Divyanshu67/squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
Westminster_Abbey

Westminster School and Westminster Abbey Choir School are also in the precincts of the abbey. It was natural for the learned and literate monks to be entrusted with education, and Benedictine monks were required by the Pope to maintain a charity school in 1179. The Choir School educates and trains the choirboys who sing for services in the Abbey.

Question: What are also in the precincts of Westminster Abbey?
Answer: Westminster School and Westminster Abbey Choir School

Question: Who required the Benedictine monks to maintain a charity school?
Answer: the Pope

Question: When were the Benedictine monks required to maintain a charity school?
Answer: 1179

Question: The choirboys of the abbey are trained where?
Answer: Westminster Abbey Choir School

Question: What are also in the precincts of Eastminster Abbey?

Question: Who never required the Benedictine monks to maintain a charity school?

Question: Who required the Benedictine monks to maintain a vanity school?

Question: When were the Benedictine monks required to maintain a vanity school?

Question: The altar boys of the abbey are trained where?
Westminster_Abbey

The organ was built by Harrison & Harrison in 1937, then with four manuals and 84 speaking stops, and was used for the first time at the coronation of King George VI. Some pipework from the previous Hill organ of 1848 was revoiced and incorporated in the new scheme. The two organ cases, designed in the late 19th century by John Loughborough Pearson, were re-instated and coloured in 1959.

Question: Who built the organ?
Answer: Harrison & Harrison

Question: When was the organ built? 
Answer: 1937

Question: When was the organ first used?
Answer: the coronation of King George VI

Question: What was included in the new organ from the previous Hill organ of 1848?
Answer: pipework

Question: Who designed the two organ cases?
Answer: John Loughborough Pearson

Question: Who destroyed the organ?

Question: When was the organ destroyed?

Question: When was the organ last used?

Question: What was included in the new organ from the previous Hill organ of 1948?

Question: Who designed the three organ cases?
Westminster_Abbey

In 1982 and 1987, Harrison and Harrison enlarged the organ under the direction of the then abbey organist Simon Preston to include an additional Lower Choir Organ and a Bombarde Organ: the current instrument now has five manuals and 109 speaking stops. In 2006, the console of the organ was refurbished by Harrison and Harrison, and space was prepared for two additional 16 ft stops on the Lower Choir Organ and the Bombarde Organ. One part of the instrument, the Celestial Organ, is currently not connected or playable.

Question: What part of the organ is not connected or playable?
Answer: the Celestial Organ

Question: What part of the organ is connected or playable?

Question: What part of the organ is fully playable?

Question: In 2008, the console of the organ was refurbished by who?

Question: In 2006, the console of the organ was destroyed by who?

Question: In 2006, the console of the guitar was refurbished by who?
Westminster_Abbey

The bells at the abbey were overhauled in 1971. The ring is now made up of ten bells, hung for change ringing, cast in 1971, by the Whitechapel Bell Foundry, tuned to the notes: F#, E, D, C#, B, A, G, F#, E and D. The Tenor bell in D (588.5 Hz) has a weight of 30 cwt, 1 qtr, 15 lb (3403 lb or 1544 kg).

Question: When were the bells overhauled?
Answer: 1971

Question: How many bells make up the abbey ring?
Answer: Ten

Question: When were the ten bells cast?
Answer: 1971

Question: Who cast the abbey bells?
Answer: Whitechapel Bell Foundry

Question: When weren't the bells overhauled?

Question: When were the bells scrapped?

Question: How many bells don't make up the abbey ring?

Question: When were the ine bells cast?

Question: Who destroyed the abbey bells?
Westminster_Abbey

In addition there are two service bells, cast by Robert Mot, in 1585 and 1598 respectively, a Sanctus bell cast in 1738 by Richard Phelps and Thomas Lester and two unused bells—one cast about 1320, by the successor to R de Wymbish, and a second cast in 1742, by Thomas Lester. The two service bells and the 1320 bell, along with a fourth small silver "dish bell", kept in the refectory, have been noted as being of historical importance by the Church Buildings Council of the Church of England.

Question: Who cast the two service bells?
Answer: Robert Mot

Question: When were the two service bells cast?
Answer: 1585 and 1598

Question: When was the Sanctus bell cast?
Answer: 1738

Question: Who cast the Sanctus bell?
Answer: Richard Phelps and Thomas Lester

Question: Where is the "dish bell" kept?
Answer: in the refectory

Question: Who cast the three service bells?

Question: When were the three service bells cast?

Question: When was the Sanctus bell ruined?

Question: Who destroyed the Sanctus bell?

Question: Where isn't the "dish bell" kept?
Westminster_Abbey

The chapter house was built concurrently with the east parts of the abbey under Henry III, between about 1245 and 1253. It was restored by Sir George Gilbert Scott in 1872. The entrance is approached from the east cloister walk and includes a double doorway with a large tympanum above.

