Divyanshu67/squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
Antarctica

In 1983, the Antarctic Treaty Parties began negotiations on a convention to regulate mining in Antarctica. A coalition of international organizations launched a public pressure campaign to prevent any minerals development in the region, led largely by Greenpeace International, which established its own scientific station—World Park Base—in the Ross Sea region and conducted annual expeditions to document environmental effects of humans on Antarctica. In 1988, the Convention on the Regulation of Antarctic Mineral Resources (CRAMRA) was adopted. The following year, however, Australia and France announced that they would not ratify the convention, rendering it dead for all intents and purposes. They proposed instead that a comprehensive regime to protect the Antarctic environment be negotiated in its place. The Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty (the "Madrid Protocol") was negotiated as other countries followed suit and on 14 January 1998 it entered into force. The Madrid Protocol bans all mining in Antarctica, designating Antarctica a "natural reserve devoted to peace and science".

Question: When did negotiations start to regulate mining in Antarctica?
Answer: 1983

Question: What group led the fight to prevent mineral development in Antarctica?
Answer: Greenpeace International,

Question: When was the treaty to regulate mining agreed upon?
Answer: 1988

Question: Which two countries refused to ratify the treaty to regulate mineral use in Antarctica?
Answer: Australia and France

Question: What was the alternate treaty offered by Australia and France?
Answer: Madrid Protocol

Question: What began in 1938?

Question: What does CARMAR stand for?

Question: What year was the CARMAR adopted?

Question: Who announced they would not ratify the CARMAR?

Question: What was entered into force on 14 January 1983?
Antarctica

As a result of continued warming, the polar ice caps melted and much of Gondwana became a desert. In Eastern Antarctica, seed ferns or pteridosperms became abundant and large amounts of sandstone and shale were laid down at this time. Synapsids, commonly known as "mammal-like reptiles", were common in Antarctica during the Early Triassic and included forms such as Lystrosaurus. The Antarctic Peninsula began to form during the Jurassic period (206–146 Ma), and islands gradually rose out of the ocean. Ginkgo trees, conifers, bennettites, horsetails, ferns and cycads were plentiful during this period. In West Antarctica, coniferous forests dominated through the entire Cretaceous period (146–66 Ma), though southern beech became more prominent towards the end of this period. Ammonites were common in the seas around Antarctica, and dinosaurs were also present, though only three Antarctic dinosaur genera (Cryolophosaurus and Glacialisaurus, from the Hanson Formation, and Antarctopelta) have been described to date. It was during this era that Gondwana began to break up.

Question: What did most of Gondwana become when the polar ice melted?
Answer: desert

Question: What plants were abundant during this time?
Answer: pteridosperms

Question: What type of reptiles were common during the early Triassic?
Answer: Synapsids

Question: When did the Antarctic peninsula form?
Answer: Jurassic period

Question: During what period did Gondwana begin to break apart?
Answer: Cretaceous

Question: What caused polar ice caps to form on Gondwana?

Question: What type of plamdt became abundent on Gondwana?

Question: What type of animal was coomon during the Late Triassic?

Question: What penninsula formed during the Triassic period?

Question: Why did Eastern Antarctica become?

Question: What type of rock was laid down in Eastern Gondwana?

Question: What began to form during the years 204-166 Ma?

Question: What types of trees and plants appeared during the Triassic period?

Question: What period is marked by the years 166-46 Ma?
Antarctica

Meteorites from Antarctica are an important area of study of material formed early in the solar system; most are thought to come from asteroids, but some may have originated on larger planets. The first meteorite was found in 1912, and named the Adelie Land meteorite. In 1969, a Japanese expedition discovered nine meteorites. Most of these meteorites have fallen onto the ice sheet in the last million years. Motion of the ice sheet tends to concentrate the meteorites at blocking locations such as mountain ranges, with wind erosion bringing them to the surface after centuries beneath accumulated snowfall. Compared with meteorites collected in more temperate regions on Earth, the Antarctic meteorites are well-preserved.

Question: What astronomical study is important research for Antarctica?
Answer: Meteorites

Question: What is the supposed source of most Antarctica meteorites?
Answer: asteroids

Question: When was the first meteorite found in Antarctica?
Answer: 1912

Question: What expedition found nine meteorites in 1969?
Answer: Japanese

Question: What is it about Antarctic meteorites that is different form meteorites found in other places?
Answer: well-preserved.

Question: What was first found in 1921?

Question: What was the name of the 1921 meteorite?

Question: What happened in 1996?

Question: How many meteorites did the 1996 Japanese expedition find?
Antarctica

Due to its location at the South Pole, Antarctica receives relatively little solar radiation. This means that it is a very cold continent where water is mostly in the form of ice. Precipitation is low (most of Antarctica is a desert) and almost always in the form of snow, which accumulates and forms a giant ice sheet which covers the land. Parts of this ice sheet form moving glaciers known as ice streams, which flow towards the edges of the continent. Next to the continental shore are many ice shelves. These are floating extensions of outflowing glaciers from the continental ice mass. Offshore, temperatures are also low enough that ice is formed from seawater through most of the year. It is important to understand the various types of Antarctic ice to understand possible effects on sea levels and the implications of global cooling.

