Divyanshu67/squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
Jews

Jews are often identified as belonging to one of two major groups: the Ashkenazim and the Sephardim. Ashkenazim, or "Germanics" (Ashkenaz meaning "Germany" in Hebrew), are so named denoting their German Jewish cultural and geographical origins, while Sephardim, or "Hispanics" (Sefarad meaning "Spain/Hispania" or "Iberia" in Hebrew), are so named denoting their Spanish/Portuguese Jewish cultural and geographic origins. The more common term in Israel for many of those broadly called Sephardim, is Mizrahim (lit. "Easterners", Mizrach being "East" in Hebrew), that is, in reference to the diverse collection of Middle Eastern and North African Jews who are often, as a group, referred to collectively as Sephardim (together with Sephardim proper) for liturgical reasons, although Mizrahi Jewish groups and Sephardi Jews proper are ethnically distinct.

Question: Name one major group that Jews are often identified as belonging to.
Answer: Ashkenazim

Question: Name another major group that Jews are often identified as belonging to?
Answer: Sephardim

Question: What does Ashkenaz mean in Hebrew?
Answer: Germany

Question: What is the more common term in Israel for many of those broadly called Sephardim?
Answer: Mizrahim

Question: What does Mizrach mean in Hebrew?
Answer: East

Question: How many major groups do the Ashkenazim belong to?

Question: What term means "Westerners" in Israel?

Question: What does Ashkenaz mean in German?

Question: What word means "Spain" in Spanish?

Question: What two groups are not ethnically distinct?
Jews

The divisions between all these groups are approximate and their boundaries are not always clear. The Mizrahim for example, are a heterogeneous collection of North African, Central Asian, Caucasian, and Middle Eastern Jewish communities that are no closer related to each other than they are to any of the earlier mentioned Jewish groups. In modern usage, however, the Mizrahim are sometimes termed Sephardi due to similar styles of liturgy, despite independent development from Sephardim proper. Thus, among Mizrahim there are Egyptian Jews, Iraqi Jews, Lebanese Jews, Kurdish Jews, Libyan Jews, Syrian Jews, Bukharian Jews, Mountain Jews, Georgian Jews, Iranian Jews and various others. The Teimanim from Yemen are sometimes included, although their style of liturgy is unique and they differ in respect to the admixture found among them to that found in Mizrahim. In addition, there is a differentiation made between Sephardi migrants who established themselves in the Middle East and North Africa after the expulsion of the Jews from Spain and Portugal in the 1490s and the pre-existing Jewish communities in those regions.

Question: In modern usage, why is Mizrahim sometimes termed Sephardi?
Answer: due to similar styles of liturgy

Question: When did the expulsion of Jews from Spain and Portugal occur?
Answer: the 1490s

Question: Where are the Teimanim from?
Answer: Yemen

Question: What is always clear between these groups?

Question: Why are Mizrahim sometimes termed Sephardi in historical usage?

Question: What Jews are not included in the Mizrahim?

Question: When were the Jews welcomed into Spain and Portugal?

Question: Where are the Georgian Jews from?
Jews

Ashkenazi Jews represent the bulk of modern Jewry, with at least 70% of Jews worldwide (and up to 90% prior to World War II and the Holocaust). As a result of their emigration from Europe, Ashkenazim also represent the overwhelming majority of Jews in the New World continents, in countries such as the United States, Canada, Argentina, Australia, and Brazil. In France, the immigration of Jews from Algeria (Sephardim) has led them to outnumber the Ashkenazim. Only in Israel is the Jewish population representative of all groups, a melting pot independent of each group's proportion within the overall world Jewish population.

Question: What group of Jews represent the bulk of modern Jewry?
Answer: Ashkenazi Jews

Question: Which group represents at least 70% of Jews worldwide?
Answer: Ashkenazi Jews

Question: Why does Ashkenazim represent the overwhelming majority of Jews in the New World continents?
Answer: As a result of their emigration from Europe

Question: In what country does the immigration of Jews from Algeria (Sephardim) has led them to outnumber the Ashkenazim?
Answer: France

Question: Who represents the minority of modern Jewry?

Question: Which group represents less than 70% of Jews worldwide?

Question: What is a country where Ashkenazi Jews have not emigrated to?

Question: Why do Sephardim represent the overwhelming majority of Jews in the New World?

Question: Where is the Jewish population least representative of all groups?
Jews

Hebrew is the liturgical language of Judaism (termed lashon ha-kodesh, "the holy tongue"), the language in which most of the Hebrew scriptures (Tanakh) were composed, and the daily speech of the Jewish people for centuries. By the 5th century BCE, Aramaic, a closely related tongue, joined Hebrew as the spoken language in Judea. By the 3rd century BCE, some Jews of the diaspora were speaking Greek. Others, such as in the Jewish communities of Babylonia, were speaking Hebrew and Aramaic, the languages of the Babylonian Talmud. These languages were also used by the Jews of Israel at that time.[citation needed]

Question: What is the liturgical language of Judaism?
Answer: Hebrew

Question: What is also termed lason ha-kodesh, "the holy tongue?"
Answer: Hebrew

Question: What are the Hebrew scriptures called?
Answer: Tanakh

Question: What are the two languages of the Babylonian Talmud?
Answer: Hebrew and Aramaic

Question: What is a closely related tongue to Hebrew?
Answer: Aramaic

Question: What is Judaism termed?

