Divyanshu67/squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
Slavs

The earliest mentions of Slavic raids across the lower River Danube may be dated to the first half of the 6th century, yet no archaeological evidence of a Slavic settlement in the Balkans could be securely dated before c. 600 AD.

Question: The earliest mentions of Slavic raids are across what river?
Answer: River Danube

Question: The earliest mentions of what may be dated to the first half of the 6th century?
Answer: Slavic raids

Question: No archaeological evidence of a Slavic settlement in the Balkans could be securely dated before when?
Answer: c. 600 AD

Question: There is no evidence of a Slavic settlement where before c. 600 AD?
Answer: the Balkans

Question: When did the Slavics raid the River Danube?

Question: When was archaeological evidence of Slavic settlements first discovered?

Question: All archaeological evidence for the Slavics is dated after what year?

Question: Who raided the Slavics?
Slavs

The Slavs under name of the Antes and the Sclaveni make their first appearance in Byzantine records in the early 6th century. Byzantine historiographers under Justinian I (527–565), such as Procopius of Caesarea, Jordanes and Theophylact Simocatta describe tribes of these names emerging from the area of the Carpathian Mountains, the lower Danube and the Black Sea, invading the Danubian provinces of the Eastern Empire.

Question: The Slavs make their first appearance in Byzantine records when?
Answer: in the early 6th century

Question: The Slavs were under what name in the early 6th century?
Answer: the Antes and the Sclaveni

Question: According to Byzantine historiographers, tribes of Slavs emerged from what areas?
Answer: the Carpathian Mountains, the lower Danube and the Black Sea

Question: Tribes of Slavs were invading what provinces of the Eastern Empire?
Answer: the Danubian provinces

Question: Under whose reign did Byzantine historiographers describe Slavic tribes?
Answer: under Justinian I

Question: When do Byzantine records begin?

Question: When did Procopius of Caesarea live?

Question: Where was Jordanes from?

Question: What was another name for Byzantine?

Question: What mountains did the Byzantine people come from?
Slavs

Procopius wrote in 545 that "the Sclaveni and the Antae actually had a single name in the remote past; for they were both called Spori in olden times." He describes their social structure and beliefs:

Question: Who wrote in 545 that "the Sclaveni and the Antae actually had a single name in the remote past; for they were both called Spori in olden times."?
Answer: Procopius

Question: When did Procopius write that "the Sclaveni and the Antae actually had a single name in the remote past; for they were both called Spori in olden times."?
Answer: 545

Question: Procopius said Sclaveni and Antae were both called what?
Answer: Spori

Question: What does Procopius describe in his writings of the Sclaveni and Antae?
Answer: their social structure and beliefs

Question: Who did Procopius write about in 545?
Answer: the Sclaveni and the Antae

Question: Who called the Sclaveni Spori in olden times?

Question: In what year were the Sclaveni and Antae called Spori?

Question: What were both Sclaveni and Spori once called?

Question: What did Procopius write about in olden times?

Question: What did the Spori describe in 545?
Slavs

Jordanes tells us that the Sclaveni had swamps and forests for their cities. Another 6th-century source refers to them living among nearly impenetrable forests, rivers, lakes, and marshes.

Question: Who tells us that the Sclaveni had swamps and forests for their cities?
Answer: Jordanes

Question: Who had swamps and forests for their cities?
Answer: the Sclaveni

Question: A 6th-century source refers to the Sclaveni as living where?
Answer: among nearly impenetrable forests, rivers, lakes, and marshes

Question: Who wrote that the Sclaveni lived in impenetrable forests?

Question: Where did Jordanes live?

Question: Who could not penetrate the forests and rivers?

Question: When did Sclaveni live in swamps?
Slavs

Menander Protector mentions a Daurentius (577–579) that slew an Avar envoy of Khagan Bayan I. The Avars asked the Slavs to accept the suzerainty of the Avars, he however declined and is reported as saying: "Others do not conquer our land, we conquer theirs – so it shall always be for us".

Question: Who mentions a Daurentius (577–579) that slew an Avar envoy of Khagan Bayan I?
Answer: Menander Protector

Question: Who slew an envoy of Khagan Bayan I?
Answer: Daurentius

Question: The Slavs were asked to accept the suzerainty of whom?
Answer: the Avars

Question: Who said, "Others do not conquer our land, we conquer theirs – so it shall always be for us."?
Answer: Daurentius

Question: Whose envoy was slaughtered by Daurentius?
Answer: Khagan Bayan I

Question: When did Protector live?

Question: What kind of envoy did Khagan Bayan I destroy?

Question: Who did the Slavs ask to accept their suzerainty?

Question: What did Protector say about conquering land?

Question: Who did the Avar envoy slaughter?
Slavs

The relationship between the Slavs and a tribe called the Veneti east of the River Vistula in the Roman period is uncertain. The name may refer both to Balts and Slavs.

Question: An uncertain relationship was held between the Slavs and who?
Answer: the Veneti

Question: The Veneti tribe was located where?
Answer: east of the River Vistula

Question: What name may refer both to Balts and Slavs?
Answer: Veneti

Question: When was the relationship between the Slavs and Veneti uncertain?
Answer: in the Roman period

Question: What were the Slavs east of?

Question: Who did the Balts have an uncomfortable relationship with?

Question: What tribe was to the east of the Slavs?

