Divyanshu67/squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
Qing_dynasty

The Qing emperors were generally adept at poetry and often skilled in painting, and offered their patronage to Confucian culture. The Kangxi and Qianlong Emperors, for instance, embraced Chinese traditions both to control them and to proclaim their own legitimacy. The Kangxi Emperor sponsored the Peiwen Yunfu, a rhyme dictionary published in 1711, and the Kangxi Dictionary published in 1716, which remains to this day an authoritative reference. The Qianlong Emperor sponsored the largest collection of writings in Chinese history, the Siku Quanshu, completed in 1782. Court painters made new versions of the Song masterpiece, Zhang Zeduan's Along the River During the Qingming Festival whose depiction of a prosperous and happy realm demonstrated the beneficence of the emperor. The emperors undertook tours of the south and commissioned monumental scrolls to depict the grandeur of the occasion. Imperial patronage also encouraged the industrial production of ceramics and Chinese export porcelain.

Question: What arts were the Qing emperors good at?
Answer: poetry and often skilled in painting

Question: What was the rhyme dictionary called that was published by Kangxi?
Answer: Peiwen Yunfu

Question: When was the Kangxi Dictionary published?
Answer: 1716

Question: When was the Siku Quanshu finished?
Answer: 1782
Qing_dynasty

Yet the most impressive aesthetic works were done among the scholars and urban elite. Calligraphy and painting remained a central interest to both court painters and scholar-gentry who considered the Four Arts part of their cultural identity and social standing. The painting of the early years of the dynasty included such painters as the orthodox Four Wangs and the individualists Bada Shanren (1626–1705) and Shitao (1641–1707). The nineteenth century saw such innovations as the Shanghai School and the Lingnan School which used the technical skills of tradition to set the stage for modern painting.

Question: Name three painters?
Answer: Four Wangs and the individualists Bada Shanren (1626–1705) and Shitao (1641–1707)

Question: What two schools of art were created in the 19th century?
Answer: Shanghai School and the Lingnan School

Question: Name two arts of the Four Arts?
Answer: Calligraphy and painting
Qing_dynasty

Literature grew to new heights in the Qing period. Poetry continued as a mark of the cultivated gentleman, but women wrote in larger and larger numbers and poets came from all walks of life. The poetry of the Qing dynasty is a lively field of research, being studied (along with the poetry of the Ming dynasty) for its association with Chinese opera, developmental trends of Classical Chinese poetry, the transition to a greater role for vernacular language, and for poetry by women in Chinese culture. The Qing dynasty was a period of much literary collection and criticism, and many of the modern popular versions of Classical Chinese poems were transmitted through Qing dynasty anthologies, such as the Quantangshi and the Three Hundred Tang Poems. Pu Songling brought the short story form to a new level in his Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio, published in the mid-18th century, and Shen Fu demonstrated the charm of the informal memoir in Six Chapters of a Floating Life, written in the early 19th century but published only in 1877. The art of the novel reached a pinnacle in Cao Xueqin's Dream of the Red Chamber, but its combination of social commentary and psychological insight were echoed in highly skilled novels such as Wu Jingzi's The Scholars (1750) and Li Ruzhen's Flowers in the Mirror (1827).

Question: What was the sign of a gentleman?
Answer: Poetry

Question: Who started writing poety during the Qing dynasty?
Answer: women

Question: What was the name of Pu Songling's collection of short stories?
Answer: Strange Stories

Question: What was the name of Shen Fu's memoir?
Answer: Six Chapters of a Floating Life

Question: Who wrote the novel Dream of the Red Chamber?
Answer: Cao Xueqin
Qing_dynasty

Cuisine aroused a cultural pride in the accumulated richness of a long and varied past. The gentleman gourmet, such as Yuan Mei, applied aesthetic standards to the art of cooking, eating, and appreciation of tea at a time when New World crops and products entered everyday life. The Suiyuan Shidan written by him, detailed the culinary esthetics and theory, along with a wide range of recipes from the ruling period of Qianlong during Qing Dynasty. The Manchu Han Imperial Feast originated at the court. Although this banquet was probably never common, it reflected an appreciation by Han Chinese for Manchu culinary customs. Nevertheless, culinary traditionalists such as Yuan Mei lambasted the opulent culinary rituals of the Manchu Han Imperial Feast, saying that it is cause in part by "...the vulgar habits of bad chefs" and that "Display this trite are useful only for welcoming new relations through one’s gates or when the boss comes to visit." (皆惡廚陋習。只可用之於新親上門，上司入境)

Question: Who wrote the Suiyuan Shidan?
Answer: Yuan Mei

Question: What was the Suiyaun Shidan about?
Answer: recipes

Question: What was the Manchu Han Imperial Feast?
Answer: appreciation by Han Chinese for Manchu culinary customs
Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas

The indigenous peoples of the Americas are the descendants of the pre-Columbian inhabitants of the Americas. Pueblos indígenas (indigenous peoples) is a common term in Spanish-speaking countries. Aborigen (aboriginal/native) is used in Argentina, whereas "Amerindian" is used in Quebec, The Guianas, and the English-speaking Caribbean. Indigenous peoples are commonly known in Canada as Aboriginal peoples, which include First Nations, Inuit, and Métis peoples. Indigenous peoples of the United States are commonly known as Native Americans or American Indians, and Alaska Natives.

