Divyanshu67/squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
Circadian_rhythm

Studies by Nathaniel Kleitman in 1938 and by Derk-Jan Dijk and Charles Czeisler in the 1990s put human subjects on enforced 28-hour sleep–wake cycles, in constant dim light and with other time cues suppressed, for over a month. Because normal people cannot entrain to a 28-hour day in dim light if at all,[citation needed] this is referred to as a forced desynchrony protocol. Sleep and wake episodes are uncoupled from the endogenous circadian period of about 24.18 hours and researchers are allowed to assess the effects of circadian phase on aspects of sleep and wakefulness including sleep latency and other functions.[page needed]

Question: What time cycle did studies in 1938 and 1990s use on humans?
Answer: 28-hour

Question: What conditions were suppressed in the 28 hour wake-sleep cycle studies ?
Answer: time cues

Question: How long did the suppression of time clues study last?
Answer: month

Question: What is this forced type of study called?
Answer: forced desynchrony

Question: When in the cycle do wake-sleep cycles break off from the circadian period?
Answer: 24.18 hours

Question: What did Kleitman do in the 1990's?

Question: Whar dir Czeisler do in 1938?

Question: When can normal people adjust to a 28 hr sleep cycle?

Question: What happens at 24.5 hours?
Circadian_rhythm

Shift-work or chronic jet-lag have profound consequences on circadian and metabolic events in the body. Animals that are forced to eat during their resting period show increased body mass and altered expression of clock and metabolic genes.[medical citation needed] In humans, shift-work that favors irregular eating times is associated with altered insulin sensitivity and higher body mass. Shift-work also leads to increased metabolic risks for cardio-metabolic syndrome, hypertension, inflammation.

Question: What effect does jet-lag and shift-work have on the human body?
Answer: profound consequences

Question: Animals that eat during resting periods show what body increase?
Answer: body mass

Question: How does irregular eating during shift-work effect insulin?
Answer: insulin sensitivity

Question: Besides insulin sensitivity, what other effect does shift-work have on the body?
Answer: higher body mass

Question: What type of work can lead to heart, hypertension and inflammation?
Answer: Shift-work

Question: What does shift work have little effect on?

Question: What causes animals to have decreased body mass?

Question: What decreases insulin sensativity?

Question: What kind of work leads to lower body mass?
Circadian_rhythm

Studies conducted on both animals and humans show major bidirectional relationships between the circadian system and abusive drugs. It is indicated that these abusive drugs affect the central circadian pacemaker. Individuals suffering from substance abuse display disrupted rhythms. These disrupted rhythms can increase the risk for substance abuse and relapse. It is possible that genetic and/or environmental disturbances to the normal sleep and wake cycle can increase the susceptibility to addiction.

Question: What do studies show has a bidirectional relationship with the circadian system?
Answer: abusive drugs

Question: What do abusive drugs effect in the circadian system?
Answer: circadian pacemaker

Question: What do drug abusers show in their circadian processes?
Answer: disrupted rhythms

Question: What can the disrupted circadian system cause?
Answer: abuse and relapse

Question: What can disruption to genetics and environment in the sleep cycle cause?
Answer: susceptibility to addiction

Question: What studies show a minor relationship between the circadian system and drug abuse?

Question: What is displayed by individuals when not abusing drugs?

Question: What do steady rhythms increase?

Question: What may be increased by a person's normal sleep and wake cycle?
Circadian_rhythm

What drove circadian rhythms to evolve has been an enigmatic question. Previous hypotheses emphasized that photosensitive proteins and circadian rhythms may have originated together in the earliest cells, with the purpose of protecting replicating DNA from high levels of damaging ultraviolet radiation during the daytime. As a result, replication was relegated to the dark. However, evidence for this is lacking, since the simplest organisms with a circadian rhythm, the cyanobacteria, do the opposite of this - they divide more in the daytime. Recent studies instead highlight the importance of co-evolution of redox proteins with circadian oscillators in all three kingdoms of life following the Great Oxidation Event approximately 2.3 billion years ago. The current view is that circadian changes in environmental oxygen levels and the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the presence of daylight are likely to have driven a need to evolve circadian rhythms to preempt, and therefore counteract, damaging redox reactions on a daily basis.

Question: What is theorized to have evolved with circadian rhythms?
Answer: photosensitive proteins

Question: What is thought that circadian rhythm evolved to protect?
Answer: replicating DNA

Question: From what did  DNA need to be protected in the earliest cells? 
Answer: ultraviolet radiation

Question: One possible reason for the development of the circadian system is the need to counteract what ?
Answer: redox reactions

Question: What environmental event occurred 2.3 million years ago?
Answer: Great Oxidation Event

Question: What type of proteins developed as a result of circadian rhythms?

Question: What developed to protect replicating DNA from ultraviolet radiation and night?

Question: What type of replication is only done during the day?

Question: What simple organism provides evidence the DNA replicates at night?

Question: What event occurred approximately 2.3 million years ago?
Circadian_rhythm

Mutations or deletions of clock gene in mice have demonstrated the importance of body clocks to ensure the proper timing of cellular/metabolic events; clock-mutant mice are hyperphagic and obese, and have altered glucose metabolism. In mice, deletion of the Rev-ErbA alpha clock gene facilitates diet-induced obesity and changes the balance between glucose and lipid utilization predisposing to diabetes. However, it is not clear whether there is a strong association between clock gene polymorphisms in humans and the susceptibility to develop the metabolic syndrome.

