Divyanshu67/squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact

Molotov declared in his report entitled "On the Foreign Policy of the Soviet Union" (31 October 1939) held on the fifth (extraordinary) session of the Supreme Soviet, that the Western "ruling circles" disguise their intentions with the pretext of defending democracy against Hitlerism, declaring "their aim in war with Germany is nothing more, nothing less than extermination of Hitlerism. [...] There is absolutely no justification for this kind of war. The ideology of Hitlerism, just like any other ideological system, can be accepted or rejected, this is a matter of political views. But everyone grasps, that an ideology can not be exterminated by force, must not be finished off with a war."

Question: What was the title of Molotov’s report called?
Answer: On the Foreign Policy of the Soviet Union

Question: According to Molotov, what was the goal of the west?
Answer: extermination of Hitlerism

Question: Under what guise does the west perform their international policing?
Answer: defending democracy

Question: What wasn't the title of Molotov’s report called?

Question: What was the title of Stalin’s report called?

Question: According to Molotov, what wasn't the goal of the west?

Question: According to Molotov, what was the goal of the east?

Question: Under what guise does the east perform their international policing?
Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact

Germany and the Soviet Union entered an intricate trade pact on February 11, 1940, that was over four times larger than the one the two countries had signed in August 1939. The trade pact helped Germany to surmount a British blockade of Germany. In the first year, Germany received one million tons of cereals, half a million tons of wheat, 900,000 tons of oil, 100,000 tons of cotton, 500,000 tons of phosphates and considerable amounts of other vital raw materials, along with the transit of one million tons of soybeans from Manchuria.[citation needed] These and other supplies were being transported through Soviet and occupied Polish territories. The Soviets were to receive a naval cruiser, the plans to the battleship Bismarck, heavy naval guns, other naval gear and thirty of Germany's latest warplanes, including the Me-109 and Me-110 fighters and Ju-88 bomber. The Soviets would also receive oil and electric equipment, locomotives, turbines, generators, diesel engines, ships, machine tools and samples of German artillery, tanks, explosives, chemical-warfare equipment and other items.

Question: How much more expansive was the newest trade agreement?
Answer: was over four times larger

Question: What was the trade route between german and the soviet union?
Answer: occupied Polish territories

Question: Where were the soybeans coming from?
Answer: Manchuria

Question:  What famous ship was the soviet union getting the plans for?
Answer: the battleship Bismarck

Question: How many new airplanes were the soviets getting in this agreement?
Answer: thirty

Question: How much more expansive was the oldest trade agreement?

Question: What wasn't the trade route between german and the soviet union?

Question: Where weren't the soybeans coming from?

Question: What unknown ship was the soviet union getting the plans for?

Question: How many old airplanes were the soviets getting in this agreement?
Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact

The Soviets also helped Germany to avoid British naval blockades by providing a submarine base, Basis Nord, in the northern Soviet Union near Murmansk. This also provided a refueling and maintenance location, and a takeoff point for raids and attacks on shipping. In addition, the Soviets provided Germany with access to the Northern Sea Route for both cargo ships and raiders (though only the commerce raider Komet used the route before the German invasion), which forced Britain to protect sea lanes in both the Atlantic and the Pacific.

Question: What did the Germans use to avoid British blockades?
Answer: a submarine base

Question: Where was the sub base located?
Answer: northern Soviet Union near Murmansk

Question: Which oceans did the sub base provide access to?
Answer: both the Atlantic and the Pacific

Question: What didn't the Germans use to avoid British blockades?

Question: Where wasn't the sub base located?

Question: Where was the plane base located?

Question: Which oceans didn't the sub base provide access to?

Question: Which oceans did the sub base restrict access to?
Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact

The Finnish and Baltic invasions began a deterioration of relations between the Soviets and Germany. Stalin's invasions were a severe irritant to Berlin, as the intent to accomplish these was not communicated to the Germans beforehand, and prompted concern that Stalin was seeking to form an anti-German bloc. Molotov's reassurances to the Germans, and the Germans' mistrust, intensified. On June 16, as the Soviets invaded Lithuania, but before they had invaded Latvia and Estonia, Ribbentrop instructed his staff "to submit a report as soon as possible as to whether in the Baltic States a tendency to seek support from the Reich can be observed or whether an attempt was made to form a bloc."

Question: Who wanted to know the moment an anti-german bloc was to form?
Answer: Ribbentrop

Question: Why did the Germans distrust the soviet agenda?
Answer: Stalin's invasions were a severe irritant

Question: What caused distrust between the German and Soviet governments?
Answer: Stalin's invasions were a severe irritant to Berlin

Question: Who wanted to know the moment an pro-german bloc was to form?

Question: Who never wanted to know the moment an anti-german bloc was to form?

Question: Why didn't the Germans distrust the soviet agenda?

Question: Why did the Germans trust the soviet agenda?

