Divyanshu67/squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
Roman_Republic

Life in the Roman Republic revolved around the city of Rome, and its famed seven hills. The city also had several theatres, gymnasiums, and many taverns, baths and brothels. Throughout the territory under Rome's control, residential architecture ranged from very modest houses to country villas, and in the capital city of Rome, to the residences on the elegant Palatine Hill, from which the word "palace" is derived. The vast majority of the population lived in the city center, packed into apartment blocks.[citation needed]

Question: Where did the bulk of the cities populace live?
Answer: the city center

Question: What type of housing could be located in the city center?
Answer: apartment blocks

Question: From what local area in Rome is the word palace borrowed from?
Answer: Palatine Hill

Question: How many areas in Rome could be called hills?
Answer: seven
Roman_Republic

Many aspects of Roman culture were borrowed from the Greeks. In architecture and sculpture, the difference between Greek models and Roman paintings are apparent. The chief Roman contributions to architecture were the arch and the dome. Rome has also had a tremendous impact on European cultures following it. Its significance is perhaps best reflected in its endurance and influence, as is seen in the longevity and lasting importance of works of Virgil and Ovid. Latin, the Republic's primary language, remains used for liturgical purposes by the Roman Catholic Church, and up to the 19th century was used extensively in scholarly writings in, for example, science and mathematics. Roman law laid the foundations for the laws of many European countries and their colonies.[citation needed]

Question: What culture did Rome have an extreme amount of influence on?
Answer: European cultures

Question: What language was commonly used in scholarly mathematical writings prior to the 19th century?
Answer: Latin

Question: From which people were many facets of Roman culture copied from?
Answer: Greeks

Question: What was considered to be the dominant language in the Roman Republic?
Answer: Latin
Roman_Republic

Slavery and slaves were part of the social order; there were slave markets where they could be bought and sold. Many slaves were freed by the masters for services rendered; some slaves could save money to buy their freedom. Generally, mutilation and murder of slaves was prohibited by legislation. However, Rome did not have a law enforcement arm. All actions were treated as "torts," which were brought by an accuser who was forced to prove the entire case himself. If the accused were a noble and the victim, not a noble, the likelihood of finding for the accused was small. At most, the accused might have to pay a fine for killing a slave. It is estimated that over 25% of the Roman population was enslaved.

Question: Around what percentage of the Roman populace were thought to be slaves?
Answer: over 25%

Question: Where in the Roman Republic could slaves be acquired?
Answer: slave markets

Question: Were slave masters allowed to free their slaves in the Roman Republic?
Answer: Many slaves were freed by the masters for services rendered

Question: What branch of law did Rome lack?
Answer: law enforcement

Question: Who was responsible for seeking justice in the Roman courts?
Answer: an accuser who was forced to prove the entire case himself
Roman_Republic

Men typically wore a toga, and women a stola. The woman's stola differed in looks from a toga, and was usually brightly coloured. The cloth and the dress distinguished one class of people from the other class. The tunic worn by plebeians, or common people, like shepherds and slaves, was made from coarse and dark material, whereas the tunic worn by patricians was of linen or white wool. A knight or magistrate would wear an augusticlavus, a tunic bearing small purple studs. Senators wore tunics with broad red stripes, called tunica laticlavia. Military tunics were shorter than the ones worn by civilians. Boys, up until the festival of Liberalia, wore the toga praetexta, which was a toga with a crimson or purple border. The toga virilis, (or toga pura) was worn by men over the age of 16 to signify their citizenship in Rome. The toga picta was worn by triumphant generals and had embroidery of their skill on the battlefield. The toga pulla was worn when in mourning.[citation needed]

Question: What article of clothing could generally be found on a male Roman?
Answer: a toga

Question: What garment was worn by male gendered adults to convey their status as a citizen of Rome?
Answer: toga virilis

Question: What was typically worn after the loss of a loved one in the Roman Republic?
Answer: The toga pulla

Question: Which official would wear a garment containing broad red striping?
Answer: Senators

Question: How did a womans garment typically vary from a mans in the Roman Republic?
Answer: usually brightly coloured
Roman_Republic

The staple foods were generally consumed around 11 o'clock, and consisted of bread, lettuce, cheese, fruits, nuts, and cold meat left over from the dinner the night before.[citation needed] The Roman poet Horace mentions another Roman favorite, the olive, in reference to his own diet, which he describes as very simple: "As for me, olives, endives, and smooth mallows provide sustenance." The family ate together, sitting on stools around a table. Fingers were used to eat solid foods and spoons were used for soups.[citation needed]

Question: When were the staple foods in the Roman republic typically eaten at?
Answer: 11 o'clock

Question: What did people in the Roman Republic use to consume solid foods?
Answer: Fingers were used

Question: What type of food was cheese considered to be in Rome?
Answer: staple

Question: What form of expression did the Roman Horace practice?
Answer: poet

Question: What did Romans sit on when they had a meal at home?
Answer: stools
Roman_Republic

