Divyanshu67/squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
Tuvalu

The United Nations designates Tuvalu as a least developed country (LDC) because of its limited potential for economic development, absence of exploitable resources and its small size and vulnerability to external economic and environmental shocks. Tuvalu participates in the Enhanced Integrated Framework for Trade-Related Technical Assistance to Least Developed Countries (EIF), which was established in October 1997 under the auspices of the World Trade Organisation. In 2013 Tuvalu deferred its graduation from least developed country (LDC) status to a developing country to 2015. Prime Minister Enele Sopoaga said that this deferral was necessary to maintain access by Tuvalu to the funds provided by the United Nations's National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA), as "Once Tuvalu graduates to a developed country, it will not be considered for funding assistance for climate change adaptation programmes like NAPA, which only goes to LDCs". Tuvalu had met targets so that Tuvalu was to graduate from LDC status. Prime minister, Enele Sopoaga wants the United Nations to reconsider its criteria for graduation from LDC status as not enough weight is given to the environmental plight of small island states like Tuvalu in the application of the Environmental Vulnerability Index (EVI).

Question: What is the UN developmental designation for Tuvalu?
Answer: least developed

Question: What organization sponsors an assistance program for least developed countries?
Answer: World Trade Organisation

Question: What did Tuvalu do in 2013 in regards to it least developed country status?
Answer: deferred its graduation

Question: What would Tuvalu have lost as a developed country?
Answer: funding assistance

Question: What type of problem does the current developed country rating not take into enough consideration?
Answer: environmental
Tuvalu

Tuvalu experiences the effects of El Niño and La Niña caused by changes in ocean temperatures in the equatorial and central Pacific. El Niño effects increase the chances of tropical storms and cyclones, while La Niña effects increase the chances of drought. Typically the islands of Tuvalu receive between 200 to 400 mm (8 to 16 in) of rainfall per month. However, in 2011 a weak La Niña effect caused a drought by cooling the surface of the sea around Tuvalu. A state of emergency was declared on 28 September 2011; with rationing of fresh-water on the islands of Funafuti and Nukulaelae. Households on Funafuti and Nukulaelae were restricted to two buckets of fresh water per day (40 litres).

Question: What specific ocean temperature conditions effect Tuvalu?
Answer: El Niño and La Niña

Question: Which effect causes increases in sea storms like cyclones?
Answer: El Niño

Question: What temperature effect causes drought?
Answer: La Niña

Question: What is the usual amount of rainfall per month on Tuvalu?
Answer: 200 to 400 mm

Question: What did a drought in 2011 cause on Funafuti?
Answer: rationing of fresh-water
Tuvalu

The reefs at Funafuti have suffered damage, with 80 per cent of the coral becoming bleached as a consequence of the increase in ocean temperatures and ocean acidification. The coral bleaching, which includes staghorn corals, is attributed to the increase in water temperature that occurred during the El Niños that occurred from 1998–2000 and from 2000–2001. A reef restoration project has investigated reef restoration techniques; and researchers from Japan have investigated rebuilding the coral reefs through the introduction of foraminifera. The project of the Japan International Cooperation Agency is designed to increase the resilience of the Tuvalu coast against sea level rise through ecosystem rehabilitation and regeneration and through support for sand production.

Question: What percentage of the Tuvalu coral has become bleached?
Answer: 80 per cent

Question: What increase caused by the El Ninos is responsible for the coral bleaching?
Answer: water temperature

Question: What type of project has been started to rebuild the reefs at Tuvalu?
Answer: reef restoration

Question: What has been investigated as a means of rebuilding the reefs at Tuvalu?
Answer: foraminifera

Question: What is hoped will strengthen the Tuvalu coast against sea level rise?
Answer: ecosystem rehabilitation
Tuvalu

Reverse osmosis (R/O) desalination units supplement rainwater harvesting on Funafuti. The 65 m3 desalination plant operates at a real production level of around 40 m3 per day. R/O water is only intended to be produced when storage falls below 30%, however demand to replenish household storage supplies with tanker-delivered water means that the R/O desalination units are continually operating. Water is delivered at a cost of A$3.50 per m3. Cost of production and delivery has been estimated at A$6 per m3, with the difference subsidised by the government.

Question: What type of desalination is used on Funafuti?
Answer: Reverse osmosis

Question: How much water does the Funafuti plant produce?
Answer: 40 m3 per day

Question: At what storage  point is R/O water production meant to be used?
Answer: below 30%

Question: What is the cost of R/O produced water?
Answer: A$3.50 per m3

Question: What organization subsidizes the cost of water desalination?
Answer: government
Tuvalu

Cyclone Bebe in 1972 caused severe damage to Funafuti. Funafuti's Tepuka Vili Vili islet was devastated by Cyclone Meli in 1979, with all its vegetation and most of its sand swept away during the cyclone. Along with a tropical depression that affected the islands a few days later, Severe Tropical Cyclone Ofa had a major impact on Tuvalu with most islands reporting damage to vegetation and crops. Cyclone Gavin was first identified during 2 March 1997, and was the first of three tropical cyclones to affect Tuvalu during the 1996–97 cyclone season with Cyclones Hina and Keli following later in the season.

