Divyanshu67/squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
Richard_Feynman

Feynman was elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS) in 1965. At this time in the early 1960s, Feynman exhausted himself by working on multiple major projects at the same time, including a request, while at Caltech, to "spruce up" the teaching of undergraduates. After three years devoted to the task, he produced a series of lectures that eventually became The Feynman Lectures on Physics. He wanted a picture of a drumhead sprinkled with powder to show the modes of vibration at the beginning of the book. Concerned over the connections to drugs and rock and roll that could be made from the image, the publishers changed the cover to plain red, though they included a picture of him playing drums in the foreword. The Feynman Lectures on Physics occupied two physicists, Robert B. Leighton and Matthew Sands, as part-time co-authors for several years. Even though the books were not adopted by most universities as textbooks, they continue to sell well because they provide a deep understanding of physics. Many of his lectures and miscellaneous talks were turned into other books, including The Character of Physical Law, QED: The Strange Theory of Light and Matter, Statistical Mechanics, Lectures on Gravitation, and the Feynman Lectures on Computation.

Question: Which society was Feynman elected to?
Answer: Royal Society

Question: After 3 years at Caltech what lectures did Feynman produce?
Answer: The Feynman Lectures on Physics

Question: Why did publisher change the cover picture on Feynman's book?
Answer: connections to drugs and rock and roll

Question: In his book, Feynman was shown playing what instrument?
Answer: drums

Question: What was the name of the book Feynman wrote over light and matter?
Answer: The Character of Physical Law, QED: The Strange Theory of Light and Matter

Question: Which society was Feynman kicked out of?

Question: What lectures did Feynman lose credit for after 3 years at Caltech?

Question: Why did the publisher remove the cover picture on Feynman's book?

Question: What instrument was Feynman unable to play in his book?

Question: What was the name of the book Feynman wrote about the dark and nothingness?
Richard_Feynman

In 1974, Feynman delivered the Caltech commencement address on the topic of cargo cult science, which has the semblance of science, but is only pseudoscience due to a lack of "a kind of scientific integrity, a principle of scientific thought that corresponds to a kind of utter honesty" on the part of the scientist. He instructed the graduating class that "The first principle is that you must not fool yourself—and you are the easiest person to fool. So you have to be very careful about that. After you've not fooled yourself, it's easy not to fool other scientists. You just have to be honest in a conventional way after that."

Question: In which year did Feynman orate the Caltech commencement speech?
Answer: 1974

Question: Which topic did Feynman's commencement speech at Caltech center around?
Answer: cargo cult science

Question: What is cargo cult science?
Answer: pseudoscience

Question: What did Feyman tell the class that they must not do to themselves?
Answer: fool yourself

Question: Which year did Feynman miss the Caltech commencement speech?

Question: Which topic did Feynman's commencement speech at Caltech avoid?

Question: What is the science Feynman understood best considered?

Question: What did Feynman tell the class that they must do to themselves?
Richard_Feynman

In the late 1980s, according to "Richard Feynman and the Connection Machine", Feynman played a crucial role in developing the first massively parallel computer, and in finding innovative uses for it in numerical computations, in building neural networks, as well as physical simulations using cellular automata (such as turbulent fluid flow), working with Stephen Wolfram at Caltech. His son Carl also played a role in the development of the original Connection Machine engineering; Feynman influencing the interconnects while his son worked on the software.

Question: What did Feynman help develop in the 1980s?
Answer: parallel computer

Question: Who did Feynman work with on computers at Caltech?
Answer: Stephen Wolfram

Question: Who else worked with Feynman on developing computers?
Answer: His son Carl

Question: What specifically did his son work on?
Answer: software

Question: What did Feyman do while his son worked on software?
Answer: influencing the interconnects

Question: What did Feynman help find in the 1970s?

Question: Who did Feynman work with on computers at Yale?

Question: Who else worked with Feynman on developing planes?

Question: What specifically did Feynman's daughter work on?

Question: What was Feynman doing while his daughter worked on software?
Richard_Feynman

Feynman diagrams are now fundamental for string theory and M-theory, and have even been extended topologically. The world-lines of the diagrams have developed to become tubes to allow better modeling of more complicated objects such as strings and membranes. Shortly before his death, Feynman criticized string theory in an interview: "I don't like that they're not calculating anything," he said. "I don't like that they don't check their ideas. I don't like that for anything that disagrees with an experiment, they cook up an explanation—a fix-up to say, 'Well, it still might be true.'" These words have since been much-quoted by opponents of the string-theoretic direction for particle physics.

Question: What theories do Feynman diagrams help explain?
Answer: string theory and M-theory

Question: The diagrams have been made from lines into what 3 dimensional shape?
Answer: tubes

Question: What angst did Feynman have against string theorists?
Answer: they don't check their ideas

Question: Which quote by Feynman is often used by string theory opponents?
Answer: 'Well, it still might be true.'"

Question: What theories do Feynman diagrams not explain?

Question: What 4 dimensional shape have Feynman diagrams been made into?

Question: What angst did Feynman have against churchgoers?

Question: Which quote by Feynman is often used by religious opponents?

