Divyanshu67/squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
Modern_history

The changes were accompanied by violent turmoil which included the trial and execution of the king, vast bloodshed and repression during the Reign of Terror, and warfare involving every other major European power. Subsequent events that can be traced to the Revolution include the Napoleonic Wars, two separate restorations of the monarchy, and two additional revolutions as modern France took shape. In the following century, France would be governed at one point or another as a republic, constitutional monarchy, and two different empires.

Question: What happened to the king after the trial?
Answer: execution of the king

Question: Who else was involved in the warfare?
Answer: every other major European power.

Question: name an event that can be contributed to the revolution.
Answer: the Napoleonic Wars
Modern_history

The campaigns of French Emperor and General Napoleon Bonaparte characterized the Napoleonic Era. Born on Corsica as the French invaded, and dying suspiciously on the tiny British Island of St. Helena, this brilliant commander, controlled a French Empire that, at its height, ruled a large portion of Europe directly from Paris, while many of his friends and family ruled countries such as Spain, Poland, several parts of Italy and many other Kingdoms Republics and dependencies. The Napoleonic Era changed the face of Europe forever, and old Empires and Kingdoms fell apart as a result of the mighty and "Glorious" surge of Republicanism.

Question: What characterized the Napoleonic Era?
Answer: The campaigns of French Emperor and General Napoleon Bonaparte

Question: Where was Napoleon Bonaparte born?
Answer: Corsica

Question: Where was Napoleon Bonaparte die? 
Answer: St. Helena

Question: From where did the French empire rule a large portion of Europe?
Answer: Paris

Question: Why were Europe's Empires and Kingdoms dispatched?
Answer: surge of Republicanism
Modern_history

Italian unification was the political and social movement that annexed different states of the Italian peninsula into the single state of Italy in the 19th century. There is a lack of consensus on the exact dates for the beginning and the end of this period, but many scholars agree that the process began with the end of Napoleonic rule and the Congress of Vienna in 1815, and approximately ended with the Franco-Prussian War in 1871, though the last città irredente did not join the Kingdom of Italy until after World War I.

Question: What is Italian Unification?
Answer: social movement that annexed different states of the Italian peninsula into the single state of Italy

Question: When did the Italian Unification occur?
Answer: in the 19th century

Question: In what year do most  Scholars agree the Italian Unification began?
Answer: 1815

Question: In what year do most  Scholars agree the Italian Unification ended?
Answer: 1871

Question: After what event did the last citta irredente join Italy?
Answer: World War I.
Modern_history

Beginning the Age of Revolution, the American Revolution and the ensuing political upheaval during the last half of the 18th century saw the Thirteen Colonies of North America overthrow the governance of the Parliament of Great Britain, and then reject the British monarchy itself to become the sovereign United States of America. In this period the colonies first rejected the authority of the Parliament to govern them without representation, and formed self-governing independent states. The Second Continental Congress then joined together against the British to defend that self-governance in the armed conflict from 1775 to 1783 known as the American Revolutionary War (also called American War of Independence).

Question: What event did the American revolution cause?
Answer: British monarchy itself to become the sovereign United States of America.

Question: How did the Thirteen Colonies become The United States Of America?
Answer: overthrow the governance of the Parliament of Great Britain, and then reject the British monarchy

Question: Why did the United States form independent states?
Answer: the colonies first rejected the authority of the Parliament to govern them without representation

Question: Who did the Second Continental Congress join together against?
Answer: the British

Question: What is the armed conflict form 1775 to 1783 is known as?
Answer: American Revolutionary War
Modern_history

The American Revolution begun with fighting at Lexington and Concord. On July 4, 1776, they issued the Declaration of Independence, which proclaimed their independence from Great Britain and their formation of a cooperative union. In June 1776, Benjamin Franklin was appointed a member of the Committee of Five that drafted the Declaration of Independence. Although he was temporarily disabled by gout and unable to attend most meetings of the Committee, Franklin made several small changes to the draft sent to him by Thomas Jefferson.

Question: Where did the American Revolution start?
Answer: Lexington and Concord

Question: What was issued on July 4, 1776?
Answer: Declaration of Independence

Question: What did the Declaration Of Independence proclaim?
Answer: independence from Great Britain and their formation of a cooperative union.

Question: What position was Ben Franklin appointed in 1776?
Answer: member of the Committee of Five that drafted the Declaration of Independence.

Question: What was Ben Franklin disabled by? 
Answer: gout
Modern_history

The decolonization of the Americas was the process by which the countries in the Americas gained their independence from European rule. Decolonization began with a series of revolutions in the late 18th and early-to-mid-19th centuries. The Spanish American wars of independence were the numerous wars against Spanish rule in Spanish America that took place during the early 19th century, from 1808 until 1829, directly related to the Napoleonic French invasion of Spain. The conflict started with short-lived governing juntas established in Chuquisaca and Quito opposing the composition of the Supreme Central Junta of Seville.