Question: What location means that Antarctica get little solar radiation?
Answer: South Pole

Question: In what condition is most water in the Antarctica?
Answer: ice

Question: What is the usual condition of precipitation in the Antarctic?
Answer: snow

Question: What does the massed snow in Antarctica produce?
Answer: giant ice sheet

Question: What are ice streams otherwise called?
Answer: glaciers

Question: Why does Antarctica receive solar radiation?

Question: What continent is a complete desert?

Question: What is next to the continental shelves?

Question: What are temperatures like offshore to effect global cooling?
Antarctica

The first semi-permanent inhabitants of regions near Antarctica (areas situated south of the Antarctic Convergence) were British and American sealers who used to spend a year or more on South Georgia, from 1786 onward. During the whaling era, which lasted until 1966, the population of that island varied from over 1,000 in the summer (over 2,000 in some years) to some 200 in the winter. Most of the whalers were Norwegian, with an increasing proportion of Britons. The settlements included Grytviken, Leith Harbour, King Edward Point, Stromness, Husvik, Prince Olav Harbour, Ocean Harbour and Godthul. Managers and other senior officers of the whaling stations often lived together with their families. Among them was the founder of Grytviken, Captain Carl Anton Larsen, a prominent Norwegian whaler and explorer who, along with his family, adopted British citizenship in 1910.

Question: Where did the first semi-permanent residents of the Antarctic area live?
Answer: South Georgia

Question: What was the profession of the residents of South Georgia?
Answer: sealers

Question: In what year did the sealers start staying on South Georgia?
Answer: 1786

Question: What was the nationality of most whalers?
Answer: Norwegian

Question: When did explorer Carl Anton Larsen become a British citizen?
Answer: 1910

Question: Who were the first permenat residents of regions near Antarctica?

Question: When was the first perminant settlment established on South Georgia?

Question: Who settled South Georgia in 1966?

Question: What settlements were established on Antarctica?

Question: What British citizens established Grtviken on Antarctica?

Question: Who were the first permanent inhabitants of Antarctica?

Question: What lasted until 1696?

Question: What were the Norwegian settlements?

Question: What did Captain Anon Carl Larsen found?

Question: Who adopted British citizenship in 1901?
Antarctica

The Antarctic fur seal was very heavily hunted in the 18th and 19th centuries for its pelt by sealers from the United States and the United Kingdom. The Weddell seal, a "true seal", is named after Sir James Weddell, commander of British sealing expeditions in the Weddell Sea. Antarctic krill, which congregate in large schools, is the keystone species of the ecosystem of the Southern Ocean, and is an important food organism for whales, seals, leopard seals, fur seals, squid, icefish, penguins, albatrosses and many other birds.

Question: What animal was greatly hunted during the 18th and 19th centuries?
Answer: Antarctic fur seal

Question: For whom is the Weddell seal named ?
Answer: Sir James Weddell

Question: What did  Sir James Weddell command?
Answer: British sealing expeditions

Question: What is a very important species in the Southern Ocean?
Answer: Antarctic krill

Question: Why is the krill so important to the Antarctic area?
Answer: important food

Question: What animal was heavily hunted in the 18 and 1900's?

Question: What seal is named after the commander of American sealing expoditions?

Question: What whaler had a seal named after him?

Question: What is the keystone species of the Arctic Ocean?

Question: What bird do leapard seals feed on?

Question: What was hunted during 1819?

Question: What countries did the 1819 sealers come from?

Question: What is named after James Sir Weddell?

Question: What was James Sir Weddell commander of?
Antarctica

The Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty (also known as the Environmental Protocol or Madrid Protocol) came into force in 1998, and is the main instrument concerned with conservation and management of biodiversity in Antarctica. The Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting is advised on environmental and conservation issues in Antarctica by the Committee for Environmental Protection. A major concern within this committee is the risk to Antarctica from unintentional introduction of non-native species from outside the region.

Question: When did the Environmental Protocol become effective?
Answer: 1998

Question: What is the main concern of the Protocol?
Answer: conservation

Question: What is seen as a major risk to Antarctica?
Answer: non-native species

Question: What group advises the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting?
Answer: Committee for Environmental Protection

Question: Besides conservation, what is the Environmental Protocol's goal to manage?
Answer: biodiversity

Question: What is the Environomental Protection Protocol to the Treaty Antarctic also known as?

Question: What came into force in 1988?

Question: What is the Environmental Protection Protocol to the Treaty Antarctic?

Question: Where is the main concern about native species from?
Antarctica

Although coal, hydrocarbons, iron ore, platinum, copper, chromium, nickel, gold and other minerals have been found, they have not been in large enough quantities to exploit. The 1991 Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty also restricts a struggle for resources. In 1998, a compromise agreement was reached to place an indefinite ban on mining, to be reviewed in 2048, further limiting economic development and exploitation. The primary economic activity is the capture and offshore trading of fish. Antarctic fisheries in 2000–01 reported landing 112,934 tonnes.