Question: What brought trust between the German and Soviet governments?
Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact

In August 1940, the Soviet Union briefly suspended its deliveries under their commercial agreement after their relations were strained following disagreement over policy in Romania, the Soviet war with Finland, Germany falling behind in its deliveries of goods under the pact and with Stalin worried that Hitler's war with the West might end quickly after France signed an armistice. The suspension created significant resource problems for Germany. By the end of August, relations improved again as the countries had redrawn the Hungarian and Romanian borders, settled some Bulgarian claims and Stalin was again convinced that Germany would face a long war in the west with Britain's improvement in its air battle with Germany and the execution of an agreement between the United States and Britain regarding destroyers and bases. However, in late August, Germany arranged its own occupation of Romania, targeting oil fields. The move raised tensions with the Soviets, who responded that Germany was supposed to have consulted with the Soviet Union under Article III of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact.

Question: Who stopped the trade because of a disagreement involving Romania?
Answer: Soviet Union

Question: What regions were redrawn in effort to improve relations between Germany and the Soviets?
Answer: Hungarian and Romanian borders

Question: Who started refining Romanian oil?
Answer: Germany

Question: Who started the trade because of a disagreement involving Romania?

Question: Who stopped the trade because of an agreement involving Romania?

Question: What regions weren't redrawn in effort to improve relations between Germany and the Soviets?

Question: What regions were redrawn in effort to deteriorate relations between Germany and the Soviets?

Question: Who ended refining Romanian oil?
Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact

After Germany entered a Tripartite Pact with Japan and Italy, Ribbentrop wrote to Stalin, inviting Molotov to Berlin for negotiations aimed to create a 'continental bloc' of Germany, Italy, Japan and the USSR that would oppose Britain and the USA. Stalin sent Molotov to Berlin to negotiate the terms for the Soviet Union to join the Axis and potentially enjoy the spoils of the pact. After negotiations during November 1940 on where to extend the USSR's sphere of influence, Hitler broke off talks and continued planning for the eventual attempts to invade the Soviet Union.

Question: What countries agreed to a tripartisan agreement?
Answer: Germany entered a Tripartite Pact with Japan and Italy

Question: Which Foreign Minister proposed that the Soviets should join this agreement of axis powers?
Answer: Ribbentrop

Question: Who would the axis powers oppose in the new agreement?
Answer: Britain and the USA

Question: What countries disagreed to a tripartisan agreement?

Question: What countries agreed to a bipartisan agreement?

Question: Which Foreign Minister proposed that the Soviets should reject this agreement of axis powers?

Question: Which Foreign Minister proposed that the Soviets should join this disagreement of axis powers?

Question: Who would the axis powers approve in the new agreement?
Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact

In an effort to demonstrate peaceful intentions toward Germany, on 13 April 1941, the Soviets signed a neutrality pact with Axis power Japan. While Stalin had little faith in Japan's commitment to neutrality, he felt that the pact was important for its political symbolism, to reinforce a public affection for Germany. Stalin felt that there was a growing split in German circles about whether Germany should initiate a war with the Soviet Union. Stalin did not know that Hitler had been secretly discussing an invasion of the Soviet Union since summer 1940, and that Hitler had ordered his military in late 1940 to prepare for war in the east regardless of the parties' talks of a potential Soviet entry as a fourth Axis Power.

Question: Who was planning an invasion of the Soviet Union?
Answer: Hitler

Question: Who did the Soviet Union agree to remain neutral with when they signed a treaty on the 13th of April?
Answer: Japan

Question: Why did Stalin sign the pact? 
Answer: reinforce a public affection for Germany

Question: Who wasn't planning an invasion of the Soviet Union?

Question: Who was openly planning an invasion of the Soviet Union?

Question: Who did the Soviet Union disagree to remain neutral with when they signed a treaty on the 13th of April?

Question: Who did the Soviet Union agree to remain neutral with when they rejected a treaty on the 13th of April?

Question: Why didn't Stalin sign the pact?
Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact

Nazi Germany terminated the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact at 03:15 on 22 June 1941 by launching a massive attack on the Soviet positions in eastern Poland which marked the beginning of the invasion of the Soviet Union known as Operation Barbarossa. Stalin had ignored several warnings that Germany was likely to invade, and ordered no 'full-scale' mobilization of forces although the mobilization was ongoing. After the launch of the invasion, the territories gained by the Soviet Union as a result of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact were lost in a matter of weeks. Within six months, the Soviet military had suffered 4.3 million casualties, and Germany had captured three million Soviet prisoners. The lucrative export of Soviet raw materials to Nazi Germany over the course of the Nazi–Soviet economic relations (1934–41) continued uninterrupted until the outbreak of hostilities. The Soviet exports in several key areas enabled Germany to maintain its stocks of rubber and grain from the first day of the invasion until October 1941.

Question: Where did the German attack on Soviet forces occur?
Answer: Soviet positions in eastern Poland

Question: How many Soviet military members died within the first six months of the war between the two countries?
Answer: 4.3 million casualties

Question: How many Soviet prisoners did german take within the first six months of war between the two countries?
Answer: three million Soviet prisoners

Question: How long did it take to capture regions of the world that were once occupied by soviets once the initial attack occurred?
Answer: matter of weeks

Question: Where did the German attack on Soviet forces not occur?

