Divyanshu67/squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
George_VI

The Duke and Duchess of York had two children: Elizabeth (called "Lilibet" by the family), and Margaret. The Duke and Duchess and their two daughters lived a relatively sheltered life at their London residence, 145 Piccadilly. They were a close and loving family. One of the few stirs arose when the Canadian Prime Minister, R. B. Bennett, considered the Duke for Governor General of Canada in 1931—a proposal that King George V rejected on the advice of the Secretary of State for Dominion Affairs, J. H. Thomas.

Question: What was Elizabeth's nickname?
Answer: Lilibet

Question: Who were the Duke and Duchess of York's children?
Answer: Elizabeth (called "Lilibet" by the family), and Margaret

Question: What was the name of Duke of York's London residence?
Answer: 145 Piccadilly

Question: Who advised against the Duke becoming the Governor General of Canada? 
Answer: J. H. Thomas

Question: What position did J. H. Thomas hold?
Answer: Secretary of State for Dominion Affairs

Question: In what year was Elizabeth born?

Question: In what year was Margaret born?

Question: In what year did R.B. Bennett become the Canadian Prime Minister?

Question: In what year was King George V crowned?

Question: At what address in London did J.H. Thomas live?
George_VI

As Edward was unmarried and had no children, Albert was the heir presumptive to the throne. Less than a year later, on 11 December 1936, Edward VIII abdicated in order to marry his mistress, Wallis Simpson, who was divorced from her first husband and divorcing her second. Edward had been advised by British Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin that he could not remain king and marry a divorced woman with two living ex-husbands. Edward chose abdication in preference to abandoning his marriage plans. Thus Albert became king, a position he was reluctant to accept. The day before the abdication, he went to London to see his mother, Queen Mary. He wrote in his diary, "When I told her what had happened, I broke down and sobbed like a child."

Question: Why was Albert the heir presumptive to the throne?
Answer: Edward was unmarried and had no children

Question: What was wrong with Edward marrying Wallis Simpson?
Answer: divorced woman with two living ex-husbands

Question: What did Edward do to marry Wallis Simpson?
Answer: abdication

Question: Who is Edward's mother?
Answer: Queen Mary

Question: How did Edward react when he became heir to the throne?
Answer: broke down and sobbed like a child

Question: Who was Wallis Simpson's second husband?

Question: How many children did Albert have in 1936?

Question: On what date did Albert become king?

Question: On what date was Edward made the king of England?

Question: Who did Edward replaces as the King of England?
George_VI

On the day of the abdication, the Oireachtas, the parliament of the Irish Free State, removed all direct mention of the monarch from the Irish constitution. The next day, it passed the External Relations Act, which gave the monarch limited authority (strictly on the advice of the government) to appoint diplomatic representatives for Ireland and to be involved in the making of foreign treaties. The two acts made the Irish Free State a republic in essence without removing its links to the Commonwealth.

Question: What is the Oireachtas?
Answer: the parliament of the Irish Free State

Question: What did the Oireachtas remove from the Irish constitution?
Answer: all direct mention of the monarch

Question: Which act gave the monarch limited authority in Ireland?
Answer: External Relations Act

Question: What day did the Oireachtas pass an act that started to establish Ireland as a republic?
Answer: day of the abdication

Question: Who abdicated?

Question: What was the name of the first act?

Question: Who established the Oireachtas?

Question: Where was the Commonwealth headquartered?
George_VI

Albert assumed the regnal name "George VI" to emphasise continuity with his father and restore confidence in the monarchy. The beginning of George VI's reign was taken up by questions surrounding his predecessor and brother, whose titles, style and position were uncertain. He had been introduced as "His Royal Highness Prince Edward" for the abdication broadcast, but George VI felt that by abdicating and renouncing the succession Edward had lost the right to bear royal titles, including "Royal Highness". In settling the issue, George's first act as king was to confer upon his brother the title and style "His Royal Highness The Duke of Windsor", but the Letters Patent creating the dukedom prevented any wife or children from bearing royal styles. George VI was also forced to buy from Edward the royal residences of Balmoral Castle and Sandringham House, as these were private properties and did not pass to George VI automatically. Three days after his accession, on his 41st birthday, he invested his wife, the new queen consort, with the Order of the Garter.

Question: What regnal name did Albert adopt?
Answer: George VI

Question: What title did Albert give Edward?
Answer: His Royal Highness The Duke of Windsor

Question: What did Albert bestow onto his wife on his 41st birthday?
Answer: the Order of the Garter

Question: Which two residences did Albert buy from Edward?
Answer: Balmoral Castle and Sandringham House

Question: What birthday did George IV's queen consort have before being invested with the Order of the Garter?

Question: What was Edward's regnal name?

Question: Who did Edward succeed as king?

Question: What royal residence did George VI own?