Question: What did the Roman period refer to?
Slavs

According to eastern homeland theory, prior to becoming known to the Roman world, Slavic-speaking tribes were part of the many multi-ethnic confederacies of Eurasia – such as the Sarmatian, Hun and Gothic empires. The Slavs emerged from obscurity when the westward movement of Germans in the 5th and 6th centuries CE (thought to be in conjunction with the movement of peoples from Siberia and Eastern Europe: Huns, and later Avars and Bulgars) started the great migration of the Slavs, who settled the lands abandoned by Germanic tribes fleeing the Huns and their allies: westward into the country between the Oder and the Elbe-Saale line; southward into Bohemia, Moravia, much of present-day Austria, the Pannonian plain and the Balkans; and northward along the upper Dnieper river. Perhaps some Slavs migrated with the movement of the Vandals to Iberia and north Africa.

Question: Slavic-speaking tribes were part of what prior to becoming known to the Roman world?
Answer: multi-ethnic confederacies of Eurasia

Question: What were some of the multi-ethnic confederacies of Eurasia?
Answer: the Sarmatian, Hun and Gothic empires

Question: Who started the great migration of the Slavs?
Answer: Germans

Question: Some Slavs migrated with the movement of the Vandals to where?
Answer: Iberia and north Africa

Question: Who were the Germanic tribes fleeing?
Answer: the Huns and their allies

Question: What empires were part of the Roman world?

Question: When did the Sarmatians move westward?

Question: Who settled in langs abandoned by the Slavs?

Question: Who was fleeing from the Germans?

Question: What theory suggests the Slavic tribes were unknown to the Roman world?
Slavs

Around the 6th century, Slavs appeared on Byzantine borders in great numbers.[page needed] The Byzantine records note that grass would not regrow in places where the Slavs had marched through, so great were their numbers. After a military movement even the Peloponnese and Asia Minor were reported to have Slavic settlements. This southern movement has traditionally been seen as an invasive expansion. By the end of the 6th century, Slavs had settled the Eastern Alps regions.

Question: When did Slavs appear on Byzantine borders?
Answer: Around the 6th century

Question: The Slavs appeared on whose borders around the 6th century?
Answer: Byzantine borders

Question: Where else reported Slavic settlements?
Answer: Peloponnese and Asia Minor

Question: Where had the Slavs settled by the end of the 6th century?
Answer: the Eastern Alps

Question: When had the Slavs settled the Eastern Alps?
Answer: By the end of the 6th century

Question: When did the Peloponnese appear on Byzantine borders?

Question: What did Slav records note could not grow after their presence?

Question: Where were Slave settled at the beginning of the 6th century?

Question: How has the southern movement of the Byzantine empire been understood?

Question: Where did the Peloponnese appear at the beginning of the 6th c?
Slavs

When their migratory movements ended, there appeared among the Slavs the first rudiments of state organizations, each headed by a prince with a treasury and a defense force. Moreover, it was the beginnings of class differentiation, and nobles pledged allegiance either to the Frankish/ Holy Roman Emperors or the Byzantine Emperors.

Question: What appeared among the Slavs when their migratory movements ended?
Answer: the first rudiments of state organizations

Question: When did the first rudiments of state organizations appear among the Slavs?
Answer: When their migratory movements ended

Question: Early state organizations where headed by what?
Answer: a prince with a treasury and a defense force

Question: Noble Slavs pledged allegiance to whom?
Answer: the Frankish/ Holy Roman Emperors or the Byzantine Emperors

Question: Who did the Byzantine Emperors pledge allegiance to?

Question: What is another name for the Byzantine Emperors?

Question: What did the beginnings of class differentiation end?

Question: Who headed the Frankish Emperors?

Question: What two things did each noble have?
Slavs

In the 7th century, the Frankish merchant Samo, who supported the Slavs fighting their Avar rulers, became the ruler of the first known Slav state in Central Europe, which, however, most probably did not outlive its founder and ruler. This provided the foundation for subsequent Slavic states to arise on the former territory of this realm with Carantania being the oldest of them. Very old also are the Principality of Nitra and the Moravian principality (see under Great Moravia). In this period, there existed central Slavic groups and states such as the Balaton Principality, but the subsequent expansion of the Magyars, as well as the Germanisation of Austria, separated the northern and southern Slavs. The First Bulgarian Empire was founded in 681, the Slavic language Old Bulgarian became the main and official of the empire in 864. Bulgaria was instrumental in the spread of Slavic literacy and Christianity to the rest of the Slavic world.

Question: When did Samo become the ruler of the first known Slav state?
Answer: the 7th century

Question: What Frankish merchant was the ruler of the first Slav state in Central Europe?
Answer: Samo

Question: What is the oldest Slav state in Central Europe?
Answer: Carantania

Question: When was the first Bulgarian Empire founded?
Answer: 681

Question: Bulgaria was instrumental in the spread of what to the rest of the Slavic world?
Answer: Slavic literacy and Christianity

Question: Who supported the Avar rulers?

Question: What outlived the first Slav ruler?

Question: Where was the first known Avar state?

Question: What became the official language of an empire in 681?

Question: When was Carantania founded?
Slavs

As of 1878, there were only three free Slavic states in the world: the Russian Empire, Serbia and Montenegro. Bulgaria was also free but was de jure vassal to the Ottoman Empire until official independence was declared in 1908. In the entire Austro-Hungarian Empire of approximately 50 million people, about 23 million were Slavs. The Slavic peoples who were, for the most part, denied a voice in the affairs of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, were calling for national self-determination. During World War I, representatives of the Czechs, Slovaks, Poles, Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes set up organizations in the Allied countries to gain sympathy and recognition. In 1918, after World War I ended, the Slavs established such independent states as Czechoslovakia, the Second Polish Republic, and the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs.