Question: What kind of physics was Feynman least interested in?
Richard_Feynman

Feynman devoted the latter half of his book What Do You Care What Other People Think? to his experience on the Rogers Commission, straying from his usual convention of brief, light-hearted anecdotes to deliver an extended and sober narrative. Feynman's account reveals a disconnect between NASA's engineers and executives that was far more striking than he expected. His interviews of NASA's high-ranking managers revealed startling misunderstandings of elementary concepts. For instance, NASA managers claimed that there was a 1 in 100,000 chance of a catastrophic failure aboard the shuttle, but Feynman discovered that NASA's own engineers estimated the chance of a catastrophe at closer to 1 in 200. He concluded that the space shuttle reliability estimate by NASA management was fantastically unrealistic, and he was particularly angered that NASA used these figures to recruit Christa McAuliffe into the Teacher-in-Space program. He warned in his appendix to the commission's report (which was included only after he threatened not to sign the report), "For a successful technology, reality must take precedence over public relations, for nature cannot be fooled."

Question: Feyman's experience on the Rogers Commission was talked about is which of his books?
Answer: What Do You Care What Other People Think?

Question: In which way did he write about his experience on the Rogers Commission?
Answer: sober narrative

Question: His writings about the Rogers Commission showed that trouble was brewing between scientists and executives at which prolific institute?
Answer: NASA

Question: While the higher-ups said a failure was unlikely, at 1 in 100,000 odds, the scientists felt the odd were what?
Answer: 1 in 200

Question: Who did NASA recruit by using flawed safety numbers?
Answer: Christa McAuliffe

Question: What book ignored Feynman's experience on the Rogers Commission?

Question: Which way did he avoid writing about his experience on the Rogers Commission?

Question: What managers claimed there was a 1 in 10,000 chance of catastrophic failure aboard the shuttle?

Question: Who did NASA recruit while using accurate safety numbers?

Question: Who concluded that NASA management was fantastically realistic?
Richard_Feynman

Although born to and raised by parents who were Ashkenazi, Feynman was not only an atheist, but declined to be labelled Jewish. He routinely refused to be included in lists or books that classified people by race. He asked to not be included in Tina Levitan's The Laureates: Jewish Winners of the Nobel Prize, writing, "To select, for approbation the peculiar elements that come from some supposedly Jewish heredity is to open the door to all kinds of nonsense on racial theory," and adding "... at thirteen I was not only converted to other religious views, but I also stopped believing that the Jewish people are in any way 'the chosen people'."

Question: Which religious sect did Feynman refuse to be part of?
Answer: Jewish

Question: Which book did Feynman decline to be listed in?
Answer: The Laureates: Jewish Winners of the Nobel Prize

Question: What did Feynman believe that the Jewish people were not?
Answer: the chosen people

Question: What religious affiliation did Feynman have?
Answer: atheist

Question: Feynman did not like to be listed in anything that labeled people by what standard?
Answer: race

Question: Which religious sect did Feynman agree to be part of?

Question: Which book did Feynman demand to be listed in?

Question: What did Feynman believe that the Jewish people were?

Question: What religious affiliation did Feynman seek to eliminate?

Question: What religion did Feynman's atheist parents follow?
Richard_Feynman

While pursuing his PhD at Princeton, Feynman married his high school sweetheart, Arline Greenbaum (often misspelled "Arlene"), despite the knowledge that she was seriously ill with tuberculosis—an incurable disease at the time. She died in 1945. In 1946, Feynman wrote a letter to her, expressing his deep love and heartbreak, that he kept for the rest of his life. ("Please excuse my not mailing this," the letter concluded, "but I don't know your new address.") This portion of Feynman's life was portrayed in the 1996 film Infinity, which featured Feynman's daughter, Michelle, in a cameo role.

Question: Who was Feynman's wife?
Answer: Arline Greenbaum

Question: Which disease did Arline succumb to?
Answer: tuberculosis

Question: In which year did his wife die?
Answer: 1945

Question: Who played a cameo in a film about Feynman?
Answer: Feynman's daughter, Michelle

Question: What was the name of the film that showed Feynman's life?
Answer: Infinity

Question: Who was Feynman's ex-wife?

Question: Which disease did Arline overcome?

Question: What year did Feynman's wife come back to life?

Question: Who lost their role for a cameo in a film about Feynman?

Question: What was the name of the TV show that showed Feynman's life?
Richard_Feynman

Feynman had a great deal of success teaching Carl, using, for example, discussions about ants and Martians as a device for gaining perspective on problems and issues. He was surprised to learn that the same teaching devices were not useful with Michelle. Mathematics was a common interest for father and son; they both entered the computer field as consultants and were involved in advancing a new method of using multiple computers to solve complex problems—later known as parallel computing. The Jet Propulsion Laboratory retained Feynman as a computational consultant during critical missions. One co-worker characterized Feynman as akin to Don Quixote at his desk, rather than at a computer workstation, ready to do battle with the windmills.

Question: What analogies did Feynman use to teach Carl?
Answer: ants and Martians

Question: Which subject did Feynman and Carl both enjoy?
Answer: Mathematics

Question: What type of computing did Feynman and his son help develop?
Answer: parallel computing

Question: What Laboratory employed Feynman for critical missions?
Answer: The Jet Propulsion Laboratory

Question: What fictional character was Feynman compared to by a colleague?
Answer: Don Quixote

Question: What analogies did Feynman not utilize to teach Carl?

Question: Which subject did Feynman and Carl both dislike?

Question: What type of computing did Feynman and his dad help develop?

Question: What Laboratory employed Feynman for unimportant missions?

