Divyanshu67/squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
Hellenistic_period

The second Diadochi war began following the death of Antipater in 319 BC. Passing over his own son, Cassander, Antipater had declared Polyperchon his successor as Regent. Cassander rose in revolt against Polyperchon (who was joined by Eumenes) and was supported by Antigonus, Lysimachus and Ptolemy. In 317, Cassander invaded Macedonia, attaining control of Macedon, sentencing Olympias to death and capturing the boy king Alexander IV, and his mother. In Asia, Eumenes was betrayed by his own men after years of campaign and was given up to Antigonus who had him executed.

Question: When did Antipater die?
Answer: 319 BC

Question: Who did Antipater declar as his successor?
Answer: Polyperchon

Question: When did Cassander invade Macedonia?
Answer: 317

Question: Who ordered Eumenes' execution?
Answer: Antigonus

Question: Who sentenced Olympias to death?
Answer: Cassander
Hellenistic_period

The third war of the Diadochi broke out because of the growing power and ambition of Antigonus. He began removing and appointing satraps as if he were king and also raided the royal treasuries in Ectabana, Persepolis and Susa, making off with 25,000 talents. Seleucus was forced to flee to Egypt and Antigonus was soon at war with Ptolemy, Lysimachus, and Cassander. He then invaded Phoenicia, laid siege to Tyre, stormed Gaza and began building a fleet. Ptolemy invaded Syria and defeated Antigonus' son, Demetrius Poliorcetes, in the Battle of Gaza of 312 BC which allowed Seleucus to secure control of Babylonia, and the eastern satrapies. In 310, Cassander had young King Alexander IV and his mother Roxane murdered, ending the Argead Dynasty which had ruled Macedon for several centuries.

Question: How many talents did Diadochi steal from Ectabana, Persepolis and Susa?
Answer: 25,000

Question: Who defeated Demetrius Poliorcetes?
Answer: Ptolemy

Question: When was the Battle of Gaza?
Answer: 312 BC

Question: Who ordered the death of King Alexander IV?
Answer: Cassander

Question: What year did the Argead Dynasty end?
Answer: 310
Hellenistic_period

Antigonus then sent his son Demetrius to regain control of Greece. In 307 he took Athens, expelling Demetrius of Phaleron, Cassander's governor, and proclaiming the city free again. Demetrius now turned his attention to Ptolemy, defeating his fleet at the Battle of Salamis and taking control of Cyprus. In the aftermath of this victory, Antigonus took the title of king (basileus) and bestowed it on his son Demetrius Poliorcetes, the rest of the Diadochi soon followed suit. Demetrius continued his campaigns by laying siege to Rhodes and conquering most of Greece in 302, creating a league against Cassander's Macedon.

Question: Which son did Antigonus send to regain control of Greece?
Answer: Demetrius

Question: When did Demetrius take control of Athens?
Answer: 307

Question: Who bestowed the title of king to Demetrius Poliorcetes?
Answer: Antigonus

Question: What battle did Demetrius Poliorcetes defeat the fleet of Ptolemy?
Answer: Battle of Salamis

Question: What region was fought over in the Battle of Salamis?
Answer: Cyprus
Hellenistic_period

The decisive engagement of the war came when Lysimachus invaded and overran much of western Anatolia, but was soon isolated by Antigonus and Demetrius near Ipsus in Phrygia. Seleucus arrived in time to save Lysimachus and utterly crushed Antigonus at the Battle of Ipsus in 301 BCE. Seleucus' war elephants proved decisive, Antigonus was killed, and Demetrius fled back to Greece to attempt to preserve the remnants of his rule there by recapturing a rebellious Athens. Meanwhile, Lysimachus took over Ionia, Seleucus took Cilicia, and Ptolemy captured Cyprus.

Question: Who saved Lysimachus in Phrygia?
Answer: Seleucus

Question: Who lost in the Battle of Ipsus?
Answer: Antigonus

Question: When was the Battle of Ipsus?
Answer: 301 BCE

Question: After Antigonus was killed, what region did Seleucus take over?
Answer: Cilicia

Question: After Antigonus was killed, what region did Ptolemy take over?
Answer: Cyprus
Hellenistic_period

After Cassander's death in 298 BCE, however, Demetrius, who still maintained a sizable loyal army and fleet, invaded Macedon, seized the Macedonian throne (294) and conquered Thessaly and most of central Greece (293-291). He was defeated in 288 BC when Lysimachus of Thrace and Pyrrhus of Epirus invaded Macedon on two fronts, and quickly carved up the kingdom for themselves. Demetrius fled to central Greece with his mercenaries and began to build support there and in the northern Peloponnese. He once again laid siege to Athens after they turned on him, but then struck a treaty with the Athenians and Ptolemy, which allowed him to cross over to Asia minor and wage war on Lysimachus' holdings in Ionia, leaving his son Antigonus Gonatas in Greece. After initial successes, he was forced to surrender to Seleucus in 285 and later died in captivity. Lysimachus, who had seized Macedon and Thessaly for himself, was forced into war when Seleucus invaded his territories in Asia minor and was defeated and killed in 281 BCE at the Battle of Corupedium, near Sardis. Seleucus then attempted to conquer Lysimachus' European territories in Thrace and Macedon, but he was assassinated by Ptolemy Ceraunus ("the thunderbolt"), who had taken refuge at the Seleucid court and then had himself acclaimed as king of Macedon. Ptolemy was killed when Macedon was invaded by Gauls in 279, his head stuck on a spear and the country fell into anarchy. Antigonus II Gonatas invaded Thrace in the summer of 277 and defeated a large force of 18,000 Gauls. He was quickly hailed as king of Macedon and went on to rule for 35 years.