Question: What is the body clock gene in animals necessary to ensure?
Answer: cellular/metabolic events

Question: What do mice without the clock gene become?
Answer: hyperphagic and obese

Question: Beside obesity, how else does the lack of a circadian clock effect   the mice?
Answer: glucose metabolism

Question: How certain is it that these circadian clock  effects are the same in humans?
Answer: not clear

Question: What gene needs to be deleted to cause obesity in mice?
Answer: Rev-ErbA alpha clock

Question: What does thhe addition of the clock gene in mice demonstrate?

Question: what happens to mice with the clock gene?

Question: what facilitates nondiiet induced obesity in mice?

Question: what effects are proven to be identical in mice and humans?

Question: Deletion of what gene in himans causes diabetes?
Circadian_rhythm

The primary circadian "clock" in mammals is located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (or nuclei) (SCN), a pair of distinct groups of cells located in the hypothalamus. Destruction of the SCN results in the complete absence of a regular sleep–wake rhythm. The SCN receives information about illumination through the eyes. The retina of the eye contains "classical" photoreceptors ("rods" and "cones"), which are used for conventional vision. But the retina also contains specialized ganglion cells that are directly photosensitive, and project directly to the SCN, where they help in the entrainment (synchronization) of this master circadian clock.

Question: Where is the primary circadian gene located in humans?
Answer: suprachiasmatic nucleus

Question: Where are these cell groups found in humans?
Answer: hypothalamus

Question: What would the loss of the SCN cells cause in the sleep-wake rhythm?
Answer: complete absence

Question: What provides information to the SCN?
Answer: eyes

Question: What special cells in the eyes communicate directly to the SCN cells?
Answer: ganglion

Question: Where is the secondary circadian clocl located?

Question: What surrounds the hypothalamus?

Question: What do the SCN cells cause in the sleep-wake rythem?

Question: What do the SCN recieve through the skin?

Question: What does the pupil contain that are directly photosensative?
Circadian_rhythm

Early research into circadian rhythms suggested that most people preferred a day closer to 25 hours when isolated from external stimuli like daylight and timekeeping. However, this research was faulty because it failed to shield the participants from artificial light. Although subjects were shielded from time cues (like clocks) and daylight, the researchers were not aware of the phase-delaying effects of indoor electric lights.[dubious – discuss] The subjects were allowed to turn on light when they were awake and to turn it off when they wanted to sleep. Electric light in the evening delayed their circadian phase.[citation needed] A more stringent study conducted in 1999 by Harvard University estimated the natural human rhythm to be closer to 24 hours, 11 minutes: much closer to the solar day but still not perfectly in sync.

Question: What did early research show people preferred as a day length?
Answer: 25 hours

Question: What was the fault not considered in the early theories of day length?
Answer: artificial light

Question: What did electric lighting in the evening do to the test subjects circadian phase?
Answer: delayed

Question: When did more stringent testing determine that humans preferred a 24 hour day? 
Answer: 1999

Question: To what is the 24 hours, 11 minutes day outcome of research closest ?
Answer: solar day

Question: Who prefers a 25 hour day when exposed to stimuli like daylight?

Question: What did the research shield the participants from?

Question: Who was aware of the phase-delaying effect of indoor ekectric lights?

Question: When did testing determine peple preferred a 25 hour day?

Question: Who estimated the human rythem was in perfect sinc with the solar day?
Circadian_rhythm

More-or-less independent circadian rhythms are found in many organs and cells in the body outside the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN), the "master clock". These clocks, called peripheral oscillators, are found in the adrenal gland,[citation needed] oesophagus, lungs, liver, pancreas, spleen, thymus, and skin.[citation needed] Though oscillators in the skin respond to light, a systemic influence has not been proven. There is also some evidence that the olfactory bulb and prostate may experience oscillations when cultured, suggesting that these structures may also be weak oscillators.[citation needed]

Question: Where else beside the SCN cells are independent circadian rhythms also found?
Answer: organs and cells

Question: What is the term for the independent clocks?
Answer: peripheral oscillators

Question: What is the SCN considered to be in comparison to the peripheral oscillators?
Answer: master clock

Question: In what body gland are the peripheral oscillators located?
Answer: adrenal gland

Question: To what do oscillators in the skin respond?
Answer: light

Question: Where are dependent circadian rythems found?

Question: What is the term for dependent clocks?

Question: What in the skin responds to temperature?

Question: What structures are strong oscillators?
Elizabeth_II

Elizabeth's many historic visits and meetings include a state visit to the Republic of Ireland and reciprocal visits to and from the Pope. She has seen major constitutional changes, such as devolution in the United Kingdom, Canadian patriation, and the decolonisation of Africa. She has also reigned through various wars and conflicts involving many of her realms. She is the world's oldest reigning monarch as well as Britain's longest-lived. In 2015, she surpassed the reign of her great-great-grandmother, Queen Victoria, to become the longest-reigning British head of state and the longest-reigning queen regnant in world history.