Question: What language did the Jews never speak?

Question: How many Jews spoke Greek before the 3rd century BCE?

Question: What language was the Babylonian Talmud not written in?

Question: What language did the Jews of Israel not use at that time?
Jews

For centuries, Jews worldwide have spoken the local or dominant languages of the regions they migrated to, often developing distinctive dialectal forms or branches that became independent languages. Yiddish is the Judæo-German language developed by Ashkenazi Jews who migrated to Central Europe. Ladino is the Judæo-Spanish language developed by Sephardic Jews who migrated to the Iberian peninsula. Due to many factors, including the impact of the Holocaust on European Jewry, the Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries, and widespread emigration from other Jewish communities around the world, ancient and distinct Jewish languages of several communities, including Judæo-Georgian, Judæo-Arabic, Judæo-Berber, Krymchak, Judæo-Malayalam and many others, have largely fallen out of use.

Question: What is the Judaeo-German language developed by Ashkenazi Jews who migrated to Central Europe?
Answer: Yiddish

Question: What is the Judaeo-Spanish language developed by Sephardic Jews who migrated to the Iberian peninsula?
Answer: Ladino

Question: Name one reason the ancient and distinct Jewish languages have largely fallen out of use?
Answer: Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries

Question: For how long have Jews not spoken the local languages of the regions they migrated to?

Question: What have Jews never spoken?

Question: What language was developed by Ashkenazi Jews who migrated to the Iberian peninsula?

Question: What was not a factor in Jewish languages falling out of use?

Question: What is a Jewish language that has not fallen out of use?
Jews

Despite efforts to revive Hebrew as the national language of the Jewish people, knowledge of the language is not commonly possessed by Jews worldwide and English has emerged as the lingua franca of the Jewish diaspora. Although many Jews once had sufficient knowledge of Hebrew to study the classic literature, and Jewish languages like Yiddish and Ladino were commonly used as recently as the early 20th century, most Jews lack such knowledge today and English has by and large superseded most Jewish vernaculars. The three most commonly spoken languages among Jews today are Hebrew, English, and Russian. Some Romance languages, particularly French and Spanish, are also widely used. Yiddish has been spoken by more Jews in history than any other language, but it is far less used today following the Holocaust and the adoption of Modern Hebrew by the Zionist movement and the State of Israel. In some places, the mother language of the Jewish community differs from that of the general population or the dominant group. For example, in Quebec, the Ashkenazic majority has adopted English, while the Sephardic minority uses French as its primary language. Similarly, South African Jews adopted English rather than Afrikaans. Due to both Czarist and Soviet policies, Russian has superseded Yiddish as the language of Russian Jews, but these policies have also affected neighboring communities. Today, Russian is the first language for many Jewish communities in a number of Post-Soviet states, such as Ukraine and Uzbekistan, as well as for Ashkenazic Jews in Azerbaijan, Georgia, and Tajikistan. Although communities in North Africa today are small and dwindling, Jews there had shifted from a multilingual group to a monolingual one (or nearly so), speaking French in Algeria, Morocco, and the city of Tunis, while most North Africans continue to use Arabic as their mother tongue.[citation needed]

Question: What language is spoken by more Jews in history than any other language?
Answer: Yiddish

Question: North Africans continue to use what language as their mother tongue?
Answer: North Africans

Question: What are the three most commonly spoken languages among Jews today?
Answer: Hebrew, English, and Russian

Question: South African Jews adopted which language?
Answer: English

Question: Which language has by and far superseded most Jewish vernaculars?
Answer: English

Question: When was Hebrew last commonly used?

Question: What language has surpassed English as a Jewish vernacular?

Question: What are the three least commonly spoken languages among Jews?

Question: What language have Ashkenazi Jews adopted outside of Quebec?

Question: What group has shifted from a monolingual group to a multilingual one?
Jews

Y DNA studies tend to imply a small number of founders in an old population whose members parted and followed different migration paths. In most Jewish populations, these male line ancestors appear to have been mainly Middle Eastern. For example, Ashkenazi Jews share more common paternal lineages with other Jewish and Middle Eastern groups than with non-Jewish populations in areas where Jews lived in Eastern Europe, Germany and the French Rhine Valley. This is consistent with Jewish traditions in placing most Jewish paternal origins in the region of the Middle East. Conversely, the maternal lineages of Jewish populations, studied by looking at mitochondrial DNA, are generally more heterogeneous. Scholars such as Harry Ostrer and Raphael Falk believe this indicates that many Jewish males found new mates from European and other communities in the places where they migrated in the diaspora after fleeing ancient Israel. In contrast, Behar has found evidence that about 40% of Ashkenazi Jews originate maternally from just four female founders, who were of Middle Eastern origin. The populations of Sephardi and Mizrahi Jewish communities "showed no evidence for a narrow founder effect." Subsequent studies carried out by Feder et al. confirmed the large portion of non-local maternal origin among Ashkenazi Jews. Reflecting on their findings related to the maternal origin of Ashkenazi Jews, the authors conclude "Clearly, the differences between Jews and non-Jews are far larger than those observed among the Jewish communities. Hence, differences between the Jewish communities can be overlooked when non-Jews are included in the comparisons."

