Divyanshu67/squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
Alaska

Another Alaskan transportation method is the dogsled. In modern times (that is, any time after the mid-late 1920s), dog mushing is more of a sport than a true means of transportation. Various races are held around the state, but the best known is the Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race, a 1,150-mile (1,850 km) trail from Anchorage to Nome (although the distance varies from year to year, the official distance is set at 1,049 miles or 1,688 km). The race commemorates the famous 1925 serum run to Nome in which mushers and dogs like Togo and Balto took much-needed medicine to the diphtheria-stricken community of Nome when all other means of transportation had failed. Mushers from all over the world come to Anchorage each March to compete for cash, prizes, and prestige. The "Serum Run" is another sled dog race that more accurately follows the route of the famous 1925 relay, leaving from the community of Nenana (southwest of Fairbanks) to Nome.

Question: Which Alaskan way of transport is more for sport than for transportation?
Answer: dogsled

Question: Which dog-sled race in Alaska is the most famous?
Answer: Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race

Question: What does the Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race commemorate in Alaskan history?
Answer: the famous 1925 serum run to Nome

Question: Why were sled-dogs used to deliver medicine to Nome in 1925?
Answer: all other means of transportation had failed

Question: Which dogsled race most accurately follows the route of the 1925 serum run?
Answer: "Serum Run"

Question: Which Alaskan way of transport is less for sport than for transportation?

Question: Which Alaskan way of transport isn't more for sport than for transportation?

Question: Which dog-sled race in Alaska is the least famous?

Question: What doesn't the Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race commemorate in Alaskan history?

Question: Why were sled-dogs used to deliver medicine to Nome in 1952?
Alaska

Alaska's internet and other data transport systems are provided largely through the two major telecommunications companies: GCI and Alaska Communications. GCI owns and operates what it calls the Alaska United Fiber Optic system and as of late 2011 Alaska Communications advertised that it has "two fiber optic paths to the lower 48 and two more across Alaska. In January 2011, it was reported that a $1 billion project to run connect Asia and rural Alaska was being planned, aided in part by $350 million in stimulus from the federal government.

Question: Which two companies provide internet and data transport to Alaska?
Answer: GCI and Alaska Communications

Question: In what year was a project to connect Asia and rural Alaska announced?
Answer: 2011

Question: How much money did the federal government contribute via stimulus to the connectvitiy between Asia and Alaska?
Answer: $350 million

Question: Which company owns and operates the Alaska United Fiber Optic System?
Answer: GCI

Question: Which three companies provide internet and data transport to Alaska?

Question: In what year was a project to connect Asia and rural Alaska renounced?

Question: In what year was a project to connect Russia and rural Alaska announced?

Question: Which company disowns the Alaska United Fiber Optic System?

Question: How much money did the federal government contribute via stimulus to the non-connectvitiy between Asia and Alaska?
Alaska

To finance state government operations, Alaska depends primarily on petroleum revenues and federal subsidies. This allows it to have the lowest individual tax burden in the United States. It is one of five states with no state sales tax, one of seven states that do not levy an individual income tax, and one of the two states that has neither. The Department of Revenue Tax Division reports regularly on the state's revenue sources. The Department also issues an annual summary of its operations, including new state laws that directly affect the tax division.

Question: How does Alaska finance its state government operations?
Answer: petroleum revenues and federal subsidies

Question: How many states in the US do not have sales tax?
Answer: five

Question: How many US states do not collect an individual income tax?
Answer: seven

Question: Which state has the lowest tax burden of the entire US?
Answer: Alaska

Question: How doesn't Alaska finance its state government operations?

Question: How many states in the UN do not have sales tax?

Question: How many states in the US have sales tax?

Question: How many UN states do not collect an individual income tax?

Question: Which state has the highest tax burden of the entire US?
Alaska

Alaska regularly supports Republicans in presidential elections and has done so since statehood. Republicans have won the state's electoral college votes in all but one election that it has participated in (1964). No state has voted for a Democratic presidential candidate fewer times. Alaska was carried by Democratic nominee Lyndon B. Johnson during his landslide election in 1964, while the 1960 and 1968 elections were close. Since 1972, however, Republicans have carried the state by large margins. In 2008, Republican John McCain defeated Democrat Barack Obama in Alaska, 59.49% to 37.83%. McCain's running mate was Sarah Palin, the state's governor and the first Alaskan on a major party ticket. Obama lost Alaska again in 2012, but he captured 40% of the state's vote in that election, making him the first Democrat to do so since 1968.

Question: Which political party does Alaska generally support?
Answer: Republicans

Question: How many elections have Democrats won in Alaska?
Answer: one

Question: Which candidate was the only Democrat to win Alaska in a landslide election in 1964?
Answer: Lyndon B. Johnson

Question: Which Democratic candidate was the first to win 40% of the vote in Alaska since 1964?
Answer: Barack Obama

Question: Which political party does Alaska generally not support?

Question: Which political party doesn't Alaska generally support?

Question: How many elections have Democrats lost in Alaska?