Question: In what city is Sandringham House?
George_VI

George VI's coronation took place on 12 May 1937, the date previously intended for Edward's coronation. In a break with tradition, Queen Mary attended the ceremony in a show of support for her son. There was no Durbar held in Delhi for George VI, as had occurred for his father, as the cost would have been a burden to the government of India. Rising Indian nationalism made the welcome that the royal couple would have received likely to be muted at best, and a prolonged absence from Britain would have been undesirable in the tense period before the Second World War. Two overseas tours were undertaken, to France and to North America, both of which promised greater strategic advantages in the event of war.

Question: What day did George VI become coronated?
Answer: 12 May 1937

Question: Who attended the coronation that was a break from tradition?
Answer: Queen Mary

Question: How many overseas tours happened after the coronation to France and North America?
Answer: Two

Question: In which city are Durbars usually held?
Answer: Delhi

Question: On what date did the Second World War start?

Question: On what date did Edward abdicate the throne?

Question: On what date did George VI  begin his visit to France?

Question: What continent is France on?
George_VI

The growing likelihood of war in Europe dominated the early reign of George VI. The King was constitutionally bound to support Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain's appeasement of Hitler. However, when the King and Queen greeted Chamberlain on his return from negotiating the Munich Agreement in 1938, they invited him to appear on the balcony of Buckingham Palace with them. This public association of the monarchy with a politician was exceptional, as balcony appearances were traditionally restricted to the royal family. While broadly popular among the general public, Chamberlain's policy towards Hitler was the subject of some opposition in the House of Commons, which led historian John Grigg to describe the King's behaviour in associating himself so prominently with a politician as "the most unconstitutional act by a British sovereign in the present century".

Question: Which prime minister was the King constitutionally bound to support?
Answer: Neville Chamberlain

Question: Which agreement was signed in 1938?
Answer: Munich Agreement

Question: The balcony in which palace is famous for being where the royal family makes appearances?
Answer: Buckingham Palace

Question: Which historian commented that the king's act in associating with Chamberlain as unconstitutional?
Answer: John Grigg

Question: In what year did  George IV reign begin?

Question: What city is Buckingham Palace in?

Question: In what year did the historian John Grigg accuse George VI of violating the constitution?

Question: What was the House of Commons policy towards Hitler?
George_VI

In May and June 1939, the King and Queen toured Canada and the United States. From Ottawa, the royal couple were accompanied throughout by Canadian Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King, to present themselves in North America as King and Queen of Canada. George was the first reigning monarch of Canada to visit North America, although he had been to Canada previously as Prince Albert and as Duke of York. Both Governor General of Canada Lord Tweedsmuir and Mackenzie King hoped that the King's presence in Canada would demonstrate the principles of the Statute of Westminster 1931, which gave full sovereignty to the British Dominions. On 19 May, George VI personally accepted and approved the Letter of Credence of the new U.S. Ambassador to Canada, Daniel Calhoun Roper; gave Royal Assent to nine parliamentary bills; and ratified two international treaties with the Great Seal of Canada. The official royal tour historian, Gustave Lanctot, wrote "the Statute of Westminster had assumed full reality" and George gave a speech emphasising "the free and equal association of the nations of the Commonwealth".

Question: Which two countries did the King and Queen tour in 1939?
Answer: Canada and the United States

Question: Who was the prime minister of Canada in 1939?
Answer: William Lyon Mackenzie King

Question: What title was the king and queen presented with when touring Canada?
Answer: King and Queen of Canada

Question: What was Roper's position?
Answer: U.S. Ambassador to Canada

Question: What did the Statute of Westminster do?
Answer: gave full sovereignty to the British Dominions
George_VI

The trip was intended to soften the strong isolationist tendencies among the North American public with regard to the developing tensions in Europe. Although the aim of the tour was mainly political, to shore up Atlantic support for the United Kingdom in any future war, the King and Queen were enthusiastically received by the public. The fear that George would be compared unfavourably to his predecessor, Edward VIII, was dispelled. They visited the 1939 New York World's Fair and stayed with President Franklin D. Roosevelt at the White House and at his private estate at Hyde Park, New York. A strong bond of friendship was forged between the King and Queen and the President during the tour, which had major significance in the relations between the United States and the United Kingdom through the ensuing war years.

Question: What kind of tendencies did North America have?
Answer: isolationist tendencies

Question: Who was George's predecessor?
Answer: Edward VIII

Question: Who was the President of the United States in 1939?
Answer: President Franklin D. Roosevelt

Question: Which fair was happening in New York in 1939?
Answer: 1939 New York World's Fair

Question:  In what year did Edward Viii abdicate?

Question: In what city is the White House?

Question: In what year was Franklin D. Roosevelt made president?