Question: What cyclone badly damaged Funafuti?
Answer: Cyclone Bebe

Question: What islet was damaged by Cyclone Meli in 1979?
Answer: Funafuti's Tepuka Vili Vili

Question: How many cyclones effected Tuvalu during the 1996-97  cyclone season? 
Answer: three

Question: What cyclone caused major damage to vegetation on all islands on Tuvalu?
Answer: Cyclone Ofa

Question: What was the first cyclone to strike Tuvalu during the 1996-97 season?
Answer: Cyclone Gavin
Immaculate_Conception

The defined dogma of the Immaculate Conception regards original sin only, saying that Mary was preserved from any stain (in Latin, macula or labes, the second of these two synonymous words being the one used in the formal definition). The proclaimed Roman Catholic dogma states "that the most Blessed Virgin Mary, in the first instance of her conception, by a singular grace and privilege granted by Almighty God, in view of the merits of Jesus Christ, the Saviour of the human race, was preserved free from all stain of original sin." Therefore, being always free from original sin, the doctrine teaches that from her conception Mary received the sanctifying grace that would normally come with baptism after birth.

Question: What is the Immaculate Conception a representation of the avoidance of ?
Answer: original sin only

Question: What was Mary prevented from having to endure ?
Answer: Mary was preserved from any stain (in Latin, macula or labes

Question: Who was believed to have prevented this from occurring to Mary ?
Answer: privilege granted by Almighty God, in view of the merits of Jesus Christ, the Saviour of the human race, was preserved free from all stain

Question: What was the outcome of preventing Mary from having to endure such an injustice ?
Answer: Jesus Christ, the Saviour of the human race, was preserved free from all stain of original sin."

Question: What normally followed the delivery of a child by a woman in Mary time period ?
Answer: sanctifying grace that would normally come with baptism after birth.

Question: What is one of the things regarded by the dogma of the immaculate conception?

Question: What did the Catholic Church prevent Mary from having?

Question: What did Mary receive at baptism?
Immaculate_Conception

The definition makes no declaration about the Church's belief that the Blessed Virgin was sinless in the sense of freedom from actual or personal sin. However, the Church holds that Mary was also sinless personally, "free from all sin, original or personal". The Council of Trent decreed: "If anyone shall say that a man once justified can sin no more, nor lose grace, and that therefore he who falls and sins was never truly justified; or, on the contrary, that throughout his whole life he can avoid all sins even venial sins, except by a special privilege of God, as the Church holds in regard to the Blessed Virgin: let him be anathema."

Question: Is it believed that Mary carried no transgression which would require blame ?
Answer: makes no declaration about the Church's belief that the Blessed Virgin was sinless in the sense of freedom from actual or personal sin

Question: How did the Church view Mary in regards to her personal sins ? 
Answer: the Church holds that Mary was also sinless personally, "free from all sin, original or personal

Question: What important announcement was made by the ecumenical council in  regards to the decision on Mary ?
Answer: let him be anathema."

Question: What was the name of the ecumenical council that made the decision ?
Answer: The Council of Trent

Question: What this a definition say Mary was free from?

Question: Who says Mary was only free from Original Sin?

Question: Who said that all men were capable of avoiding all sins throughout their life?

Question: Who declared that God did not give Mary a special privilege?
Immaculate_Conception

The doctrine of the immaculate conception (Mary being conceived free from original sin) is not to be confused with her virginal conception of her son Jesus. This misunderstanding of the term immaculate conception is frequently met in the mass media. Catholics believe that Mary was not the product of a virginal conception herself but was the daughter of a human father and mother, traditionally known by the names of Saint Joachim and Saint Anne. In 1677, the Holy See condemned the belief that Mary was virginally conceived, which had been a belief surfacing occasionally since the 4th century. The Church celebrates the Feast of the Immaculate Conception (when Mary was conceived free from original sin) on 8 December, exactly nine months before celebrating the Nativity of Mary. The feast of the Annunciation (which commemorates the virginal conception and the Incarnation of Jesus) is celebrated on 25 March, nine months before Christmas Day.

Question: Is the view of the impregnation of Mary's pregnancy the same as the one held for the birth of her first child ?
Answer: doctrine of the immaculate conception (Mary being conceived free from original sin) is not to be confused with her virginal conception of her son Jesus

Question: What is the view held at the Vatican regarding how Mary was actually given life into the world ?
Answer: Catholics believe that Mary was not the product of a virginal conception herself but was the daughter of a human father and mother

Question: Who were the parents of Mary believed to be ?
Answer: Saint Joachim and Saint Anne

Question: When were contradictory views to  the belief of Mary's parentage struck down ?
Answer: 1677, the Holy See condemned the belief that Mary was virginally conceived,

Question: When did these contradictory views start to emerge ?
Answer: since the 4th century

Question: What other event is the immaculate conception similar to?

Question: Who often makes a distinction between the conception of Jesus in the conception of Mary?

Question: Who believes that Mary is a product of a virginal conception?

Question: Who upheld the belief that Mary was virtually conceived in 1677?