Question: Under whom was the chapter house built?
Answer: Henry III

Question: Who restored the chapter house in 1872?
Answer: Sir George Gilbert Scott

Question: Under whom wasn't the chapter house built?

Question: Under whom was the chapter house torn down?

Question: Who restored the chapter house in 1827?

Question: Who destroyed the chapter house in 1872?

Question: Who restored the chapel house in 1872?
Westminster_Abbey

Inner and outer vestibules lead to the octagonal chapter house, which is of exceptional architectural purity. It is built in a Geometrical Gothic style with an octagonal crypt below. A pier of eight shafts carries the vaulted ceiling. To the sides are blind arcading, remains of 14th-century paintings and numerous stone benches above which are innovatory large 4-light quatre-foiled windows. These are virtually contemporary with the Sainte-Chapelle, Paris.

Question: What style is the octagonal chapter house?
Answer: Geometrical Gothic style

Question: There is an octagonal what below the chapter house?
Answer: crypt

Question: What kind of ceiling is in the chapter house?
Answer: vaulted

Question: What kind of windows are in the chapter house?
Answer: 4-light quatre-foiled windows

Question: The architecture of the chapter house is contemporary with what?
Answer: the Sainte-Chapelle, Paris

Question: What style is the octagonal chapel house?

Question: There is an octagonal what above the chapter house?

Question: What kind of ceiling isn't in the chapter house?

Question: What kind of windows aren't in the chapter house?

Question: The architecture of the chapel house is contemporary with what?
Westminster_Abbey

The chapter house has an original mid-13th-century tiled pavement. A door within the vestibule dates from around 1050 and is believed to be the oldest in England.[citation needed] The exterior includes flying buttresses added in the 14th century and a leaded tent-lantern roof on an iron frame designed by Scott. The Chapter house was originally used in the 13th century by Benedictine monks for daily meetings. It later became a meeting place of the King's Great Council and the Commons, predecessors of Parliament.

Question: What kind of tiled pavement is in the chapter house?
Answer: mid-13th-century

Question: A door in the vestible dates back to when?
Answer: 1050

Question: When were the exterior flying buttresses added?
Answer: the 14th century

Question: Who else met in the chapter house?
Answer: King's Great Council and the Commons

Question: What kind of tiled pavement is in the chapel house?

Question: A window in the vestible dates back to when?

Question: When were the interior flying buttresses added?

Question: Who else never met in the chapter house?

Question: When were the exterior flying buttresses subtracted?
Westminster_Abbey

The Pyx Chamber formed the undercroft of the monks' dormitory. It dates to the late 11th century and was used as a monastic and royal treasury. The outer walls and circular piers are of 11th-century date, several of the capitals were enriched in the 12th century and the stone altar added in the 13th century. The term pyx refers to the boxwood chest in which coins were held and presented to a jury during the Trial of the Pyx, in which newly minted coins were presented to ensure they conformed to the required standards.

Question: What formed the undercroft of the monks' dormitory?
Answer: The Pyx Chamber

Question: When does the Pyx Chamber date to?
Answer: the late 11th century

Question: When were newly minted coins presented to ensure they met standards?
Answer: the Trial of the Pyx

Question: What formed the overcroft of the monks' dormitory?

Question: What destroyed the undercroft of the monks' dormitory?

Question: When doesn't the Pyx Chamber date to?

Question: When does the Styx Chamber date to?

Question: When were oldly minted coins presented to ensure they met standards?
Westminster_Abbey

The chapter house and Pyx Chamber at Westminster Abbey are in the guardianship of English Heritage, but under the care and management of the Dean and Chapter of Westminster. English Heritage have funded a major programme of work on the chapter house, comprising repairs to the roof, gutters, stonework on the elevations and flying buttresses as well as repairs to the lead light.

Question: The Pyx Chamber and chapter house are under guardianship of whom?
Answer: English Heritage

Question: Who cares for and manages the Pyx Chamber and chapter house?
Answer: the Dean and Chapter of Westminster

Question: English Heritage has funded what for the chapter house?
Answer: repairs

Question: The Pyx Chamber and chapter house aren't under guardianship of whom?

Question: The Styx Chamber and chapter house are under guardianship of whom?

Question: Who no longer cares for and manages the Pyx Chamber and chapter house?

Question: Who cares for and manages the Styx Chamber and chapter house?

Question: English Heritage has unfunded what for the chapter house?
Westminster_Abbey

The Westminster Abbey Museum is located in the 11th-century vaulted undercroft beneath the former monks' dormitory in Westminster Abbey. This is one of the oldest areas of the abbey, dating back almost to the foundation of the church by Edward the Confessor in 1065. This space has been used as a museum since 1908.

Question: What is located in the vaulted undercroft beneath the monks' dormitory?
Answer: The Westminster Abbey Museum

Question: The area the museum occupies dates back to when?
Answer: 1065

Question: The vaulted undercroft beneath the monks' dormitory has been a museum since when?
Answer: 1908

Question: What is located in the vaulted overcroft beneath the monks' dormitory?