Question: What fictional character was Feynman compared to by his son?
Richard_Feynman

Feynman traveled to Brazil, where he gave courses at the BCPF (Brazilian Center for Physics Research) and near the end of his life schemed to visit the Russian land of Tuva, a dream that, because of Cold War bureaucratic problems, never became reality. The day after he died, a letter arrived for him from the Soviet government, giving him authorization to travel to Tuva. Later Feynman's daughter Michelle would realize this journey. Out of his enthusiastic interest in reaching Tuva came the phrase "Tuva or Bust" (also the title of a book about his efforts to get there), which was tossed about frequently amongst his circle of friends in hope that they, one day, could see it firsthand. The documentary movie, Genghis Blues, mentions some of his attempts to communicate with Tuva and chronicles the successful journey there by his friends. Responding to Hubert Humphrey's congratulation for his Nobel Prize, Feynman admitted to a long admiration for the then vice president.

Question: Where did Feynman work at in Brazil?
Answer: Brazilian Center for Physics Research

Question: Which place in Russia could Feynman not visit, but wished to do so?
Answer: Tuva

Question: When was Feynman allowed to go to Tuva?
Answer: The day after he died

Question: Who went to Tuva in Feynman's stead?
Answer: Feynman's daughter Michelle

Question: What is the name of the film that discusses Feynman's attempt to get to Tuva?
Answer: Genghis Blues

Question: Where did Feynman work at in Japan?

Question: Which place in Germany could Feynman not visit but wished to do so?

Question: When was Feynman found visiting Tuva?

Question: Who avoided Tuva in Feynman's stead?

Question: What is the name of the film that discusses Feynman's attempt to escape from Tuva?
Richard_Feynman

According to Genius, the James Gleick-authored biography, Feynman tried LSD during his professorship at Caltech. Somewhat embarrassed by his actions, he largely sidestepped the issue when dictating his anecdotes; he mentions it in passing in the "O Americano, Outra Vez" section, while the "Altered States" chapter in Surely You're Joking, Mr. Feynman! describes only marijuana and ketamine experiences at John Lilly's famed sensory deprivation tanks, as a way of studying consciousness. Feynman gave up alcohol when he began to show vague, early signs of alcoholism, as he did not want to do anything that could damage his brain—the same reason given in "O Americano, Outra Vez" for his reluctance to experiment with LSD.

Question: Which illicit drug did Feynman try at Caltech?
Answer: LSD

Question: What substance did Feynman give up later in life?
Answer: alcohol

Question: Why did Feynman give up alcohol?
Answer: he did not want to do anything that could damage his brain

Question: In what book did he talk about his LSD use?
Answer: O Americano, Outra Vez

Question: Which illicit drug was Feynman caught with at Caltech?

Question: What substance did Feynman die from later in life?

Question: Why did Feynman enjoy alcohol?

Question: What book did Feynman talk about his DMT use?

Question: When did Feynman try heroin?
Richard_Feynman

In Surely You're Joking, Mr. Feynman!, he gives advice on the best way to pick up a girl in a hostess bar. At Caltech, he used a nude or topless bar as an office away from his usual office, making sketches or writing physics equations on paper placemats. When the county officials tried to close the place, all visitors except Feynman refused to testify in favor of the bar, fearing that their families or patrons would learn about their visits. Only Feynman accepted, and in court, he affirmed that the bar was a public need, stating that craftsmen, technicians, engineers, common workers, "and a physics professor" frequented the establishment. While the bar lost the court case, it was allowed to remain open as a similar case was pending appeal.

Question: Which book does Feynman detail was to pick up girls?
Answer: Surely You're Joking, Mr. Feynman

Question: Where was his second office at Caltech?
Answer: topless bar

Question: Who was the only person to testify that the topless bar should remain open?
Answer: Feynman

Question: Where did Feynman write down his equations at the topless bar?
Answer: paper placemats

Question: Who tried to shut the topless bar down?
Answer: county officials

Question: Which book does Feynman detail was to help reject girls?

Question: Where was his tenth office at Caltech?

Question: Who was the only person to testify that the topless bar should close?

Question: Where did Feynman lose his equations at the topless bar?

Question: Who helped the bar win their court case?
Richard_Feynman

In a 1992 New York Times article on Feynman and his legacy, James Gleick recounts the story of how Murray Gell-Mann described what has become known as "The Feynman Algorithm" or "The Feynman Problem-Solving Algorithm" to a student: "The student asks Gell-Mann about Feynman's notes. Gell-Mann says no, Dick's methods are not the same as the methods used here. The student asks, well, what are Feynman's methods? Gell-Mann leans coyly against the blackboard and says: Dick's method is this. You write down the problem. You think very hard. (He shuts his eyes and presses his knuckles parodically to his forehead.) Then you write down the answer."

Question: Which paper published a story about Feynman in 1992?
Answer: New York Times

Question: Who helped tell the 1992 New York Times story about Feynman?
Answer: James Gleick

Question: Gleick told a story about a specific algorithim that Gell-Mann described to a student, what was this algorithim called?
Answer: The Feynman Problem-Solving Algorithm

Question: Feynman's algorithim included writing the problem, thinking, and then what?
Answer: write down the answer

Question: Which paper published a story about Feynman in 1982?

Question: Who helped tell the 1922 New York Times story about Feynman?

Question: What newspaper was Feynman never featured in?