Question: Where did the German attack on British forces occur?

Question: How many Soviet military members died within the first nine months of the war between the two countries?

Question: How many Soviet prisoners did german take within the first nine months of war between the two countries?

Question: How long did it take to capture regions of the world that were once occupied by soviets once the final attack occurred?
Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact

The German original of the secret protocols was presumably destroyed in the bombing of Germany, but in late 1943, Ribbentrop had ordered that the most secret records of the German Foreign Office from 1933 on, amounting to some 9,800 pages, be microfilmed. When the various departments of the Foreign Office in Berlin were evacuated to Thuringia at the end of the war, Karl von Loesch, a civil servant who had worked for the chief interpreter Paul Otto Schmidt, was entrusted with these microfilm copies. He eventually received orders to destroy the secret documents but decided to bury the metal container with the microfilms as a personal insurance for his future well-being. In May 1945, von Loesch approached the British Lt. Col. Robert C. Thomson with the request to transmit a personal letter to Duncan Sandys, Churchill's son-in-law. In the letter, von Loesch revealed that he had knowledge of the documents' whereabouts but expected preferential treatment in return. Colonel Thomson and his American counterpart Ralph Collins agreed to transfer von Loesch to Marburg in the American zone if he would produce the microfilms. The microfilms contained a copy of the Non-Aggression Treaty as well as the Secret Protocol. Both documents were discovered as part of the microfilmed records in August 1945 by the State Department employee Wendell B. Blancke, head of a special unit called "Exploitation German Archives" (EGA).

Question: How many pages of secret documents were microfilmed?
Answer: 9,800 pages

Question: Near the end of the war, where the did some of the german command flee to?
Answer: Thuringia

Question: What did Wendell B. Blancke investigate at the end of the war?
Answer: Exploitation German Archives

Question: Why did Karl von Loesch bury the microfilm?
Answer: personal insurance for his future well-being

Question: Where was Karl von Löesch transferred to after he turned over the documents?
Answer: the American zone

Question: How many pages of public documents were microfilmed?

Question: Near the start of the war, where the did some of the german command flee to?

Question: What did Wendell B. Blancke investigate at the start of the war?

Question: Why did Karl von Loesch destroy the microfilm?

Question: Where was Karl von Löesch transferred to after he destoyed over the documents?
Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact

The treaty was published in the United States for the first time by the St. Louis Post-Dispatch on May 22, 1946, in Britain by the Manchester Guardian. It was also part of an official State Department publication, Nazi–Soviet Relations 1939–1941, edited by Raymond J. Sontag and James S. Beddie in January 1948. The decision to publish the key documents on German–Soviet relations, including the treaty and protocol, had been taken already in spring 1947. Sontag and Beddie prepared the collection throughout the summer of 1947. In November 1947, President Truman personally approved the publication but it was held back in view of the Foreign Ministers Conference in London scheduled for December. Since negotiations at that conference did not prove constructive from an American point of view, the document edition was sent to press. The documents made headlines worldwide. State Department officials counted it as a success: "The Soviet Government was caught flat-footed in what was the first effective blow from our side in a clear-cut propaganda war."

Question: Who printed the secret German-Soviet treaty in Britain?
Answer: the Manchester Guardian

Question: Which world leader favored the publication of Nazi-Soviet Relations to be printed?
Answer: President Truman

Question: What was the description of the Soviet government in the world press in regards to the treaty and subsequent breaking of the treaty by germany?
Answer: flat-footed

Question: Where was the Foreign Ministers conference held?
Answer: London

Question: Who put the Nazi-Soviet Relations publication together?
Answer: Raymond J. Sontag and James S. Beddie

Question: Who printed the public German-Soviet treaty in Britain?

Question: Which world leader hated the publication of Nazi-Soviet Relations to be printed?

Question: What wasn't the description of the Soviet government in the world press in regards to the treaty and subsequent breaking of the treaty by germany?

Question: Where wasn't the Foreign Ministers conference held?

Question: Who destroyed the Nazi-Soviet Relations publication?
Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact

In response to the publication of the secret protocols and other secret German–Soviet relations documents in the State Department edition Nazi–Soviet Relations (1948), Stalin published Falsifiers of History, which included the claim that, during the Pact's operation, Stalin rejected Hitler's claim to share in a division of the world, without mentioning the Soviet offer to join the Axis. That version persisted, without exception, in historical studies, official accounts, memoirs and textbooks published in the Soviet Union until the Soviet Union's dissolution.

Question: What year was Joseph Stalin’s version of the pact published?
Answer: 1948

Question: What was the Soviet response to the Nazi-Soviet Relations publication
Answer: Falsifiers of History

Question: How long did Stalins version of what happened between the Germans and the Soviets last?
Answer: until the Soviet Union's dissolution

Question: What year wasn't Joseph Stalin’s version of the pact published?