Question: Ashkenazi Jews share more common paternal lineages with what group?
Answer: Jewish and Middle Eastern groups

Question: Jewish traditions place most Jewish paternal origins in which region?
Answer: Middle East

Question: Which lineages are generally more heterogeneous?
Answer: maternal lineages

Question: What tends to imply a large number of founders in an old population?

Question: What do male line ancestors appear to be outside of Jewish populations?

Question: Who believes many Jewish males did not find new mates from European communities?

Question: What percent of Ashkenazi Jews originate from four male founders?

Question: What did studies carried out by Feder not confirm?
Jews

Studies of autosomal DNA, which look at the entire DNA mixture, have become increasingly important as the technology develops. They show that Jewish populations have tended to form relatively closely related groups in independent communities, with most in a community sharing significant ancestry in common. For Jewish populations of the diaspora, the genetic composition of Ashkenazi, Sephardi, and Mizrahi Jewish populations show a predominant amount of shared Middle Eastern ancestry. According to Behar, the most parsimonious explanation for this shared Middle Eastern ancestry is that it is "consistent with the historical formulation of the Jewish people as descending from ancient Hebrew and Israelite residents of the Levant" and "the dispersion of the people of ancient Israel throughout the Old World". North African, Italian and others of Iberian origin show variable frequencies of admixture with non-Jewish historical host populations among the maternal lines. In the case of Ashkenazi and Sephardi Jews (in particular Moroccan Jews), who are closely related, the source of non-Jewish admixture is mainly southern European, while Mizrahi Jews show evidence of admixture with other Middle Eastern populations and Sub-Saharan Africans. Behar et al. have remarked on an especially close relationship of Ashkenazi Jews and modern Italians.

Question: What looks at the entire DNA mixture?
Answer: autosomal DNA

Question: What has become increasingly important as the technology deveops?
Answer: autosomal DNA

Question: Mizrahi Jews show evidence of admixture with whom?
Answer: Middle Eastern populations and Sub-Saharan Africans

Question: What looks at a small part of the DNA mixture?

Question: What has become less important as technology develops?

Question: What does not show shared Middle Eastern ancestry?

Question: Who did Behar say has an especially close relationship with Sephardi Jews?

Question: What is the least parsimonious explantion for shared Middle Eastern ancestry?
Jews

The studies also show that the Sephardic Bnei Anusim (descendants of the "anusim" forced converts to Catholicism) of Iberia (estimated at about 19.8% of modern Iberia) and Ibero-America (estimated at least 10% of modern Ibero-America) have Sephardic Jewish origins within the last few centuries, while the Bene Israel and Cochin Jews of India, Beta Israel of Ethiopia, and a portion of the Lemba people of Southern Africa, despite more closely resembling the local populations of their native countries, also have some more remote ancient Jewish descent.

Question: What are Sephardic Bnei Anusim?
Answer: descendants of the "anusim" forced converts to Catholicism

Question: Who are descendants of the "anusim" forced converts to Catholicism?
Answer: Sephardic Bnei Anusim

Question: What percentage of Iberians are Sephardic Bnei Anusim?
Answer: 19.8%

Question: Who are the descendants of the willing converts to Catholicism?

Question: What percentage of historical Iberia was Sephardic Bnei Anusim?

Question: What percentage of ancient Ibero-America was Sephardic Bnei Anusim?

Question: What population does not have some more remote ancient Jewish descent?

Question: What other population does not have some more remote ancient Jewish descent?
Jews

Between 1948 and 1958, the Jewish population rose from 800,000 to two million. Currently, Jews account for 75.4% of the Israeli population, or 6 million people. The early years of the State of Israel were marked by the mass immigration of Holocaust survivors in the aftermath of the Holocaust and Jews fleeing Arab lands. Israel also has a large population of Ethiopian Jews, many of whom were airlifted to Israel in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Between 1974 and 1979 nearly 227,258 immigrants arrived in Israel, about half being from the Soviet Union. This period also saw an increase in immigration to Israel from Western Europe, Latin America, and North America.

Question: What years did the Jewish population rise from 800,000 to two million?
Answer: 1948 and 1958

Question: What is the population of Israel?
Answer: 6 million

Question: Between 1974 and 1979, how many immigrants arrived in Israel?
Answer: 227,258

Question: What did the Jewish population rise to before 1948?

Question: What percent of the Israeli population is not Jewish?

Question: What were the latest years of the State of Israel marked by?

Question: Before 1974 how many immigrants arrived in Israel?