Question: On what date is the virginal conception of Mary celebrated?
Immaculate_Conception

Another misunderstanding is that, by her immaculate conception, Mary did not need a saviour. When defining the dogma in Ineffabilis Deus, Pope Pius IX explicitly affirmed that Mary was redeemed in a manner more sublime. He stated that Mary, rather than being cleansed after sin, was completely prevented from contracting Original Sin in view of the foreseen merits of Jesus Christ, the Savior of the human race. In Luke 1:47, Mary proclaims: "My spirit has rejoiced in God my Saviour." This is referred to as Mary's pre-redemption by Christ. Since the Second Council of Orange against semi-pelagianism, the Catholic Church has taught that even had man never sinned in the Garden of Eden and was sinless, he would still require God's grace to remain sinless.

Question: What did Mary supposedly not require that everyone else also required and why was this so ?
Answer: Another misunderstanding is that, by her immaculate conception, Mary did not need a saviour

Question: What was explained by the man  Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti who later became leader of the Holy Roman Church ?
Answer: dogma in Ineffabilis Deus, Pope Pius IX explicitly affirmed that Mary was redeemed in a manner more sublime

Question: What is the child of Mary known to be famous for according to  Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti ?
Answer: Jesus Christ, the Savior of the human race.

Question: According to the teaching of the Catholic religion is a savior for the world needed ?
Answer: Catholic Church has taught that even had man never sinned in the Garden of Eden and was sinless, he would still require God's grace to remain sinless.

Question: Why did Mary not need a Savior?

Question: Who said that Mary was cleansed after sin?

Question: What is referred to as Mary's redemption by Christ?

Question: Who said that if humans had never sinned they would not need God's grace?
Immaculate_Conception

Mary's complete sinlessness and concomitant exemption from any taint from the first moment of her existence was a doctrine familiar to Greek theologians of Byzantium. Beginning with St. Gregory Nazianzen, his explanation of the "purification" of Jesus and Mary at the circumcision (Luke 2:22) prompted him to consider the primary meaning of "purification" in Christology (and by extension in Mariology) to refer to a perfectly sinless nature that manifested itself in glory in a moment of grace (e.g., Jesus at his Baptism). St. Gregory Nazianzen designated Mary as "prokathartheisa (prepurified)." Gregory likely attempted to solve the riddle of the Purification of Jesus and Mary in the Temple through considering the human natures of Jesus and Mary as equally holy and therefore both purified in this manner of grace and glory. Gregory's doctrines surrounding Mary's purification were likely related to the burgeoning commemoration of the Mother of God in and around Constantinople very close to the date of Christmas. Nazianzen's title of Mary at the Annunciation as "prepurified" was subsequently adopted by all theologians interested in his Mariology to justify the Byzantine equivalent of the Immaculate Conception. This is especially apparent in the Fathers St. Sophronios of Jerusalem and St. John Damascene, who will be treated below in this article at the section on Church Fathers. About the time of Damascene, the public celebration of the "Conception of St. Ann [i.e., of the Theotokos in her womb]" was becoming popular. After this period, the "purification" of the perfect natures of Jesus and Mary would not only mean moments of grace and glory at the Incarnation and Baptism and other public Byzantine liturgical feasts, but purification was eventually associated with the feast of Mary's very conception (along with her Presentation in the Temple as a toddler) by Orthodox authors of the 2nd millennium (e.g., St. Nicholas Cabasilas and Joseph Bryennius).

Question: What Empire held  Grecian teachers of the virginity of Mary's conception ?
Answer: Greek theologians of Byzantium

Question: Who gave a reason for the purging of evil for the Blessed Virgin and her first child ?
Answer: St. Gregory Nazianzen, his explanation of the "purification" of Jesus and Mary

Question: What procedure was being performed while he gave his reasoning ?
Answer: the circumcision

Question: Who was compelled to write of this instance that was also an author of one of the book of the Bible ?
Answer: Luke

Question: What became associated with the celebration of Mary's inception in the womb ? 
Answer: purification was eventually associated with the feast of Mary's very conception

Question: To what theologians was the concept of Mary's complete sinlessness unknown?

Question: What is a sinless nature cleansed in a moment of grace?

Question: Who did not see the human nature of Jesus and Mary as equally holy?

Question: When was Jesus presented in a temple?

Question: The commemoration of what was growing around by Byzantium?
Immaculate_Conception

It is admitted that the doctrine as defined by Pius IX was not explicitly mooted before the 12th century. It is also agreed that "no direct or categorical and stringent proof of the dogma can be brought forward from Scripture". But it is claimed that the doctrine is implicitly contained in the teaching of the Fathers. Their expressions on the subject of the sinlessness of Mary are, it is pointed out, so ample and so absolute that they must be taken to include original sin as well as actual. Thus in the first five centuries such epithets as "in every respect holy", "in all things unstained", "super-innocent", and "singularly holy" are applied to her; she is compared to Eve before the fall, as ancestress of a redeemed people; she is "the earth before it was accursed". The well-known words of St. Augustine (d. 430) may be cited: "As regards the mother of God," he says, "I will not allow any question whatever of sin." It is true that he is here speaking directly of actual or personal sin. But his argument is that all men are sinners; that they are so through original depravity; that this original depravity may be overcome by the grace of God, and he adds that he does not know but that Mary may have had sufficient grace to overcome sin "of every sort" (omni ex parte).

