Divyanshu67/squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States

There are a multitude of supporters as well as opponents to the policy of affirmative action. Many presidents throughout the last century have failed to take a very firm stance on the policy, and the public has had to discern the president's opinion for themselves. Bill Clinton, however, made his stance on affirmative action very clear in a speech on July 19, 1995, nearly two and a half years after his inauguration. In his speech, he discussed the history in the United States that brought the policy into fruition: slavery, Jim Crow, and segregation. Clinton also mentioned a point similar to President Lyndon B. Johnson's "Freedom is not Enough" speech, and declared that just outlawing discrimination in the country would not be enough to give everyone in America equality. He addressed the arguments that affirmative action hurt the white middle class and said that the policy was not the source of their problems. Clinton plainly outlined his stance on affirmative action, saying:

Question: Which President made their stance on affirmative action clear in 1995?
Answer: Bill Clinton

Question: How long after his inauguration was Bill Clinton's speech?
Answer: two and a half years

Question: Which speech did Bill Clinton's speech draw parallels to?
Answer: President Lyndon B. Johnson's "Freedom is not Enough"

Question: What did President Clinton claim would not be enough to give everyone in American equality?
Answer: just outlawing discrimination

Question: What was President Clinton's response to the claim that affirmative action was hurting the white middle class.
Answer: the policy was not the source of their problems

Question: Which President made their stance on non-affirmative action clear in 1995?

Question:  How soon after his inauguration was Bill Clinton's speech?

Question: Which speech did Bill Clinton's speech draw differences from?

Question: What did President Clinton claim would be enough to give everyone in American equality?

Question: What was President Clinton's response to the claim that affirmative action was not hurting the white middle class.?
Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States

The National Conference of State Legislatures held in Washington D.C. stated in a 2014 overview that many supporters for affirmative action argue that policies stemming from affirmative action help to open doors for historically excluded groups in workplace settings and higher education. Workplace diversity has become a business management concept in which employers actively seek to promote an inclusive workplace. By valuing diversity, employers have the capacity to create an environment in which there is a culture of respect for individual differences as well as the ability to draw in talent and ideas from all segments of the population. By creating this diverse workforce, these employers and companies gain a competitive advantage in an increasingly global economy. According to the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, many private sector employers have concluded that a diverse workforce makes a "company stronger, more profitable, and a better place to work." Therefore, these diversity promoting policies are implemented for competitive reasons rather than as a response to discrimination, but have shown the value in having diversity.

Question: Where was the National Conference of State Legislatures held in 2014?
Answer: Washington D.C.

Question: What did proponents of affirmative action claim some of the effects of policies that support affirmative action had done?
Answer: help to open doors for historically excluded groups in workplace settings and higher education

Question: What has the concept of workplace diversity caused employers to do?
Answer: actively seek to promote an inclusive workplace

Question: Having a diverse workplace allows for employers to do what?
Answer: draw in talent and ideas from all segments of the population

Question: Which organization claims that private sector employers believe having a diverse workplace is beneficial?
Answer: U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission

Question: Where was the National Conference of State Legislatures held in 2024?

Question: What did proponents of affirmative action claim some of the effects of policies that reject affirmative action had done?

Question: What has the concept of workplace diversity caused employers not to do?

Question:  Having a diverse workplace allows for employers to not do what?
Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States

In the year 2000, according to a study by American Association of University Professors (AAUP), affirmative action promoted diversity within colleges and universities. This has been shown to have positive effects on the educational outcomes and experiences of college students as well as the teaching of faculty members. According to a study by Geoffrey Maruyama and José F. Moreno, the results showed that faculty members believed diversity helps students to reach the essential goals of a college education, Caucasian students suffer no detrimental effects from classroom diversity, and that attention to multicultural learning improves the ability of colleges and universities to accomplish their missions. Furthermore, a diverse population of students offers unique perspectives in order to challenge preconceived notions through exposure to the experiences and ideas of others. According to Professor Gurin of the University of Michigan, skills such as "perspective-taking, acceptance of differences, a willingness and capacity to find commonalities among differences, acceptance of conflict as normal, conflict resolution, participation in democracy, and interest in the wider social world" can potentially be developed in college while being exposed to heterogeneous group of students. In addition, broadening perspectives helps students confront personal and substantive stereotypes and fosters discussion about racial and ethnic issues in a classroom setting. Furthermore, the 2000 AAUP study states that having a diversity of views leads to a better discussion and greater understanding among the students on issues of race, tolerance, fairness, etc.

