Divyanshu67/squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
Alsace

During the First World War, to avoid ground fights between brothers, many Alsatians served as sailors in the Kaiserliche Marine and took part in the Naval mutinies that led to the abdication of the Kaiser in November 1918, which left Alsace-Lorraine without a nominal head of state. The sailors returned home and tried to found a republic. While Jacques Peirotes, at this time deputy at the Landrat Elsass-Lothringen and just elected mayor of Strasbourg, proclaimed the forfeiture of the German Empire and the advent of the French Republic, a self-proclaimed government of Alsace-Lorraine declared independence as the "Republic of Alsace-Lorraine". French troops entered Alsace less than two weeks later to quash the worker strikes and remove the newly established Soviets and revolutionaries from power. At the arrival of the French soldiers, many Alsatians and local Prussian/German administrators and bureaucrats cheered the re-establishment of order (which can be seen and is described in detail in the reference video below). Although U.S. President Woodrow Wilson had insisted that the région was self-ruling by legal status, as its constitution had stated it was bound to the sole authority of the Kaiser and not to the German state, France tolerated no plebiscite, as granted by the League of Nations to some eastern German territories at this time, because Alsatians were considered by the French public as fellow Frenchmen liberated from German rule. Germany ceded the region to France under the Treaty of Versailles.

Question: What did Aslations do to avoid conflict amongst themselves during the first World War?
Answer: served as sailors

Question: Who was the mayor that proclaimed independence from the German Empire for  Alsace-Lorraine?
Answer: Jacques Peirotes

Question: Who entered Alsace just two weeks after they declared independence? 
Answer: French

Question: What was the name of the treaty that allowed Germany to ceded the land to France?
Answer: Treaty of Versailles

Question: During what war were Alsatians primarily ground units?

Question: What was the name of the Kaiser in 1918?

Question: How long did it take the US to enter Alsace?

Question: Who was in charge of the League of Nations?

Question: What treaty gave Alsace to Germany?
Alsace

Alsace-Lorraine was occupied by Germany in 1940 during the Second World War. Although Germany never formally annexed Alsace-Lorraine, it was incorporated into the Greater German Reich, which had been restructured into Reichsgaue. Alsace was merged with Baden, and Lorraine with the Saarland, to become part of a planned Westmark. During the war, 130,000 young men from Alsace and Lorraine were inducted into the German army against their will (malgré-nous) and in some cases, the Waffen SS. Some of the latter were involved in war crimes such as the Oradour-sur-Glane massacre. Most of them perished on the eastern front. The few that could escape fled to Switzerland or joined the resistance. In July 1944, 1500 malgré-nous were released from Soviet captivity and sent to Algiers, where they joined the Free French Forces.

Question: What year was Alsace-Lorraine occupied by Germany?
Answer: 1940

Question: Approximately how many Alsace and Lorraine men were forced into the German army during World War II?
Answer: 130,000

Question: Which group of people were released by the Russians to Algiers?
Answer: malgré-nous

Question: When did Germany officially annex Alsace?

Question: Baden and Saarland were merged to form what?

Question: How many men from Alsace alone were conscripted into the German army?

Question: 130,000 men were involved in what massacre?

Question: How many soldiers managed to join the resistance?
Alsace

Alsace is one of the most conservative régions of France. It is one of just two régions in metropolitan France where the conservative right won the 2004 région elections and thus controls the Alsace Regional Council. Conservative leader Nicolas Sarkozy got his best score in Alsace (over 65%) in the second round of the French presidential elections of 2007. The president of the Regional Council is Philippe Richert, a member of the Union for a Popular Movement, elected in the 2010 regional election. The frequently changing status of the région throughout history has left its mark on modern day politics in terms of a particular interest in national identity issues. Alsace is also one of the most pro-EU regions of France. It was one of the few French regions that voted 'yes' to the European Constitution in 2005.

Question: Which conservative leader in 2007 received the best score during the second round of elections?
Answer: Nicolas Sarkozy

Question: Who is the president of the regional counsel?
Answer: Philippe Richert

Question: Alsace was one of the few to vote for this measure from France, what was it?
Answer: European Constitution in 2005

Question: What was Philippe Richert's score in Alsace?

Question: What constitution was voted on in 2010?

Question: What was one of the few regions to vote against the European Constitution?

Question: Alsace is anti- what?

Question: Who was elected head of the Alsace Regional Council in 2007?
Alsace

Most of the Alsatian population is Roman Catholic, but, largely because of the region's German heritage, a significant Protestant community also exists: today, the EPCAAL (a Lutheran church) is France's second largest Protestant church, also forming an administrative union (UEPAL) with the much smaller Calvinist EPRAL. Unlike the rest of France, the Local law in Alsace-Moselle still provides for to the Napoleonic Concordat of 1801 and the organic articles, which provides public subsidies to the Roman Catholic, Lutheran, and Calvinist churches, as well as to Jewish synagogues; religion classes in one of these faiths is compulsory in public schools. This divergence in policy from the French majority is due to the region having been part of Imperial Germany when the 1905 law separating the French church and state was instituted (for a more comprehensive history, see: Alsace-Lorraine). Controversy erupts periodically on the appropriateness of this legal disposition, as well as on the exclusion of other religions from this arrangement.