Question: What year was Joseph Stalin’s version of the pact unpublished?

Question: What wasn't the Soviet response to the Nazi-Soviet Relations publication

Question: How long didn't Stalins version of what happened between the Germans and the Soviets last?

Question: How long did Stalins version of what happened between the British and the Soviets last?
Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact

For decades, it was the official policy of the Soviet Union to deny the existence of the secret protocol to the Soviet–German Pact. At the behest of Mikhail Gorbachev, Alexander Nikolaevich Yakovlev headed a commission investigating the existence of such a protocol. In December 1989, the commission concluded that the protocol had existed and revealed its findings to the Congress of People's Deputies of the Soviet Union. As a result, the Congress passed the declaration confirming the existence of the secret protocols, condemning and denouncing them. Both successor-states of the pact parties have declared the secret protocols to be invalid from the moment they were signed. The Federal Republic of Germany declared this on September 1, 1989 and the Soviet Union on December 24, 1989, following an examination of the microfilmed copy of the German originals.

Question: Who created an investigation into whether or not the Soviet-German Pact happened?
Answer: Mikhail Gorbachev, Alexander Nikolaevich Yakovlev

Question: Which states have argued that the Soviet-German Pact was invalid from the inception?
Answer: Both successor-states of the pact parties

Question: Which government agency received the news that the Soviet-German Pact had existed?
Answer: Congress of People's Deputies of the Soviet Union

Question: Who rejected an investigation into whether or not the Soviet-German Pact happened?

Question: Which states have argued that the Soviet-German Pact was valid from the inception?

Question: Which states have argued that the Japan-German Pact was invalid from the inception?

Question: Which non-government agency received the news that the Soviet-German Pact had existed?

Question: Which government agency received the news that the Soviet-German Pact had never existed?
Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact

Regarding the timing of German rapprochement, many historians agree that the dismissal of Maxim Litvinov, whose Jewish ethnicity was viewed unfavorably by Nazi Germany, removed an obstacle to negotiations with Germany. Stalin immediately directed Molotov to "purge the ministry of Jews." Given Litvinov's prior attempts to create an anti-fascist coalition, association with the doctrine of collective security with France and Britain, and pro-Western orientation by the standards of the Kremlin, his dismissal indicated the existence of a Soviet option of rapprochement with Germany.[f] Likewise, Molotov's appointment served as a signal to Germany that the USSR was open to offers. The dismissal also signaled to France and Britain the existence of a potential negotiation option with Germany. One British official wrote that Litvinov's disappearance also meant the loss of an admirable technician or shock-absorber, while Molotov's "modus operandi" was "more truly Bolshevik than diplomatic or cosmopolitan." Carr argued that the Soviet Union's replacement of Foreign Minister Litvinov with Molotov on May 3, 1939 indicated not an irrevocable shift towards alignment with Germany, but rather was Stalin's way of engaging in hard bargaining with the British and the French by appointing a proverbial hard man, namely Molotov, to the Foreign Commissariat. Historian Albert Resis stated that the Litvinov dismissal gave the Soviets freedom to pursue faster-paced German negotiations, but that they did not abandon British–French talks. Derek Watson argued that Molotov could get the best deal with Britain and France because he was not encumbered with the baggage of collective security and could negotiate with Germany. Geoffrey Roberts argued that Litvinov's dismissal helped the Soviets with British–French talks, because Litvinov doubted or maybe even opposed such discussions.

Question: Who was ordered to remove the Jews from the Ministry?
Answer: Molotov

Question: Who gave the order to remove the Jews from the Ministry?
Answer: Stalin

Question: Who believed that the firing of Litvinov allowed the Soviets to quicker negotiations with Germany?
Answer: Derek Watson

Question: Who believed that the hiring of Molotov would result in a better deal with the western countries?
Answer: Geoffrey Roberts

Question: Who was ordered to keep the Jews from the Ministry?

Question: Who gave the order to keep the Jews from the Ministry?

Question: Who never gave the order to remove the Jews from the Ministry?

Question: Who believed that the hiring of Litvinov allowed the Soviets to quicker negotiations with Germany?

Question: Who believed that the firing of Molotov would result in a better deal with the western countries?
Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact

Edward Hallett Carr, a frequent defender of Soviet policy, stated: "In return for 'non-intervention' Stalin secured a breathing space of immunity from German attack."[page needed] According to Carr, the "bastion" created by means of the Pact, "was and could only be, a line of defense against potential German attack."[page needed] According to Carr, an important advantage was that "if Soviet Russia had eventually to fight Hitler, the Western Powers would already be involved."[page needed] However, during the last decades, this view has been disputed. Historian Werner Maser stated that "the claim that the Soviet Union was at the time threatened by Hitler, as Stalin supposed ... is a legend, to whose creators Stalin himself belonged. In Maser's view, "neither Germany nor Japan were in a situation [of] invading the USSR even with the least perspective  [sic] of success," and this could not have been unknown to Stalin. Carr further stated that, for a long time, the primary motive of Stalin's sudden change of course was assumed to be the fear of German aggressive intentions.