Question: Which candidate was the only Democrat to win Alaska in a landslide election in 1946?

Question: Which Democratic candidate was the first to win 40% of the vote in Alaska since 1946?
Alaska

The Alaska Bush, central Juneau, midtown and downtown Anchorage, and the areas surrounding the University of Alaska Fairbanks campus and Ester have been strongholds of the Democratic Party. The Matanuska-Susitna Borough, the majority of Fairbanks (including North Pole and the military base), and South Anchorage typically have the strongest Republican showing. As of 2004[update], well over half of all registered voters have chosen "Non-Partisan" or "Undeclared" as their affiliation, despite recent attempts to close primaries to unaffiliated voters.

Question: The areas surrounding which university has been historically a Democratic stronghold?
Answer: University of Alaska Fairbanks

Question: Which areas of Alaska have the highest Republican concentrations?
Answer: The Matanuska-Susitna Borough, the majority of Fairbanks (including North Pole and the military base), and South Anchorage

Question: As of 2004, how many Alaskan residents refuse to select a political party?
Answer: well over half

Question: The areas surrounding which university has been unhistorically a Democratic stronghold?

Question: The areas surrounding which university has been historically a Democratic weakhold?

Question: Which areas of Alaska have the lowest Republican concentrations?

Question: Which areas of Alaska have the highest Democratic concentrations?

Question: As of 2014, how many Alaskan residents refuse to select a political party?
Alaska

The Unorganized Borough has no government of its own, but the U.S. Census Bureau in cooperation with the state divided the Unorganized Borough into 11 census areas solely for the purposes of statistical analysis and presentation. A recording district is a mechanism for administration of the public record in Alaska. The state is divided into 34 recording districts which are centrally administered under a State Recorder. All recording districts use the same acceptance criteria, fee schedule, etc., for accepting documents into the public record.

Question: Into how many recording districts is Alaska divided?
Answer: 34

Question: What is the function of an Alaskan recording district?
Answer: a mechanism for administration of the public record in Alaska

Question: Which documents do recording districts universally use between areas?
Answer: acceptance criteria, fee schedule, etc.

Question: Into how many recording districts isn't Alaska divided?

Question: What isn't the function of an Alaskan recording district?

Question: What is the function of an Alaskan singing district?

Question: Which documents do recording districts universally never use between areas?

Question: Which songs do recording districts universally use between areas?
Alaska

As reflected in the 2010 United States Census, Alaska has a total of 355 incorporated cities and census-designated places (CDPs). The tally of cities includes four unified municipalities, essentially the equivalent of a consolidated city–county. The majority of these communities are located in the rural expanse of Alaska known as "The Bush" and are unconnected to the contiguous North American road network. The table at the bottom of this section lists the 100 largest cities and census-designated places in Alaska, in population order.

Question: What are CDPs?
Answer: census-designated places

Question: How many incorporated cities and CDPs does Alaska have, according to the 2010 Census?
Answer: 355

Question: Are the majority of CDPs connected or disconnected from the North American road network?
Answer: unconnected

Question: In what area are the majority of cities and CDPS located in Alaska?
Answer: "The Bush"

Question: What aren't CDPs?

Question: How many corporated cities and CDPs does Alaska have, according to the 2010 Census?

Question: How many incorporated cities and CDPs does Alaska have, according to the 2012 Census?

Question: Are the minority of CDPs connected or disconnected from the North American road network?

Question: In what area are the minority of cities and CDPS located in Alaska?
Alaska

Of Alaska's 2010 Census population figure of 710,231, 20,429 people, or 2.88% of the population, did not live in an incorporated city or census-designated place. Approximately three-quarters of that figure were people who live in urban and suburban neighborhoods on the outskirts of the city limits of Ketchikan, Kodiak, Palmer and Wasilla. CDPs have not been established for these areas by the United States Census Bureau, except that seven CDPs were established for the Ketchikan-area neighborhoods in the 1980 Census (Clover Pass, Herring Cove, Ketchikan East, Mountain Point, North Tongass Highway, Pennock Island and Saxman East), but have not been used since. The remaining population was scattered throughout Alaska, both within organized boroughs and in the Unorganized Borough, in largely remote areas.

Question: In 2010, what percent of Alaska's population did not live in a city or CDP?
Answer: 2.88%

Question: What four areas have not been established as CDPs by the Census Bureau?
Answer: Ketchikan, Kodiak, Palmer and Wasilla

Question: Which seven CDPs were incorporated as part of the 1980 Census?
Answer: Clover Pass, Herring Cove, Ketchikan East, Mountain Point, North Tongass Highway, Pennock Island and Saxman East

Question: In 2010, what percent of Alaska's population did not live in a city or CPD?

Question: In 2012, what percent of Alaska's population did not live in a city or CDP?

Question: In 2010, what percent of Alaska's population live in a city or CDP?

Question: What five areas have not been established as CDPs by the Census Bureau?