Question: Which group or religion dominates the Aslatian population?
Answer: Roman Catholic

Question: Which other large religion also exist in Alsace due to the once German presence?
Answer: Protestant

Question: What is the name of the Union created by France's second largest Protestant church?
Answer: UEPAL

Question: What is the name of the second largest Roman Catholic church?

Question: When was the Calvinist EPRAL formed?

Question: What religious faith does not get public subsidies?

Question: When did Alsace split from Imperial Germany?

Question: What did Germany enact in 1905?
Alsace

Following the Protestant Reformation, promoted by local reformer Martin Bucer, the principle of cuius regio, eius religio led to a certain amount of religious diversity in the highlands of northern Alsace. Landowners, who as "local lords" had the right to decide which religion was allowed on their land, were eager to entice populations from the more attractive lowlands to settle and develop their property. Many accepted without discrimination Catholics, Lutherans, Calvinists, Jews and Anabaptists. Multiconfessional villages appeared, particularly in the region of Alsace bossue. Alsace became one of the French regions boasting a thriving Jewish community, and the only region with a noticeable Anabaptist population. The schism of the Amish under the lead of Jacob Amman from the Mennonites occurred in 1693 in Sainte-Marie-aux-Mines. The strongly Catholic Louis XIV tried in vain to drive them from Alsace. When Napoleon imposed military conscription without religious exception, most emigrated to the American continent.

Question: What were landowners also known as that had a right to decide which religion was allowed on their property?
Answer: local lords

Question: Which groups or religions were greatly accepted in Alsace?
Answer: Catholics, Lutherans, Calvinists, Jews and Anabaptists

Question: Which group did Louis XIV tried push out of Alsace?
Answer: Amish

Question: When did the Anabaptists split?

Question: Who tried to remove Jews from Alsace?

Question: What was Napoleon's primary religion?

Question: What was the name of the Amish reformer?

Question: What edict by Louis XIV caused many to move to the US?
Alsace

There is controversy around the recognition of the Alsacian flag. The authentic historical flag is the Rot-un-Wiss ; Red and White are commonly found on the coat of arms of Alsacian cities (Strasbourg, Mulhouse, Sélestat...) and of many Swiss cites, especially in Basel's region. The German region Hesse uses a flag similar to the Rot-un-Wiss. As it underlines the Germanic roots of the region, it was replaced in 1949 by a new "Union jack-like" flag representing the union of the two déprtements. It has, however, no real historical relevance. It has been since replaced again by a slightly different one, also representing the two départements. With the purpose of "Frenchizing" the region, the Rot-un-Wiss has not been recognized by Paris. Some overzealous statesmen have called it a Nazi invention - while its origins date back to the XIth century and the Red and White banner of Gérard de Lorraine (aka. d'Alsace). The Rot-un-Wiss flag is still known as the real historical emblem of the region by most of the population and the departments' parliaments and has been widely used during protests against the creation of a new "super-region" gathering Champagne-Ardennes, Lorraine and Alsace, namely on Colmar's statue of liberty.

Question: What is the name of the historical flag of Alsace?
Answer: Rot-un-Wiss

Question: What was the German flag that was similar to the Rot-un-Wiss replaced by?
Answer: Union jack-like" flag

Question: What does the "Union jack-like" flag represent?
Answer: the union of the two déprtements

Question: Which French city did not recognize the Rot-un-Wiss flag?
Answer: Paris

Question: Who created the Union-jack-like flag?

Question: The Union Jack flag represented the union of what two departments?

Question: Who has not recognized the Union-jack-like flag?

Question: What flag has French origins?

Question: When did protests against the super-region occur?
Alsace

From the annexation of Alsace by France in the 17th century and the language policy of the French Revolution up to 1870, knowledge of French in Alsace increased considerably. With the education reforms of the 19th century, the middle classes began to speak and write French well. The French language never really managed, however, to win over the masses, the vast majority of whom continued to speak their German dialects and write in German (which we would now call "standard German").[citation needed]

Question: Around when did the Annexation of Alsace occur?
Answer: 17th century

Question: With education reforms in the 19th century what did this lead to in Alsace?
Answer: middle classes began to speak and write French

Question: What is now the German dialects of speech now referred as to?
Answer: standard German

Question: When did French become the most common language?

Question: When did Germany annex Alsace?

Question: When did writing French in the middle class fall out of fashion?

Question: Standard Germany became policy during what revolution?

Question: What helped German literacy in the 19th century?
Alsace

During a reannexation by Germany (1940–1945), High German was reinstated as the language of education. The population was forced to speak German and 'French' family names were Germanized. Following the Second World War, the 1927 regulation was not reinstated and the teaching of German in primary schools was suspended by a provisional rectorial decree, which was supposed to enable French to regain lost ground. The teaching of German became a major issue, however, as early as 1946. Following World War II, the French government pursued, in line with its traditional language policy, a campaign to suppress the use of German as part of a wider Francization campaign.