Question: What is the decolonization of the Americas? 
Answer: the process by which the countries in the Americas gained their independence from European rule.

Question: When did the decolonization of the Americas begin?
Answer: 18th and early-to-mid-19th centuries.

Question: When did the wars against Spanish rule occur?
Answer: 1808 until 1829

Question: What were the Spanish wars directly linked to?
Answer: Napoleonic French invasion of Spain.

Question: How did the Spanish conflict begin?
Answer: short-lived governing juntas established in Chuquisaca and Quito opposing the composition of the Supreme Central Junta of Seville.
Modern_history

When the Central Junta fell to the French, numerous new Juntas appeared all across the Americas, eventually resulting in a chain of newly independent countries stretching from Argentina and Chile in the south, to Mexico in the north. After the death of the king Ferdinand VII, in 1833, only Cuba and Puerto Rico remained under Spanish rule, until the Spanish–American War in 1898. Unlike the Spanish, the Portuguese did not divide their colonial territory in America. The captaincies they created were subdued to a centralized administration in Salvador (later relocated to Rio de Janeiro) which reported directly to the Portuguese Crown until its independence in 1822, becoming the Empire of Brazil.

Question: Who did the central Junta fall to?
Answer: the French

Question: What king died in 1833?
Answer: king Ferdinand VII

Question: After King Ferdinand died, who remained under Spanish rule?
Answer: Cuba and Puerto Rico

Question: When did the Spanish-American war occur?
Answer: in 1898

Question: Where were the Portuguese capacities centralized? 
Answer: Salvador
Modern_history

The first Industrial Revolution merged into the Second Industrial Revolution around 1850, when technological and economic progress gained momentum with the development of steam-powered ships and railways, and later in the 19th century with the internal combustion engine and electric power generation. The Second Industrial Revolution was a phase of the Industrial Revolution; labeled as the separate Technical Revolution. From a technological and a social point of view there is no clean break between the two. Major innovations during the period occurred in the chemical, electrical, petroleum, and steel industries. Specific advancements included the introduction of oil fired steam turbine and internal combustion driven steel ships, the development of the airplane, the practical commercialization of the automobile, mass production of consumer goods, the perfection of canning, mechanical refrigeration and other food preservation techniques, and the invention of the telephone.

Question: When did the first industrial revolution merge into the second? 
Answer: around 1850

Question: What caused technological and economical progress?
Answer: development of steam-powered ships and railways

Question: The 19th century was also known as? 
Answer: the internal combustion engine and electric power generation.

Question: What was the second industrial revolution was labeled?
Answer: separate Technical Revolution
Modern_history

Industrialization is the process of social and economic change whereby a human group is transformed from a pre-industrial society into an industrial one. It is a subdivision of a more general modernization process, where social change and economic development are closely related with technological innovation, particularly with the development of large-scale energy and metallurgy production. It is the extensive organization of an economy for the purpose of manufacturing. Industrialization also introduces a form of philosophical change, where people obtain a different attitude towards their perception of nature.

Question: What is industrialization? 
Answer: social and economic change

Question: During industrialization a human group is turned into what?
Answer: from a pre-industrial society into an industrial one.

Question: industrialization is a subdivision of what general process?
Answer: technological innovation
Modern_history

The modern petroleum industry started in 1846 with the discovery of the process of refining kerosene from coal by Nova Scotian Abraham Pineo Gesner. Ignacy Łukasiewicz improved Gesner's method to develop a means of refining kerosene from the more readily available "rock oil" ("petr-oleum") seeps in 1852 and the first rock oil mine was built in Bóbrka, near Krosno in Galicia in the following year. In 1854, Benjamin Silliman, a science professor at Yale University in New Haven, was the first to fractionate petroleum by distillation. These discoveries rapidly spread around the world.

Question: When did the modern petroleum industry start? 
Answer: 1846

Question: What started the modern petroleum industry ?
Answer: the discovery of the process of refining kerosene from coal

Question: Who discovered the process of refining kerosene from coal?
Answer: Nova Scotian Abraham Pineo Gesner

Question: Who improved Gesner's  of refining kerosene from coal?
Answer: Ignacy Łukasiewicz

Question: Where was the first Rock Oil mine built?
Answer: Bóbrka
Modern_history

Engineering achievements of the revolution ranged from electrification to developments in materials science. The advancements made a great contribution to the quality of life. In the first revolution, Lewis Paul was the original inventor of roller spinning, the basis of the water frame for spinning cotton in a cotton mill. Matthew Boulton and James Watt's improvements to the steam engine were fundamental to the changes brought by the Industrial Revolution in both the Kingdom of Great Britain and the world.

Question: In what fields did achievements occur during the revolution?
Answer: electrification to developments in materials science.

Question: What did the advancements during the revolution improve for people?
Answer: quality of life

Question: What did Lewis Paul invent?
Answer: roller spinning, the basis of the water frame for spinning cotton in a cotton mill.