Question: Who are the indigenous people of the Americas descended from?
Answer: pre-Columbian inhabitants of the Americas

Question: What is a common term in Spanish speaking countries for the indigenous peoples?
Answer: Pueblos indígenas

Question: What term is used in Argentina to refer to the original peoples of a continent?
Answer: Aborigen

Question: In Quebec, The Guianas and places in the Caribbean where English is spoken, what is the preferred term for the indigenous people of the Americas?
Answer: Amerindian

Question: How are the indigenous people most commonly referred to by citizens of the U.S.?
Answer: Native Americans
Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas

According to the prevailing theories of the settlement of the Americas, migrations of humans from Asia (in particular North Asia) to the Americas took place via Beringia, a land bridge which connected the two continents across what is now the Bering Strait. The majority of experts agree that the earliest pre-modern human migration via Beringia took place at least 13,500 years ago, with disputed evidence that people had migrated into the Americas much earlier, up to 40,000 years ago. These early Paleo-Indians spread throughout the Americas, diversifying into many hundreds of culturally distinct nations and tribes. According to the oral histories of many of the indigenous peoples of the Americas, they have been living there since their genesis, described by a wide range of creation myths.

Question: Where do most theories today attribute the settlement of the Americas as originating from?
Answer: Asia

Question: How did humans cross over to the Americas from Asia?
Answer: Beringia

Question: What was Beringia?
Answer: a land bridge which connected the two continents

Question: Most experts can at least agree that the earliest pre-modern human migration took place when?
Answer: 13,500 years ago

Question: How do the indigenous peoples explain how they came to live in the Americas?
Answer: a wide range of creation myths
Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas

Although some indigenous peoples of the Americas were traditionally hunter-gatherers—and many, especially in Amazonia, still are—many groups practiced aquaculture and agriculture. The impact of their agricultural endowment to the world is a testament to their time and work in reshaping and cultivating the flora indigenous to the Americas. Although some societies depended heavily on agriculture, others practiced a mix of farming, hunting, and gathering. In some regions the indigenous peoples created monumental architecture, large-scale organized cities, chiefdoms, states, and empires.

Question: What were many of the indigenous people of the Americas traditionally?
Answer: hunter-gatherers

Question: What did many segments of the indigenous population also practice?
Answer: aquaculture and agriculture

Question: What remains as a testament to the time and work the indigenous people spent cultivating the flora of the Americas?
Answer: agricultural endowment

Question: What did many of the societies practice a mix of?
Answer: farming, hunting, and gathering

Question: Large cities, chiefdoms, monuments and empires were just some of the things created by which peoples?
Answer: indigenous
Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas

Many parts of the Americas are still populated by indigenous peoples; some countries have sizable populations, especially Belize, Bolivia, Chile, Ecuador, Greenland, Guatemala, Mexico, and Peru. At least a thousand different indigenous languages are spoken in the Americas. Some, such as the Quechuan languages, Aymara, Guaraní, Mayan languages, and Nahuatl, count their speakers in millions. Many also maintain aspects of indigenous cultural practices to varying degrees, including religion, social organization, and subsistence practices. Like most cultures, over time, cultures specific to many indigenous peoples have evolved to incorporate traditional aspects, but also cater to modern needs. Some indigenous peoples still live in relative isolation from Western culture and a few are still counted as uncontacted peoples.

Question: Where are there still populations of indigenous peoples?
Answer: Many parts of the Americas

Question: Belize, Chile and Greenland are just some countries with sizable populations of what peoples?
Answer: indigenous

Question: How many different indigenous languages are spoken in the Americas?
Answer: At least a thousand

Question: What do many indigenous cultures still practice to different extends to this day?
Answer: religion, social organization, and subsistence practices

Question: What have some indigenous peoples managed to remain in relative isolation from?
Answer: Western culture
Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas

The specifics of Paleo-Indian migration to and throughout the Americas, including the exact dates and routes traveled, provide the subject of ongoing research and discussion. According to archaeological and genetic evidence, North and South America were the last continents in the world with human habitation. During the Wisconsin glaciation, 50–17,000 years ago, falling sea levels allowed people to move across the land bridge of Beringia that joined Siberia to north west North America (Alaska). Alaska was a glacial refugia because it had low snowfall, allowing a small population to exist. The Laurentide Ice Sheet covered most of North America, blocking nomadic inhabitants and confining them to Alaska (East Beringia) for thousands of years.

