Divyanshu67/squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
Political_corruption

Transparency International, an anti-corruption NGO, pioneered this field with the CPI, first released in 1995. This work is often credited with breaking a taboo and forcing the issue of corruption into high level development policy discourse. Transparency International currently publishes three measures, updated annually: a CPI (based on aggregating third-party polling of public perceptions of how corrupt different countries are); a Global Corruption Barometer (based on a survey of general public attitudes toward and experience of corruption); and a Bribe Payers Index, looking at the willingness of foreign firms to pay bribes. The Corruption Perceptions Index is the best known of these metrics, though it has drawn much criticism and may be declining in influence. In 2013 Transparency International published a report on the "Government Defence Anti-corruption Index". This index evaluates the risk of corruption in countries' military sector.

Question: How many measures does Transparency International publish right now?
Answer: three

Question: What is the measure that Transparency International publishes that looks at the willingness of a foreign company to pay a bribe?
Answer: Bribe Payers Index

Question: What is the measure that it publishes that involves polling to determine the public's take on how corrupt various countries are?
Answer: CPI

Question: When was the CPI first released?
Answer: 1995

Question: Which index studies the correlation of corruption and military in a country?
Answer: Government Defence Anti-corruption Index
Political_corruption

The World Bank collects a range of data on corruption, including survey responses from over 100,000 firms worldwide and a set of indicators of governance and institutional quality. Moreover, one of the six dimensions of governance measured by the Worldwide Governance Indicators is Control of Corruption, which is defined as "the extent to which power is exercised for private gain, including both petty and grand forms of corruption, as well as 'capture' of the state by elites and private interests." While the definition itself is fairly precise, the data aggregated into the Worldwide Governance Indicators is based on any available polling: questions range from "is corruption a serious problem?" to measures of public access to information, and not consistent across countries. Despite these weaknesses, the global coverage of these datasets has led to their widespread adoption, most notably by the Millennium Challenge Corporation.

Question: How many firms throughout the world have been surveyed by the World Bank in regards to its corruption study?
Answer: over 100,000

Question: How many dimensions of governance are measured by the Worldwide Governance Indicators?
Answer: six

Question: One of the dimensions is the extent to which power is exercised for personal gain, which is called what?
Answer: Control of Corruption

Question: Which organization is most notable for adopting the global coverage of these studies?
Answer: Millennium Challenge Corporation
Political_corruption

A number of parties have collected survey data, from the public and from experts, to try and gauge the level of corruption and bribery, as well as its impact on political and economic outcomes. A second wave of corruption metrics has been created by Global Integrity, the International Budget Partnership, and many lesser known local groups. These metrics include the Global Integrity Index, first published in 2004. These second wave projects aim to create policy change by identifying resources more effectively and creating checklists toward incremental reform. Global Integrity and the International Budget Partnership each dispense with public surveys and instead uses in-country experts to evaluate "the opposite of corruption" – which Global Integrity defines as the public policies that prevent, discourage, or expose corruption. These approaches compliment the first wave, awareness-raising tools by giving governments facing public outcry a checklist which measures concrete steps toward improved governance.

Question: A second set of corruption metrics has been compiled by Global Integrity and what other organization?
Answer: International Budget Partnership

Question: When was the Global Integrity Index first published?
Answer: 2004

Question: Both companies no longer use what means of collecting of data?
Answer: public surveys

Question: Instead of public surveys, the organizations use what to study corruption?
Answer: in-country experts
Political_corruption

Typical second wave corruption metrics do not offer the worldwide coverage found in first wave projects, and instead focus on localizing information gathered to specific problems and creating deep, "unpackable"[clarification needed] content that matches quantitative and qualitative data.

Question: The second wave of metrics focuses on what level of corruption?
Answer: local

Question: Unlike the first wave, the second wave does not offer what type of coverage?
Answer: worldwide
Political_corruption

Alternative approaches, such as the British aid agency's Drivers of Change research, skips numbers and promotes understanding corruption via political economy analysis of who controls power in a given society.

Question: What is the British aid agency's research called?
Answer: Drivers of Change

Question: What does Drivers of Change skip?
Answer: numbers

Question: What does Drivers of Change promote?
Answer: understanding corruption
Political_corruption

Extensive and diverse public spending is, in itself, inherently at risk of cronyism, kickbacks, and embezzlement. Complicated regulations and arbitrary, unsupervised official conduct exacerbate the problem. This is one argument for privatization and deregulation. Opponents of privatization see the argument as ideological. The argument that corruption necessarily follows from the opportunity is weakened by the existence of countries with low to non-existent corruption but large public sectors, like the Nordic countries. These countries score high on the Ease of Doing Business Index, due to good and often simple regulations, and have rule of law firmly established. Therefore, due to their lack of corruption in the first place, they can run large public sectors without inducing political corruption. Recent evidence that takes both the size of expenditures and regulatory complexity into account has found that high-income democracies with more expansive state sectors do indeed have higher levels of corruption.