Question: In what period did James Lewis invent the 'Roller Spinning"?
Answer: the first revolution

Question: Who improved the steam engine?
Answer: Matthew Boulton and James Watt
Modern_history

In the latter part of the second revolution, Thomas Alva Edison developed many devices that greatly influenced life around the world and is often credited with the creation of the first industrial research laboratory. In 1882, Edison switched on the world's first large-scale electrical supply network that provided 110 volts direct current to fifty-nine customers in lower Manhattan. Also toward the end of the second industrial revolution, Nikola Tesla made many contributions in the field of electricity and magnetism in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

Question: Thomas Edison is credited with?
Answer: the creation of the first industrial research laboratory

Question: What Did Thomas Edison switch to in 1882?
Answer: the world's first large-scale electrical supply network

Question: How many volts did Thomas Edison's electrical supply provide?
Answer: 110 volts

Question: How many customers were supplied by Thomas Edison's electrical supply network?
Answer: fifty-nine

Question: Where was Thomas Edison's electrical supply network located?
Answer: lower Manhattan
Modern_history

The European Revolutions of 1848, known in some countries as the Spring of Nations or the Year of Revolution, were a series of political upheavals throughout the European continent. Described as a revolutionary wave, the period of unrest began in France and then, further propelled by the French Revolution of 1848, soon spread to the rest of Europe. Although most of the revolutions were quickly put down, there was a significant amount of violence in many areas, with tens of thousands of people tortured and killed. While the immediate political effects of the revolutions were reversed, the long-term reverberations of the events were far-reaching.

Question: When did the European revolutions occur?
Answer: 1848

Question: What are European revolutions known as in other countries?
Answer: Spring of Nations or the Year of Revolution

Question: In what country did the revolutions begin?
Answer: France

Question: How many people were estimated to be killed in the revolutions? 
Answer: tens of thousands
Modern_history

Following the Enlightenment's ideas, the reformers looked to the Scientific Revolution and industrial progress to solve the social problems which arose with the Industrial Revolution. Newton's natural philosophy combined a mathematics of axiomatic proof with the mechanics of physical observation, yielding a coherent system of verifiable predictions and replacing a previous reliance on revelation and inspired truth. Applied to public life, this approach yielded several successful campaigns for changes in social policy.

Question: What did the reformers look to to solve social problems?
Answer: Scientific Revolution and industrial progress

Question: What is Newton Natural philosophy?
Answer: a coherent system of verifiable predictions

Question: What did Newton's Nataural philosophy replace?
Answer: reliance on revelation and inspired truth.

Question: What did Newton's philosophy do when applied to life, 
Answer: yielded several successful campaigns for changes in social policy.
Modern_history

Under Peter I (the Great), Russia was proclaimed an Empire in 1721 and became recognized as a world power. Ruling from 1682 to 1725, Peter defeated Sweden in the Great Northern War, forcing it to cede West Karelia and Ingria (two regions lost by Russia in the Time of Troubles), as well as Estland and Livland, securing Russia's access to the sea and sea trade. On the Baltic Sea Peter founded a new capital called Saint Petersburg, later known as Russia's Window to Europe. Peter the Great's reforms brought considerable Western European cultural influences to Russia. Catherine II (the Great), who ruled in 1762–96, extended Russian political control over the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and incorporated most of its territories into Russia during the Partitions of Poland, pushing the Russian frontier westward into Central Europe. In the south, after successful Russo-Turkish Wars against the Ottoman Empire, Catherine advanced Russia's boundary to the Black Sea, defeating the Crimean khanate.

Question: Under whom was Russia declared an empire?
Answer: Peter I

Question: In what year was Russia declared an empire?
Answer: 1721

Question: Through what period did Peter I rule?
Answer: 1682 to 1725

Question: Who did Peter I defeat in the Great Northern War?
Answer: Sweden

Question: What did Peter I found on the Baltic Sea?
Answer: a new capital called Saint Petersburg
Modern_history

In Britain's "imperial century", victory over Napoleon left Britain without any serious international rival, other than Russia in central Asia. Unchallenged at sea, Britain adopted the role of global policeman, a state of affairs later known as the Pax Britannica, and a foreign policy of "splendid isolation". Alongside the formal control it exerted over its own colonies, Britain's dominant position in world trade meant that it effectively controlled the economies of many nominally independent countries, such as China, Argentina and Siam, which has been generally characterized as "informal empire". Of note during this time was the Anglo-Zulu War, which was fought in 1879 between the British Empire and the Zulu Empire.