Question: What does AAUP stand for?
Answer: American Association of University Professors

Question: What were the effects of affirmative action on universities according to the study done by the AAUP?
Answer: positive effects on the educational outcomes and experiences of college students

Question: What did a study claim about the beliefs of faculty members on increased diversity?
Answer: helps students to reach the essential goals of a college education

Question: Who supposedly suffers no detrimental effects from classroom diversity?
Answer: Caucasian students

Question: In which year did the AAUP release their study?
Answer: 2000

Question: What does ADUP stand for?

Question: What were the effects of affirmative action on universities according to the study done by the AALP?

Question: What did a study claim about the beliefs of faculty members on decreased diversity?

Question: Who supposedly suffers a lot of detrimental effects from classroom diversity?

Question: In which year did the ALUP release their study?
Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States

Richard Sander claims that by artificially elevating minority students into schools they otherwise would not be capable of attending, this discourages them and tends to engender failure and high dropout rates for these students. For example, about half of black college students rank in the bottom 20 percent of their classes, black law school graduates are four times as likely to fail bar exams as are whites, and interracial friendships are more likely to form among students with relatively similar levels of academic preparation; thus, blacks and Hispanics are more socially integrated on campuses where they are less academically mismatched. He claims that the supposed "beneficiaries" of affirmative action – minorities – do not actually benefit and rather are harmed by the policy. Sander's claims have been disputed, and his empirical analyses have been subject to substantial criticism. A group including some of the country's lead statistical methodologists told the Supreme Court that Sander's analyses were sufficiently flawed that the Court would be wise to ignore them entirely. At the same time many scholars have found that minorities gain substantially from affirmative action.

Question: Who claims that artificially raising minority students into schools has a negative effect on them?
Answer: Richard Sander

Question: What was a negative effect of affirmative action according to Richard Sander?
Answer: high dropout rates

Question: Where do half of the black college students rank in terms of their performance relative to the rest of their class?
Answer: bottom 20 percent

Question: What is the failure rate for black law school graduates compared to whites for the bar exam?
Answer: four times

Question: Who claims that artificially raising minority students into schools has a positive effect on them?

Question: What was a postive effect of affirmative action according to Richard Sander?

Question: Where do half of the white college students rank in terms of their performance relative to the rest of their class?

Question: What is the failure rate for black law school graduates compared to asians for the bar exam?
Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States

The controversy surrounding affirmative action's effectiveness is based on the idea of class inequality. Opponents of racial affirmative action argue that the program actually benefits middle- and upper-class African Americans and Hispanic Americans at the expense of lower-class European Americans and Asian Americans. This argument supports the idea of class-based affirmative action. America's poor is disproportionately made up of people of color, so class-based affirmative action would disproportionately help people of color. This would eliminate the need for race-based affirmative action as well as reducing any disproportionate benefits for middle- and upper-class people of color.

Question: Which idea is the controversy of affirmative action primarily based upon?
Answer: class inequality

Question: Other than African Americans, who do detractors of affirmative action claim benefit most from affirmative action?
Answer: Hispanic Americans

Question: At who's expense other than Asian Americans are upper-class African Americans and Hispanic Americans supposedly benefiting?
Answer: lower-class European Americans

Question: What do some people believe should be the basis for affirmative action instead of race based legislation?
Answer: class-based affirmative action

Question: Who primarily makes up America's poor group?
Answer: people of color

Question: Which idea is the controversy of non-affirmative action primarily based upon?

Question: Other than Asian Americans, who do detractors of affirmative action claim benefit most from affirmative action?

Question: At whose expense other than African Americans are upper-class African Americans and Hispanic Americans supposedly benefiting?

Question: What do some people believe should be the basis for affirmative action instead of religion based legislation?

Question:  Who primarily makes up America's rich group?
Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States

In 1976, a group of Italian American professors at City University of New York asked to be added as an affirmative action category for promotion and hiring. Italian Americans are usually considered white in the US and would not be covered under affirmative action policies, but the professors believed they were underrepresented. Libertarian economist Thomas Sowell wrote in his book, Affirmative Action Around the World: An Empirical Study, that affirmative action policies encourage non-preferred groups to designate themselves as members of preferred groups [i.e., primary beneficiaries of affirmative action] to take advantage of group preference policies.