Question: Public spending has risks of kickbacks, embezzlement and what?
Answer: cronyism

Question: What type of regulations make corruption worse for public spending?
Answer: Complicated

Question: The potential for corruption in public spending are one of the arguments that favor what?
Answer: privatization and deregulation

Question: What countries have big public sectors but low corruption?
Answer: Nordic

Question: What do the low corruption countries have solidly established?
Answer: rule of law
Political_corruption

In the European Union, the principle of subsidiarity is applied: a government service should be provided by the lowest, most local authority that can competently provide it. An effect is that distribution of funds into multiple instances discourages embezzlement, because even small sums missing will be noticed. In contrast, in a centralized authority, even minute proportions of public funds can be large sums of money.

Question: Providing a government service from the lowest form of local government that can adequately provide the service is called what?
Answer: principle of subsidiarity

Question: What does distributing money into multiple instances discourage?
Answer: embezzlement

Question: Even small amounts of public money can be a lot in what type of authority?
Answer: centralized
Political_corruption

If the highest echelons of the governments also take advantage from corruption or embezzlement from the state's treasury, it is sometimes referred with the neologism kleptocracy. Members of the government can take advantage of the natural resources (e.g., diamonds and oil in a few prominent cases) or state-owned productive industries. A number of corrupt governments have enriched themselves via foreign aid, which is often spent on showy buildings and armaments.

Question: What is it called when higher ups in government embezzle from the government's treasury?
Answer: kleptocracy

Question: What examples of natural resources do some corrupt officials in government take?
Answer: diamonds and oil

Question: Some corrupt governments use what type of money coming in?
Answer: foreign aid

Question: Foreign aid money is sometimes used to build fancy structures and to buy what?
Answer: armaments
Political_corruption

A corrupt dictatorship typically results in many years of general hardship and suffering for the vast majority of citizens as civil society and the rule of law disintegrate. In addition, corrupt dictators routinely ignore economic and social problems in their quest to amass ever more wealth and power.

Question: In their pursuit of more money and power, corrupt dictators often ignore what?
Answer: economic and social problems
Political_corruption

The classic case of a corrupt, exploitive dictator often given is the regime of Marshal Mobutu Sese Seko, who ruled the Democratic Republic of the Congo (which he renamed Zaire) from 1965 to 1997. It is said that usage of the term kleptocracy gained popularity largely in response to a need to accurately describe Mobutu's regime. Another classic case is Nigeria, especially under the rule of General Sani Abacha who was de facto president of Nigeria from 1993 until his death in 1998. He is reputed to have stolen some US$3–4 billion. He and his relatives are often mentioned in Nigerian 419 letter scams claiming to offer vast fortunes for "help" in laundering his stolen "fortunes", which in reality turn out not to exist. More than $400 billion was stolen from the treasury by Nigeria's leaders between 1960 and 1999.

Question: Who was the dictator in Zaire from 1965 to 1997?
Answer: Marshal Mobutu Sese Seko

Question: What did Zaire used to be known as?
Answer: Democratic Republic of the Congo

Question: What term became more popular as Mobutu ruled?
Answer: kleptocracy

Question: Who ruled Nigeria until he died in 1998?
Answer: General Sani Abacha
Political_corruption

Further conventions were adopted at the regional level under the aegis of the Organization of American States (OAS or OEA), the African Union, and in 2003, at the universal level under that of the United Nations Convention against Corruption.

Question: What is OAS?
Answer: Organization of American States

Question: Additional conventions were adopted at the regional level by OAS and who?
Answer: the African Union

Question: What organization joined at the universal level?
Answer: the United Nations Convention against Corruption

Question: When did the United Nations Convention against Corruption join?
Answer: 2003
Political_corruption

Measuring corruption statistically is difficult if not impossible due to the illicit nature of the transaction and imprecise definitions of corruption. While "corruption" indices first appeared in 1995 with the Corruption Perceptions Index CPI, all of these metrics address different proxies for corruption, such as public perceptions of the extent of the problem.

Question: Why is it difficult to measure corruption?
Answer: imprecise definitions of corruption

Question: When did indices on corruption first appear?
Answer: 1995

Question: What was the first index on corruption, in 1995?
Answer: the Corruption Perceptions Index CPI
Political_corruption

There are two methods of corruption of the judiciary: the state (through budget planning and various privileges), and the private. Budget of the judiciary in many transitional and developing countries is almost completely controlled by the executive. The latter undermines the separation of powers, as it creates a critical financial dependence of the judiciary. The proper national wealth distribution including the government spending on the judiciary is subject of the constitutional economics. Judicial corruption can be difficult to completely eradicate, even in developed countries.

Question: How many methods of judiciary corruption are there?
Answer: two

Question: What part of the government controls the judiciary budget in many developing countries?
Answer: executive

Question: What does executive branch control over judiciary money undermine?
Answer: separation of powers

Question: What type of corruption is hard to get rid of even in developed countries?
Answer: judiciary
Political_corruption

Mobile telecommunications and radio broadcasting help to fight corruption, especially in developing regions like Africa, where other forms of communications are limited. In India, the anti-corruption bureau fights against corruption, and a new ombudsman bill called Jan Lokpal Bill is being prepared.