Question: When did Cassander die?
Answer: 298 BCE

Question: When did Demetrius seize the Macedonian throne?
Answer: 294

Question: Who captured Demetrius?
Answer: Seleucus

Question: What year was Seleucus killed?
Answer: 281 BCE

Question: At what battle was Seleucus killed ?
Answer: Battle of Corupedium
Hellenistic_period

During the Hellenistic period the importance of Greece proper within the Greek-speaking world declined sharply. The great centers of Hellenistic culture were Alexandria and Antioch, capitals of Ptolemaic Egypt and Seleucid Syria respectively. The conquests of Alexander greatly widened the horizons of the Greek world, making the endless conflicts between the cities which had marked the 5th and 4th centuries BC seem petty and unimportant. It led to a steady emigration, particularly of the young and ambitious, to the new Greek empires in the east. Many Greeks migrated to Alexandria, Antioch and the many other new Hellenistic cities founded in Alexander's wake, as far away as modern Afghanistan and Pakistan.

Question: What was the capital of the Ptolemaic Egypt?
Answer: Alexandria

Question: What was the capital of Seleucid Syria?
Answer: Antioch

Question: Alexander and Antioch were centers of what culture?
Answer: Hellenistic

Question: What leaders conquests widened the horizons of the Greek world?
Answer: Alexander

Question: What particular demographic emigrated to the new Greek empires?
Answer: young and ambitious
Hellenistic_period

Independent city states were unable to compete with Hellenistic kingdoms and were usually forced to ally themselves to one of them for defense, giving honors to Hellenistic rulers in return for protection. One example is Athens, which had been decisively defeated by Antipater in the Lamian war (323-322) and had its port in the Piraeus garrisoned by Macedonian troops who supported a conservative oligarchy. After Demetrius Poliorcetes captured Athens in 307 and restored the democracy, the Athenians honored him and his father Antigonus by placing gold statues of them on the agora and granting them the title of king. Athens later allied itself to Ptolemaic Egypt to throw off Macedonian rule, eventually setting up a religious cult for the Ptolemaic kings and naming one of the city phyles in honor of Ptolemy for his aid against Macedon. In spite of the Ptolemaic monies and fleets backing their endeavors, Athens and Sparta were defeated by Antigonus II during the Chremonidean War (267-61). Athens was then occupied by Macedonian troops, and run by Macedonian officials.

Question: When was the Lamian war?
Answer: 323-322

Question: When did Demetrius Poliorcetes capture Athens?
Answer: 307

Question: Who was Demetrius Poliorcetes' father?
Answer: Antigonus

Question: Athens allied with what region to eliminate Macedonian rule?
Answer: Ptolemaic Egypt

Question: When was the Chremonidean War?
Answer: 267-61
Hellenistic_period

Sparta remained independent, but it was no longer the leading military power in the Peloponnese. The Spartan king Cleomenes III (235–222 BCE) staged a military coup against the conservative ephors and pushed through radical social and land reforms in order to increase the size of the shrinking Spartan citizenry able to provide military service and restore Spartan power. Sparta's bid for supremacy was crushed at the Battle of Sellasia (222) by the Achaean league and Macedon, who restored the power of the ephors.

Question: What years did Cleomenes III rule?
Answer: 235–222 BCE

Question: In 222 BCE, Sparta lost what Battle?
Answer: Battle of Sellasia

Question: Who was defeated at the Battle of Sellasia?
Answer: Sparta

Question: What was Sparta's afilliation in the Peloponnese?
Answer: independent
Hellenistic_period

Other city states formed federated states in self-defense, such as the Aetolian League (est. 370 BCE), the Achaean League (est. 280 BCE), the Boeotian league, the "Northern League" (Byzantium, Chalcedon, Heraclea Pontica and Tium) and the "Nesiotic League" of the Cyclades. These federations involved a central government which controlled foreign policy and military affairs, while leaving most of the local governing to the city states, a system termed sympoliteia. In states such as the Achaean league, this also involved the admission of other ethnic groups into the federation with equal rights, in this case, non-Achaeans. The Achean league was able to drive out the Macedonians from the Peloponnese and free Corinth, which duly joined the league.

Question: When was the Aetolian League formed?
Answer: 370 BCE

Question: When was the Achaean League formed?
Answer: 280 BCE

Question: Byzantium, Chalcedon, Heraclea Pontica and Tium formed what league?
Answer: Northern League

Question: What system delegates military and foreign affairs to the central government and local affairs to the city states?
Answer: sympoliteia

Question: What league freed Corinth?
Answer: Achean
Hellenistic_period

One of the few city states who managed to maintain full independence from the control of any Hellenistic kingdom was Rhodes. With a skilled navy to protect its trade fleets from pirates and an ideal strategic position covering the routes from the east into the Aegean, Rhodes prospered during the Hellenistic period. It became a center of culture and commerce, its coins were widely circulated and its philosophical schools became one of the best in the mediterranean. After holding out for one year under siege by Demetrius Poliorcetes (304-305 BCE), the Rhodians built the Colossus of Rhodes to commemorate their victory. They retained their independence by the maintenance of a powerful navy, by maintaining a carefully neutral posture and acting to preserve the balance of power between the major Hellenistic kingdoms.

Question: What did Rhodians build to commemorate their victory over Demetrius Poliorcetes?
Answer: Colossus of Rhodes

Question: What period did Rhodes prosper?
Answer: Hellenistic

Question: What military force helped Rhodes maintain their independence?
Answer: navy

Question: What years were Rhodes under attack by Demetrius Poliorcetes?
Answer: 304-305 BCE
Hellenistic_period

Antigonus II, a student of Zeno of Citium, spent most of his rule defending Macedon against Epirus and cementing Macedonian power in Greece, first against the Athenians in the Chremonidean War, and then against the Achaean League of Aratus of Sicyon. Under the Antigonids, Macedonia was often short on funds, the Pangaeum mines were no longer as productive as under Philip II, the wealth from Alexander's campaigns had been used up and the countryside pillaged by the Gallic invasion. A large number of the Macedonian population had also been resettled abroad by Alexander or had chosen to emigrate to the new eastern Greek cities. Up to two thirds of the population emigrated, and the Macedonian army could only count on a levy of 25,000 men, a significantly smaller force than under Philip II.