Question: What proof do some believe is offered as to proof of Mary being the ultimate concept of pure?
Answer: include original sin as well as actual. Thus in the first five centuries such epithets as "

Question: What phrases were used to describe Mary ?
Answer: in every respect holy", "in all things unstained", "super-innocent", and "singularly holy" are applied to her

Question: Who is often held as the model for all things holy and pure that is not Mary ?
Answer: Eve before the fall

Question: Who refused to hear any contradictory views about Mary and her perceived inception ?
Answer: St. Augustine (d. 430) may be cited: "As regards the mother of God," he says, "I will not allow any question whatever of sin.

Question: What did this person also state about all of mankind in regards to wayward transgressions  ?
Answer: his argument is that all men are sinners;

Question: What was explicitly mooted before the twelfth century?

Question: What can be proved from Scripture?

Question: Whose teachings on the sinlessness of Mary only include Original Sin

Question: What terms were only applied to Mary after the fifth century?

Question: Who is not sure that Mary had sufficient grace to overcome sin?
Immaculate_Conception

Although the doctrine of Mary's Immaculate Conception appears only later among Latin (and particularly Frankish) theologians, it became ever more manifest among Byzantine theologians reliant on Gregory Nazianzen's Mariology in the Medieval or Byzantine East. Although hymnographers and scholars, like the Emperor Justinian I, were accustomed to call Mary "prepurified" in their poetic and credal statements, the first point of departure for more fully commenting on Nazianzen's meaning occurs in Sophronius of Jerusalem. In other places Sophronius explains that the Theotokos was already immaculate, when she was "purified" at the Annunciation and goes so far as to note that John the Baptist is literally "holier than all 'Men' born of woman" since Mary's surpassing holiness signifies that she was holier than even John after his sanctification in utero. Sophronius' teaching is augmented and incorporated by St. John Damascene (d. 749/750). John, besides many passages wherein he extolls the Theotokos for her purification at the Annunciation, grants her the unique honor of "purifying the waters of baptism by touching them." This honor was most famously and firstly attributed to Christ, especially in the legacy of Nazianzen. As such, Nazianzen's assertion of parallel holiness between the prepurified Mary and purified Jesus of the New Testament is made even more explicit in Damascene in his discourse on Mary's holiness to also imitate Christ's baptism at the Jordan. The Damascene's hymnongraphy and De fide Orthodoxa explicitly use Mary's "pre purification" as a key to understanding her absolute holiness and unsullied human nature. In fact, Damascene (along with Nazianzen) serves as the source for nearly all subsequent promotion of Mary's complete holiness from her Conception by the "all pure seed" of Joachim and the womb "wider than heaven" of St. Ann.

Question: Where did the majority of the concepts of Mary's birth show themselves the most ?
Answer: Mary's Immaculate Conception appears only later among Latin (and particularly Frankish) theologians

Question: What Byzantine Ruler ho ruled from from 527 to 565 was also a well trained thinker of concepts ?
Answer: Emperor Justinian I,

Question: In what way did this Ruler refer to Mary  in his writings ?
Answer: to call Mary "prepurified"

Question: What event happened to Theotokos that was of significant religious note ?
Answer: she was "purified" at the Annunciation

Question: How did some view the the person whose name includes a Christian rite of passage from the Bible? 
Answer: holier than all 'Men' born of woman

Question: What doctrine appeared first among the Latin theologies?

Question: Whose teachings did Emperor Justinian I augment?

Question: Who says that Mary was not immaculate at the Annunciation?

Question: Who said that Mary had the honor of being the first to purify the waters of baptism by touching them?

Question: What uses Mary's absolute holiness is a key for understanding her pre-purification?
Immaculate_Conception

By 750, the feast of her conception was widely celebrated in the Byzantine East, under the name of the Conception (active) of Saint Anne. In the West it was known as the feast of the Conception (passive) of Mary, and was associated particularly with the Normans, whether these introduced it directly from the East or took it from English usage. The spread of the feast, by now with the adjective "Immaculate" attached to its title, met opposition on the part of some, on the grounds that sanctification was possible only after conception. Critics included Saints Bernard of Clairvaux, Albertus Magnus and Thomas Aquinas. Other theologians defended the expression "Immaculate Conception", pointing out that sanctification could be conferred at the first moment of conception in view of the foreseen merits of Christ, a view held especially by Franciscans.

Question: What was widely observed in the eastern portion of the Byzantine world ?
Answer: the feast of her conception was widely celebrated in the Byzantine East

Question: What was the name of this festival ?
Answer: under the name of the Conception (active) of Saint Anne

Question: Was there anything in similarity that happened in the Western portion of the Empire ? If so who was it supported by?
Answer: In the West it was known as the feast of the Conception (passive) of Mary, and was associated particularly with the Normans

Question: Who was against all of the celebrations of Mary 's her birth ?
Answer: Critics included Saints Bernard of Clairvaux, Albertus Magnus and Thomas Aquinas.

Question: According to some when is is possible for a Sanctified Mary to have emerged ?
Answer: out that sanctification could be conferred at the first moment of conception in view of the foreseen merits of Christ, a view held especially by Franciscans.