Question: Radio broadcasts and what help deter corruption?
Answer: Mobile telecommunications

Question: What country is used as an example for limited forms of communications?
Answer: Africa

Question: Who works against corruption in India?
Answer: the anti-corruption bureau

Question: What new ombudsman bill is being readied in India?
Answer: Jan Lokpal Bill
Political_corruption

In the 1990s, initiatives were taken at an international level (in particular by the European Community, the Council of Europe, the OECD) to put a ban on corruption: in 1996, the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe, for instance, adopted a comprehensive Programme of Action against Corruption and, subsequently, issued a series of anti-corruption standard-setting instruments:

Question: What decade saw international initiatives to combat corruption?
Answer: 1990s

Question: Who started the Programme of Action?
Answer: Ministers of the Council of Europe

Question: What did the Programme of Action issue?
Answer: a series of anti-corruption standard-setting instruments
Political_corruption

The purpose of these instruments was to address the various forms of corruption (involving the public sector, the private sector, the financing of political activities, etc.) whether they had a strictly domestic or also a transnational dimension. To monitor the implementation at national level of the requirements and principles provided in those texts, a monitoring mechanism – the Group of States Against Corruption (also known as GRECO) (French: Groupe d'Etats contre la corruption) was created.

Question: What does GRECO stand for?
Answer: Group of States Against Corruption

Question: What is the name of the French equivalent of GRECO?
Answer: Groupe d'Etats contre la corruption

Question: The instruments used to point out the different corrupt forms looked to see if they were rigidly domestic or what?
Answer: transnational
Classical_music

Classical music is art music produced or rooted in the traditions of Western music, including both liturgical (religious) and secular music. While a similar term is also used to refer to the period from 1750 to 1820 (the Classical period), this article is about the broad span of time from roughly the 11th century to the present day, which includes the Classical period and various other periods. The central norms of this tradition became codified between 1550 and 1900, which is known as the common practice period. The major time divisions of classical music are as follows: the early music period, which includes the Medieval (500–1400) and the Renaissance (1400–1600) eras; the Common practice period, which includes the Baroque (1600–1750), Classical (1750–1820), and Romantic eras (1804–1910); and the 20th century (1901–2000) which includes the modern (1890–1930) that overlaps from the late 19th-century, the high modern (mid 20th-century), and contemporary or postmodern (1975–2015) eras.[citation needed]

Question: What term is used to refer to the period from 1750 to 1820?
Answer: the Classical period

Question: What years are termed the Renaissance period?
Answer: 1400–1600

Question: What years are termed the Baroque period? 
Answer: 1600–1750

Question: From 1804-1910 was called what era?
Answer: Romantic

Question: Classical music is rooted in what kind of tradition? 
Answer: Western music

Question: Classical music is rooted the the traditions of what kind of music?
Answer: Western

Question: What is the period from 1750 to 1820 called?
Answer: the Classical period

Question: What time period is known at the common practice period?
Answer: between 1550 and 1900

Question: When was the modern era?
Answer: 1890–1930
Classical_music

European art music is largely distinguished from many other non-European and popular musical forms by its system of staff notation, in use since about the 16th century. Western staff notation is used by composers to prescribe to the performer the pitches (e.g., melodies, basslines and/or chords), tempo, meter and rhythms for a piece of music. This leaves less room for practices such as improvisation and ad libitum ornamentation, which are frequently heard in non-European art music and in popular music  styles such as jazz and blues. Another difference is that whereas most popular styles lend themselves to the song form, classical music has been noted for its development of highly sophisticated forms of instrumental music such as the concerto, symphony, sonata, and mixed vocal and instrumental styles such as opera which, since they are written down, can attain a high level of complexity.

Question: How is European art music distinguished from non-European and popular music?
Answer: its system of staff notation

Question: What method is used by composers to prescribe to the performer the pitches, tempo, meter and rhythms for a piece of music?
Answer: Western staff notation

Question: What popular styles practice improvisation and ad libitum ornamentation?
Answer: jazz and blues

Question: Since it is written down, classical music can attain a high level of what? 
Answer: complexity

Question: How is European art music distinguished from many other musical forms?
Answer: its system of staff notation

Question: How long has the system of staff notation been in use?
Answer: since about the 16th century

Question: Jazz and blues use ad libitum and what other ornamentation? 
Answer: improvisation

Question: Classic music can a attain a high level of what?
Answer: complexity
Classical_music

The term "classical music" did not appear until the early 19th century, in an attempt to distinctly canonize the period from Johann Sebastian Bach to Beethoven as a golden age. The earliest reference to "classical music" recorded by the Oxford English Dictionary is from about 1836.

