Ali Zeidan

Question: What official name did the GNC give to Libya?
Answer: State of Libya
Cyprus

The Greek Cypriot population, meanwhile, had become hopeful that the British administration would lead to enosis. The idea of enosis was historically part of the Megali Idea, a greater political ambition of a Greek state encompassing the territories with Greek inhabitants in the former Ottoman Empire, including Cyprus and Asia Minor with a capital in Constantinople, and was actively pursued by the Cypriot Orthodox Church, which had its members educated in Greece. These religious officials, together with Greek military officers and professionals, some of whom still pursued the Megali Idea, would later found the guerrilla organisation Ethniki Organosis Kyprion Agoniston or National Organisation of Cypriot Fighters (EOKA). The Greek Cypriots viewed the island as historically Greek and believed that union with Greece was a natural right. In the 1950s, the pursuit of enosis became a part of the Greek national policy,

Question: Historically, the idea of enosis was part of which other idea?
Answer: Megali Idea

Question: The Megali Idea was actively pursued by whom?
Answer: Cypriot Orthodox Church

Question: What guerrilla organization was founded by religious officials and military officers?
Answer: Ethniki Organosis Kyprion Agoniston or National Organisation of Cypriot Fighters (EOKA).

Question: In what year decade did the pursuit of enosis become a part of national Greek policy?
Answer: 1950s
Cyprus

Initially, the Turkish Cypriots favoured the continuation of the British rule. However, they were alarmed by the Greek Cypriot calls for enosis as they saw the union of Crete with Greece, which led to the exodus of Cretan Turks, as a precedent to be avoided, and they took a pro-partition stance in response to the militant activity of EOKA. The Turkish Cypriots also viewed themselves as a distinct ethnic group of the island and believed in their having a separate right to self-determination from Greek Cypriots. Meanwhile, in the 1950s, Turkish leader Menderes considered Cyprus an "extension of Anatolia", rejected the partition of Cyprus along ethnic lines and favoured the annexation of the whole island to Turkey. Nationalistic slogans centred on the idea that "Cyprus is Turkish" and the ruling party declared Cyprus to be a part of the Turkish homeland that was vital to its security. Upon realising the fact that the Turkish Cypriot population was only 20% of the islanders made annexation unfeasible, the national policy was changed to favour partition. The slogan "Partition or Death" was frequently used in Turkish Cypriot and Turkish protests starting in the late 1950s and continuing throughout the 1960s. Although after the Zürich and London conferences Turkey seemed to accept the existence of the Cypriot state and to distance itself from its policy of favouring the partition of the island, the goal of the Turkish and Turkish Cypriot leaders remained that of creating an independent Turkish state in the northern part of the island.

Question: Initially Turkish Cypriots favoured the continued rule of what Western power?
Answer: British

Question: Who viewed themselves as a distinct ethnic group of the island of Cyprus?
Answer: Turkish Cypriots

Question: What percentage of the population did Turkish Cypriots make up?
Answer: 20%

Question: What slogan was frequently used in Turkish Cypriot protests?
Answer: "Partition or Death"
Cyprus

On 16 August 1960, Cyprus attained independence after the Zürich and London Agreement between the United Kingdom, Greece and Turkey. Cyprus had a total population of 573,566; of whom 442,138 (77.1%) were Greeks, 104,320 (18.2%) Turks, and 27,108 (4.7%) others  The UK retained the two Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia, while government posts and public offices were allocated by ethnic quotas, giving the minority Turkish Cypriots a permanent veto, 30% in parliament and administration, and granting the three mother-states guarantor rights.

Question: What is the date that Cyrpus attained independence?
Answer: 16 August 1960

Question: Which countries were part of the Zurich and London Agreement?
Answer: United Kingdom, Greece and Turkey

Question: What was Cyprus' total population when it gained independence?
Answer: 573,566

Question: What was the percentage of Greeks in the Cyprus population?
Answer: (77.1%

Question: What was the percentage of Turks in the Cyprus population?
Answer: 18.2%
Cyprus

The events of the summer of 1974 dominate the politics on the island, as well as Greco-Turkish relations. Around 150,000 settlers from Turkey are believed to be living in the north—many of whom were forced from Turkey by the Turkish government—in violation of the Geneva Convention and various UN resolutions. Following the invasion and the capture of its northern territory by Turkish troops, the Republic of Cyprus announced that all of its ports of entry in the north were closed, as they were effectively not under its control.[citation needed]

Question: What happened to ports on Cyprus after capture of its northern territory by Turkish troops?
Answer: all of its ports of entry in the north were closed

Question: How many settlers from Turkey were living in the north?
Answer: 150,000

Question: What terms did the Turkish government violate by sending people?
Answer: Geneva Convention and various UN resolutions