Wine was considered the basic drink, consumed at all meals and occasions by all classes and was quite inexpensive. Cato the Elder once advised cutting his rations in half to conserve wine for the workforce. Many types of drinks involving grapes and honey were consumed as well. Drinking on an empty stomach was regarded as boorish and a sure sign for alcoholism, the debilitating physical and psychological effects of which were known to the Romans. An accurate accusation of being an alcoholic was an effective way to discredit political rivals. Prominent Roman alcoholics included Mark Antony, and Cicero's own son Marcus (Cicero Minor). Even Cato the Younger was known to be a heavy drinker.[citation needed]

Question: What beverage was consumed by all the classes in the Roman Republic?
Answer: Wine

Question: What was considered a compelling way to defame poltical rivals?
Answer: An accurate accusation of being an alcoholic

Question: During what meals was wine commonly drank?
Answer: all meals

Question: What was considered an indication of alcoholism in the Roman Republic?
Answer: Drinking on an empty stomach
Roman_Republic

The native language of the Romans was Latin. Although surviving Latin literature consists almost entirely of Classical Latin, an artificial and highly stylised and polished literary language from the 1st century BC, the actual spoken language was Vulgar Latin, which significantly differed from Classical Latin in grammar, vocabulary, and eventually pronunciation. Rome's expansion spread Latin throughout Europe, and over time Vulgar Latin evolved and dialectised in different locations, gradually shifting into a number of distinct Romance languages. Many of these languages, including French, Italian, Portuguese, Romanian and Spanish, flourished, the differences between them growing greater over time. Although English is Germanic rather than Roman in origin, English borrows heavily from Latin and Latin-derived words.[citation needed]

Question: What was the primary language of the Romans?
Answer: Latin

Question: What type of language is French considered to be?
Answer: Romance languages

Question: What type of Latin was likely spoken in Rome?
Answer: Vulgar Latin

Question: How would Vulgar Latin eventually differ from Classical Latin?
Answer: pronunciation

Question: Which Germanic originating language densely acquired aspects from Latin?
Answer: English
Roman_Republic

Roman literature was from its very inception influenced heavily by Greek authors. Some of the earliest works we possess are of historical epics telling the early military history of Rome. As the republic expanded, authors began to produce poetry, comedy, history, and tragedy. Virgil represents the pinnacle of Roman epic poetry. His Aeneid tells the story of flight of Aeneas from Troy and his settlement of the city that would become Rome.[citation needed] Lucretius, in his On the Nature of Things, attempted to explicate science in an epic poem. The genre of satire was common in Rome, and satires were written by, among others, Juvenal and Persius. The rhetorical works of Cicero are considered[by whom?] to be some of the best bodies of correspondence recorded in antiquity.[citation needed]

Question: Who was responsible for massively affecting Roman literature?
Answer: Greek authors

Question: Who was the author of the epic poem Aeneid?
Answer: Virgil

Question: What style of literature could commonly be found in Roman works?
Answer: poetry

Question: Which epic poem tells the tale of the founding of the city that one day would become Rome?
Answer: Aeneid

Question: What Roman poet attempted to develop science in their poetry?
Answer: Lucretius
Roman_Republic

Music was a major part of everyday life.[citation needed] The word itself derives from Greek μουσική (mousike), "(art) of the Muses". Many private and public events were accompanied by music, ranging from nightly dining to military parades and manoeuvres. In a discussion of any ancient music, however, non-specialists and even many musicians have to be reminded that much of what makes our modern music familiar to us is the result of developments only within the last 1,000 years; thus, our ideas of melody, scales, harmony, and even the instruments we use may not have been familiar to Romans who made and listened to music many centuries earlier.[citation needed]

Question: What was considered to be dominant part of normal life?
Answer: Music

Question: What language does the word Music see it's origins in?
Answer: Greek

Question: Could events in the Roman Republic often include music?
Answer: Many private and public events were accompanied by music

Question: What do many people consider to be the source of our modern musics familiarity with us?
Answer: developments only within the last 1,000 years
Roman_Republic

Over time, Roman architecture was modified as their urban requirements changed, and the civil engineering and building construction technology became developed and refined. The Roman concrete has remained a riddle, and even after more than 2,000 years some Roman structures still stand magnificently. The architectural style of the capital city was emulated by other urban centers under Roman control and influence. Roman cities were well planned, efficiently managed and neatly maintained.[citation needed]

Question: What was a primary cause of the modification of Roman architectural elements?
Answer: urban requirements changed

Question: What Roman construction material has continued to be a mystery to this day?
Answer: Roman concrete

Question: Do any Roman structures still exist in our time?
Answer: even after more than 2,000 years some Roman structures still stand magnificently

Question: What facet of the capital city was emulated by other urban centers in the Roman Republic?
Answer: The architectural style
Roman_Republic

The city of Rome had a place called the Campus Martius ("Field of Mars"), which was a sort of drill ground for Roman soldiers. Later, the Campus became Rome's track and field playground. In the campus, the youth assembled to play and exercise, which included jumping, wrestling, boxing and racing.[citation needed] Equestrian sports, throwing, and swimming were also preferred physical activities.[citation needed] In the countryside, pastimes included fishing and hunting.[citation needed] Board games played in Rome included dice (Tesserae or Tali), Roman Chess (Latrunculi), Roman Checkers (Calculi), Tic-tac-toe (Terni Lapilli), and Ludus duodecim scriptorum and Tabula, predecessors of backgammon. Other activities included chariot races, and musical and theatrical performances.[citation needed]