Question: Where did this period see a decrease in immigration to Israel?
Jews

More than half of the Jews live in the Diaspora (see Population table). Currently, the largest Jewish community outside Israel, and either the largest or second-largest Jewish community in the world, is located in the United States, with 5.2 million to 6.4 million Jews by various estimates. Elsewhere in the Americas, there are also large Jewish populations in Canada (315,000), Argentina (180,000-300,000), and Brazil (196,000-600,000), and smaller populations in Mexico, Uruguay, Venezuela, Chile, Colombia and several other countries (see History of the Jews in Latin America). Demographers disagree on whether the United States has a larger Jewish population than Israel, with many maintaining that Israel surpassed the United States in Jewish population during the 2000s, while others maintain that the United States still has the largest Jewish population in the world. Currently, a major national Jewish population survey is planned to ascertain whether or not Israel has overtaken the United States in Jewish population.

Question: More than half of the Jews live where?
Answer: Diaspora

Question: How many Jews live in Canada?
Answer: 315,000

Question: How many Jews live in Argentina?
Answer: 180,000-300,000

Question: How many Jews live in Brazil?
Answer: 196,000-600,000

Question: Where do less than half of Jews live?

Question: Where is the smallest Jewish community located?

Question: How many Jews live in Mexico?

Question: What do demographers agree on?

Question: When did the United States surpass Israel in Jewish population?
Jews

Western Europe's largest Jewish community, and the third-largest Jewish community in the world, can be found in France, home to between 483,000 and 500,000 Jews, the majority of whom are immigrants or refugees from North African Arab countries such as Algeria, Morocco, and Tunisia (or their descendants). The United Kingdom has a Jewish community of 292,000. In Eastern Europe, there are anywhere from 350,000 to one million Jews living in the former Soviet Union, but exact figures are difficult to establish. In Germany, the 102,000 Jews registered with the Jewish community are a slowly declining population, despite the immigration of tens of thousands of Jews from the former Soviet Union since the fall of the Berlin Wall. Thousands of Israelis also live in Germany, either permanently or temporarily, for economic reasons.

Question: Where is Western Europe's largest Jewish community?
Answer: France

Question: How many Jews live in France?
Answer: between 483,000 and 500,000

Question: What is the population of Jews in the United Kingdom?
Answer: 292,000

Question: What is Western Europe's smallest Jewish community?

Question: Where are the majority of immigrants in the United Kingdom's Jewish community from?

Question: How many Israelis live outside of Germany?

Question: How many Jews immigrated to Germany before the fall of the Berlin Wall?

Question: What is a slowly increasing Jewish community?
Jews

Prior to 1948, approximately 800,000 Jews were living in lands which now make up the Arab world (excluding Israel). Of these, just under two-thirds lived in the French-controlled Maghreb region, 15–20% in the Kingdom of Iraq, approximately 10% in the Kingdom of Egypt and approximately 7% in the Kingdom of Yemen. A further 200,000 lived in Pahlavi Iran and the Republic of Turkey. Today, around 26,000 Jews live in Arab countries and around 30,000 in Iran and Turkey. A small-scale exodus had begun in many countries in the early decades of the 20th century, although the only substantial aliyah came from Yemen and Syria. The exodus from Arab and Muslim countries took place primarily from 1948. The first large-scale exoduses took place in the late 1940s and early 1950s, primarily in Iraq, Yemen and Libya, with up to 90% of these communities leaving within a few years. The peak of the exodus from Egypt occurred in 1956. The exodus in the Maghreb countries peaked in the 1960s. Lebanon was the only Arab country to see a temporary increase in its Jewish population during this period, due to an influx of refugees from other Arab countries, although by the mid-1970s the Jewish community of Lebanon had also dwindled. In the aftermath of the exodus wave from Arab states, an additional migration of Iranian Jews peaked in the 1980s when around 80% of Iranian Jews left the country.[citation needed]

Question: Prior to 1948, how many Jews were living in lands which now make up the Arab world (excluding Israel)?
Answer: 800,000

Question: When did a small-scale exodus begin in many countries?
Answer: early decades of the 20th century

Question: The only substantial aliyah came from where?
Answer: Yemen and Syria

Question: How many Jews lived in Arab world prior to 1948, including Israel?

Question: What percentage of Jews lived in Pahlavi Iran?

Question: How many Jews lived outside of the Arab world prior to 1948?

Question: Where did the last large scale exoduses of the 1940s and 1950s occur?

Question: When did the migration of Iranian Jews hit its lowest point?
Jews

Since at least the time of the Ancient Greeks, a proportion of Jews have assimilated into the wider non-Jewish society around them, by either choice or force, ceasing to practice Judaism and losing their Jewish identity. Assimilation took place in all areas, and during all time periods, with some Jewish communities, for example the Kaifeng Jews of China, disappearing entirely. The advent of the Jewish Enlightenment of the 18th century (see Haskalah) and the subsequent emancipation of the Jewish populations of Europe and America in the 19th century, accelerated the situation, encouraging Jews to increasingly participate in, and become part of, secular society. The result has been a growing trend of assimilation, as Jews marry non-Jewish spouses and stop participating in the Jewish community.

Question: When did the advent of the Jewish Enlightenment occur?
Answer: 18th century

Question: What was a result of the Jewish Enlightenment?
Answer: growing trend of assimilation

Question: Name a Jewish community that disappeared entirely?
Answer: Kaifeng Jews of China

Question: Where did assimilation never take place?