Question: What did defeating Napoleon leave Britain without?
Answer: any serious international rival

Question: Why did Britain adopt the role of Global Policemen?
Answer: Unchallenged at sea

Question: Britain adopting the role as global policeman is known as
Answer: Pax Britannica

Question: What was Britain's foreign policy called?
Answer: splendid isolation

Question: Britain's dominant position in the world trade allowed them to do what?
Answer: effectively controlled the economies of many nominally independent countries, such as China, Argentina and Siam
Modern_history

British imperial strength was underpinned by the steamship and the telegraph, new technologies invented in the second half of the 19th century, allowing it to control and defend the Empire. By 1902, the British Empire was linked together by a network of telegraph cables, the so-called All Red Line. Growing until 1922, around 13,000,000 square miles (34,000,000 km2) of territory and roughly 458 million people were added to the British Empire. The British established colonies in Australia in 1788, New Zealand in 1840 and Fiji in 1872, with much of Oceania becoming part of the British Empire.

Question: What was British imperial strength replace by?
Answer: steamship and the telegraph

Question: When were the steamship and the telegraph invented?
Answer: the second half of the 19th century

Question: What was the British Empire linked by in 1982?
Answer: a network of telegraph cables

Question: How many people were added to the British Empire by 1922?
Answer: 458 million

Question: When did the British establish colonies in Australia?
Answer: 1788
Modern_history

The Bourbon Restoration followed the ousting of Napoleon I of France in 1814. The Allies restored the Bourbon Dynasty to the French throne. The ensuing period is called the Restoration, following French usage, and is characterized by a sharp conservative reaction and the re-establishment of the Roman Catholic Church as a power in French politics. The July Monarchy was a period of liberal constitutional monarchy in France under King Louis-Philippe starting with the July Revolution (or Three Glorious Days) of 1830 and ending with the Revolution of 1848. The Second Empire was the Imperial Bonapartist regime of Napoleon III from 1852 to 1870, between the Second Republic and the Third Republic, in France.

Question: The Bourbon Restoration followed what event?
Answer: Napoleon I of France

Question: What is the Bourbon Restoration? 
Answer: Allies restored the Bourbon Dynasty to the French throne.

Question: What is the July Monarchy? 
Answer: a period of liberal constitutional monarchy in France under King Louis-Philippe

Question: What is the second empires?
Answer: the Imperial Bonapartist regime of Napoleon III

Question: Through what period did the second empire last?
Answer: 1852 to 1870
Modern_history

The Franco-Prussian War was a conflict between France and Prussia, while Prussia was backed up by the North German Confederation, of which it was a member, and the South German states of Baden, Württemberg and Bavaria. The complete Prussian and German victory brought about the final unification of Germany under King Wilhelm I of Prussia. It also marked the downfall of Napoleon III and the end of the Second French Empire, which was replaced by the Third Republic. As part of the settlement, almost all of the territory of Alsace-Lorraine was taken by Prussia to become a part of Germany, which it would retain until the end of World War I.

Question: What countries were involved in the Franco-Russian war?
Answer: France and Prussia

Question: Name one of the groups who backed Prussia in the Franco-Russian war?
Answer: North German Confederation

Question: What did the Prussian and German victory mark?
Answer: final unification of Germany under King Wilhelm I of Prussia.

Question: Prussia claimed almost all of what territory?
Answer: Alsace-Lorraine

Question: Prussia retained most of Alsace-Lorraine up until what event?
Answer: World War I.
Modern_history

The major European powers laid claim to the areas of Africa where they could exhibit a sphere of influence over the area. These claims did not have to have any substantial land holdings or treaties to be legitimate. The European power that demonstrated its control over a territory accepted the mandate to rule that region as a national colony. The European nation that held the claim developed and benefited from their colony’s commercial interests without having to fear rival European competition. With the colonial claim came the underlying assumption that the European power that exerted control would use its mandate to offer protection and provide welfare for its colonial peoples, however, this principle remained more theory than practice. There were many documented instances of material and moral conditions deteriorating for native Africans in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries under European colonial rule, to the point where the colonial experience for them has been described as "hell on earth."

Question: Why did European powers lay claim to areas Africa?
Answer: exhibit a sphere of influence over the area

Question: What did the European powers need to make their claim over these areas legitimate?
Answer: These claims did not have to have any substantial land holdings or treaties to be legitimate.

Question: What do European powers that exibit their control ovet an area accept?
Answer: mandate to rule that region as a national colony.

Question: How did the claims on the areas in Africa benefit the European powers?
Answer: colony’s commercial interests without having to fear rival European competition.

Question: What was the colonial experience for Africans described as?
Answer: hell on earth.
Modern_history

From the 1880s to 1914, the European powers expanded their control across the African continent, competing with each other for Africa’s land and resources. Great Britain controlled various colonial holdings in East Africa that spanned the length of the African continent from Egypt in the north to South Africa. The French gained major ground in West Africa, and the Portuguese held colonies in southern Africa. Germany, Italy, and Spain established a small number of colonies at various points throughout the continent, which included German East Africa (Tanganyika) and German Southwest Africa for Germany, Eritrea and Libya for Italy, and the Canary Islands and Rio de Oro in northwestern Africa for Spain. Finally, for King Leopold (ruled from 1865–1909), there was the large “piece of that great African cake” known as the Congo, which, unfortunately for the native Congolese, became his personal fiefdom to do with as he pleased in Central Africa. By 1914, almost the entire continent was under European control. Liberia, which was settled by freed American slaves in the 1820s, and Abyssinia (Ethiopia) in eastern Africa were the last remaining independent African states. (John Merriman, A History of Modern Europe, Volume Two: From the French Revolution to the Present, Third Edition (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2010), pp. 819–859).