Question: How Paleo-Indians migrated to the Americas is still a matter for what type of research?
Answer: ongoing

Question: When did humans inhabit North and South America's continents?
Answer: last

Question: What allowed people to move across Beringia to North America?
Answer: falling sea levels

Question: A small population could exist in Alaska because of it's lack of any significant what?
Answer: snowfall

Question: What confined the nomadic inhabitants to East Beringia for thousands of years?
Answer: Laurentide Ice Sheet
Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas

Indigenous genetic studies suggest that the first inhabitants of the Americas share a single ancestral population, one that developed in isolation, conjectured to be Beringia. The isolation of these peoples in Beringia might have lasted 10–20,000 years. Around 16,500 years ago, the glaciers began melting, allowing people to move south and east into Canada and beyond. These people are believed to have followed herds of now-extinct Pleistocene megafauna along ice-free corridors that stretched between the Laurentide and Cordilleran Ice Sheets.

Question: What do studies on the genetics of the first American inhabitants conclude about their ancestral population?
Answer: single

Question: Where did the single ancestral population of all the indigenous peoples of the Americas likely develop?
Answer: in isolation

Question: How many years may the isolation of the peoples in Beringia lasted?
Answer: 10–20,000 years

Question: When did the glaciers begin to melt?
Answer: 16,500 years ago

Question: What did the people follow in the corridors between the ice sheets?
Answer: Pleistocene megafauna
Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas

The data indicate that the individual was from a population directly ancestral to present South American and Central American Native American populations, and closely related to present North American Native American populations. The implication is that there was an early divergence between North American and Central American plus South American populations. Hypotheses which posit that invasions subsequent to the Clovis culture overwhelmed or assimilated previous migrants into the Americas were ruled out.

Question: What does the data indicate about the population the individual was from?
Answer: directly ancestral

Question: What populations is the individual closely related to?
Answer: present North American Native American

Question: What type of divergence is implicated to have occurred between North American and South American populations?
Answer: early

Question: Theories that there were invasions which overwhelmed or assimilated previous migrants into the Americas have been what?
Answer: ruled out
Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas

While technically referring to the era before Christopher Columbus' voyages of 1492 to 1504, in practice the term usually includes the history of American indigenous cultures until Europeans either conquered or significantly influenced them, even if this happened decades or even centuries after Columbus' initial landing. "Pre-Columbian" is used especially often in the context of discussing the great indigenous civilizations of the Americas, such as those of Mesoamerica (the Olmec, the Toltec, the Teotihuacano, the Zapotec, the Mixtec, the Aztec, and the Maya civilizations) and those of the Andes (Inca Empire, Moche culture, Muisca Confederation, Cañaris).

Question: The term Pre-Columbian technically refers to which era?
Answer: before Christopher Columbus' voyages of 1492

Question: When was Columbus' first voyage?
Answer: 1492

Question: In practice, Pre-Columbian refers to the history of the indigenous cultures of America prior to Europeans doing what to them?
Answer: conquered or significantly influenced

Question: What term is used most often when discussing the great civilizations of the Americas?
Answer: "Pre-Columbian"

Question: What area of the Americas did the Inca Empire, Moche culture and Muisca confederation hail from?
Answer: Andes
Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas

Many pre-Columbian civilizations established characteristics and hallmarks which included permanent or urban settlements, agriculture, civic and monumental architecture, and complex societal hierarchies. Some of these civilizations had long faded by the time of the first significant European and African arrivals (ca. late 15th–early 16th centuries), and are known only through oral history and through archaeological investigations. Others were contemporary with this period, and are also known from historical accounts of the time. A few, such as the Mayan, Olmec, Mixtec, and Nahua peoples, had their own written records. However, the European colonists of the time worked to eliminate non-Christian beliefs, and Christian pyres destroyed many pre-Columbian written records. Only a few documents remained hidden and survived, leaving contemporary historians with glimpses of ancient culture and knowledge.

Question: Urban settlements and complex societal hierarchies are just some of the hallmarks established by which civilizations?
Answer: pre-Columbian

Question: What had long faded prior to the first European and African arrivals?
Answer: Some of these civilizations

Question: How do we know about some of the civilizations that were gone by the time of European arrival?
Answer: oral history and through archaeological investigations

Question: What did European colonists destroy on their pyres?
Answer: written records

Question: What gave today's historians a glimpse of the culture and knowledge of the indigenous civilizations?
Answer: a few documents
Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas

According to both indigenous American and European accounts and documents, American civilizations at the time of European encounter had achieved many accomplishments. For instance, the Aztecs built one of the largest cities in the world, Tenochtitlan, the ancient site of Mexico City, with an estimated population of 200,000. American civilizations also displayed impressive accomplishments in astronomy and mathematics. The domestication of maize or corn required thousands of years of selective breeding.