Question: What does the Protocol on Environmental Protection seek to regulate?
Answer: resources

Question: In what year was an agreement reached to ban mining in Antarctica?
Answer: 1998

Question: When will the mining ban be reviewed?
Answer: 2048

Question: What is the major economic activity near Antarctica?
Answer: trading of fish

Question: How many tonnes of fish were reported caught in 2000-01?
Answer: 112,934 tonnes

Question: What minerals have been found in quantities large enough to exploit?

Question: What does the 1919 Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty restrict?

Question: What was reached in 1989?

Question: How many tonnes did Antarctic fisheries report in 2000?
Antarctica

This large collection of meteorites allows a better understanding of the abundance of meteorite types in the solar system and how meteorites relate to asteroids and comets. New types of meteorites and rare meteorites have been found. Among these are pieces blasted off the Moon, and probably Mars, by impacts. These specimens, particularly ALH84001 discovered by ANSMET, are at the center of the controversy about possible evidence of microbial life on Mars. Because meteorites in space absorb and record cosmic radiation, the time elapsed since the meteorite hit the Earth can be determined from laboratory studies. The elapsed time since fall, or terrestrial residence age, of a meteorite represents more information that might be useful in environmental studies of Antarctic ice sheets.

Question: How do the meteorites found in Antarctica add to knowledge about the solar system?
Answer: better understanding

Question: Beside rare types of meteorites, what other types of meteorites have been found in Antarctica?
Answer: New types

Question: From where in the solar system could the meteorites have come?
Answer: Moon

Question: About what nearby planet could the Antarctic meteorites hold data?
Answer: Mars

Question: What do meteorites absorb that can be used to understand how old the meteorite is?
Answer: cosmic radiation

Question: What is AHL84010?

Question: Who discovered the AHL84010 meteorite?

Question: What controversy surrounds the AHL84010?
Antarctica

In 2002 the Antarctic Peninsula's Larsen-B ice shelf collapsed. Between 28 February and 8 March 2008, about 570 km2 (220 sq mi) of ice from the Wilkins Ice Shelf on the southwest part of the peninsula collapsed, putting the remaining 15,000 km2 (5,800 sq mi) of the ice shelf at risk. The ice was being held back by a "thread" of ice about 6 km (4 mi) wide, prior to its collapse on 5 April 2009. According to NASA, the most widespread Antarctic surface melting of the past 30 years occurred in 2005, when an area of ice comparable in size to California briefly melted and refroze; this may have resulted from temperatures rising to as high as 5 °C (41 °F).

Question: When did the Larsen-B ice shelf collapse?
Answer: 2002

Question: What Antarctic ice shelf collapsed in 2008?
Answer: Wilkins Ice Shelf

Question: When did the most widespread melting of ice occur?
Answer: 2005

Question: How large was the ice chunk that melted and refroze?
Answer: California

Question: How high could the temperatures have risen to cause the melting?
Answer: 5 °C

Question: What happened to the B-larsen ice shelf in 2002?

Question: When did 570 sq mi of ice from the Wilkins Ice Shelf collapse?

Question: Where did 15,000 sq mi of ice remain?

Question: What remaining ice collapsed on 9 April 2005?
Antarctica

Antarctica has no indigenous population and there is no evidence that it was seen by humans until the 19th century. However, belief in the existence of a Terra Australis—a vast continent in the far south of the globe to "balance" the northern lands of Europe, Asia and North Africa—had existed since the times of Ptolemy (1st century AD), who suggested the idea to preserve the symmetry of all known landmasses in the world. Even in the late 17th century, after explorers had found that South America and Australia were not part of the fabled "Antarctica", geographers believed that the continent was much larger than its actual size.

Question: When was the first time humans visited Antarctica?
Answer: 19th century

Question: What was Antarctica presumed to be by the ancient thinkers?
Answer: balance

Question: What did Ptolemy suggest that a southern land mass would do to preserve? 
Answer: symmetry

Question: Of what did early explores think Australia and South America were part?
Answer: Antarctica

Question: Early geographers thought that Antarctica was what in size?
Answer: larger

Question: When was Antarctica last seen by humans?

Question: What is the vast continent in the far north?

Question: Who suggested the idea of Terrs Australis in the 1st cuntury B.C.?

Question: What was discovered in the 1700's?

Question: Who believed thet Antarctica was smaller then its actual size?

Question: What continent has an indigenous population that arrived in the 19th century?

Question: What is Australis Terra?

Question: Who suggested Australis Terra?
Antarctica

About 98% of Antarctica is covered by the Antarctic ice sheet, a sheet of ice averaging at least 1.6 km (1.0 mi) thick. The continent has about 90% of the world's ice (and thereby about 70% of the world's fresh water). If all of this ice were melted, sea levels would rise about 60 m (200 ft). In most of the interior of the continent, precipitation is very low, down to 20 mm (0.8 in) per year; in a few "blue ice" areas precipitation is lower than mass loss by sublimation and so the local mass balance is negative. In the dry valleys, the same effect occurs over a rock base, leading to a desiccated landscape.

Question: How much of Antarctica is covered by ice?
Answer: 98%

Question: How thick is the ice that covers Antarctica?
Answer: 1.6 km

Question: How much of Earth's ice is in Antarctica?
Answer: 90%

Question: How much of the Earth's fresh water is held in Antarctica?
Answer: 70%

Question: What is the amount of precipitation per year in the interior of Antarctica?
Answer: 20 mm

Question: What ice sheet covers all of Antarctica?