Question: What is located in the vaulted undercroft above the monks' dormitory?

Question: The area the store occupies dates back to when?

Question: The vaulted undercroft beneath the monks' dormitory hasn't been a museum since when?

Question: The vaulted overcroft beneath the monks' dormitory has been a museum since when?
Westminster_Abbey

The exhibits include a collection of royal and other funeral effigies (funeral saddle, helm and shield of Henry V), together with other treasures, including some panels of mediaeval glass, 12th-century sculpture fragments, Mary II's coronation chair and replicas of the coronation regalia, and historic effigies of Edward III, Henry VII and his queen, Elizabeth of York, Charles II, William III, Mary II and Queen Anne.

Question: What belonging to Henry V is in the museum?
Answer: funeral saddle, helm and shield

Question: What kind of panels are in the museum?
Answer: panels of mediaeval glass

Question: What belonging to Henry VI is in the museum?

Question: What belonging to Henry V isn't in the museum?

Question: What not belonging to Henry V is in the museum?

Question: What kind of panels aren't in the museum?

Question: What kind of panels are in the library?
Westminster_Abbey

Later wax effigies include a likeness of Horatio, Viscount Nelson, wearing some of his own clothes and another of Prime Minister William Pitt, Earl of Chatham, modelled by the American-born sculptor Patience Wright.[citation needed] During recent conservation of Elizabeth I's effigy, a unique corset dating from 1603 was found on the figure and is now displayed separately.[citation needed]

Question: Who modelled the effigies in the museum?
Answer: sculptor Patience Wright

Question: What are the effigies made of?
Answer: wax

Question: What is the effigy of Viscount Nelson wearing?
Answer: some of his own clothes

Question: Who never modelled the effigies in the museum?

Question: What aren't the effigies made of?

Question: What are the fridges made of?

Question: What is the effigy of Discount Nelson wearing?

Question: What isn't the effigy of Viscount Nelson wearing?
Westminster_Abbey

A recent addition to the exhibition is the late 13th-century Westminster Retable, England's oldest altarpiece, which was most probably designed for the high altar of the abbey. Although it has been damaged in past centuries, the panel has been expertly cleaned and conserved.

Question: What was recently added to the museum exhibit?
Answer: 13th-century Westminster Retable

Question: What is the Westminster Retable?
Answer: England's oldest altarpiece

Question: What was the altarpiece designed for?
Answer: high altar of the abbey

Question: What was damaged but cleaned and then conserved?
Answer: altarpiece

Question: What was recently subtracted from the museum exhibit?

Question: What wasn't recently added to the museum exhibit?

Question: What isn't the Westminster Retable?

Question: What was the altarpiece undesigned for?

Question: What was undamaged but cleaned and then conserved?
Westminster_Abbey

In June 2009 the first major building work at the abbey for 250 years was proposed. A corona—a crown-like architectural feature—was intended to be built around the lantern over the central crossing, replacing an existing pyramidal structure dating from the 1950s. This was part of a wider £23m development of the abbey expected to be completed in 2013. On 4 August 2010 the Dean and Chapter announced that, "[a]fter a considerable amount of preliminary and exploratory work", efforts toward the construction of a corona would not be continued. In 2012, architects Panter Hudspith completed refurbishment of the 14th-century food-store originally used by the abbey's monks, converting it into a restaurant with English Oak furniture by Covent Garden-based furniture makers Luke Hughes and Company.

Question: What was proposed for the abbey in June 2009?
Answer: major building work

Question: On what date did the Dean and Chapter announce that work would not be continued?
Answer: 4 August 2010

Question: Panter Hudspith refurbished a 14th-century foodstore into what?
Answer: a restaurant

Question: What kind of furniture is in the restaurant?
Answer: English Oak

Question: Who supplied the furniture for the restaurant?
Answer: Luke Hughes and Company

Question: What was proposed for the abbey in June 2008?

Question: On what date did the Dean and Chapter announce that work would be continued?

Question: Panter Hudspith refurbished a 13th-century foodstore into what?

Question: What kind of furniture isn't in the restaurant?

Question: Who never supplied the furniture for the restaurant?
Westminster_Abbey

A project that is proceeding is the creation of The Queen's Diamond Jubilee Galleries in the medieval triforium of the abbey. The aim is to create a new display area for the abbey's treasures in the galleries high up around the abbey's nave. To this end a new Gothic access tower with lift has been designed by the abbey architect and Surveyor of the Fabric, Ptolemy Dean. It is planned that the new galleries will open in 2018.

Question: What will be created in the medieval triforium?
Answer: The Queen's Diamond Jubilee Galleries

Question: What has been designed to help with the gallery?
Answer: Gothic access tower with lift

Question: When will the new galleries open?
Answer: 2018

Question: What will be destroyed in the medieval triforium?

Question: What will be created in the medieval biforium?