Question: What had the civilizations in the Americas achieved by the time the Europeans encountered them?
Answer: many accomplishments

Question: What had the Aztec civilization constructed?
Answer: one of the largest cities in the world

Question: How big was the population of the Aztec cit of Tenochtitlan?
Answer: 200,000

Question: Astronomy and mathematics were also accomplishments of which civilizations?
Answer: American

Question: How many years of selective breeding did it take to domesticate maize?
Answer: thousands
Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas

The European colonization of the Americas forever changed the lives and cultures of the peoples of the continents. Although the exact pre-contact population of the Americas is unknown, scholars estimate that Native American populations diminished by between 80 and 90% within the first centuries of contact with Europeans. The leading cause was disease. The continent was ravaged by epidemics of diseases such as smallpox, measles, and cholera, which were brought from Europe by the early explorers and spread quickly into new areas even before later explorers and colonists reached them. Native Americans suffered high mortality rates due to their lack of prior exposure to these diseases. The loss of lives was exacerbated by conflict between colonists and indigenous people. Colonists also frequently perpetrated massacres on the indigenous groups and enslaved them. According to the U.S. Bureau of the Census (1894), the North American Indian Wars of the 19th century cost the lives of about 19,000 whites and 30,000 Native Americans.

Question: What did the European colonization forever change?
Answer: lives and cultures of the peoples of the continents

Question: How much did the population of the Americas decrease after first contact with the Europeans?
Answer: between 80 and 90%

Question: What was the leading cause of death for the native population after European contact?
Answer: disease

Question: What triad of disease epidemics ravaged the American continent?
Answer: smallpox, measles, and cholera

Question: Why did Native Americans suffer such high mortality rates to the diseases?
Answer: lack of prior exposure
Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas

The first indigenous group encountered by Columbus were the 250,000 Taínos of Hispaniola who represented the dominant culture in the Greater Antilles and the Bahamas. Within thirty years about 70% of the Taínos had died. They had no immunity to European diseases, so outbreaks of measles and smallpox ravaged their population. Increasing punishment of the Taínos for revolting against forced labour, despite measures put in place by the encomienda, which included religious education and protection from warring tribes, eventually led to the last great Taíno rebellion.

Question: Who was the first group of indigenous people Columbus encountered?
Answer: the 250,000 Taínos of Hispaniola

Question: What did the Taínos represent in the Greater Antilles and Bahamas?
Answer: dominant culture

Question: What percentage of the Taínos were dead thirty years after contact with Columbus?
Answer: 70%

Question: Why were outbreaks of measles and smallpox able to so easily decimate the Taínos' population?
Answer: no immunity to European diseases

Question: What led to the last great Taínos rebellion?
Answer: Increasing punishment
Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas

Following years of mistreatment, the Taínos began to adopt suicidal behaviors, with women aborting or killing their infants and men jumping from the cliffs or ingesting untreated cassava, a violent poison. Eventually, a Taíno Cacique named Enriquillo managed to hold out in the Baoruco Mountain Range for thirteen years, causing serious damage to the Spanish, Carib-held plantations and their Indian auxiliaries. Hearing of the seriousness of the revolt, Emperor Charles V (also King of Spain) sent captain Francisco Barrionuevo to negotiate a peace treaty with the ever-increasing number of rebels. Two months later, after consultation with the Audencia of Santo Domingo, Enriquillo was offered any part of the island to live in peace.

Question: What behaviors did the Taínos begin to adopt after years of mistreatment?
Answer: suicidal

Question: What did Taínos women start doing to their infants?
Answer: aborting or killing

Question: Why would ingesting untreated cassava be a bad idea?
Answer: violent poison

Question: How many years was a Taínos Cacique able to hold ou in the Baoruco Mountain Range?
Answer: thirteen

Question: Who was sent to negotiate a peace treaty with the rebels?
Answer: Francisco Barrionuevo
Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas

Various theories for the decline of the Native American populations emphasize epidemic diseases, conflicts with Europeans, and conflicts among warring tribes. Scholars now believe that, among the various contributing factors, epidemic disease was the overwhelming cause of the population decline of the American natives. Some believe that after first contacts with Europeans and Africans, Old World diseases caused the death of 90 to 95% of the native population of the New World in the following 150 years. Smallpox killed up to one third of the native population of Hispaniola in 1518. By killing the Incan ruler Huayna Capac, smallpox caused the Inca Civil War. Smallpox was only the first epidemic. Typhus (probably) in 1546, influenza and smallpox together in 1558, smallpox again in 1589, diphtheria in 1614, measles in 1618—all ravaged the remains of Inca culture.