Question: What was widely celebrated in the West by 750?

Question: What group in the West was the conception of St. Anne associated with

Question: What did Thomas Aquinas support attaching to the title conception of Mary?

Question: When did the Eastern church start to celebrate the conception of Mary?

Question: What is St. Albertus Magnus say could be conferred at the moment of conception?
Immaculate_Conception

On 28 February 1476, Pope Sixtus IV, authorized those dioceses that wished to introduce the feast to do so, and introduced it to his own diocese of Rome in 1477, with a specially composed Mass and Office of the feast. With his bull Cum praeexcelsa of 28 February 1477, in which he referred to the feast as that of the Conception of Mary, without using the word "Immaculate", he granted indulgences to those who would participate in the specially composed Mass or Office on the feast itself or during its octave, and he used the word "immaculate" of Mary, but applied instead the adjective "miraculous" to her conception. On 4 September 1483, referring to the feast as that of "the Conception of Immaculate Mary ever Virgin", he condemned both those who called it mortally sinful and heretical to hold that the "glorious and immaculate mother of God was conceived without the stain of original sin" and those who called it mortally sinful and heretical to hold that "the glorious Virgin Mary was conceived with original sin", since, he said, "up to this time there has been no decision made by the Roman Church and the Apostolic See." This decree was reaffirmed by the Council of Trent.

Question: What happened on the final day of the month of love that was of significance was authorized by the Holy Roman Church leader ?
Answer: authorized those dioceses that wished to introduce the feast to do so, and introduced it to his own diocese of Rome in 1477

Question: Who was the Holy Roman Church leader that authorized the change ?
Answer: Pope Sixtus IV, authorized those dioceses

Question: What document made the authorization official ?
Answer: with a specially composed Mass and Office of the feast. With his bull Cum praeexcelsa of 28 February 1477

Question: What word substitution did he use in the authorization to appease all of the worshipers and view points when speaking of the inception of Mary  ?
Answer: but applied instead the adjective "miraculous" to her conception.

Question: What was the opposite of a sinner who committed a venial type? It would be the most grave type of all . 
Answer: mortally sinful

Question: Which Pope authorized dioceses to introduce the feast in the fourteenth century?

Question: What was introduced to the Roman diocese in 1476?

Question: What Pope in 1477 included the word immaculate in the name of the feast

Question: Who said it was sinful and heretical to say that the glorious and immaculate mother of God was conceived without the stain of original sin?

Question: What term was applied to Mary's conception in 1483?
Immaculate_Conception

In 1839 Mariano Spada (1796 - 1872), professor of theology at the Roman College of Saint Thomas, published Esame Critico sulla dottrina dell’ Angelico Dottore S. Tommaso di Aquino circa il Peccato originale, relativamente alla Beatissima Vergine Maria [A critical examination of the doctrine of St. Thomas Aquinas, the Angelic Doctor, regarding original sin with respect to the Most Blessed Virgin Mary], in which Aquinas is interpreted not as treating the question of the Immaculate Conception later formulated in the papal bull Ineffabilis Deus but rather the sanctification of the fetus within Mary's womb. Spada furnished an interpretation whereby Pius IX was relieved of the problem of seeming to foster a doctrine not in agreement with the Aquinas' teaching. Pope Pius IX would later appoint Spada Master of the Sacred Palace in 1867.

Question: What did a teacher of religion  from the college that was named after a Dominican friar do in 1839 of historical note ?
Answer: published Esame Critico sulla dottrina dell’ Angelico Dottore S. Tommaso di Aquino circa il Peccato originale, relativamente alla Beatissima Vergine Maria

Question: Who was the teacher who committed the act  ?
Answer: Mariano Spada

Question: What position was the teacher later given by the Holy Roman Church ?
Answer: appoint Spada Master of the Sacred Palace in 1867

Question: Who gave the teacher the new job ?
Answer: Pope Pius IX

Question: What  problem did the teacher's publication solve for the Holy Roman leader with act that was committed  to do in response to the actions of the teacher  ?
Answer: Pius IX was relieved of the problem of seeming to foster a doctrine not in agreement with the Aquinas' teaching.

Question: What did Mariano Spada publish in 1872?

Question: Who asserted that Aquinas was referring to the question of the immaculate conception?

Question: What work asserted a problem between a doctrine of Pius IX and the teachings of Aquinas?

Question: Who appointed Spada master of the sacred palace in the eighteenth century?
Immaculate_Conception

It seems to have been St Bernard of Clairvaux who, in the 12th century, explicitly raised the question of the Immaculate Conception. A feast of the Conception of the Blessed Virgin had already begun to be celebrated in some churches of the West. St Bernard blames the canons of the metropolitan church of Lyon for instituting such a festival without the permission of the Holy See. In doing so, he takes occasion to repudiate altogether the view that the conception of Mary was sinless. It is doubtful, however, whether he was using the term "conception" in the same sense in which it is used in the definition of Pope Pius IX. Bernard would seem to have been speaking of conception in the active sense of the mother's cooperation, for in his argument he says: "How can there be absence of sin where there is concupiscence (libido)?" and stronger expressions follow, showing that he is speaking of the mother and not of the child.