Question: What has been undesigned to help with the gallery?

Question: When will the new galleries close?

Question: When will the old galleries open?
Political_corruption

Political corruption is the use of powers by government officials for illegitimate private gain. An illegal act by an officeholder constitutes political corruption only if the act is directly related to their official duties, is done under color of law or involves trading in influence.

Question: What is it called when government officials use their power for private gain?
Answer: Political corruption
Political_corruption

Forms of corruption vary, but include bribery, extortion, cronyism, nepotism, gombeenism, parochialism patronage, influence peddling, graft, and embezzlement. Corruption may facilitate criminal enterprise such as drug trafficking, money laundering, and human trafficking, though is not restricted to these activities. Misuse of government power for other purposes, such as repression of political opponents and general police brutality, is also considered political corruption.

Question: One form of corruption involves the hiring of family members, which is called what?
Answer: nepotism

Question: Another form of corruption, the practice of usury, is called what?
Answer: gombeenism

Question: Three forms of corruption that can promote criminal activities include drugs, money laundering, and what?
Answer: human trafficking

Question: The repression of what is also considered political corruption?
Answer: political opponents
Political_corruption

The activities that constitute illegal corruption differ depending on the country or jurisdiction. For instance, some political funding practices that are legal in one place may be illegal in another. In some cases, government officials have broad or ill-defined powers, which make it difficult to distinguish between legal and illegal actions. Worldwide, bribery alone is estimated to involve over 1 trillion US dollars annually. A state of unrestrained political corruption is known as a kleptocracy, literally meaning "rule by thieves".

Question: Which crime costs over one trillion U.S. dollars every year, world-wide?
Answer: bribery

Question: What does kleptocracy mean?
Answer: rule by thieves
Political_corruption

Some forms of corruption – now called "institutional corruption" – are distinguished from bribery and other kinds of obvious personal gain. A similar problem of corruption arises in any institution that depends on financial support from people who have interests that may conflict with the primary purpose of the institution.

Question: What are some forms of corruption now  called?
Answer: institutional corruption

Question: Institutional corruption is distinguished from what type of corruption?
Answer: bribery

Question: This type of problem happens in any organization where the interests of the people who financially support it conflicts with what?
Answer: the primary purpose of the institution
Political_corruption

In politics, corruption undermines democracy and good governance by flouting or even subverting formal processes. Corruption in elections and in the legislature reduces accountability and distorts representation in policymaking; corruption in the judiciary compromises the rule of law; and corruption in public administration results in the inefficient provision of services. It violates a basic principle of republicanism regarding the centrality of civic virtue.

Question: What does corruption undermine in politics?
Answer: democracy

Question: What does corruption disregard in politics?
Answer: formal processes

Question: Political corruption in legislature reduces what, overall?
Answer: accountability

Question: Corruption in what compromises the rule of law?
Answer: judiciary

Question: Corruption in what creates weak provision of services?
Answer: public administration
Political_corruption

More generally, corruption erodes the institutional capacity of government if procedures are disregarded, resources are siphoned off, and public offices are bought and sold. Corruption undermines the legitimacy of government and such democratic values as trust and tolerance. Recent evidence suggests that variation in the levels of corruption amongst high-income democracies can vary significantly depending on the level of accountability of decision-makers. Evidence from fragile states also shows that corruption and bribery can adversely impact trust in institutions.

Question: What two democratic values are soiled due to corruption?
Answer: trust and tolerance

Question: Corruption disintegrates government capacity when public offices are what?
Answer: bought and sold

Question: The level of corruption can vary in richer democracies in regards to the what of those officials making decisions?
Answer: accountability
Political_corruption

In the private sector, corruption increases the cost of business through the price of illicit payments themselves, the management cost of negotiating with officials and the risk of breached agreements or detection. Although some claim corruption reduces costs by cutting bureaucracy, the availability of bribes can also induce officials to contrive new rules and delays. Openly removing costly and lengthy regulations are better than covertly allowing them to be bypassed by using bribes. Where corruption inflates the cost of business, it also distorts the playing field, shielding firms with connections from competition and thereby sustaining inefficient firms.

Question: Corruption raises the cost of business because of illegal payments in what sector?
Answer: private

Question: Some people feel that corruption actually reduces costs because it cuts what?
Answer: bureaucracy

Question: What process is better than allowing bribes to remain in place?
Answer: Openly removing costly and lengthy regulations

Question: Corruption changes the playing field by allowing businesses with connections to be shielded by what?
Answer: competition
Political_corruption

Corruption also generates economic distortion in the public sector by diverting public investment into capital projects where bribes and kickbacks are more plentiful. Officials may increase the technical complexity of public sector projects to conceal or pave the way for such dealings, thus further distorting investment. Corruption also lowers compliance with construction, environmental, or other regulations, reduces the quality of government services and infrastructure, and increases budgetary pressures on government.