Question: Who is the world's oldest reigning monarch?
Answer: Elizabeth

Question: Than which queen has Elizabeth ruled longer?
Answer: Queen Victoria

Question: How is Victoria related to Elizabeth?
Answer: great-great-grandmother

Question: In what year did Elizabeth pass Victoria's length of rule?
Answer: 2015

Question: In the history of what is Elizabeth the longest reigning queen?
Answer: world history

Question: What was the last year that Elizabeth did a state visit in the Republic of Ireland?

Question: When was the last year Elizabeth traveled to the Vatican to visit the Pope?

Question: Who had the shortest reign on the British throne?

Question: When was the last year the Pope traveled to England to meet Elizabeth?

Question: Who became Queen of England at the youngest age?
Elizabeth_II

During the war, plans were drawn up to quell Welsh nationalism by affiliating Elizabeth more closely with Wales. Proposals, such as appointing her Constable of Caernarfon Castle or a patron of Urdd Gobaith Cymru (the Welsh League of Youth), were abandoned for various reasons, which included a fear of associating Elizabeth with conscientious objectors in the Urdd, at a time when Britain was at war. Welsh politicians suggested that she be made Princess of Wales on her 18th birthday. Home Secretary, Herbert Morrison supported the idea, but the King rejected it because he felt such a title belonged solely to the wife of a Prince of Wales and the Prince of Wales had always been the heir apparent. In 1946, she was inducted into the Welsh Gorsedd of Bards at the National Eisteddfod of Wales.

Question: Who did England propose to affiliate with Wales to quell Welsh nationalism?
Answer: Elizabeth

Question: Why did Britain not want Elizabeth to associate with conscientious objectors?
Answer: Britain was at war

Question: What did Elizabeth join in 1946?
Answer: Welsh Gorsedd of Bards

Question: Who was the always the Prince of Wales?
Answer: heir apparent

Question: Who wanted to name Elizabeth Princess of Wales?
Answer: Herbert Morrison

Question: In what year was the Welsh League of Youth established?

Question: In what year did Herbert Morrison become Home Secretary?

Question: In what year was the Welsh Gorsedd of Bards established?

Question: Who rejected the idea of Elizabeth being appointed as the Constable of Caernarfon Castle?

Question: Who rejected the idea of Elizabeth being appointed as patron of Urdd Gobaith Cymru?
Elizabeth_II

Elizabeth and Philip were married on 20 November 1947 at Westminster Abbey. They received 2500 wedding gifts from around the world. Because Britain had not yet completely recovered from the devastation of the war, Elizabeth required ration coupons to buy the material for her gown, which was designed by Norman Hartnell. In post-war Britain, it was not acceptable for the Duke of Edinburgh's German relations, including his three surviving sisters, to be invited to the wedding. The Duke of Windsor, formerly King Edward VIII, was not invited either.

Question: When were Elizabeth and Philip married?
Answer: 20 November 1947

Question: At what famous cathedral was Elizabeth married?
Answer: Westminster Abbey

Question: How many wedding gifts did Elizabeth and Philip receive?
Answer: 2500

Question: Who designed Elizabeth's wedding gown?
Answer: Norman Hartnell

Question: What former King was not invited to the wedding?
Answer: Duke of Windsor

Question: How many gifts did Elizabeth and Philip receive from British citizens?

Question: How many people attended Elizabeth and Philip's wedding?

Question: How many sisters did Philip have in all?

Question: In what year did King Edward VIII abdicate the throne?

Question: How many ration coupons did Elizabeth need to buy for her gown?
Elizabeth_II

Amid preparations for the coronation, Princess Margaret informed her sister that she wished to marry Peter Townsend, a divorcé‚ 16 years Margaret's senior, with two sons from his previous marriage. The Queen asked them to wait for a year; in the words of Martin Charteris, "the Queen was naturally sympathetic towards the Princess, but I think she thought—she hoped—given time, the affair would peter out." Senior politicians were against the match and the Church of England did not permit remarriage after divorce. If Margaret had contracted a civil marriage, she would have been expected to renounce her right of succession. Eventually, she decided to abandon her plans with Townsend. In 1960, she married Antony Armstrong-Jones, who was created Earl of Snowdon the following year. They divorced in 1978; she did not remarry.

Question: Who did Princess Margaret want to marry?
Answer: Peter Townsend

Question: What did Queen Elizabeth ask Margaret to do instead of marring Townsend?
Answer: wait for a year

Question: What act would the Church of England not permit?
Answer: remarriage after divorce

Question: Who did Princess Margaret marry in 1960?
Answer: Antony Armstrong-Jones

Question: What title was Armstrong-Jones given?
Answer: Earl of Snowdon

Question: What is the name of one of Peter Townsend's sons?

Question: In what year did Princess Margaret break up with Peter Townsend?

Question: How much older was Antony Armstrong-Jones than Princess Margaret?

Question: What was the Earl of Snowdon named?

Question: What was Martin Charteris' marital status in 1960?
Elizabeth_II

The Suez crisis and the choice of Eden's successor led in 1957 to the first major personal criticism of the Queen. In a magazine, which he owned and edited, Lord Altrincham accused her of being "out of touch". Altrincham was denounced by public figures and slapped by a member of the public appalled by his comments. Six years later, in 1963, Macmillan resigned and advised the Queen to appoint the Earl of Home as prime minister, advice that she followed. The Queen again came under criticism for appointing the prime minister on the advice of a small number of ministers or a single minister. In 1965, the Conservatives adopted a formal mechanism for electing a leader, thus relieving her of involvement.