Question: What was the name of the area in which youth played and exercised?
Answer: Campus Martius

Question: What could you also call Rome's Campus Maritus?
Answer: Field of Mars

Question: What is the Roman board game Tabula a precursor to?
Answer: backgammon

Question: What was Roman version of Chess called?
Answer: Latrunculi
Roman_Republic

Roman religious beliefs date back to the founding of Rome, around 800 BC. However, the Roman religion commonly associated with the republic and early empire did not begin until around 500 BC, when Romans came in contact with Greek culture, and adopted many of the Greek religious beliefs. Private and personal worship was an important aspect of religious practices. In a sense, each household was a temple to the gods. Each household had an altar (lararium), at which the family members would offer prayers, perform rites, and interact with the household gods. Many of the gods that Romans worshiped came from the Proto-Indo-European pantheon, others were based on Greek gods. The two most famous deities were Jupiter (the king God) and Mars (the god of war). With its cultural influence spreading over most of the Mediterranean, Romans began accepting foreign gods into their own culture, as well as other philosophical traditions such as Cynicism and Stoicism.

Question: When did the Roman religion that is generally identified with the republic first established? 
Answer: around 500 BC

Question: Who did the Romans adapt several of their religious convictions from?
Answer: Greek

Question: Where did a large amount of the deities that were worshiped in Roman civilization come from?
Answer: Proto-Indo-European pantheon

Question: What religious element could be found in all Roman households?
Answer: an altar

Question: What in Roman society was considered to be a temple to the gods?
Answer: each household
Pacific_War

It is generally considered that the Pacific War began on 7/8 December 1941, on which date Japan invaded Thailand and attacked the British possessions of Malaya, Singapore, and Hong Kong as well as the United States military bases in Hawaii, Wake Island, Guam and the Philippines. Some historians contend that the conflict in Asia can be dated back to 7 July 1937 with the beginning of the Second Sino-Japanese War between the Empire of Japan and the Republic of China, or possibly 19 September 1931, beginning with the Japanese invasion of Manchuria. However, it is more widely accepted that the Pacific War itself started in early December 1941, with the Sino-Japanese War then becoming part of it as a theater of the greater World War II.[nb 9]

Question: When do most people believe the Pacific War began?
Answer: early December 1941

Question: On what date did Japan attack Pearl Harbor?
Answer: 7/8 December 1941

Question: When did the Second Sino-Japanese War begin?
Answer: 7 July 1937

Question: Which countries did the Second Sino-Japanese War encompass?
Answer: Empire of Japan and the Republic of China

Question: Has Japan ever attacked Thailand?
Answer: Japan invaded Thailand

Question: What is the generally accepted date the Pacific War started?
Answer: 7/8 December 1941

Question: When did Japan invade Manchuria?
Answer: 19 September 1931

Question: What nation initiated hostilities?
Answer: Japan

Question: What was the Pacific War theater part of after December 1941?
Answer: World War II

Question: When did Japan invade China?
Answer: 7 July 1937
Pacific_War

The Pacific War saw the Allied powers pitted against the Empire of Japan, the latter briefly aided by Thailand and to a much lesser extent by its Axis allies, Germany and Italy. The war culminated in the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, and other large aerial bomb attacks by the United States Army Air Forces, accompanied by the Soviet invasion of Manchuria on 8 August 1945, resulting in the Japanese announcement of intent to surrender on 15 August 1945. The formal and official surrender of Japan took place aboard the battleship USS Missouri in Tokyo Bay on 2 September 1945. Following its defeat, Japan's Shinto Emperor stepped down as the divine leader through the Shinto Directive, because the Allied Powers believed this was the major political cause of Japan's military aggression and deconstruction process soon took place to install a new liberal-democratic constitution to the Japanese public as the current Constitution of Japan.

Question: What events ended the war with Japan?
Answer: atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki

Question: On what date did Japan surrender?
Answer: 2 September 1945

Question: Where did Japan's surrender occur?
Answer: aboard the battleship USS Missouri in Tokyo Bay

Question: What changed in the ruling of Japan after the war?
Answer: a new liberal-democratic constitution

Question: What was the process called whereby the leader of Japan stepped down?
Answer: Shinto Directive

Question: What nation were the allies against?
Answer: Japan

Question: What nations comprised the Axis?
Answer: Germany and Italy

Question: What cities were destroyed by atom bombs?
Answer: Hiroshima and Nagasaki

Question: When did the Soviet Union invade Manchuria?
Answer: 8 August 1945
Pacific_War

Japan used the name Greater East Asia War (大東亜戦争, Dai Tō-A Sensō?), as chosen by a cabinet decision on 10 December 1941, to refer to both the war with the Western Allies and the ongoing war in China. This name was released to the public on 12 December, with an explanation that it involved Asian nations achieving their independence from the Western powers through armed forces of the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere. Japanese officials integrated what they called the Japan–China Incident (日支事変, Nisshi Jihen?) into the Greater East Asia War.