Question: Which seven CDPs were incorporated as part of the 1982 Census?
Alaska

The Alaska State Troopers are Alaska's statewide police force. They have a long and storied history, but were not an official organization until 1941. Before the force was officially organized, law enforcement in Alaska was handled by various federal agencies. Larger towns usually have their own local police and some villages rely on "Public Safety Officers" who have police training but do not carry firearms. In much of the state, the troopers serve as the only police force available. In addition to enforcing traffic and criminal law, wildlife Troopers enforce hunting and fishing regulations. Due to the varied terrain and wide scope of the Troopers' duties, they employ a wide variety of land, air, and water patrol vehicles.

Question: In what year did Alaskan State Troopers become an official organization?
Answer: 1941

Question: What is different about a "Public Safety Officer" that distiguishes the position from a policeman?
Answer: have police training but do not carry firearms

Question: What do wildlife enforcers regulate?
Answer: hunting and fishing regulations

Question: What type of vehicles do Troopers operate?
Answer: a wide variety of land, air, and water patrol vehicles

Question: In what year did Alaskan State Troopers become an unofficial organization?

Question: In what year didn't Alaskan State Troopers become an official organization?

Question: What is the same about a "Public Safety Officer" that distiguishes the position from a policeman?

Question: What don't wildlife enforcers regulate?

Question: What type of vehicles don't Troopers operate?
Alaska

There are many established music festivals in Alaska, including the Alaska Folk Festival, the Fairbanks Summer Arts Festival, the Anchorage Folk Festival, the Athabascan Old-Time Fiddling Festival, the Sitka Jazz Festival, and the Sitka Summer Music Festival. The most prominent orchestra in Alaska is the Anchorage Symphony Orchestra, though the Fairbanks Symphony Orchestra and Juneau Symphony are also notable. The Anchorage Opera is currently the state's only professional opera company, though there are several volunteer and semi-professional organizations in the state as well.

Question: What is Alaska's most prominent orchestra?
Answer: Anchorage Symphony Orchestra

Question: Which company is Alaska's only professional opera?
Answer: The Anchorage Opera

Question: What are a few of Alaska's noteworthy music festivals?
Answer: Alaska Folk Festival, the Fairbanks Summer Arts Festival, the Anchorage Folk Festival

Question: What isn't Alaska's most prominent orchestra?

Question: What is Alaska's least prominent orchestra?

Question: Which company isn't Alaska's only professional opera?

Question: Which company is Alaska's only amateur opera?

Question: What are a few of Alaska's un-noteworthy music festivals?
Alaska

One of the most prominent movies filmed in Alaska is MGM's Eskimo/Mala The Magnificent, starring Alaska Native Ray Mala. In 1932 an expedition set out from MGM's studios in Hollywood to Alaska to film what was then billed as "The Biggest Picture Ever Made." Upon arriving in Alaska, they set up "Camp Hollywood" in Northwest Alaska, where they lived during the duration of the filming. Louis B. Mayer spared no expense in spite of the remote location, going so far as to hire the chef from the Hotel Roosevelt in Hollywood to prepare meals.

Question: Which Alaskan native starred in a film also set in Alaska?
Answer: Ray Mala

Question: Where did actors on the set of The Magnificent live during their stay in Alaska?
Answer: "Camp Hollywood"

Question: In what area of Alaska was Camp Hollywood located?
Answer: Northwest

Question: Which chef was hired to prepare meals for the actors in The Magnificent?
Answer: from the Hotel Roosevelt in Hollywood

Question: Which Alaskan native starred in a film not set in Alaska?

Question: here didn't actors on the set of The Magnificent live during their stay in Alaska?

Question: In what area of Alaska wasn't Camp Hollywood located?

Question: In what area of Alaska was Camp Alaska located?

Question: Which chef was fired to prepare meals for the actors in The Magnificent?
Karl_Popper

Popper is known for his rejection of the classical inductivist views on the scientific method, in favour of empirical falsification: A theory in the empirical sciences can never be proven, but it can be falsified, meaning that it can and should be scrutinized by decisive experiments. He used the black swan fallacy to discuss falsification. If the outcome of an experiment contradicts the theory, one should refrain from ad hoc manoeuvres that evade the contradiction merely by making it less falsifiable. Popper is also known for his opposition to the classical justificationist account of knowledge, which he replaced with critical rationalism, "the first non-justificational philosophy of criticism in the history of philosophy."

Question: Which classical views about the method of science did Popper reject?
Answer: inductivist

Question: Who proposed empirical falsification as the central principle of the scientific method?
Answer: Popper

Question: What is necessary for a scientific theory to be falsified?
Answer: decisive experiments

Question: Which account of knowledge did Popper contest?
Answer: classical justificationist

Question: What is the term for Popper's non-justificational theory of criticism?
Answer: critical rationalism

Question: Who is known for his embrace of the classical inductivist views?

Question: Who disproved empirical falsification as a central principle of the scientific method?

Question: What was the white swan fallacy used to discuss?

Question: What should a scientist do if the outcome of an experiment confirms the theory?