Question: What Jewish community has never disappeared?

Question: What encouraged Jews to not participate in secular society?

Question: What has not been caused by Jews assimilating?
Jews

Rates of interreligious marriage vary widely: In the United States, it is just under 50%, in the United Kingdom, around 53%; in France; around 30%, and in Australia and Mexico, as low as 10%. In the United States, only about a third of children from intermarriages affiliate with Jewish religious practice. The result is that most countries in the Diaspora have steady or slightly declining religiously Jewish populations as Jews continue to assimilate into the countries in which they live.[citation needed]

Question: What is the rate of interreligious marriage in the United States?
Answer: just under 50%

Question: What is the rate of interreligious marriage in the United Kingdom?
Answer: 53%

Question: What is the rate of interreligious marriage in France?
Answer: 30%

Question: What is the rate of interreligious marriage in Mexico?
Answer: as low as 10%

Question: What is the rate of interreligious marriage in Australia?
Answer: as low as 10%

Question: What does not vary by much?

Question: How many children from intermarriage affiliate with Jewish religious practice in the United Kingdom?

Question: How many children from intermarriage affiliate with Jewish religious practice in France?

Question: Why do most countries in the Diaspora have increasing religiously Jewish populations?

Question: Where are Jews not assimilating into?
Jews

In the Papal States, which existed until 1870, Jews were required to live only in specified neighborhoods called ghettos. In the 19th and (before the end of World War II) 20th centuries, the Roman Catholic Church adhered to a distinction between "good antisemitism" and "bad antisemitism". The "bad" kind promoted hatred of Jews because of their descent. This was considered un-Christian because the Christian message was intended for all of humanity regardless of ethnicity; anyone could become a Christian. The "good" kind criticized alleged Jewish conspiracies to control newspapers, banks, and other institutions, to care only about accumulation of wealth, etc.

Question: When did the Papal States exist?
Answer: until 1870

Question: In the Papal States, what is the name for the specified neighborhoods where Jews were required to live?
Answer: ghettos

Question: What promoted hatred of Jews because of their descent?
Answer: bad antisemitism

Question: What existed after 1870?

Question: Where were Jews required to live outside of in the Papal States?

Question: Who did not make a distinction between "good" and "bad" antisemitism?

Question: What conspiracies were alleged about the Catholic Church?

Question: What did the "bad" kind of antisemitism not promote?
Jews

Islam and Judaism have a complex relationship. Traditionally Jews and Christians living in Muslim lands, known as dhimmis, were allowed to practice their religions and administer their internal affairs, but they were subject to certain conditions. They had to pay the jizya (a per capita tax imposed on free adult non-Muslim males) to the Islamic state. Dhimmis had an inferior status under Islamic rule. They had several social and legal disabilities such as prohibitions against bearing arms or giving testimony in courts in cases involving Muslims. Many of the disabilities were highly symbolic. The one described by Bernard Lewis as "most degrading" was the requirement of distinctive clothing, not found in the Quran or hadith but invented in early medieval Baghdad; its enforcement was highly erratic. On the other hand, Jews rarely faced martyrdom or exile, or forced compulsion to change their religion, and they were mostly free in their choice of residence and profession.

Question: What were Jews and Christians living in Muslim lands known as?
Answer: dhimmis

Question: What is the per capita tax imposed on free adult non-Muslim males known as?
Answer: jizya

Question: Which group had an inferior status under Islamic rule?
Answer: Dhimmis

Question: What was the disability described by Bernard Lewis as "most degrading?"
Answer: requirement of distinctive clothing

Question: What religions have a simple relationship?

Question: Who did not have to pay the jizya?

Question: Who had a superior status under Muslim rule?

Question: What was a prohibition placed on Muslims under Christian rule?

Question: What was the least degrading prohibition placed on non Muslims?
Jews

Notable exceptions include the massacre of Jews and forcible conversion of some Jews by the rulers of the Almohad dynasty in Al-Andalus in the 12th century, as well as in Islamic Persia, and the forced confinement of Moroccan Jews to walled quarters known as mellahs beginning from the 15th century and especially in the early 19th century. In modern times, it has become commonplace for standard antisemitic themes to be conflated with anti-Zionist publications and pronouncements of Islamic movements such as Hezbollah and Hamas, in the pronouncements of various agencies of the Islamic Republic of Iran, and even in the newspapers and other publications of Turkish Refah Partisi."

Question: What were walled quarters known as?
Answer: mellahs

Question: Who was forced into confinement in mellahs?
Answer: Moroccan Jews

Question: When did the confinement of Moroccan Jews in mellahs begin?
Answer: 15th century

Question: What dynasty did not massacre Jews?

Question: Where were Jews in Islamic Persia confined to?

Question: Where were Jews confined after the 19th century?

Question: What was conflated with anti-Zionist publications in historical times?