Question: Edward Carr believes that in a war between Germany and the Soviet Union, who else would have been participating?
Answer: the Western Powers would already be involved

Question: Who believes that the Soviet Unions was afraid of Germany?
Answer: Historian Werner Maser

Question: The pact according to Edward Carr’s view was to provide what between Germany and the Soviet Union?
Answer: a line of defense against

Question: Edward Carr believes that in a war between Germany and the Soviet Union, who else wouldn't have been participating?

Question: Edward Carr doesn't believe that in a war between Germany and the Soviet Union, who else would have been participating?

Question: Who never believed that the Soviet Unions were afraid of Germany?

Question: Who believes that the Soviet Unions was friends of Germany?

Question: The pact according to Edward Carr’s view wasn't to provide what between Germany and the Soviet Union?
Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact

Some critics of Stalin's policy, such as the popular writer Viktor Suvorov, claim that Stalin's primary motive for signing the Soviet–German non-aggression treaty was his calculation that such a pact could result in a conflict between the capitalist countries of Western Europe.[citation needed] This idea is supported by Albert L. Weeks.[page needed] Claims by Suvorov that Stalin planned to invade Germany in 1941 are debated by historians with, for example, David Glantz opposing such claims, while Mikhail Meltyukhov supports them.[citation needed] The authors of The Black Book of Communism consider the pact a crime against peace and a "conspiracy to conduct war of aggression."

Question: Who was skeptical of Stalin’s policies?
Answer: Viktor Suvorov

Question: What is the claim the pact promoted, purported by the The Black Book of Communism?
Answer: a "conspiracy to conduct war of aggression."

Question: Who doesn’t believe that Joseph Stalin had plans to invade Germany?
Answer: David Glantz

Question: Who wasn't skeptical of Stalin’s policies?

Question: What isn't the claim the pact promoted, purported by the The Black Book of Communism?

Question: What is the claim the pact promoted, purported by the The White Book of Communism?

Question: Who believed that Joseph Stalin had plans to invade Germany?

Question: Who doesn’t believe that Joseph Stalin had plans to invade France?
Capacitor

A capacitor (originally known as a condenser) is a passive two-terminal electrical component used to store electrical energy temporarily in an electric field. The forms of practical capacitors vary widely, but all contain at least two electrical conductors (plates) separated by a dielectric (i.e. an insulator that can store energy by becoming polarized). The conductors can be thin films, foils or sintered beads of metal or conductive electrolyte, etc. The nonconducting dielectric acts to increase the capacitor's charge capacity. Materials commonly used as dielectrics include glass, ceramic, plastic film, air, vacuum, paper, mica, and oxide layers. Capacitors are widely used as parts of electrical circuits in many common electrical devices. Unlike a resistor, an ideal capacitor does not dissipate energy. Instead, a capacitor stores energy in the form of an electrostatic field between its plates.

Question: What was a capacitor originally known as?
Answer: a condenser

Question: How many electrical conductors, or plates, do all capacitors contain at a minimum?
Answer: two electrical conductors

Question: What is the name of the insulator in all capacitors that can store energy by becoming polarized?
Answer: a dielectric

Question: In what form does a capacitor store energy?
Answer: the form of an electrostatic field

Question: Where is the energy stored by a capacitor located?
Answer: between its plates

Question: What was a condenser originally known as?

Question: What has three terminal electrical components?

Question: What is the name of the insulator in all capacitors that can't store energy by becoming polarized?

Question:  In what form does a capacitor never store energy?

Question:  Where is the energy released by a capacitor located?
Capacitor

When there is a potential difference across the conductors (e.g., when a capacitor is attached across a battery), an electric field develops across the dielectric, causing positive charge +Q to collect on one plate and negative charge −Q to collect on the other plate. If a battery has been attached to a capacitor for a sufficient amount of time, no current can flow through the capacitor. However, if a time-varying voltage is applied across the leads of the capacitor, a displacement current can flow.

Question: When does an electric field develop across the dielectric?
Answer: When there is a potential difference across the conductors

Question: Under what condition can a displacement current flow in a capacitor?
Answer: if a time-varying voltage is applied across the leads

Question: What is an example of when there exists a potential difference across the conductors? 
Answer: when a capacitor is attached across a battery

Question: What happens to the current when a battery has been attached to a capacitor for an adequate amount of time?
Answer: no current can flow through the capacitor

Question: How do charges accumulate on each plate of a capacitor after an electric field has developed across the dielectric?
Answer: positive charge +Q to collect on one plate and negative charge −Q to collect on the other

Question: When does an electric field not develop across the dielectric?

Question: Under what condition does a displacement current never flow in a capacitor?

Question: What is an example of when there exists a similarity across the conductors?

Question:  How do charges stop accumulating on each plate of a capacitor after an electric field has developed across the dielectric?