Question: Who was known for his support of the classical justificationist account of knowledge?
Karl_Popper

Karl Popper was born in Vienna (then in Austria-Hungary) in 1902, to upper middle-class parents. All of Karl Popper's grandparents were Jewish, but the Popper family converted to Lutheranism before Karl was born, and so he received Lutheran baptism. They understood this as part of their cultural assimilation, not as an expression of devout belief. Karl's father Simon Siegmund Carl Popper was a lawyer from Bohemia and a doctor of law at the Vienna University, and mother Jenny Schiff was of Silesian and Hungarian descent. After establishing themselves in Vienna, the Poppers made a rapid social climb in Viennese society: Simon Siegmund Carl became a partner in the law firm of Vienna's liberal Burgomaster Herr Grübl and, after Grübl's death in 1898, Simon took over the business. (Malachi Hacohen records that Herr Grübl's first name was Raimund, after which Karl received his middle name. Popper himself, in his autobiography, erroneously recalls that Herr Grübl's first name was Carl.) His father was a bibliophile who had 12,000–14,000 volumes in his personal library. Popper inherited both the library and the disposition from him.

Question: In which city was Karl Popper born?
Answer: Vienna

Question: What religion did Popper's family observe during his youth?
Answer: Lutheranism

Question: Whose law firm did Popper's father join in Vienna?
Answer: Burgomaster Herr Grübl

Question: What numerical range of volumes did Popper's father keep in his library?
Answer: 12,000–14,000

Question: What disposition regarding books did Popper inherit from his father?
Answer: bibliophile

Question: What year did Karl Popper pass away?

Question: What did the Popper family convert to after Karl was born?

Question: What was Karl Popper's mother's profession?

Question: Who took over the business after Simon's death?

Question: How many books did Karl's mother have in her library?
Karl_Popper

Popper left school at the age of 16 and attended lectures in mathematics, physics, philosophy, psychology and the history of music as a guest student at the University of Vienna. In 1919, Popper became attracted by Marxism and subsequently joined the Association of Socialist School Students. He also became a member of the Social Democratic Workers' Party of Austria, which was at that time a party that fully adopted the Marxist ideology. After the street battle in the Hörlgasse on 15 June 1919, when police shot eight of his unarmed party comrades, he became disillusioned by what he saw to be the "pseudo-scientific" historical materialism of Marx, abandoned the ideology, and remained a supporter of social liberalism throughout his life.

Question: At which age did Popper first attend university?
Answer: 16

Question: What political doctrine interested Popper in 1919?
Answer: Marxism

Question: Which Austrian political party did Popper join as a youth?
Answer: Social Democratic Workers' Party of Austria

Question: What incident killed several of Poppers Marxist political comrades?
Answer: street battle in the Hörlgasse

Question: To which political philosophy did Popper continue to adhere after moving away from Marxism?
Answer: social liberalism

Question: What age did Popper enter school?

Question: When did Popper become disillusioned by social liberalism?

Question: What subject did Popper never attend a lecture on?

Question: What party rejected Marxist ideology at the time?

Question: How many police were shot in the street battle of Horlgasse?
Karl_Popper

He worked in street construction for a short amount of time, but was unable to cope with the heavy labour. Continuing to attend university as a guest student, he started an apprenticeship as cabinetmaker, which he completed as a journeyman. He was dreaming at that time of starting a daycare facility for children, for which he assumed the ability to make furniture might be useful. After that he did voluntary service in one of psychoanalyst Alfred Adler's clinics for children. In 1922, he did his matura by way of a second chance education and finally joined the University as an ordinary student. He completed his examination as an elementary teacher in 1924 and started working at an after-school care club for socially endangered children. In 1925, he went to the newly founded Pädagogisches Institut and continued studying philosophy and psychology. Around that time he started courting Josefine Anna Henninger, who later became his wife.

Question: What trade did Popper enter as an apprentice?
Answer: cabinetmaker

Question: What type of facility did Popper plan to open that would benefit from his furniture-making skills?
Answer: daycare

Question: In which psychoanalysts clinics did Popper volunteer?
Answer: Alfred Adler

Question: When did Popper become an ordinary student rather than a guest at university?
Answer: 1922

Question: For which vocation did Popper complete his university examinations?
Answer: elementary teacher

Question: What was easy for Popper to cope with?

Question: Who owned the clinic for adults that Popper volunteered at?

Question: When did Popper leave the Pädagogisches Institut?

Question: When did Popper join the university as a guest student?

Question: When did Popper complete his examination as a university teacher?
Karl_Popper

In 1928, he earned a doctorate in psychology, under the supervision of Karl Bühler. His dissertation was entitled "Die Methodenfrage der Denkpsychologie" (The question of method in cognitive psychology). In 1929, he obtained the authorisation to teach mathematics and physics in secondary school, which he started doing. He married his colleague Josefine Anna Henninger (1906–1985) in 1930. Fearing the rise of Nazism and the threat of the Anschluss, he started to use the evenings and the nights to write his first book Die beiden Grundprobleme der Erkenntnistheorie (The Two Fundamental Problems of the Theory of Knowledge). He needed to publish one to get some academic position in a country that was safe for people of Jewish descent. However, he ended up not publishing the two-volume work, but a condensed version of it with some new material, Logik der Forschung (The Logic of Scientific Discovery), in 1934. Here, he criticised psychologism, naturalism, inductionism, and logical positivism, and put forth his theory of potential falsifiability as the criterion demarcating science from non-science. In 1935 and 1936, he took unpaid leave to go to the United Kingdom for a study visit.