Question: What war did Antigonus II fight Athenians?
Answer: Chremonidean War

Question: What mines decreased in production under the Antigonids?
Answer: Pangaeum

Question: How large was the Macedonian army under the Antigonids?
Answer: 25,000 men

Question: Who taught Antigonus II?
Answer: Zeno of Citium

Question: Who did Antigonus II defend against?
Answer: Epirus
Hellenistic_period

Philip V, who came to power when Doson died in 221 BC, was the last Macedonian ruler with both the talent and the opportunity to unite Greece and preserve its independence against the "cloud rising in the west": the ever-increasing power of Rome. He was known as "the darling of Hellas". Under his auspices the Peace of Naupactus (217 BC) brought the latest war between Macedon and the Greek leagues (the social war 220-217) to an end, and at this time he controlled all of Greece except Athens, Rhodes and Pergamum.

Question: When did Doson die?
Answer: 221 BC

Question: Who took control when Doson died?
Answer: Philip V

Question: Which ruler had the last, best chance of uniting Greece?
Answer: Philip V

Question: What was Philip V known as?
Answer: the darling of Hellas

Question: When was the Peace of Naupactus?
Answer: 217 BC
Hellenistic_period

In 215 BC Philip, with his eye on Illyria, formed an alliance with Rome's enemy Hannibal of Carthage, which led to Roman alliances with the Achaean League, Rhodes and Pergamum. The First Macedonian War broke out in 212 BC, and ended inconclusively in 205 BC. Philip continued to wage war against Pergamon and Rhodes for control of the Aegean (204-200 BCE) and ignored Roman demands for non-intervention in Greece by invading Attica. In 198 BC, during the Second Macedonian War Philip was decisively defeated at Cynoscephalae by the Roman proconsul Titus Quinctius Flamininus and Macedon lost all its territories in Greece proper. Greece was now thoroughly brought into the Roman sphere of influence, though it retained nominal autonomy. The end of Antigonid Macedon came when Philip V's son, Perseus, was defeated and captured by the Romans in the Third Macedonian War (171–168 BCE).

Question: When did Philip form and alliance with Hannibal of Carthage?
Answer: 215 BC

Question: When did the First Macedonian War begin?
Answer: 212 BC

Question: When did the First Macedonian War end?
Answer: 205 BC

Question: How did the First Macedonian War end?
Answer: inconclusively

Question: Who defeated Philip?
Answer: Titus Quinctius Flamininus
Hellenistic_period

The Odrysian Kingdom was a union of Thracian tribes under the kings of the powerful Odrysian tribe centered around the region of Thrace. Various parts of Thrace were under Macedonian rule under Philip II of Macedon, Alexander the Great, Lysimachus, Ptolemy II, and Philip V but were also often ruled by their own kings. The Thracians and Agrianes were widely used by Alexander as peltasts and light cavalry, forming about one fifth of his army. The Diadochi also used Thracian mercenaries in their armies and they were also used as colonists. The Odrysians used Greek as the language of administration and of the nobility. The nobility also adopted Greek fashions in dress, ornament and military equipment, spreading it to the other tribes. Thracian kings were among the first to be Hellenized.

Question: What region was the center of the Odrysian Kingdom?
Answer: Thrace

Question: Who used Thracians and Agrianes as light cavalry?
Answer: Alexander

Question: What fraction of Alexander's army was made up of Thracians and Agrianes?
Answer: one fifth

Question: What language was spoken by the Odrysians?
Answer: Greek

Question: Which kings wre among the first to be Hellenized?
Answer: Thracian
Hellenistic_period

Southern Italy (Magna Graecia) and south-eastern Sicily had been colonized by the Greeks during the 8th century. In 4th century Sicily the leading Greek city and hegemon was Syracuse. During the Hellenistic period the leading figure in Sicily was Agathocles of Syracuse (361 – 289 BCE) who seized the city with an army of mercenaries in 317 BCE. Agathocles extended his power throughout most of the Greek cities in Sicily, fought a long war with the Carthaginians, at one point invading Tunisia in 310 and defeating a Carthaginian army there. This was the first time a European force had invaded the region. After this war he controlled most of south-east Sicily and had himself proclaimed king, in imitation of the Hellenistic monarchs of the east. Agathocles then invaded Italy (c. 300 BCE) in defense of Tarentum against the Bruttians and Romans, but was unsuccessful.

Question: What was Southern Italy refered to as?
Answer: Magna Graecia

Question: Southern Italy and south-eastern Sicily were colonized by the Greeks in what century?
Answer: 8th

Question: Who was the leading figure in Sicily during the Hellenistic period?
Answer: Agathocles of Syracuse

Question: In 310 Agathocles invaded Tunisia and defeated what army?
Answer: Carthaginian

Question: In defense of Tarentum, when did Agathocles attack Italy?
Answer: 300 BCE
Hellenistic_period

Greeks in pre-Roman Gaul were mostly limited to the Mediterranean coast of Provence. The first Greek colony in the region was Massalia, which became one of the largest trading ports of Mediterranean by the 4th century BCE with 6,000 inhabitants. Massalia was also the local hegemon, controlling various coastal Greek cities like Nice and Agde. The coins minted in Massalia have been found in all parts of Ligurian-Celtic Gaul. Celtic coinage was influenced by Greek designs, and Greek letters can be found on various Celtic coins, especially those of Southern France. Traders from Massalia ventured inland deep into France on the Rivers Durance and Rhône, and established overland trade routes deep into Gaul, and to Switzerland and Burgundy. The Hellenistic period saw the Greek alphabet spread into southern Gaul from Massalia (3rd and 2nd centuries BCE) and according to Strabo, Massalia was also a center of education, where Celts went to learn Greek. A staunch ally of Rome, Massalia retained its independence until it sided with Pompey in 49 BCE and was then taken by Caesar's forces.