Question: Who failed to describe what has become known as "The Feynman Algorithm"?
Richard_Feynman

The Feynman Lectures on Physics is perhaps his most accessible work for anyone with an interest in physics, compiled from lectures to Caltech undergraduates in 1961–64. As news of the lectures' lucidity grew, professional physicists and graduate students began to drop in to listen. Co-authors Robert B. Leighton and Matthew Sands, colleagues of Feynman, edited and illustrated them into book form. The work has endured and is useful to this day. They were edited and supplemented in 2005 with "Feynman's Tips on Physics: A Problem-Solving Supplement to the Feynman Lectures on Physics" by Michael Gottlieb and Ralph Leighton (Robert Leighton's son), with support from Kip Thorne and other physicists.

Question: Where do the Feynman Lectures on Physics pull information from?
Answer: compiled from lectures to Caltech undergraduates in 1961–64

Question: Once the popularity on the lectures grew, who began to attend?
Answer: professional physicists and graduate students

Question: Which two of Feynman's colleagues helped put the lectures into book format?
Answer: Robert B. Leighton and Matthew Sands

Question: Which addendum was added to the Lectures book in 2005?
Answer: "Feynman's Tips on Physics: A Problem-Solving Supplement to the Feynman Lectures on Physics

Question: Who wrote the supplemental material added to the Lectures book in 2005?
Answer: Michael Gottlieb and Ralph Leighton

Question: Where did the Feynman Lectures on Biology pull information from?

Question: Who never attended lectures as popularity grew?

Question: Which one of Feynman's colleagues helped put the lectures into book format?

Question: Which addendum was removed from the Lectures book in 2005?

Question: Who wrote the supplemental material added to the Lectures book in 2003?
Muammar_Gaddafi

Muammar Muhammad Abu Minyar al-Gaddafi (Arabic: معمر محمد أبو منيار القذافي‎ Arabic pronunciation: [muʕamar al.qaðaːfiː]; /ˈmoʊ.əmɑːr ɡəˈdɑːfi/;  audio (help·info); c. 1942 – 20 October 2011), commonly known as Colonel Gaddafi,[b] was a Libyan revolutionary, politician, and political theorist. He governed Libya as Revolutionary Chairman of the Libyan Arab Republic from 1969 to 1977 and then as the "Brotherly Leader" of the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya from 1977 to 2011. Initially ideologically committed to Arab nationalism and Arab socialism, he came to rule according to his own Third International Theory before embracing Pan-Africanism and serving as Chairperson of the African Union from 2009 to 2010.

Question: When was Gaddafi born, and when did he die?
Answer: 1942 – 20 October 2011

Question: What was Gaddifi's original political viewpoint?
Answer: Initially ideologically committed to Arab nationalism and Arab socialism

Question: What political philosophy did Gaddifi create?
Answer: his own Third International Theory

Question: What political philosophy did  Gaddafi adhere to when he was the Chairperson of the African Union?
Answer: Pan-Africanism

Question: What was Gaddafi's position when he was considered the "Brotherly Leader"?
Answer: the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya from 1977 to 2011

Question: When did Gaddafi rule as the "Brotherly Leader"?
Answer: from 1977 to 2011

Question: What ideology did Gaddafi adopt when he was the Chairperson of the African Union?
Answer: Pan-Africanism

Question: List Gaddafi's lifespan.
Answer: 1942 – 20 October 2011

Question: When did he first gain power in Libya?
Answer: 1969

Question: What political ideology did Gaddafi create?
Answer: Third International Theory

Question: By what name was Muammar Muhammad Abu Minyar al-Gaddafi typically known?
Answer: Colonel Gaddafi

Question: What was Gaddafi's nationality?
Answer: Libyan

Question: What was the official name of Libya between 1969 and 1977?
Answer: Libyan Arab Republic

Question: From 1977 to 2011, what was Gaddafi's title?
Answer: Brotherly Leader

Question: What was Colonel Gaddafi's date of death?
Answer: 20 October 2011
Muammar_Gaddafi

The son of an impoverished Bedouin goat herder, Gaddafi became involved in politics while at school in Sabha, subsequently enrolling in the Royal Military Academy, Benghazi. Founding a revolutionary cell within the military, in 1969 they seized power from the absolute monarchy of King Idris in a bloodless coup. Becoming Chairman of the governing Revolutionary Command Council (RCC), Gaddafi abolished the monarchy and proclaimed the Republic. Ruling by decree, he implemented measures to remove what he viewed as foreign imperialist influence from Libya, and strengthened ties to Arab nationalist governments. Intent on pushing Libya towards "Islamic socialism", he introduced sharia as the basis for the legal system and nationalized the oil industry, using the increased revenues to bolster the military, implement social programs and fund revolutionary militants across the world. In 1973 he initiated a "Popular Revolution" with the formation of General People's Committees (GPCs), purported to be a system of direct democracy, but retained personal control over major decisions. He outlined his Third International Theory that year, publishing these ideas in The Green Book.

Question: What book did Gaddafi publish that detailed his Third Internal Theory?
Answer: The Green Book

Question: What was Gaddafi's first position in government?
Answer: Chairman of the governing Revolutionary Command Council

Question: As Chairman of the RCC, list the first two things that Gaddafi accomplished.
Answer: abolished the monarchy and proclaimed the Republic

Question: How did Gaddafi change the legal system?
Answer: he introduced sharia as the basis for the legal system

Question: How did Gaddafi use all the money that resulted from nationalizing the oil industry?
Answer: to bolster the military, implement social programs and fund revolutionary militants across the world.

