Divyanshu67/squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
Hellenistic_period

According to Strabo, the Greco-Bactrians seem to have had contacts with China through the silk road trade routes (Strabo, XI.XI.I). Indian sources also maintain religious contact between Buddhist monks and the Greeks, and some Greco-Bactrians did convert to Buddhism. Demetrius, son and successor of Euthydemus, invaded north-western India in 180 BC, after the destruction of the Mauryan empire there; the Mauryans were probably allies of the Bactrians (and Seleucids). The exact justification for the invasion remains unclear, but by about 175 BC, the Greeks ruled over parts of north-western India. This period also marks the beginning of the obfuscation of Greco-Bactrian history. Demetrius possibly died about 180 BC; numismatic evidence suggest the existence of several other kings shortly thereafter. It is probable that at this point that the Greco-Bactrian kingdom split into several semi-independent regions for some years, often warring amongst themselves. Heliocles was the last Greek to clearly rule Bactria, his power collapsing in the face of central Asian tribal invasions (Scythian and Yuezhi), by about 130 BCE. However, Greek urban civilisation seems to have continued in Bactria after the fall of the kingdom, having a hellenising effect on the tribes which had displaced Greek-rule. The Kushan empire which followed continued to use Greek on their coinage and Greeks continued being influential in the empire.

Question: Who stated that the Greco-Bactrians had connections through the silk road?
Answer: Strabo

Question: When did Demetrius, son of Euthydemus invade north-western India?
Answer: 180 BC

Question: Whose death signifies the beginning of confusing documentation of Greco-Bactrian history?
Answer: Demetrius

Question: Who was the last Greek to clearly rule Bactria?
Answer: Heliocles
Hellenistic_period

After Demetrius' death, civil wars between Bactrian kings in India allowed Apollodotus I (from c. 180/175 BCE) to make himself independent as the first proper Indo-Greek king (who did not rule from Bactria). Large numbers of his coins have been found in India, and he seems to have reigned in Gandhara as well as western Punjab. Apollodotus I was succeeded by or ruled alongside Antimachus II, likely the son of the Bactrian king Antimachus I. In about 155 (or 165) BC he seems to have been succeeded by the most successful of the Indo-Greek kings, Menander I. Menander converted to Buddhism, and seems to have been a great patron of the religion; he is remembered in some Buddhist texts as 'Milinda'. He also expanded the kingdom further east into Punjab, though these conquests were rather ephemeral.

Question: Who was the first Indo-Greek king who did not rule from Bactria?
Answer: Apollodotus I

Question: Who succeeded or ruled alongside Apollodotus I?
Answer: Antimachus II

Question: Who succeeded Antimachus II?
Answer: Menander I

Question: What religion did Menander I convert to?
Answer: Buddhism

Question: What was Menander I refered to by in Buddhist texts?
Answer: Milinda
Hellenistic_period

After the death of Menander (c. 130 BC), the Kingdom appears to have fragmented, with several 'kings' attested contemporaneously in different regions. This inevitably weakened the Greek position, and territory seems to have been lost progressively. Around 70 BC, the western regions of Arachosia and Paropamisadae were lost to tribal invasions, presumably by those tribes responsible for the end of the Bactrian kingdom. The resulting Indo-Scythian kingdom seems to have gradually pushed the remaining Indo-Greek kingdom towards the east. The Indo-Greek kingdom appears to have lingered on in western Punjab until about 10 AD when finally ended by the Indo-Scythians.

Question: When did Menander die?
Answer: 130 BC

Question: What kingdom forced the Indo-Greek kingdom to the east?
Answer: Indo-Scythian

Question: Around 70 BC, Arachosia and what other region where taken over by tribal invasion?
Answer: Paropamisadae

Question: I couldn't could up with another question. But i need to fill this space because I can't submit the hit. 
Answer: in
Hellenistic_period

Several references in Indian literature praise the knowledge of the Yavanas or the Greeks. The Mahabharata compliments them as "the all-knowing Yavanas" (sarvajnaa yavanaa) i.e. "The Yavanas, O king, are all-knowing; the Suras are particularly so. The mlecchas are wedded to the creations of their own fancy." and the creators of flying machines that are generally called vimanas. The "Brihat-Samhita" of the mathematician Varahamihira says: "The Greeks, though impure, must be honored since they were trained in sciences and therein, excelled others....." .

Question: What does "sarvajnaa yavanaa" mean?
Answer: the all-knowing Yavanas

Question: Who said "The Yavanas, O king, are all-knowing; the Suras are particularly so."?
Answer: The Mahabharata

Question: Who wrote the Brihat-Samhita?
Answer: Varahamihira

Question: Who said "The mlecchas are wedded to the creations of their own fancy."
Answer: The Mahabharata

Question: Who said "The Greeks, though impure, must be honored since they were trained in sciences and therein, excelled others...."
Answer: Varahamihira
Hellenistic_period

Hellenistic culture was at its height of world influence in the Hellenistic period. Hellenism or at least Philhellenism reached most regions on the frontiers of the Hellenistic kingdoms. Though some of these regions were not ruled by Greeks or even Greek speaking elites, certain Hellenistic influences can be seen in the historical record and material culture of these regions. Other regions had established contact with Greek colonies before this period, and simply saw a continued process of Hellenization and intermixing.