Question: Who began to query the position of the conception of Mary following the 11th century ?
Answer: St Bernard of Clairvaux

Question: Who did the query starter lay blame upon for the festivals that surrounded Mary's inception ?
Answer: St Bernard blames the canons of the metropolitan church of Lyon for instituting such a festival without the permission of the Holy See.

Question: What did the query starter believe to be the ultimate difficulty in accepting  the a virgin conception of Mary ?
Answer: How can there be absence of sin where there is concupiscence (libido)?

Question: What did the query starter believe had been done by Mary's direct  maternal line that contradict the conception theory of immaculate for Mary ?
Answer: conception in the active sense of the mother's cooperation

Question: Did the query starter believe that the festival for Mary's conception had authorization to be held ?
Answer: instituting such a festival without the permission of the Holy See

Question: Who raised the question of the Immaculate Conception in the 1200s?

Question: What was already being celebrated in some churches of the East?

Question: Who instituted a feast of the conception of the Blessed Virgin with the permission of the Holy See?

Question: Whose conception does St. Bernard say was sinless?

Question: What Pope's definition of conception agreed with St. Bernard's?
Immaculate_Conception

The celebrated John Duns Scotus (d. 1308), a Friar Minor like Saint Bonaventure, argued, on the contrary, that from a rational point of view it was certainly as little derogatory to the merits of Christ to assert that Mary was by him preserved from all taint of sin, as to say that she first contracted it and then was delivered. Proposing a solution to the theological problem of reconciling the doctrine with that of universal redemption in Christ, he argued that Mary's immaculate conception did not remove her from redemption by Christ; rather it was the result of a more perfect redemption granted her because of her special role in salvation history.

Question: What did the the monk of minor believe to be true of Mary ?
Answer: that from a rational point of view it was certainly as little derogatory to the merits of Christ

Question: What point did his argument attempt to bring to the masses ?
Answer: to assert that Mary was by him preserved from all taint of sin, as to say that she first contracted it and then was delivered.

Question: What did the monk of minor believe could alleviate the tension in the matter of the 
Answer: Proposing a solution to the theological problem of reconciling the doctrine with that of universal redemption in Christ

Question: What consequences did he believe that this would have on Mary's reputation ?
Answer: immaculate conception did not remove her from redemption by Christ;

Question: How did monk of minor explain how the change in reputation could be of benefit to Mary ?
Answer: rather it was the result of a more perfect redemption granted her because of her special role in salvation history.

Question: What did St. Bonaventure argue?

Question: Who did Scotus believe did not have a special role in salvation history?

Question: Who is preserved from all taint of sin to the merits of Mary?

Question: What did Mary's Immaculate Conception remove her from?
Immaculate_Conception

Popular opinion remained firmly behind the celebration of Mary's conception. In 1439, the Council of Basel, which is not reckoned an ecumenical council, stated that belief in the immaculate conception of Mary is in accord with the Catholic faith. By the end of the 15th century the belief was widely professed and taught in many theological faculties, but such was the influence of the Dominicans, and the weight of the arguments of Thomas Aquinas (who had been canonised in 1323 and declared "Doctor Angelicus" of the Church in 1567) that the Council of Trent (1545–63)—which might have been expected to affirm the doctrine—instead declined to take a position.

Question: Where did the mass majority stand in relation to having or not having the Mary inception festivals ?
Answer: Popular opinion remained firmly behind the celebration of Mary's conception.

Question: How did the Holy Roman Church rule on the matter of the festivals ?
Answer: stated that belief in the immaculate conception of Mary is in accord with the Catholic faith.

Question: Was the practce behind the meaning of the Mary inception festivals taught at Universities of theology ?
Answer: end of the 15th century the belief was widely professed and taught in many theological faculties

Question: In what year was the famous friar named Tom given a position as a saint of the Holy Roman Catholic Church ? 
Answer: Thomas Aquinas (who had been canonised in 1323

Question: What happened to Tom at one of the 1567 that changed his title ?
Answer: declared "Doctor Angelicus" of the Church in 1567

Question: What celebration did popular opinion oppose?

Question: Who said that belief in the immaculate conception of Mary is not in accord with Catholic belief?

Question: What counsel was held in the fourteenth century?

Question: What belief was taught in many theological facilities by the 1500s?

Question: What counsel held between 1545 and 1563 affirmed the doctrine?
Immaculate_Conception

The papal bull defining the dogma, Ineffabilis Deus, mentioned in particular the patrististic interpretation of Genesis 3:15 as referring to a woman, Mary, who would be eternally at enmity with the evil serpent and completely triumphing over him. It said the Fathers saw foreshadowings of Mary's "wondrous abundance of divine gifts and original innocence" "in that ark of Noah, which was built by divine command and escaped entirely safe and sound from the common shipwreck of the whole world; in the ladder which Jacob saw reaching from the earth to heaven, by whose rungs the angels of God ascended and descended, and on whose top the Lord himself leaned; in that bush which Moses saw in the holy place burning on all sides, which was not consumed or injured in any way but grew green and blossomed beautifully; in that impregnable tower before the enemy, from which hung a thousand bucklers and all the armor of the strong; in that garden enclosed on all sides, which cannot be violated or corrupted by any deceitful plots; in that resplendent city of God, which has its foundations on the holy mountains; in that most august temple of God, which, radiant with divine splendours, is full of the glory of God; and in very many other biblical types of this kind."