Question: Economic distortion is created by corruption in the public sector by diverting what into capital projects?
Answer: public investment

Question: What is more plentiful in capital projects?
Answer: bribes and kickbacks

Question: Corruption can lower what with environmental regulations?
Answer: compliance
Political_corruption

University of Massachusetts Amherst researchers estimated that from 1970 to 1996, capital flight from 30 Sub-Saharan countries totaled $187bn, exceeding those nations' external debts. (The results, expressed in retarded or suppressed development, have been modeled in theory by economist Mancur Olson.) In the case of Africa, one of the factors for this behavior was political instability, and the fact that new governments often confiscated previous government's corruptly obtained assets. This encouraged officials to stash their wealth abroad, out of reach of any future expropriation. In contrast, Asian administrations such as Suharto's New Order often took a cut on business transactions or provided conditions for development, through infrastructure investment, law and order, etc.

Question: Which researchers studied corruption from Sub-Saharan countries from 1970 to 1996?
Answer: University of Massachusetts Amherst

Question: The 187 billion exceeded what in these countries?
Answer: external debts

Question: What was one of the factors for this behavior in Africa?
Answer: political instability
Political_corruption

Corruption is often most evident in countries with the smallest per capita incomes, relying on foreign aid for health services. Local political interception of donated money from overseas is especially prevalent in Sub-Saharan African nations, where it was reported in the 2006 World Bank Report that about half of the funds that were donated for health usages were never invested into the health sectors or given to those needing medical attention.

Question: Where is corruption most noticeable?
Answer: countries with the smallest per capita incomes

Question: These countries rely on foreign aid for what?
Answer: health services

Question: In Sub-Saharan African countries, what level of government is corruption especially prevalent at?
Answer: Local

Question: Which report described this corruption? 
Answer: the 2006 World Bank Report

Question: How many funds did not reach their intended recipients who needed medical attention?
Answer: about half
Political_corruption

Instead, the donated money was expended through "counterfeit drugs, siphoning off of drugs to the black market, and payments to ghost employees". Ultimately, there is a sufficient amount of money for health in developing countries, but local corruption denies the wider citizenry the resource they require.

Question: What kind of employees received payments?
Answer: ghost employees

Question: Where were drugs siphoned off to?
Answer: the black market

Question: In addition to ghost employees and the black market receiving drugs, what other way was money expended?
Answer: counterfeit drugs

Question: If local corruption did not exist, there would be enough what to help the people in these countries needing medical help?
Answer: money
Political_corruption

Corruption facilitates environmental destruction. While corrupt societies may have formal legislation to protect the environment, it cannot be enforced if officials can easily be bribed. The same applies to social rights worker protection, unionization prevention, and child labor. Violation of these laws rights enables corrupt countries to gain illegitimate economic advantage in the international market.

Question: Corruption aids what as far as the environment is concerned?
Answer: environmental destruction

Question: Formal legislation cannot be regulated when officials are what?
Answer: bribed

Question: Bribes also halt unions, the protection of children in labor, and what?
Answer: social rights worker protection

Question: When these laws are broken, corrupt countries gain what in the international market?
Answer: illegitimate economic advantage
Political_corruption

The Nobel Prize-winning economist Amartya Sen has observed that "there is no such thing as an apolitical food problem." While drought and other naturally occurring events may trigger famine conditions, it is government action or inaction that determines its severity, and often even whether or not a famine will occur.

Question: Who has stated that apolitical food problems do not exist?
Answer: Amartya Sen

Question: What can trigger famine conditions?
Answer: drought

Question: While natural occurrences can cause famine, what determines the severity of it?
Answer: government action or inaction
Political_corruption

The scale of humanitarian aid to the poor and unstable regions of the world grows, but it is highly vulnerable to corruption, with food aid, construction and other highly valued assistance as the most at risk. Food aid can be directly and physically diverted from its intended destination, or indirectly through the manipulation of assessments, targeting, registration and distributions to favor certain groups or individuals.

Question: Along with food aid, what is most at risk in these countries?
Answer: construction

Question: How is food aid usually directly redirected from the people it should go to?
Answer: physically diverted

Question: Food aid can also be indirectly diverted from its intended recipients through the manipulation of what?
Answer: assessments
Political_corruption

In construction and shelter there are numerous opportunities for diversion and profit through substandard workmanship, kickbacks for contracts and favouritism in the provision of valuable shelter material. Thus while humanitarian aid agencies are usually most concerned about aid being diverted by including too many, recipients themselves are most concerned about exclusion. Access to aid may be limited to those with connections, to those who pay bribes or are forced to give sexual favors. Equally, those able to do so may manipulate statistics to inflate the number of beneficiaries and siphon off additional assistance.