Question: What period was Hellenistic culture at it's height?
Answer: Hellenistic

Question: Even though some regions were not ruled by Greeks, they still were influenced by which culture?
Answer: Hellenistic

Question: Hellenism or Philhellenism reached the frontiers of what kingdom?
Answer: Hellenistic
Hellenistic_period

Before the Hellenistic period, Greek colonies had been established on the coast of the Crimean and Taman peninsulas. The Bosporan Kingdom was a multi-ethnic kingdom of Greek city states and local tribal peoples such as the Maeotians, Thracians, Crimean Scythians and Cimmerians under the Spartocid dynasty (438–110 BCE). The Spartocids were a hellenized Thracian family from Panticapaeum. The Bosporans had long lasting trade contacts with the Scythian peoples of the Pontic-Caspian steppe, and Hellenistic influence can be seen in the Scythian settlements of the Crimea, such as in the Scythian Neapolis. Scythian pressure on the Bosporan kingdom under Paerisades V led to its eventual vassalage under the Pontic king Mithradates VI for protection, circa 107 BCE. It later became a Roman client state. Other Scythians on the steppes of Central Asia came into contact with Hellenistic culture through the Greeks of Bactria. Many Scythian elites purchased Greek products and some Scythian art shows Greek influences. At least some Scythians seem to have become Hellenized, because we know of conflicts between the elites of the Scythian kingdom over the adoption of Greek ways. These Hellenized Scythians were known as the "young Scythians". The peoples around Pontic Olbia, known as the Callipidae, were intermixed and Hellenized Greco-Scythians.

Question: Before Hellenestic influence, Greek colonies were on the shores of the Taman and what other peninsula?
Answer: Crimean

Question: What kingdom under the Spartocid dynasty consisted of Maeotians, Thracians, Crimean Scythians and Cimmerians?
Answer: Bosporan

Question: Which Scythian people with the Bosporans have strong trade contacts with?
Answer: Pontic-Caspian steppe

Question: From whom did the Scythians of Central Asia discover Hellenistic culture?
Answer: Greeks of Bactria

Question: Hellenized Scythians were known as?
Answer: young Scythians
Hellenistic_period

In Arabia, Bahrain, which was referred to by the Greeks as Tylos, the centre of pearl trading, when Nearchus came to discover it serving under Alexander the Great. The Greek admiral Nearchus is believed to have been the first of Alexander's commanders to visit these islands. It is not known whether Bahrain was part of the Seleucid Empire, although the archaeological site at Qalat Al Bahrain has been proposed as a Seleucid base in the Persian Gulf. Alexander had planned to settle the eastern shores of the Persian Gulf with Greek colonists, and although it is not clear that this happened on the scale he envisaged, Tylos was very much part of the Hellenised world: the language of the upper classes was Greek (although Aramaic was in everyday use), while Zeus was worshipped in the form of the Arabian sun-god Shams. Tylos even became the site of Greek athletic contests.

Question: What did the Greeks call Bahrain?
Answer: Tylos

Question: Where was the central point of pearl trading?
Answer: Bahrain

Question: Which of Alexanders commanders were the first to visit Bahrain?
Answer: Nearchus

Question: Alexander planned to colonized the eastern bank of the Persian Gulf with what ethnicity of colonist?
Answer: Greek

Question: Tylos worshipped Zeus in the form of what Arabian sun-god?
Answer: Shams
Hellenistic_period

Carthage was a Phoenician colony on the coast of Tunisia. Carthaginian culture came into contact with the Greeks through Punic colonies in Sicily and through their widespread Mediterranean trade network. While the Carthaginians retained their Punic culture and language, they did adopt some Hellenistic ways, one of the most prominent of which was their military practices. In 550 BCE, Mago I of Carthage began a series of military reforms which included copying the army of Timoleon, Tyrant of Syracuse. The core of Carthage's military was the Greek-style phalanx formed by citizen hoplite spearmen who had been conscripted into service, though their armies also included large numbers of mercenaries. After their defeat in the first Punic war, Carthage hired a Spartan mercenary captain, Xanthippus of Carthage to reform their military forces. Xanthippus reformed the Carthaginian military along Macedonian army lines.

Question: Carthage was on the coast of what country?
Answer: Tunisia

Question: What Hellenistic practices heavily influenced Carthaginian culture?
Answer: military

Question: Who reformed the military in Carthage in 550 BCE?
Answer: Mago I of Carthage

Question: What Greek style was the core of Carthage's military?
Answer: phalanx

Question: What Spartan mercenary helped reform Carthage's military?
Answer: Xanthippus of Carthage
Hellenistic_period

Widespread Roman interference in the Greek world was probably inevitable given the general manner of the ascendency of the Roman Republic. This Roman-Greek interaction began as a consequence of the Greek city-states located along the coast of southern Italy. Rome had come to dominate the Italian peninsula, and desired the submission of the Greek cities to its rule. Although they initially resisted, allying themselves with Pyrrhus of Epirus, and defeating the Romans at several battles, the Greek cities were unable to maintain this position and were absorbed by the Roman republic. Shortly afterwards, Rome became involved in Sicily, fighting against the Carthaginians in the First Punic War. The end result was the complete conquest of Sicily, including its previously powerful Greek cities, by the Romans.