Question: What ice sheet averages at least1 kilometer thick?

Question: What continent has 90% of the worlds fresh water?

Question: What continent has 70% of the worlds ice?

Question: Where on Antarctica is the ppercipitation as low as .8 mm?

Question: What is, on average, 1.6 mi thick?

Question: What is 90% of Antarctica covered by?

Question: What does Antarctica have 98% of for the world?

Question: How much of Antarctica is fresh water?

Question: How would the sea levels rise 200 m?
Antarctica

There is some evidence, in the form of ice cores drilled to about 400 m (1,300 ft) above the water line, that Lake Vostok's waters may contain microbial life. The frozen surface of the lake shares similarities with Jupiter's moon, Europa. If life is discovered in Lake Vostok, it would strengthen the argument for the possibility of life on Europa. On 7 February 2008, a NASA team embarked on a mission to Lake Untersee, searching for extremophiles in its highly alkaline waters. If found, these resilient creatures could further bolster the argument for extraterrestrial life in extremely cold, methane-rich environments.

Question: What lake is thought to contain microbial life?
Answer: Lake Vostok

Question: To what does the frozen surface of Lake Vostok resemble?
Answer: Europa

Question: With what is Europa associated??
Answer: Jupiter's moon

Question: When did NASA go on an expedition to Lake Untersee?
Answer: 7 February 2008

Question: For what was NASA searching?
Answer: extremophiles

Question: What lake on Europe may conatin microbial life?

Question: What planet might contain life?

Question: What lake has a frozen surface similar to Jupiter?

Question: Who emberked on a mission to Lake Vostok in 2008?

Question: What was NASA searching for in Lake Vostok?

Question: What was drilled to about 400 ft?

Question: What might Vostok's Lake contain?

Question: What do the waters in the lake share similarities with?

Question: Where did a NASA team go on 8 February 2007?
Antarctica

Africa separated from Antarctica in the Jurassic, around 160 Ma, followed by the Indian subcontinent in the early Cretaceous (about 125 Ma). By the end of the Cretaceous, about 66 Ma, Antarctica (then connected to Australia) still had a subtropical climate and flora, complete with a marsupial fauna. In the Eocene epoch, about 40 Ma Australia-New Guinea separated from Antarctica, so that latitudinal currents could isolate Antarctica from Australia, and the first ice began to appear. During the Eocene–Oligocene extinction event about 34 million years ago, CO2 levels have been found to be about 760 ppm and had been decreasing from earlier levels in the thousands of ppm.

Question: In what period did Africa beak off from Antarctica?
Answer: Jurassic

Question: When was Antarctica still joined to Australia?
Answer: end of the Cretaceous

Question: What type of climate did Antarctica have in the Cretaceous period?
Answer: subtropical

Question: When did Australia separate from Antarctica?
Answer: Eocene epoch

Question: After the division from Australia, what began to appear?
Answer: ice

Question: What seperated from Antarctica in the Cretaceous?

Question: What did Antactica connect to in the Jurassic?

Question: When did Antarctica have a tropical cimate?

Question: What currents began isolating Australia in 66 Ma

Question: What happened around 106 Ma?

Question: When did New-Australia Guinea separate from Antarctica?

Question: What took place about 43 million years ago?

Question: What was found to be 670ppm about 34 million years ago?
Antarctica

Antarctica is colder than the Arctic for three reasons. First, much of the continent is more than 3,000 m (9,800 ft) above sea level, and temperature decreases with elevation in the troposphere. Second, the Arctic Ocean covers the north polar zone: the ocean's relative warmth is transferred through the icepack and prevents temperatures in the Arctic regions from reaching the extremes typical of the land surface of Antarctica. Third, the Earth is at aphelion in July (i.e., the Earth is farthest from the Sun in the Antarctic winter), and the Earth is at perihelion in January (i.e., the Earth is closest to the Sun in the Antarctic summer). The orbital distance contributes to a colder Antarctic winter (and a warmer Antarctic summer) but the first two effects have more impact.

Question: Which of the the poles is colder?
Answer: Antarctica

Question: How high is the continent of Antarctica above sea level?
Answer: 3,000 m

Question: How does the Arctic Ocean warm the Arctic?
Answer: warmth is transferred

Question: What contributes to the Antarctic cold?
Answer: orbital distance

Question: What does temperature do with elevation?
Answer: decreases

Question: What is one reason the Actric colder than Antarctica?

Question: How far above sea level is the Arctic?

Question: What increases with elevation in the tropasphere?

Question: How does the Arctic Ocean warm Antarctica?

Question: How many reasons are given for the Arctic being colder than Antarctica?

Question: What continent is 3,000 ft above sea level?

Question: What does the distance orbital contribute to?