Question: What was the overwhelming reason for the decline of Native American populations?
Answer: epidemic disease

Question: Old World diseases accounted for up to what percentage of deaths among the native New World population?
Answer: 90 to 95%

Question: How long did it take for the Old World diseases to decimate the native population to the extent it did?
Answer: 150 years

Question: What disease killed almost a third of the population of Hispaniola in 1518?
Answer: Smallpox

Question: How did smallpox cause the Inca Civil War?
Answer: By killing the Incan ruler Huayna Capac
Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas

Contact with European diseases such as smallpox and measles killed between 50 and 67 per cent of the Aboriginal population of North America in the first hundred years after the arrival of Europeans. Some 90 per cent of the native population near Massachusetts Bay Colony died of smallpox in an epidemic in 1617–1619. In 1633, in Plymouth, the Native Americans there were exposed to smallpox because of contact with Europeans. As it had done elsewhere, the virus wiped out entire population groups of Native Americans. It reached Lake Ontario in 1636, and the lands of the Iroquois by 1679. During the 1770s, smallpox killed at least 30% of the West Coast Native Americans. The 1775–82 North American smallpox epidemic and 1837 Great Plains smallpox epidemic brought devastation and drastic population depletion among the Plains Indians. In 1832, the federal government of the United States established a smallpox vaccination program for Native Americans (The Indian Vaccination Act of 1832).

Question: What percent of the Aboriginal population of North America was killed in the first hundred years after first contact by smallpox and measles?
Answer: between 50 and 67 per cent

Question: How much of the native population near Massachusetts was killed by smallpox in the epidemic between 1617 and 1619?
Answer: 90 per cent

Question: Who were the Native Americans exposed to smallpox because of?
Answer: Europeans

Question: When did smallpox read the lands of the Iroquois?
Answer: by 1679

Question: What did the Indian Vaccination Act of 1832 establish?
Answer: a smallpox vaccination program for Native Americans
Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas

The Spanish Empire and other Europeans brought horses to the Americas. Some of these animals escaped and began to breed and increase their numbers in the wild. The re-introduction of the horse, extinct in the Americas for over 7500 years, had a profound impact on Native American culture in the Great Plains of North America and of Patagonia in South America. By domesticating horses, some tribes had great success: horses enabled them to expand their territories, exchange more goods with neighboring tribes, and more easily capture game, especially bison.

Question: What Empire brought horses to the Americas?
Answer: Spanish

Question: How long had horses been extinct in the Americas prior to their re-introduction?
Answer: 7500 years

Question: What kind of impact did the re-emergence of horses have on some Native American cultures?
Answer: profound

Question: What did some tribes achieve by domesticating horses?
Answer: great success

Question: What enabled some tribes to expand territory, increase trade and capture more game?
Answer: horses
Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas

Over the course of thousands of years, American indigenous peoples domesticated, bred and cultivated a large array of plant species. These species now constitute 50–60% of all crops in cultivation worldwide. In certain cases, the indigenous peoples developed entirely new species and strains through artificial selection, as was the case in the domestication and breeding of maize from wild teosinte grasses in the valleys of southern Mexico. Numerous such agricultural products retain their native names in the English and Spanish lexicons.

Question: What did the indigenous peoples of America cultivate over the course of thousands of years?
Answer: a large array of plant species

Question: What percent of worldwide crops in cultivation derive from the efforts of the America's indigenous people?
Answer: 50–60%

Question: How were new species and strains of crops developed?
Answer: artificial selection

Question: What was the origin of maize?
Answer: wild teosinte grasses

Question: What products sometimes retain their native names in both English and Spanish?
Answer: agricultural
Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas

The South American highlands were a center of early agriculture. Genetic testing of the wide variety of cultivars and wild species suggests that the potato has a single origin in the area of southern Peru, from a species in the Solanum brevicaule complex. Over 99% of all modern cultivated potatoes worldwide are descendants of a subspecies indigenous to south-central Chile, Solanum tuberosum ssp. tuberosum, where it was cultivated as long as 10,000 years ago. According to George Raudzens, "It is clear that in pre-Columbian times some groups struggled to survive and often suffered food shortages and famines, while others enjoyed a varied and substantial diet." The persistent drought around 850 AD coincided with the collapse of Classic Maya civilization, and the famine of One Rabbit (AD 1454) was a major catastrophe in Mexico.

Question: Where was a center of early agriculture?
Answer: South American highlands

Question: Based on genetic testing, what has been suggested about the origin of the potato?
Answer: single

Question: Where did the potato originate?
Answer: area of southern Peru

Question: How long ago was the decedent of 99% of all modern potatoes cultivated as long ago as?
Answer: 10,000 years ago

Question: What event in 850 AD coincided with the collapse of Mayan civilization?
Answer: persistent drought
Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas

Many crops first domesticated by indigenous Americans are now produced and used globally. Chief among these is maize or "corn", arguably the most important crop in the world. Other significant crops include cassava, chia, squash (pumpkins, zucchini, marrow, acorn squash, butternut squash), the pinto bean, Phaseolus beans including most common beans, tepary beans and lima beans, tomatoes, potatoes, avocados, peanuts, cocoa beans (used to make chocolate), vanilla, strawberries, pineapples, Peppers (species and varieties of Capsicum, including bell peppers, jalapeños, paprika and chili peppers) sunflower seeds, rubber, brazilwood, chicle, tobacco, coca, manioc and some species of cotton.