Question: What three free Slavic states were in the world as of 1878?
Answer: the Russian Empire, Serbia and Montenegro

Question: When were the Russian Empire, Serbia, and Montenegro the only free Slavic states in the world?
Answer: 1878

Question: Whose official independence was declared in 1908?
Answer: Bulgaria

Question: When were independent states as Czechoslovakia, the Second Polish Republic, and the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs established?
Answer: In 1918

Question: What was Serbia de jure vassal to in 1878?

Question: When was Montenegro's independence declared?

Question: How many people were in the Ottoman Empire?

Question: What ended in 1878?

Question: How many Slavs lived in Czechoslovakia?
Slavs

During World War II, Hitler's Generalplan Ost (general plan for the East) entailed killing, deporting, or enslaving the Slavic and Jewish population of occupied Eastern Europe to create Lebensraum (living space) for German settlers. The Nazi Hunger Plan and Generalplan Ost would have led to the starvation of 80 million people in the Soviet Union. These partially fulfilled plans resulted in the deaths of an estimated 19.3 million civilians and prisoners of war.

Question: Whose plan for the East entailed killing, deporting, or enslaving the Slavs?
Answer: Hitler's

Question: What would have led to the starvation of 80 million people in the Soviet Union?
Answer: The Nazi Hunger Plan and Generalplan Ost

Question: The Nazi Hunger Plan and Generalplan Ost resulted in the death and imprisonment of how many people?
Answer: 19.3 million civilians

Question: What is the German word for living space?
Answer: Lebensraum

Question: How many prisoners of war were supposed to die from the Hunger Plan?

Question: Who planned to deport German settlers?

Question: 80 million people died in what country?

Question: What is the Slavic word for living space?

Question: What plans successfully resulted in 80 million people starving?
Slavs

The first half of the 20th century in Russia and the Soviet Union was marked by a succession of wars, famines and other disasters, each accompanied by large-scale population losses. Stephen J. Lee estimates that, by the end of World War II in 1945, the Russian population was about 90 million fewer than it could have been otherwise.

Question: The first half of the 20th century was marked by what in Russia and the Soviet Union?
Answer: succession of wars, famines and other disasters

Question: Who estimated the Russian population was 90 million fewer than it could have been in 1945?
Answer: Stephen J. Lee

Question: When was the Russian population estimated to be about 90 million fewer than it could have been?
Answer: 1945

Question: What was marked by succession of wars, famines, and other disasters in the 20th century?
Answer: Russia and the Soviet Union

Question: When did Stephen J. Lee make his estimate about the Russian population?

Question: How many people did famine kill in Russia?

Question: Who did Russia fight with in the first half of the 20th century?

Question: Who ended the war in 1945?

Question: What is Stephen J. Lee's nationality?
Slavs

Because of the vastness and diversity of the territory occupied by Slavic people, there were several centers of Slavic consolidation. In the 19th century, Pan-Slavism developed as a movement among intellectuals, scholars, and poets, but it rarely influenced practical politics and did not find support in some nations that had Slavic origins. Pan-Slavism became compromised when the Russian Empire started to use it as an ideology justifying its territorial conquests in Central Europe as well as subjugation of other ethnic groups of Slavic origins such as Poles and Ukrainians, and the ideology became associated with Russian imperialism. The common Slavic experience of communism combined with the repeated usage of the ideology by Soviet propaganda after World War II within the Eastern bloc (Warsaw Pact) was a forced high-level political and economic hegemony of the USSR dominated by Russians. A notable political union of the 20th century that covered most South Slavs was Yugoslavia, but it ultimately broke apart in the 1990s along with the Soviet Union.

Question: When did Pan-Slavism develop as a movement?
Answer: In the 19th century

Question: Pan-Slavism became compromised when what empire started to use it as an ideology justifying its territorial conquests?
Answer: Russian Empire

Question: The Russian Empire used what as justification for its territorial conquests?
Answer: Pan-Slavism

Question: What notable political union of the 20th century covered most South Slavs?
Answer: Yugoslavia

Question: When did Yugoslavia break apart?
Answer: 1990s

Question: What influenced practical politics?

Question: When did the Russian Empire create pan-slavism?

Question: What did Central Europe begin to conquest?

Question: What formed in the 1990s?

Question: Who did the Poles subjugate?
Slavs

The word "Slavs" was used in the national anthem of the Slovak Republic (1939–1945), Yugoslavia (1943–1992) and the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1992–2003), later Serbia and Montenegro (2003–2006).

Question: When was the word "Slavs" used in the national anthem of the Slovak Republic?
Answer: 1939–1945

Question: When was the word "Slavs" used in the national anthem of Yugoslavia?
Answer: 1943–1992

Question: When was the word "Slavs" used in the national anthem of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia?
Answer: 1992–2003

Question: When was the word "Slavs" used in the national anthem of Serbia and Montenegro?
Answer: 2003–2006

Question: When was slavs used for the Yugoslavia and Montenegro anthem?

Question: What word was taken out of the national anthem of the Slovak Republic in 1939?

Question: What country stopped using the word slavs in 1943?