Question: hat happens to the current when a battery has been attached to a capacitor for an inadequate amount of time?
Capacitor

In October 1745, Ewald Georg von Kleist of Pomerania, Germany, found that charge could be stored by connecting a high-voltage electrostatic generator by a wire to a volume of water in a hand-held glass jar. Von Kleist's hand and the water acted as conductors, and the jar as a dielectric (although details of the mechanism were incorrectly identified at the time). Von Kleist found that touching the wire resulted in a powerful spark, much more painful than that obtained from an electrostatic machine. The following year, the Dutch physicist Pieter van Musschenbroek invented a similar capacitor, which was named the Leyden jar, after the University of Leiden where he worked. He also was impressed by the power of the shock he received, writing, "I would not take a second shock for the kingdom of France."

Question: Who first discovered the basic properties of capacitors?
Answer: Ewald Georg von Kleist

Question: When were the basic properties of capacitors first discovered?
Answer: In October 1745

Question: In the original experiment in which the properties of capacitors were discovered, what component acted as the dielectric? 
Answer: a hand-held glass jar

Question: Besides the scientist's hand, what other component of the experiment in which the basic properties of capacitors were discovered acted as the second conductor?
Answer: the water acted as conductors

Question: What was the name of the Dutch physicist who invented the Leyden Jar?
Answer: Pieter van Musschenbroek

Question: Who did not discover the basic properties of capacitors?

Question: What happened on November 1745?

Question: In the original experiment in which the properties of capacitors were discovered, what component didn't act as the dielectric?

Question: What was the name of the French physicist who invented the Leyden Jar?

Question: Who said: "I would take a second shock for the kingdom of France."
Capacitor

Daniel Gralath was the first to combine several jars in parallel into a "battery" to increase the charge storage capacity. Benjamin Franklin investigated the Leyden jar and came to the conclusion that the charge was stored on the glass, not in the water as others had assumed. He also adopted the term "battery", (denoting the increasing of power with a row of similar units as in a battery of cannon), subsequently applied to clusters of electrochemical cells. Leyden jars were later made by coating the inside and outside of jars with metal foil, leaving a space at the mouth to prevent arcing between the foils.[citation needed] The earliest unit of capacitance was the jar, equivalent to about 1.11 nanofarads.

Question: Who was the first person to connect several Leyden jars in parallel?
Answer: Daniel Gralath

Question: Where did Benjamin Franklin believe the charge was stored in Leyden jars?
Answer: stored on the glass

Question: Who coined the term "battery"?
Answer: Benjamin Franklin

Question: How many nanofarads did the earliest unit of capacitance equate to? 
Answer: 1.11 nanofarads

Question: Why was a gap left at the mouth of Leyden jars?
Answer: to prevent arcing between the foils

Question: Who was the second person to connect several Leyden jars in parallel?

Question: Where did Benjamin Franklin believe the charge was released in Leyden jars?

Question:  Who coined the term "electrochemical"?

Question: How many nanofarads did the earliest unit of capacitance subtract?

Question: Why was the mouth of Leyden jars closed?
Capacitor

Since the beginning of the study of electricity non conductive materials like glass, porcelain, paper and mica have been used as insulators. These materials some decades later were also well-suited for further use as the dielectric for the first capacitors. Paper capacitors made by sandwiching a strip of impregnated paper between strips of metal, and rolling the result into a cylinder were commonly used in the late 19century; their manufacture started in 1876, and they were used from the early 20th century as decoupling capacitors in telecommunications (telephony).

Question: Besides porcelain, paper and mica, what other non conductive material was used as an insulator? 
Answer: glass

Question: For what use were non conductive materials used in the first capacitors?
Answer: as the dielectric

Question: What was layered between strips of metal in order to create paper capacitors?
Answer: strip of impregnated paper

Question: When were paper capacitors first manufactured?
Answer: in 1876

Question: What other use did paper capacitors serve in the telecommunications industry?
Answer: as decoupling capacitors

Question: Besides porcelain, paper and mica, what other conductive material was used as an insulator?

Question: For what use were conductive materials used in the first capacitors?

Question: What was layered between strips of plastic in order to create paper capacitors?

Question: What happened in 1877?

Question:  What other use did metal capacitors serve in the telecommunications industry?
Capacitor

Charles Pollak (born Karol Pollak), the inventor of the first electrolytic capacitors, found out that the oxide layer on an aluminum anode remained stable in a neutral or alkaline electrolyte, even when the power was switched off. In 1896 he filed a patent for an "Electric liquid capacitor with aluminum electrodes." Solid electrolyte tantalum capacitors were invented by Bell Laboratories in the early 1950s as a miniaturized and more reliable low-voltage support capacitor to complement their newly invented transistor.