Question: In what year was George crowned?
George_VI

In September 1939, Britain and the self-governing Dominions, but not Ireland, declared war on Nazi Germany. George VI and his wife resolved to stay in London, despite German bombing raids. They officially stayed in Buckingham Palace throughout the war, although they usually spent nights at Windsor Castle. The first German raid on London, on 7 September 1940, killed about one thousand civilians, mostly in the East End. On 13 September, the King and Queen narrowly avoided death when two German bombs exploded in a courtyard at Buckingham Palace while they were there. In defiance, the Queen famously declared: "I am glad we have been bombed. It makes me feel we can look the East End in the face". The royal family were portrayed as sharing the same dangers and deprivations as the rest of the country. They were subject to rationing restrictions, and U.S. First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt remarked on the rationed food served and the limited bathwater that was permitted during a stay at the unheated and boarded-up Palace. In August 1942, the King's brother, Prince George, Duke of Kent, was killed on active service.

Question: Against who did Britain declare war against in 1939?
Answer: Nazi Germany

Question: Which city did the king and queen stay in even with the bombing threats?
Answer: London

Question: How many people died on the first German raid on London?
Answer: one thousand civilians

Question: What year did the King's brother die in service?
Answer: 1942

Question: What was the Queen's name?

Question: In what month and year did Eleanor Roosevelt visit London?

Question: On what date in August 1942 was Prince George killed?

Question: How many civilians were killed in the East End on 7 September 1940?

Question: On what date in September 1939 did Britain declare war on Nazi Germany?
George_VI

In 1940, Winston Churchill replaced Neville Chamberlain as Prime Minister, though personally George would have preferred to appoint Lord Halifax. After the King's initial dismay over Churchill's appointment of Lord Beaverbrook to the Cabinet, he and Churchill developed "the closest personal relationship in modern British history between a monarch and a Prime Minister". Every Tuesday for four and a half years from September 1940, the two men met privately for lunch to discuss the war in secret and with frankness.

Question: Who was Winston Churchill's predecessor?
Answer: Neville Chamberlain

Question: What position did Churchill hold?
Answer: Prime Minister

Question: What day of the week did Churchill and the King meet?
Answer: Tuesday

Question: Who did Churchill appoint to Cabinet that the King did not like?
Answer: Lord Beaverbrook

Question: Who was Lord Halifax in 1940?

Question: Who was Lord Beaverbrook in 1940?

Question: In what month and year did the war start?

Question: Who replaced Winston Churchill as Prime Minister?
George_VI

Throughout the war, the King and Queen provided morale-boosting visits throughout the United Kingdom, visiting bomb sites, munitions factories, and troops. The King visited military forces abroad in France in December 1939, North Africa and Malta in June 1943, Normandy in June 1944, southern Italy in July 1944, and the Low Countries in October 1944. Their high public profile and apparently indefatigable determination secured their place as symbols of national resistance. At a social function in 1944, Chief of the Imperial General Staff Sir Alan Brooke, revealed that every time he met Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery he thought he was after his job. The King replied: "You should worry, when I meet him, I always think he's after mine!"

Question: What country did the King and Queen visit in July 1944?
Answer: Italy

Question: When did the King and Queen visit North Africa and Malta?
Answer: June 1943

Question: What improved when the King and Queen visited different military sites?
Answer: morale

Question: In what month in 1944 did the King meet Sir Alan Brooke?

Question: What is one of the Low Countries?

Question: In what year was Bernard Montgomery made the Field Marshal?

Question: In what year did British military forces enter Southern Italy?

Question: In what year was Sir Alan brooke made the Chief of the Imperial General Staff?
George_VI

George VI's reign saw the acceleration of the dissolution of the British Empire. The Statute of Westminster 1931 had already acknowledged the evolution of the Dominions into separate sovereign states. The process of transformation from an empire to a voluntary association of independent states, known as the Commonwealth, gathered pace after the Second World War. During the ministry of Clement Attlee, British India became the two independent dominions of India and Pakistan in 1947. George relinquished the title of Emperor of India, and became King of India and King of Pakistan instead. In 1950 he ceased to be King of India when it became a republic within the Commonwealth of Nations, but he remained King of Pakistan until his death and India recognised his new title of Head of the Commonwealth. Other countries left the Commonwealth, such as Burma in January 1948, Palestine (divided between Israel and the Arab states) in May 1948 and the Republic of Ireland in 1949.

Question: What is the association of independent states in Britain called?
Answer: the Commonwealth

Question: What two dominions did British India become?
Answer: India and Pakistan

Question: What country left the Commonwealth in January 1948?
Answer: Burma

Question: What year was the Republic of Ireland formed?
Answer: 1949

Question: In what year did the Second World War end?

Question: In what month in 1950 did George VI cease being the King of India?

Question: In what month in 1949 did the Republic of Ireland leave the Commonwealth?