Question: Aside from her choice of Eden's successor, what crisis caused Elizabeth to be criticized?
Answer: Suez crisis

Question: What did Lord Altrincham accuse Elizabeth of being?
Answer: out of touch

Question: When did Macmillan resign?
Answer: 1963

Question: Who did Elizabeth appoint as Prime Minister after the resignation of Macmillan?
Answer: Earl of Home

Question: When was a formal mechanism for electing the Minister adopted?
Answer: 1965

Question: In what year did Lord Altrincham begin to own a newspaper?

Question: Who was one of the prominent people who criticized Elizabeth for appointing the Earl of Home as prime minister?

Question: In what year did Lord Altrincham die?

Question: How many ministers did Elizabeth consult before naming Eden as the prime minister?

Question: In what year did the Earl of Home receive his title?
Elizabeth_II

A year later, at the height of the 1975 Australian constitutional crisis, the Australian Prime Minister, Gough Whitlam, was dismissed from his post by Governor-General Sir John Kerr, after the Opposition-controlled Senate rejected Whitlam's budget proposals. As Whitlam had a majority in the House of Representatives, Speaker Gordon Scholes appealed to the Queen to reverse Kerr's decision. She declined, stating that she would not interfere in decisions reserved by the Constitution of Australia for the governor-general. The crisis fuelled Australian republicanism.

Question: During the Australian constitutional crisis, what Prime Minister was dismissed?
Answer: Gough Whitlam

Question: Who dismissed Whilam from the post of Australian Prime Minister?
Answer: Governor-General Sir John Kerr

Question: What did Whitlam have in the House of Representatives?
Answer: a majority

Question: Who appealed to Elizabeth to reverse the dismissal of Whitlam?
Answer: Speaker Gordon Scholes

Question: What did Elizabeth decline to do in response to the appeal by Scholes?
Answer: interfere

Question: In what year did Gough Whitlam become prime minister of Australia?

Question: In what year did Sir John Kerr become governor-general of Australia?

Question: In what year did Gordon Scholes become Speaker of the House of Representatives in Australia?

Question: Who wanted Queen Elizabeth to approve of Sir John Kerr's decision to dismiss Gough Whitlam?
Elizabeth_II

In 1987, in Canada, Elizabeth publicly supported politically divisive constitutional amendments, prompting criticism from opponents of the proposed changes, including Pierre Trudeau. The same year, the elected Fijian government was deposed in a military coup. Elizabeth, as monarch of Fiji, supported the attempts of the Governor-General, Ratu Sir Penaia Ganilau, to assert executive power and negotiate a settlement. Coup leader Sitiveni Rabuka deposed Ganilau and declared Fiji a republic. By the start of 1991, republican feeling in Britain had risen because of press estimates of the Queen's private wealth—which were contradicted by the Palace—and reports of affairs and strained marriages among her extended family. The involvement of the younger royals in the charity game show It's a Royal Knockout was ridiculed and the Queen was the target of satire.

Question: When did Elizabeth support constitutional amendments in Canada?
Answer: 1987

Question: What politician criticized the proposed changes?
Answer: Pierre Trudeau

Question: In 1987 what elected government was removed in a coup?
Answer: Fijian government

Question: What did coup leader Sitiveni Rabuka declare Fiji to be?
Answer: republic

Question: In 1991 what money issue of the Queen was a feature of public criticism?
Answer: private wealth

Question: What government was Pierre Trudeau prime minister of in 1987?

Question: In what year did Ratu Sir Penaia Ganilau become Governor-General of Fiji?

Question: In what year did It's a Royal Knockout air?

Question: Who was one of the younger royals who appeared on It's a Royal Knockout?

Question: Who in the press made estimates about the Queen's private wealth?
Elizabeth_II

In 2002, Elizabeth marked her Golden Jubilee. Her sister and mother died in February and March respectively, and the media speculated whether the Jubilee would be a success or a failure. She again undertook an extensive tour of her realms, which began in Jamaica in February, where she called the farewell banquet "memorable" after a power cut plunged the King's House, the official residence of the governor-general, into darkness. As in 1977, there were street parties and commemorative events, and monuments were named to honour the occasion. A million people attended each day of the three-day main Jubilee celebration in London, and the enthusiasm shown by the public for the Queen was greater than many journalists had expected.

Question: What did Elizabeth celebrate in 2002?
Answer: Golden Jubilee

Question: When did Elizabeth's mother die in 2002?
Answer: March

Question: What relative of Elizabeth died in February of 2002?
Answer: Her sister

Question: How many people in London attended each day of the the three day event? 
Answer: million

Question: What group was surprised by the public's approval of the Queen?
Answer: journalists

Question: In what year was the King's House in Jamaica built?

Question: What was Elizabeth's mother's name?

Question: Where did Elizabeth realms tour end in 2002?

Question: In what month did Elizabeth's tour of her realms end in 2002?

Question: How many people saw Elizabeth when she was in Jamaica?
Elizabeth_II

The Queen, who opened the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, also opened the 2012 Summer Olympics and Paralympics in London, making her the first head of state to open two Olympic Games in two different countries. For the London Olympics, she played herself in a short film as part of the opening ceremony, alongside Daniel Craig as James Bond. On 4 April 2013, she received an honorary BAFTA for her patronage of the film industry and was called "the most memorable Bond girl yet" at the award ceremony.