Question: Rome dominated what peninsula?
Answer: Italian

Question: Greek cities were absorbed by what republic?
Answer: Roman

Question: Rome fought against the Carthaginians in what war?
Answer: First Punic War

Question: Sicily was won by whom in the First Punic war?
Answer: Romans
Hellenistic_period

Roman entanglement in the Balkans began when Illyrian piratical raids on Roman merchants led to invasions of Illyria (the First and, Second Illyrian Wars). Tension between Macedon and Rome increased when the young king of Macedon, Philip V harbored one of the chief pirates, Demetrius of Pharos (a former client of Rome). As a result, in an attempt to reduce Roman influence in the Balkans, Philip allied himself with Carthage after Hannibal had dealt the Romans a massive defeat at the Battle of Cannae (216 BC) during the Second Punic War. Forcing the Romans to fight on another front when they were at a nadir of manpower gained Philip the lasting enmity of the Romans; the only real result from the somewhat insubstantial First Macedonian War (215–202 BC).

Question: Illyrian pirates caused two wars in the Balkans with what Empire?
Answer: Roman

Question: What king of Macedon aided the pirate Demetrius of Pharos?
Answer: Philip V

Question: Hannibal defeated whom at the Battle of Cannae?
Answer: the Romans

Question: When was the Battle of Cannae?
Answer: 216 BC

Question: In what war was the Battle of Cannae?
Answer: Second Punic War
Hellenistic_period

Once the Second Punic War had been resolved, and the Romans had begun to regather their strength, they looked to re-assert their influence in the Balkans, and to curb the expansion of Philip. A pretext for war was provided by Philip's refusal to end his war with Attalid Pergamum, and Rhodes, both Roman allies. The Romans, also allied with the Aetolian League of Greek city-states (which resented Philip's power), thus declared war on Macedon in 200 BC, starting the Second Macedonian War. This ended with a decisive Roman victory at the Battle of Cynoscephalae (197 BC). Like most Roman peace treaties of the period, the resultant 'Peace of Flaminius' was designed utterly to crush the power of the defeated party; a massive indemnity was levied, Philip's fleet was surrendered to Rome, and Macedon was effectively returned to its ancient boundaries, losing influence over the city-states of southern Greece, and land in Thrace and Asia Minor. The result was the end of Macedon as a major power in the Mediterranean.

Question: In what region did the Romans aim to re-bolster the influence after the Second Punic war?
Answer: the Balkans

Question: Whose refusal to end wars with Attalid Pergamum and Rhodes led to the Second Macedonian War?
Answer: Philip

Question: What year did the Second Macedonian War begin?
Answer: 200 BC

Question: What battle signaled the end to the Second Macedonian War?
Answer: Battle of Cynoscephalae

Question: What empire won the Second Macedonian War?
Answer: Roman
Hellenistic_period

As a result of the confusion in Greece at the end of the Second Macedonian War, the Seleucid Empire also became entangled with the Romans. The Seleucid Antiochus III had allied with Philip V of Macedon in 203 BC, agreeing that they should jointly conquer the lands of the boy-king of Egypt, Ptolemy V. After defeating Ptolemy in the Fifth Syrian War, Antiochus concentrated on occupying the Ptolemaic possessions in Asia Minor. However, this brought Antiochus into conflict with Rhodes and Pergamum, two important Roman allies, and began a 'cold war' between Rome and Antiochus (not helped by the presence of Hannibal at the Seleucid court). Meanwhile, in mainland Greece, the Aetolian League, which had sided with Rome against Macedon, now grew to resent the Roman presence in Greece. This presented Antiochus III with a pretext to invade Greece and 'liberate' it from Roman influence, thus starting the Roman-Syrian War (192–188 BC). In 191 BC, the Romans under Manius Acilius Glabrio routed him at Thermopylae and obliged him to withdraw to Asia. During the course of this war Roman troops moved into Asia for the first time, where they defeated Antiochus again at the Battle of Magnesia (190 BC). A crippling treaty was imposed on Antiochus, with Seleucid possessions in Asia Minor removed and given to Rhodes and Pergamum, the size of the Seleucid navy reduced, and a massive war indemnity invoked.

Question: Antiochus III allied with what king in 203 BC?
Answer: Philip V

Question: Who defeated Ptolemy?
Answer: Antiochus

Question: In what war was Ptolemy defeated?
Answer: Fifth Syrian War

Question: What war bgean when Antiochus III invaded Greece?
Answer: Roman-Syrian War

Question: What years did the Roman-Syrian war take place?
Answer: 192–188 BC
Hellenistic_period

Thus, in less than twenty years, Rome had destroyed the power of one of the successor states, crippled another, and firmly entrenched its influence over Greece. This was primarily a result of the over-ambition of the Macedonian kings, and their unintended provocation of Rome; though Rome was quick to exploit the situation. In another twenty years, the Macedonian kingdom was no more. Seeking to re-assert Macedonian power and Greek independence, Philip V's son Perseus incurred the wrath of the Romans, resulting in the Third Macedonian War (171–168 BC). Victorious, the Romans abolished the Macedonian kingdom, replacing it with four puppet republics; these lasted a further twenty years before Macedon was formally annexed as a Roman province (146 BC) after yet another rebellion under Andriscus. Rome now demanded that the Achaean League, the last stronghold of Greek independence, be dissolved. The Achaeans refused and declared war on Rome. Most of the Greek cities rallied to the Achaeans' side, even slaves were freed to fight for Greek independence. The Roman consul Lucius Mummius advanced from Macedonia and defeated the Greeks at Corinth, which was razed to the ground. In 146 BC, the Greek peninsula, though not the islands, became a Roman protectorate. Roman taxes were imposed, except in Athens and Sparta, and all the cities had to accept rule by Rome's local allies.