Question: What was the first Greek colony in the Mediterranean?
Answer: Massalia

Question: How many inhabitants were in Massalia?
Answer: 6,000

Question: Who controlled Nice and Agde?
Answer: Massalia

Question: Massalia was the center of education according to whom?
Answer: Strabo

Question: When did Massalia side with Pompey?
Answer: 49 BCE
Hellenistic_period

The Hellenistic states of Asia and Egypt were run by an occupying imperial elite of Greco-Macedonian administrators and governors propped up by a standing army of mercenaries and a small core of Greco-Macedonian settlers. Promotion of immigration from Greece was important in the establishment of this system. Hellenistic monarchs ran their kingdoms as royal estates and most of the heavy tax revenues went into the military and paramilitary forces which preserved their rule from any kind of revolution. Macedonian and Hellenistic monarchs were expected to lead their armies on the field, along with a group of privileged aristocratic companions or friends (hetairoi, philoi) which dined and drank with the king and acted as his advisory council. Another role that was expected the monarch fill was that of charitable patron of his people, this public philanthropy could mean building projects and handing out gifts but also promotion of Greek culture and religion.

Question: Who ran the Hellenistic states of Asia and Egypt?
Answer: Greco-Macedonian administrators and governors

Question: Where did Hellenistic monarchs put most of the tax revenues?
Answer: military and paramilitary forces

Question: Who handed out gifts in the promotion of Greek culture and religion?
Answer: the monarch

Question: What type of estates did Hellenistic monarchs run their kingdoms?
Answer: royal estates

Question: Who were the small core in the Hellenistic states of Asia and Egypt?
Answer: Greco-Macedonian settlers
Hellenistic_period

Ptolemy, a somatophylax, one of the seven bodyguards who served as Alexander the Great's generals and deputies, was appointed satrap of Egypt after Alexander's death in 323 BC. In 305 BC, he declared himself King Ptolemy I, later known as "Soter" (saviour) for his role in helping the Rhodians during the siege of Rhodes. Ptolemy built new cities such as Ptolemais Hermiou in upper Egypt and settled his veterans throughout the country, especially in the region of the Faiyum. Alexandria, a major center of Greek culture and trade, became his capital city. As Egypt's first port city, it was the main grain exporter in the Mediterranean.

Question: Who was appointed satrap of Egypt after Alexander's death?
Answer: Ptolemy

Question: When did Alexander die and Ptolemy assume his position?
Answer: 323 BC

Question: When did Ptolemy declare himself King Ptolemy I?
Answer: 305 BC

Question: What nickname did Rhodians give Ptolemy?
Answer: Soter

Question: Where did Ptolemy settle his most of his veterans?
Answer: Faiyum
Hellenistic_period

The Egyptians begrudgingly accepted the Ptolemies as the successors to the pharaohs of independent Egypt, though the kingdom went through several native revolts. The Ptolemies took on the traditions of the Egyptian Pharaohs, such as marrying their siblings (Ptolemy II was the first to adopt this custom), having themselves portrayed on public monuments in Egyptian style and dress, and participating in Egyptian religious life. The Ptolemaic ruler cult portrayed the Ptolemies as gods, and temples to the Ptolemies were erected throughout the kingdom. Ptolemy I even created a new god, Serapis, who was combination of two Egyptian gods: Apis and Osiris, with attributes of Greek gods. Ptolemaic administration was, like the Ancient Egyptian bureaucracy, highly centralized and focused on squeezing as much revenue out of the population as possible though tariffs, excise duties, fines, taxes and so forth. A whole class of petty officials, tax farmers, clerks and overseers made this possible. The Egyptian countryside was directly administered by this royal bureaucracy. External possessions such as Cyprus and Cyrene were run by strategoi, military commanders appointed by the crown.

Question: Whose tradition did Ptolemy take on as leader of Egypt?
Answer: Egyptian Pharaohs

Question: What god did Ptolemy I create?
Answer: Serapis

Question: Cyprus and Cyrene were run by whom?
Answer: strategoi

Question: By using a central government that taxes heavily, Ptolemy ran his country akin to which bureaucracy?
Answer: Ancient Egyptian

Question: Apis and Osiris combined to make which god?
Answer: Serapis
Hellenistic_period

Under Ptolemy II, Callimachus, Apollonius of Rhodes, Theocritus and a host of other poets made the city a center of Hellenistic literature. Ptolemy himself was eager to patronise the library, scientific research and individual scholars who lived on the grounds of the library. He and his successors also fought a series of wars with the Seleucids, known as the Syrian wars, over the region of Coele-Syria. Ptolemy IV won the great battle of Raphia (217 BCE) against the Seleucids, using native Egyptians trained as phalangites. However these Egyptian soldiers revolted, eventually setting up a native breakaway Egyptian state in the Thebaid between 205-186/5 BCE, severely weakening the Ptolemaic state.