Question: When did Elizabeth open the Summer Olympics in Montreal?
Answer: 1976

Question: When did Queen Elizabeth open the Summer Olympics in London?
Answer: 2012

Question: For what event did Elizabeth appear in a film as part of the opening ceremonies?
Answer: London Olympics

Question: What actor also appeared with Elizabeth in the film?
Answer: Daniel Craig

Question: For what activity related to the film industry did Elizabeth receive a BAFTA award?
Answer: patronage

Question: Who directed the short film Elizabeth appeared in for the 2012 Summer Olympics?

Question: On what date did the Summer Olympics start in 2012?

Question: Who was the seventh actor to portray James Bond?

Question: In what year did the BAFTA awards start?
Elizabeth_II

Elizabeth's personal fortune has been the subject of speculation for many years. Jock Colville, who was her former private secretary and a director of her bank, Coutts, estimated her wealth in 1971 at £2 million (equivalent to about £25 million today). In 1993, Buckingham Palace called estimates of £100 million "grossly overstated". She inherited an estimated £70 million estate from her mother in 2002. The Sunday Times Rich List 2015 estimated her private wealth at £340 million, making her the 302nd richest person in the UK.

Question: What has been a subject of speculation concerning Elizabeth's wealth?
Answer: personal fortune

Question: What was Elizabeth's wealth extimated to be in 1971?
Answer: £2 million

Question: What did the palace call estimates of Elizabeth wealth in 1993?
Answer: "grossly overstated"

Question: What did the Sunday Times estimate Elizabeth's fortune to be in 2015?
Answer: £340 million

Question: Where does Elizabeth's wealth place her in the list of the richest in the UK?
Answer: 302nd

Question: In what year did Jock Colville become Elizabeth's private secretary?

Question: How much was Elizabeth worth in 1993 according to Buckingham Palace?

Question: Who is the wealthiest person in the UK as of 2015?

Question: In what year did Jock Colville leave Elizabeth's service?

Question: In what year did Jock Colville become the director of the Coutts bank?
Elizabeth_II

Times of personal significance have included the births and marriages of her children, grandchildren and great grandchildren, her coronation in 1953, and the celebration of milestones such as her Silver, Golden and Diamond Jubilees in 1977, 2002, and 2012, respectively. Moments of sadness for her include the death of her father, aged 56; the assassination of Prince Philip's uncle, Lord Mountbatten; the breakdown of her children's marriages in 1992 (her annus horribilis); the death in 1997 of her son's former wife, Diana, Princess of Wales; and the deaths of her mother and sister in 2002. Elizabeth has occasionally faced republican sentiments and severe press criticism of the royal family, but support for the monarchy and her personal popularity remain high.

Question: When was Elizabeth's coronation?
Answer: 1953

Question: When was Elizabeth's Diamond Jubilee?
Answer: 2012

Question: How old was Elizabeth's father at the time of his death?
Answer: 56

Question: How did Prince Philip's uncle, Lord Mounbatten, die?
Answer: assassination

Question: In what year did Elizabeth's  son's ex-wife die?
Answer: 1997

Question: In what year was Lord Mountbatten assassinated?

Question: How old was Elizabeth when her mother died?

Question: How did Elizabeth's father die?

Question: In what year did Diana, Princess of Wales, marry Elizabeth's son?

Question: How old was Lord Mountbatten when he was assassinated?
Elizabeth_II

Despite the death of Queen Mary on 24 March, the coronation on 2 June 1953 went ahead as planned, as Mary had asked before she died. The ceremony in Westminster Abbey, with the exception of the anointing and communion, was televised for the first time.[d] Elizabeth's coronation gown was embroidered on her instructions with the floral emblems of Commonwealth countries: English Tudor rose; Scots thistle; Welsh leek; Irish shamrock; Australian wattle; Canadian maple leaf; New Zealand silver fern; South African protea; lotus flowers for India and Ceylon; and Pakistan's wheat, cotton, and jute.

Question: When was the coronation of Elizabeth as Queen?
Answer: 2 June 1953

Question: How was much of the ceremony of Elizabeth's coronation presented to the public?
Answer: televised

Question: What Commonwealth symbols were embroidered on Elizabeth's gown?
Answer: floral emblems

Question: What is the emblem of England?
Answer: Tudor rose

Question: What people have a thistle for their Commonwealth emblem?
Answer: Scots

Question: When was the first ceremony at Westminster Abbey to be broadcast on the radio?

Question: What floral emblem was highest on Elizabeth's coronation dress?

Question: What floral emblem was lowest on Elizabeth's coronation dress?

Question: What floral emblem was most prominent on Elizabeth's coronation dress?

Question: What floral emblem was on the back of Elizabeth's coronation dress?
Elizabeth_II

In 1957, she made a state visit to the United States, where she addressed the United Nations General Assembly on behalf of the Commonwealth. On the same tour, she opened the 23rd Canadian Parliament, becoming the first monarch of Canada to open a parliamentary session. Two years later, solely in her capacity as Queen of Canada, she revisited the United States and toured Canada. In 1961, she toured Cyprus, India, Pakistan, Nepal, and Iran. On a visit to Ghana the same year, she dismissed fears for her safety, even though her host, President Kwame Nkrumah, who had replaced her as head of state, was a target for assassins. Harold Macmillan wrote, "The Queen has been absolutely determined all through ... She is impatient of the attitude towards her to treat her as ... a film star ... She has indeed 'the heart and stomach of a man' ... She loves her duty and means to be a Queen." Before her tour through parts of Quebec in 1964, the press reported that extremists within the Quebec separatist movement were plotting Elizabeth's assassination. No attempt was made, but a riot did break out while she was in Montreal; the Queen's "calmness and courage in the face of the violence" was noted.