Question: What Jewish movements have made antisemitic pronouncements?
Jews

Throughout history, many rulers, empires and nations have oppressed their Jewish populations or sought to eliminate them entirely. Methods employed ranged from expulsion to outright genocide; within nations, often the threat of these extreme methods was sufficient to silence dissent. The history of antisemitism includes the First Crusade which resulted in the massacre of Jews; the Spanish Inquisition (led by Tomás de Torquemada) and the Portuguese Inquisition, with their persecution and autos-da-fé against the New Christians and Marrano Jews; the Bohdan Chmielnicki Cossack massacres in Ukraine; the Pogroms backed by the Russian Tsars; as well as expulsions from Spain, Portugal, England, France, Germany, and other countries in which the Jews had settled. According to a 2008 study published in the American Journal of Human Genetics, 19.8% of the modern Iberian population has Sephardic Jewish ancestry, indicating that the number of conversos may have been much higher than originally thought.

Question: What was one method used to entirely eliminate Jewish populations?
Answer: expulsion

Question: What resulted in the massacre of Jews?
Answer: First Crusade

Question: Who led the Spanish Inquisition?
Answer: Tomás de Torquemada

Question: According to the American Journal of Human Genetics, what percentage of modern Iberian population has Sephardic Jewish ancestry?
Answer: 19.8%

Question: What methods were never used on Jewish populations?

Question: What was not sufficient to silence dissent?

Question: Who was the First Crusade led by?

Question: What was opposed by the Russian Tsars?

Question: What percent of the historical Iberian population has Sephardic Jewish ancestry?
Jews

The persecution reached a peak in Nazi Germany's Final Solution, which led to the Holocaust and the slaughter of approximately 6 million Jews. Of the world's 15 million Jews in 1939, more than a third were killed in the Holocaust. The Holocaust—the state-led systematic persecution and genocide of European Jews (and certain communities of North African Jews in European controlled North Africa) and other minority groups of Europe during World War II by Germany and its collaborators remains the most notable modern-day persecution of Jews. The persecution and genocide were accomplished in stages. Legislation to remove the Jews from civil society was enacted years before the outbreak of World War II. Concentration camps were established in which inmates were used as slave labour until they died of exhaustion or disease. Where the Third Reich conquered new territory in Eastern Europe, specialized units called Einsatzgruppen murdered Jews and political opponents in mass shootings. Jews and Roma were crammed into ghettos before being transported hundreds of miles by freight train to extermination camps where, if they survived the journey, the majority of them were killed in gas chambers. Virtually every arm of Germany's bureaucracy was involved in the logistics of the mass murder, turning the country into what one Holocaust scholar has called "a genocidal nation."

Question: How many Jews were slaughtered in the Holocaust?
Answer: approximately 6 million

Question: Worldwide, how many Jews were there in 1939?
Answer: 15 million

Question: What was the state-led systematic persecution and genocide of European Jews and other minority groups?
Answer: The Holocaust

Question: In 1939, what fraction of Jews were killed in The Holocaust?
Answer: more than a third

Question: Where did the persecution reach its lowest amount?

Question: How many Jews were not killed in the Holocaust?

Question: When was legislation to remove the Jews from civil society struck down?

Question: How many Jews were there before 1939?

Question: What happened when the Third Reich conquered territory in Western Europe?
Jews

There is also a trend of Orthodox movements pursuing secular Jews in order to give them a stronger Jewish identity so there is less chance of intermarriage. As a result of the efforts by these and other Jewish groups over the past 25 years, there has been a trend (known as the Baal Teshuva movement) for secular Jews to become more religiously observant, though the demographic implications of the trend are unknown. Additionally, there is also a growing rate of conversion to Jews by Choice of gentiles who make the decision to head in the direction of becoming Jews.

Question: What is one method used to prevent intermarriage?
Answer: pursuing secular Jews in order to give them a stronger Jewish identity

Question: What is the trend for secular Jews to become more religiously observant known as?
Answer: the Baal Teshuva movement

Question: Who leads the movement that pursues secular Jews in order to give them stronger Jewish identity?
Answer: Orthodox

Question: Why do secular Jews persue Orthodox movements?

Question: Why has there been a trend for secular Jews to become less religious?

Question: Who has a shrinking rate of conversion?

Question: What is the trend for Jews to become less religiously observant called?

Question: When have Jews made efforts to be less religiously observant?
Cotton

The fiber is most often spun into yarn or thread and used to make a soft, breathable textile. The use of cotton for fabric is known to date to prehistoric times; fragments of cotton fabric dated from 5000 BC have been excavated in Mexico and the Indus Valley Civilization in Ancient India (modern-day Pakistan and some parts of India). Although cultivated since antiquity, it was the invention of the cotton gin that lowered the cost of production that led to its widespread use, and it is the most widely used natural fiber cloth in clothing today.

Question: What is the most frequent use of cotton?
Answer: fabric

Question: To what date has cotton been dated?
Answer: 5000 BC

Question: Where in India has cotton been found from prehistoric times?
Answer: Indus Valley

Question: In what Central American country has cotton use been found from early times?
Answer: Mexico

Question: What machinery has lead to the  easily made and widespread use of cotton?
Answer: cotton gin

Question: What is the most frequent use of cloth?

Question: To what date has the cotton gin been dated?

Question: Where in India has the cotton gin been found from prehistoric times?