Question: Where were the Italian American professors employed that asked to be added as an affirmative action category?
Answer: City University of New York

Question: Which year did the Italian American Professors make their request?
Answer: 1976

Question: What category of race do Italian Americans normally fall under?
Answer: white

Question: What was the title of the book written by Thomas Sowell?
Answer: Affirmative Action Around the World: An Empirical Study

Question: Why would Italian Americans want to get themselves designated as members of a preferred group?
Answer: to take advantage of group preference policies

Question: Where were the Irish American professors employed that asked to be added as an affirmative action category?

Question:  Which year did the Irish American Professors make their request?

Question:  What category of race do Irish Americans normally fall under?

Question: What was the title of the song written by Thomas Sowell?

Question: Why would Italian Americans want to get themselves designated as members of a non-preferred group?
Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States

Frederick Lynch, the author of Invisible Victims: White Males and the Crisis of Affirmative Action, did a study on white males that said they were victims of reverse discrimination. Lynch explains that these white men felt frustrated and unfairly victimized by affirmative action. Shelby Steele, another author against affirmative action, wanted to see affirmative action go back to its original meaning of enforcing equal opportunity. He argued that blacks had to take full responsibility in their education and in maintaining a job. Steele believes that there is still a long way to go in America to reach our goals of eradicating discrimination.

Question: What book did Frederick Lynch author?
Answer: Invisible Victims: White Males and the Crisis of Affirmative Action

Question: What did white males feel was happening to them as a result of affirmative action?
Answer: reverse discrimination

Question: What moral position does Shelby Steele hold?
Answer: against affirmative action

Question: What does Shelby Steele believe that the true concept of affirmative action is?
Answer: enforcing equal opportunity

Question: What book did Frederick Lynch burn?

Question: What did black males feel was happening to them as a result of affirmative action?

Question:  What moral position does Shelby Steele disagree with?

Question: What does Shelby Steele believe that the false concept of affirmative action is?
Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States

Terry Eastland, the author who wrote From Ending Affirmative Action: The Case for Colorblind Justice states, "Most arguments for affirmative action fall into two categories: remedying past discrimination and promoting diversity". Eastland believes that the founders of affirmative action did not anticipate how the benefits of affirmative action would go to those who did not need it, mostly middle class minorities. Additionally, she argues that affirmative action carries with it a stigma that can create feelings of self-doubt and entitlement in minorities. Eastland believes that affirmative action is a great risk that only sometimes pays off, and that without it we would be able to compete more freely with one another. Libertarian economist Thomas Sowell identified what he says are negative results of affirmative action in his book, Affirmative Action Around the World: An Empirical Study. Sowell writes that affirmative action policies encourage non-preferred groups to designate themselves as members of preferred groups [i.e., primary beneficiaries of affirmative action] to take advantage of group preference policies; that they tend to benefit primarily the most fortunate among the preferred group (e.g., upper and middle class blacks), often to the detriment of the least fortunate among the non-preferred groups (e.g., poor white or Asian); that they reduce the incentives of both the preferred and non-preferred to perform at their best – the former because doing so is unnecessary and the latter because it can prove futile – thereby resulting in net losses for society as a whole; and that they engender animosity toward preferred groups as well.:115–147

Question: Which book did Terry Eastland write?
Answer: From Ending Affirmative Action: The Case for Colorblind Justice

Question: Outside of promoting diversity, was does Eastland believe the other reason to be in favor of affirmative action is?
Answer: remedying past discrimination

Question: What did Eastland believe the founders of affirmative action did not consider?
Answer: how the benefits of affirmative action would go to those who did not need it

Question: Why does Sowell believe that there is little to no incentive for the preferred minority groups to perform at their best?
Answer: because doing so is unnecessary

Question: What argument does Sowell make in his claim that non - preferred minorities have less incentive to perform at their best?
Answer: because it can prove futile

Question: Which song did Terry Eastland write?

Question: Outside of promoting diversity, was does Eastland believe the other reason to be against affirmative action is?

Question: What did Westland believe the founders of affirmative action did not consider?

Question: Why does Sowell believe that there is a lot of incentive for the preferred minority groups to perform at their best?