Question: When did Elizabeth address the UN General Assembly?
Answer: 1957

Question: What parliamentary session did Elizabeth open in 1957 while on tour? 
Answer: 23rd Canadian Parliament

Question: On a tour to Ghana in 1961 what did Elizabeth dismiss as a fear?
Answer: her safety

Question: In 1964 what was reported that Quebec extremists planned ?
Answer: Elizabeth's assassination

Question: In 1961 what was the first country Elizabeth made a state visit to?

Question: In 1961 what was the last country Elizabeth made a state visit to?

Question: In what year did President Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana replace Elizabeth as the head of state?

Question: In what Canadian city is the Canadian Parliament?

Question: In what year did Harold Macmillan die?
Elizabeth_II

In 1977, Elizabeth marked the Silver Jubilee of her accession. Parties and events took place throughout the Commonwealth, many coinciding with her associated national and Commonwealth tours. The celebrations re-affirmed the Queen's popularity, despite virtually coincident negative press coverage of Princess Margaret's separation from her husband. In 1978, the Queen endured a state visit to the United Kingdom by Romania's communist dictator, Nicolae Ceaușescu, and his wife, Elena, though privately she thought they had "blood on their hands". The following year brought two blows: one was the unmasking of Anthony Blunt, former Surveyor of the Queen's Pictures, as a communist spy; the other was the assassination of her relative and in-law Lord Mountbatten by the Provisional Irish Republican Army.

Question: What Jubilee did Elizabeth celebrate in 1977?
Answer: Silver

Question: When did Princess Margaret separate from her husband?
Answer: 1977

Question: In what year did Nicolae Ceausescu visit the UK?
Answer: 1978

Question: Who, in 1979, was discovered to be a communist spy?
Answer: Anthony Blunt

Question: What group assassinated Lord Mountbatten?
Answer: Provisional Irish Republican Army

Question: In what year did Princess Margaret divorce her husband?

Question: In what year did Nicolae Ceausescu become the communist dictator of Romania?

Question: In what year did Anthony Blunt cease to be the Surveyor of the Queen's Pictures?

Question: In what year did Nicolae Ceausescu die?

Question: In what year did Anthony Blunt die?
Elizabeth_II

In the 1950s, as a young woman at the start of her reign, Elizabeth was depicted as a glamorous "fairytale Queen". After the trauma of the Second World War, it was a time of hope, a period of progress and achievement heralding a "new Elizabethan age". Lord Altrincham's accusation in 1957 that her speeches sounded like those of a "priggish schoolgirl" was an extremely rare criticism. In the late 1960s, attempts to portray a more modern image of the monarchy were made in the television documentary Royal Family and by televising Prince Charles's investiture as Prince of Wales. In public, she took to wearing mostly solid-colour overcoats and decorative hats, which allow her to be seen easily in a crowd.

Question: As what was Elizabeth portrayed in the 1950s?
Answer: "fairytale Queen"

Question: What was the time after WWII heralded as?
Answer: "new Elizabethan age"

Question: Of what did Lord Altrincham say Elizabeth's speeches resembled?
Answer: "priggish schoolgirl"

Question: What investiture featuring Prince Charles was televised in the late 1960s?
Answer: Prince of Wales

Question: In the 1960s, what did Elizabeth begin wearing to events ?
Answer: solid-colour overcoats

Question: In what year did Lord Altrincham receive his lordship?

Question: What does Prince Charles tend to wear out in public?

Question: Who directed the television documentary Royal Family in the late 1960s?

Question: who first called it a "new Elizabethan age"?

Question: What has Prince Charles been accused of by one of his critics?
Elizabeth_II

The Royal Collection, which includes thousands of historic works of art and the Crown Jewels, is not owned by the Queen personally but is held in trust, as are her official residences, such as Buckingham Palace and Windsor Castle, and the Duchy of Lancaster, a property portfolio valued in 2014 at £442 million. Sandringham House and Balmoral Castle are privately owned by the Queen. The British Crown Estate – with holdings of £9.4 billion in 2014 – is held in trust by the sovereign and cannot be sold or owned by Elizabeth in a private capacity.

Question: What famous jewelry collection is held in trust by Elizabeth?
Answer: Crown Jewels

Question: What residences of Elizabeth are held in trust and not owned by Elizabeth?
Answer: official residences

Question: What Scottish estate is privately owned by Elizabeth?
Answer: Balmoral Castle

Question: How much is the worth of the British Crown Estate?
Answer: £9.4 billion

Question: How is the British Crown Estate held by Elizabeth?
Answer: in trust

Question: How much is Buckingham Palace said to be worth as of 2014?

Question: Where are the Crown Jewels on display?

Question: Where does Elizabeth spend most of her time nowadays?

Question: How much was Elizabeth worth as of 2014?