Question: What holy document takes the view of Mary back to the creation of man and woman ?
Answer: papal bull defining the dogma, Ineffabilis Deus

Question: What specific part the Bible does this document reference for Mary ?
Answer: Genesis 3:15

Question: According to the document what did the forebears already have knowledge of before Mary came about ?
Answer: the Fathers saw foreshadowings of Mary's "wondrous abundance of divine gifts and original innocence

Question: Where was Mary represented (according to the Holy document ) on the vessel that wandered the sea for forty days and forty nights ?
Answer: in that ark of Noah, which was built by divine command and escaped entirely safe and sound from the common shipwreck of the whole world

Question: What holy document says Mary was present in Eden?

Question: Who would Mary never be completely triumphant over?

Question: What did God have foreshading of?

Question: What did Moses see from earth to heaven?
Immaculate_Conception

Contemporary Eastern Orthodox Christians often object to the dogmatic declaration of her immaculate conception as an "over-elaboration" of the faith and because they see it as too closely connected with a particular interpretation of the doctrine of ancestral sin. All the same, the historical and authentic tradition of Mariology in Byzantium took its historical point of departure from Sophronios, Damascene, and their imitators. The most famous Eastern Orthodox theologian to imply Mary's Immaculate Conception was St. Gregory Palamas. Though many passages from his works were long known to extol and attribute to Mary a Christlike holiness in her human nature, traditional objections to Palamas' disposition toward the Immaculate Conception typically rely on a poor understanding of his doctrine of "the purification of Mary" at the Annunciation. Not only did he explicitly cite St. Gregory Nazianzen for his understanding of Jesus' purification at His baptism and Mary's at the Annunciation, but Theophanes of Nicaea, Joseph Bryennius, and Gennadios Scholarios all explicitly placed Mary's Conception as the first moment of her all-immaculate participation in the divine energies to such a degree that she was always completely without spot and graced. In addition to Emperor Manuel II and Gennadius Scholarius, St. Mark of Ephesus also fervently defended Mary's title as "prepurified" against the Dominican, Manuel Calecas, who was perhaps promoting thomistic Mariology that denied Mary's all-holiness from the first moment of her existence.

Question: What sect often stands in disagreement over the virginal inception of Mary ?
Answer: Contemporary Eastern Orthodox Christians often object to the dogmatic declaration of her immaculate conception

Question: What does this group believe of the story of a Virgin mother for Mary and those who follow its teaching ?
Answer: dogmatic declaration of her immaculate conception as an "over-elaboration"

Question: What in particular does the group feels is impossible to believe ?
Answer: because they see it as too closely connected with a particular interpretation of the doctrine of ancestral sin.

Question: What is the theological study of Mary called ?
Answer: Mariology

Question: What did this theological study do to set itself apart from the other groups ?
Answer: took its historical point of departure from Sophronios, Damascene, and their imitators.
Immaculate_Conception

Martin Luther, who initiated the Protestant Reformation, said: "Mother Mary, like us, was born in sin of sinful parents, but the Holy Spirit covered her, sanctified and purified her so that this child was born of flesh and blood, but not with sinful flesh and blood. The Holy Spirit permitted the Virgin Mary to remain a true, natural human being of flesh and blood, just as we. However, he warded off sin from her flesh and blood so that she became the mother of a pure child, not poisoned by sin as we are. For in that moment when she conceived, she was a holy mother filled with the Holy Spirit and her fruit is a holy pure fruit, at once God and truly man, in one person." Some Lutherans, such as the members of the Anglo-Lutheran Catholic Church, support the doctrine.

Question: Who is the person that started the religion that separated itself from the Catholic Church in the 17th century ?
Answer: Martin Luther

Question: What did he do that sparked the separation from the Catholic Church  ?
Answer: Protestant Reformation

Question: What did this leader of change believe of the conception of Mary ?
Answer: Mother Mary, like us, was born in sin of sinful parents, but the Holy Spirit covered her, sanctified and purified her

Question: What did Mary's child avoid according to the leader of the separation ? 
Answer: this child was born of flesh and blood, but not with sinful flesh and blood.

Question: What particular sect is a patron of this belief ?
Answer: Some Lutherans, such as the members of the Anglo-Lutheran Catholic Church, support the doctrine.

Question: What protestant reformer said that Mary was not born with sinful flesh?

Question: What did the immaculate conception permit Mary to do?

Question: What Lutherans do not support this doctrine?

Question: Why did the Holy Spirit purify Jesus?
Immaculate_Conception

The report "Mary: Faith and Hope in Christ", by the Anglican-Roman Catholic International Commission, concluded that the teaching about Mary in the two definitions of the Assumption and the Immaculate Conception can be said to be consonant with the teaching of the Scriptures and the ancient common traditions. But the report expressed concerns that the Roman Catholic dogmatic definitions of these concepts implies them to be "revealed by God", stating: "The question arises for Anglicans, however, as to whether these doctrines concerning Mary are revealed by God in a way which must be held by believers as a matter of faith."