Question: What argument does Sowell make in his claim that preferred minorities have less incentive to perform at their best?
Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States

Some commentators have defined reverse discrimination as a policy or practice in which members of a majority are discriminated against in favor of a historically disadvantaged group or minority.[non-primary source needed] Many argue that reverse discrimination results from affirmative action policies and that these policies are just another form of discrimination no different from examples in the past. People like Ward Connerly assert that affirmative action requires the very discrimination it is seeking to eliminate. According to these opponents, this contradiction might make affirmative action counter-productive. One argument for reverse discrimination is the idea that affirmative action encourages mediocrity and incompetence. Job positions would not be offered to the applicants who are the most qualified, but to applicants with a special trait such as a certain race, ethnicity, or gender. For example, opponents say affirmative action causes unprepared applicants to be accepted in highly demanding educational institutions or jobs which result in eventual failure (see, for example, Richard Sander's study of affirmative action in Law School, bar exam and eventual performance at law firms). Other opponents say that affirmative action lowers the bar and so denies those who strive for excellence on their own merit and the sense of real achievement. Opponents of affirmative action suggest that merit should be the primary factor considered in applying for job positions, college, graduate school, etc.

Question: What is a definition of reverse discrimination?
Answer: a policy or practice in which members of a majority are discriminated against in favor of a historically disadvantaged group or minority

Question: What do some commentators claim the irony of policies resulting from affirmative action is?
Answer: these policies are just another form of discrimination

Question: Who is an example of someone that states that affirmative action is another form of discrimination?
Answer: Ward Connerly

Question: What does the opposition of affirmative action believe should be the main key in determining acceptance in employment or education?
Answer: merit

Question: An argument against affirmative action is that it encourages what?
Answer: mediocrity and incompetence

Question: What is a definition of discrimination?

Question:  What do some commentators reject the irony of policies resulting from affirmative action is?

Question: Who is an example of someone that states that affirmative action is not another form of discrimination?

Question: What does the opposition of affirmative action believe should be the main key in determining acceptance in unemployment?

Question:  An argument against affirmative action is that it discourages what?
Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States

Another popular argument for affirmative action is the compensation argument. Blacks were mistreated in the past for a morally irrelevant characteristic of being black so society today should compensate for the injuries. This causes reverse discrimination in the form of preferential hirings, contracts, and scholarships as a means to ameliorate past wrongs. Many opponents argue that this form of reparation is morally indefensible because if blacks were harmed for being black in the past, then preferential treatment for this same trait is illogical. In addition, arguments are made that whites today who innocently benefited from past injustices should not be punished for something they had no control over. Therefore, they are being reverse discriminated against because they are receiving the punishment that should be given to people who willingly and knowingly benefited from discriminatory practices

Question: What is a typical argument in favor of affirmative action?
Answer: compensation argument

Question: In the compensation argument, who should supposedly have to make up for past discrimination against blacks?
Answer: society today should compensate for the injuries

Question: Which argument is being made by those who oppose affirmative action in relation to the compensation argument?
Answer: preferential treatment for this same trait is illogical

Question: In terms of whites, what is an argument that is used to try and refute the benefits of affirmative action as it relates to the compensation argument?
Answer: whites today who innocently benefited from past injustices should not be punished for something they had no control over

Question: According to opposition believers, who should be punished for discrimination?
Answer: people who willingly and knowingly benefited from discriminatory practices

Question: What is a typical argument against affirmative action?

Question: In the compensation argument, who should supposedly have to make up for past discrimination against whites?

Question: Which argument is being made by those who support affirmative action in relation to the compensation argument?

Question: In terms of blacks, what is an argument that is used to try and refute the benefits of affirmative action as it relates to the compensation argument?
Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States

Some opponents further claim that affirmative action has undesirable side-effects and that it fails to achieve its goals. They argue that it hinders reconciliation, replaces old wrongs with new wrongs, undermines the achievements of minorities, and encourages groups to identify themselves as disadvantaged, even if they are not. It may increase racial tension and benefit the more privileged people within minority groups at the expense of the disenfranchised within better-off groups (such as lower-class whites and Asians).There has recently been a strong push among American states to ban racial or gender preferences in university admissions, in reaction to the controversial and unprecedented decision in Grutter v. Bollinger. In 2006, nearly 60% of Michigan voters decided to ban affirmative action in university admissions. Michigan joined California, Florida, Texas, and Washington in banning the use of race or sex in admissions considerations. Some opponents believe, among other things, that affirmative action devalues the accomplishments of people who belong to a group it's supposed to help, therefore making affirmative action counter-productive. Furthermore, opponents of affirmative action claim that these policies dehumanize individuals and applicants to jobs or school are judged as members of a group without consideration for the individual person.