Question: In what Central American country has cotton gin use been found from early times?

Question: What textile has lead to the easily and widespread use of cotton?
Cotton

The earliest evidence of cotton use in South Asia has been found at the site of Mehrgarh, Pakistan, where cotton threads have been found preserved in copper beads; these finds have been dated to Neolithic (between 6000 and 5000 BCE). Cotton cultivation in the region is dated to the Indus Valley Civilization, which covered parts of modern eastern Pakistan and northwestern India between 3300 and 1300 BCE The Indus cotton industry was well-developed and some methods used in cotton spinning and fabrication continued to be used until the industrialization of India. Between 2000 and 1000 BC cotton became widespread across much of India. For example, it has been found at the site of Hallus in Karnataka dating from around 1000 BC.

Question: Where in Southeast Asia has early use of cotton been discovered?
Answer: Mehrgarh, Pakistan

Question: To what period has cotton been dated in Pakistan?
Answer: Neolithic

Question: When did the Indus Valley Civilization cover parts of India and Pakistan?
Answer: 3300 and 1300 BCE

Question: Until what event did the ancient methods of spinning and fabrication of cotton last?
Answer: industrialization

Question: During what time did cotton become widely used in India?
Answer: 2000 and 1000 BC

Question: Where in Southeast Asia has early use of industry been discovered?

Question: To what period has industry been dated in Pakistan?

Question: When did cotton cover parts of Inida and Pakistan?

Question: Until what event did the ancient methods of bead spinning last?

Question: During what time did copper beads become widely used in India?
Cotton

In Iran (Persia), the history of cotton dates back to the Achaemenid era (5th century BC); however, there are few sources about the planting of cotton in pre-Islamic Iran. The planting of cotton was common in Merv, Ray and Pars of Iran. In Persian poets' poems, especially Ferdowsi's Shahname, there are references to cotton ("panbe" in Persian). Marco Polo (13th century) refers to the major products of Persia, including cotton. John Chardin, a French traveler of the 17th century who visited the Safavid Persia, spoke approvingly of the vast cotton farms of Persia.

Question: Use of cotton in Iran dates back to what period?
Answer: Achaemenid era

Question: When was the Achaemenid era?
Answer: 5th century BC

Question: In what source can references to cotton be found in Iran?
Answer: Persian poets' poems

Question: What 13th century explorer saw cotton in Persia?
Answer: Marco Polo

Question: What Frenchman in the 17th century noted cotton farming in Persia?
Answer: John Chardin

Question: Us of cotton in France dates back to what period?

Question: When was the Persian era?

Question: In what source can references to cotton be found in France?

Question: What 13th century explorer saw cotton in France?

Question: What Frenchman in the 13th century noted cotton farming in Persia?
Cotton

Though known since antiquity the commercial growing of cotton in Egypt only started in 1820's, following a Frenchman, by the name of M. Jumel, propositioning the then ruler, Mohamed Ali Pasha, that he could earn a substantial income by growing an extra-long staple Maho (Barbadence) cotton, in Lower Egypt, for the French market. Mohamed Ali Pasha accepted the proposition and granted himself the monopoly on the sale and export of cotton in Egypt; and later dictated cotton should be grown in preference to other crops. By the time of the American Civil war annual exports had reached $16 million (120,000 bales), which rose to $56 million by 1864, primarily due to the loss of the Confederate supply on the world market. Exports continued to grow even after the reintroduction of US cotton, produced now by a paid workforce, and Egyptian exports reached 1.2 million bales a year by 1903.

Question: When did cotton begin to be commercially grown in Egypt?
Answer: 1820's,

Question: What French businessman convinced the ruler of Egypt to grow cotton for the French market?
Answer: M. Jumel

Question: Who was ruler of Egypt in the 1820s?
Answer: Mohamed Ali Pasha

Question: How high had cotton revenues risen by the time of the American Civil War?
Answer: $56 million

Question: How many bales of cotton were produced by Egypt by 1903?
Answer: 1.2 million bales a year

Question: When did cotton begin to be commercially grown in the US?

Question: What French businessman convinced the ruler of Egypt to grow cotton for the US market?

Question: Who was ruler of Egypt in 1903?

Question: How high had cotton revenues risen by the time of the French Civil War?

Question: How many bales of cotton were produced by Egypt by 1820?
Cotton

During the late medieval period, cotton became known as an imported fiber in northern Europe, without any knowledge of how it was derived, other than that it was a plant. Because Herodotus had written in his Histories, Book III, 106, that in India trees grew in the wild producing wool, it was assumed that the plant was a tree, rather than a shrub. This aspect is retained in the name for cotton in several Germanic languages, such as German Baumwolle, which translates as "tree wool" (Baum means "tree"; Wolle means "wool"). Noting its similarities to wool, people in the region could only imagine that cotton must be produced by plant-borne sheep. John Mandeville, writing in 1350, stated as fact the now-preposterous belief: "There grew there [India] a wonderful tree which bore tiny lambs on the endes of its branches. These branches were so pliable that they bent down to allow the lambs to feed when they are hungrie  [sic]." (See Vegetable Lamb of Tartary.) By the end of the 16th century, cotton was cultivated throughout the warmer regions in Asia and the Americas.