Question: Describe the Popular Revolution.
Answer: formation of General People's Committees (GPCs), purported to be a system of direct democracy, but retained personal control over major decisions

Question: When Gaddafi established his power in the government, what were his first actions?
Answer: abolished the monarchy and proclaimed the Republic

Question: What political ideology did Gaddafi want to push his country to?
Answer: Islamic socialism

Question: What was the profession of Gaddafi's father?
Answer: goat herder

Question: What was Gaddafi's ethnicity?
Answer: Bedouin

Question: In what city was the Royal Military Academy located?
Answer: Benghazi

Question: From what monarch did Gaddafi's movement take over Libya?
Answer: Idris

Question: What was the name of the governing body headed by Gaddafi after the revolution?
Answer: Revolutionary Command Council
Muammar_Gaddafi

In 1977, Gaddafi dissolved the Republic and created a new socialist state, the Jamahiriya ("state of the masses"). Officially adopting a symbolic role in governance, he retained power as military commander-in-chief and head of the Revolutionary Committees responsible for policing and suppressing opponents. Overseeing unsuccessful border conflicts with Egypt and Chad, Gaddafi's support for foreign militants and alleged responsibility for the Lockerbie bombing led to Libya's label of "international pariah". A particularly hostile relationship developed with the United States and United Kingdom, resulting in the 1986 U.S. bombing of Libya and United Nations-imposed economic sanctions. Rejecting his earlier ideological commitments, from 1999 Gaddafi encouraged economic privatization and sought rapprochement with Western nations, also embracing Pan-Africanism and helping to establish the African Union. Amid the Arab Spring, in 2011 an anti-Gaddafist uprising led by the National Transitional Council (NTC) broke out, resulting in the Libyan Civil War. NATO intervened militarily on the side of the NTC, bringing about the government's downfall. Retreating to Sirte, Gaddafi was captured and killed by NTC militants.

Question: What does "Jamahiriya" mean?
Answer: state of the masses

Question: What was Gaddafi's role in jamahiriya?
Answer: he retained power as military commander-in-chief and head of the Revolutionary Committees responsible for policing and suppressing opponents

Question: List two reasons why Libya become an "international pariah."
Answer: Overseeing unsuccessful border conflicts with Egypt and Chad, Gaddafi's support for foreign militants and alleged responsibility for the Lockerbie bombing

Question: Name two significant events in 1986 that demonstrated the world's view of Libya.
Answer: U.S. bombing of Libya and United Nations-imposed economic sanctions

Question: What was Libya's socialist government called?
Answer: Jamahiriya ("state of the masses")

Question: Why did Libya become an "international pariah"?
Answer: Gaddafi's support for foreign militants and alleged responsibility for the Lockerbie bombing

Question: How did the world respond to Libya in 1986?
Answer: U.S. bombing of Libya and United Nations-imposed economic sanctions.

Question: How did Gaddafi lose power?
Answer: an anti-Gaddafist uprising led by the National Transitional Council (NTC) broke out, resulting in the Libyan Civil War

Question: How did Gaddafi die?
Answer: Retreating to Sirte, Gaddafi was captured and killed by NTC militants.

Question: What does the term Jamahiriya mean in English?
Answer: state of the masses

Question: In what year did Gaddafi found the Jamahiriya?
Answer: 1977

Question: Along with Egypt, what nation did Libya have border issues with in this era?
Answer: Chad

Question: What terrorist bombing was Gaddafi's Libya supposedly involved in?
Answer: Lockerbie

Question: In what year did the United states bomb Libya?
Answer: 1986
Muammar_Gaddafi

Muammar Gaddafi was born in a tent near Qasr Abu Hadi, a rural area outside the town of Sirte in the deserts of western Libya. His family came from a small, relatively un-influential tribal group called the Qadhadhfa, who were Arabized Berber in heritage. His father, Mohammad Abdul Salam bin Hamed bin Mohammad, was known as Abu Meniar (died 1985), and his mother was named Aisha (died 1978); Abu Meniar earned a meager subsistence as a goat and camel herder. Nomadic Bedouins, they were illiterate and kept no birth records. As such, Gaddafi's date of birth is not known with certainty, and sources have set it in 1942 or in the spring of 1943, although biographers Blundy and Lycett noted that it could have been pre-1940. His parents' only surviving son, he had three older sisters. Gaddafi's upbringing in Bedouin culture influenced his personal tastes for the rest of his life. He repeatedly expressed a preference for the desert over the city and retreated to the desert to meditate.

Question: Describe Gaddafi's humble upbringing.
Answer: was born in a tent near Qasr Abu Hadi, a rural area outside the town of Sirte in the deserts of western Libya

Question: How did his upbringing impact his later life preferences?
Answer: He repeatedly expressed a preference for the desert over the city and retreated to the desert to meditate.

Question: When was Gaddafi born?
Answer: Gaddafi's date of birth is not known with certainty, and sources have set it in 1942 or in the spring of 1943

Question: What culture did Gaddafi experience as a child?
Answer: Bedouin

Question: Describe Gaddafi's early childhood.
Answer: Gaddafi was born in a tent near Qasr Abu Hadi, a rural area outside the town of Sirte in the deserts of western Libya

Question: How did Gaddafi's father earn a living?
Answer: Abu Meniar earned a meager subsistence as a goat and camel herder

Question: How come no one knows for sure when Gaddafi was born?
Answer: Nomadic Bedouins, they were illiterate and kept no birth records

Question: How did his early childhood experiences impact his later life?
Answer: He repeatedly expressed a preference for the desert over the city and retreated to the desert to meditate.