Question: Other than failing to achieve its goal, what else do opponents to affirmative action claim it has?
Answer: undesirable side-effects

Question: Other than benefiting more privileged people within minority groups, what is another argument against affirmative action?
Answer: may increase racial tension

Question: When was there a vote regarding affirmative action in Michigan?
Answer: 2006

Question: How many Michigan voters elected to ban affirmative action for university admissions?
Answer: 60%

Question: Which court case featured an unprecedented and controversial decision?
Answer: Grutter v. Bollinger

Question: Other than failing to achieve its goal, what else do people who agree with affirmative action claim it has?

Question: Other than benefiting more privileged people outside of minority groups, what is another argument against affirmative action?

Question:  When was there a vote not regarding affirmative action in Michigan?

Question: How many Michigan voters elected to support affirmative action for university admissions?

Question: Which court case featured an uncontroversial decision?
Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States

In the US, a prominent form of racial preferences relates to access to education, particularly admission to universities and other forms of higher education. Race, ethnicity, native language, social class, geographical origin, parental attendance of the university in question (legacy admissions), and/or gender are sometimes taken into account when the university assesses an applicant's grades and test scores. Individuals can also be awarded scholarships and have fees paid on the basis of criteria listed above. In 1978, the Supreme Court ruled in Bakke v. Regents that public universities (and other government institutions) could not set specific numerical targets based on race for admissions or employment. The Court said that "goals" and "timetables" for diversity could be set instead.

Question: Where are racial preferences highlighted the most in the United States?
Answer: admission to universities and other forms of higher education

Question: What is another term for kids who get preferential treatment due to their parents attending the same university?
Answer: legacy admissions

Question: Which case that went to the Supreme Court resulted in a decision regarding public universities and affirmative action?
Answer: Bakke v. Regents

Question: What are public universities not allowed to do?
Answer: set specific numerical targets based on race for admissions or employment

Question: Instead of being allowed to set numerical targets, what did the Court rule that universities are allowed to do?
Answer: "goals" and "timetables" for diversity could be set

Question: Where are racial preferences highlighted the most in the UK?

Question: What is another term for kids who don't get preferential treatment due to their parents attending the same university?

Question: Which case that went to the Supreme Court resulted in a decision regarding private universities and affirmative action?

Question:  What are public universities allowed to do?
Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States

The racial preferences debate related to admission to US colleges and universities reflects competing notions of the mission of colleges: "To what extent should they pursue scholarly excellence, to what extent civic goods, and how should these purposes be balanced?". Scholars such as Ronald Dworkin have asserted that no college applicant has a right to expect that a university will design its admissions policies in a way that prizes any particular set of qualities. In this view, admission is not an honor bestowed to reward superior merit but rather a way to advance the mission as each university defines it. If diversity is a goal of the university and their racial preferences do not discriminate against applicants based on hatred or contempt, then affirmative action can be judged acceptable based on the criteria related to the mission the university sets for itself.

Question: What does the racial preferences debate indicate about universities and colleges?
Answer: competing notions of the mission of colleges

Question: What claim did Ronald Dworkin make about the expectations that a college application should not have?
Answer: a right to expect that a university will design its admissions policies in a way that prizes any particular set of qualities

Question: What does Ronald Dworkin believe admission should represent?
Answer: a way to advance the mission as each university defines it

Question: When can affirmative action be judged to be acceptable in terms of admissions?
Answer: If diversity is a goal of the university and their racial preferences do not discriminate

Question: What does the racial preferences debate not indicate about universities and colleges?

Question: What claim did Ronald Dworkin make about the expectations that a college application should have?

Question: When can affirmative action be judged to be unacceptable in terms of admissions?
Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States

To accommodate the ruling in Hopwood v. Texas banning any use of race in school admissions, the State of Texas passed a law guaranteeing entry to any state university if a student finished in the top 10% of their graduating class. Florida and California have also replaced racial quotas with class rank and other criteria. Class rank tends to benefit top students at less competitive high schools, to the detriment of students at more competitive high schools. This effect, however, may be intentional since less-funded, less competitive schools are more likely to be schools where minority enrollment is high. Critics argue that class rank is more a measure of one's peers than of one's self. The top 10% rule adds racial diversity only because schools are still highly racially segregated because of residential patterns. The class rank rule has the same consequence as traditional affirmative action: opening schools to students who would otherwise not be admitted had the given school used a holistic, merit-based approach. From 1996 to 1998, Texas had merit-based admission to its state universities, and minority enrollment dropped. The state's adoption of the "top 10 percent" rule returned minority enrollment to pre-1996 levels.