Question: The Syrian was were fought between Ptolemy II and whom?
Answer: the Seleucids

Question: What region was fought for during the Syrian wars?
Answer: Coele-Syria

Question: Who won the great battle of Raphia?
Answer: Ptolemy IV

Question: When was the great battle of Raphia?
Answer: 217 BCE

Question: Who did Ptolemy IV defeat in the great battle of Raphia?
Answer: Seleucids
Hellenistic_period

Ptolemy's family ruled Egypt until the Roman conquest of 30 BC. All the male rulers of the dynasty took the name Ptolemy. Ptolemaic queens, some of whom were the sisters of their husbands, were usually called Cleopatra, Arsinoe or Berenice. The most famous member of the line was the last queen, Cleopatra VII, known for her role in the Roman political battles between Julius Caesar and Pompey, and later between Octavian and Mark Antony. Her suicide at the conquest by Rome marked the end of Ptolemaic rule in Egypt though Hellenistic culture continued to thrive in Egypt throughout the Roman and Byzantine periods until the Muslim conquest.

Question: Till what year did Ptolemy's family rule Egypt?
Answer: 30 BC

Question: All the male rulers of Egypt took what name during the Ptolemy dynasty?
Answer: Ptolemy

Question: Cleopatra, Arsinoe or Berenice were common names for whom?
Answer: Ptolemaic queens

Question: Who was the last and most famous queen of the Ptolemy dynasty?
Answer: Cleopatra VII

Question: How did Cleoptra die?
Answer: suicide
Hellenistic_period

The vast Seleucid Empire was, like Egypt, mostly dominated by a Greco-Macedonian political elite. The Greek population of the cities who formed the dominant elite were reinforced by emigration from Greece. These cities included newly founded colonies such as Antioch, the other cities of the Syrian tetrapolis, Seleucia (north of Babylon) and Dura-Europos on the Euphrates. These cities retained traditional Greek city state institutions such as assemblies, councils and elected magistrates, but this was a facade for they were always controlled by the royal Seleucid officials. Apart from these cities, there were also a large number of Seleucid garrisons (choria), military colonies (katoikiai) and Greek villages (komai) which the Seleucids planted throughout the empire to cement their rule. This 'Greco-Macedonian' population (which also included the sons of settlers who had married local women) could make up a phalanx of 35,000 men (out of a total Seleucid army of 80,000) during the reign of Antiochos III. The rest of the army was made up of native troops. Antiochus III the great conducted several vigorous campaigns to retake all the lost provinces of the empire since the death of Seleucus I. After being defeated by Ptolemy IV's forces at Raphia (217), Antiochus III led a long campaign to the east to subdue the far eastern breakaway provinces (212-205) including Bactria, Parthia, Ariana, Sogdiana, Gedrosia and Drangiana. He was successful, bringing back most of these provinces into at least nominal vassalage and receiving tribute from their rulers. After the death of Ptolemy IV (204), Antiochus took advantage of the weakness of Egypt to conquer Coele-Syria in the fifth Syrian war (202-195). He then began expanding his influence into Pergamene territory in Asia and crossed into Europe, fortifying Lysimachia on the hellespont, but his expansion into Anatolia and Greece was abruptly halted after a decisive defeat at the Battle of Magnesia (190 BCE). In the Treaty of Apamea which ended the war, Antiochus lost all of his territories in Anatolia west of the Taurus and was forced to pay a large indemnity of 15,000 talents.

Question: The Seleucid Empire was mostly dominated by whom?
Answer: Greco-Macedonian political elite

Question: What are Seleucid garrisons called?
Answer: choria

Question: What are Seleucid military colonies called?
Answer: katoikiai

Question: Who defeated Antiochus III at Raphia?
Answer: Ptolemy IV

Question: What year did Ptolemy IV die?
Answer: 204
Hellenistic_period

After the death of Lysimachus, one of his officers, Philetaerus, took control of the city of Pergamum in 282 BC along with Lysimachus' war chest of 9,000 talents and declared himself loyal to Seleucus I while remaining de facto independent. His descendant, Attalus I, defeated the invading Galatians and proclaimed himself an independent king. Attalus I (241–197BC), was a staunch ally of Rome against Philip V of Macedon during the first and second Macedonian Wars. For his support against the Seleucids in 190 BCE, Eumenes II was rewarded with all the former Seleucid domains in Asia Minor. Eumenes II turned Pergamon into a centre of culture and science by establishing the library of Pergamum which was said to be second only to the library of Alexandria with 200,000 volumes according to Plutarch. It included a reading room and a collection of paintings. Eumenes II also constructed the Pergamum Altar with friezes depicting the Gigantomachy on the acropolis of the city. Pergamum was also a center of parchment (charta pergamena) production. The Attalids ruled Pergamon until Attalus III bequeathed the kingdom to the Roman Republic in 133 BC to avoid a likely succession crisis.

Question: Which officer took control of Pergamum in 282 BC?
Answer: Philetaerus

Question: Who did Philetaerus declare himself loyal to?
Answer: Seleucus I

Question: Attalus I was a strong ally of Rome and which ruler?
Answer: Philip V of Macedon

Question: Where was the library of Pergamum located?
Answer: Pergamon

Question: What depicts the Gigantomachy on the acropolis of the city?
Answer: Pergamum Altar
Hellenistic_period

The Celts who settled in Galatia came through Thrace under the leadership of Leotarios and Leonnorios circa 270 BC. They were defeated by Seleucus I in the 'battle of the Elephants', but were still able to establish a Celtic territory in central Anatolia. The Galatians were well respected as warriors and were widely used as mercenaries in the armies of the successor states. They continued to attack neighboring kingdoms such as Bithynia and Pergamon, plundering and extracting tribute. This came to an end when they sided with the renegade Seleucid prince Antiochus Hierax who tried to defeat Attalus, the ruler of Pergamon (241–197 BC). Attalus severely defeated the Gauls, forcing them to confine themselves to Galatia. The theme of the Dying Gaul (a famous statue displayed in Pergamon) remained a favorite in Hellenistic art for a generation signifying the victory of the Greeks over a noble enemy. In the early 2nd century BC, the Galatians became allies of Antiochus the Great, the last Seleucid king trying to regain suzerainty over Asia Minor. In 189 BC, Rome sent Gnaeus Manlius Vulso on an expedition against the Galatians. Galatia was henceforth dominated by Rome through regional rulers from 189 BC onward.