Question: Between what time period did the reannexation of Germany occur?
Answer: 1940–1945

Question: What were French families forced to do during the German reannexation?
Answer: names were Germanized.

Question: When did the suspension of German teaching in  schools happen?
Answer: 1927

Question: When did teaching German cease to be an issue?

Question: What did the French government force French family names to become?

Question: 1927 made what the language of education?

Question: What did the French do contrary to their typical language policy?

Question: What years did the Francization campaign run?
Alsace

It was not until 9 June 1982, with the Circulaire sur la langue et la culture régionales en Alsace (Memorandum on regional language and culture in Alsace) issued by the Vice-Chancellor of the Académie Pierre Deyon, that the teaching of German in primary schools in Alsace really began to be given more official status. The Ministerial Memorandum of 21 June 1982, known as the Circulaire Savary, introduced financial support, over three years, for the teaching of regional languages in schools and universities. This memorandum was, however, implemented in a fairly lax manner.

Question: What was the name of the Memorandum that allowed German teaching in Alsace schools to become more official?
Answer: Circulaire sur la langue et la culture régionales en Alsace

Question: What is the name of the memorandum that past on June 21, 1982?
Answer: Circulaire Savary

Question: What did the Circulair Savary introduce?
Answer: introduced financial support, over three years, for the teaching of regional languages in schools and universities

Question: When was the Vice-Chancellor elected?

Question: How long did it take to introduce the Circulair Savary?

Question: Who wrote the Circulaire Savary?

Question: What was implemented with strict expectations?

Question: What was another name for the Vice-Chancellor of the Academie?
Alsace

Both Alsatian and Standard German were for a time banned from public life (including street and city names, official administration, and educational system). Though the ban has long been lifted and street signs today are often bilingual, Alsace-Lorraine is today very French in language and culture. Few young people speak Alsatian today, although there do still exist one or two enclaves in the Sundgau region where some older inhabitants cannot speak French, and where Alsatian is still used as the mother tongue. A related Alemannic German survives on the opposite bank of the Rhine, in Baden, and especially in Switzerland. However, while French is the major language of the region, the Alsatian dialect of French is heavily influenced by German and other languages such a Yiddish in phonology and vocabulary.

Question: Which two dialects were banned from public life?
Answer: Alsatian and Standard German

Question: What did the banning of the two dialects  include?
Answer: street and city names, official administration, and educational system

Question: Although Aslation is rarely used today, which region still uses their mother language of Aslation?
Answer: Sundgau region

Question: What other language besides French and German are part of the Aslation-French dialect of today?
Answer: Yiddish

Question: Which language is currently banned?

Question: What is the name of the region where Yiddish is primarily spoken?

Question: What area is primarily Standard German in culture?

Question: Most young people speak what form of German?

Question: What is Yiddish primarily influenced by?
Alsace

The constitution of the Fifth Republic states that French alone is the official language of the Republic. However, Alsatian, along with other regional languages, are recognized by the French government in the official list of languages of France. A 1999 INSEE survey counted 548,000 adult speakers of Alsatian in France, making it the second most-spoken regional language in the country (after Occitan). Like all regional languages in France, however, the transmission of Alsatian is on the decline. While 39% of the adult population of Alsace speaks Alsatian, only one in four children speaks it, and only one in ten children uses it regularly.

Question: What does the French constitution state for the language in Aslace?
Answer: French alone is the official language

Question: How many adult speakers speak Alsatian according the 1999 INSEE survey?
Answer: 548,000

Question: With Alsatian language on the decline, what is the ration of children using the language regularly today?
Answer: one in ten children

Question: What states that Alsatian is the official language?

Question: How many adult speakers of Occitan are there?

Question: What percentage of adults could not speak Alsatian in 1999?

Question: How many children speak French?

Question: There are 548,000 child speakers of what language?
Alsace

The gastronomic symbol of the région is undoubtedly the Choucroute, a local variety of Sauerkraut. The word Sauerkraut in Alsatian has the form sûrkrût, same as in other southwestern German dialects, and means "sour cabbage" as its Standard German equivalent. This word was included into the French language as choucroute. To make it, the cabbage is finely shredded, layered with salt and juniper and left to ferment in wooden barrels. Sauerkraut can be served with poultry, pork, sausage or even fish. Traditionally it is served with Strasbourg sausage or frankfurters, bacon, smoked pork or smoked Morteau or Montbéliard sausages, or a selection of other pork products. Served alongside are often roasted or steamed potatoes or dumplings.

Question: In Alsatian, what does Sauerkraut mean?
Answer: sour cabbage

Question: What can Sauerkraut be served with?
Answer: poultry, pork, sausage or even fish

Question: What is Sauerkraut typically served with in Alsace?
Answer: Strasbourg sausage or frankfurters, bacon, smoked pork or smoked Morteau or Montbéliard sausages

Question: What word does Choucroute come from?

Question: What dialect is the Alsatian word for sauerkraut different from?

Question: What meats is sauerkraut not served alongside of?

Question: What does choucroute mean?