Question: What did the ruling in Hopwood v Texas set a precedent for in terms of admission policies?
Answer: banning any use of race in school admissions

Question: What did the law passed by the State of Texas guarantee?
Answer: entry to any state university if a student finished in the top 10% of their graduating class

Question: Other than Texas and Florida, which other state replaced racial quotas?
Answer: California

Question: What is one example of what racial quotas were replaced with?
Answer: class rank

Question: After the state passed the top 10% rule, what happened to minority enrollment?
Answer: returned minority enrollment to pre-1996 levels

Question: What didn't the ruling in Hopwood v Texas set a precedent for in terms of admission policies?

Question:  What did the law passed by the State of Texas not guarantee?

Question: Other than Texas and Florida, which other state did not replace racial quotas?

Question:  What is one example of what racial quotas were not replaced with?
Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States

During a panel discussion at Harvard University's reunion for African American alumni during the 2003–04 academic year, two prominent black professors at the institution—Lani Guinier and Henry Louis Gates—pointed out an unintended effect of affirmative action policies at Harvard. They stated that only about a third of black Harvard undergraduates were from families in which all four grandparents were born into the African American community. The majority of black students at Harvard were Caribbean and African immigrants or their children, with some others the mixed-race children of biracial couples. One Harvard student, born in the South Bronx to a black family whose ancestors have been in the United States for multiple generations, said that there were so few Harvard students from the historic African American community that they took to calling themselves "the descendants" (i.e., descendants of American slaves). The reasons for this underrepresentation of historic African Americans, and possible remedies, remain a subject of debate.

Question: What was going on at Harvard University during the 2003 - 04 academic year?
Answer: a panel discussion

Question: What did two prominent black professors point out at the panel discussion?
Answer: an unintended effect of affirmative action policies at Harvard

Question: What portion of black Harvard undergraduates came from families in which all four grandparents were born into the African American community?
Answer: a third

Question: What did the African American students at Harvard that could trace their lineage back multiple generations begin calling themselves?
Answer: the descendants

Question: Other than the reasons for the under representation of African Americans, what else is still up for debate?
Answer: possible remedies

Question: What was going on at Harvard University during the 2007 - 08 academic year?

Question: What did two prominent white professors point out at the panel discussion?

Question: What portion of black Harvard undergraduates came from families in which all four grandparents were born into the Asian American community?

Question: What did the Asian American students at Harvard that could trace their lineage back multiple generations begin calling themselves?

Question: Other than the reasons for the under representation of Asian Americans, what else is still up for debate?
Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States

UCLA professor Richard H. Sander published an article in the November 2004 issue of the Stanford Law Review that questioned the effectiveness of racial preferences in law schools. He noted that, prior to his article, there had been no comprehensive study on the effects of affirmative action. The article presents a study that shows that half of all black law students rank near the bottom of their class after the first year of law school and that black law students are more likely to drop out of law school and to fail the bar exam. The article offers a tentative estimate that the production of new black lawyers in the United States would grow by eight percent if affirmative action programs at all law schools were ended. Less qualified black students would attend less prestigious schools where they would be more closely matched in abilities with their classmates and thus perform relatively better. Sander helped to develop a socioeconomically-based affirmative action plan for the UCLA School of Law after the passage of Proposition 209 in 1996, which prohibited the use of racial preferences by public universities in California. This change occurred after studies showed that the graduation rate of blacks at UCLA was 41%, compared to 73% for whites.

Question: To which university does Richard H. Sander belong?
Answer: UCLA

Question: In which publication did Sander publish an article questioning racial preferences in law schools?
Answer: Stanford Law Review

Question: What did Sander's study show in terms of black law students rankings?
Answer: half of all black law students rank near the bottom of their class after the first year of law school

Question: How much does the article estimate the black lawyer population would potentially grow if affirmative action was ended?
Answer: eight percent

Question: Which legislative work prohibited the use of racial preferences for admissions in the state of California?
Answer: Proposition 209

Question:  To which university does Richard H. Sander not belong?

Question: In which publication did Sander publish an article not questioning racial preferences in law schools?

Question: What did Sander's study show in terms of white law students rankings?

Question: How much does the article estimate the black lawyer population would potentially grow if affirmative action started?