Question: When did the term "classical music" appear? 
Answer: the early 19th century

Question: What period is referred to as a "golden age"?
Answer: the period from Johann Sebastian Bach to Beethoven

Question: What year is the earliest reference to 'classical music'?
Answer: 1836

Question: What book holds the earliest reference to 'classical music'?
Answer: Oxford English Dictionary

Question: What term did not appear until the early 19th century?
Answer: classical music

Question: What 'age' is the period from Johann Sebastian Bach to Beethoven referred to as?
Answer: golden age

Question: What year was the earliest reference to classical music?
Answer: 1836

Question: In what book was the earliest reference to classical music?
Answer: Oxford English Dictionary
Classical_music

Given the wide range of styles in classical music, from Medieval plainchant sung by monks to Classical and Romantic symphonies for orchestra from the 1700s and 1800s to avant-garde atonal compositions for solo piano from the 1900s, it is difficult to list characteristics that can be attributed to all works of that type. However, there are characteristics that classical music contains that few or no other genres of music contain, such as the use of a printed score and the performance of very complex instrumental works (e.g., the fugue). As well, although the symphony did not exist through the entire classical music period, from the mid-1700s to the 2000s the symphony ensemble—and the works written for it—have become a defining feature of classical music.

Question: Who sang Medieval plainchant?
Answer: monks

Question: Avant-garde atonal compositions were written for what instrument?
Answer: solo piano

Question: What two characteristics of classical music can not be attributed to other genres?
Answer: use of a printed score and the performance of very complex instrumental works

Question: Through what period did the symphony not exist?
Answer: the entire classical music period

Question: What has become a defining feature of classical music?
Answer: the symphony ensemble

Question: What did not exist through the entire classical music period?
Answer: the symphony

Question: The use of a printed score and the performance of very complex instrumental works are characteristics of what?
Answer: classical music

Question: Who sang medieval plainchant?
Answer: monks
Classical_music

The key characteristic of classical music that distinguishes it from popular music and folk music is that the repertoire tends to be written down in musical notation, creating a musical part or score. This score typically determines details of rhythm, pitch, and, where two or more musicians (whether singers or instrumentalists) are involved, how the various parts are coordinated. The written quality of the music has enabled a high level of complexity within them: J.S. Bach's fugues, for instance, achieve a remarkable marriage of boldly distinctive melodic lines weaving in counterpoint yet creating a coherent harmonic logic that would be impossible in the heat of live improvisation. The use of written notation also preserves a record of the works and enables Classical musicians to perform music from many centuries ago. Musical notation enables 2000s-era performers to sing a choral work from the 1300s Renaissance era or a 1700s Baroque concerto with many of the features of the music (the melodies, lyrics, forms, and rhythms) being reproduced.

Question: J.S. Bach's fugues create a coherent harmonic logic that would be impossible for what other style of music?
Answer: live improvisation

Question: The score determines how various parts are coordinated, pitch, and what other detail?
Answer: rhythm

Question: What has allowed Classical musicians to perform music from many centuries ago?
Answer: written notation

Question: Who's fugues achieve a remarkable marriage of boldly distinctive melodic lines?
Answer: J.S. Bach's
Classical_music

That said, the score does not provide complete and exact instructions on how to perform a historical work. Even if the tempo is written with an Italian instruction (e.g., Allegro), we do not know exactly how fast the piece should be played. As well, in the Baroque era, many works that were designed for basso continuo accompaniment do not specify which instruments should play the accompaniment or exactly how the chordal instrument (harpsichord, lute, etc.) should play the chords, which are not notated in the part (only a figured bass symbol beneath the bass part is used to guide the chord-playing performer). The performer and/or the conductor have a range of options for musical expression and interpretation of a scored piece, including the phrasing of melodies, the time taken during fermatas (held notes) or pauses, and the use (or choice not to use) of effects such as vibrato or glissando (these effects are possible on various stringed, brass and woodwind instruments and with the human voice).

Question: The score does not provide complete and exact instruction on how to do what?
Answer: perform a historical work

Question: In what era were many works designed for basso continuo accompaniment? 
Answer: the Baroque era

Question: Vibrato and glissando are possible on stringed, brass, woodwind and what other style instrument?
Answer: the human voice

Question: What are fermatas?
Answer: held notes
Classical_music

Although Classical music in the 2000s has lost most of its tradition for musical improvisation, from the Baroque era to the Romantic era, there are examples of performers who could improvise in the style of their era. In the Baroque era, organ performers would improvise preludes, keyboard performers playing harpsichord would improvise chords from the figured bass symbols beneath the bass notes of the basso continuo part and both vocal and instrumental performers would improvise musical ornaments. J.S. Bach was particularly noted for his complex improvisations. During the Classical era, the composer-performer Mozart was noted for his ability to improvise melodies in different styles. During the Classical era, some virtuoso soloists would improvise the cadenza sections of a concerto. During the Romantic era, Beethoven would improvise at the piano. For more information, see Improvisation.