Question: When did Gaddafi's parents die?
Answer: His father, Mohammad Abdul Salam bin Hamed bin Mohammad, was known as Abu Meniar (died 1985), and his mother was named Aisha (died 1978)

Question: Near what town was Gaddafi's birthplace of Qasr Abu Hadi?
Answer: Sirte

Question: What was the name of Gaddafi's tribe?
Answer: Qadhadhfa

Question: Other than Mohammad Abdul Salam bin Hamed bin Mohammad, what was Gaddafi's father called?
Answer: Abu Meniar

Question: When did Gaddafi's mother die?
Answer: 1978

Question: How many sisters did Gaddafi have?
Answer: three
Muammar_Gaddafi

From childhood, Gaddafi was aware of the involvement of European colonialists in Libya; his nation was occupied by Italy, and during the North African Campaign of World War II it witnessed conflict between Italian and British troops. According to later claims, Gaddafi's paternal grandfather, Abdessalam Bouminyar, was killed by the Italian Army during the Italian invasion of 1911. At World War II's end in 1945, Libya was occupied by British and French forces. Although Britain and France intended on dividing the nation between their empires, the General Assembly of the United Nations (UN) declared that the country be granted political independence. In 1951, the UN created the United Kingdom of Libya, a federal state under the leadership of a pro-western monarch, Idris, who banned political parties and established an absolute monarchy.

Question: When did Libya become an independent nation?
Answer: In 1951

Question: When Libya first became an independent country, what form of government did it adopt?
Answer: an absolute monarchy

Question: What countries occupied Libya after World War II?
Answer: British and French forces

Question: Who was the first leader of Libya?
Answer: a pro-western monarch, Idris

Question: What World War I event directly impacted Gaddafi's family?
Answer: Gaddafi's paternal grandfather, Abdessalam Bouminyar, was killed by the Italian Army during the Italian invasion of 1911

Question: How did World War I directly impact Gaddafi's family?
Answer: According to later claims, Gaddafi's paternal grandfather, Abdessalam Bouminyar, was killed by the Italian Army during the Italian invasion of 1911

Question: What happened to Libya right after World War II?
Answer: Libya was occupied by British and French forces

Question: When was it announced that Libya would be independent?
Answer: In 1951, the UN created the United Kingdom of Libya, a federal state under the leadership

Question: What was the first type of government that Libya had?
Answer: a pro-western monarch, Idris, who banned political parties and established an absolute monarchy.

Question: What country occupied Libya during World War II?
Answer: his nation was occupied by Italy

Question: What nation controlled Libya as a colony when Gaddafi was a child?
Answer: Italy

Question: Who battled the Italians during the North African campaign?
Answer: British

Question: Who was Gaddafi's father's father?
Answer: Abdessalam Bouminyar

Question: During what year did the Italians invade Libya?
Answer: 1911

Question: Along with the British, who occupied Libya at the end of the Second World War?
Answer: French
Muammar_Gaddafi

Gaddafi organized demonstrations and distributed posters criticizing the monarchy. In October 1961, he led a demonstration protesting Syria's secession from the United Arab Republic. During this they broke windows of a local hotel accused of serving alcohol. Catching the authorities' attention, they expelled his family from Sabha. Gaddafi moved to Misrata, there attending Misrata Secondary School. Maintaining his interest in Arab nationalist activism, he refused to join any of the banned political parties active in the city – including the Arab Nationalist Movement, the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party, and the Muslim Brotherhood – claiming he rejected factionalism. He read voraciously on the subjects of Nasser and the French Revolution of 1789, as well as the works of Syrian political theorist Michel Aflaq and biographies of Abraham Lincoln, Sun Yat-sen, and Mustafa Kemal Atatürk.

Question: Why did Gaddafi's family have to leave Sabha?
Answer: he led a demonstration protesting Syria's secession from the United Arab Republic. During this they broke windows of a local hotel accused of serving alcohol.

Question: Gaddafi was an avid reader. Name three biographies that he read.
Answer: Abraham Lincoln, Sun Yat-sen, and Mustafa Kemal Atatürk

Question: What political idealogy did Gaddafi not believe in?
Answer: factionalism

Question: While he was in secondary school, what sort of activism did Gaddafi support?
Answer: Arab nationalist activism

Question: Why did Gaddafi's family leave Sabha?
Answer: October 1961, he led a demonstration protesting Syria's secession from the United Arab Republic

Question: What political ideology did Gaddafi reject when he attended Misrata Secondary School?
Answer: factionalism

Question: List several biographies that influenced Gaddafi.
Answer: Abraham Lincoln, Sun Yat-sen, and Mustafa Kemal Atatürk

Question: Where sort of activism did Gaddafi promote while attending secondary school?
Answer: Arab nationalist activism

Question: Where did Gaddafi travel to after he was kicked out of Sabha?
Answer: Misrata

Question: Along with the Ba'ath Party and Muslim Brotherhood, what group was notably banned in Misrata?
Answer: Arab Nationalist Movement