Question: Pork products are left to ferment in what?
Alsace

"Alsatia", the Latin form of Alsace's name, has long ago entered the English language with the specialized meaning of "a lawless place" or "a place under no jurisdiction" - since Alsace was conceived by English people to be such. It was used into the 20th century as a term for a ramshackle marketplace, "protected by ancient custom and the independence of their patrons". As of 2007, the word is still in use among the English and Australian judiciaries with the meaning of a place where the law cannot reach: "In setting up the Serious Organised Crime Agency, the state has set out to create an Alsatia - a region of executive action free of judicial oversight," Lord Justice Sedley in UMBS v SOCA 2007.

Question: What is the meaning of the name Aslatia in English?
Answer: a lawless place" or "a place under no jurisdiction

Question: What was the meaning or term used for Aslace that was used by english people in the 20th century?
Answer: ramshackle marketplace

Question: Which nationalities still refer it to Alslace "ramshackle marketplace" as of 2007?
Answer: English and Australian

Question: What is Lord Justice Sedley's nationality?

Question: Who coined the word "Alsatia"?

Question: Alsatia is the English form of what?

Question: When did the use of the word Alsatia fall out of practice?

Question: What does UMBS stand for?
Alsace

At present, plans are being considered for building a new dual carriageway west of Strasbourg, which would reduce the buildup of traffic in that area by picking up north and southbound vehicles and getting rid of the buildup outside Strasbourg. The line plans to link up the interchange of Hœrdt to the north of Strasbourg, with Innenheim in the southwest. The opening is envisaged at the end of 2011, with an average usage of 41,000 vehicles a day. Estimates of the French Works Commissioner however, raised some doubts over the interest of such a project, since it would pick up only about 10% of the traffic of the A35 at Strasbourg. Paradoxically, this reversed the situation of the 1950s. At that time, the French trunk road left of the Rhine not been built, so that traffic would cross into Germany to use the Karlsruhe-Basel Autobahn.

Question: What is currently being planed west of Strasbourg? 
Answer: new dual carriageway

Question: What would the use of a new carriageway do in Alsace?
Answer: reduce the buildup of traffic in that area

Question: What is the name the German Highway  that would of been crossed with the French Truck road?
Answer: Karlsruhe-Basel Autobahn

Question: The new line is (carriageway) would link which other intersections?
Answer: Hœrdt to the north of Strasbourg, with Innenheim in the southwest

Question: What plans have been canceled?

Question: The dual carriageway would link what interchange to the left of the Rhine?

Question: What is the name of the new carriageway?

Question: What percentage of traffic used the Karlsruhe-Basel Autobahn?

Question: How many vehicles crossed teh Karlsruhe-Basel Autobahn per day in 1950?
Carnival

The term Carnival is traditionally used in areas with a large Catholic presence. However, the Philippines, a predominantly Roman Catholic country, does not celebrate Carnival anymore since the dissolution of the Manila Carnival after 1939, the last carnival in the country. In historically Lutheran countries, the celebration is known as Fastelavn, and in areas with a high concentration of Anglicans and Methodists, pre-Lenten celebrations, along with penitential observances, occur on Shrove Tuesday. In Eastern Orthodox nations, Maslenitsa is celebrated during the last week before Great Lent. In German-speaking Europe and the Netherlands, the Carnival season traditionally opens on 11/11 (often at 11:11 a.m.). This dates back to celebrations before the Advent season or with harvest celebrations of St. Martin's Day.

Question: The term Carnival is very common in areas with a large presence of which religious sect?
Answer: Catholic

Question: What country no longer celebrates Carnival?
Answer: the Philippines

Question: The Manila Carnival was dissolved after what year?
Answer: 1939

Question: What is the Carnival known as in countries which are mostly Lutheran?
Answer: Fastelavn

Question: What is the name of the festival celebrated in Eastern Orthodox nations during the last week before Great Lent?
Answer: Maslenitsa
Carnival

Traditionally a carnival feast was the last opportunity to eat well before the time of food shortage at the end of the winter during which one was limited to the minimum necessary. On what nowadays is called vastenavond (the days before fasting) all the remaining winter stores of lard, butter and meat which were left would be eaten, for it would soon start to rot and decay. The selected livestock had in fact already been slaughtered in November and the meat would be no longer preservable. All the food that had survived the winter had to be eaten to assure that everyone was fed enough to survive until the coming spring would provide new food sources.

Question: Why was the carnival feast typically the last opportunity to eat well?
Answer: food shortage at the end of the winter

Question: What was one limited to during the winter?
Answer: the minimum necessary

Question: What does "vastenavond" mean?
Answer: the days before fasting)

Question: Why would all the remaining stores of lard, butter and meat left at vastenavond be eaten?
Answer: it would soon start to rot and decay

Question: When would new food sources be available for those who survived the winter?
Answer: spring
Carnival

Several Germanic tribes celebrated the returning of the daylight. A predominant deity was during this jubilee driven around in a noisy procession on a ship on wheels. The winter would be driven out, to make sure that fertility could return in spring. A central figure was possibly the fertility goddess Nerthus. Also there are some indications that the effigy of Nerthus or Freyr was placed on a ship with wheels and accompanied by a procession of people in animal disguise and men in women's clothes. Aboard the ship would the marriage of a man and woman be consummated as a fertility ritual.