Question: When did the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia become Yugoslavia?
Slavs

Former Soviet states, as well as countries that used to be satellite states or territories of the Warsaw Pact, have numerous minority Slavic populations, many of whom are originally from the Russian SFSR, Ukrainian SSR and Byelorussian SSR. As of now, Kazakhstan has the largest Slavic minority population with most being Russians (Ukrainians, Belarusians and Poles are present as well but in much smaller numbers).

Question: Many Slavic populations that were part of the Warsaw Pact are originally from where?
Answer: the Russian SFSR, Ukrainian SSR and Byelorussian SSR

Question: What is the largest Slavic minority?
Answer: Russians

Question: Where is the largest Slavic minority located?
Answer: Kazakhstan

Question: What other Slavic minorities are in Kazakhstan?
Answer: Ukrainians, Belarusians and Poles

Question: What country has the largest Ukrainian population?

Question: What was the Warsaw Pact originally part of?

Question: What is the largest population in Kazakhstan?

Question: What is an example of a satellite state?

Question: What is the smallest minority in Kazakhstan?
Slavs

Pan-Slavism, a movement which came into prominence in the mid-19th century, emphasized the common heritage and unity of all the Slavic peoples. The main focus was in the Balkans where the South Slavs had been ruled for centuries by other empires: the Byzantine Empire, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Venice. The Russian Empire used Pan-Slavism as a political tool; as did the Soviet Union, which gained political-military influence and control over most Slavic-majority nations between 1945 and 1948 and retained a hegemonic role until the period 1989–1991.

Question: What movement came into prominence in the mid-19th century that emphasized the common heritage and unity of all the Slavic peoples?
Answer: Pan-Slavism

Question: Where was the main focus of Pan-Slavism?
Answer: the Byzantine Empire, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Venice

Question: Who used Pan-Slavism as a political tool?
Answer: The Russian Empire

Question: When did the Soviet Union gain political-military influence and control over most Slavic-majority nations?
Answer: between 1945 and 1948

Question: How long did the Soviet Union retain a hegemonic role?
Answer: until the period 1989–1991

Question: Who did the South Slavs rule over?

Question: When did Venice gain power over Slavic-majority nations?

Question: What type of role did Slavic nations play between 1989-1991?

Question: Which area was the first to use Pan-Slavism as a political tool?

Question: What did Austria-Hungary use pan-slavism for?
Slavs

Slavic studies began as an almost exclusively linguistic and philological enterprise. As early as 1833, Slavic languages were recognized as Indo-European.

Question: What began as an almost exclusively linguistic and philological enterprise?
Answer: Slavic studies

Question: When were Slavic languages recognized as Indo-European?
Answer: As early as 1833

Question: What languages were recognized as Indo-European?
Answer: Slavic languages

Question: In 1833, Slavic languages were recognized as what?
Answer: Indo-European

Question: When did Slavic studies become a linguistic enterprise?

Question: What were Indo-European studies recognized as?

Question: What did Indo-European studies begin as?

Question: What was recognized as Slavic languages?

Question: When did linguistic studies begin?
Slavs

Slavic standard languages which are official in at least one country: Belarusian, Bosnian, Bulgarian, Croatian, Czech, Macedonian, Montenegrin, Polish, Russian, Serbian, Slovak, Slovene, and Ukrainian. The alphabet depends on what religion is usual for the respective Slavic ethnic groups. The Orthodox use the Cyrillic alphabet and the Roman Catholics use Latin alphabet, the Bosniaks who are Muslims also use the Latin. Few Greek Roman and Roman Catholics use the Cyrillic alphabet however. The Serbian language and Montenegrin language uses both Cyrillic and Latin alphabets. There is also a Latin script to write in Belarusian, called the Lacinka alphabet.

Question: What depends on what religion is usual for the respective Slavic ethnic groups?
Answer: The alphabet

Question: Who uses the Cyrillic alphabet?
Answer: The Orthodox

Question: Who uses the Latin alphabet?
Answer: the Roman Catholics

Question: Other than the Roman Catholics, who else uses Latin?
Answer: the Bosniaks

Question: What is a Latin script to write in Belarusian?
Answer: the Lacinka alphabet

Question: What is dependent on the alphabet?

Question: What is the name of the latin script Muslims use?

Question: What do most Greek Romans use?

Question: What language do Ukranians use?

Question: What language uses a Cyrillic script called Lacinka?
Slavs

Proto-Slavic, the supposed ancestor language of all Slavic languages, is a descendant of common Proto-Indo-European, via a Balto-Slavic stage in which it developed numerous lexical and morphophonological isoglosses with the Baltic languages. In the framework of the Kurgan hypothesis, "the Indo-Europeans who remained after the migrations [from the steppe] became speakers of Balto-Slavic".

Question: What is the supposed ancestor of all Slavic languages?
Answer: Proto-Slavic

Question: Proto-Slavic developed numerous lexical and morphophonological isoglosses with what languages?
Answer: Baltic languages

Question: The Indo-Europeans who remained after the migrations became speakers of what?
Answer: Balto-Slavic

Question: Who became speakers of Balto-Slavic?
Answer: Indo-Europeans

Question: Proto-Slavic is a descendant of what?
Answer: Proto-Indo-European

Question: What does Proto-Indo-European descend from?

Question: How did Proto-Slavic become the ancestor language to all Slavic?

Question: What did Proto-Indo-European form with Balto languages?