Question: Substandard what is often one way for corruption to enter the construction field?
Answer: workmanship

Question: What happens with contracts to aid corruption?
Answer: kickbacks

Question: Recipients of aid are concerned about what?
Answer: exclusion

Question: Those receiving aid may have connections, pay bribes or what?
Answer: forced to give sexual favors

Question: Corrupt people may manipulate what to receive more assistance?
Answer: statistics
Political_corruption

Corruption is not specific to poor, developing, or transition countries. In western countries, cases of bribery and other forms of corruption in all possible fields exist: under-the-table payments made to reputed surgeons by patients attempting to be on top of the list of forthcoming surgeries, bribes paid by suppliers to the automotive industry in order to sell low-quality connectors used for instance in safety equipment such as airbags, bribes paid by suppliers to manufacturers of defibrillators (to sell low-quality capacitors), contributions paid by wealthy parents to the "social and culture fund" of a prestigious university in exchange for it to accept their children, bribes paid to obtain diplomas, financial and other advantages granted to unionists by members of the executive board of a car manufacturer in exchange for employer-friendly positions and votes, etc. Examples are endless. These various manifestations of corruption can ultimately present a danger for the public health; they can discredit specific, essential institutions or social relationships.

Question: These types of corruption can harm what?
Answer: the public health

Question: Along with institutions, this type of corruption can discredit what?
Answer: social relationships
Political_corruption

Corruption can also affect the various components of sports activities (referees, players, medical and laboratory staff involved in anti-doping controls, members of national sport federation and international committees deciding about the allocation of contracts and competition places).

Question: Corruption can determine certain things in what kind of activities?
Answer: sports

Question: Medical staff can affect what aspect of sports?
Answer: anti-doping controls
Political_corruption

Ultimately, the distinction between public and private sector corruption sometimes appears rather artificial, and national anti-corruption initiatives may need to avoid legal and other loopholes in the coverage of the instruments.

Question: The difference between corruption that is public or private looks like what?
Answer: artificial

Question: What needs to stay away from loopholes?
Answer: national anti-corruption initiatives
Political_corruption

In the context of political corruption, a bribe may involve a payment given to a government official in exchange of his use of official powers. Bribery requires two participants: one to give the bribe, and one to take it. Either may initiate the corrupt offering; for example, a customs official may demand bribes to let through allowed (or disallowed) goods, or a smuggler might offer bribes to gain passage. In some countries the culture of corruption extends to every aspect of public life, making it extremely difficult for individuals to operate without resorting to bribes. Bribes may be demanded in order for an official to do something he is already paid to do. They may also be demanded in order to bypass laws and regulations. In addition to their role in private financial gain, bribes are also used to intentionally and maliciously cause harm to another (i.e. no financial incentive).[citation needed] In some developing nations, up to half of the population has paid bribes during the past 12 months.

Question: What do you call paying government officials to use their position in their office?
Answer: a bribe

Question: What is the minimum amount of people that can be involved in a bribe?
Answer: two

Question: What is it called when corruption is part of all public life?
Answer: culture of corruption

Question: Beyond getting money, bribes are also used to cause what to others?
Answer: harm
Political_corruption

In recent years,[when?] the international community has made efforts to encourage countries to dissociate active and passive bribery and to incriminate them as separate offences.[citation needed]

Question: What two types of bribery is the international community trying to get prosecuted as separate?
Answer: active and passive bribery
Political_corruption

This dissociation aims to make the early steps (offering, promising, requesting an advantage) of a corrupt deal already an offence and, thus, to give a clear signal (from a criminal-policy point-of-view) that bribery is not acceptable.[citation needed] Furthermore, such a dissociation makes the prosecution of bribery offences easier since it can be very difficult to prove that two parties (the bribe-giver and the bribe-taker) have formally agreed upon a corrupt deal. In addition, there is often no such formal deal but only a mutual understanding, for instance when it is common knowledge in a municipality that to obtain a building permit one has to pay a "fee" to the decision maker to obtain a favorable decision. A working definition of corruption is also provided as follows in article 3 of the Civil Law Convention on Corruption (ETS 174): For the purpose of this Convention, "corruption" means requesting, offering, giving or accepting, directly or indirectly, a bribe or any other undue advantage or prospect thereof, which distorts the proper performance of any duty or behavior required of the recipient of the bribe, the undue advantage or the prospect thereof.

Question: In some countries there is no formal deal but what that makes prosecuting bribes difficult?
Answer: mutual understanding

Question: A bribe can include requesting, offering, giving or what of favors or money?
Answer: accepting

Question: Bribes can be direct or what?
Answer: indirect
Political_corruption

Trading in influence, or influence peddling, refers a person selling his/her influence over the decision making process to benefit a third party (person or institution). The difference with bribery is that this is a tri-lateral relation. From a legal point of view, the role of the third party (who is the target of the influence) does not really matter although he/she can be an accessory in some instances. It can be difficult to make a distinction between this form of corruption and some forms of extreme and loosely regulated lobbying where for instance law- or decision-makers can freely "sell" their vote, decision power or influence to those lobbyists who offer the highest compensation, including where for instance the latter act on behalf of powerful clients such as industrial groups who want to avoid the passing of specific environmental, social, or other regulations perceived as too stringent, etc. Where lobbying is (sufficiently) regulated, it becomes possible to provide for a distinctive criteria and to consider that trading in influence involves the use of "improper influence", as in article 12 of the Criminal Law Convention on Corruption (ETS 173) of the Council of Europe.