Question: What did a bunch of Germanic tribes celebrate?
Answer: the returning of the daylight

Question: How was the ship carrying a predominant deity moved around during the jubilee?
Answer: on wheels

Question: Why was the winter driven out?
Answer: to make sure that fertility could return in spring

Question: What is Nerthus the goddess of?
Answer: fertility

Question: How would the marriage of a man and woman on the ship serve as a fertility ritual?
Answer: be consummated
Carnival

Carnival was introduced by Portuguese settlers. The celebration is celebrated on each of the archipelago's nine inhabited islands. In Mindelo, São Vicente groups challenge each other for a yearly prize. It has imported various Brazilian carnival traditions. The celebration in SãoNicolau is more traditional, where established groups parade through the Ribeira Brava, gathering in the town square, although it has adopted drums, floats and costumes from Brazil. In São Nicolau three groups, Copa Cabana, Estrela Azul and Brilho Da Zona constructs a painted float using fire, newspaper for the mold, iron and steel to for structure. Carnival São Nicolau is celebrated over three days: dawn Saturday, Sunday afternoon, and Tuesday.

Question: What nationality were the settlers from who introduced Carnival?
Answer: Portuguese

Question: How many of the inhabited islands is Carnival celebrated on?
Answer: nine

Question: What do groups in Mindelo challenge each other for?
Answer: a yearly prize

Question: Three groups in São Nicolau make use of fire in the construction of what conveyance? 
Answer: a painted float

Question: Over how many days is São Nicolau's Carnival celebrated? 
Answer: three
Carnival

The King presides over a period of misrule in which conventional social rules may be broken and reckless behavior is encouraged. Festivities are held in the open air, beginning with a cercavila, a ritual procession throughout the town to call everyone to attend. Rues of masked revelers dance alongside. On Thursday Dijous Gras (Fat Thursday) is celebrated, also called 'omelette day' (el dia de la truita), coques (de llardons, butifarra d'ou, butifarra) and omelettes are eaten. The festivities end on Ash Wednesday with elaborate funeral rituals marking the death of King Carnival, who is typically burned on a pyre in what is called the burial of the sardine (enterrament de la sardina), or, in Vilanova, as l'enterro.

Question: When may conventional social rules be broken?
Answer: a period of misrule

Question: Who oversees the period of reckless behavior?
Answer: The King

Question: What is the ritual procession through the town to call everyone to attendance called?
Answer: cercavila

Question: Fat Thursday is also known as what day?
Answer: omelette day

Question: Who is typically burned on a pyre?
Answer: King Carnival
Carnival

Tarragona has one of the region's most complete ritual sequences. The events start with the building of a huge barrel and ends with its burning with the effigies of the King and Queen. On Saturday, the main parade takes place with masked groups, zoomorphic figures, music and percussion bands, and groups with fireworks (the devils, the dragon, the ox, the female dragon). Carnival groups stand out for their clothes full of elegance, showing brilliant examples of fabric crafts, at the Saturday and Sunday parades. About 5,000 people are members of the parade groups.

Question: Who has one of the most complete ritual agendas?
Answer: Tarragona

Question: What do the events of Tarragona start with?
Answer: building of a huge barrel

Question: On what day does the main parade take place?
Answer: Saturday

Question: What are the clothing of the Carnival groups full of?
Answer: elegance

Question: About how many people are members of the various parade groups?
Answer: 5,000
Carnival

The Carnival continued its evolution in small/unimportant towns out of view of the rulers. The result was the uninterrupted celebration of Carnival festivals in Barranquilla (see Barranquilla's Carnival) now recognized as one of the Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity. The Barranquilla Carnival includes several parades on Friday and Saturday nights beginning on 11 January and ending with a six-day non-stop festival, beginning the Wednesday prior to Ash Wednesday and ending Tuesday midnight. Other celebrations occur in villages along the lower Magdalena River in northern Colombia, and in Pasto, Nariño (see Blacks and Whites' Carnival) in the south of the country. In the early 20th century, attempts to introduce Carnival in Bogotá were rejected by the government. The Bogotá Carnival was renewed in the 21st century.

Question: Where did the Carnival gestate out of the purview of rules?
Answer: in small/unimportant towns

Question: The uninterrupted celebration of Carnival festivals in Barranquilla is now recognized as what?
Answer: one of the Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity

Question: How many days does the non-stop festival go?
Answer: six

Question: Who rejected attempts to introduce the Carnival in Bogotá?
Answer: the government
Baptists

Baptists are individuals who comprise a group of Christian denominations and churches that subscribe to a doctrine that baptism should be performed only for professing believers (believer's baptism, as opposed to infant baptism), and that it must be done by complete immersion (as opposed to affusion or sprinkling). Other tenets of Baptist churches include soul competency (liberty), salvation through faith alone, Scripture alone as the rule of faith and practice, and the autonomy of the local congregation. Baptists recognize two ministerial offices, elders and deacons. Baptist churches are widely considered to be Protestant churches, though some Baptists disavow this identity.