Question: What proposes the Indo-Europeans that migrated became speakers of Balto-Slavic?
Slavs

Proto-Slavic, sometimes referred to as Common Slavic or Late Proto-Slavic, is defined as the last stage of the language preceding the geographical split of the historical Slavic languages. That language was uniform, and on the basis of borrowings from foreign languages and Slavic borrowings into other languages, cannot be said to have any recognizable dialects, suggesting a comparatively compact homeland. Slavic linguistic unity was to some extent visible as late as Old Church Slavonic manuscripts which, though based on local Slavic speech of Thessaloniki, could still serve the purpose of the first common Slavic literary language.

Question: Proto-Slavic is sometimes referred to as what?
Answer: Common Slavic or Late Proto-Slavic

Question: What is defined as the last stage of the language preceding the geographical split of the historical Slavic languages?
Answer: Proto-Slavic

Question: Old Church Slavonic manuscripts were based on the local Slavic speech of what?
Answer: Thessaloniki

Question: What could still serve the purpose of the first common Slavic literary language?
Answer: Old Church Slavonic manuscripts

Question: What is another term for Old Church Slavonic?

Question: What was the name of the language after the geographical split?

Question: What did the Proto-slavic language have in multiple recognizable variations?

Question: What speech did Old Church Slavonic influence?

Question: What is Thessaloniki the first example of?
Slavs

The pagan Slavic populations were Christianized between the 6th and 10th centuries. Orthodox Christianity is predominant in the East and South Slavs, while Roman Catholicism is predominant in West Slavs and the western South Slavs. The religious borders are largely comparable to the East–West Schism which began in the 11th century. The majority of contemporary Slavic populations who profess a religion are Orthodox, followed by Catholic, while a small minority are Protestant. There are minor Slavic Muslim groups. Religious delineations by nationality can be very sharp; usually in the Slavic ethnic groups the vast majority of religious people share the same religion. Some Slavs are atheist or agnostic: only 19% of Czechs professed belief in god/s in the 2005 Eurobarometer survey.

Question: When were pagan Slavic populations Christianized?
Answer: between the 6th and 10th centuries

Question: What religion is predominant in the East and South Slavs?
Answer: Orthodox Christianity

Question: What religion is predominant in the West and western South Slavs?
Answer: Roman Catholicism

Question: When did the East-West Schism begin?
Answer: 11th century

Question: The majority of contemporary Slavic populations who profess a religion are what?
Answer: Orthodox

Question: What schism began in the 10th century?

Question: Most of what populations are Muslim?

Question: What percentage of Slavs are atheist?

Question: When did Slavic populations become more atheistic?

Question: What nationality is the Protestant religion common in?
Slavs

Slavs are customarily divided along geographical lines into three major subgroups: West Slavs, East Slavs, and South Slavs, each with a different and a diverse background based on unique history, religion and culture of particular Slavic groups within them. Apart from prehistorical archaeological cultures, the subgroups have had notable cultural contact with non-Slavic Bronze- and Iron Age civilisations.

Question: Who is customarily divided along geographical lines into tree major subgroups?
Answer: Slavs

Question: What three major subgroups are Slavs divided into?
Answer: West Slavs, East Slavs, and South Slavs

Question: The Slav subgroups have had notable cultural contact with what kind of civilisations?
Answer: non-Slavic Bronze- and Iron Age

Question: How many groups are non-Slavic bronze age civilisations divided into?

Question: How is the West Slavs subgroup divided?

Question: What group did the Slavs largely avoid?

Question: What do all subgroups share?
Slavs

^1 Also considered part of Rusyns
^2 Considered transitional between Ukrainians and Belarusians
^3 The ethnic affiliation of the Lemkos has become an ideological conflict. It has been alleged that among the Lemkos the idea of "Carpatho-Ruthenian" nation is supported only by Lemkos residing in Transcarpathia and abroad
^4 Most inhabitants of historic Moravia considered themselves as Czechs but significant amount declared their Moravian nationality, different from that Czech (although people from Bohemia and Moravia use the same official language).
^5 Also considered Poles.
^6 There are sources that show Silesians as part of the Poles. Parts of the southmost population of Upper Silesia is sometimes considered Czech (controversial).

Question: Ethnic affiliation of who has become an ideological conflict?
Answer: the Lemkos

Question: The idea of "Carpatho-Ruthenian" nation is supported only by Lemkos residing where?
Answer: Transcarpathia and abroad

Question: Most inhabitants of historic Moravia considered themselves as what?
Answer: Czechs

Question: What group is considered part of the Poles?
Answer: Silesians

Question: What is the ethnic affiliation of the Rusyns considered?

Question: What do the Ukrainians in Transcarpathia support?

Question: What do people from Bohemia and Silesia use that is the same?

Question: What are Moravians considered part of?

Question: What are parts of the Upper Moravia sometimes considered?
Slavs

^7 A census category recognized as an ethnic group. Most Slavic Muslims (especially in Bosnia, Croatia, Montenegro and Serbia) now opt for Bosniak ethnicity, but some still use the "Muslim" designation. Bosniak and Muslim are considered two ethnonyms for a single ethnicity and the terms may even be used interchangeably. However, a small number of people within Bosnia and Herzegovina declare themselves Bosniak but are not necessarily Muslim by faith.

Question: Most Slavic Muslims now opt for what ethnicity?
Answer: Bosniak

Question: What two groups are considered two ethnonyms for a single ethnicity and the terms may even be used interchangeably?
Answer: Bosniak and Muslim

Question: A small number of people declare themselves Bosniak but are not necessarily Muslim by faith within what regions?
Answer: Bosnia and Herzegovina

Question: Which areas tend to use the Muslim designation?