Question: What was the name of Philip V's son who wanted to bring back Greek independence?
Answer: Perseus

Question: Perseus fought the Romans in what war?
Answer: Third Macedonian War

Question: When was Macedonia annexed by the Romans?
Answer: 146 BC

Question: Which Roman consul defeated the Greeks at Corinth?
Answer: Lucius Mummius

Question: When did the Greek peninsula become a Roman protectorate?
Answer: 146 BC
Hellenistic_period

The Attalid dynasty of Pergamum lasted little longer; a Roman ally until the end, its final king Attalus III died in 133 BC without an heir, and taking the alliance to its natural conclusion, willed Pergamum to the Roman Republic. The final Greek resistance came in 88 BC, when King Mithridates of Pontus rebelled against Rome, captured Roman held Anatolia, and massacred up to 100,000 Romans and Roman allies across Asia Minor. Many Greek cities, including Athens, overthrew their Roman puppet rulers and joined him in the Mithridatic wars. When he was driven out of Greece by the Roman general Lucius Cornelius Sulla, who laid siege to Athens and razed the city. Mithridates was finally defeated by Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (Pompey the Great) in 65 BC. Further ruin was brought to Greece by the Roman civil wars, which were partly fought in Greece. Finally, in 27 BC, Augustus directly annexed Greece to the new Roman Empire as the province of Achaea. The struggles with Rome had left Greece depopulated and demoralised. Nevertheless, Roman rule at least brought an end to warfare, and cities such as Athens, Corinth, Thessaloniki and Patras soon recovered their prosperity.

Question: Who was the final king of the Attalid dynasty?
Answer: Attalus III

Question: When did Attalus III die?
Answer: 133 BC

Question: Who willed Pergamum to the Roman Republic?
Answer: Attalus III

Question: In what year was the final Greek resistance?
Answer: 88 BC

Question: Who led the final Greek resistance?
Answer: Mithridates of Pontus
Hellenistic_period

Contrarily, having so firmly entrenched themselves into Greek affairs, the Romans now completely ignored the rapidly disintegrating Seleucid empire (perhaps because it posed no threat); and left the Ptolemaic kingdom to decline quietly, while acting as a protector of sorts, in as much as to stop other powers taking Egypt over (including the famous line-in-the-sand incident when the Seleucid Antiochus IV Epiphanes tried to invade Egypt). Eventually, instability in the near east resulting from the power vacuum left by the collapse of the Seleucid empire caused the Roman proconsul Pompey the Great to abolish the Seleucid rump state, absorbing much of Syria into the Roman republic. Famously, the end of Ptolemaic Egypt came as the final act in the republican civil war between the Roman triumvirs Mark Anthony and Augustus Caesar. After the defeat of Anthony and his lover, the last Ptolemaic monarch, Cleopatra VII at the Battle of Actium, Augustus invaded Egypt and took it as his own personal fiefdom. He thereby completed both the destruction of the Hellenistic kingdoms and the Roman republic, and ended (in hindsight) the Hellenistic era.

Question: Who tried to invade Egypt in the famous line-in-the-sand incident?
Answer: Antiochus IV Epiphanes

Question: Which Roman proconsul ablished the Seleucid rump state?
Answer: Pompey the Great

Question: Who was the last Ptolemaic monarch?
Answer: Cleopatra VII

Question: At what battle was Mark Anthony defeated?
Answer: Battle of Actium

Question: What region did Augustus take on as his personal fiefdom?
Answer: Egypt
Hellenistic_period

In some fields Hellenistic culture thrived, particularly in its preservation of the past. The states of the Hellenistic period were deeply fixated with the past and its seemingly lost glories. The preservation of many classical and archaic works of art and literature (including the works of the three great classical tragedians, Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides) are due to the efforts of the Hellenistic Greeks. The museum and library of Alexandria was the center of this conservationist activity. With the support of royal stipends, Alexandrian scholars collected, translated, copied, classified and critiqued every book they could find. Most of the great literary figures of the Hellenistic period studied at Alexandria and conducted research there. They were scholar poets, writing not only poetry but treatises on Homer and other archaic and classical Greek literature.

Question: Who is most responsible for the preservation of Hellenistic culture?
Answer: Hellenistic Greeks

Question: What museum and ilbrary was the center of Hellenistic culture conservation?
Answer: Alexandria

Question: Where did most of the great literary figures of the Hellenistic period study?
Answer: Alexandria
Hellenistic_period

Athens retained its position as the most prestigious seat of higher education, especially in the domains of philosophy and rhetoric, with considerable libraries and philosophical schools. Alexandria had the monumental Museum (i.e. research center) and Library of Alexandria which was estimated to have had 700,000 volumes. The city of Pergamon also had a large library and became a major center of book production. The island of Rhodes had a library and also boasted a famous finishing school for politics and diplomacy. Libraries were also present in Antioch, Pella, and Kos. Cicero was educated in Athens and Mark Antony in Rhodes. Antioch was founded as a metropolis and center of Greek learning which retained its status into the era of Christianity. Seleucia replaced Babylon as the metropolis of the lower Tigris.