Question: By what name was the war with Japan referred?
Answer: Greater East Asia War

Question: What did Japanese officials call the war?
Answer: Japan–China Incident

Question: What was the reason Japan gave for the war?
Answer: achieving their independence from the Western powers

Question: What date was the new name of the war released?
Answer: 12 December

Question: What name did Japan call the war?
Answer: Greater East Asia War

Question: When did Japan adobt the name for the war?
Answer: 10 December 1941

Question: What was Japan's publicised war goal?
Answer: independence from the Western powers

Question: What did Japan call the occupied group of Asian nations?
Answer: Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere

Question: How was the name of the war chosen by Japan?
Answer: by a cabinet decision
Pacific_War

The Axis states which assisted Japan included the authoritarian government of Thailand in World War II, which quickly formed a temporary alliance with the Japanese in 1941, as the Japanese forces were already invading the peninsula of southern Thailand. The Phayap Army sent troops to invade and occupy northeastern Burma, which was former Thai territory that had been annexed by Britain much earlier. Also involved were the Japanese puppet states of Manchukuo and Mengjiang (consisting of most of Manchuria and parts of Inner Mongolia respectively), and the collaborationist Wang Jingwei regime (which controlled the coastal regions of China).

Question: What role did Thailand play in the war?
Answer: temporary alliance

Question: Which group controlled Chinese costal regions?
Answer: Wang Jingwei regime

Question: Which army invaded Burma?
Answer: Phayap Army

Question: Burma was formerly annexed by what country?
Answer: Britain

Question: What states assisting Japan was Thailand a part of?
Answer: Axis

Question: What year did Thailand form an alliance with Japan?
Answer: 1941

Question: What army invaded northeastern Burma?
Answer: Phayap Army

Question: What were the Japanese puppet states?
Answer: Manchukuo and Mengjiang

Question: Who controlled the coast of China?
Answer: Wang Jingwei regime
Pacific_War

The official policy of the U.S. Government is that Thailand was not an ally of the Axis, and that the United States was not at war with Thailand. The policy of the U.S. Government ever since 1945 has been to treat Thailand not as a former enemy, but rather as a country which had been forced into certain actions by Japanese blackmail, before being occupied by Japanese troops. Thailand has been treated by the United States in the same way as such other Axis-occupied countries as Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Greece, Norway, Poland, and the Netherlands.

Question: Did the U.S. believe that Thailand was an Axis ally?
Answer: not an ally

Question: What does the U.S. believe caused Thailand to help Japan?
Answer: blackmail

Question: Is Thailand treated differently than other Axis countries?
Answer: the same way

Question: According to the USA, what country did Japan blackmail?
Answer: Thailand

Question: What nations were occupied by the Axis?
Answer: Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Greece, Norway, Poland, and the Netherlands

Question: After 1945, how did the USA treat Thailand?
Answer: not as a former enemy

Question: Who occupied Thailand according to the USA?
Answer: Japanese troops
Pacific_War

Japan conscripted many soldiers from its colonies of Korea and Formosa (Taiwan). To a small extent, some Vichy French, Indian National Army, and Burmese National Army forces were active in the area of the Pacific War. Collaborationist units from Hong Kong (reformed ex-colonial police), Philippines, Dutch East Indies (the PETA) and Dutch Guinea, British Malaya and British Borneo, Inner Mongolia and former French Indochina (after the overthrow of Vichy French regime) as well as Timorese militia also assisted Japanese war efforts.

Question: Where did many of Japan's soldiers come from?
Answer: Korea and Formosa

Question: What type of soldiers came from Hong Kong? 
Answer: Collaborationist units

Question: What other Asian country, a group of islands, helped the Japanese?
Answer: Philippines

Question: What colonies did Japan conscript soldiers from?
Answer: Korea and Formosa

Question: What French forces assisted Japan?
Answer: Vichy

Question: Who were the collaborators assisting Japan in Hong King?
Answer: ex-colonial police
Pacific_War

The major Allied participants were the United States, the Republic of China, the United Kingdom (including the armed forces of British India, the Fiji Islands, Samoa, etc.), Australia, the Commonwealth of the Philippines, the Netherlands (as the possessor of the Dutch East Indies and the western part of New Guinea), New Zealand, and Canada, all of whom were members of the Pacific War Council. Mexico, Free France and many other countries also took part, especially forces from other British colonies.

Question: Did Mexico play a part in the war?
Answer: took part

Question: On which side of the war were the Chinese?
Answer: United States

Question: What other major continent participated as an ally of the U.S.?
Answer: Australia

Question: What colonies did the Netherlands possess?
Answer: Dutch East Indies and the western part of New Guinea

Question: What large Asian country was allied with the United States?
Answer: Republic of China

Question: What was the name of the Philippines nation?
Answer: Commonwealth of the Philippines

Question: What nation possessed the Dutch East Indies?
Answer: Netherlands

Question: What nation possessed west New Guinea?
Answer: Netherlands
Pacific_War

By 1937, Japan controlled Manchuria and was ready to move deeper into China. The Marco Polo Bridge Incident on 7 July 1937 provoked full-scale war between China and Japan. The Nationalist and Communist Chinese suspended their civil war to form a nominal alliance against Japan, and the Soviet Union quickly lent support by providing large amount of materiel to Chinese troops. In August 1937, Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek deployed his best army to fight about 300,000 Japanese troops in Shanghai, but, after three months of fighting, Shanghai fell. The Japanese continued to push the Chinese forces back, capturing the capital Nanking in December 1937 and committed which was known as Nanking Massacre. In March 1938, Nationalist forces won their first victory at Taierzhuang. but then the city of Xuzhou was taken by Japanese in May. In June 1938, Japan deployed about 350,000 troops to invade Wuhan and captured it in October. The Japanese achieved major military victories, but world opinion—in particular in the United States—condemned Japan, especially after the Panay Incident.