Question: Selling or trading government position influence is called what?
Answer: influence peddling

Question: Selling influence can involve third-parties and this is called what type of relation?
Answer: tri-lateral

Question: In some situations the third-party in an influence peddling crime may be not involved or may be what?
Answer: an accessory

Question: Where lobbying is controlled, what does it provide for consideration to determine improper influencing?
Answer: distinctive criteria

Question: What article of the Criminal Law Convention on Corruption contains distinctive criteria to determine improper influence?
Answer: article 12
Political_corruption

Patronage refers to favoring supporters, for example with government employment. This may be legitimate, as when a newly elected government changes the top officials in the administration in order to effectively implement its policy. It can be seen as corruption if this means that incompetent persons, as a payment for supporting the regime, are selected before more able ones. In nondemocracies many government officials are often selected for loyalty rather than ability. They may be almost exclusively selected from a particular group (for example, Sunni Arabs in Saddam Hussein's Iraq, the nomenklatura in the Soviet Union, or the Junkers in Imperial Germany) that support the regime in return for such favors. A similar problem can also be seen in Eastern Europe, for example in Romania, where the government is often accused of patronage (when a new government comes to power it rapidly changes most of the officials in the public sector).

Question: Giving government jobs to supporters is called what?
Answer: Patronage

Question: What country quickly changes most people working in government position when a new government comes into power?
Answer: Romania
Political_corruption

Favoring relatives (nepotism) or personal friends (cronyism) of an official is a form of illegitimate private gain. This may be combined with bribery, for example demanding that a business should employ a relative of an official controlling regulations affecting the business. The most extreme example is when the entire state is inherited, as in North Korea or Syria. A lesser form might be in the Southern United States with Good ol' boys, where women and minorities are excluded. A milder form of cronyism is an "old boy network", in which appointees to official positions are selected only from a closed and exclusive social network – such as the alumni of particular universities – instead of appointing the most competent candidate.

Question: What is it called when relatives are favored over other people?
Answer: nepotism

Question: What is it called when friends are favored over other people?
Answer: cronyism

Question: Cronyism is also when people are selected from a closed and exclusive social network, which is called what?
Answer: old boy network
Political_corruption

Seeking to harm enemies becomes corruption when official powers are illegitimately used as means to this end. For example, trumped-up charges are often brought up against journalists or writers who bring up politically sensitive issues, such as a politician's acceptance of bribes.

Question: Corruption also occurs when an official wants to cause some form of harm to who?
Answer: enemies

Question: False charges can be brought against a journalist who writes about what?
Answer: politically sensitive issues
Political_corruption

Gombeenism refers to an individual who is dishonest and corrupt for the purpose of personal gain, more often through monetary, while, parochialism which is also known as parish pump politics relates to placing local or vanity projects ahead of the national interest.For instance in Irish politics, populist left wing political parties will often apply these terms to mainstream establisment political parties and will cite the many cases of Corruption in Ireland, such as the Irish Banking crisis, which found evidence of bribery, cronyism and collusion, where in some cases politicians who were coming to the end of their political careers would receive a senior management or committee position in a company they had dealings with.

Question: What is it called when a person is dishonest or corrupt for his own gain?
Answer: Gombeenism

Question: Parish pump politics is also called what?
Answer: parochialism

Question: Which crisis in Ireland involved bribery, cronyism and collusion?
Answer: Irish Banking crisis

Question: Politicians who were at the end of their political careers were offered what kind of position with companies they were involved with politically?
Answer: senior management or committee position
Political_corruption

Electoral fraud is illegal interference with the process of an election. Acts of fraud affect vote counts to bring about an election result, whether by increasing the vote share of the favored candidate, depressing the vote share of the rival candidates, or both. Also called voter fraud, the mechanisms involved include illegal voter registration, intimidation at polls, and improper vote counting.

Question: Illegal interference with an election is called what?
Answer: Electoral fraud

Question: Another term for electoral fraud is what?
Answer: voter fraud

Question: Illegal voter registration, the miscounting of votes, and what at polls is considered voter fraud?
Answer: intimidation
Political_corruption

Embezzlement is the theft of entrusted funds. It is political when it involves public money taken by a public official for use by anyone not specified by the public. A common type of embezzlement is that of personal use of entrusted government resources; for example, when an official assigns public employees to renovate his own house.