Question: What individuals subscribe to a doctrine that baptism should be performed only for professing believers?
Answer: Baptists

Question: Soul competency (liberty), salvation through faith alone, Scripture alone as the rule of faith and practice, and the autonomy of the local congregation what examples of what?
Answer: tenets of Baptist churches

Question: What two ministerial offices do Baptists recognize?
Answer: elders and deacons

Question: Baptist churches are widely considered to be what?
Answer: Protestant churches

Question: What individuals subscribe to a doctrine that baptism should be performed only for non-believers?

Question: What two ministerial offices do Baptists no longer recognize?

Question: Baptist churches are rarely considered to be what?

Question: Which group never visits Protestant churches?

Question: What church includes salvation through faith and reason?
Baptists

Historians trace the earliest church labeled "Baptist" back to 1609 in Amsterdam, with English Separatist John Smyth as its pastor. In accordance with his reading of the New Testament, he rejected baptism of infants and instituted baptism only of believing adults. Baptist practice spread to England, where the General Baptists considered Christ's atonement to extend to all people, while the Particular Baptists believed that it extended only to the elect. In 1638, Roger Williams established the first Baptist congregation in the North American colonies. In the mid-18th century, the First Great Awakening increased Baptist growth in both New England and the South. The Second Great Awakening in the South in the early 19th century increased church membership, as did the preachers' lessening of support for abolition and manumission of slavery, which had been part of the 18th-century teachings. Baptist missionaries have spread their church to every continent.

Question: When was the earliest church labeled "Baptist" traced to?
Answer: 1609

Question: Where was the earliest church labeled "Baptist" traced to?
Answer: Amsterdam

Question: Who was the pastor of the earliest church labeled "Baptist"?
Answer: John Smyth

Question: Who believed Christ's atonement only extended to the elect?
Answer: Particular Baptists

Question: When did Roger Williams established the first Baptist congregation in the North American colonies?
Answer: 1638

Question: When was the earliest church labeled "Christian" traced to?

Question: Where was the earliest church labeled "Christian" traced to?

Question: Who was the pastor of the earliest church labeled "Christian"?

Question: Who believed Christ's atonement extended to all of life?

Question: When did Roger Williams establish the first Baptist congregation in South America?
Baptists

Baptist historian Bruce Gourley outlines four main views of Baptist origins: (1) The modern scholarly consensus that the movement traces its origin to the 17th century via the English Separatists, (2) the view that it was an outgrowth of Anabaptist traditions, (3) the perpetuity view which assumes that the Baptist faith and practice has existed since the time of Christ, and (4) the successionist view, or "Baptist successionism", which argues that Baptist churches actually existed in an unbroken chain since the time of Christ.

Question: Who outlined the four main views of Baptist origins?
Answer: Bruce Gourley

Question: Baptist origins were viewed as an outgrowth of what?
Answer: Anabaptist traditions

Question: What does the perpetuity view assume?
Answer: that the Baptist faith and practice has existed since the time of Christ

Question: What does the successionist view assume?
Answer: that Baptist churches actually existed in an unbroken chain since the time of Christ.

Question: Who outlined the three main views of Baptist origins?

Question: Baptist origins were viewed as an extension of what?

Question: What view argues that Baptist churches existed in a broken chain since the time of Christ?

Question: What movement traces its origin to the 16th century via the English Separatists?
Baptists

Modern Baptist churches trace their history to the English Separatist movement in the century after the rise of the original Protestant denominations. This view of Baptist origins has the most historical support and is the most widely accepted. Adherents to this position consider the influence of Anabaptists upon early Baptists to be minimal. It was a time of considerable political and religious turmoil. Both individuals and churches were willing to give up their theological roots if they became convinced that a more biblical "truth" had been discovered.[page needed]

Question: Modern Baptist churches trace their history to what movement?
Answer: English Separatist movement

Question: Adherents to this position consider the influence of Anabaptists upon early Baptists to be what?
Answer: minimal

Question: Modern Baptist churches trace their history to the English Separatist movement in the century after the rise of what?
Answer: original Protestant denominations

Question: Modern Christian churches trace their history to what movement?

Question: The view of what origins has little historical support?

Question: Who was never willing to give up their theological roots?

Question: Who was convinced there was no biblical "truth"?
Baptists

During the Protestant Reformation, the Church of England (Anglicans) separated from the Roman Catholic Church. There were some Christians who were not content with the achievements of the mainstream Protestant Reformation. There also were Christians who were disappointed that the Church of England had not made corrections of what some considered to be errors and abuses. Of those most critical of the Church's direction, some chose to stay and try to make constructive changes from within the Anglican Church. They became known as "Puritans" and are described by Gourley as cousins of the English Separatists. Others decided they must leave the Church because of their dissatisfaction and became known as the Separatists.