Question: Who invented the first electrolytic capacitor?
Answer: Charles Pollak

Question: In what sort of electrolyte does the oxide layer on an aluminum anode remain stable?
Answer: a neutral or alkaline electrolyte

Question: In what year was the patent filed for an electric liquid capacitor?
Answer: In 1896

Question: What sort of capacitors were created by Bell Labs in the 1950's?
Answer: Solid electrolyte tantalum capacitors

Question: Why did Bell labs create their new type of capacitor?
Answer: to complement their newly invented transistor

Question:  Who invented the second electrolytic capacitor?

Question: In what sort of electrolyte does the oxide layer on an aluminum anode remain unstable?

Question: What happened in 1899?

Question:  What sort of capacitors were created by Bell Labs in the 1940's?

Question:  Why did Mell labs create their new type of capacitor?
Capacitor

Last but not least the electric double-layer capacitor (now Supercapacitors) were invented. In 1957 H. Becker developed a "Low voltage electrolytic capacitor with porous carbon electrodes". He believed that the energy was stored as a charge in the carbon pores used in his capacitor as in the pores of the etched foils of electrolytic capacitors. Because the double layer mechanism was not known by him at the time, he wrote in the patent: "It is not known exactly what is taking place in the component if it is used for energy storage, but it leads to an extremely high capacity.".

Question: What are electric double-layer capacitors called today?
Answer: Supercapacitors

Question: When were low voltage electrolytic capacitors with porous carbon electrodes invented?
Answer: In 1957

Question: Who invented low voltage electrolytic capacitors with porous carbon electrodes?
Answer: H. Becker

Question: In what part of the capacitor did Becker believe the charge was being stored?
Answer: in the carbon pores

Question: In what component of electrolytic capacitors did Becker believe was similar to the porous carbon electrodes?
Answer: the pores of the etched foils

Question:  What are electric triple-layer capacitors called today?

Question: When were high voltage electrolytic capacitors with porous carbon electrodes invented?

Question: Who invented high voltage electrolytic capacitors with porous carbon electrodes?

Question:  In what part of the capacitor did Becker believe the charge was not being stored?

Question: In what component of electrolytic capacitors did Becker believe was different from the porous carbon electrodes?
Capacitor

A capacitor consists of two conductors separated by a non-conductive region. The non-conductive region is called the dielectric. In simpler terms, the dielectric is just an electrical insulator. Examples of dielectric media are glass, air, paper, vacuum, and even a semiconductor depletion region chemically identical to the conductors. A capacitor is assumed to be self-contained and isolated, with no net electric charge and no influence from any external electric field. The conductors thus hold equal and opposite charges on their facing surfaces, and the dielectric develops an electric field. In SI units, a capacitance of one farad means that one coulomb of charge on each conductor causes a voltage of one volt across the device.

Question: What type of area is between the two conductors in a capacitor?
Answer: a non-conductive region

Question: What is the name given to the area between two conductors in a capacitor?
Answer: the dielectric

Question: What net electric charge are capacitors assumed to have?
Answer: no net electric charge

Question: What type of charges do conductors hold on their facing surfaces?
Answer: equal and opposite charges

Question: What region within a capacitor develops an electric field?
Answer: the dielectric

Question: What type of area is between the three conductors in a capacitor?

Question: What is the name given to the area between three conductors in a capacitor?

Question:  What net electric charge are capacitors assumed to never have?

Question:  What type of charges do conductors release on their facing surfaces?

Question:  What region outside of a capacitor develops an electric field?
Capacitor

The current I(t) through any component in an electric circuit is defined as the rate of flow of a charge Q(t) passing through it, but actual charges—electrons—cannot pass through the dielectric layer of a capacitor. Rather, one electron accumulates on the negative plate for each one that leaves the positive plate, resulting in an electron depletion and consequent positive charge on one electrode that is equal and opposite to the accumulated negative charge on the other. Thus the charge on the electrodes is equal to the integral of the current as well as proportional to the voltage, as discussed above. As with any antiderivative, a constant of integration is added to represent the initial voltage V(t0). This is the integral form of the capacitor equation:

Question: What is the definition of the current I(t) through any component in an electric circuit?
Answer: the rate of flow of a charge Q(t) passing through it

Question: For each electron that departs the positive plate, how many electrons build up on the negative plate?
Answer: one electron accumulates on the negative plate

Question: To what is the charge on the electrodes of a capacitor equal to?
Answer: the integral of the current

Question: To what is the charge on the electrodes of a capacitor proportional to?
Answer: proportional to the voltage

Question: When calculating the integral to determine the charge on the electrodes of a capacitor, what does the constant of integration that must be added represent?
Answer: the initial voltage V(t0)

Question: What is the definition of the current P(t) through any component in an electric circuit?

Question: For each electron that departs the negative plate, how many electrons build up on the negative plate?

Question:  To what is the charge on the electrodes of a capacitor not equal to?

Question: To what is the charge on the electrodes of a capacitor disproportional to?