Question: Who supervised Popper's doctorate?
Answer: Karl Bühler

Question: What is an English translation of the title of Popper's doctoral thesis?
Answer: The question of method in cognitive psychology

Question: What subjects was Popper authorized to teach in secondary school in 1929?
Answer: mathematics and physics

Question: Whose rise to power motivated Popper to publish his work in hopes of obtaining an academic position abroad?
Answer: Nazism

Question: In which work published in 1934 did Popper introduce his theories centered around falsifiability?
Answer: The Logic of Scientific Discovery

Question: When did Karl Buhler earn a doctorate in psychology?

Question: What was the title of Buhler's dissertation?

Question: When was Popper barred from teaching math in secondary school?

Question: What was the title of Popper's last book?

Question: What kind of leave did Popper use to visit Italy?
Karl_Popper

In 1937, Popper finally managed to get a position that allowed him to emigrate to New Zealand, where he became lecturer in philosophy at Canterbury University College of the University of New Zealand in Christchurch. It was here that he wrote his influential work The Open Society and its Enemies. In Dunedin he met the Professor of Physiology John Carew Eccles and formed a lifelong friendship with him. In 1946, after the Second World War, he moved to the United Kingdom to become reader in logic and scientific method at the London School of Economics. Three years later, in 1949, he was appointed professor of logic and scientific method at the University of London. Popper was president of the Aristotelian Society from 1958 to 1959. He retired from academic life in 1969, though he remained intellectually active for the rest of his life. In 1985, he returned to Austria so that his wife could have her relatives around her during the last months of her life; she died in November that year. After the Ludwig Boltzmann Gesellschaft failed to establish him as the director of a newly founded branch researching the philosophy of science, he went back again to the United Kingdom in 1986, settling in Kenley, Surrey.

Question: Where did Popper move in 1937?
Answer: New Zealand

Question: Where was Popper's academic appointment in New Zealand?
Answer: Canterbury University College of the University of New Zealand

Question: Which lifelong friend did Popper make in Dunedin?
Answer: John Carew Eccles

Question: What philosophical fields did Popper teach at the London School of Economics?
Answer: logic and scientific method

Question: Which Austrian school's failure to give Popper a directorship prompted him to return to the United Kingdom at the end of his life?
Answer: Ludwig Boltzmann Gesellschaft

Question: What year did Popper become a lecturer in biology?

Question: What was the title of John Carew Eccles's influential work?

Question: What month was Popper's wife born in?

Question: What year did John Carew Eccles move to the United Kingdom?

Question: What university was Popper appointed a professor of astronomy at?
Karl_Popper

Popper died of "complications of cancer, pneumonia and kidney failure" in Kenley at the age of 92 on 17 September 1994. He had been working continuously on his philosophy until two weeks before, when he suddenly fell terminally ill. After cremation, his ashes were taken to Vienna and buried at Lainzer cemetery adjacent to the ORF Centre, where his wife Josefine Anna Popper (called ‘Hennie’) had already been buried. Popper's estate is managed by his secretary and personal assistant Melitta Mew and her husband Raymond. Popper's manuscripts went to the Hoover Institution at Stanford University, partly during his lifetime and partly as supplementary material after his death. Klagenfurt University possesses Popper's library, including his precious bibliophilia, as well as hard copies of the original Hoover material and microfilms of the supplementary material. The remaining parts of the estate were mostly transferred to The Karl Popper Charitable Trust. In October 2008 Klagenfurt University acquired the copyrights from the estate.

Question: How old was Popper when he died?
Answer: 92

Question: Which cemetery in Vienna received Popper's ashes?
Answer: Lainzer

Question: Where are Popper's manuscripts kept now?
Answer: Hoover Institution at Stanford University

Question: Which university has the contents of Popper's library?
Answer: Klagenfurt University

Question: What was Popper's wife's name?
Answer: Josefine Anna Popper

Question: At what age did Josefine Anna Popper die?

Question: What did Popper's wife die from?

Question: Whose manuscripts were sent to the University of London?

Question: What university possesses Melitta Mew's library?

Question: When did Klagenfurt University lose its copyrights from the estate?
Karl_Popper

Popper won many awards and honours in his field, including the Lippincott Award of the American Political Science Association, the Sonning Prize, the Otto Hahn Peace Medal of the United Nations Association of Germany in Berlin and fellowships in the Royal Society, British Academy, London School of Economics, King's College London, Darwin College, Cambridge, and Charles University, Prague. Austria awarded him the Grand Decoration of Honour in Gold for Services to the Republic of Austria in 1986, and the Federal Republic of Germany its Grand Cross with Star and Sash of the Order of Merit, and the peace class of the Order Pour le Mérite. He received the Humanist Laureate Award from the International Academy of Humanism. He was knighted by Queen Elizabeth II in 1965, and was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1976. He was invested with the Insignia of a Companion of Honour in 1982.