Question: What global industry owes its existence to having been domesticated by indigenous Americans?
Answer: Many crops

Question: What is arguably the most important crop in the world?
Answer: corn

Question: Squash, beans, and peppers are all examples of what type of crop?
Answer: significant

Question: What type of bean is used to make chocolate?
Answer: cocoa

Question: Who do we owe gratitude for even some species of cotton to?
Answer: indigenous Americans
Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas

Cultural practices in the Americas seem to have been shared mostly within geographical zones where unrelated peoples adopted similar technologies and social organizations. An example of such a cultural area is Mesoamerica, where millennia of coexistence and shared development among the peoples of the region produced a fairly homogeneous culture with complex agricultural and social patterns. Another well-known example is the North American plains where until the 19th century several peoples shared the traits of nomadic hunter-gatherers based primarily on buffalo hunting.

Question: What did geographical zones encourage the sharing of?
Answer: Cultural practices

Question: What did people in the same reason adopt?
Answer: similar technologies and social organizations

Question: Where did millennia of coexistence produce a culture with advanced agricultural and social patterns?
Answer: Mesoamerica

Question: How long was there a homogeneous culture on the North American plains?
Answer: until the 19th century

Question: What creature did the nomadic hunter-gatherers of the plains hunt?
Answer: buffalo
Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas

The development of writing is counted among the many achievements and innovations of pre-Columbian American cultures. Independent from the development of writing in other areas of the world, the Mesoamerican region produced several indigenous writing systems beginning in the 1st millennium BCE. What may be the earliest-known example in the Americas of an extensive text thought to be writing is by the Cascajal Block. The Olmec hieroglyphs tablet has been indirectly dated from ceramic shards found in the same context to approximately 900 BCE, around the time that Olmec occupation of San Lorenzo Tenochtitlán began to wane.

Question: What was one of the many achievements of the American cultures?
Answer: development of writing

Question: What region produced several writing systems independent of other areas of the world?
Answer: the Mesoamerican region

Question: When were writing systems being created in the Americas?
Answer: beginning in the 1st millennium BCE

Question: What is presumed to be written upon the Cascajal Block?
Answer: extensive text

Question: When has the Olmec tablet been dated to?
Answer: 900 BCE
Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas

The Maya writing system (often called hieroglyphs from a superficial resemblance to the Ancient Egyptian writing) was a combination of phonetic symbols and logograms. It is most often classified as a logographic or (more properly) a logosyllabic writing system, in which syllabic signs play a significant role. It is the only pre-Columbian writing system known to represent completely the spoken language of its community. In total, the script has more than one thousand different glyphs although a few are variations of the same sign or meaning and many appear only rarely or are confined to particular localities. At any one time, no more than about five hundred glyphs were in use, some two hundred of which (including variations) had a phonetic or syllabic interpretation.

Question: What writing system combined phonetic symbols and logograms?
Answer: Maya

Question: What signs play a significant role in the Mayan's writing system?
Answer: syllabic

Question: What is the Mayan writing system the only known pre-Columbian one to completely represent this?
Answer: spoken language of its community

Question: How many different glyphs in total does the Mayan writing system have?
Answer: more than one thousand

Question: How many of the Mayan glyphs had phonetic or syllabic interpretations?
Answer: some two hundred
Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas

Spanish mendicants in the sixteenth century taught indigenous scribes in their communities to write their languages in Latin letters and there is a large number of local-level documents in Nahuatl, Zapotec, Mixtec, and Yucatec Maya from the colonial era, many of which were part of lawsuits and other legal matters. Although Spaniards initially taught indigenous scribes alphabetic writing, the tradition became self-perpetuating at the local level. The Spanish crown gathered such documentation and contemporary Spanish translations were made for legal cases. Scholars have translated and analyzed these documents in what is called the New Philology to write histories of indigenous peoples from indigenous viewpoints.

Question: Who taught indigenous scribes to write their languages?
Answer: Spanish

Question: When were indigenous scribes taught to use Latin letters?
Answer: the sixteenth century

Question: What were a large number of the local documents in regards to?
Answer: lawsuits and other legal matters

Question: What were Spanish translations at the time made for?
Answer: legal cases

Question: What viewpoint have scholars translated and analyzed documents to writes histories from?
Answer: indigenous
Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas

Native American music in North America is almost entirely monophonic, but there are notable exceptions. Traditional Native American music often centers around drumming. Rattles, clappersticks, and rasps were also popular percussive instruments. Flutes were made of rivercane, cedar, and other woods. The tuning of these flutes is not precise and depends on the length of the wood used and the hand span of the intended player, but the finger holes are most often around a whole step apart and, at least in Northern California, a flute was not used if it turned out to have an interval close to a half step. The Apache fiddle is a single stringed instrument.