Question: What continent is 9,800 m above sea level?
Antarctica

Emilio Marcos Palma was the first person born south of the 60th parallel south (the continental limit according to the Antarctic Treaty), as well as the first one born on the Antarctic mainland, in 1978 at Base Esperanza, on the tip of the Antarctic Peninsula; his parents were sent there along with seven other families by the Argentine government to determine if the continent was suitable for family life. In 1984, Juan Pablo Camacho was born at the Frei Montalva Station, becoming the first Chilean born in Antarctica. Several bases are now home to families with children attending schools at the station. As of 2009, eleven children were born in Antarctica (south of the 60th parallel south): eight at the Argentine Esperanza Base and three at the Chilean Frei Montalva Station.

Question: Who was the first person born south of the 60th parallel?
Answer: Emilio Marcos Palma

Question: Where is the continental limit of Antarctica?
Answer: 60th parallel south

Question: When was Palma born?
Answer: 1978

Question: What was the Palma family sent to Antarctica to determine?
Answer: suitable for family life

Question: What continental limit is set below the 60th parallel?

Question: Who was born in 20009

Question: Where was Juan Pablo Camacho born in 1978?

Question: What was Marcos Emilio Palma the first to do?

Question: What mainland was Marcos Emilio Palma the first to be born on?

Question: Who was born in 1987?

Question: Who was born in 1948 at the Frei Monalva Station?

Question: How many children were born in Antarctica as of 2011?
Antarctica

About 1150 species of fungi have been recorded from Antarctica, of which about 750 are non-lichen-forming and 400 are lichen-forming. Some of these species are cryptoendoliths as a result of evolution under extreme conditions, and have significantly contributed to shaping the impressive rock formations of the McMurdo Dry Valleys and surrounding mountain ridges. The apparently simple morphology, scarcely differentiated structures, metabolic systems and enzymes still active at very low temperatures, and reduced life cycles shown by such fungi make them particularly suited to harsh environments such as the McMurdo Dry Valleys. In particular, their thick-walled and strongly melanized cells make them resistant to UV light. Those features can also be observed in algae and cyanobacteria, suggesting that these are adaptations to the conditions prevailing in Antarctica. This has led to speculation that, if life ever occurred on Mars, it might have looked similar to Antarctic fungi such as Cryomyces minteri. Some of these fungi are also apparently endemic to Antarctica. Endemic Antarctic fungi also include certain dung-inhabiting species which have had to evolve in response to the double challenge of extreme cold while growing on dung, and the need to survive passage through the gut of warm-blooded animals.

Question: How many species of fungi have been found on Antarctica?
Answer: 1150

Question: How many of the extant fungi in Antarctica are lichen-forming?
Answer: 400

Question: What type of fungi help shape rock formations in Antarctica?
Answer: cryptoendoliths

Question: What has the study of fungi in Antarctica shown about these organisms?
Answer: adaptations

Question: How is it postulated that Mars life might have evolved?
Answer: similar to Antarctic

Question: How many species of fungi are there at the South Pole?

Question: Where are there 400 non-lichen forming fungi?

Question: Where are there 750 lichen-forming fungi?

Question: What type of fungi help break down rock in Antarctica?

Question: Where were 750 lichen-forming fungi found?

Question: Where were 400 non-lichen-forming fungi found?

Question: What has significantly contributed to shaping the Dry McMurdo Valleys?

Question: What type of environment is the Dr McMurdo Valleys?
Antarctica

The Argentine, British and Chilean claims all overlap, and have caused friction. On 18 December 2012, the British Foreign and Commonwealth Office named a previously unnamed area Queen Elizabeth Land in tribute to Queen Elizabeth II's Diamond Jubilee. On 22 December 2012, the UK ambassador to Argentina, John Freeman, was summoned to the Argentine government as protest against the claim. Argentine–UK relations had previously been damaged throughout 2012 due to disputes over the sovereignty of the nearby Falkland Islands, and the 30th anniversary of the Falklands War.

Question: What did the British claim in 2012?
Answer: Queen Elizabeth Land

Question: To what was the claim of land in tribute?
Answer: Elizabeth II's Diamond Jubilee

Question: What was the response of the Argentine response to the British land claim?
Answer: protest

Question: Of what war was 2012 the anniversary?
Answer: Falklands War

Question: When did the British claim Queen Elizabeth Land in Antarctica?
Answer: 18 December 2012

Question: What happened on 12 December 2018?

Question: What happened on 12 December 2012?

Question: What islands were fought over in the 30th Falklands War?
Antarctica

There has been some concern over the potential adverse environmental and ecosystem effects caused by the influx of visitors. Some environmentalists and scientists have made a call for stricter regulations for ships and a tourism quota. The primary response by Antarctic Treaty Parties has been to develop, through their Committee for Environmental Protection and in partnership with IAATO, "site use guidelines" setting landing limits and closed or restricted zones on the more frequently visited sites. Antarctic sightseeing flights (which did not land) operated out of Australia and New Zealand until the fatal crash of Air New Zealand Flight 901 in 1979 on Mount Erebus, which killed all 257 aboard. Qantas resumed commercial overflights to Antarctica from Australia in the mid-1990s.

Question: The entry of whom has caused some worry about the welfare of Antarctica?
Answer: visitors

Question: What do environmentalists want enacted?
Answer: stricter regulations

Question: What kind of tourist limit has been asked for by environmentalists?
Answer: tourism quota

Question: What have the authorities produced in response to these requests?
Answer: site use guidelines

Question: When did an Air New Zealand crash on Mount Erebus?
Answer: 1979

Question: What flight crashed in 1997?