Question: what does the constant of integration that must never be added represent?
Capacitor

The simplest model capacitor consists of two thin parallel conductive plates separated by a dielectric with permittivity ε . This model may also be used to make qualitative predictions for other device geometries. The plates are considered to extend uniformly over an area A and a charge density ±ρ = ±Q/A exists on their surface. Assuming that the length and width of the plates are much greater than their separation d, the electric field near the centre of the device will be uniform with the magnitude E = ρ/ε. The voltage is defined as the line integral of the electric field between the plates

Question: In an ideal model of a capacitor, what is the value that describes the permittivity of the dielectric?
Answer: permittivity ε

Question: What equation describes the charge density for an ideal model of a capacitor?
Answer: ±ρ = ±Q/A

Question: In an ideal model of a capacitor, what must be assumed about the size of the plates?
Answer: much greater than their separation d

Question: Close to the middle of the capacitor, what equation describes the magnitude of the electric field?
Answer: E = ρ/ε

Question: What does the line integral of the electric field between the plates of a capacitor represent?
Answer: The voltage

Question: In an ideal model of a capacitor, what is the value that does not describe the permittivity of the dielectric?

Question: What equation describes the charge density for an unideal model of a capacitor?

Question: In an ideal model of a capacitor, what must never be assumed about the size of the plates?

Question: Close to the outside of the capacitor, what equation describes the magnitude of the electric field?

Question: What does the line integral of the electric field between the plates of a capacitor fail to represent?
Capacitor

The maximum energy is a function of dielectric volume, permittivity, and dielectric strength. Changing the plate area and the separation between the plates while maintaining the same volume causes no change of the maximum amount of energy that the capacitor can store, so long as the distance between plates remains much smaller than both the length and width of the plates. In addition, these equations assume that the electric field is entirely concentrated in the dielectric between the plates. In reality there are fringing fields outside the dielectric, for example between the sides of the capacitor plates, which will increase the effective capacitance of the capacitor. This is sometimes called parasitic capacitance. For some simple capacitor geometries this additional capacitance term can be calculated analytically. It becomes negligibly small when the ratios of plate width to separation and length to separation are large.

Question: What is a function of the amount of dielectric, the strength of dielectric and its permittivity?
Answer: The maximum energy

Question: If the plate area and separation distance are altered while keeping the amount of dielectric the same, what effect is had on the maximum energy of the capacitor? 
Answer: no change of the maximum amount of energy

Question: In a realistic model of a capacitor, where else besides between the dielectric between the conductors might an electric field be found?
Answer: fringing fields outside the dielectric

Question: When an electric field exists between the sides of the plates as well as in within the dielectric, what effect is had on the effective capacitance of the capacitor?
Answer: will increase the effective capacitance

Question: When the ratios of plate length and width to separation distance are large, what size is the parasitic capacitance?
Answer: negligibly small

Question: What is a function of the amount of dielectric, the strength of dielectric and its permittivity?

Question: What happens when there is a change of the maximum amount of energy

Question: In a realistic model of a capacitor, where else besides between the dielectric between the conductors will an electric field never be found?

Question: When an electric field exists between the sides of the plates as well as in within the dielectric, what effect is had on the lack of effective capacitance of the capacitor?

Question: When the ratios of plate length and width to separation distance are small, what size is the parasitic capacitance?
Capacitor

 Capacitors deviate from the ideal capacitor equation in a number of ways. Some of these, such as leakage current and parasitic effects are linear, or can be assumed to be linear, and can be dealt with by adding virtual components to the equivalent circuit of the capacitor. The usual methods of network analysis can then be applied. In other cases, such as with breakdown voltage, the effect is non-linear and normal (i.e., linear) network analysis cannot be used, the effect must be dealt with separately. There is yet another group, which may be linear but invalidate the assumption in the analysis that capacitance is a constant. Such an example is temperature dependence. Finally, combined parasitic effects such as inherent inductance, resistance, or dielectric losses can exhibit non-uniform behavior at variable frequencies of operation.

Question: What characteristic can leakage current and parasitic effects be assumed to have in the equation for a realistic capacitor?
Answer: can be assumed to be linear

Question: What sort of components can be added to the equivalent circuit of a capacitor in order to deal with leakage current and parasitic effects?
Answer: virtual components

Question: Upon dealing with leakage current and parasitic effects in a realistic model of a capacitor, what sort of methods can then be applied?
Answer: The usual methods of network analysis

Question: What sort of analysis cannot be used in cases of voltage breakdown in modelling a capacitor?
Answer: normal (i.e., linear) network analysis cannot be used

Question: What causes the assumption of constant capacitance to fail even if the effect is linear in nature?
Answer: temperature dependence

Question: What characteristic do leakage current and parasitic effects never be assumed to have in the equation for a realistic capacitor?

Question: What sort of components will never be added to the equivalent circuit of a capacitor in order to deal with leakage current and parasitic effects?

Question: Upon dealing with leakage current and parasitic effects in a realistic model of a capacitor, what sort of methods will never be applied?

Question: What sort of analysis will always be used in cases of voltage breakdown in modelling a capacitor?

Question: What causes the assumption of constant capacitance to succeed even if the effect is linear in nature?