Question: Through what period did European powers expand control in Africa?
Answer: 1880s to 1914

Question: What was Europe competing for? 
Answer: Africa’s land and resources.

Question: What did Great Britain control?
Answer: various colonial holdings in East Africa

Question: Where in Africa did the French have control? 
Answer: West Africa

Question: Where in Africa did Portuguese have control? 
Answer: southern Africa
Modern_history

Around the end of the 19th century and into the 20th century, the Meiji era was marked by the reign of the Meiji Emperor. During this time, Japan started its modernization and rose to world power status. This era name means "Enlightened Rule". In Japan, the Meiji Restoration started in the 1860s, marking the rapid modernization by the Japanese themselves along European lines. Much research has focused on the issues of discontinuity versus continuity with the previous Tokugawa Period. In the 1960s younger Japanese scholars led by Irokawa Daikichi, reacted against the bureaucratic superstate, and began searching for the historic role of the common people . They avoided the elite, and focused not on political events but on social forces and attitudes. They rejected both Marxism and modernization theory as alien and confining. They stressed the importance of popular energies in the development of modern Japan. They enlarged history by using the methods of social history. It was not until the beginning of the Meiji Era that the Japanese government began taking modernization seriously. Japan expanded its military production base by opening arsenals in various locations. The hyobusho (war office) was replaced with a War Department and a Naval Department. The samurai class suffered great disappointment the following years.

Question: What was the Meija era marked by?
Answer: the reign of the Meiji Emperor

Question: How did Japan rise to be a world power during the Meja era?
Answer: modernization

Question: What does "Meija era"
Answer: Enlightened Rule

Question: When did the Meija restoration begin?
Answer: 1860s

Question: What did Irokawa Daikichi act out against?
Answer: bureaucratic superstate
Modern_history

Laws were instituted that required every able-bodied male Japanese citizen, regardless of class, to serve a mandatory term of three years with the first reserves and two additional years with the second reserves. This action, the deathblow for the samurai warriors and their daimyo feudal lords, initially met resistance from both the peasant and warrior alike. The peasant class interpreted the term for military service, ketsu-eki (blood tax) literally, and attempted to avoid service by any means necessary. The Japanese government began modelling their ground forces after the French military. The French government contributed greatly to the training of Japanese officers. Many were employed at the military academy in Kyoto, and many more still were feverishly translating French field manuals for use in the Japanese ranks.

Question: Laws mandated that every able bodies Japanese citizen do what?
Answer: serve a mandatory term of three years with the first reserves and two additional years with the second reserves.

Question: Who initially rejected the Japanese laws mandating military service?
Answer: peasant and warrior alike.

Question: What did the peasant class name the mandatory military service law?
Answer: ketsu-eki

Question: Who did the Japanese form their military  forces after?
Answer: French military

Question: Where was the military academy located?
Answer: Kyoto
Modern_history

The Antebellum Age was a period of increasing division in the country based on the growth of slavery in the American South and in the western territories of Kansas and Nebraska that eventually lead to the Civil War in 1861. The Antebellum Period is often considered to have begun with the Kansas–Nebraska Act of 1854,[citation needed] although it may have begun as early as 1812. This period is also significant because it marked the transition of American manufacturing to the industrial revolution.[citation needed]

Question: What is the antebellum age?
Answer: a period of increasing division in the country based on the growth of slavery

Question: When did the civil was begin?
Answer: 1861

Question: When was the Antebellum age considered to have begun?
Answer: with the Kansas–Nebraska Act of 1854

Question: What did The Antebellum age mark?
Answer: the transition of American manufacturing to the industrial revolution.
Modern_history

Northern leaders agreed that victory would require more than the end of fighting. Secession and Confederate nationalism had to be totally repudiated and all forms of slavery or quasi-slavery had to be eliminated. Lincoln proved effective in mobilizing support for the war goals, raising large armies and supplying them, avoiding foreign interference, and making the end of slavery a war goal. The Confederacy had a larger area than it could defend, and it failed to keep its ports open and its rivers clear. The North kept up the pressure as the South could barely feed and clothe its soldiers. Its soldiers, especially those in the East under the command of General Robert E. Lee proved highly resourceful until they finally were overwhelmed by Generals Ulysses S. Grant and William T. Sherman in 1864–65, The Reconstruction Era (1863–77) began with the Emancipation proclamation in 1863, and included freedom, full citizenship and the vote for the Southern blacks. It was followed by a reaction that left the blacks in a second class status legally, politically, socially and economically until the 1960s.