Question: What was written by the a all inclusive group convened by the holy church centered in Rome ?
Answer: Anglican-Roman Catholic International Commission

Question: What document did this group create once it was convened ?
Answer: The report "Mary: Faith and Hope in Christ"

Question: What did the document attempt to clarify ?
Answer: teaching about Mary in the two definitions

Question: What was the final conclusion reached in the report by the group ?
Answer: Assumption and the Immaculate Conception can be said to be consonant with the teaching of the Scriptures and the ancient common traditions.

Question: What type of interpretation did the group believe was of concern in regard to Mary ?
Answer: The question arises for Anglicans, however, as to whether these doctrines concerning Mary are revealed by God in a way which must be held

Question: What did the Roman Catholic Church conclude about the teaching on the Assumption and the Immaqculate Conception?

Question: According to the Anglicans what are the teachings on The Assumption and Immaculate conception not cosistant with?

Question: What was 5the Roman Catholic church concerned with?

Question: Who did The Anglicans say revealed these concepts?

Question: What doctrine do Anlicans believe is a matte5r of faith?
Immaculate_Conception

Some Western writers claim that the immaculate conception of Mary is a teaching of Islam. Thus, commenting in 1734 on the passage in the Qur'an, "I have called her Mary; and I commend her to thy protection, and also her issue, against Satan driven away with stones", George Sale stated: "It is not improbable that the pretended immaculate conception of the virgin Mary is intimated in this passage. For according to a tradition of Mohammed, every person that comes into the world, is touched at his birth by the devil, and therefore cries out, Mary and her son only excepted; between whom, and the evil spirit God placed a veil, so that his touch did not reach them. And for this reason they say, neither of them were guilty of any sin, like the rest of the children of Adam."

Question: What  religion is credited by some authors from the west for initiating the story of the conceiving of Mary ?
Answer: claim that the immaculate conception of Mary is a teaching of Islam.

Question: What do these authors use in the form of proof for credit given to the other religion  ?
Answer: passage in the Qur'an, "I have called her Mary; and I commend her to thy protection, and also her issue, against Satan driven away with stones

Question: According to the teaching of this other religion what occurred to Mary during the birth of her first child ?
Answer: Mary and her son only excepted; between whom, and the evil spirit God placed a veil, so that his touch did not reach them.

Question: What does this other religion also state  happens  to everyone besides Mary and her First born child  ?
Answer: every person that comes into the world, is touched at his birth by the devil

Question: What does the event cause to happen to everyone but Mary and her first born child ?
Answer: every person that comes into the world, is touched at his birth by the devil, and therefore cries out,

Question: Who does Islam claim first taught the immaculate conception of Mary?

Question: Who says it is not that the concept of the Immaculat conception is taken from the Qur'an?

Question: What does the Qur'an say is pretended?

Question: What does the Bible say happens to every person that comes into the world?

Question: What did the Holy Spitit place between Mary and the devil?
Immaculate_Conception

Others have rejected that the doctrine of Immaculate Conception exists in Islam, the Quranic account does not confirm the Immaculate Conception exclusively for Mary as in Islam every human child is born pure and immaculate, her sinless birth is thus independent of the Christian docrtrine of original sin as no such doctrine exists in Islam. Moreover, Hannah's prayer in the Quran for her child to remain protected from Satan (Shayṭān) was said after it had already been born, not before and expresses a natural concern any righteous parent would have. The Muslim tradition or hadith, which states that the only children born without the "touch of Satan," were Mary and Jesus. should therefore not be taken in isolation from the Quran, and is to be interpreted within the specific context of exonerating Mary and her child from the charges that were made against them and is not a general statement. The specific mention of Mary and Jesus in this hadith may also be taken to represent a class of people, in keeping with the Arabic language and the Quranic verse [O Satan] surely thou shalt have no power over My servants, except such of the erring ones as choose to follow thee (15:42)

Question: Does everyone agree on the credit that should be given for the story of Mary's inception ?
Answer: Others have rejected that the doctrine of Immaculate Conception exists in Islam

Question: What does the book of Muslim faith state in regards to how every person is born ?
Answer: in Islam every human child is born pure and immaculate

Question: Does this view contradict the belief that Mary was also born to a virgin mother ?
Answer: her sinless birth is thus independent of the Christian docrtrine of original sin as no such doctrine exists in Islam

Question: What view did the Qua-ran take on the sinful ways in which Mary could have been conceived ?
Answer: Muslim tradition or hadith, which states that the only children born without the "touch of Satan," were Mary and Jesus.

Question: What is the name of the prayer that is listed in the Qua-ran  is used to enact a safeguard on kids from the  the devil ?
Answer: Hannah's prayer in the Quran for her child to remain protected from Satan

Question: How does the Qur\an confirm the Immaculat Conception of Mary?

Question: What does the Qur'an say is dependent on Christian doctrine?

Question: When did Mary pray for her child to remain protected from Satan?

Question: What exonerates Mary and Jesus?

Question: Who does the hadith refer to as servents?