Question: Which award did Popper receive from the American Political Science Association?
Answer: Lippincott Award

Question: What recognition did Austria bestow on Popper in 1986?
Answer: Grand Decoration of Honour in Gold for Services to the Republic of Austria

Question: Who gave Popper its Humanist Laureate Award?
Answer: International Academy of Humanism

Question: Which English monarch knighted Popper?
Answer: Queen Elizabeth II

Question: Which central European university made Popper a fellow?
Answer: Charles University, Prague

Question: When was Popper knighted by King George?

Question: What honor did Popper never win?

Question: What award did Russia send to Popper?

Question: When was Popper thrown out of the Royal Society?

Question: What award did Popper lose in 1982?
Karl_Popper

Other awards and recognition for Popper included the City of Vienna Prize for the Humanities (1965), Karl Renner Prize (1978), Austrian Decoration for Science and Art (1980), Dr. Leopold Lucas Prize (1981), Ring of Honour of the City of Vienna (1983) and the Premio Internazionale of the Italian Federico Nietzsche Society (1988). In 1992, he was awarded the Kyoto Prize in Arts and Philosophy for "symbolising the open spirit of the 20th century" and for his "enormous influence on the formation of the modern intellectual climate".

Question: In which year did Popper win the Karl Renner Prize?
Answer: 1978

Question: Which city made Popper part of its Ring of Honour in 1983?
Answer: Vienna

Question: What award given by a Japanese foundation did Popper win in 1992?
Answer: Kyoto Prize in Arts and Philosophy

Question: Popper won the Dr. Leopold Lucas Prize in which year?
Answer: 1981

Question: What year did Popper win the City of Berlin Prize for the Humanities?

Question: What award did Popper win in 1970?

Question: What award given by an American foundation did Popper win in 1992?

Question: Why was Popper awarded the Ring of Honour of the City of Vienna?

Question: What prize did Karl Renner recieve in 1981?
Karl_Popper

Karl Popper's rejection of Marxism during his teenage years left a profound mark on his thought. He had at one point joined a socialist association, and for a few months in 1919 considered himself a communist. During this time he became familiar with the Marxist view of economics, class-war, and history. Although he quickly became disillusioned with the views expounded by Marxism, his flirtation with the ideology led him to distance himself from those who believed that spilling blood for the sake of a revolution was necessary. He came to realise that when it came to sacrificing human lives, one was to think and act with extreme prudence.

Question: What political philosophy that attracted Popper as a teenager had a profound influence on his thinking going forward?
Answer: Marxism

Question: For a time during which year did Popper consider himself a communist?
Answer: 1919

Question: At which stage of life was Popper most strongly influenced by Marxist thinking?
Answer: teenage years

Question: How did Popper feel about Marxism after only a short time associating with other Marxists?
Answer: disillusioned

Question: How did Popper's rejection of Marxism in his adult years effect him?

Question: In what year did Popper consider himself a fascist for a few months?

Question: What ideology did Popper never become disillusioned with?

Question: Who did Popper align himself closely with?

Question: When did Popper think it was unnecessary to act with prudence?
Karl_Popper

The failure of democratic parties to prevent fascism from taking over Austrian politics in the 1920s and 1930s traumatised Popper. He suffered from the direct consequences of this failure, since events after the Anschluss, the annexation of Austria by the German Reich in 1938, forced him into permanent exile. His most important works in the field of social science—The Poverty of Historicism (1944) and The Open Society and Its Enemies (1945)—were inspired by his reflection on the events of his time and represented, in a sense, a reaction to the prevalent totalitarian ideologies that then dominated Central European politics. His books defended democratic liberalism as a social and political philosophy. They also represented extensive critiques of the philosophical presuppositions underpinning all forms of totalitarianism.

Question: What political ideology dominated Austrian politics in the decades before the second world war?
Answer: fascism

Question: What key event in 1938 pushed Popper into exile from Austria?
Answer: the Anschluss

Question: What political ideology do Popper's major works defend?
Answer: democratic liberalism

Question: What form of political organization do Popper's works mainly critique?
Answer: totalitarianism

Question: What was the Anschluss?
Answer: the annexation of Austria by the German Reich

Question: What prevented fascism from taking over Austrian politics?

Question: In what years was fascism prevented from taking over?

Question: What forced Popper to come out of exile?

Question: What was one of Popper's least important works?