Question: What did northern leaders agree on about slavery?
Answer: all forms of slavery or quasi-slavery had to be eliminated.

Question: What did Lincoln do well in the war?
Answer: mobilizing support for the war goals

Question: Why couldn't the confederacy defend their ports?
Answer: The Confederacy had a larger area than it could defend

Question: The south could barely do what for their souldiers?
Answer: feed and clothe

Question: General Robert E. Lee controlled what sect of the confederacy? 
Answer: the East
Modern_history

During the Gilded Age, there was substantial growth in population in the United States and extravagant displays of wealth and excess of America's upper-class during the post-Civil War and post-Reconstruction era, in the late 19th century. The wealth polarization derived primarily from industrial and population expansion. The businessmen of the Second Industrial Revolution created industrial towns and cities in the Northeast with new factories, and contributed to the creation of an ethnically diverse industrial working class which produced the wealth owned by rising super-rich industrialists and financiers called the "robber barons". An example is the company of John D. Rockefeller, who was an important figure in shaping the new oil industry. Using highly effective tactics and aggressive practices, later widely criticized, Standard Oil absorbed or destroyed most of its competition.

Question: What happened in the Glided Age/
Answer: extravagant displays of wealth and excess of America's upper-class

Question: In what time period did the Glided Age occur?
Answer: late 19th century

Question: Where did the wealth of the Glided Age come form?
Answer: industrial and population expansion.

Question: What did Financiers refer to rich industrialist as?
Answer: robber barons

Question: What type of practices did John D. Rockefeller exhibit in the oil industry?
Answer: effective tactics and aggressive practices
Modern_history

The creation of a modern industrial economy took place. With the creation of a transportation and communication infrastructure, the corporation became the dominant form of business organization and a managerial revolution transformed business operations. In 1890, Congress passed the Sherman Antitrust Act—the source of all American anti-monopoly laws. The law forbade every contract, scheme, deal, or conspiracy to restrain trade, though the phrase "restraint of trade" remained subjective. By the beginning of the 20th century, per capita income and industrial production in the United States exceeded that of any other country except Britain. Long hours and hazardous working conditions led many workers to attempt to form labor unions despite strong opposition from industrialists and the courts. But the courts did protect the marketplace, declaring the Standard Oil group to be an "unreasonable" monopoly under the Sherman Antitrust Act in 1911. It ordered Standard to break up into 34 independent companies with different boards of directors.

Question: What creations brought in the modern industrial economy?
Answer: transportation and communication infrastructure

Question: What became the dominant form of business organization? 
Answer: the corporation

Question: What transformed business organization in 1890?
Answer: managerial revolution

Question: The Sherman Antitrust Act is the source of what?
Answer: all American anti-monopoly laws.

Question: What was he Standard Oil Group determined to be by the courts?
Answer: an "unreasonable" monopoly
Modern_history

Replacing the classical physics in use since the end of the scientific revolution, modern physics arose in the early 20th century with the advent of quantum physics, substituting mathematical studies for experimental studies and examining equations to build a theoretical structure.[citation needed] The old quantum theory was a collection of results which predate modern quantum mechanics, but were never complete or self-consistent. The collection of heuristic prescriptions for quantum mechanics were the first corrections to classical mechanics. Outside the realm of quantum physics, the various aether theories in classical physics, which supposed a "fifth element" such as the Luminiferous aether, were nullified by the Michelson-Morley experiment—an attempt to detect the motion of earth through the aether. In biology, Darwinism gained acceptance, promoting the concept of adaptation in the theory of natural selection. The fields of geology, astronomy and psychology also made strides and gained new insights. In medicine, there were advances in medical theory and treatments.

Question: When did modern physics arise?
Answer: early 20th century

Question: What is the old Quantum  theory?
Answer: a collection of results which predate modern quantum mechanics, but were never complete or self-consistent.

Question: The "fifth element" was disproved by what?
Answer: Michelson-Morley experiment

Question: What is the Michelson-Morley experiment?
Answer: an attempt to detect the motion of earth through the aether

Question: What does Darwinism promote?
Answer: the theory of natural selection.
Modern_history

The assertions of Chinese philosophy began to integrate concepts of Western philosophy, as steps toward modernization. By the time of the Xinhai Revolution in 1911, there were many calls, such as the May Fourth Movement, to completely abolish the old imperial institutions and practices of China. There were attempts to incorporate democracy, republicanism, and industrialism into Chinese philosophy, notably by Sun Yat-Sen (Sūn yì xiān, in one Mandarin form of the name) at the beginning of the 20th century. Mao Zedong (Máo zé dōng) added Marxist-Leninist thought. When the Communist Party of China took over power, previous schools of thought, excepting notably Legalism, were denounced as backward, and later even purged during the Cultural Revolution.