Question: In what month and year did Gaddafi protest against Syria leaving the United Arab Republic?
Answer: October 1961

Question: Of what nationality was Michel Aflaq?
Answer: Syrian

Question: Along with Lincoln and Ataturk, whose biography did Gaddafi read while in Misrata?
Answer: Abraham Lincoln
Muammar_Gaddafi

Gaddafi briefly studied History at the University of Libya in Benghazi, before dropping out to join the military. Despite his police record, in 1963 he began training at the Royal Military Academy, Benghazi, alongside several like-minded friends from Misrata. The armed forces offered the only opportunity for upward social mobility for underprivileged Libyans, and Gaddafi recognised it as a potential instrument of political change. Under Idris, Libya's armed forces were trained by the British military; this angered Gaddafi, who viewed the British as imperialists, and accordingly he refused to learn English and was rude to the British officers, ultimately failing his exams. British trainers reported him for insubordination and abusive behaviour, stating their suspicion that he was involved in the assassination of the military academy's commander in 1963. Such reports were ignored and Gaddafi quickly progressed through the course.

Question: What subject did Gaddafi briefly study before joining the military?
Answer: History at the University of Libya in Benghazi

Question: Why didn't Gaddafi learn to speak English?
Answer: Gaddafi, who viewed the British as imperialists

Question: Where did Gaddafi begin his military training?
Answer: at the Royal Military Academy

Question: How did Gaddafi view the influence of the military?
Answer: the only opportunity for upward social mobility for underprivileged Libyans, and Gaddafi recognised it as a potential instrument of political change

Question: What crime did the British trainers believe Gaddafi was involved in?
Answer: the assassination of the military academy's commander in 1963

Question: What subject did Gaddafi study at the University of LIbya?
Answer: History

Question: Why did Gaddafi drop out of college?
Answer: to join the military

Question: What rationale did Gaddafi use for joining the military?
Answer: Gaddafi recognised it as a potential instrument of political change

Question: What country trained Libya's military?
Answer: the British military

Question: What crime was Gaddafi suspected of being involved in during his time in the military?
Answer: the assassination of the military academy's commander in 1963

Question: Where did Gaddafi attend college for a time?
Answer: University of Libya

Question: During his time in college, what did Gaddafi study?
Answer: History

Question: After Gaddafi left the University of Libya, what institution did he attend?
Answer: Royal Military Academy, Benghazi

Question: While the Libyan monarchy existed, who trained the Libyan army?
Answer: British

Question: What did Gaddafi regard his British instructors as?
Answer: imperialists
Muammar_Gaddafi

The Bovington signal course's director reported that Gaddafi successfully overcame problems learning English, displaying a firm command of voice procedure. Noting that Gaddafi's favourite hobbies were reading and playing football, he thought him an "amusing officer, always cheerful, hard-working, and conscientious." Gaddafi disliked England, claiming British Army officers racially insulted him and finding it difficult adjusting to the country's culture; asserting his Arab identity in London, he walked around Piccadilly wearing traditional Libyan robes. He later related that while he travelled to England believing it more advanced than Libya, he returned home "more confident and proud of our values, ideals and social character."

Question: How did Gaddafi view Libya when he returned from England?
Answer: he returned home "more confident and proud of our values, ideals and social character."

Question: How did the Bovington signal course director view Gaddafi?
Answer: he thought him an "amusing officer, always cheerful, hard-working, and conscientious."

Question: How did Gaddafi feel about the British officers?
Answer: claiming British Army officers racially insulted him

Question: When Gaddafi traveled to London, did he attempt to blend into the English culture?
Answer: finding it difficult adjusting to the country's culture; asserting his Arab identity in London, he walked around Piccadilly wearing traditional Libyan robes

Question: How did the Bovington sign course director think of Gaddafi?
Answer: an "amusing officer, always cheerful, hard-working, and conscientious."

Question: How did Gaddafi feel about the British Army officers?
Answer: Gaddafi disliked England, claiming British Army officers racially insulted him

Question: When Gaddafi went to England, how did he respond to their culture?
Answer: finding it difficult adjusting to the country's culture; asserting his Arab identity in London, he walked around Piccadilly wearing traditional Libyan robes

Question: When Gaddafi returned to Libya, how did he view his country?
Answer: while he travelled to England believing it more advanced than Libya, he returned home "more confident and proud of our values, ideals and social character."

Question: What were Gaddafi's favorite hobbies in the military?
Answer: reading and playing football

Question: Along with reading, how did Gaddafi enjoy spending his free time?
Answer: playing football

Question: In what part of London did Gaddafi wear traditional Arab garb?
Answer: Piccadilly

Question: What language did Gaddafi have difficulty learning?
Answer: English

Question: Where did Gaddafi's signal course take place?
Answer: Bovington

Question: What mistreatment did Gaddafi say that British soldiers subjected him to?
Answer: racially insulted him
Muammar_Gaddafi

Many teachers at Sabha were Egyptian, and for the first time Gaddafi had access to pan-Arab newspapers and radio broadcasts, most notably the Cairo-based Voice of the Arabs. Growing up, Gaddafi witnessed significant events rock the Arab world, including the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, the Egyptian Revolution of 1952, the Suez Crisis of 1956, and the short-lived existence of the United Arab Republic between 1958 and 1961. Gaddafi admired the political changes implemented in the Arab Republic of Egypt under his hero, President Gamal Abdel Nasser. Nasser argued for Arab nationalism; the rejection of Western colonialism, neo-colonialism, and Zionism; and a transition from capitalism to socialism. Nasser's book, Philosophy of the Revolution, was a key influence on Gaddafi; outlining how to initiate a coup, it has been described as "the inspiration and blueprint of [Gaddafi's] revolution."