Question: Where did the Celts who settled in Galatia pass through?
Answer: Thrace

Question: What battle did the Celts lose to Seleucus I?
Answer: battle of the Elephants

Question: What famous statue signified the victory of the Greeks over a worthy enemy?
Answer: Dying Gaul

Question: What century did the Galatians become allies of Antiochus the Great?
Answer: 2nd century BC

Question: Who sent Gnaeus Manlius Vulso on an expedition against the Galatians?
Answer: Rome
Hellenistic_period

The Bithynians were a Thracian people living in northwest Anatolia. After Alexander's conquests the region of Bithynia came under the rule of the native king Bas, who defeated Calas, a general of Alexander the Great, and maintained the independence of Bithynia. His son, Zipoetes I of Bithynia maintained this autonomy against Lysimachus and Seleucus I, and assumed the title of king (basileus) in 297 BCE. His son and successor, Nicomedes I, founded Nicomedia, which soon rose to great prosperity, and during his long reign (c. 278 – c. 255 BCE), as well as those of his successors, the kingdom of Bithynia held a considerable place among the minor monarchies of Anatolia. Nicomedes also invited the Celtic Galatians into Anatolia as mercenaries, and they later turned on his son Prusias I, who defeated them in battle. Their last king, Nicomedes IV, was unable to maintain himself against Mithridates VI of Pontus, and, after being restored to his throne by the Roman Senate, he bequeathed his kingdom by will to the Roman republic (74 BCE).

Question: Who were a Thracian people living in northwest Anatolia?
Answer: The Bithynians

Question: King Bas defeated which general of Alexander?
Answer: Calas

Question: Who assumed the title of king from Bas?
Answer: Zipoetes I

Question: When did Zipoetes I assume the role of king?
Answer: 297 BCE

Question: Who founded Nicomedia?
Answer: Nicomedes I
Hellenistic_period

In 255 B.C., Ariarathes III took the title of king and married Stratonice, a daughter of Antiochus II, remaining an ally of the Seleucid kingdom. Under Ariarathes IV, Cappadocia came into relations with Rome, first as a foe espousing the cause of Antiochus the Great, then as an ally against Perseus of Macedon and finally in a war against the Seleucids. Ariarathes V also waged war with Rome against Aristonicus, a claimant to the throne of Pergamon, and their forces were annihilated in 130 BCE. This defeat allowed Pontus to invade and conquer the kingdom.

Question: Who married Stratonice?
Answer: Ariarathes III

Question: When did Stratonice marry Ariarathes III?
Answer: 255 B.C.

Question: Who was Stratonice's father?
Answer: Antiochus II

Question: Cappadocia began it's realtionship with Rome under whom?
Answer: Ariarathes IV

Question: What year was Ariarathes V defeated?
Answer: 130 BCE
Hellenistic_period

The Kingdom of Pontus was a Hellenistic kingdom on the southern coast of the Black Sea. It was founded by Mithridates I in 291 BC and lasted until its conquest by the Roman Republic in 63 BC. Despite being ruled by a dynasty which was a descendant of the Persian Achaemenid Empire it became hellenized due to the influence of the Greek cities on the Black Sea and its neighboring kingdoms. Pontic culture was a mix of Greek and Iranian elements, the most hellenized parts of the kingdom were on the coast, populated by Greek colonies such as Trapezus and Sinope, which became the capital of the kingdom. Epigraphic evidence also shows extensive Hellenistic influence in the interior. During the reign of Mithridates II, Pontus was allied with the Seleucids through dynastic marriages. By the time of Mithridates VI Eupator, Greek was the official language of the kingdom though Anatolian languages continued to be spoken.

Question: What kingdom was Hellenistic and on the southern coast of the Black Sea?
Answer: Pontus

Question: Who founded the Kingdom of Pontus?
Answer: Mithridates I

Question: When was the Kingdom of Pontus founded?
Answer: 291 BC

Question: When was the Kingdom of Pontus taken over by the Roman Republic?
Answer: 63 BC

Question: What was the official language of the Kingdom of Pontus during the reign of Mithridates VI Eupator?
Answer: Greek
Hellenistic_period

The kingdom grew to its largest extent under Mithridates VI, who conquered Colchis, Cappadocia, Paphlagonia, Bithynia, Lesser Armenia, the Bosporan Kingdom, the Greek colonies of the Tauric Chersonesos and for a brief time the Roman province of Asia. Mithridates VI, himself of mixed Persian and Greek ancestry, presented himself as the protector of the Greeks against the 'barbarians' of Rome styling himself as "King Mithridates Eupator Dionysus." and as the "great liberator". Mithridates also depicted himself with the anastole hairstyle of Alexander and used the symbolism of Herakles whom the Macedonian kings claimed descend from. After a long struggle with Rome in the Mithridatic wars, Pontus was defeated, part of it was incorporated into the Roman Republic as the province Bithynia and Pontus and the eastern half survived as a client kingdom.

Question: Who ruled when the Kingdom of Pontus' was at it's biggest?
Answer: Mithridates VI

Question: Who called themselves King Mithridates Eupator Dionysus?
Answer: Mithridates VI

Question: What hairstyle did Mithridates IV copy from Alexander?
Answer: anastole

Question: Who did the Macedoniankings claim Mithridates IV descended from?
Answer: Herakles

Question: Pontus was defeated in what wars?
Answer: Mithridatic
Hellenistic_period

Orontid Armenia formally passed to empire of Alexander the Great following his conquest of Persia. Alexander appointed an Orontid named Mithranes to govern Armenia. Armenia later became a vassal state of the Seleucid Empire, but it maintained a considerable degree of autonomy, retaining its native rulers. Towards the end 212 BC the country was divided into two kingdoms, Greater Armenia and Armenia Sophene including Commagene or Armenia Minor. The kingdoms became so independent from Seleucid control that Antiochus III the Great waged war on them during his reign and replaced their rulers.