Question: Why did Chinese philosophy begin to mix with western concepts?
Answer: as steps toward modernization

Question: When did the Xinhai Revolution begin?
Answer: 1911

Question: What is the May Forth Movement?
Answer: to completely abolish the old imperial institutions and practices of China

Question: What did Marxist-Leninst add to Chinese philosophy? 
Answer: Marxist-Leninist thought

Question: During what event was Legalism abolished?
Answer: the Cultural Revolution
Modern_history

Starting one-hundred years before the 20th century, the enlightenment spiritual philosophy was challenged in various quarters around the 1900s. Developed from earlier secular traditions, modern Humanist ethical philosophies affirmed the dignity and worth of all people, based on the ability to determine right and wrong by appealing to universal human qualities, particularly rationality, without resorting to the supernatural or alleged divine authority from religious texts. For liberal humanists such as Rousseau and Kant, the universal law of reason guided the way toward total emancipation from any kind of tyranny. These ideas were challenged, for example by the young Karl Marx, who criticized the project of political emancipation (embodied in the form of human rights), asserting it to be symptomatic of the very dehumanization it was supposed to oppose. For Friedrich Nietzsche, humanism was nothing more than a secular version of theism. In his Genealogy of Morals, he argues that human rights exist as a means for the weak to collectively constrain the strong. On this view, such rights do not facilitate emancipation of life, but rather deny it. In the 20th century, the notion that human beings are rationally autonomous was challenged by the concept that humans were driven by unconscious irrational desires.

Question: When was the enlightenment of spiritual philosophy challenged?
Answer: in various quarters around the 1900s.

Question: What were Humanist ethical philosophy's developed from?
Answer: earlier secular traditions

Question: Why did Kari Marx criticize Humanist Philosophy's? 
Answer: it to be symptomatic of the very dehumanization it was supposed to oppose

Question: What did Friedrinch Netzsche consider Humanism to be?
Answer: a secular version of theism

Question: Why does Friedrinch Netzsche believe human rights exist?
Answer: as a means for the weak to collectively constrain the strong.
Modern_history

Albert Einstein is known for his theories of special relativity and general relativity. He also made important contributions to statistical mechanics, especially his mathematical treatment of Brownian motion, his resolution of the paradox of specific heats, and his connection of fluctuations and dissipation. Despite his reservations about its interpretation, Einstein also made contributions to quantum mechanics and, indirectly, quantum field theory, primarily through his theoretical studies of the photon.

Question: What is Albert Einstein known for? 
Answer: his theories of special relativity and general relativity

Question: What did Einstein add to the Brownman Motion?
Answer: mathematical treatment

Question: What did Einstein discover a resolution to?
Answer: the paradox of specific heats

Question: What theory  did Einstein have reservations about?
Answer: quantum field theory
Modern_history

In 1901, the Federation of Australia was the process by which the six separate British self-governing colonies of New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria and Western Australia formed one nation. They kept the systems of government that they had developed as separate colonies but also would have a federal government that was responsible for matters concerning the whole nation. When the Constitution of Australia came into force, the colonies collectively became states of the Commonwealth of Australia.

Question: What is the federation of Australia?
Answer: six separate British self-governing colonies of New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria and Western Australia formed one nation.

Question: What was the federal Government responsible for? 
Answer: matters concerning the whole nation.

Question: When did the colonies collectively become a part of the Commonwealth  of Australia?
Answer: When the Constitution of Australia came into force
Modern_history

The last days of the Qing Dynasty were marked by civil unrest and foreign invasions. Responding to these civil failures and discontent, the Qing Imperial Court did attempt to reform the government in various ways, such as the decision to draft a constitution in 1906, the establishment of provincial legislatures in 1909, and the preparation for a national parliament in 1910. However, many of these measures were opposed by the conservatives of the Qing Court, and many reformers were either imprisoned or executed outright. The failures of the Imperial Court to enact such reforming measures of political liberalization and modernization caused the reformists to steer toward the road of revolution.

Question: What were the last days of the Qing dynasty marked by? 
Answer: civil unrest and foreign invasions.

Question: What did the Qing dynasty attempt to do n the face of civil unrest? 
Answer: attempt to reform the government in various

Question: What happened to The reformers in the Qing dynasty? 
Answer: either imprisoned or executed outright.

Question: What caused the revolution against the Qing dynasty?
Answer: failures of the Imperial Court to enact such reforming measures of political liberalization and modernization
Modern_history

In 1912, the Republic of China was established and Sun Yat-sen was inaugurated in Nanjing as the first Provisional President. But power in Beijing already had passed to Yuan Shikai, who had effective control of the Beiyang Army, the most powerful military force in China at the time. To prevent civil war and possible foreign intervention from undermining the infant republic, leaders agreed to Army's demand that China be united under a Beijing government. On March 10, in Beijing, Shikai was sworn in as the second Provisional President of the Republic of China.