Question: When did the Church of England separate from the Roman Catholic Church?
Answer: During the Protestant Reformation

Question: Who separated from the Roman Catholic Church during the Protestant Reformation?
Answer: the Church of England

Question: During the Protestant Reformation, the Church of England (Anglicans) separated from who?
Answer: the Roman Catholic Church

Question: Puritans are described by Gourley as what?
Answer: cousins of the English Separatists

Question: Others decided they must leave the Church because of their dissatisfaction and became known as what?
Answer: Separatists

Question: When did the Church of England merge with the Roman Catholic Church?

Question: Who merged with the Roman Catholic Church during the Protestant Reformation?

Question: Who was described by Gourley as brothers of the English Separatists?

Question: Which group was never disappointed in the Church of England?
Baptists

Historians trace the earliest Baptist church back to 1609 in Amsterdam, with John Smyth as its pastor. Three years earlier, while a Fellow of Christ's College, Cambridge, he had broken his ties with the Church of England. Reared in the Church of England, he became "Puritan, English Separatist, and then a Baptist Separatist," and ended his days working with the Mennonites. He began meeting in England with 60–70 English Separatists, in the face of "great danger." The persecution of religious nonconformists in England led Smyth to go into exile in Amsterdam with fellow Separatists from the congregation he had gathered in Lincolnshire, separate from the established church (Anglican). Smyth and his lay supporter, Thomas Helwys, together with those they led, broke with the other English exiles because Smyth and Helwys were convinced they should be baptized as believers. In 1609 Smyth first baptized himself and then baptized the others.

Question: Historians trace the earliest Baptist church back to when?
Answer: 1609

Question: Historians trace the earliest Baptist church back to where?
Answer: Amsterdam

Question: Who was the pastor of the earliest Baptist church?
Answer: John Smyth

Question: John Smyth broke his ties with what church?
Answer: Church of England

Question: Where did John Smyth go into exile?
Answer: Amsterdam

Question: Who was the pastor of the earliest Christian church?

Question: Where was the first Christian church with John Smyth as the pastor located?

Question: In what year did Smyth baptize himself for the second time?

Question: Where did John Smyth retire?

Question: Historians trace the oldest Protestant church to where?
Baptists

In 1609, while still there, Smyth wrote a tract titled "The Character of the Beast," or "The False Constitution of the Church." In it he expressed two propositions: first, infants are not to be baptized; and second, "Antichristians converted are to be admitted into the true Church by baptism." Hence, his conviction was that a scriptural church should consist only of regenerate believers who have been baptized on a personal confession of faith. He rejected the Separatist movement's doctrine of infant baptism (paedobaptism). Shortly thereafter, Smyth left the group, and layman Thomas Helwys took over the leadership, leading the church back to England in 1611. Ultimately, Smyth became committed to believers' baptism as the only biblical baptism. He was convinced on the basis of his interpretation of Scripture that infants would not be damned should they die in infancy.

Question: Smyth wrote a tract titled what?
Answer: "The Character of the Beast," or "The False Constitution of the Church."

Question: What was his first proposition?
Answer: infants are not to be baptized

Question: What was his second proposition?
Answer: Antichristians converted are to be admitted into the true Church by baptism

Question: Smyth believed a scriptural church should consist only of regenerate believers who have been what?
Answer: baptized on a personal confession of faith

Question: What is paedobaptism?
Answer: infant baptism

Question: Smyth read a tract titled what?

Question: Who proposed all infants to be baptized?

Question: In what year did Smyth join the chuch with Thomas Helwys?

Question: Which movement think infants should never be baptized?
Baptists

Smyth, convinced that his self-baptism was invalid, applied with the Mennonites for membership. He died while waiting for membership, and some of his followers became Mennonites. Thomas Helwys and others kept their baptism and their Baptist commitments. The modern Baptist denomination is an outgrowth of Smyth's movement. Baptists rejected the name Anabaptist when they were called that by opponents in derision. McBeth writes that as late as the 18th century, many Baptists referred to themselves as "the Christians commonly—though falsely—called Anabaptists."

Question: Who thought their self-baptism was invalid?
Answer: Smyth

Question: Smyth applied for membership with who?
Answer: the Mennonites

Question: What is an outgrowth of Smyth's movement?
Answer: The modern Baptist denomination

Question: What name did Baptists reject?
Answer: Anabaptist

Question: Who wrote that Baptists referred to themselves as "the Christians commonly—though falsely—called Anabaptists?"
Answer: McBeth

Question: Who thought their self-baptism was valid?

Question: Smyth was denied membership with who?

Question: What name did Baptist change to?

Question: Who died after becoming a member of the Mennonites?

Question: Who lost their Baptist commitments?
Baptists

Another milestone in the early development of Baptist doctrine was in 1638 with John Spilsbury, a Calvinistic minister who helped to promote the strict practice of believer's baptism by immersion. According to Tom Nettles, professor of historical theology at Southern Baptist Theological Seminary, "Spilsbury's cogent arguments for a gathered, disciplined congregation of believers baptized by immersion as constituting the New Testament church gave expression to and built on insights that had emerged within separatism, advanced in the life of John Smyth and the suffering congregation of Thomas Helwys, and matured in Particular Baptists."