Question: As of 2014 how much is Windsor Castle worth?
Elizabeth_II

Elizabeth's only sibling, Princess Margaret, was born in 1930. The two princesses were educated at home under the supervision of their mother and their governess, Marion Crawford, who was casually known as "Crawfie". Lessons concentrated on history, language, literature and music. Crawford published a biography of Elizabeth and Margaret's childhood years entitled The Little Princesses in 1950, much to the dismay of the royal family. The book describes Elizabeth's love of horses and dogs, her orderliness, and her attitude of responsibility. Others echoed such observations: Winston Churchill described Elizabeth when she was two as "a character. She has an air of authority and reflectiveness astonishing in an infant." Her cousin Margaret Rhodes described her as "a jolly little girl, but fundamentally sensible and well-behaved".

Question: Who was Elizabeth only sibling?P
Answer: Princess Margaret

Question: When was Princess Margaret born?
Answer: 1930

Question: Where were the royal princesses educated?
Answer: at home

Question: Who was Marion Crawford to the princesses?
Answer: governess

Question: What was the title of the book written by Crawford about the princesses?
Answer: The Little Princesses

Question: What was Elizabeth and Princess Margaret's mothers name?

Question: What did Princess Margaret love as a child?

Question: What attitude of Princess Margaret did Marion Crawford wrote she had?

Question: In what year did Marion Crawford die?

Question: In what year was Margaret Rhodes born?
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In 1943, at the age of 16, Elizabeth undertook her first solo public appearance on a visit to the Grenadier Guards, of which she had been appointed colonel the previous year. As she approached her 18th birthday, parliament changed the law so that she could act as one of five Counsellors of State in the event of her father's incapacity or absence abroad, such as his visit to Italy in July 1944. In February 1945, she joined the Women's Auxiliary Territorial Service as an honorary second subaltern with the service number of 230873. She trained as a driver and mechanic and was promoted to honorary junior commander five months later.

Question: At what age was Elizabeth when she went on her first solo public appearance?
Answer: 16

Question: Where did Elizabeth visit on her first solo public appearance?
Answer: Grenadier Guards

Question: In case of her father's absence, in what capacity could Elizabeth act? 
Answer: Counsellors of State

Question: When did Elizabeth join the Women's Auxiliary Territorial Service?
Answer: February 1945

Question: In what capacity did Elizabeth serve in the Auxiliary?
Answer: driver and mechanic

Question: In what year was the Women's Auxiliary Territorial Service started?

Question: In what year was the Grenadier Guards started?

Question: How old was Elizabeth in July 1944?

Question: How old was Elizabeth in February 1945?
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The engagement was not without controversy: Philip had no financial standing, was foreign-born (though a British subject who had served in the Royal Navy throughout the Second World War), and had sisters who had married German noblemen with Nazi links. Marion Crawford wrote, "Some of the King's advisors did not think him good enough for her. He was a prince without a home or kingdom. Some of the papers played long and loud tunes on the string of Philip's foreign origin." Elizabeth's mother was reported, in later biographies, to have opposed the union initially, even dubbing Philip "The Hun". In later life, however, she told biographer Tim Heald that Philip was "an English gentleman".

Question: Where did Philip serve during WWII?
Answer: Royal Navy

Question: To whom did Philip's sisters marry?
Answer: German noblemen

Question: What did Elizabeth's mother call Philip?
Answer: "The Hun"

Question: What did Elizabeth's mother later say that Philip was?
Answer: "an English gentleman"

Question: What did Crawford report that some of the King's advisers thought of Philip?
Answer: good enough

Question: What was Marion Crawford a member of?

Question: What nationality was Philip?

Question: Who was one of Philip's sisters?

Question: What was the King's name?
Elizabeth_II

During 1951, George VI's health declined and Elizabeth frequently stood in for him at public events. When she toured Canada and visited President Harry S. Truman in Washington, D.C., in October 1951, her private secretary, Martin Charteris, carried a draft accession declaration in case the King died while she was on tour. In early 1952, Elizabeth and Philip set out for a tour of Australia and New Zealand by way of Kenya. On 6 February 1952, they had just returned to their Kenyan home, Sagana Lodge, after a night spent at Treetops Hotel, when word arrived of the death of the King and consequently Elizabeth's immediate accession to the throne. Philip broke the news to the new Queen. Martin Charteris asked her to choose a regnal name; she chose to remain Elizabeth, "of course". She was proclaimed queen throughout her realms and the royal party hastily returned to the United Kingdom. She and the Duke of Edinburgh moved into Buckingham Palace.

Question: What was the state of George VI's health during 1951?
Answer: health declined

Question: On what date did Elizabeth's father, King George VI, die?
Answer: 6 February 1952

Question: In what country was Elizabeth when George VI died?
Answer: Kenya

Question: In what month in 1951 did George VI's health start to decline?

Question: In what year did Martin Charteris become Elizabeth's private secretary?

Question: On what date did the royal part arrive back in the UK?

Question: Did Elizabeth tour Australia or New Zealand first?

Question: In what month in 1952 did Elizabeth and Philip set out for their tour of Australia and New Zealand?
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In 1956, the British and French prime ministers, Sir Anthony Eden and Guy Mollet, discussed the possibility of France joining the Commonwealth. The proposal was never accepted and the following year France signed the Treaty of Rome, which established the European Economic Community, the precursor to the European Union. In November 1956, Britain and France invaded Egypt in an ultimately unsuccessful attempt to capture the Suez Canal. Lord Mountbatten claimed the Queen was opposed to the invasion, though Eden denied it. Eden resigned two months later.