Question: Orontid Armenia was given to Alexander the Great after he took control of what area?
Answer: Persia

Question: Who did Alexander apoint to govern Armenia?
Answer: Mithranes

Question: Armenia became a vassal state of what Empire?
Answer: Seleucid

Question: What year did Armenia split into Greater Armenia and Armenia Sophene?
Answer: 212 BC

Question: Who attacked Armenia when they became too distant from Seleucid rule?
Answer: Antiochus III the Great
Hellenistic_period

After the Seleucid defeat at the Battle of Magnesia in 190 BC, the kings of Sophene and Greater Armenia revolted and declared their independence, with Artaxias becoming the first king of the Artaxiad dynasty of Armenia in 188. During the reign of the Artaxiads, Armenia went through a period of hellenization. Numismatic evidence shows Greek artistic styles and the use of the Greek language. Some coins describe the Armenian kings as "Philhellenes". During the reign of Tigranes the Great (95–55 BC), the kingdom of Armenia reached its greatest extent, containing many Greek cities including the entire Syrian tetrapolis. Cleopatra, the wife of Tigranes the Great, invited Greeks such as the rhetor Amphicrates and the historian Metrodorus of Scepsis to the Armenian court, and - according to Plutarch - when the Roman general Lucullus seized the Armenian capital Tigranocerta, he found a troupe of Greek actors who had arrived to perform plays for Tigranes. Tigranes' successor Artavasdes II even composed Greek tragedies himself.

Question: When did the Seleucid defeat the Battle of Magnesia?
Answer: 190 BC

Question: Who was the first king of Artaxiad dynasty of Armenia?
Answer: Artaxias

Question: Artaxian coins called some Armenian kings what?
Answer: Philhellenes

Question: What years did Tigranes the Great reign?
Answer: 95–55 BC

Question: Which Tigranes successor composed Greek tragedies?
Answer: Artavasdes II
Hellenistic_period

Parthia was a north-eastern Iranian satrapy of the Achaemenid empire which later passed on to Alexander's empire. Under the Seleucids, Parthia was governed by various Greek satraps such as Nicanor and Philip (satrap). In 247 BC, following the death of Antiochus II Theos, Andragoras, the Seleucid governor of Parthia, proclaimed his independence and began minting coins showing himself wearing a royal diadem and claiming kingship. He ruled until 238 BCE when Arsaces, the leader of the Parni tribe conquered Parthia, killing Andragoras and inaugurating the Arsacid Dynasty. Antiochus III recaptured Arsacid controlled territory in 209 BC from Arsaces II. Arsaces II sued for peace became a vassal of the Seleucids and it was not until the reign of Phraates I (168–165 BCE), that the Arsacids would again begin to assert their independence.

Question: When did Andragoras proclaim his independence?
Answer: 247 BC

Question: When did Andragoras' reign end?
Answer: 238 BCE

Question: Who killed Andragoras?
Answer: Arsaces

Question: What tribe was Arsaces the leader of?
Answer: Parni

Question: When did Antiochus III regain territory from Arsaces II?
Answer: 209 BC
Hellenistic_period

During the reign of Mithridates I of Parthia, Arsacid control expanded to include Herat (in 167 BC), Babylonia (in 144 BC), Media (in 141 BC), Persia (in 139 BC), and large parts of Syria (in the 110s BC). The Seleucid–Parthian wars continued as the Seleucids invaded Mesopotamia under Antiochus VII Sidetes (r. 138–129 BC), but he was eventually killed by a Parthian counterattack. After the fall of the Seleucid dynasty, the Parthians fought frequently against neighbouring Rome in the Roman–Parthian Wars (66 BC – 217 AD). Abundant traces of Hellenism continued under the Parthian empire. The Parthians used Greek as well as their own Parthian language (though lesser than Greek) as languages of administration and also used Greek drachmas as coinage. They enjoyed Greek theater and Greek art influenced Parthian art. The Parthians continued worhipping Greek gods syncretized together with Iranian deities. Their rulers established ruler cults in the manner of Hellenistic kings and often used Hellenistic royal epithets.

Question: The Seleucids invaded Mesopotamia under whose guidance?
Answer: Antiochus VII Sidetes

Question: Who was Antiochus VII Sidetes killed by which army?
Answer: Parthian

Question: What years were the Roman–Parthian Wars?
Answer: 66 BC – 217 AD

Question: What was the currency in the Parthian Empire?
Answer: Greek drachmas

Question: The Parthian Empire worshipped Greek Gods and what other cultures deities?
Answer: Iranian
Hellenistic_period

The Nabatean Kingdom was an Arab state located between the Sinai Peninsula and the Arabian Peninsula. Its capital was the city of Petra, an important trading city on the incense route. The Nabateans resisted the attacks of Antigonous and were allies of the Hasmoneans in their struggle against the Seleucids, but later fought against Herod the great. The hellenization of the Nabateans accured relatively late in comparison to the surrounding regions. Nabatean material culture does not show any Greek influence until the reign of Aretas III Philhellene in the 1st century BCE. Aretas captured Damascus and built the Petra pool complex and gardens in the Hellenistic style. Though the Nabateans originally worshipped their traditional gods in symbolic form such as stone blocks or pillars, during the Hellenistic period they began to identify their gods with Greek gods and depict them in figurative forms influenced by Greek sculpture. Nabatean art shows Greek influences and paintings have been found depicting Dionysian scenes. They also slowly adopted Greek as a language of commerce along with Aramaic and Arabic.