Question: When did John Spilsbury promote the strict practice of immersion?
Answer: 1638

Question: Who promoted strict immersion baptism?
Answer: John Spilsbury

Question: Tom Nettles was a professor at what seminary?
Answer: Southern Baptist Theological Seminary

Question: What was Tom Nettles a professor of?
Answer: historical theology

Question: When did John Spilsbury create the strict practice of immersion?

Question: Who destroyed strict immersion baptism?

Question: Tom Nettles was a student at what seminary?

Question: What was Tom Nettles a student of?
Baptists

A minority view is that early seventeenth-century Baptists were influenced by (but not directly connected to) continental Anabaptists. According to this view, the General Baptists shared similarities with Dutch Waterlander Mennonites (one of many Anabaptist groups) including believer's baptism only, religious liberty, separation of church and state, and Arminian views of salvation, predestination and original sin. Representative writers including A.C. Underwood and William R. Estep. Gourley wrote that among some contemporary Baptist scholars who emphasize the faith of the community over soul liberty, the Anabaptist influence theory is making a comeback.

Question: Who was thought to be influenced by continental Anabaptists?
Answer: early seventeenth-century Baptists

Question: Early seventeenth-century Baptists were thought to be influenced by who?
Answer: continental Anabaptists

Question: General Baptists shared similarities with who?
Answer: Dutch Waterlander Mennonites

Question: Who are two representative writers?
Answer: A.C. Underwood and William R. Estep. Gourley

Question: What were the Dutch Waterlander Mennonites?
Answer: one of many Anabaptist groups

Question: Who was thought to be controlled by continental Anabaptists?

Question: Early sixteenth-century Baptists were thought to be influenced by who?

Question: Anabaptists shared similarities with who?

Question: Who did the Dutch Waterlander Mennonites avoid?

Question: What theory lost credibility?
Baptists

Both Roger Williams and John Clarke, his compatriot and coworker for religious freedom, are variously credited as founding the earliest Baptist church in North America. In 1639, Williams established a Baptist church in Providence, Rhode Island, and Clarke began a Baptist church in Newport, Rhode Island. According to a Baptist historian who has researched the matter extensively, "There is much debate over the centuries as to whether the Providence or Newport church deserved the place of 'first' Baptist congregation in America. Exact records for both congregations are lacking."

Question: Who founded the earliest Baptist church in North America?
Answer: Roger Williams and John Clarke

Question: When was the first American Baptist church established?
Answer: 1639

Question: Where did Roger Williams establish a Baptist church?
Answer: Providence, Rhode Island

Question: Where did John Clarke establish a Baptist church?
Answer: Newport, Rhode Island

Question: Clarke was what to Williams?
Answer: his compatriot and coworker for religious freedom

Question: Who founded the earliest Baptist church in South America?

Question: Where did Roger Williams lose a Baptist church?

Question: Where did John Clarke establish an Anabaptist church?

Question: When was the last American Anabaptist church established?
Baptists

Baptist missionary work in Canada began in the British colony of Nova Scotia (present day Nova Scotia and New Brunswick) in the 1760s. The first official record of a Baptist church in Canada was that of the Horton Baptist Church (now Wolfville) in Wolfville, Nova Scotia on 29 October 1778. The church was established with the assistance of the New Light evangelist Henry Alline. Many of Alline's followers, after his death, would convert and strengthen the Baptist presence in the Atlantic region.[page needed] Two major groups of Baptists formed the basis of the churches in the Maritimes. These were referred to as Regular Baptist (Calvinistic in their doctrine) and Free Will Baptists.

Question: Missionary work began in what Canadian colony?
Answer: Nova Scotia

Question: When did missionary work begin in Canada?
Answer: 1760s

Question: What was the first Baptist church in Canada?
Answer: Horton Baptist Church

Question: Where was the first Baptist church located in Canada?
Answer: Wolfville, Nova Scotia

Question: When was the first Canadian Baptist church established?
Answer: 29 October 1778

Question: Missionary work began in what American colony?

Question: When did missionary work begin in America?

Question: What was the first church of any kind in Canada?

Question: Where was the first Anabaptist church located in Canada?

Question: When was the first American Baptist church established?
Baptists

In May 1845, the Baptist congregations in the United States split over slavery and missions. The Home Mission Society prevented slaveholders from being appointed as missionaries. The split created the Southern Baptist Convention, while the northern congregations formed their own umbrella organization now called the American Baptist Churches USA (ABC-USA). The Methodist Episcopal Church, South had recently separated over the issue of slavery, and southern Presbyterians would do so shortly thereafter.

Question: When did Baptist congregations split over slavery?
Answer: May 1845

Question: Why did American Baptist congregations split?
Answer: over slavery and missions

Question: Slaveholders were prevented from being appointed as what?
Answer: missionaries

Question: Who prevented slaveholders from being appointed missionaries?
Answer: Home Mission Society

Question: Northern congregations formed what organization?
Answer: American Baptist Churches USA (ABC-USA)

Question: When did Baptist congregations combine efforts over slavery?

Question: Why did American Baptist congregations work together?

Question: Slaveholders were typically appointed as what?

Question: Who encouraged slaveholders to be appointed missionaries?

Question: Southern congregations formed what organization?