Question: When did the prime ministers of Britain and France discuss the idea of France joining the Commonwealth?
Answer: 1956

Question: What did France sign instead of joining the Commonwealth?
Answer: Treaty of Rome

Question: What did the Treaty of Rome establish?
Answer: European Economic Community

Question: To what was the European Economic Community the precurser?
Answer: European Union

Question: When did Britain and France invade Egypt?
Answer: November 1956

Question: In what year did Sir Anthony Eden become the British prime minister?

Question: In what year did Guy Mollet become the French prime minister?

Question: In what year was the Suez Canal dig completed?

Question: What was the first country Britain invaded during Queen Elizabeth's rule?

Question: In what year did Queen Elizabeth get crowned?
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The 1960s and 1970s saw an acceleration in the decolonisation of Africa and the Caribbean. Over 20 countries gained independence from Britain as part of a planned transition to self-government. In 1965, however, the Rhodesian Prime Minister, Ian Smith, in opposition to moves toward majority rule, declared unilateral independence from Britain while still expressing "loyalty and devotion" to Elizabeth. Although the Queen dismissed him in a formal declaration, and the international community applied sanctions against Rhodesia, his regime survived for over a decade. As Britain's ties to its former empire weakened, the British government sought entry to the European Community, a goal it achieved in 1973.

Question: When did the decolonization of Africa and the Caribbean accelerate?
Answer: 1960s and 1970s

Question: How many countries got independence from Britain during decolonization?
Answer: Over 20 countries

Question: When did Britain join the European Community?
Answer: 1973

Question: What did the Rhodesian president declare in 1965?
Answer: independence from Britain

Question: In spite of sanctions by the international community, how long did the Ian Smith's regime last?
Answer: over a decade

Question: What was the first African country to gain independence from Britain?

Question: In what year did Ian Smith become the Prime Minister of Rhodesia?

Question: In what year was the European Community established?

Question: In what year did Rhodesia cease to exist?

Question: What was the last of 20 countries to gain independence from Britain?
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During the 1981 Trooping the Colour ceremony and only six weeks before the wedding of Charles, Prince of Wales, and Lady Diana Spencer, six shots were fired at the Queen from close range as she rode down The Mall on her horse, Burmese. Police later discovered that the shots were blanks. The 17-year-old assailant, Marcus Sarjeant, was sentenced to five years in prison and released after three. The Queen's composure and skill in controlling her mount were widely praised. From April to September 1982, the Queen remained anxious but proud of her son, Prince Andrew, who was serving with British forces during the Falklands War. On 9 July, the Queen awoke in her bedroom at Buckingham Palace to find an intruder, Michael Fagan, in the room with her. Remaining calm and through two calls to the Palace police switchboard, she spoke to Fagan while he sat at the foot of her bed until assistance arrived seven minutes later. Though she hosted US President Ronald Reagan at Windsor Castle in 1982 and visited his Californian ranch in 1983, she was angered when his administration ordered the invasion of Grenada, one of her Caribbean realms, without informing her.

Question: During what ceremony were shots fired at the Queen?
Answer: Trooping the Colour

Question: Who was the assailant who shot at Queen Elizabeth? 
Answer: Marcus Sarjeant

Question: Which of Elizabeth's sons served in the Falklands War?
Answer: Prince Andrew

Question: Who was the intruder Elizabeth awoke to find in her bedroom?
Answer: Michael Fagan

Question: What island's invasion angered Elizabeth?
Answer: Grenada

Question: In what year did Ronald Reagan order the invasion of Grenada?

Question: In what month in 1982 did Ronald Reagan visit Windsor Castle?

Question: In what month in 1983 did Elizabeth visit Reagan's California ranch?

Question: What was Elizabeth's horses name in 1983?

Question: How many years did Michael Fagan serve for breaking into Buckingham Palace?
Elizabeth_II

In the years to follow, public revelations on the state of Charles and Diana's marriage continued. Even though support for republicanism in Britain seemed higher than at any time in living memory, republicanism was still a minority viewpoint, and the Queen herself had high approval ratings. Criticism was focused on the institution of the monarchy itself and the Queen's wider family rather than her own behaviour and actions. In consultation with her husband and the Prime Minister, John Major, as well as the Archbishop of Canterbury, George Carey, and her private secretary, Robert Fellowes, she wrote to Charles and Diana at the end of December 1995, saying that a divorce was desirable.

Question: What political feeling is still a minority view in Britain?
Answer: republicanism

Question: What state of affairs produced revelations and problems for Elizabeth?
Answer: Charles and Diana's marriage

Question: In spite of criticisms what kind of approval ratings did Elizabeth have?
Answer: high

Question: What institution was being criticized during the time of Charles and Diana's breakup?
Answer: monarchy

Question: When did Elizabeth write to tell Charles and Diana to get a divorce?
Answer: December 1995

Question: What was the majority viewpoint politically in the 1990s in Britain?

Question: In what year did Charles and Diana finally get divorced?

Question: What type of approval ratings did Prime Minister John Major have?

Question: In what year did Robert Fellowes become Elizabeth's private secretary?

Question: In what year did George Carey become the Archbishop of Canterbury?