Question: What incident occured on July 7, 1937?
Answer: Marco Polo Bridge Incident

Question: Who supplied assistance to the Chinese military?
Answer: Soviet Union

Question: When did the Nanking Massacre occur?
Answer: December 1937

Question: Where was the first Nationalist victory?
Answer: Taierzhuang

Question: How did people around the world react to Japan's Panay Incident?
Answer: condemned

Question: When was the Marco Polo Bridge Incident?
Answer: 7 July 1937

Question: What incident started the war between China and Japan?
Answer: Marco Polo Bridge Incident

Question: What nation provided material support to China?
Answer: Soviet Union

Question: What was the capital of China?
Answer: Nanking

Question: When was Nanking captured?
Answer: December 1937
Pacific_War

In September 1940, Japan decided to cut China's only land line to the outside world by seizing Indochina, which was controlled at the time by Vichy France. Japanese forces broke their agreement with the Vichy administration and fighting broke out, ending in a Japanese victory. On 27 September Japan signed a military alliance with Germany and Italy, becoming one of the three Axis Powers. In practice, there was little coordination between Japan and Germany until 1944, by which time the U.S. was deciphering their secret diplomatic correspondence.

Question: Who controled Indochina in 1940?
Answer: Vichy France

Question: When did Japan invade Indochina?
Answer: September 1940

Question: Who were the Axis Powers along with Japan in 1940?
Answer: Germany and Italy

Question: Did Japan and Germany work closely together prior to 1944?
Answer: little coordination

Question: When did Japan take over Indochina?
Answer: September 1940

Question: Who controlled Indochina before the Japanese takeover?
Answer: Vichy France

Question: When did Japan become an Axis power?
Answer: 27 September

Question: How many nations comprised the Axis powers?
Answer: three

Question: How much coordination was there between Japan and Germany?
Answer: little
Pacific_War

The war entered a new phase with the unprecedented defeat of the Japanese at Battle of Suixian-Zaoyang and 1st Battle of Changsha. After these victories, Chinese nationalist forces launched a large-scale counter-offensive in early 1940; however, due to its low military-industrial capacity, it was repulsed by Japanese army in late March 1940. In August of 1940, Chinese communists launched an offensive in Central China; in retaliation, Japan instituted the "Three Alls Policy" ("Kill all, Burn all, Loot all") in occupied areas to reduce human and material resources for the communists. By 1941 the conflict had become a stalemate. Although Japan had occupied much of northern, central, and coastal China, the Nationalist Government had retreated to the interior with a provisional capital set up at Chungking while the Chinese communists remained in control of base areas in Shaanxi. In addition, Japanese control of northern and central China was somewhat tenuous, in that Japan was usually able to control railroads and the major cities ("points and lines"), but did not have a major military or administrative presence in the vast Chinese countryside. The Japanese found its aggression against the retreating and regrouping Chinese army was stalled by the mountainous terrain in southwestern China while the Communists organised widespread guerrilla and saboteur activities in northern and eastern China behind the Japanese front line.

Question: Why did the Chinese ultimately fail in its counter offensives?
Answer: low military-industrial capacity

Question: What policy did Japan adopt to retaliate against China?
Answer: "Three Alls Policy" ("Kill all, Burn all, Loot all")

Question: What slowed the Japanese in their attacks on China?
Answer: mountainous terrain

Question: In what city did Japan set up a provisional capital?
Answer: Chungking

Question: What was Japan's "Three Alls Policy"?
Answer: "Kill all, Burn all, Loot all"

Question: What year did China and Japan reach a stalemate?
Answer: 1941

Question: Where was the Chinese provisional capital?
Answer: Chungking

Question: What natural obsticles stalled the Japanese offensive against the Chinese?
Answer: mountainous terrain

Question: What group organised guerrilla warfare against the Japanese in China?
Answer: Communists
Pacific_War

Japan sponsored several puppet governments, one of which was headed by Wang Jingwei. However, its policies of brutality toward the Chinese population, of not yielding any real power to these regimes, and of supporting several rival governments failed to make any of them a viable alternative to the Nationalist government led by Chiang Kai-shek. Conflicts between Chinese communist and nationalist forces vying for territory control behind enemy lines culminated in a major armed clash in January 1941, effectively ending their co-operation.

Question: Who was the leader of the Nationalist government?
Answer: Chiang Kai-shek

Question: When did cooperation between communist and nationalist forces end?
Answer: January 1941

Question: Did Japan support rival governments?
Answer: supporting several

Question: When did the co-operation between Chinese nationalist forces and communists end?
Answer: January 1941

Question: What was Wang Jingwei's government considered?
Answer: puppet

Question: What government did Chiang Kai-shek lead?
Answer: Nationalist government
Pacific_War

From as early as 1935 Japanese military strategists had concluded the Dutch East Indies were, because of their oil reserves, of considerable importance to Japan. By 1940 they had expanded this to include Indo-China, Malaya, and the Philippines within their concept of the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere. Japanese troop build ups in Hainan, Taiwan, and Haiphong were noted, Japanese Army officers were openly talking about an inevitable war, and Admiral Sankichi Takahashi was reported as saying a showdown with the United States was necessary.