Question: When entrusted funds are stolen, it is called what?
Answer: Embezzlement

Question: It is considered political when it involves what kind of money?
Answer: public

Question: One form of political embezzlement is when a politician uses government resources for what use?
Answer: personal
Political_corruption

A kickback is an official's share of misappropriated funds allocated from his or her organization to an organization involved in corrupt bidding. For example, suppose that a politician is in charge of choosing how to spend some public funds. He can give a contract to a company that is not the best bidder, or allocate more than they deserve. In this case, the company benefits, and in exchange for betraying the public, the official receives a kickback payment, which is a portion of the sum the company received. This sum itself may be all or a portion of the difference between the actual (inflated) payment to the company and the (lower) market-based price that would have been paid had the bidding been competitive.

Question: What is the public official's share called when involved in corrupt bidding?
Answer: kickback

Question: A contract can be given to someone who is not the best what?
Answer: bidder
Political_corruption

Kickbacks are not limited to government officials; any situation in which people are entrusted to spend funds that do not belong to them are susceptible to this kind of corruption.

Question: What is not limited to just government officials?
Answer: Kickbacks
Political_corruption

An unholy alliance is a coalition among seemingly antagonistic groups for ad hoc or hidden gain, generally some influential non-governmental group forming ties with political parties, supplying funding in exchange for the favorable treatment. Like patronage, unholy alliances are not necessarily illegal, but unlike patronage, by its deceptive nature and often great financial resources, an unholy alliance can be much more dangerous to the public interest. An early use of the term was by former US President Theodore "Teddy" Roosevelt:

Question: When groups that are antagonistic to each other form a coalition for hidden gain, it is called what?
Answer: unholy alliance

Question: While not illegal, an unholy alliance can be more dangerous to the public than what?
Answer: patronage
Political_corruption

An illustrative example of official involvement in organized crime can be found from 1920s and 1930s Shanghai, where Huang Jinrong was a police chief in the French concession, while simultaneously being a gang boss and co-operating with Du Yuesheng, the local gang ringleader. The relationship kept the flow of profits from the gang's gambling dens, prostitution, and protection rackets undisturbed.[citation needed]

Question: When was Jinrong a police chief in this area?
Answer: 1920s and 1930s

Question: Who was a local gang ringleader in the same area?
Answer: Du Yuesheng

Question: In addition to being a police chief, Jinrong was also what?
Answer: a gang boss
Political_corruption

The United States accused Manuel Noriega's government in Panama of being a "narcokleptocracy", a corrupt government profiting on illegal drug trade. Later the U.S. invaded Panama and captured Noriega.

Question: What was Noriega's government accused of being?
Answer: narcokleptocracy

Question: What country did Noriega rule?
Answer: Panama

Question: What country invaded Panama to capture Noriega?
Answer: United States

Question: What is a narcokleptocracy?
Answer: government profiting on illegal drug trade

Question: What is Noriega's first name?
Answer: Manuel
Political_corruption

Recent research supports Jefferson's claim. Brunetti and Weder found "evidence of a significant relationship between more press freedom and less corruption in a large cross-section of countries." They also presented "evidence which suggests that the direction of causation runs from higher press freedom to lower corruption." Adserà, Boix, and Payne found that increases in newspaper readership led to increased political accountability and lower corruption in data from roughly 100 countries and from different states in the US.

Question: Who found evidence that where the media had freedom there was less political corruption?
Answer: Brunetti and Weder

Question: Who discovered that more people reading newspapers resulted in higher political accountability?
Answer: Adserà, Boix, and Payne

Question: About 100 countries and what else was information gathered from to show that more people reading newspapers had higher political accountability?
Answer: different states in the US.
Political_corruption

Snyder and Strömberg found "that a poor fit between newspaper markets and political districts reduces press coverage of politics. ... Congressmen who are less covered by the local press work less for their constituencies: they are less likely to stand witness before congressional hearings ... . Federal spending is lower in areas where there is less press coverage of the local members of congress." Schulhofer-Wohl and Garrido found that the year after the Cincinnati Post closed in 2007, "fewer candidates ran for municipal office in the Kentucky suburbs most reliant on the Post, incumbents became more likely to win reelection, and voter turnout and campaign spending fell.

Question: Who discovered the correlation that congressman who have less local press coverage work less for the people who elected them?
Answer: Snyder and Strömberg

Question: What newspaper stopped publishing in 2007?
Answer: Cincinnati Post

Question: Who was most likely to get reelected after the Post shut down?
Answer: incumbents

Question: Campaign spending and what fell after the Post stopped publishing?
Answer: voter turnout
Political_corruption

An analysis of the evolution of mass media in the US and Europe since World War II noted mixed results from the growth of the Internet: "The digital revolution has been good for freedom of expression [and] information [but] has had mixed effects on freedom of the press": It has disrupted traditional sources of funding, and new forms of Internet journalism have replaced only a tiny fraction of what's been lost.

Question: What did the analysis show mixed results for?
Answer: growth of the Internet

Question: What was disrupted by Internet growth for the press?
Answer: traditional sources of funding

Question: How much has new types of Internet journalism replaced what has been lost in the press?
Answer: a tiny fraction