Question: In what year did Clement Attlee become the minister?

Question: In what year did George VI die?
George_VI

In 1947, the King and his family toured Southern Africa. The Prime Minister of the Union of South Africa, Jan Smuts, was facing an election and hoped to make political capital out of the visit. George was appalled, however, when instructed by the South African government to shake hands only with whites, and referred to his South African bodyguards as "the Gestapo". Despite the tour, Smuts lost the election the following year, and the new government instituted a strict policy of racial segregation.

Question: Who was the Prime Minister of South Africa in 1947?
Answer: Jan Smuts

Question: What were the King's South African bodyguards referred as? 
Answer: the Gestapo

Question: Who instructed the King to only shake hands with whites in South Africa?
Answer: South African government

Question: In what year did Jan Smuts become Prime Minister?

Question: Whose South African government instituted a strict policy of racial segregation?

Question: What race were the South African bodyguards?

Question: In what year did George become King?
George_VI

The stress of the war had taken its toll on the King's health, exacerbated by his heavy smoking and subsequent development of lung cancer among other ailments, including arteriosclerosis and thromboangiitis obliterans. A planned tour of Australia and New Zealand was postponed after the King suffered an arterial blockage in his right leg, which threatened the loss of the leg and was treated with a right lumbar sympathectomy in March 1949. His elder daughter Elizabeth, the heir presumptive, took on more royal duties as her father's health deteriorated. The delayed tour was re-organised, with Elizabeth and her husband, the Duke of Edinburgh, taking the place of the King and Queen. The King was well enough to open the Festival of Britain in May 1951, but on 23 September 1951, his left lung was removed by Clement Price Thomas after a malignant tumour was found. In October 1951, Princess Elizabeth and the Duke of Edinburgh went on a month-long tour of Canada; the trip had been delayed for a week due to the King's illness. At the State Opening of Parliament in November, the King's speech from the throne was read for him by the Lord Chancellor, Lord Simonds. His Christmas broadcast of 1951 was recorded in sections, and then edited together.

Question: What kind of cancer did the King develop?
Answer: lung cancer

Question: What developed in the King's right leg that prevented him from touring Australia?
Answer: arterial blockage

Question: What treatment helped prevent the loss of the King's right leg?
Answer: right lumbar sympathectomy

Question: Who was the King's heir presumptive?
Answer: Elizabeth

Question: Who was Elizabeth's spouse?
Answer: Duke of Edinburgh

Question: Who performed the right lumbar sympathectomy on George?

Question: On what date in March 1949 did George undergo a right lumbar sympathectomy procedure?

Question: What was George's younger daughters name?

Question: Who was the Duke of Edinburgh?

Question: In what year was Lord Simonds made the Lord Chancellor?
George_VI

From 9 February for two days his coffin rested in St. Mary Magdalene Church, Sandringham, before lying in state at Westminster Hall from 11 February. His funeral took place at St. George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, on the 15th. He was interred initially in the Royal Vault until he was transferred to the King George VI Memorial Chapel inside St. George's on 26 March 1969. In 2002, fifty years after his death, the remains of his widow, Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother, and the ashes of his younger daughter Princess Margaret, who both died that year, were interred in the chapel alongside him.

Question: What church did the King's funeral take place on the 15th?
Answer: Windsor Castle

Question: What year did Queen Elizabeth die?
Answer: 2002

Question: What year did Princess Margaret die?
Answer: 2002

Question: In which chapel does King George's body lie in today? 
Answer: King George VI Memorial Chapel

Question: In what city is Westminster Hall?

Question: In what city is the King George VI Memorial Chapel?

Question: Where was Princess Margaret when she died?

Question: On what date was Queen Elizabeth crowned?

Question: Where was Queen Elizabeth crowned?
George_VI

In the words of Labour Member of Parliament George Hardie, the abdication crisis of 1936 did "more for republicanism than fifty years of propaganda". George VI wrote to his brother Edward that in the aftermath of the abdication he had reluctantly assumed "a rocking throne", and tried "to make it steady again". He became king at a point when public faith in the monarchy was at a low ebb. During his reign his people endured the hardships of war, and imperial power was eroded. However, as a dutiful family man and by showing personal courage, he succeeded in restoring the popularity of the monarchy.

Question: How high was public faith in the monarchy when King George assumed the throne?
Answer: low

Question: What position did George Hardie hold?
Answer: Labour Member of Parliament

Question: Who was George VI's brother?
Answer: Edward

Question: In what year did George Hardie become a member of Parliament?

Question: In what year did the war end?

Question: In what year did George VI write a letter to his brother Edward saying he assumed "a rocking throne"?