Question: Classical music in the 2000s has lost most of its tradition for musical what?
Answer: improvisation

Question: In the Baroque era, who would improvise preludes?
Answer: organ performers

Question: Who would improvise musical ornaments in the Baroque era?
Answer: instrumental performers

Question: Who was noted for his complex improvisations?
Answer: J.S. Bach

Question: What was Mozart noted for?
Answer: his ability to improvise melodies in different styles
Classical_music

The instruments currently used in most classical music were largely invented before the mid-19th century (often much earlier) and codified in the 18th and 19th centuries. They consist of the instruments found in an orchestra or in a concert band, together with several other solo instruments (such as the piano, harpsichord, and organ). The symphony orchestra is the most widely known medium for classical music and includes members of the string, woodwind, brass, and percussion families of instruments. The concert band consists of members of the woodwind, brass, and percussion families. It generally has a larger variety and amount of woodwind and brass instruments than the orchestra but does not have a string section. However, many concert bands use a double bass. The vocal practices changed a great deal over the classical period, from the single line monophonic Gregorian chant done by monks in the Medieval period to the complex, polyphonic choral works of the Renaissance and subsequent periods, which used multiple independent vocal melodies at the same time.

Question: Instrument currently used in most classical music where invented before what period?
Answer: the mid-19th century

Question: What is the most widely known medium for classical music?
Answer: The symphony orchestra

Question: A symphony orchestra includes members of the string, woodwind, percussion and what other family of instruments?
Answer: brass

Question: What does a symphony orchestra have that is missing from a concert band?
Answer: a string section

Question: What practice has changed a great deal over the classical period?
Answer: vocal
Classical_music

Many of the instruments used to perform medieval music still exist, but in different forms. Medieval instruments included the wood flute (which in the 21st century is made of metal), the recorder and plucked string instruments like the lute. As well, early versions of the organ, fiddle (or vielle), and trombone (called the sackbut) existed. Medieval instruments in Europe had most commonly been used singly, often self accompanied with a drone note, or occasionally in parts. From at least as early as the 13th century through the 15th century there was a division of instruments into haut (loud, shrill, outdoor instruments) and bas (quieter, more intimate instruments).

Question: What was the medieval flute made from?
Answer: wood

Question: What was an early version of the fiddle called?
Answer: vielle

Question: What was an early version of the trombone called? 
Answer: sackbut

Question: Medieval instrument in Europe were commonly used how?
Answer: singly

Question: Loud, shrill, and outdoor instruments were referred to as 'haut', while quieter, more intimate instruments were referred to as what?
Answer: bas
Classical_music

During the earlier medieval period, the vocal music from the liturgical genre, predominantly Gregorian chant, was monophonic, using a single, unaccompanied vocal melody line. Polyphonic vocal genres, which used multiple independent vocal melodies, began to develop during the high medieval era, becoming prevalent by the later 13th and early 14th century.

Question: What genre was predominately Gregorian chant during the earlier medieval period?
Answer: liturgical

Question: What genre uses multiple independent vocal melodies?
Answer: Polyphonic vocal genres

Question: When did the Polyphonic vocal genre begin to develop?
Answer: during the high medieval era

Question: What word means using a single unaccompanied vocal melody line?
Answer: monophonic
Classical_music

Many instruments originated during the Renaissance; others were variations of, or improvements upon, instruments that had existed previously. Some have survived to the present day; others have disappeared, only to be recreated in order to perform music of the period on authentic instruments. As in the modern day, instruments may be classified as brass, strings, percussion, and woodwind.

Question: Many instruments originated during what era?
Answer: the Renaissance

Question: What has disappeared, then been recreated in order to perform music of the period?
Answer: authentic instruments

Question: Modern day instrument may be classified as brass, string, woodwind and what other classification?
Answer: percussion
Classical_music

Brass instruments in the Renaissance were traditionally played by professionals who were members of Guilds and they included the slide trumpet, the wooden cornet, the valveless trumpet and the sackbut. Stringed instruments included the viol, the harp-like lyre, the hurdy-gurdy, the cittern and the lute. Keyboard instruments with strings included the harpsichord and the virginal. Percussion instruments include the triangle, the Jew's harp, the tambourine, the bells, the rumble-pot, and various kinds of drums. Woodwind instruments included the double reed shawm, the reed pipe, the bagpipe, the transverse flute and the recorder.

Question: Brass instruments were traditionally played by profession guild members during what era?
Answer: the Renaissance

Question: Stringed instruments during the Renaissance included the viol, the lyre, the cittern, the lute and what other instrument?
Answer: the hurdy-gurdy

Question: The virginal is what type of instrument?
Answer: Keyboard instruments with strings

Question: The tambourine, bells and rumble-pot are all what type of instrument?
Answer: Percussion

Question: The reed pipe and recorder are what type of instrument?
Answer: Woodwind
Classical_music

Vocal music in the Renaissance is noted for the flourishing of an increasingly elaborate polyphonic style. The principal liturgical forms which endured throughout the entire Renaissance period were masses and motets, with some other developments towards the end, especially as composers of sacred music began to adopt secular forms (such as the madrigal) for their own designs. Towards the end of the period, the early dramatic precursors of opera such as monody, the madrigal comedy, and the intermedio are seen.