Question: Which legislative work did not prohibit the use of racial preferences for admissions in the state of California?
Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States

A study in 2007 by Mark Long, an economics professor at the University of Washington, demonstrated that the alternatives of affirmative action proved ineffective in restoring minority enrollment in public flagship universities in California, Texas, and Washington. More specifically, apparent rebounds of minority enrollment can be explained by increasing minority enrollment in high schools of those states, and the beneficiaries of class-based (not race) affirmative action would be white students. At the same time, affirmative action itself is both morally and materially costly: 52 percent of white populace (compared to 14 percent of black) thought it should be abolished, implying white distaste of using racial identity, and full-file review is expected to cost the universities an additional $1.5 million to $2 million per year, excluding possible cost of litigation.

Question: What area of study did professor Mark Long have a degree in?
Answer: economics

Question: In which year did Long publish his study?
Answer: 2007

Question: How were rebounds of minority enrollment explained in Long's report?
Answer: increasing minority enrollment in high schools

Question: Who would supposedly be the beneficiaries of a class-based style affirmative action?
Answer: white students

Question: What percentage of the black population thought affirmative action should be abolished?
Answer: 14

Question:  What area of study did professor Mark Long have a job in?

Question:  In which year did Long reject his study?

Question: How were rebounds of minority enrollment rejected in Long's report?

Question: Who would supposedly be the beneficiaries of a not class-based style affirmative action?

Question: What percentage of the black population thought affirmative action should not be abolished?
Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States

In 2006, Jian Li, a Chinese undergraduate at Yale University, filed a civil rights complaint with the Office for Civil Rights against Princeton University, claiming that his race played a role in their decision to reject his application for admission and seeking the suspension of federal financial assistance to the university until it "discontinues discrimination against Asian Americans in all forms" by eliminating race and legacy preferences. Princeton Dean of Admissions Janet Rapelye responded to the claims in the November 30, 2006, issue of the Daily Princetonian by stating that "the numbers don't indicate [discrimination]." She said that Li was not admitted because "many others had far better qualifications." Li's extracurricular activities were described as "not all that outstanding". Li countered in an email, saying that his placement on the waitlist undermines Rapelye's claim. "Princeton had initially waitlisted my application," Li said. "So if it were not for a yield which was higher than expected, the admissions office very well may have admitted a candidate whose "outside activities were not all that outstanding".

Question: With which organization did Li file a civil rights complaint?
Answer: Office for Civil Rights

Question: Which university was Li alleging racial discrimination against?
Answer: Princeton University

Question: Who was the Dean of Admissions at Princeton University at the time of the complaint?
Answer: Janet Rapelye

Question: What did Princeton claim the real reasons for the rejection of Li's application was?
Answer: many others had far better qualifications

Question: Even though Li did not get accepted, what was done instead of a straight rejection?
Answer: placement on the waitlist

Question:  With which organization did Li not file a civil rights complaint?

Question:  Which university was Li allegingn non-racial discrimination against?

Question: Who wasn't the Dean of Admissions at Princeton University at the time of the complaint?

Question:  What did Princeton claim the real reasons for the approval of Li's application was?

Question: Even though Li did not get rejected, what was done instead of a straight rejection?
Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States

In 2012, Abigail Fisher, an undergraduate student at Louisiana State University, and Rachel Multer Michalewicz, a law student at Southern Methodist University, filed a lawsuit to challenge the University of Texas admissions policy, asserting it had a "race-conscious policy" that "violated their civil and constitutional rights". The University of Texas employs the "Top Ten Percent Law", under which admission to any public college or university in Texas is guaranteed to high school students who graduate in the top ten percent of their high school class. Fisher has brought the admissions policy to court because she believes that she was denied acceptance to the University of Texas based on her race, and thus, her right to equal protection according to the 14th Amendment was violated. The Supreme Court heard oral arguments in Fisher on October 10, 2012, and rendered an ambiguous ruling in 2013 that sent the case back to the lower court, stipulating only that the University must demonstrate that it could not achieve diversity through other, non-race sensitive means. In July 2014, the US Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit concluded that U of T maintained a "holistic" approach in its application of affirmative action, and could continue the practice. On February 10, 2015, lawyers for Fisher filed a new case in the Supreme Court. It is a renewed complaint that the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit got the issue wrong — on the second try as well as on the first. The Supreme Court agreed in June 2015 to hear the case a second time. It will likely be decided by June 2016.