Question: Whose books critiqued democratic liberalism as a social and political philosophy?
Karl_Popper

Popper puzzled over the stark contrast between the non-scientific character of Freud and Adler's theories in the field of psychology and the revolution set off by Einstein's theory of relativity in physics in the early 20th century. Popper thought that Einstein's theory, as a theory properly grounded in scientific thought and method, was highly "risky", in the sense that it was possible to deduce consequences from it which were, in the light of the then-dominant Newtonian physics, highly improbable (e.g., that light is deflected towards solid bodies—confirmed by Eddington's experiments in 1919), and which would, if they turned out to be false, falsify the whole theory. In contrast, nothing could, even in principle, falsify psychoanalytic theories. He thus came to the conclusion that psychoanalytic theories had more in common with primitive myths than with genuine science.

Question: Which two important psychologists did Popper view as advancing non-scientific theories?
Answer: Freud and Adler

Question: Whose recent breakthrough in physics did Popper view as paradigmatic science?
Answer: Einstein

Question: What quality of the theory of relativity did Popper believe made it proper science?
Answer: risky

Question: What did Popper think psychoanalytic theory shared more feature with than real science ?
Answer: primitive myths

Question: What could you not do to psychoanalytic theory that Popper believed crucial in genuine science?
Answer: falsify

Question: When did Adler set off a revolution in the field of physics?

Question: What did Freud think Einstein's theory was?

Question: When did Popper's experiments confirm light is deflected towards solid bodies?

Question: Who though psychoanalytic theories had more in common with genuine science than myths?

Question: What field did Einstein set off a revolution in during the late 20th century?
Karl_Popper

This led Popper to conclude that what were regarded[by whom?] as the remarkable strengths of psychoanalytical theories were actually their weaknesses. Psychoanalytical theories were crafted in a way that made them able to refute any criticism and to give an explanation for every possible form of human behaviour. The nature of such theories made it impossible for any criticism or experiment - even in principle - to show them to be false. This realisation had an important consequence when Popper later tackled the problem of demarcation in the philosophy of science, as it led him to posit that the strength of a scientific theory lies in its both being susceptible to falsification, and not actually being falsified by criticism made of it. He considered that if a theory cannot, in principle, be falsified by criticism, it is not a scientific theory.

Question: According to Popper, a theory is scientific only is it is susceptible to what?
Answer: falsification

Question: What key components of science are ineffective when brought to bear on non-scientific theories?
Answer: criticism or experiment

Question: How did Popper characterize the wide applicability and immunity to criticism of psychoanalytic theory?
Answer: weaknesses

Question: Who thought the weaknesses of psychoanalytical theories were actually strengths?

Question: What made it possible for psychoanalytical theories to be shown as false?

Question: Who never tackled the problem of demarcation in the philosophy of science?

Question: What did Popper think the weakness of a scientific theory lay in?
Karl_Popper

Popper coined the term "critical rationalism" to describe his philosophy. Concerning the method of science, the term indicates his rejection of classical empiricism, and the classical observationalist-inductivist account of science that had grown out of it. Popper argued strongly against the latter, holding that scientific theories are abstract in nature, and can be tested only indirectly, by reference to their implications. He also held that scientific theory, and human knowledge generally, is irreducibly conjectural or hypothetical, and is generated by the creative imagination to solve problems that have arisen in specific historico-cultural settings.

Question: What term did Popper use for his philosophy?
Answer: critical rationalism

Question: Which account of scientific method did Popper's repudiate?
Answer: the classical observationalist-inductivist account

Question: What was Popper's position on classical empiricism?
Answer: rejection

Question: According to Popper, what is the only way one can test scientific theories because they are necessarily abstract?
Answer: indirectly

Question: What term did Einstein term to describe his philosophy?

Question: What does critical rationalism embrace?

Question: What did Popper think was concrete in nature?

Question: What did Popper think could be tested only directly?

Question: Who argued in favor of the classical observationalist-inductivist account of science?
Karl_Popper

Logically, no number of positive outcomes at the level of experimental testing can confirm a scientific theory, but a single counterexample is logically decisive: it shows the theory, from which the implication is derived, to be false. To say that a given statement (e.g., the statement of a law of some scientific theory) -- [call it "T"] -- is "falsifiable" does not mean that "T" is false. Rather, it means that, if "T" is false, then (in principle), "T" could be shown to be false, by observation or by experiment. Popper's account of the logical asymmetry between verification and falsifiability lies at the heart of his philosophy of science. It also inspired him to take falsifiability as his criterion of demarcation between what is, and is not, genuinely scientific: a theory should be considered scientific if, and only if, it is falsifiable. This led him to attack the claims of both psychoanalysis and contemporary Marxism to scientific status, on the basis that their theories are not falsifiable.

Question: Popper pointed out an important logical asymmetry between what two concepts?
Answer: verification and falsifiability

Question: What does Popper say demarcates scientific theory from non-science?
Answer: falsifiability

Question: What political theory did Popper say did not meet his falsifiability criterion?
Answer: Marxism

Question: What branch of psychology was Popper critical of for not producing falsifiable theory?
Answer: psychoanalysis

Question: Popper pointed out a logical symmetry between what two concepts?

Question: What lies at the heart of Einstein's philosophy about science?

Question: What discouraged Popper from taking falsifiability as his criterion of demarcation between things that are scientific and not scientific?