Question: In the late medieval period in Europe as what was cotton viewed?
Answer: imported fiber

Question: What ancient writer gave later eras the idea that cotton might be a tree?
Answer: Herodotus

Question: What 1350 writer stated that cotton was produced by sheep that grew on trees?
Answer: John Mandeville

Question: By the end of what century was cotton grown in the Americas and Asia?
Answer: 16th century

Question: Why was it easy for people to believe that cotton grew on sheep that grew in plants?
Answer: similarities to wool

Question: What was cotton viewed as in the late medieval period in Asia?

Question: What ancient writer gave later eras the idea that wool might be a tree?

Question: What 1350 writer stated that wool was produced by sheep that grew on trees?

Question: By the end of what century was cotton grown in Germany?

Question: Why was it easy for people to believe that cotton grew on sheep that grew in northern Europe?
Cotton

India's cotton-processing sector gradually declined during British expansion in India and the establishment of colonial rule during the late 18th and early 19th centuries. This was largely due to aggressive colonialist mercantile policies of the British East India Company, which made cotton processing and manufacturing workshops in India uncompetitive. Indian markets were increasingly forced to supply only raw cotton and, by British-imposed law, to purchase manufactured textiles from Britain.[citation needed]

Question: How did British rule effect Indian cotton processing?
Answer: declined

Question: During what centuries did British rule effect Indian cotton production?
Answer: late 18th and early 19th

Question: What British business's policies damaged the Indian cotton industry?
Answer: British East India Company

Question: What cotton products did British law mandate that India was allowed to sell?
Answer: raw cotton

Question: If instead of producing fabrics, where was India forced to purchase cotton products?
Answer: Britain

Question: How did East India rule effect Indian cotton processing?

Question: During what centuries did East India rule effect Indian cotton production?

Question: What British business's policies damaged the British cotton industry?

Question: What cotton products did Indian law mandate that India was allowed to sell?

Question: Where was the British East India Company forced to purchase cotton products?
Cotton

The advent of the Industrial Revolution in Britain provided a great boost to cotton manufacture, as textiles emerged as Britain's leading export. In 1738, Lewis Paul and John Wyatt, of Birmingham, England, patented the roller spinning machine, as well as the flyer-and-bobbin system for drawing cotton to a more even thickness using two sets of rollers that traveled at different speeds. Later, the invention of the James Hargreaves' spinning jenny in 1764, Richard Arkwright's spinning frame in 1769 and Samuel Crompton's spinning mule in 1775 enabled British spinners to produce cotton yarn at much higher rates. From the late 18th century on, the British city of Manchester acquired the nickname "Cottonopolis" due to the cotton industry's omnipresence within the city, and Manchester's role as the heart of the global cotton trade.

Question: What event produced an expansion of the British cotton industry?
Answer: Industrial Revolution

Question: When was a new spinning machine patented that boosted cotton production?
Answer: 1738

Question: What device did James Hargreaves invent?
Answer: spinning jenny

Question: What was Samuel Crompton's invention of 1775?
Answer: spinning mule

Question: Whic British city was nicknamed "Cottonopolis" because of its cotton production?
Answer: Manchester

Question: What event produced an expansion of John Wyatt's cotton industry?

Question: When was a new spinning machine patented that boosted frame production?

Question: What device did Manchester invent?

Question: What was Samuel Crompton's invention of 1769?

Question: Which British city was nicknamed "Cottonopolis" because of its frame production?
Cotton

Production capacity in Britain and the United States was improved by the invention of the cotton gin by the American Eli Whitney in 1793. Before the development of cotton gins, the cotton fibers had to be pulled from the seeds tediously by hand. By the late 1700s a number of crude ginning machines had been developed. However, to produce a bale of cotton required over 600 hours of human labor, making large-scale production uneconomical in the United States, even with the use of humans as slave labor. The gin that Whitney manufactured (the Holmes design) reduced the hours down to just a dozen or so per bale. Although Whitney patented his own design for a cotton gin, he manufactured a prior design from Henry Odgen Holmes, for which Holmes filed a patent in 1796. Improving technology and increasing control of world markets allowed British traders to develop a commercial chain in which raw cotton fibers were (at first) purchased from colonial plantations, processed into cotton cloth in the mills of Lancashire, and then exported on British ships to captive colonial markets in West Africa, India, and China (via Shanghai and Hong Kong).

Question: What invention improved the cotton industry in both America and Britain?
Answer: cotton gin

Question: What American invented the cotton gin?
Answer: Eli Whitney

Question: Before the use of the cotton gin, how was cotton separated?
Answer: by hand

Question: What business development did the British use to establish a hold on the global cotton market?
Answer: commercial chain

Question: From what source was raw cotton first bought and later resold?
Answer: colonial markets

Question: What invention improved the cotton industry in both Holmes and Britain?

Question: What British person invented the cotton gin?

Question: Before the use of the cotton gin, how were bales separated?

Question: What business development did the Americans use to establish a hold on the global cotton market?

Question: From what source were cotton gins first bought and later resold?