Question: What Arab State lied between the Sinai Peninsula and the Arabian Peninsula?
Answer: Nabatean Kingdom

Question: What was the capital of the Nabatean Kingdom?
Answer: Petra

Question: Who allied with the Nabatean Kingdom to fight against the Seleucids?
Answer: Hasmoneans

Question: Under whose reign did Nabatean culture begin to show Greek influence?
Answer: Aretas III Philhellene

Question: What century did Aretas III Philhellene reign?
Answer: 1st
Hellenistic_period

During the Hellenistic period, Judea became a frontier region between the Seleucid Empire and Ptolemaic Egypt and therefore was often the frontline of the Syrian wars, changing hands several times during these conflicts. Under the Hellenistic kingdoms, Judea was ruled by the hereditary office of the High Priest of Israel as a Hellenistic vassal. This period also saw the rise of a Hellenistic Judaism, which first developed in the Jewish diaspora of Alexandria and Antioch, and then spread to Judea. The major literary product of this cultural syncretism is the Septuagint translation of the Hebrew Bible from Biblical Hebrew and Biblical Aramaic to Koiné Greek. The reason for the production of this translation seems to be that many of the Alexandrian Jews had lost the ability to speak Hebrew and Aramaic.

Question: What are was in between the Seleucid Empire and Ptolemaic Egypt during Hellenistic times?
Answer: Judea

Question: Judea was ruled by whom during the Hellenistic period?
Answer: High Priest of Israel

Question: What religion rose in Judea durring the Hellenistic period?
Answer: Judaism

Question: Hellenistic Judaism was developed in Alexandria and what other region?
Answer: Antioch
Hellenistic_period

Between 301 and 219 BCE the Ptolemies ruled Judea in relative peace, and Jews often found themselves working in the Ptolemaic administration and army, which led to the rise of a Hellenized Jewish elite class (e.g. the Tobiads). The wars of Antiochus III brought the region into the Seleucid empire; Jerusalem fell to his control in 198 and the Temple was repaired and provided with money and tribute. Antiochus IV Epiphanes sacked Jerusalem and looted the Temple in 169 BCE after disturbances in Judea during his abortive invasion of Egypt. Antiochus then banned key Jewish religious rites and traditions in Judea. He may have been attempting to Hellenize the region and unify his empire and the Jewish resistance to this eventually led to an escalation of violence. Whatever the case, tensions between pro and anti-Seleucid Jewish factions led to the 174–135 BCE Maccabean Revolt of Judas Maccabeus (whose victory is celebrated in the Jewish festival of Hanukkah).

Question: What was the Jewish elite class called?
Answer: the Tobiads

Question: Judea was brought into the Seleucid empire by which leader?
Answer: Antiochus III

Question: When did Jerusalem fall to Antiochus III?
Answer: 198

Question: What victorious uprising is celebrated in the Jewish festival Hanukkah?
Answer: Maccabean Revolt of Judas Maccabeus

Question: What years were the Maccabean Revolt of Judas Maccabeus?
Answer: 174–135 BCE
Hellenistic_period

Modern interpretations see this period as a civil war between Hellenized and orthodox forms of Judaism. Out of this revolt was formed an independent Jewish kingdom known as the Hasmonaean Dynasty, which lasted from 165 BCE to 63 BCE. The Hasmonean Dynasty eventually disintegrated in a civil war, which coincided with civil wars in Rome. The last Hasmonean ruler, Antigonus II Mattathias, was captured by Herod and executed in 37 BCE. In spite of originally being a revolt against Greek overlordship, the Hasmonean kingdom and also the Herodian kingdom which followed gradually became more and more hellenized. From 37 BCE to 6 CE, the Herodian dynasty, Jewish-Roman client kings, ruled Judea. Herod the Great considerably enlarged the Temple (see Herod's Temple), making it one of the largest religious structures in the world. The style of the enlarged temple and other Herodian architecture shows significant Hellenistic architectural influence.

Question: What independent kingdom was formed out of the Maccabean Revolt of Judas Maccabeus?
Answer: Hasmonaean Dynasty

Question: What years did the Hasmonaean Dynasty exist?
Answer: 165 BCE to 63 BCE

Question: Who was the last Hasmonean ruler?
Answer: Antigonus II Mattathias

Question: Who was Antigonus II Mattathias captured by?
Answer: Herod

Question: When was Antigonus II Mattathias executed?
Answer: 37 BCE
Hellenistic_period

The Greek kingdom of Bactria began as a breakaway satrapy of the Seleucid empire, which, because of the size of the empire, had significant freedom from central control. Between 255-246 BCE, the governor of Bactria, Sogdiana and Margiana (most of present-day Afghanistan), one Diodotus, took this process to its logical extreme and declared himself king. Diodotus II, son of Diodotus, was overthrown in about 230 BC by Euthydemus, possibly the satrap of Sogdiana, who then started his own dynasty. In c. 210 BC, the Greco-Bactrian kingdom was invaded by a resurgent Seleucid empire under Antiochus III. While victorious in the field, it seems Antiochus came to realise that there were advantages in the status quo (perhaps sensing that Bactria could not be governed from Syria), and married one of his daughters to Euthydemus's son, thus legitimising the Greco-Bactria dynasty. Soon afterwards the Greco-Bactrian kingdom seems to have expanded, possibly taking advantage of the defeat of the Parthian king Arsaces II by Antiochus.

Question: Bactria was led by what king from 255-246 BCE?
Answer: Diodotus

Question: When was Diodotus II overthrown?
Answer: 230 BC

Question: What leader overthrew Diodotus II?
Answer: Euthydemus

Question: The Greco-Bactrian kingdom was invaded by what Seleucid leader?
Answer: Antiochus III

Question: Antiochus III married his daughter off to whose son?
Answer: Euthydemus