Question: Which city held the most prestigious seat of higher education?
Answer: Athens

Question: What library was estimated to have 700,000 volumes?
Answer: Library of Alexandria

Question: Which city became a major center of book production?
Answer: Pergamon

Question: What island has a famous finishing school for diplomacy and politics?
Answer: Rhodes

Question: What replaced Babylon as the metropolis of the lower Tigris?
Answer: Seleucia
Hellenistic_period

The spread of Greek culture and language throughout the Near East and Asia owed much to the development of newly founded cities and deliberate colonization policies by the successor states, which in turn was necessary for maintaining their military forces. Settlements such as Ai-Khanoum, situated on trade routes, allowed Greek culture to mix and spread. The language of Philip II's and Alexander's court and army (which was made up of various Greek and non-Greek speaking peoples) was a version of Attic Greek, and over time this language developed into Koine, the lingua franca of the successor states.

Question: Philip II and Alexander's court army spoke a version of what language?
Answer: Attic Greek

Question: Attic Greek developed into what lingua franca?
Answer: Koine

Question: Ai-Khanoum was situated on what kind of routes?
Answer: trade
Hellenistic_period

The identification of local gods with similar Greek deities, a practice termed 'Interpretatio graeca', facilitated the building of Greek-style temples, and the Greek culture in the cities also meant that buildings such as gymnasia and theaters became common. Many cities maintained nominal autonomy while under the rule of the local king or satrap, and often had Greek-style institutions. Greek dedications, statues, architecture and inscriptions have all been found. However, local cultures were not replaced, and mostly went on as before, but now with a new Greco-Macedonian or otherwise Hellenized elite. An example that shows the spread of Greek theater is Plutarch's story of the death of Crassus, in which his head was taken to the Parthian court and used as a prop in a performance of The Bacchae. Theaters have also been found: for example, in Ai-Khanoum on the edge of Bactria, the theater has 35 rows – larger than the theater in Babylon.

Question: The practice of identifying local gods with Greek deities is called what?
Answer: Interpretatio graeca

Question: Who wrote the story of Crassus?
Answer: Plutarch

Question: Crassus' head is used a prop in what performance?
Answer: The Bacchae

Question: A 35 row theater at the edge of Bactria was found in what region?
Answer: Ai-Khanoum
Hellenistic_period

It seems likely that Alexander himself pursued policies which led Hellenization, such as the foundations of new cities and Greek colonies. While it may have been a deliberate attempt to spread Greek culture (or as Arrian says, "to civilise the natives"), it is more likely that it was a series of pragmatic measures designed to aid in the rule of his enormous empire. Cities and colonies were centers of administrative control and Macedonian power in a newly conquered region. Alexander also seems to have attempted to create a mixed Greco-Persian elite class as shown by the Susa weddings and his adoption of some forms of Persian dress and court culture. He also brought in Persian and other non-Greek peoples into his military and even the elite cavalry units of the companion cavalry. Again, it is probably better to see these policies as a pragmatic response to the demands of ruling a large empire than to any idealized attempt to bringing Greek culture to the 'barbarians'. This approach was bitterly resented by the Macedonians and discarded by most of the Diadochi after Alexander's death. These policies can also be interpreted as the result of Alexander's possible megalomania during his later years.

Question: Who led Hellenization practices by founding new Greek cities and colonies?
Answer: Alexander

Question: Susa weddings were an example of how Alexander mixed Greek culture with what other culture?
Answer: Persian

Question: Who bitterly resented Alexander's pragmatic approach of selecting his military?
Answer: the Macedonians

Question: Alexander suffered from what mental disorder?
Answer: megalomania
Hellenistic_period

Throughout the Hellenistic world, these Greco-Macedonian colonists considered themselves by and large superior to the native "barbarians" and excluded most non-Greeks from the upper echelons of courtly and government life. Most of the native population was not Hellenized, had little access to Greek culture and often found themselves discriminated against by their Hellenic overlords. Gymnasiums and their Greek education, for example, were for Greeks only. Greek cities and colonies may have exported Greek art and architecture as far as the Indus, but these were mostly enclaves of Greek culture for the transplanted Greek elite. The degree of influence that Greek culture had throughout the Hellenistic kingdoms was therefore highly localized and based mostly on a few great cities like Alexandria and Antioch. Some natives did learn Greek and adopt Greek ways, but this was mostly limited to a few local elites who were allowed to retain their posts by the Diadochi and also to a small number of mid-level administrators who acted as intermediaries between the Greek speaking upper class and their subjects. In the Seleucid empire for example, this group amounted to only 2.5 percent of the official class.