Question: What two terms cannot be used interchangeably?

Question: What religion do people who declare themselves as Bosniak always have?

Question: What oddity in people who declare themselves as Bosniak can be found in Croatia?

Question: What country besides Bosnia are Bosniaks always also Muslim?
Slavs

^8 This identity continues to be used by a minority throughout the former Yugoslav republics. The nationality is also declared by diasporans living in the USA and Canada. There are a multitude of reasons as to why people prefer this affiliation, some published on the article.

Question: This identity continues to be used by a minority throughout the what former republics?
Answer: Yugoslav republics

Question: The nationality is also declared by diasporans living where?
Answer: USA and Canada

Question: Diasporan is claimed as an identity in what former republics?

Question: This nationality has been rejected by diasporans living where?

Question: What are the minority living in USA and Canada called?

Question: What has been abandoned by those living in Yugoslav?
Slavs

^9 Sub-groups of Croats include Bunjevci (in Bačka), Šokci (in Slavonia and Vojvodina), Janjevci (in Kosovo), Burgenland Croats (in Austria), Bosniaks (in Hungary), Molise Croats (in Italy), Krashovans (in Romania), Moravian Croats (in the Czech Republic)

Question: Where are Bunjevci located?
Answer: Bačka

Question: Where are Šokci located?
Answer: Slavonia and Vojvodina

Question: Where are Janjevci located?
Answer: Kosovo

Question: Where are Burgenland Croats located?
Answer: Austria

Question: Where are Krashovans located?
Answer: Romania

Question: What is a subgroup of Benjevci?

Question: What subgroup is located in Slavonia and Kosovo?

Question: Where are Molise Croats and Moravian Croats located?

Question: What group lives in Burgenland?

Question: Where are Backa located?
Slavs

^10 Sub-groups of Slovenes include Prekmurians, Hungarian Slovenes, Carinthian Slovenes, Venetian Slovenes, Resians, and the extinct Carantanians and Somogy Slovenes.

Question: What sub-groups of Slovenes are extinct?
Answer: Carantanians and Somogy Slovenes

Question: What are the current sub-groups of Slovenes?
Answer: Prekmurians, Hungarian Slovenes, Carinthian Slovenes, Venetian Slovenes, Resians

Question: What is a subgroup of Hungarians?

Question: Which five groups are now extinct?

Question: What happened to most of the Slovenes subgroups?

Question: How many subgroups of Slovenes are there?
Slavs

Note: Besides ethnic groups, Slavs often identify themselves with the local geographical region in which they live. Some of the major regional South Slavic groups include: Zagorci in northern Croatia, Istrijani in westernmost Croatia, Dalmatinci in southern Croatia, Boduli in Adriatic islands, Vlaji in hinterland of Dalmatia, Slavonci in eastern Croatia, Bosanci in Bosnia, Hercegovci in Herzegovina, Krajišnici in western Bosnia, but is more commonly used to refer to the Serbs of Croatia, most of whom are descendants of the Grenzers, and continued to live in the area which made up the Military Frontier until the Croatian war of independence, Semberci in northeast Bosnia, Srbijanci in Serbia proper, Šumadinci in central Serbia, Vojvođani in northern Serbia, Sremci in Syrmia, Bačvani in northwest Vojvodina, Banaćani in Banat, Sandžaklije (Muslims in Serbia/Montenegro border), Kosovci in Kosovo, Bokelji in southwest Montenegro, Trakiytsi in Upper Thracian Lowlands, Dobrudzhantsi in north-east Bulgarian region, Balkandzhii in Central Balkan Mountains, Miziytsi in north Bulgarian region, Warmiaks and Masurians in north-east Polish regions Warmia and Mazuria, Pirintsi in Blagoevgrad Province, Ruptsi in the Rhodopes etc.

Question: Serbs of Croatia are mostly descendants of who?
Answer: the Grenzers

Question: Where are Zagorci located?
Answer: northern Croatia

Question: Where are Istrijani located?
Answer: westernmost Croatia

Question: Where are Boduli located?
Answer: Adriatic islands

Question: Where are Vlaji located?
Answer: hinterland of Dalmatia

Question: What is the only way Slavs identify?

Question: What are slavs called in central Croatia?

Question: Who are the Vlaji descendants of?

Question: When did western Bosnia become the Military Frontier?

Question: What are the names of the cities in the north Bulgarian region?
Slavs

The modern Slavic peoples carry a variety of mitochondrial DNA haplogroups and Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups. Yet two paternal haplogroups predominate: R1a1a [M17] and I2a2a [L69.2=T/S163.2]. The frequency of Haplogroup R1a ranges from 63.39% in the Sorbs, through 56.4% in Poland, 54% in Ukraine, 52% in Russia, Belarus, to 15.2% in Republic of Macedonia, 14.7% in Bulgaria and 12.1% in Herzegovina. The correlation between R1a1a [M17] and the speakers of Indo-European languages, particularly those of Eastern Europe (Russian) and Central and Southern Asia, was noticed in the late 1990s. From this Spencer Wells and colleagues, following the Kurgan hypothesis, deduced that R1a1a arose on the Pontic-Caspian steppe.