Question: Vocal music in the Renaissance is noted for an increasingly elaborate what?
Answer: polyphonic style

Question: What liturgical form besides motets endured throughout the entire Renaissance period?
Answer: masses

Question: Monody, the madrigal comedy, and intermedio are all precursors to what?
Answer: opera
Classical_music

Baroque instruments included some instruments from the earlier periods (e.g., the hurdy-gurdy and recorder) and a number of new instruments (e.g, the cello, contrabass and fortepiano). Some instruments from previous eras fell into disuse, such as the shawm and the wooden cornet. The key Baroque instruments for strings included the violin, viol, viola, viola d'amore, cello, contrabass, lute, theorbo (which often played the basso continuo parts), mandolin, cittern, Baroque guitar, harp and hurdy-gurdy. Woodwinds included the Baroque flute, Baroque oboe, rackett, recorder and the bassoon. Brass instruments included the cornett, natural horn, Baroque trumpet, serpent and the trombone. Keyboard instruments included the clavichord, tangent piano, the fortepiano (an early version of the piano), the harpsichord and the pipe organ. Percussion instruments included the timpani, snare drum, tambourine and the castanets.

Question: The cello, contrabrass and fortepiano were new instruments during what period?
Answer: Baroque

Question: What happened to the shawn and the wooden cornet during the Baroque period?
Answer: fell into disuse

Question: The timpani ans castanets are what type of instrument?
Answer: Percussion

Question: The serpent is what type of instrument?
Answer: Brass

Question: Which string instrument often played the basso continuo parts?
Answer: theorbo
Classical_music

One major difference between Baroque music and the classical era that followed it is that the types of instruments used in ensembles were much less standardized. Whereas a classical era string quartet consists almost exclusively of two violins, a viola and a cello, a Baroque group accompanying a soloist or opera could include one of several different types of keyboard instruments (e.g., pipe organ, harpsichord, or clavichord), additional stringed chordal instruments (e.g., a lute) and an unspecified number of bass instruments performing the basso continuo bassline, including bowed strings, woodwinds and brass instruments (e.g., a cello, contrabass, viol, bassoon, serpent, etc.).

Question: What was less standardized during the Baroque era?
Answer: the types of instruments used in ensembles

Question: Two violins, a viola, and a cello make up what type of group?
Answer: a classical era string quartet

Question: Keyboard instruments included the pip organ, harpsichord and what other instrument?
Answer: clavichord

Question: What is an example of a stringed chordal instrument during the Baroque period?
Answer: a lute
Classical_music

Classical musicians continued to use many of instruments from the Baroque era, such as the cello, contrabass, recorder, trombone, timpani, fortepiano and organ. While some Baroque instruments fell into disuse (e.g., the theorbo and rackett), many Baroque instruments were changed into the versions that are still in use today, such as the Baroque violin (which became the violin), the Baroque oboe (which became the oboe) and the Baroque trumpet, which transitioned to the regular valved trumpet.

Question: Classical musicians continued to use many instruments from what era?
Answer: Baroque

Question: The theorbo and what other Baroque instrument fell into disuse?
Answer: rackett

Question: The Baroque violin became what modern instrument?
Answer: the violin

Question: What did the Baroque trumpet become?
Answer: the regular valved trumpet
Classical_music

The Classical era stringed instruments were the four instruments which form the string section of the orchestra: the violin, viola, cello and contrabass. Woodwinds included the basset clarinet, basset horn, clarinette d'amour, the Classical clarinet, the chalumeau, the flute, oboe and bassoon. Keyboard instruments included the clavichord and the fortepiano. While the harpsichord was still used in basso continuo accompaniment in the 1750s and 1760s, it fell out of use in the end of the century. Brass instruments included the buccin, the ophicleide (a serpent replacement which was the precursor of tuba) and the natural horn.

Question: The violin, cello, contrabass and what other instrument form the string section of the orchestra?
Answer: viola

Question: The flute, oboe and bassoon are all what type of instrument?
Answer: Woodwinds

Question: What instrument fell out of use after the 1760s?
Answer: the harpsichord

Question: What instrument was the precursor of the tuba?
Answer: the ophicleide
Classical_music

The "standard complement" of double winds and brass in the orchestra from the first half of the 19th century is generally attributed to Beethoven. The exceptions to this are his Symphony No. 4, Violin Concerto, and Piano Concerto No. 4, which each specify a single flute. The composer's instrumentation usually included paired flutes, oboes, clarinets, bassoons, horns and trumpets. Beethoven carefully calculated the expansion of this particular timbral "palette" in Symphonies 3, 5, 6, and 9 for an innovative effect. The third horn in the "Eroica" Symphony arrives to provide not only some harmonic flexibility, but also the effect of "choral" brass in the Trio. Piccolo, contrabassoon, and trombones add to the triumphal finale of his Symphony No. 5. A piccolo and a pair of trombones help deliver "storm" and "sunshine" in the Sixth. The Ninth asks for a second pair of horns, for reasons similar to the "Eroica" (four horns has since become standard); Beethoven's use of piccolo, contrabassoon, trombones, and untuned percussion—plus chorus and vocal soloists—in his finale, are his earliest suggestion that the timbral boundaries of symphony should be expanded. For several decades after he died, symphonic instrumentation was faithful to Beethoven's well-established model, with few exceptions.