Question: What ideology did Popper raise to scientific status?

Question: What ideology did Popper claim was falsifiable?
Karl_Popper

In All Life is Problem Solving, Popper sought to explain the apparent progress of scientific knowledge – that is, how it is that our understanding of the universe seems to improve over time. This problem arises from his position that the truth content of our theories, even the best of them, cannot be verified by scientific testing, but can only be falsified. Again, in this context the word "falsified" does not refer to something being "fake"; rather, that something can be (i.e., is capable of being) shown to be false by observation or experiment. Some things simply do not lend themselves to being shown to be false, and therefore, are not falsifiable. If so, then how is it that the growth of science appears to result in a growth in knowledge? In Popper's view, the advance of scientific knowledge is an evolutionary process characterised by his formula:

Question: Which of Popper's works addresses the improvement of scientific understanding of the world over time?
Answer: All Life is Problem Solving

Question: Popper described the growth of scientific understanding as what kind of process?
Answer: evolutionary

Question: What aspect of a scientific theory can never be fully verified, according to Popper?
Answer: truth content

Question: In what book did Popper seek to explain the process of literary knowledge?

Question: Who explained why our understanding of the universe seems to worsen over time?

Question: What part of theories can be verified by scientific testing?

Question: What refers to something being "fake"?

Question: What was the advance of scientific knowledge in Einstein's view?
Karl_Popper

In response to a given problem situation (), a number of competing conjectures, or tentative theories (), are systematically subjected to the most rigorous attempts at falsification possible. This process, error elimination (), performs a similar function for science that natural selection performs for biological evolution. Theories that better survive the process of refutation are not more true, but rather, more "fit"—in other words, more applicable to the problem situation at hand (). Consequently, just as a species' biological fitness does not ensure continued survival, neither does rigorous testing protect a scientific theory from refutation in the future. Yet, as it appears that the engine of biological evolution has, over many generations, produced adaptive traits equipped to deal with more and more complex problems of survival, likewise, the evolution of theories through the scientific method may, in Popper's view, reflect a certain type of progress: toward more and more interesting problems (). For Popper, it is in the interplay between the tentative theories (conjectures) and error elimination (refutation) that scientific knowledge advances toward greater and greater problems; in a process very much akin to the interplay between genetic variation and natural selection.

Question: What process in science is like the process of natural selection in nature?
Answer: error elimination

Question: What is a better description for theories that survive scientific scrutiny than "more true?"
Answer: more "fit"

Question: What is another term for the tentative theories enter the process of error elimination in science? 
Answer: conjectures

Question: Toward what does Popper believe scientific understandings progress?
Answer: more and more interesting problems

Question: What is not subject to rigorous attempts at falsification?

Question: What serves a different purpose in biological evolution than error elimination serves in science?

Question: What theories are less applicable to the situation at hand?

Question: What produces adaptive traits to deal only with simple problems of survival?

Question: Who thinks the evolution of theories does not reflect a certain type of progress?
Karl_Popper

Among his contributions to philosophy is his claim to have solved the philosophical problem of induction. He states that while there is no way to prove that the sun will rise, it is possible to formulate the theory that every day the sun will rise; if it does not rise on some particular day, the theory will be falsified and will have to be replaced by a different one. Until that day, there is no need to reject the assumption that the theory is true. Nor is it rational according to Popper to make instead the more complex assumption that the sun will rise until a given day, but will stop doing so the day after, or similar statements with additional conditions.

Question: Popper's thoughts on falsification present a solution to the philosophical problem concerning what type of scientific reasoning?
Answer: induction

Question: What parts of a theory are unnecessary before the simple theory is falsified?
Answer: additional conditions

Question: Who presented a solution to the philosophical problem of induction centered around falsifiability?
Answer: Popper

Question: Who never claimed to have solved the philosophical problem of induction?

Question: What theory is not possible to formulate?

Question: What would confirm the theory the sun will rise?

Question: What is rational according to Popper?

Question: Who said it was rational to assume the sun will rise until a given day?
Karl_Popper

Popper held that rationality is not restricted to the realm of empirical or scientific theories, but that it is merely a special case of the general method of criticism, the method of finding and eliminating contradictions in knowledge without ad-hoc-measures. According to this view, rational discussion about metaphysical ideas, about moral values and even about purposes is possible. Popper's student W.W. Bartley III tried to radicalise this idea and made the controversial claim that not only can criticism go beyond empirical knowledge, but that everything can be rationally criticised.

Question: Popper's rational approach opposes what technique sometimes used to remove contradictions in knowledge?
Answer: ad-hoc-measures

Question: Which of Popper's students argued that rational criticism should be most widely applied?
Answer: W.W. Bartley III

Question: What type of knowledge is not the only sphere of rational criticism, according to Popper's student W.W. Bartley III?
Answer: empirical

Question: Who held that rationality is restricted  to the realm of empirical or scientific theories?

Question: What is rational discussion about not possible, according to this view?

Question: Who was W.W. Bartley III's student?

Question: What was W.W. Bartley III's uncontroversial claim?