Question: What two DNA haplogroups predominate in modern Slavic peoples?
Answer: R1a1a [M17] and I2a2a

Question: What is the frequency of Haplogroup R1a in the Sorbs?
Answer: 63.39%

Question: What is the frequency of Haplogroup R1a in Poland?
Answer: 56.4%

Question: What is the frequency of Haplogroup R1a in Ukraine?
Answer: 54%

Question: What is the frequency of Haplogroup R1a in Russia?
Answer: 52%

Question: When did Spencer Wells deduce R1a1a arose on the Pontic-Caspian steppe?

Question: How frequent is I2a2a in the Sorbs?

Question: What population is I2a2a the rarest in?

Question: Who created the Kurgan hypothesis?

Question: Where did  I2a2a arise from?
Slavs

Specific studies of Slavic genetics followed. In 2007 Rębała and colleagues studied several Slavic populations with the aim of localizing the Proto-Slavic homeland. The significant findings of this study are that:

Question: When did Rębała and colleagues studied several Slavic populations with the aim of localizing the Proto-Slavic homeland?
Answer: 2007

Question: Who studied several Slavic populations with the aim of localizing the Proto-Slavic homeland?
Answer: Rębała

Question: In 2007 Rębała and colleagues studied several Slavic populations with the aim of localizing what?
Answer: the Proto-Slavic homeland

Question: When was the Proto-Slavic homeland found?

Question: Who wanted to localize slavic populations?

Question: What did Rębała study to localize the Slavic population?

Question: When did specific studies of Slavic genetics begin?
Slavs

Marcin Woźniak and colleagues (2010) searched for specifically Slavic sub-group of R1a1a [M17]. Working with haplotypes, they found a pattern among Western Slavs which turned out to correspond to a newly discovered marker, M458, which defines subclade R1a1a7. This marker correlates remarkably well with the distribution of Slavic-speakers today. The team led by Peter Underhill, which discovered M458, did not consider the possibility that this was a Slavic marker, since they used the "evolutionary effective" mutation rate, which gave a date far too old to be Slavic. Woźniak and colleagues pointed out that the pedigree mutation rate, giving a later date, is more consistent with the archaeological record.

Question: Who searched for specifically Slavic sub-group of R1a1a [M17]?
Answer: Marcin Woźniak and colleagues

Question: When did Marcin Woźniak search specifically for Slavic sub-group of R1a1a [M17]?
Answer: 2010

Question: The team that discovered M458 was led by who?
Answer: Peter Underhill

Question: Who was searching for Slavic haplotypes?

Question: When did Peter Underhill discover the marker?

Question: What did Peter Underhill suspect M458 was?

Question: What is the evolutionary effective mutation rate more in line with?

Question: What marker did Wozniak discover?
Slavs

Pomors are distinguished by the presence of Y Haplogroup N among them. Postulated to originate from southeast Asia, it is found at high rates in Uralic peoples. Its presence in Pomors (called "Northern Russians" in the report) attests to the non-Slavic tribes (mixing with Finnic tribes of northern Eurasia). Autosomally, Russians are generally similar to populations in central-eastern Europe but some northern Russians are intermediate to Finno-Ugric groups.

Question: What is distinguished by the presence of Y Haplogroup N?
Answer: Pomors

Question: Pomors are distinguished by the presence of what?
Answer: Y Haplogroup N

Question: Y Haplogroup N are found at high rates in who?
Answer: Uralic peoples

Question: Russians are generally similar to populations in what region?
Answer: central-eastern Europe

Question: Pomors are also known as what?
Answer: Northern Russians

Question: What are Y Haplogroup N distinguished by?

Question: What do Finnic tribes have in high rates?

Question: Where are the Uralic peoples from?

Question: What are Russians most dissimilar from autosomally?

Question: What is another name for Uralic peoples?
Slavs

On the other hand, I2a1b1 (P41.2) is typical of the South Slavic populations, being highest in Bosnia-Herzegovina (>50%). Haplogroup I2a2 is also commonly found in north-eastern Italians. There is also a high concentration of I2a2a in the Moldavian region of Romania, Moldova and western Ukraine. According to original studies, Hg I2a2 was believed to have arisen in the west Balkans sometime after the LGM, subsequently spreading from the Balkans through Central Russian Plain. Recently, Ken Nordtvedt has split I2a2 into two clades – N (northern) and S (southern), in relation where they arose compared to Danube river. He proposes that N is slightly older than S. He recalculated the age of I2a2 to be ~ 2550 years and proposed that the current distribution is explained by a Slavic expansion from the area north-east of the Carpathians.

Question: I2a1b1 is typical of what populations?
Answer: South Slavic populations

Question: I2a1b1 is found being highest where?
Answer: Bosnia-Herzegovina

Question: Haplogroup I2a2 is commonly found in what group of people?
Answer: north-eastern Italians

Question: Hg I2a2 was believed to have arisen where?
Answer: west Balkans

Question: Who has split I2a2 into two clades?
Answer: Ken Nordtvedt

Question: What percentage of north-eastern Italians have I2a1b1?

Question: Where did I2a1b1 originate?

Question: What preceded l2a1b1?

Question: Who split LGM?