Question: Who abdicated in 1936?
Federalism

Federalism refers to the mixed or compound mode of government, combining a general government (the central or 'federal' government) with regional governments (provincial, state, Land, cantonal, territorial or other sub-unit governments) in a single political system. Its distinctive feature, exemplified in the founding example of modern federalism of the United States of America under the Constitution of 1789, is a relationship of parity between the two levels of government established. It can thus be defined as a form of government in which there is a division of powers between two levels of government of equal status.

Question: What is federalism? 
Answer: Federalism refers to the mixed or compound mode of government

Question: In Federalism, are the division of powers equal? 
Answer: division of powers between two levels of government of equal status

Question: What type of governments are included in federalism? 
Answer: general government (the central or 'federal' government) with regional governments

Question: How many governments are apart of federalism?
Answer: relationship of parity between the two levels of government

Question: What isn't federalism?

Question: What features are indistinctive of federalism?

Question: What document rejected modern federalist government?

Question: What distinguishes Federalism from no other types of government?

Question: Federalism combines what three types of government?
Federalism

Until recently, in the absence of prior agreement on a clear and precise definition, the concept was thought to mean (as a shorthand) 'a division of sovereignty between two levels of government'. New research, however, argues that this cannot be correct, as dividing sovereignty - when this concept is properly understood in its core meaning of the final and absolute source of political authority in a political community - is not possible. The descent of the United States into Civil War in the mid-nineteenth century, over disputes about unallocated competences concerning slavery and ultimately the right of secession, showed this. One or other level of government could be sovereign to decide such matters, but not both simultaneously. Therefore, it is now suggested that federalism is more appropriately conceived as 'a division of the powers flowing from sovereignty between two levels of government'. What differentiates the concept from other multi-level political forms is the characteristic of equality of standing between the two levels of government established. This clarified definition opens the way to identifying two distinct federal forms, where before only one was known, based upon whether sovereignty resides in the whole (in one people) or in the parts (in many peoples): the federal state (or federation) and the federal union of states (or federal union), respectively. Leading examples of the federal state include the United States, Germany, Canada, Switzerland, Australia and India. The leading example of the federal union of states is the European Union.

Question: Before new research, what was the definition of federalism? 
Answer: a division of sovereignty between two levels of government

Question: After new research, what was the final definition of federalism? 
Answer: final and absolute source of political authority in a political community - is not possible.

Question: When was federalism put into place? 
Answer: The descent of the United States into Civil War in the mid-nineteenth century

Question: What is the difference between multi-level political forms and federalism? 
Answer: the characteristic of equality of standing between the two levels of government established

Question: What is an example of a federal union? 
Answer: the European Union

Question: What historical event illustrated that dividing sovereignty was possible?

Question: Old research has clarified that Federalism has how many distinct forms?

Question: What organization is a leading example of a local union?

Question: What distinguishes Federalism from other single-level governments?

Question: What form of Federalism is characterized by where sovereignty resides in the partial?
Federalism

The terms 'federalism' and 'confederalism' both have a root in the Latin word foedus, meaning treaty, pact or covenant. Their common meaning until the late eighteenth century was a simple league or inter-governmental relationship among sovereign states based upon a treaty. They were therefore initially synonyms. It was in this sense that James Madison in Federalist 39 had referred to the new United States as 'neither a national nor a federal Constitution, but a composition of both' (ie. neither a single large unitary state nor a league/confederation among several small states, but a hybrid of the two). In the course of the nineteenth century the meaning of federalism would come to shift, strengthening to refer uniquely to the novel compound political form, while the meaning of confederalism would remain at a league of states. Thus, this article relates to the modern usage of the word 'federalism'.

Question: What is the Latin word for federalism? 
Answer: foedus

Question: What was federalism and confederalism common meaning in the 18th century? 
Answer: a simple league or inter-governmental relationship among sovereign states based upon a treaty.

Question: What did James Madison referred to the new United States as? 
Answer: 'neither a national nor a federal Constitution, but a composition of both

Question: What isn't the Latin word for federalism?

Question: What was federalism and confederalism common meaning in the 17th century?

Question: What did James Madison referred to the old United States as?

Question: What did John Madison referred to the new United States as?

Question: What did James Madison referred to the new United Nations as?
Federalism

Whilst it is often perceived as an optimal solution for states comprising different cultural or ethnic communities, the federalist model seems to work best in largely homogeneous states such as the United States, Germany or Australia, but there is also evidence to the contrary such as in Switzerland. Tensions between territories can still be found in federalist countries such as Canada and federation as a way to appease and quell military conflict has failed recently in places like Lybia or Iraq, while the formula is simultaneously proposed and dismissed in countries such as Ukraine or Syria. Federations such as Yugoslavia or Czechoslovakia collapsed as soon as it was possible to put the model to the test.