Question: Which Japanese Admiral felt it was necessary to go to war with the U.S.?
Answer: Sankichi Takahashi

Question: Why was the Dutch East Indies important to Japan?
Answer: oil reserves

Question: In what year did the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere expand?
Answer: 1940

Question: What was the importance of the Dutch East Indies to Japan?
Answer: oil reserves

Question: Who said a showdown between Japan and the United States would be necessary?
Answer: Admiral Sankichi Takahashi

Question: By what year did Japanese strategists expand their concept of the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere?
Answer: 1940
Pacific_War

In an effort to discourage Japanese militarism, Western powers including Australia, the United States, Britain, and the Dutch government in exile, which controlled the petroleum-rich Dutch East Indies, stopped selling oil, iron ore, and steel to Japan, denying it the raw materials needed to continue its activities in China and French Indochina. In Japan, the government and nationalists viewed these embargos as acts of aggression; imported oil made up about 80% of domestic consumption, without which Japan's economy, let alone its military, would grind to a halt. The Japanese media, influenced by military propagandists,[nb 10] began to refer to the embargoes as the "ABCD ("American-British-Chinese-Dutch") encirclement" or "ABCD line".

Question: What did The West do to disuade Japan in China and French Indochina?
Answer: stopped selling oil, iron ore, and steel to Japan

Question: Why was denying supplies important to the western countries?
Answer: denying it the raw materials needed to continue its activities

Question: What were these embargoes called by the Japanese media?
Answer: "ABCD ("American-British-Chinese-Dutch")

Question: Why did Western powers stop selling resources to Japan?
Answer: to discourage Japanese militarism

Question: How did Japan view Western embargos?
Answer: as acts of aggression

Question: What percent of oil made up Japan's domestic consumption?
Answer: about 80%

Question: What did the Japanese media refer to the embargoes as?
Answer: "ABCD line"
Pacific_War

The Japanese leadership was aware that a total military victory in a traditional sense against the USA was impossible; the alternative would be negotiating for peace after their initial victories, which would recognize Japanese hegemony in Asia. In fact, the Imperial GHQ noted, should acceptable negotiations be reached with the Americans, the attacks were to be canceled—even if the order to attack had already been given. The Japanese leadership looked to base the conduct of the war against America on the historical experiences of the successful wars against China (1894–95) and Russia (1904–05), in both of which a strong continental power was defeated by reaching limited military objectives, not by total conquest.

Question: What would Japan accomplish by peace after their early victories?
Answer: recognize Japanese hegemony in Asia.

Question: What was Japan's strategic goal in attacking America?
Answer: defeated by reaching limited military objectives, not by total conquest

Question: Did The Japanese believe they could defeate the U.S.?
Answer: impossible

Question: What did the Japanese military leadership think the chances were of complete military victory ove the United States?
Answer: impossible

Question: What did Japan want recognised in planned peace negotiations after their initial victories?
Answer: Japanese hegemony in Asia

Question: If acceptable negotiations btween Japan and the United States were reached, what would be done regarding the attacks?
Answer: canceled

Question: What was the conduct of the war against the United States based on?
Answer: historical experiences
Pacific_War

In the early hours of 7 December (Hawaiian time), Japan launched a major surprise carrier-based air strike on Pearl Harbor without explicit warning, which crippled the U.S. Pacific Fleet, leaving eight American battleships out of action, 188 American aircraft destroyed, and 2,403 American citizens dead. At the time of the attack, the U.S. was not officially at war anywhere in the world, which means that the people killed or property destroyed at Pearl Harbor by the Japanese attack had a non-combatant status.[nb 11] The Japanese had gambled that the United States, when faced with such a sudden and massive blow, would agree to a negotiated settlement and allow Japan free rein in Asia. This gamble did not pay off. American losses were less serious than initially thought: The American aircraft carriers, which would prove to be more important than battleships, were at sea, and vital naval infrastructure (fuel oil tanks, shipyard facilities, and a power station), submarine base, and signals intelligence units were unscathed. Japan's fallback strategy, relying on a war of attrition to make the U.S. come to terms, was beyond the IJN's capabilities.

Question: How many U.S. battleships were incapacitated in the Pearl Harbor attacks?
Answer: eight

Question: How many Americans died in the Pearl Harbor attacks?
Answer: 2,403

Question: Was America at war when Japan attacked Pearl Harbor?
Answer: not officially at war

Question: Why did Japan attack America?
Answer: allow Japan free rein in Asia

Question: What were the most vital American ships at the time of the attack?
Answer: aircraft carriers

Question: When did Japan launch the aattack on Pearl Harbor?
Answer: 7 December

Question: How many American battleships were put out of action in the attack on Pearl Harbor by Japan?
Answer: eight

Question: How many US citizens were killed in the attack on Pearl Harbor by Japan?
Answer: 2,403

Question: How many aircraft did the United States lose in the attack on Pearl Harbor by Japan?
Answer: 188

Question: Where were the American aircraft carriers during the attack on Pearl Harbor by Japan?
Answer: at sea
Pacific_War