Question: Native populations in the Hellenistic world were discriminated by what peoples?
Answer: Greek

Question: Hellinistic Gymnasiums could only be used by whom?
Answer: Greeks

Question: What are the areas of concentration from where Greek culture eminates?
Answer: highly localized

Question: What percent of the Seleucid empire were comprised of native elites?
Answer: 2.5
Hellenistic_period

Despite their initial reluctance, the Successors seem to have later deliberately naturalized themselves to their different regions, presumably in order to help maintain control of the population. In the Ptolemaic kingdom, we find some Egyptianized Greeks by the 2nd century onwards. The Indo-Greek kingdom, we find kings who were converts to Buddhism (e.g. Menander). The Greeks in the regions therefore gradually become 'localized', adopting local customs as appropriate. In this way, hybrid 'Hellenistic' cultures naturally emerged, at least among the upper echelons of society.

Question: Menander converted to what religion?
Answer: Buddhism

Question: Egyptianized Greeks in the Ptolemaic kingdom started to exist by which century?
Answer: 2nd

Question: Greeks adopted what from local cultures?
Answer: customs
Hellenistic_period

The trends of Hellenization were therefore accompanied by Greeks adopting native ways over time, but this was widely varied by place and by social class. The farther away from the Mediterranean and the lower in social status, the more likely that a colonist was to adopt local ways, while the Greco-Macedonian elites and Royal families, usually remained thoroughly Greek and viewed most non-Greeks with disdain. It is only until Cleopatra VII, that a Ptolemaic ruler bothered to learn the Egyptian language of their subjects.

Question: A colonist far from the Mediterranean and low in social rank would be more likely to do what?
Answer: adopt local ways

Question: Greco-Macedonian elites remained commited to what culture?
Answer: Greek

Question: Who did Greeks look down upon?
Answer: non-Greeks

Question: Who was the first Ptolemaic ruler to learn the Egyptian language?
Answer: Cleopatra VII
Hellenistic_period

In the Hellenistic period, there was much continuity in Greek religion: the Greek gods continued to be worshiped, and the same rites were practiced as before. However the socio-political changes brought on by the conquest of the Persian empire and Greek emigration abroad meant that change also came to religious practices. This varied greatly on location, Athens, Sparta and most cities in the Greek mainland did not see much religious change or new gods (with the exception of the Egyptian Isis in Athens), while the multi-ethnic Alexandria had a very varied group of gods and religious practices, including Egyptian, Jewish and Greek. Greek emigres brought their Greek religion everywhere they went, even as far as India and Afghanistan. Non-Greeks also had more freedom to travel and trade throughout the Mediterranean and in this period we can see Egyptian gods such as Serapis, and the Syrian gods Atargatis and Hadad, as well as a Jewish synagogue, all coexisting on the island of Delos alongside classical Greek deities. A common practice was to identify Greek gods with native gods that had similar characteristics and this created new fusions like Zeus-Ammon, Aphrodite Hagne (a Hellenized Atargatis) and Isis-Demeter. Greek emigres faced individual religious choices they had not faced on their home cities, where the gods they worshiped were dictated by tradition.

Question: What Egyptian god was worshipped in Athens?
Answer: Isis

Question: Zeus was paired with which local god?
Answer: Ammon

Question: Aphrodite was paired with which local god?
Answer: Hagne

Question: Isis was paired with what local god?
Answer: Demeter
Hellenistic_period

The worship of dynastic ruler cults was also a feature of this period, most notably in Egypt, where the Ptolemies adopted earlier Pharaonic practice, and established themselves as god-kings. These cults were usually associated with a specific temple in honor of the ruler such as the Ptolemaieia at Alexandria and had their own festivals and theatrical performances. The setting up of ruler cults was more based on the systematized honors offered to the kings (sacrifice, proskynesis, statues, altars, hymns) which put them on par with the gods (isotheism) than on actual belief of their divine nature. According to Peter Green, these cults did not produce genuine belief of the divinity of rulers among the Greeks and Macedonians. The worship of Alexander was also popular, as in the long lived cult at Erythrae and of course, at Alexandria, where his tomb was located.

Question: What practice did the Ptolemies adopt in which they dubbed themselves god-kings?
Answer: Pharaonic

Question: What theism is practice of putting your self on the level of gods?
Answer: isotheism

Question: A long lived cult in Erythrae worshiped which dead leader?
Answer: Alexander

Question: Where was Alexander's tomb located?
Answer: Alexandria
Hellenistic_period

The Hellenistic age also saw a rise in the disillusionment with traditional religion. The rise of philosophy and the sciences had removed the gods from many of their traditional domains such as their role in the movement of the heavenly bodies and natural disasters. The Sophists proclaimed the centrality of humanity and agnosticism; the belief in Euhemerism (the view that the gods were simply ancient kings and heroes), became popular. The popular philosopher Epicurus promoted a view of disinterested gods living far away from the human realm in metakosmia. The apotheosis of rulers also brought the idea of divinity down to earth. While there does seem to have been a substantial decline in religiosity, this was mostly reserved for the educated classes.

Question: The Hellinistic age marked the rise in what type of religion?
Answer: traditional

Question: Who declared the centrality of humanity and agnosticism?
Answer: Sophists

Question: What is the view "that the gods were simply ancient kings and heroes" called?
Answer: Euhemerism

Question: Who thought that gods were distant and uninterested?
Answer: Epicurus

Question: Rulers brought the concept of divinity to where?
Answer: down to earth
Hellenistic_period

Magic was practiced widely, and these too, were a continuation from earlier times. Throughout the Hellenistic world, people would consult oracles, and use charms and figurines to deter misfortune or to cast spells. Also developed in this era was the complex system of astrology, which sought to determine a person's character and future in the movements of the sun, moon, and planets. Astrology was widely associated with the cult of Tyche (luck, fortune), which grew in popularity during this period.