Question: Where does the federalist model work best in? 
Answer: homogeneous states

Question: What are homogeneous states? 
Answer: United States, Germany or Australia

Question: Where can tensions be found in the federalist countries?
Answer: Canada

Question: What countries did the federalist model fail in? 
Answer: Yugoslavia or Czechoslovakia

Question: What countries dismissed the federalist model? 
Answer: Ukraine or Syria

Question: Where does the federalist model work worst in?

Question: What aren't homogeneous states?

Question: Where can't tensions be found in the federalist countries?

Question: What countries did the federalist model succeed in?

Question: What countries embraced the federalist model?
Federalism

In the United States, federalism originally referred to belief in a stronger central government. When the U.S. Constitution was being drafted, the Federalist Party supported a stronger central government, while "Anti-Federalists" wanted a weaker central government. This is very different from the modern usage of "federalism" in Europe and the United States. The distinction stems from the fact that "federalism" is situated in the middle of the political spectrum between a confederacy and a unitary state. The U.S. Constitution was written as a reaction to the Articles of Confederation, under which the United States was a loose confederation with a weak central government.

Question: In the United States, what was federalism referred to? 
Answer: belief in a stronger central government.

Question: When the U.S Constitution was being drafted, what did the federalist party support? 
Answer: stronger central government

Question: What did anti-federalist support? 
Answer: weaker central government

Question: On the political spectrum, where does federalism stand? 
Answer: federalism" is situated in the middle of the political spectrum between a confederacy and a unitary state

Question: In the United States, what wasn't federalism referred to?

Question: When the U.S Constitution was being erased, what did the federalist party support?

Question: When the U.S Constitution was being drafted, what did the federalist party oppose?

Question: What did anti-federalist oppose?

Question: On the political spectrum, where doesn't federalism stand?
Federalism

In contrast, Europe has a greater history of unitary states than North America, thus European "federalism" argues for a weaker central government, relative to a unitary state. The modern American usage of the word is much closer to the European sense. As the power of the Federal government has increased, some people have perceived a much more unitary state than they believe the Founding Fathers intended. Most people politically advocating "federalism" in the United States argue in favor of limiting the powers of the federal government, especially the judiciary (see Federalist Society, New Federalism).

Question: Who has a greater history of unitary states? 
Answer: Europe

Question: What does federalism mean in Europe? 
Answer: weaker central government, relative to a unitary state

Question: What branch does the United States want to limit under the federalist model? 
Answer: judiciary

Question: Who has a lesser history of unitary states?

Question: Who has a greater history of solitary states?

Question: What doesn't federalism mean in Europe?

Question: What branch doesn't the United States want to limit under the federalist model?

Question: What branch does the United Nations want to limit under the federalist model?
Federalism

On the 1st of January 1901 the nation-state of Australia officially came into existence as a federation. The Australian continent was colonised by the United Kingdom in 1788, which subsequently established six, eventually self-governing, colonies there. In the 1890s the governments of these colonies all held referendums on becoming a unified, self-governing "Commonwealth" within the British Empire. When all the colonies voted in favour of federation, the Federation of Australia commenced, resulting in the establishment of the Commonwealth of Australia in 1901. The model of Australian federalism adheres closely to the original model of the United States of America, although it does so through a parliamentary Westminster system rather than a presidential system.

Question: What happened on January 1st 1901?
Answer: nation-state of Australia officially came into existence as a federation

Question: When did the United Kingdom colonized the Australian continent?
Answer: 1788

Question: Which model is of federalism is similar to the federalism model in Australia? 
Answer: United States of America

Question: What was established when Australia was colonized? 
Answer: six, eventually self-governing, colonies

Question: What happened on January 21st 1901?

Question: When did the United Kingdom leave the Australian continent?

Question: When didn't the United Kingdom colonize the Australian continent?

Question: Which model is of federalism is opposite to the federalism model in Australia?

Question: What was abolished when Australia was colonized?
Federalism

In Brazil, the fall of the monarchy in 1889 by a military coup d'état led to the rise of the presidential system, headed by Deodoro da Fonseca. Aided by well-known jurist Ruy Barbosa, Fonseca established federalism in Brazil by decree, but this system of government would be confirmed by every Brazilian constitution since 1891, although some of them would distort some of the federalist principles. The 1937 Constitution, for example, granted the federal government the authority to appoint State Governors (called interventors) at will, thus centralizing power in the hands of President Getúlio Vargas. Brazil also uses the Fonseca system to regulate interstate trade. Brazil is one of the biggest federal governments.

Question: When was Brazil's fall of the monarchy?
Answer: 1889

Question: Who caused the fall of the monarchy happened in Brazil?
Answer: military coup d'état led to the rise of the presidential system, headed by Deodoro da Fonseca.