Question: To whom is the "standard complement" attributed to?
Answer: Beethoven

Question: PIccolo, contrabassoon, and trombones add to the triumphal finales of what piece by Beethoven?
Answer: Symphony No. 5

Question: How long was symphonic instrumentation faithful to Beethoven's after he died?
Answer: several decades

Question: What did Beethoven expand in his Symphonies, 3, 5, 6 and 9?
Answer: timbral "palette"

Question: A Piccolo and trombones provides the illusion of storm and what in Beethoven's Sixth Symphony?
Answer: sunshine
Classical_music

In the Romantic era, the modern piano, with a more powerful, sustained tone and a wider range took over from the more delicate-sounding fortepiano. In the orchestra, the existing Classical instruments and sections were retained (string section, woodwinds, brass and percussion), but these sections were typically expanded to make a fuller, bigger sound. For example, while a Baroque orchestra may have had two double bass players, a Romantic orchestra could have as many as ten. "As music grew more expressive, the standard orchestral palette just wasn't rich enough for many Romantic composers."  New woodwind instruments were added, such as the contrabassoon, bass clarinet and piccolo and new percussion instruments were added, including xylophones, drums, celestes (a bell-like keyboard instrument), large orchestral harps, bells, and triangles  and even wind machines for sound effects.

Question: What instrument did the modern piano take over for in the Romantic era?
Answer: fortepiano

Question: How many double bass players were typically used in the Baroque orchestra?
Answer: two

Question: What wasn't rich enough for many Romantic composers?
Answer: the standard orchestral palette

Question: Classical sections were expanded in the Romantic era for a fuller and bigger what?
Answer: sound

Question: What is a celestes?
Answer: a bell-like keyboard instrument
Classical_music

Saxophones appear in some scores from the late 19th century onwards. While appearing only as featured solo instruments in some works, for example Maurice Ravel's orchestration of Modest Mussorgsky's Pictures at an Exhibition and Sergei Rachmaninoff's Symphonic Dances, the saxophone is included in other works, such as Ravel's Boléro, Sergei Prokofiev's Romeo and Juliet Suites 1 and 2 and many other works as a member of the orchestral ensemble. The euphonium is featured in a few late Romantic and 20th-century works, usually playing parts marked "tenor tuba", including Gustav Holst's The Planets, and Richard Strauss's Ein Heldenleben.

Question: When do saxophones first appear in scores?
Answer: the late 19th century

Question: Saxophone was featured as a solo instrument in what Sergei Rachmaninoff piece?
Answer: Symphonic Dances

Question: How is the saxophone features in Ravel's Bolero?
Answer: as a member of the orchestral ensemble

Question: The euphonium usually played parts marked as what?
Answer: "tenor tuba"

Question: Who wrote The Planets?
Answer: Gustav Holst
Classical_music

The Wagner tuba, a modified member of the horn family, appears in Richard Wagner's cycle Der Ring des Nibelungen and several other works by Strauss, Béla Bartók, and others; it has a prominent role in Anton Bruckner's Symphony No. 7 in E Major. Cornets appear in Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky's ballet Swan Lake, Claude Debussy's La Mer, and several orchestral works by Hector Berlioz. Unless these instruments are played by members doubling on another instrument (for example, a trombone player changing to euphonium for a certain passage), orchestras will use freelance musicians to augment their regular rosters.

Question: What is the name of the modified member of the horn family appearing in several works by Strauss?
Answer: The Wagner tuba

Question: Which symphony of Anton Bruckner's does the Wagner tuba have a prominent role in?
Answer: Symphony No. 7 in E Major

Question: Who wrote the ballet Swan Lake?
Answer: Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky

Question: What will orchestras use to augment their regular rosters?
Answer: freelance musicians

Question: What Debussy piece features a cornet?
Answer: La Mer
Classical_music

Electric instruments such as the electric guitar, the electric bass and the ondes Martenot appear occasionally in the classical music of the 20th and 21st centuries. Both classical and popular musicians have experimented in recent decades with electronic instruments such as the synthesizer, electric and digital techniques such as the use of sampled or computer-generated sounds, and instruments from other cultures such as the gamelan.

Question: What type of instrument appears occasionally in the 20th and 21st century styles of classical music?
Answer: Electric

Question: What type of musicians besides classical have experimented with electronic instruments?
Answer: popular

Question: What type of instrument is the gamelan?
Answer: electronic
Classical_music

Many instruments today associated with popular music filled important roles in early classical music, such as bagpipes, vihuelas, hurdy-gurdies, and some woodwind instruments. On the other hand, instruments such as the acoustic guitar, once associated mainly with popular music, gained prominence in classical music in the 19th and 20th centuries.