Question: What characteristic did the majority of Native American music have?
Answer: monophonic

Question: What did traditional Native American music center around?
Answer: drumming

Question: What are examples of popular percussive instruments of Native Americans?
Answer: Rattles, clappersticks, and rasps

Question: How were flutes constructed by the Native Americans?
Answer: rivercane, cedar, and other woods

Question: How many strings did the Apache fiddle have?
Answer: single
Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas

The music of the indigenous peoples of Central Mexico and Central America was often pentatonic. Before the arrival of the Spaniards and other Europeans, music was inseparable from religious festivities and included a large variety of percussion and wind instruments such as drums, flutes, sea snail shells (used as a trumpet) and "rain" tubes. No remnants of pre-Columbian stringed instruments were found until archaeologists discovered a jar in Guatemala, attributed to the Maya of the Late Classic Era (600–900 CE), which depicts a stringed musical instrument which has since been reproduced. This instrument is one of the very few stringed instruments known in the Americas prior to the introduction of European musical instruments; when played it produces a sound virtually identical to a jaguar's growl.

Question: What feature did the music of Central America have?
Answer: pentatonic

Question: What role did music play in the religious festivities? 
Answer: inseparable from

Question: What instruments were used to make music by the Central Americans?
Answer: large variety of percussion and wind

Question: Where did archaeologists find a depiction of a Mayan stringed instrument?
Answer: a jar in Guatemala

Question: What did the Mayan's stringed instrument sound like when played?
Answer: a jaguar's growl
Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas

Visual arts by indigenous peoples of the Americas comprise a major category in the world art collection. Contributions include pottery, paintings, jewellery, weavings, sculptures, basketry, carvings, and beadwork. Because too many artists were posing as Native Americans and Alaska Natives in order to profit from the caché of Indigenous art in the United States, the U.S. passed the Indian Arts and Crafts Act of 1990, requiring artists to prove that they are enrolled in a state or federally recognized tribe. To support the ongoing practice of American Indian, Alaska Native and Native Hawaiian arts and cultures in the United States, the Ford Foundation, arts advocates and American Indian tribes created an endowment seed fund and established a national Native Arts and Cultures Foundation in 2007.

Question: What comprises a major category in the world art collection?
Answer: Visual arts by indigenous peoples

Question: Pottery, weavings and carvings are just some of the contributions to art by which peoples? 
Answer: indigenous

Question: Why did the U.S. pass the Indian Arts and Crafts Act of 1990?
Answer: too many artists were posing as Native Americans

Question: What does the Indian Arts and Crafts Act of 1990 require artists to prove they're enrolled in?
Answer: a state or federally recognized tribe

Question: When was a national Native Arts and Cultures Foundation established?
Answer: 2007
Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas

In 2005, Argentina's indigenous population (known as pueblos originarios) numbered about 600,329 (1.6% of total population); this figure includes 457,363 people who self-identified as belonging to an indigenous ethnic group and 142,966 who identified themselves as first-generation descendants of an indigenous people. The ten most populous indigenous peoples are the Mapuche (113,680 people), the Kolla (70,505), the Toba (69,452), the Guaraní (68,454), the Wichi (40,036), the Diaguita-Calchaquí (31,753), the Mocoví (15,837), the Huarpe (14,633), the Comechingón (10,863) and the Tehuelche (10,590). Minor but important peoples are the Quechua (6,739), the Charrúa (4,511), the Pilagá (4,465), the Chané (4,376), and the Chorote (2,613). The Selknam (Ona) people are now virtually extinct in its pure form. The languages of the Diaguita, Tehuelche, and Selknam nations have become extinct or virtually extinct: the Cacán language (spoken by Diaguitas) in the 18th century and the Selknam language in the 20th century; one Tehuelche language (Southern Tehuelche) is still spoken by a handful of elderly people.

Question: What was the number of indigenous people in Argentina as of 2005?
Answer: about 600,329

Question: How many Mapuche were there in Argentina in 2005?
Answer: 113,680

Question: Who are the Quechua and Chorote?
Answer: Minor but important peoples

Question: What indigenous population is now virtually extinct?
Answer: The Selknam

Question: Who still speaks Southern Tehuelche? 
Answer: a handful of elderly people
Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas

In Bolivia, a 62% majority of residents over the age of 15 self-identify as belonging to an indigenous people, while another 3.7% grew up with an indigenous mother tongue yet do not self-identify as indigenous. Including both of these categories, and children under 15, some 66.4% of Bolivia's population was registered as indigenous in the 2001 Census. The largest indigenous ethnic groups are: Quechua, about 2.5 million people; Aymara, 2.0 million; Chiquitano, 181,000; Guaraní, 126,000; and Mojeño, 69,000. Some 124,000 belong to smaller indigenous groups. The Constitution of Bolivia, enacted in 2009, recognizes 36 cultures, each with its own language, as part of a plurinational state. Some groups, including CONAMAQ (the National Council of Ayllus and Markas of Qullasuyu) draw ethnic boundaries within the Quechua- and Aymara-speaking population, resulting in a total of fifty indigenous peoples native to Bolivia.