Question: How many people died in the 1997 Flight 901 crash?

Question: Who resumed commercial overflights to Antarctica to Australia in 1990?

Question: Where did sightseeing flights that did land operate out of?
Eritrea

At Buya in Eritrea, one of the oldest hominids representing a possible link between Homo erectus and an archaic Homo sapiens was found by Italian scientists. Dated to over 1 million years old, it is the oldest skeletal find of its kind and provides a link between hominids and the earliest anatomically modern humans. It is believed that the section of the Danakil Depression in Eritrea was also a major player in terms of human evolution, and may contain other traces of evolution from Homo erectus hominids to anatomically modern humans.

Question: Where in Eritrea did Italian scientists find one of the oldest hominids?
Answer: Buya

Question: How old was the hominid that was found in Eritrea?
Answer: over 1 million years

Question: What place in Eritrea is believed to have played a major part in human evolution?
Answer: section of the Danakil Depression

Question: What possible link is represented by the hominid found in Eritrea?
Answer: hominids and the earliest anatomically modern humans

Question: What is the importance pertaining to the age of the hominid that was found in Eritrea?
Answer: it is the oldest skeletal find of its kind

Question: What did German scientists find in Eritrea?

Question: How old was the newest archaic Homo sapiens skeleton found in Eretria?

Question: Where in Eritrea is it believed that no traces of evolution to anatomically modern humans will ever be found?

Question: How far back can anatomically modern human bones be found?

Question: How far back do scientists think archaic Homo sapiens transitioned to anatomically modern humans?
Eritrea

The Scottish traveler James Bruce reported in 1770 that Medri Bahri was a distinct political entity from Abyssinia, noting that the two territories were frequently in conflict. The Bahre-Nagassi ("Kings of the Sea") alternately fought with or against the Abyssinians and the neighbouring Muslim Adal Sultanate depending on the geopolitical circumstances. Medri Bahri was thus part of the Christian resistance against Imam Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi of Adal's forces, but later joined the Adalite states and the Ottoman Empire front against Abyssinia in 1572. That 16th century also marked the arrival of the Ottomans, who began making inroads in the Red Sea area.

Question: Who was James Bruce?
Answer: Scottish traveler

Question: In 1770, who reported that Medri Bahri was a distinct political entity from Abyssinia?
Answer: James Bruce

Question: How is The Bahre-Nagassi translated?
Answer: "Kings of the Sea"

Question: What determined whether The Bahre-Nagassi fought with or against the Abyssinians?
Answer: geopolitical circumstances

Question: Which century marked the arrival of the Ottomans?
Answer: 16th

Question: Where did the Ottomans come from?

Question: When was James Bruce born?

Question: Who was the ruler of Bahre-Nagassi?

Question: In what year did Abyssinia collapse?

Question: In what year did Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi of Adal die?
Eritrea

The creation of modern-day Eritrea is a result of the incorporation of independent, distinct kingdoms and sultanates (for example, Medri Bahri and the Sultanate of Aussa) eventually resulting in the formation of Italian Eritrea. In 1947 Eritrea became part of a federation with Ethiopia, the Federation of Ethiopia and Eritrea. Subsequent annexation into Ethiopia led to the Eritrean War of Independence, ending with Eritrean independence following a referendum in April 1993. Hostilities between Eritrea and Ethiopia persisted, leading to the Eritrean–Ethiopian War of 1998–2000 and further skirmishes with both Djibouti and Ethiopia.

Question: What is the result of the incorporation of independent kingdoms and sultanates?
Answer: modern-day Eritrea

Question: When did Eritrea join a federation with Ethiopia, the Federation of Ethipia and Eritrea?
Answer: 1947

Question: What was the result of the War of Independence?
Answer: Eritrean independence

Question: What persisted and led to the Eritrean-Ethiopian War of 1998-2000?
Answer: Hostilities between Eritrea and Ethiopia

Question: What subsequently led to the Eritran War of Independence?
Answer: annexation

Question: In what year was the Sultanate of Aussa founded?

Question: In what year did the Eritrean War of Independence start?

Question: Who won the Eritrean-Ethiopian war of 1998-2000?

Question: In what year did Eritrea first skirmish with Djibouti?

Question: In what year did Italian Eritrea get founded?
Eritrea

Excavations in and near Agordat in central Eritrea yielded the remains of an ancient pre-Aksumite civilization known as the Gash Group. Ceramics were discovered that were related to those of the C-Group (Temehu) pastoral culture, which inhabited the Nile Valley between 2500–1500 BC. Some sources dating back to 3500 BC. Shards akin to those of the Kerma culture, another community that flourished in the Nile Valley around the same period, were also found at other local archaeological sites in the Barka valley belonging to the Gash Group. According to Peter Behrens (1981) and Marianne Bechaus-Gerst (2000), linguistic evidence indicates that the C-Group and Kerma peoples spoke Afroasiatic languages of the Berber and Cushitic branches, respectively.