Before the attack on Pearl Harbor, the 800,000-member America First Committee vehemently opposed any American intervention in the European conflict, even as America sold military aid to Britain and the Soviet Union through the Lend-Lease program. Opposition to war in the U.S. vanished after the attack. On 8 December, the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, and the Netherlands declared war on Japan, followed by China and Australia the next day. Four days after Pearl Harbor, Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy declared war on the United States, drawing the country into a two-theater war. This is widely agreed to be a grand strategic blunder, as it abrogated the benefit Germany gained by Japan's distraction of the U.S. (predicted months before in a memo by Commander Arthur McCollum)[nb 12] and the reduction in aid to Britain, which both Congress and Hitler had managed to avoid during over a year of mutual provocation, which would otherwise have resulted.

Question: What program allowed America to sell military supplies to Britain and the Soviet Union?
Answer: Lend-Lease

Question: On what day did the U.S. and its allies declar war on Japan?
Answer: 8 December

Question: How long after the Pearl Harbor attacks did Germany and Italy declare war?
Answer: Four days

Question: Was Germany's declaration of war with the U.S. considered to be sound strategy?
Answer: strategic blunder

Question: how many members did the America First Committee have?
Answer: 800,000

Question: What group was opposed to American involvement in the war in Europe?
Answer: America First Committee

Question: When did the United States declare war on Japan?
Answer: 8 December

Question: How many days after the attack on Pearl Harbor did Germany wait to declare war on the United States?
Answer: Four

Question: Who predicted Germany's declaration of war against the United States months before?
Answer: Commander Arthur McCollum
Pacific_War

Following the Declaration by United Nations (the first official use of the term United Nations) on 1 January 1942, the Allied governments appointed the British General Sir Archibald Wavell to the American-British-Dutch-Australian Command (ABDACOM), a supreme command for Allied forces in Southeast Asia. This gave Wavell nominal control of a huge force, albeit thinly spread over an area from Burma to the Philippines to northern Australia. Other areas, including India, Hawaii, and the rest of Australia remained under separate local commands. On 15 January Wavell moved to Bandung in Java to assume control of ABDACOM.

Question: What date was the first official use of the term United Nations?
Answer: 1 January 1942

Question: Who was appointed to command the Allied forces in Southeast Asia in 1942?
Answer: General Sir Archibald Wavell

Question: When did General Wavell assume control of the Southheast Asia Allied forces?
Answer: 15 January

Question: How spread out were the Allied forces in Southeastern Asia?
Answer: thinly

Question: Where did General Wavell command the Allied forces from?
Answer: Bandung
Pacific_War

In January, Japan invaded Burma, the Dutch East Indies, New Guinea, the Solomon Islands and captured Manila, Kuala Lumpur and Rabaul. After being driven out of Malaya, Allied forces in Singapore attempted to resist the Japanese during the Battle of Singapore but surrendered to the Japanese on 15 February 1942; about 130,000 Indian, British, Australian and Dutch personnel became prisoners of war. The pace of conquest was rapid: Bali and Timor also fell in February. The rapid collapse of Allied resistance had left the "ABDA area" split in two. Wavell resigned from ABDACOM on 25 February, handing control of the ABDA Area to local commanders and returning to the post of Commander-in-Chief, India.

Question: What islands did Japan invade?
Answer: Solomon Islands

Question: When did Allied forces surrender Singapore to the Japanese?
Answer: 15 February 1942

Question: How many Allied prisoners did Japan take after the Battle of Singapore?
Answer: about 130,000

Question: When did General Wavell resign as commander of the Allied forces of Southeastern Asia?
Answer: 25 February

Question: After Wavell resigned from ABDACOM, What post did he return to?
Answer: Commander-in-Chief, India
Pacific_War

In Burma the British, under intense pressure, made a fighting retreat from Rangoon to the Indo-Burmese border. This cut the Burma Road which was the western Allies' supply line to the Chinese Nationalists. In March 1942, Chinese Expeditionary Force started to attack Japanese forces in northern Burma. On 16 April, 7,000 British soldiers were encircled by the Japanese 33rd Division during the Battle of Yenangyaung and rescued by the Chinese 38th Division led by Sun Li-jen. Cooperation between the Chinese Nationalists and the Communists had waned from its zenith at the Battle of Wuhan, and the relationship between the two had gone sour as both attempted to expand their area of operations in occupied territories. Most of the Nationalist guerrilla areas were eventually overtaken by the Communists. On the other hand, some Nationalist units were deployed to blockade the Communists and not the Japanese. Furthermore, many of the forces of the Chinese Nationalists were warlords allied to Chiang Kai-Shek, but not directly under his command. "Of the 1,200,000 troops under Chiang's control, only 650,000 were directly controlled by his generals, and another 550,000 controlled by warlords who claimed loyalty to his government; the strongest force was the Szechuan army of 320,000 men. The defeat of this army would do much to end Chiang's power." The Japanese exploited this lack of unity to press ahead in their offensives.