Question: In what did the bagpipe fill an important role?
Answer: early classical music,

Question: What instrument gained prominence in the 19th and 20th century?
Answer: the acoustic guitar

Question: Vihuelas and hurdy-gurdies are currently associated with what type of music?
Answer: popular
Classical_music

While equal temperament became gradually accepted as the dominant musical temperament during the 18th century, different historical temperaments are often used for music from earlier periods. For instance, music of the English Renaissance is often performed in meantone temperament.

Question: What type of temperament became accepted during the 18th century?
Answer: equal temperament

Question: When did equal temperament become accepted as the dominant musical temperament?
Answer: the 18th century

Question: What temperament is the English Renaissance performed in?
Answer: meantone temperament
Classical_music

Performers who have studied classical music extensively are said to be "classically trained". This training may be from private lessons from instrument or voice teachers or from completion of a formal program offered by a Conservatory, college or university, such as a B.mus. or M.mus. degree (which includes individual lessons from professors). In classical music, "...extensive formal music education and training, often to postgraduate [Master's degree] level" is required.

Question: What have classical trained performers done extensively?
Answer: studied classical music

Question: What does a B.mus. or M.mus. degree include?
Answer: individual lessons from professors

Question: To what level is training for classical music often required?
Answer: postgraduate
Classical_music

Performance of classical music repertoire requires a proficiency in sight-reading and ensemble playing, harmonic principles, strong ear training (to correct and adjust pitches by ear), knowledge of performance practice (e.g., Baroque ornamentation), and a familiarity with the style/musical idiom expected for a given composer or musical work (e.g., a Brahms symphony or a Mozart concerto).

Question: Performance of classical music requires proficiency in what type of reading?
Answer: sight-reading

Question: Performance of classical music requires proficiency in what type of principles?
Answer: harmonic

Question: Familiarty with the style expected for any given composer is required for what kind of performance?
Answer: classical music
Classical_music

Some "popular" genre musicians have had significant classical training, such as Billy Joel, Elton John, the Van Halen brothers, Randy Rhoads and Ritchie Blackmore. Moreover, formal training is not unique to the classical genre. Many rock and pop musicians have completed degrees in commercial music programs such as those offered by the Berklee College of Music and many jazz musicians have completed degrees in music from universities with jazz programs, such as the Manhattan School of Music and McGill University.

Question: What brothers have had significant classical training?
Answer: Van Halen brothers

Question: Billy Joel and Elton John have both had what type of training?
Answer: classical

Question: Rock and pop musicians may have degrees in what type of music?
Answer: commercial
Classical_music

Historically, major professional orchestras have been mostly or entirely composed of male musicians. Some of the earliest cases of women being hired in professional orchestras was in the position of harpist. The Vienna Philharmonic, for example, did not accept women to permanent membership until 1997, far later than the other orchestras ranked among the world's top five by Gramophone in 2008. The last major orchestra to appoint a woman to a permanent position was the Berlin Philharmonic. As late as February 1996, the Vienna Philharmonic's principal flute, Dieter Flury, told Westdeutscher Rundfunk that accepting women would be "gambling with the emotional unity (emotionelle Geschlossenheit) that this organism currently has". In April 1996, the orchestra's press secretary wrote that "compensating for the expected leaves of absence" of maternity leave would be a problem.

Question: What gender of musician has historically made up a large amount of professional orchestras?
Answer: male

Question: Women were first hired in professional orchestras for what position?
Answer: harpist

Question: What year did the Vienna Philharmonic first accept women?
Answer: 1997

Question: Which major orchestra was the last to appoint a woman to a permanent position?
Answer: the Berlin Philharmonic

Question: Who was the principal flute for the Vienna Philharmonic in 1996?
Answer: Dieter Flury
Classical_music

In 1997, the Vienna Philharmonic was "facing protests during a [US] tour" by the National Organization for Women and the International Alliance for Women in Music. Finally, "after being held up to increasing ridicule even in socially conservative Austria, members of the orchestra gathered [on 28 February 1997] in an extraordinary meeting on the eve of their departure and agreed to admit a woman, Anna Lelkes, as harpist." As of 2013, the orchestra has six female members; one of them, violinist Albena Danailova became one of the orchestra's concertmasters in 2008, the first woman to hold that position. In 2012, women still made up just 6% of the orchestra's membership. VPO president Clemens Hellsberg said the VPO now uses completely screened blind auditions.

Question: In what year did the Vienna Philharmonic face protests in the US?
Answer: 1997

Question: Who was the first woman admitted to the Vienna Philharmonic?
Answer: Anna Lelkes

Question: What instrument did Anna Lelkes play?
Answer: harp

Question: How many female members were part of the Vienna Philharmonic in 2013?
Answer: six

Question: Who was the Vienna Philharmonic's first female concertmaster?
Answer: Albena Danailova