Question: When did Brazil adopt federalism? 
Answer: 1891

Question: What other system does Brazil use? 
Answer: Fonseca system

Question: What is the fonseca system? 
Answer: regulate interstate trade

Question: When was Brazil's rise of the monarchy?

Question: Who didn't cause the fall of the monarchy that happened in Brazil?

Question: When did Brazil reject federalism?

Question: What other system does Brazil reject?

Question: What isn't the fonseca system?
Federalism

The government of India is based on a tiered system, in which the Constitution of India delineates the subjects on which each tier of government has executive powers. The Constitution originally provided for a two-tier system of government, the Union Government (also known as the Central Government), representing the Union of India, and the State governments. Later, a third tier was added in the form of Panchayats and Municipalities. In the current arrangement, The Seventh Schedule of the Indian Constitution delimits the subjects of each level of governmental jurisdiction, dividing them into three lists:

Question: What is the government of India based on? 
Answer: tiered system

Question: What is a tiered system? 
Answer: the Constitution of India delineates the subjects on which each tier of government has executive powers

Question: What was the constitution originally provided for? 
Answer: two-tier system of government

Question: When the third tiere was added on, what is it in form of? 
Answer: Panchayats and Municipalities

Question: What isn't the government of India based on?

Question: What isn't a tiered system?

Question: What was the constitution originally not provided for?

Question: What was the constitution never provided for?

Question: When the third tiere was taken off, what is it in form of?
Federalism

A distinguishing aspect of Indian federalism is that unlike many other forms of federalism, it is asymmetric. Article 370 makes special provisions for the state of Jammu and Kashmir as per its Instrument of Accession. Article 371 makes special provisions for the states of Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Goa, Mizoram, Manipur, Nagaland and Sikkim as per their accession or state-hood deals. Also one more aspect of Indian federalism is system of President's Rule in which the central government (through its appointed Governor) takes control of state's administration for certain months when no party can form a government in the state or there is violent disturbance in the state.

Question: What is a distinguishing aspect of Indian federalism?
Answer: asymmetric

Question: What does Article 370 say?
Answer: special provisions for the state of Jammu and Kashmir as per its Instrument of Accession

Question: What does Article 371 say?
Answer: special provisions for the states of Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Goa, Mizoram, Manipur, Nagaland and Sikkim

Question: What happens with President's Rule?
Answer: the central government (through its appointed Governor) takes control of state's administration for certain months

Question: What isn't a distinguishing aspect of Indian federalism?

Question: What does Article 307 say?

Question: What does Article 317 say?

Question: What never happens with President's Rule?

Question: What happens with Prime Minister's Rule?
Federalism

Although the drafts of both the Maastricht treaty and the Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe mentioned federalism, the representatives of the member countries (all of whom would have had to agree to use of the term) never formally adopted it. The strongest advocates of European federalism have been Germany, Italy, Belgium and Luxembourg while those historically most strongly opposed have been the United Kingdom, Denmark and France (with conservative presidents and governments). Since the presidency of François Mitterrand (1981-1995), the French authorities have adopted a much more pro-European Unification position, as they consider that a strong EU is presenting the best "insurance" against a unified Germany which might become too strong and thus a threat for its neighbours.

Question: Who is the strongest advocate of the European Federalism?
Answer: Germany, Italy, Belgium and Luxembourg

Question: Who opposed the European Federalism? 
Answer: United Kingdom, Denmark and France

Question: When did the French authorities adopted the pro-European Unification position? 
Answer: Since the presidency of François Mitterrand (1981-1995

Question: Who is the strongest opponent of the European Federalism?

Question: Who supported the European Federalism?

Question: When did the English authorities adopt the pro-European Unification position?

Question: When did the French authorities reject the pro-European Unification position?

Question: When didn't the French authorities adopted the pro-European Unification position?
Federalism

The Federal War ended in 1863 with the signing of the Treaty of Coche by both the centralist government of the time and the Federal Forces. The United States of Venezuela were subsequently incorporated under a "Federation of Sovereign States" upon principles borrowed from the Articles of Confederation of the United States of America. In this Federation, each State had a "President" of its own that controlled almost every issue, even the creation of "State Armies," while the Federal Army was required to obtain presidential permission to enter any given state.

Question: When did the federal war end?
Answer: 1863

Question: How did the federal war end? 
Answer: with the signing of the Treaty of Coche by both the centralist government of the time and the Federal Forces

Question: What did the United States of Venezuela incorporate? 
Answer: "Federation of Sovereign States" upon principles borrowed from the Articles of Confederation of the United States of America

Question: In this type of federation each country had its own what? 
Answer: President

Question: When did the federal war start?

Question: How did the federal war start?

Question: What did the United States of Venezuela reject?

Question: What did the United States of America incorporate?