Question: How old is I2a1b1 calculated to be?
Slavs

In 2008, biochemist Boris Arkadievich Malyarchuk (Russian: Борис Аркадьевич Малярчук) et al. of the Institute of Biological Problems of the North, Russian Academy of Sciences, Magadan, Russia, used a sample (n=279) of Czech individuals to determine the frequency of "Mongoloid" "mtDNA lineages". Malyarchuk found Czech mtDNA lineages were typical of "Slavic populations" with "1.8%" Mongoloid mtDNA lineage. Malyarchuk added that "Slavic populations" "almost always" contain Mongoloid mtDNA lineage. Malyarchuk said the Mongoloid component of Slavic people was partially added before the split of "Balto-Slavics" in 2,000–3,000 BC with additional Mongoloid mixture occurring among Slavics in the last 4,000 years. Malyarchuk said the "Russian population" was developed by the "assimilation of the indigenous pre-Slavic population of Eastern Europe by true Slavs" with additional "assimilation of Finno-Ugric populations" and "long-lasting" interactions with the populations of "Siberia" and "Central Asia". Malyarchuk said that other Slavs "Mongoloid component" was increased during the waves of migration from "steppe populations (Huns, Avars, Bulgars and Mongols)", especially the decay of the "Avar Khaganate".

Question: When did Boris Arkadievich Malyarchuk use a sample of Czech individuals to determine the frequency of "Monigoloid" "mtDNA lineages"?
Answer: 2008

Question: Who used a sample of Czech individuals to determine the frequency of "Monigoloid" "mtDNA lineages"?
Answer: Boris Arkadievich Malyarchuk

Question: Malyarchuk found Czech mtDNA lineages were typical of what populations?
Answer: Slavic populations

Question: Malyarchuk said the Mongoloid component of Slavic people was partially added before the split of "Balto-Slavics" in what time period?
Answer: Malyarchuk said that other Slavs "Mongoloid component" was increased during the waves of migration from "steppe populations

Question: Malyarchuk said that other Slavs "Mongoloid component" was increased during the waves of migration from what populations?
Answer: steppe populations

Question: What was the name of the Czech individual tested?

Question: What assimilated the Russian population?

Question: When was the steppe population migration?

Question: How many biochemists were involved in the study?

Question: What percentage of Finno-Ugric populations have Mongoloid mtDNA lineage?
Slavs

DNA samples from 1228 Russians show that the Y chromosomes analyzed, all except 20 (1.6%) fall into seven major haplogroups all characteristic to West Eurasian populations. Taken together, they account for 95% of the total Russian Y chromosomal pool. Only (0.7%) fell into haplogroups that are specific to East and South Asian populations. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) examined in Poles and Russians revealed the presence of all major European haplogroups, which were characterized by similar patterns of distribution in Poles and Russians. An analysis of the DNA did not reveal any specific combinations of unique mtDNA haplotypes and their subclusters. The DNA clearly shows that both Poles and Russians are not different from the neighbouring European populations.

Question: DNA from how many Russians show that the Y chromosomes fall into seven major haplogroups all characteristic to West Eurasian populations?
Answer: 1228

Question: DNA samples from 1228 Russians show that the Y chromosomes analyzed, all except 20 (1.6%) fall into seven major haplogroups all characteristic to what populations?
Answer: West Eurasian

Question: Taken together, they account for what percentage of the total Russian Y chromosomal pool?
Answer: 95%

Question: What percentage fell into haplogroups that are specific to East and South Asian populations?
Answer: 0.7%

Question: Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) examined in Poles and Russians revealed the presence of what major haplogroups?
Answer: European

Question: what percentage of Poles have Y chromosomes in the major haplogroups?

Question: How many Poles were studied?

Question: DNA of Poles and Russians differ from what group?

Question: Where are the 20 haplogroups from?

Question: What percentage of Poles have haplogroups from East Asian populations?
Slavs

Throughout their history, Slavs came into contact with non-Slavic groups. In the postulated homeland region (present-day Ukraine), they had contacts with the Iranic Sarmatians and the Germanic Goths. After their subsequent spread, they began assimilating non-Slavic peoples. For example, in the Balkans, there were Paleo-Balkan peoples, such as Romanized and Hellenized (Jireček Line) Illyrians, Thracians and Dacians, as well as Greeks and Celtic Scordisci. Over time, due to the larger number of Slavs, most descendants of the indigenous populations of the Balkans were Slavicized. The Thracians and Illyrians vanished from the population during this period – although the modern Albanian nation claims descent from the Illyrians. Exceptions are Greece, where the lesser numbered Slavs scattered there came to be Hellenized (aided in time by more Greeks returning to Greece in the 9th century and the role of the church and administration) and Romania where Slavic people settled en route for present-day Greece, Republic of Macedonia, Bulgaria and East Thrace whereby the Slavic population had come to assimilate. Bulgars were also assimilated by local Slavs but their ruling status and subsequent land cast the nominal legacy of Bulgarian country and people onto all future generations. The Romance speakers within the fortified Dalmatian cities managed to retain their culture and language for a long time, as Dalmatian Romance was spoken until the high Middle Ages. However, they too were eventually assimilated into the body of Slavs.

Question: What is the posulated homeland region of the Slavs?
Answer: Ukraine

Question: Who did the Slavs have contact with in Ukraine?
Answer: Iranic Sarmatians and the Germanic Goths

Question: After their subsequent spread, they began assimilating who?
Answer: non-Slavic peoples

Question: What peoples where in the Balkans?
Answer: Paleo-Balkan peoples

Question: Who vanished from the population of the Balkans?
Answer: The Thracians and Illyrians

Question: What non-Slavic groups are in present-day Ukraine?

Question: What modern nation claims to descend from Thracians?

Question: When were Slavs Hellenized?

Question: What features of the Republic of Macedonia helped pass on its legacy to future generations?

Question: When did Dalmatian Romance assimilate the Slavs?