Question: When was the Republic of China established?
Answer: 1912

Question: Who was Inaugurated in Nanjing as the first provisional president? 
Answer: Sun Yat-sen

Question: Who had control of the Beiyang army?
Answer: Yuan Shikai

Question: What did China agree to avoid the undermining of the Republic?
Answer: agreed to Army's demand that China be united under a Beijing government.

Question: Who was sworn in as the second provisional president of the republic of China?
Answer: Beijing, Shikai
Modern_history

After the early 20th century revolutions, shifting alliances of China's regional warlords waged war for control of the Beijing government. Despite the fact that various warlords gained control of the government in Beijing during the warlord era, this did not constitute a new era of control or governance, because other warlords did not acknowledge the transitory governments in this period and were a law unto themselves. These military-dominated governments were collectively known as the Beiyang government. The warlord era ended around 1927.

Question: What happened to China after the 20th century revolutions?
Answer: shifting alliances of China's regional warlords waged war for control of the Beijing government.

Question: Who ultimately gained control of the Beijing government?
Answer: various warlords

Question: Why was there not a new era of governance in Beijing? 
Answer: because other warlords did not acknowledge the transitory governments in this period and were a law unto themselves.

Question: What were the military dominated governments known as?
Answer: the Beiyang government

Question: When did the warlord era end?
Answer: around 1927
Modern_history

Four years into the 20th century saw the Russo-Japanese War with the Battle of Port Arthur establishing the Empire of Japan as a world power. The Russians were in constant pursuit of a warm water port on the Pacific Ocean, for their navy as well as for maritime trade. The Manchurian Campaign of the Russian Empire was fought against the Japanese over Manchuria and Korea. The major theatres of operations were Southern Manchuria, specifically the area around the Liaodong Peninsula and Mukden, and the seas around Korea, Japan, and the Yellow Sea. The resulting campaigns, in which the fledgling Japanese military consistently attained victory over the Russian forces arrayed against them, were unexpected by world observers. These victories, as time transpired, would dramatically transform the distribution of power in East Asia, resulting in a reassessment of Japan's recent entry onto the world stage. The embarrassing string of defeats increased Russian popular dissatisfaction with the inefficient and corrupt Tsarist government.

Question: When dd the Russo-Japanese war take place?
Answer: Four years into the 20th century

Question: What did the battle of Port Arthur establish?
Answer: the Empire of Japan as a world power.

Question: What were the Russians hoping to find in the pacific ocean?
Answer: warm water port

Question: Why did the Manchurian Campaign fight the Russians. 
Answer: over Manchuria and Korea.

Question: How were the Japanese victories over the Russians views around the world?
Answer: unexpected
Modern_history

The Edwardian era in the United Kingdom is the period spanning the reign of King Edward VII up to the end of the First World War, including the years surrounding the sinking of the RMS Titanic. In the early years of the period, the Second Boer War in South Africa split the country into anti- and pro-war factions. The imperial policies of the Conservatives eventually proved unpopular and in the general election of 1906 the Liberals won a huge landslide. The Liberal government was unable to proceed with all of its radical programme without the support of the House of Lords, which was largely Conservative. Conflict between the two Houses of Parliament over the People's Budget led to a reduction in the power of the peers in 1910. The general election in January that year returned a hung parliament with the balance of power held by Labour and Irish Nationalist members.

Question: What is the Edwardian era?
Answer: the period spanning the reign of King Edward VII up to the end of the First World War,

Question: What event split the United Kingdom into two groups?
Answer: Second Boer War

Question: In what year did the Liberals win huge in the general election?
Answer: 1906

Question: What led to a reduction in the power of the peers?
Answer: Conflict between the two Houses of Parliament over the People's Budget

Question: Who held the balance of power in the 1910 election?
Answer: Labour and Irish Nationalist members.
Modern_history

The causes of World War I included many factors, including the conflicts and antagonisms of the four decades leading up to the war. The Triple Entente was the name given to the loose alignment between the United Kingdom, France, and Russia after the signing of the Anglo-Russian Entente in 1907. The alignment of the three powers, supplemented by various agreements with Japan, the United States, and Spain, constituted a powerful counterweight to the Triple Alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy, the third having concluded an additional secret agreement with France effectively nullifying her Alliance commitments. Militarism, alliances, imperialism, and nationalism played major roles in the conflict. The immediate origins of the war lay in the decisions taken by statesmen and generals during the July Crisis of 1914, the spark (or casus belli) for which was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria.

Question: What is The Triple Entente?
Answer: the name given to the loose alignment between the United Kingdom, France, and Russia after the signing of the Anglo-Russian Entente in 1907.

Question: When was the Anglo -Russia Entente signed?
Answer: 1907.

Question: The Triple Entente served as a counter to what agreement? 
Answer: Triple Alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy,

Question: What was the origin of the war?
Answer: the decisions taken by statesmen and generals during the July Crisis of 1914

Question: Who was murdered in Austria?
Answer: Archduke Franz Ferdinand