Question: What changes impressed Gaddafi in Egypt?
Answer: President Gamal Abdel Nasser. Nasser argued for Arab nationalism; the rejection of Western colonialism, neo-colonialism, and Zionism

Question: What Egyptian leader impressed Gaddafi?
Answer: his hero, President Gamal Abdel Nasser

Question: What book instructed Gaddafi in how to stage a coup?
Answer: Nasser's book, Philosophy of the Revolution

Question: Name one event that occurred in the Arab world during Gaddafi 's childhood that influenced his life.
Answer: 1948 Arab–Israeli War, the Egyptian Revolution of 1952, the Suez Crisis of 1956, and the short-lived existence of the United Arab Republic between 1958 and 1961

Question: What political ideology did Nasser implement?
Answer: transition from capitalism to socialism

Question: What was the nationality of a significant number of teachers in Sabha?
Answer: Egyptian

Question: From what city did Voice of the Arabs broadcast?
Answer: Cairo

Question: What notable event occurred in 1952?
Answer: Egyptian Revolution

Question: When did the United Arab Republic end?
Answer: 1961

Question: What political leader did Gaddafi greatly admire?
Answer: Nasser
Muammar_Gaddafi

Idris' government was increasingly unpopular by the latter 1960s; it had exacerbated Libya's traditional regional and tribal divisions by centralising the country's federal system in order to take advantage of the country's oil wealth, while corruption and entrenched systems of patronage were widespread throughout the oil industry. Arab nationalism was increasingly popular, and protests flared up following Egypt's 1967 defeat in the Six-Day War with Israel; allied to the western powers, Idris' administration was seen as pro-Israeli. Anti-western riots broke out in Tripoli and Benghazi, while Libyan workers shut down oil terminals in solidarity with Egypt. By 1969, the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency was expecting segments of Libya's armed forces to launch a coup. Although claims have been made that they knew of Gaddafi's Free Officers Movement, they have since claimed ignorance, stating that they were monitoring Abdul Aziz Shalhi's Black Boots revolutionary group.

Question: What was happening to Idris' government in the 1960s?
Answer: Idris' government was increasingly unpopular by the latter 1960s

Question: What industry greatly impacted the downfall of Idris's government?
Answer: the oil industry

Question: What sort of problems did the oil industry experience in Libya?
Answer: corruption and entrenched systems of patronage were widespread throughout the oil industry

Question: What did the Libyan workers do to show their support of Egypt?
Answer: Libyan workers shut down oil terminals in solidarity with Egypt

Question: Did the CIA confirm knowledge of Gaddafi's upcoming coup?:
Answer: they have since claimed ignorance, stating that they were monitoring Abdul Aziz Shalhi's Black Boots revolutionary group.

Question: What country won the Six-Day War?
Answer: Israel

Question: In what cities did protests against westerners flare up in 1967?
Answer: Tripoli and Benghazi

Question: On what country's behalf were the 1967 protests taking place?
Answer: Egypt

Question: In what year did the CIA begin to expect a military coup in Libya?
Answer: 1969

Question: What revolutionary organization was led by Abdul Aziz Shalhi?
Answer: Black Boots
Muammar_Gaddafi

In mid-1969, Idris travelled abroad to spend the summer in Turkey and Greece. Gaddafi's Free Officers recognized this as their chance to overthrow the monarchy, initiating "Operation Jerusalem". On 1 September, they occupied airports, police depots, radio stations and government offices in Tripoli and Benghazi. Gaddafi took control of the Berka barracks in Benghazi, while Omar Meheisha occupied Tripoli barracks and Jalloud seized the city's anti-aircraft batteries. Khweldi Hameidi was sent to arrest crown prince Sayyid Hasan ar-Rida al-Mahdi as-Sanussi, and force him to relinquish his claim to the throne. They met no serious resistance, and wielded little violence against the monarchists.

Question: When Gaddafi staged his coup, did he need to use a great show of violence?
Answer: They met no serious resistance, and wielded little violence against the monarchists.

Question: When did Gaddafi decide to stage his coup?
Answer: In mid-1969, Idris travelled abroad to spend the summer in Turkey and Greece.

Question: What was Gaddafi's coup called?
Answer: Operation Jerusalem

Question: What did Gaddafi seize during the coup?
Answer: Gaddafi took control of the Berka barracks in Benghazi,

Question: What did Hameidi do during the coup?
Answer: Hameidi was sent to arrest crown prince Sayyid Hasan ar-Rida al-Mahdi as-Sanussi, and force him to relinquish his claim to the throne.

Question: What countries did Idris visit in the summer of 1969?
Answer: Turkey and Greece

Question: What was the code name for Gaddafi's coup against the monarchy?
Answer: Operation Jerusalem

Question: What leader's forces occupied the barracks in Tripoli?
Answer: Omar Meheisha

Question: Who arrested Sayyid Hasan ar-Rida al-Mahdi as-Sanussi?
Answer: Khweldi Hameidi

Question: What revolutionary leader took control of the anti-aircraft equipment in Tripoli?
Answer: Jalloud