Question: When did the Chinese attack Burma?
Answer: March 1942

Question: How many British soldiers were rescued by the Chinese 38th Division on April 16??
Answer: 7,000

Question: Who led the rescue of British forces during the Battle of Yenangyaung?
Answer: Sun Li-jen

Question: How many of Chiang Kai-Shek's troops were controlled by warlords?
Answer: 550,000

Question: What was Chiang Kai-Shek's strongest army?
Answer: Szechuan army
Pacific_War

Two battle-hardened Australian divisions were steaming from the Mid-East for Singapore. Churchill wanted them diverted to Burma, but Curtin insisted on a return to Australia. In early 1942 elements of the Imperial Japanese Navy proposed an invasion of Australia. The Japanese Army opposed the plan and it was rejected in favour of a policy of isolating Australia from the United States via blockade by advancing through the South Pacific. The Japanese decided upon a seaborne invasion of Port Moresby, capital of the Australian Territory of Papua which would put Northern Australia within range of Japanese bomber aircraft.

Question: How many Australian divisions steamed from the Mid-East for Singapore?
Answer: Two

Question: Where did Churchill want the Australian divisions bound for Singapore to be diverted to?
Answer: Burma

Question: What Japanese group opposed an invasion of Australia?
Answer: Japanese Army

Question: What was the capital of Papua?
Answer: Port Moresby

Question: What country did Japan isolate Australia from with a blockade?
Answer: United States
Pacific_War

President Franklin Roosevelt ordered General Douglas MacArthur in the Philippines to formulate a Pacific defence plan with Australia in March 1942. Curtin agreed to place Australian forces under the command of MacArthur who became Supreme Commander, South West Pacific. MacArthur moved his headquarters to Melbourne in March 1942 and American troops began massing in Australia. Enemy naval activity reached Sydney in late May 1942, when Japanese midget submarines launched a daring raid on Sydney Harbour. On 8 June 1942, two Japanese submarines briefly shelled Sydney's eastern suburbs and the city of Newcastle.

Question: Who ordered General MacArthur to make a defense plan with Australia?
Answer: President Franklin Roosevelt

Question: When was General MacArthur ordered to make a defense plan with Australia?
Answer: March 1942

Question: Who was the Supreme Commander of the South West Allied forces?
Answer: MacArthur

Question: Where was MacArthur's headquarters moved to in March of 1942?
Answer: Melbourne

Question: How many Japanese submarines shelled Sydney on June 8, 1942?
Answer: two
Pacific_War

In early 1942, the governments of smaller powers began to push for an inter-governmental Asia-Pacific war council, based in Washington, D.C.. A council was established in London, with a subsidiary body in Washington. However, the smaller powers continued to push for an American-based body. The Pacific War Council was formed in Washington, on 1 April 1942, with President Franklin D. Roosevelt, his key advisor Harry Hopkins, and representatives from Britain, China, Australia, the Netherlands, New Zealand, and Canada. Representatives from India and the Philippines were later added. The council never had any direct operational control, and any decisions it made were referred to the U.S.-UK Combined Chiefs of Staff, which was also in Washington. Allied resistance, at first symbolic, gradually began to stiffen. Australian and Dutch forces led civilians in a prolonged guerilla campaign in Portuguese Timor.

Question: When was the Pacific War Council formed in Washingto D.C.?
Answer: 1 April 1942

Question: What American president was a member of the Pacific War Council?
Answer: President Franklin D. Roosevelt

Question: Who was President Roosevelt's key advisor?
Answer: Harry Hopkins

Question: Where was the U.S.-UK Combined Chiefs of Staff located?
Answer: Washington

Question: Where was the Australian and Dutch guerilla campaign led?
Answer: Portuguese Timor
Pacific_War

By mid-1942, the Japanese found themselves holding a vast area from the Indian Ocean to the Central Pacific, even though they lacked the resources to defend or sustain it. Moreover, Combined Fleet doctrine was inadequate to execute the proposed "barrier" defence. Instead, Japan decided on additional attacks in both the south and central Pacific. While she had the element of surprise at Pearl Harbor, Allied codebreakers had now turned the tables. They discovered an attack was planned against Port Moresby; if it fell, Japan would control the seas to the north and west of Australia and could isolate the country. The carrier USS Lexington under Admiral Fletcher joined USS Yorktown and an American-Australian task force to stop the Japanese advance. The resulting Battle of the Coral Sea, fought in May 1942, was the first naval battle in which ships involved never sighted each other and only aircraft were used to attack opposing forces. Although Lexington was sunk and Yorktown seriously damaged, the Japanese lost the carrier Shōhō, and suffered extensive damage to Shōkaku and heavy losses to the air wing of Zuikaku, both of which missed the operation against Midway the following month. Although Allied losses were heavier than Japanese, the attack on Port Moresby was thwarted and the Japanese invasion force turned back, a strategic victory for the Allies. The Japanese were forced to abandon their attempts to isolate Australia. Moreover, Japan lacked the capacity to replace losses in ships, planes and trained pilots.

Question: What American carrier joined the USS Yorktown to stop the Japanese attack on Port Moresby in 1942?
Answer: USS Lexington

Question: What admiral was the USS Lexington under?
Answer: Admiral Fletcher

Question: When was the Battle of the Coral Sea fought?
Answer: May 1942

Question: What American carrier was sunk in the Battle of the Coral Sea?
Answer: Lexington

Question: What Japanese carrier was lost in the Battle of the Coral Sea?
Answer: Shōhō