Question: What percentage of the residents in Bolivia self-identify as belonging to an indigenous people?
Answer: 62%

Question: What percent of people in Bolivia grew up with an indigenous mother tongue yet don't call themselves indigenous?
Answer: 3.7%

Question: In the 2001 census, how much of Bolivia's population was labeled as being indigenous?
Answer: 66.4%

Question: How many cultures does the Constitution of Bolivia recognize?
Answer: 36

Question: How many total groups of indigenous peoples are in Bolivia?
Answer: fifty
Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas

Large numbers of Bolivian highland peasants retained indigenous language, culture, customs, and communal organization throughout the Spanish conquest and the post-independence period. They mobilized to resist various attempts at the dissolution of communal landholdings and used legal recognition of "empowered caciques" to further communal organization. Indigenous revolts took place frequently until 1953. While the National Revolutionary Movement government begun in 1952 discouraged self-identification as indigenous (reclassifying rural people as campesinos, or peasants), renewed ethnic and class militancy re-emerged in the Katarista movement beginning in the 1970s. Lowland indigenous peoples, mostly in the east, entered national politics through the 1990 March for Territory and Dignity organized by the CIDOB confederation. That march successfully pressured the national government to sign the ILO Convention 169 and to begin the still-ongoing process of recognizing and titling indigenous territories. The 1994 Law of Popular Participation granted "grassroots territorial organizations" that are recognized by the state certain rights to govern local areas.

Question: Who retained indigenous language and culture after the Spanish conquest?
Answer: Bolivian highland peasants

Question: What did the highland peasants resist attempts at?
Answer: dissolution of communal landholdings

Question: What took place frequently until 1953?
Answer: Indigenous revolts

Question: What re-emerged during the Katarista movement in the 1970s?
Answer: ethnic and class militancy

Question: What march successfully pressured the national government to sign the ILO Convetion 169?
Answer: March for Territory and Dignity
Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas

Morales began work on his "indigenous autonomy" policy, which he launched in the eastern lowlands department on August 3, 2009, making Bolivia the first country in the history of South America to affirm the right of indigenous people to govern themselves. Speaking in Santa Cruz Department, the President called it "a historic day for the peasant and indigenous movement", saying that, though he might make errors, he would "never betray the fight started by our ancestors and the fight of the Bolivian people". A vote on further autonomy will take place in referendums which are expected to be held in December 2009. The issue has divided the country.

Question: Who came up with a policy for indigenous autonomy?
Answer: Morales

Question: When did Morales launch his policy in the eastern lowlands?
Answer: 2009

Question: What was Bolivia the first country in the history of South America to do?
Answer: affirm the right of indigenous people to govern themselves

Question: What did the President vow he would never betray?
Answer: fight

Question: What effect has the issue of indigenous autonomy had on Bolivia?
Answer: divided
Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas

Indigenous peoples of Brazil make up 0.4% of Brazil's population, or about 700,000 people, even though millions of Brazilians have some indigenous ancestry. Indigenous peoples are found in the entire territory of Brazil, although the majority of them live in Indian reservations in the North and Center-Western part of the country. On January 18, 2007, FUNAI reported that it had confirmed the presence of 67 different uncontacted tribes in Brazil, up from 40 in 2005. With this addition Brazil has now overtaken the island of New Guinea as the country having the largest number of uncontacted tribes.

Question: How much of Brazil's population is comprised of indigenous peoples?
Answer: 0.4%

Question: How many Brazillians have some indigenous ancestry?
Answer: millions

Question: Where do the majority of the indigenous people of Brazil live?
Answer: Indian reservations

Question: How many different uncontacted tribes were confirmed in Brazil in 2007?
Answer: 67

Question: What country has the largest number of uncontacted tribes?
Answer: Brazil
Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas

Aboriginal peoples in Canada comprise the First Nations, Inuit and Métis; the descriptors "Indian" and "Eskimo" are falling into disuse, and other than in neighboring Alaska. "Eskimo" is considered derogatory in many other places because it was given by non-Inuit people and was said to mean "eater of raw meat." Hundreds of Aboriginal nations evolved trade, spiritual and social hierarchies. The Métis culture of mixed blood originated in the mid-17th century when First Nation and native Inuit married European settlers. The Inuit had more limited interaction with European settlers during that early period. Various laws, treaties, and legislation have been enacted between European immigrants and First Nations across Canada. Aboriginal Right to Self-Government provides opportunity to manage historical, cultural, political, health care and economic control aspects within first people's communities.

Question: What is the term Eskimo said to mean?
Answer: "eater of raw meat."

Question: First Nations and Inuit are labels for what peoples in Canada?
Answer: Aboriginal

Question: How many Aboriginal nations evolved trade, as well as spiritual and social hierarchies?
Answer: Hundreds

Question: What resulted from First Nation and Inuit people marrying European settlers?
Answer: The Métis culture

Question: What has been enacted between European immigrants and First Nations across Canada?
Answer: Various laws, treaties, and legislation