Question: How would people ward off misfortune in Hellenistic times?
Answer: charms

Question: What is the complex system based on the sun, moon, and planets movements that determine your personality?
Answer: astrology

Question: Astrology was associated with which cult?
Answer: Tyche

Question: What does Tyche mean?
Answer: luck

Question: What was the trajectory of Astrology during Hellenistic times?
Answer: grew
Hellenistic_period

The Hellenistic period saw the rise of New Comedy, the only few surviving representative texts being those of Menander (born 342/1 BCE). Only one play, Dyskolos, survives in its entirety. The plots of this new Hellenistic comedy of manners were more domestic and formulaic, stereotypical low born characters such as slaves became more important, the language was colloquial and major motifs included escapism, marriage, romance and luck (Tyche). Though no Hellenistic tragedy remains intact, they were still widely produced during the period, yet it seems that there was no major breakthrough in style, remaining within the classical model. The Supplementum Hellenisticum, a modern collection of extant fragments, contains the fragments of 150 authors.

Question: Menander is one of the few remaining pieces of what time of liteary work?
Answer: New Comedy

Question: What is the only play that remains in it's entirety from the New Comedy era?
Answer: Dyskolos

Question: What is the name of the collection that holds fragments of works from 150 authors?
Answer: The Supplementum Hellenisticum

Question: What two years are debated as the date in which Menander was born?
Answer: 342/1 BCE
Hellenistic_period

Hellenistic poets now sought patronage from kings, and wrote works in their honor. The scholars at the libraries in Alexandria and Pergamon focused on the collection, cataloging, and literary criticism of classical Athenian works and ancient Greek myths. The poet-critic Callimachus, a staunch elitist, wrote hymns equating Ptolemy II to Zeus and Apollo. He promoted short poetic forms such as the epigram, epyllion and the iambic and attacked epic as base and common ("big book, big evil" was his doctrine). He also wrote a massive catalog of the holdings of the library of Alexandria, the famous Pinakes. Callimachus was extremely influential in his time and also for the development of Augustan poetry. Another poet, Apollonius of Rhodes, attempted to revive the epic for the Hellenistic world with his Argonautica. He had been a student of Callimachus and later became chief librarian (prostates) of the library of Alexandria, Apollonius and Callimachus spent much of their careers feuding with each other. Pastoral poetry also thrived during the Hellenistic era, Theocritus was a major poet who popularized the genre.

Question: Who did Hellenistic poets wish to court?
Answer: kings

Question: Who wrote hymns equating Ptolemy II to Zeus and Apollo?
Answer: Callimachus

Question: Who said "Big book, big evil"?
Answer: Callimachus

Question: What was the name of Callimachus' catalog at the library of Alexandria?
Answer: Pinakes

Question: Who wrote Argonautica?
Answer: Apollonius of Rhodes
Hellenistic_period

During the Hellenistic period, many different schools of thought developed. Athens, with its multiple philosophical schools, continued to remain the center of philosophical thought. However Athens had now lost her political freedom and Hellenistic philosophy is a reflection of this new difficult period. In this political climate, Hellenistic philosophers went in search of goals such as ataraxia (un-disturbedness), autarky (self-sufficiency) and apatheia (freedom from suffering), which would allow them to wrest well-being or eudaimonia out of the most difficult turns of fortune. This occupation with the inner life, with personal inner liberty and with the pursuit of eudaimonia is what all Hellenistic philosophical schools have in common.

Question: What city remained the center of philosophical thought?
Answer: Athens

Question: What does ataraxia mean?
Answer: un-disturbedness

Question: What does autarky mean?
Answer: self-sufficiency

Question: What does apatheia mean?
Answer: freedom from suffering
Hellenistic_period

The Epicureans and the Cynics rejected public offices and civic service, which amounted to a rejection of the polis itself, the defining institution of the Greek world. Epicurus promoted atomism and an asceticism based on freedom from pain as its ultimate goal. Cynics such as Diogenes of Sinope rejected all material possessions and social conventions (nomos) as unnatural and useless. The Cyrenaics meanwhile, embraced hedonism, arguing that pleasure was the only true good. Stoicism, founded by Zeno of Citium, taught that virtue was sufficient for eudaimonia as it would allow one to live in accordance with Nature or Logos. Zeno became extremely popular, the Athenians set up a gold statue of him and Antigonus II Gonatas invited him to the Macedonian court. The philosophical schools of Aristotle (the Peripatetics of the Lyceum) and Plato (Platonism at the Academy) also remained influential. The academy would eventually turn to Academic Skepticism under Arcesilaus until it was rejected by Antiochus of Ascalon (c. 90 BCE) in favor of Neoplatonism. Hellenistic philosophy, had a significant influence on the Greek ruling elite. Examples include Athenian statesman Demetrius of Phaleron, who had studied in the lyceum; the Spartan king Cleomenes III who was a student of the Stoic Sphairos of Borysthenes and Antigonus II who was also a well known Stoic. This can also be said of the Roman upper classes, were Stoicism was dominant, as seen in the Meditations of the Roman emperor Marcus Aurelius and the works of Cicero.