Question: What is the Gash Group?
Answer: an ancient pre-Aksumite civilization

Question: What did excavations around Agordat yield the remains of?
Answer: the Gash Group

Question: Where is Agordat located?
Answer: central Eritrea

Question: When did the C-Group inhabit the Nile Valley?
Answer: between 2500–1500 BC

Question: What type of evidence indicated that the C-Group spoke Afroasiatic languages of the Berber branches?
Answer: linguistic

Question: What city is located in northern Eritrea?

Question: When can the Berber be dated back to?

Question: Where did the Berber live in ancient times?

Question: What city lies in southern Eritrea?

Question: What country is Peter Behrens from?
Eritrea

The Aksumites erected a number of large stelae, which served a religious purpose in pre-Christian times. One of these granite columns, the obelisk of Aksum, is the largest such structure in the world, standing at 90 feet. Under Ezana (fl. 320–360), Aksum later adopted Christianity. In the 7th century, early Muslims from Mecca also sought refuge from Quraysh persecution by travelling to the kingdom, a journey known in Islamic history as the First Hijra. It is also the alleged resting place of the Ark of the Covenant and the purported home of the Queen of Sheba.

Question: What purpose did stelae serve?
Answer: religious

Question: Who erected a number of large stelae in pre-Christian times?
Answer: The Aksumites

Question: Which stelae is considered the largest in the world, standing at 90 feet?
Answer: the obelisk of Aksum

Question: Who eventually adopted Christianity under Ezana?
Answer: Aksum

Question: Where is the Ark of the Covenant believed to be resting?
Answer: Aksum

Question: In what year was the obelisk of Aksum carved?

Question: In what year did the Aksum become Christians?

Question: In what year was Mecca founded?

Question: How far above sea level is Mecca?

Question: What did Muslims build in the 7th century for religious purposes?
Eritrea

Eritrea is a member of the United Nations, the African Union, and is an observing member of the Arab League. The nation holds a seat on the United Nations' Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions (ACABQ). Eritrea also holds memberships in the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, International Finance Corporation, International Criminal Police Organization (INTERPOL), Non-Aligned Movement, Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons, Permanent Court of Arbitration, and the World Customs Organization.

Question: What is the abbreviation for the United Nations' Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions?
Answer: ACABQ

Question: What does the acronym INTERPOL stand for?
Answer: International Criminal Police Organization

Question: Which league is Eritrea an observing member of?
Answer: Arab League

Question: What is the acronym for the Non-aligned Movement?

Question: What is the acronym for the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons?

Question: What is the acronym for the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development?

Question: What is the acronym for the Permanent Court of Arbitration?

Question: What is the acronym for the World Customs Organization?
Eritrea

The kingdom is mentioned in the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea as an important market place for ivory, which was exported throughout the ancient world. Aksum was at the time ruled by Zoskales, who also governed the port of Adulis. The Aksumite rulers facilitated trade by minting their own Aksumite currency. The state also established its hegemony over the declining Kingdom of Kush and regularly entered the politics of the kingdoms on the Arabian peninsula, eventually extending its rule over the region with the conquest of the Himyarite Kingdom.

Question: Who ruled Aksum and also governed the port of Adulis?
Answer: Zoskales

Question: How did the Aksumite rulers facilitate trade?
Answer: by minting their own Aksumite currency

Question: Which kingdoms did Aksum regularly enter the politics of?
Answer: on the Arabian peninsula

Question: Who did Aksum conquer in order to extend its rule over the Arabian peninsula?
Answer: Himyarite Kingdom

Question: Where was Ivory exported according to the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea?
Answer: throughout the ancient world

Question: Whose face was on the Aksumite currency?

Question: What country politics did the Aksumite rulers refuse to get involved with?

Question: Who was the ruler of the Himyarite Kingdom at the time?

Question: In what country was the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea written?

Question: What product did the Kingdom of Kush export?
Eritrea

In 1888, the Italian administration launched its first development projects in the new colony. The Eritrean Railway was completed to Saati in 1888, and reached Asmara in the highlands in 1911. The Asmara–Massawa Cableway was the longest line in the world during its time, but was later dismantled by the British in World War II. Besides major infrastructural projects, the colonial authorities invested significantly in the agricultural sector. It also oversaw the provision of urban amenities in Asmara and Massawa, and employed many Eritreans in public service, particularly in the police and public works departments. Thousands of Eritreans were concurrently enlisted in the army, serving during the Italo-Turkish War in Libya as well as the First and second Italo-Abyssinian Wars.

Question: When was the Eritrean Railway completed in Saati?
Answer: 1888

Question: When did the Eritrean Railway reach the Asmara highlands?
Answer: 1911

Question: What was the longest line in the world during its time?
Answer: The Asmara–Massawa Cableway

Question: Who dismantled the Asmara-Massawa Cableway?
Answer: the British

Question: In what areas of public service were Eritreans particularly employed?
Answer: police and public works departments

Question: In what year was the Asmara-Massawa Cableway completed?

Question: In what year did the Italo-Turkish War start?

Question: In what year did the First Italo-Abyssinian War start?

Question: What nationality started the Italo-Turkish war?