Question: Which University had a lawsuit filed against it?
Answer: University of Texas

Question: What did the plaintiffs claim the university had for an admissions policy?
Answer: race-conscious policy

Question: What did the admissions policy of the University of Texas supposedly violate?
Answer: their civil and constitutional rights

Question: Who concluded that the University maintained a "holistic" approach to affirmative action?
Answer: US Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit

Question: When will the Supreme Court likely hear the case for the second time?
Answer: June 2016

Question:  Which University had a lawsuit not filed against it?

Question: What did the plaintiffs claim the university didn't have for an admissions policy?

Question: What did the admissions policy of the University of Texas supposedly not violate?

Question: Who concluded that the University did not maintain a "holistic" approach to affirmative action?

Question: When will the Supreme Court likely hear the case for the third time?
Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States

On November 17, 2014, Students for Fair Admissions, an offshoot of the Project on Fair Representation, filed lawsuits in federal district court challenging the admissions practices of Harvard University and the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. The UNC-Chapel Hill lawsuit alleges discrimination against white and Asian students, while the Harvard lawsuit focuses on discrimination against Asian applicants. Both universities requested the court to halt the lawsuits until the U.S. Supreme Court provides clarification of relevant law by ruling in Fisher v. University of Texas at Austin for the second time. This Supreme Court case will likely be decided in June 2016 or slightly earlier.

Question: On which date were lawsuits filed against Harvard and Chapel Hill?
Answer: November 17, 2014

Question: Who filed the lawsuits against the Universities?
Answer: Students for Fair Admissions

Question: Other than Asian students, who else was allegedly being discriminated against?
Answer: white

Question: What is the Students for Fair Admissions an offshoot of?
Answer: Project on Fair Representation

Question: What are the Universities waiting for before proceeding with the lawsuit?
Answer: until the U.S. Supreme Court provides clarification of relevant law

Question: On which date were lawsuits filed with Harvard and Chapel Hill?

Question: Who filed the lawsuits with the Universities?

Question:  Other than African students, who else was allegedly being discriminated against?

Question:  What is the Students for Fair Admissions not an offshoot of?

Question: What are the Universities waiting for after proceeding with the lawsuit?
Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States

In May 2015, a coalition of more than 60 Asian-American organizations filed federal complaints with the Education and Justice Departments against Harvard University. The coalition asked for a civil rights investigation into what they described as Harvard's discriminatory admission practices against Asian-American applicants. The complaint asserts that recent studies indicate that Harvard has engaged in systematic and continuous discrimination against Asian Americans in its "holistic" admissions process. Asian-American applicants with near-perfect test scores, top-one-percent grade point averages, academic awards, and leadership positions are allegedly rejected by Harvard because the university uses racial stereotypes, racially differentiated standards, and de facto racial quotas. This federal complaint was dismissed in July 2015 because the Students for Fair Admissions lawsuit makes similar allegations.

Question: How many Asian organizations were involved in filing the federal complaints?
Answer: more than 60

Question: Who did the organizations file the complaints with?
Answer: Education and Justice Departments

Question: Who was the target of the filing?
Answer: Harvard University

Question: What grade average do some students have that are being rejected?
Answer: top-one-percent grade point averages

Question: Why was the lawsuit eventually dismissed?
Answer: the Students for Fair Admissions lawsuit makes similar allegations

Question: How many Asian organizations weren't involved in filing the federal complaints?

Question:  Who did the organizations not file the complaints with?

Question:  Who was not the target of the filing?

Question: What grade average do some students have that aren't being rejected?
FA_Cup

The competition is open to any eligible club down to Levels 10 of the English football league system - all 92 professional clubs in the Premier League and Football League (Levels 1 to 4), and several hundred "non-league" teams in Steps 1 to 6 of the National League System (Levels 5 to 10). A record 763 clubs competed in 2011–12. The tournament consists of 12 randomly drawn rounds followed by the semi-finals and the final. Entrants are not seeded, although a system of byes based on league level ensures higher ranked teams enter in later rounds - the minimum number of games needed to win the competition ranges from six to fourteen.

Question: Who is the competition open too?
Answer: any eligible club

Question: How many clubs competed in 20011-12?
Answer: 763 clubs

Question: How many rounds in the tournament?
Answer: 12

Question: How many games are needed to win?
Answer: six to fourteen

Question: What league can compete?
Answer: Premier League and Football League

Question: Who is the competition not open to?

Question: How many clubs competed before 2011?

Question: What leagues cannot compete in the competition?

Question: What is the maximum number of games needed to win?

Question: How many non-random rounds are in the tournament?