Question: Who promoted freedom from pain as the ultimate goal?
Answer: Epicurus

Question: Who said social norms and material possesions were unnatural and useless?
Answer: Diogenes of Sinope

Question: Which group embraced hedonism?
Answer: Cyrenaics

Question: Who founded Stoicism?
Answer: Zeno of Citium

Question: Who rejected Academic Skepticism in favor of Neoplatonism?
Answer: Antiochus of Ascalon
Hellenistic_period

Hellenistic culture produced seats of learning throughout the Mediterranean. Hellenistic science differed from Greek science in at least two ways: first, it benefited from the cross-fertilization of Greek ideas with those that had developed in the larger Hellenistic world; secondly, to some extent, it was supported by royal patrons in the kingdoms founded by Alexander's successors. Especially important to Hellenistic science was the city of Alexandria in Egypt, which became a major center of scientific research in the 3rd century BC. Hellenistic scholars frequently employed the principles developed in earlier Greek thought: the application of mathematics and deliberate empirical research, in their scientific investigations.

Question: The Royal patrons of Alexander's successors supported what type of science?
Answer: Hellenistic

Question: What city was especially important to Hellinistic science?
Answer: Alexandria

Question: What century did Alexandria become scientific research hub?
Answer: 3rd
Hellenistic_period

Hellenistic Geometers such as Archimedes (c. 287 – 212 BC), Apollonius of Perga (c. 262 – c. 190 BC), and Euclid (c. 325 – 265 BC), whose Elements became the most important textbook in mathematics until the 19th century, built upon the work of the Hellenic era Pythagoreans. Euclid developed proofs for the Pythagorean Theorem, for the infinitude of primes, and worked on the ﬁve Platonic solids. Eratosthenes used his knowledge of geometry to measure the circumference of the Earth. His calculation was remarkably accurate. He was also the first to calculate the tilt of the Earth's axis (again with remarkable accuracy). Additionally, he may have accurately calculated the distance from the Earth to the Sun and invented the leap day. Known as the "Father of Geography ", Eratosthenes also created the first map of the world incorporating parallels and meridians, based on the available geographical knowledge of the era.

Question: When did Archimedes die?
Answer: 212 BC

Question: When was Euclid born?
Answer: 325

Question: Who worked on the five Platonic solids?
Answer: Euclid

Question: Who measured the circumference of the Earth?
Answer: Eratosthenes

Question: Who was the Father of Geomtery?
Answer: Eratosthenes
Hellenistic_period

Astronomers like Hipparchus (c. 190 – c. 120 BC) built upon the measurements of the Babylonian astronomers before him, to measure the precession of the Earth. Pliny reports that Hipparchus produced the first systematic star catalog after he observed a new star (it is uncertain whether this was a nova or a comet) and wished to preserve astronomical record of the stars, so that other new stars could be discovered. It has recently been claimed that a celestial globe based on Hipparchus's star catalog sits atop the broad shoulders of a large 2nd-century Roman statue known as the Farnese Atlas. Another astronomer, Aristarchos of Samos developed a heliocentric system.

Question: When was Hipparchus born?
Answer: 190

Question: Hipparchus measured the precession of what?
Answer: Earth

Question: Who stated that Hipparchus created the first systematic star map?
Answer: Pliny

Question: Hipparchus' star may be depicted in a statue called what?
Answer: Farnese Atlas

Question: Whch astronomer developed a heliocentric system?
Answer: Aristarchos of Samos
Hellenistic_period

The level of Hellenistic achievement in astronomy and engineering is impressively shown by the Antikythera mechanism (150–100 BC). It is a 37-gear mechanical computer which computed the motions of the Sun and Moon, including lunar and solar eclipses predicted on the basis of astronomical periods believed to have been learned from the Babylonians. Devices of this sort are not found again until the 10th century, when a simpler eight-geared luni-solar calculator incorporated into an astrolabe was described by the Persian scholar, Al-Biruni.[not in citation given] Similarly complex devices were also developed by other Muslim engineers and astronomers during the Middle Ages.[not in citation given]

Question: What is the name of the 37 gear computer which noted the motions of the Sun and Moon?
Answer: Antikythera mechanism

Question: Until what century were similar devices like the Antikythera mechanism found?
Answer: 10th

Question: What Persian scholar noted the 10th century calculator similar to the Antikythera mechanism?
Answer: Al-Biruni

Question: What range of years is the Antikythera mechanism thought to have been created?
Answer: 150–100 BC
Hellenistic_period

Medicine, which was dominated by the Hippocratic tradition, saw new advances under Praxagoras of Kos, who theorized that blood traveled through the veins. Herophilos (335–280 BC) was the first to base his conclusions on dissection of the human body, animal vivisection and to provide accurate descriptions of the nervous system, liver and other key organs. Inﬂuenced by Philinus of Cos (ﬂ. 250), a student of Herophilos, a new medical sect emerged, the Empiric school, which was based on strict observation and rejected unseen causes of the Dogmatic school.

Question: Who theorized that blood traveled through the veins?
Answer: Praxagoras of Kos

Question: Who was the first to finalize his conclusions with dissections of cadevers?
Answer: Herophilos

Question: Which school of medicine was based on strict observation?
Answer: Empiric

Question: Who was the first to provide accurate descriptions of the nervous system?
Answer: Herophilos