Question: Where did the Eritrean Railway originate?
Eritrea

Following the adoption of UN Resolution 390A(V) in December 1950, Eritrea was federated with Ethiopia under the prompting of the United States. The resolution called for Eritrea and Ethiopia to be linked through a loose federal structure under the sovereignty of the Emperor. Eritrea was to have its own administrative and judicial structure, its own flag, and control over its domestic affairs, including police, local administration, and taxation. The federal government, which for all intents and purposes was the existing imperial government, was to control foreign affairs (including commerce), defense, finance, and transportation. The resolution ignored the wishes of Eritreans for independence, but guaranteed the population democratic rights and a measure of autonomy.

Question: Who prompted Eritrea to be federated with Ethiopia in 1950?
Answer: United States

Question: Which UN Resolution called for Eritrea and Ethiopia to be linked via a loose federal structure under sovereignty of the Emperor?
Answer: 390A(V)

Question: What would federal government control in Eritrea according to Resolution 390A(V)??
Answer: foreign affairs (including commerce), defense, finance, and transportation

Question: Which Eritrean wishes did Resolution 390A(V) ignore?
Answer: independence

Question: What did Resolution 390A(V) guarantee the population of Eritrea?
Answer: democratic rights and a measure of autonomy

Question: What country was being led by an Emperor in 1950?

Question: What Eritrean wishes did UN Resolution 390A(V) fulfill?

Question: What UN Resolution was adopted in November 1950?

Question: What rights did UN Resolution 390A(V) give to Ethiopians?
Eritrea

Additionally, the Italian Eritrea administration opened a number of new factories, which produced buttons, cooking oil, pasta, construction materials, packing meat, tobacco, hide and other household commodities. In 1939, there were around 2,198 factories and most of the employees were Eritrean citizens. The establishment of industries also made an increase in the number of both Italians and Eritreans residing in the cities. The number of Italians residing in the territory increased from 4,600 to 75,000 in five years; and with the involvement of Eritreans in the industries, trade and fruit plantation was expanded across the nation, while some of the plantations were owned by Eritreans.

Question: What did the Eritrea administration open to produce products such as buttons and construction materials?
Answer: a number of new factories

Question: How many factories were in Eritrea by 1939?
Answer: around 2,198

Question: Who were the main employees in the factories of Eritrea?
Answer: Eritrean citizens

Question: Besides Eritreans, which other nationality increased its city population because of new industries?
Answer: Italians

Question: How much did the number of Italians residing in Eritrea increase in 5 years due to factories being built?
Answer: from 4,600 to 75,000

Question: How many Italians lived in Eretria in 1939?

Question: How many plantations were owned by Eritreans?

Question: What did the first factory in Italian Eritrea produce?

Question: How many Eritreans worked in the factories in 1939?

Question: What was the main export of Italian Eritrea in 1939?
Eritrea

Lions are said to inhabit the mountains of the Gash-Barka Region. There is also a small population of elephants that roam in some parts of the country. Dik-diks can also be found in many areas. The endangered African wild ass can be seen in Denakalia Region. Other local wildlife include bushbucks, duikers, greater kudus, klipspringers, African leopards, oryxs and crocodiles., The spotted hyena is widespread and fairly common. Between 1955 and 2001 there were no reported sightings of elephant herds, and they are thought to have fallen victim to the war of independence. In December 2001 a herd of about 30, including 10 juveniles, was observed in the vicinity of the Gash River. The elephants seemed to have formed a symbiotic relationship with olive baboons, with the baboons using the water holes dug by the elephants, while the elephants use the tree-top baboons as an early warning system.

Question: What big cat is said to inhabit the mountains of the Gash-Barka Region?
Answer: Lions

Question: Which animal herds were thought to have fallen victim to the war of independence?
Answer: elephant

Question: In December 2001, how many elephants were seen in the vicinity of the Gash River?
Answer: about 30

Question: What species did the elephants at the Gash River seem to form a symbiotic relationship with?
Answer: olive baboons

Question: Where are African leopards predominantly found?

Question: In what year did the war of independence end?

Question: Where are bushbucks mostly found?

Question: What is the topography of the Denkalia Region?

Question: How many African wild ass are thought to be left?
Eritrea

Eritrea can be split into three ecoregions. To the east of the highlands are the hot, arid coastal plains stretching down to the southeast of the country. The cooler, more fertile highlands, reaching up to 3000m has a different habitat. Habitats here vary from the sub-tropical rainforest at Filfil Solomona to the precipitous cliffs and canyons of the southern highlands. The Afar Triangle or Danakil Depression of Eritrea is the probable location of a triple junction where three tectonic plates are pulling away from one another.The highest point of the country, Emba Soira, is located in the center of Eritrea, at 3,018 meters (9,902 ft) above sea level.

Question: How many ecoregions make up Eritrea?
Answer: three

Question: What is the highest point in Eritrea?
Answer: Emba Soira

Question: Where is Emba Soira located?
Answer: in the center of Eritrea

Question: How high is Emba Soira?
Answer: 3,018 meters (9,902 ft) above sea level

Question: What is the probably location in Eritrea where three tectonic plates are pulling away from each other?
Answer: The Afar Triangle or Danakil Depression

Question: How high is Filfil Solomona above sea level?

Question: What is the low point of Eritrea?

Question: What is located in the Danakil Depression?

Question: What is the climate of the Afar Triangle?