Question: In this type of federation each country had shared what?
Federalism

On the other hand, Belgian federalism is federated with three components. An affirmative resolution concerning Brussels' place in the federal system passed in the parliaments of Wallonia and Brussels. These resolutions passed against the desires of Dutch-speaking parties, who are generally in favour of a federal system with two components (i.e. the Dutch and French Communities of Belgium). However, the Flemish representatives in the Parliament of the Brussels Capital-Region voted in favour of the Brussels resolution, with the exception of one party. The chairman of the Walloon Parliament stated on July 17, 2008 that, "Brussels would take an attitude". Brussels' parliament passed the resolution on July 18, 2008:

Question: How many components does the Belgian federalism have? 
Answer: three components

Question: What passed on July 18, 2007?
Answer: Brussels' parliament

Question: What are the Flemish representatives in favor for?
Answer: Brussels resolution, with the exception of one party

Question: What is Belgian Federalism? 
Answer: the federal system passed in the parliaments of Wallonia and Brussels.

Question: How many components does the Belgian federalism not have?

Question: What passed on July 18, 2007?

Question: What didn't pass on July 18, 2008?

Question: What are the Flemish representatives not in favor of?

Question: What isn't Belgian Federalism?
Federalism

However, in order to manage the tensions present in the Spanish transition to democracy, the drafters of the current Spanish constitution avoided giving labels such as 'federal' to the territorial arrangements. Besides, unlike in the federal system, the main taxes are taken centrally from Madrid (except for the Basque Country and Navarre, which were recognized in the Spanish democratic constitution as charter territories drawing from historical reasons) and then distributed to the Autonomous Communities.

Question: How did they manage the tensions in the present of Spanish Transition to democracy?
Answer: the drafters of the current Spanish constitution avoided giving labels such as 'federal' to the territorial arrangements.

Question: Which cities are recognized in the Spanish Democratic Constitution? 
Answer: Basque Country and Navarre

Question: Where are the main taxes taken?
Answer: Madrid

Question: How did they ignore the tensions in the present of Spanish Transition to democracy?

Question: How did they manage the tensions in the present of Spanish Transition to communism?

Question: Which cities aren't recognized in the Spanish Democratic Constitution?

Question: Which cities are recognized in the Spanish Socialist Constitution?

Question: Where are the main taxes ignored?
Federalism

Anarchists are against the State but are not against political organization or "governance"—so long as it is self-governance utilizing direct democracy. The mode of political organization preferred by anarchists, in general, is federalism or confederalism.[citation needed] However, the anarchist definition of federalism tends to differ from the definition of federalism assumed by pro-state political scientists. The following is a brief description of federalism from section I.5 of An Anarchist FAQ:

Question: What are anarchists against? 
Answer: State

Question: What are anarchists not against? 
Answer: not against political organization or "governance"—so long as it is self-governance utilizing direct democracy.

Question: What mode of government does the anarchists prefer? 
Answer: federalism or confederalism

Question: What are anarchists for?

Question: What aren't anarchists against?

Question: What are anarchists against?

Question: What mode of government does the anarchists hate?

Question: What mode of sports does the anarchists prefer?
Federalism

Alternatively, or in addition to this practice, the members of an upper house may be indirectly elected by the government or legislature of the component states, as occurred in the United States prior to 1913, or be actual members or delegates of the state governments, as, for example, is the case in the German Bundesrat and in the Council of the European Union. The lower house of a federal legislature is usually directly elected, with apportionment in proportion to population, although states may sometimes still be guaranteed a certain minimum number of seats.

Question: Who can elect the members of the upper house? 
Answer: government or legislature

Question: Can the members of the upper house be elected directly or indirectly? 
Answer: indirectly

Question: Can the members of the lower house be elected directly or indirectly? 
Answer: directly

Question: Who can't elect the members of the upper house?

Question: Who can elect the leaders of the upper house?

Question: Can the members of the upper house be impeached directly or indirectly?

Question: Can the members of the lower house be impeached directly or indirectly?

Question: Can the citizens of the lower house be elected directly or indirectly?
Federalism

Federalism, and other forms of territorially autonomy, is generally seen as a useful way to structure political systems in order prevent violence among different groups with countries because it allows certain groups to legislate at the subnational level. Some scholars have suggested, however, that federalism can divide countries and result in state collapse because it creates proto-states. Still others have shown that federalism is only divisive when it lacks mechanisms tthat encourage political parties to compete across regional boundaries.

Question: What is federalism seen as? 
Answer: a useful way to structure political systems in order prevent violence among different groups with countries

Question: What does federalism allow?
Answer: it allows certain groups to legislate at the subnational level

Question: What do scholars think of federalism?
Answer: Some scholars have suggested, however, that federalism can divide countries

Question: What isn't federalism seen as?

Question: What is communism seen as?

Question: What doesn't federalism allow?

Question: What does federalism not allow?

Question: What don't scholars think of federalism?