Divyanshu67/squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
Printed_circuit_board

Each trace consists of a flat, narrow part of the copper foil that remains after etching. The resistance, determined by width and thickness, of the traces must be sufficiently low for the current the conductor will carry. Power and ground traces may need to be wider than signal traces. In a multi-layer board one entire layer may be mostly solid copper to act as a ground plane for shielding and power return. For microwave circuits, transmission lines can be laid out in the form of stripline and microstrip with carefully controlled dimensions to assure a consistent impedance. In radio-frequency and fast switching circuits the inductance and capacitance of the printed circuit board conductors become significant circuit elements, usually undesired; but they can be used as a deliberate part of the circuit design, obviating the need for additional discrete components.

Question: What process is a trace left over from?
Answer: etching

Question: Along with thickness, what determines the resistance of a trace?
Answer: width

Question: What type of trace is often narrower than a ground trace?
Answer: signal

Question: In a multi-layer board, what metal would a ground plane be mostly made out of?
Answer: copper

Question: What type of circuits use a stripline and microstrip format?
Answer: microwave circuits

Question: What consists of a wide, curved part of copper foil?

Question: What needs to be narrower than signal traces?

Question: For microwave boards, transmission can be laid out how?

Question: What does not remain after etching?
Printed_circuit_board

The cloth or fiber material used, resin material, and the cloth to resin ratio determine the laminate's type designation (FR-4, CEM-1, G-10, etc.) and therefore the characteristics of the laminate produced. Important characteristics are the level to which the laminate is fire retardant, the dielectric constant (er), the loss factor (tδ), the tensile strength, the shear strength, the glass transition temperature (Tg), and the Z-axis expansion coefficient (how much the thickness changes with temperature).

Question: What element of a laminate is designated by the cloth to resin ratio, among other things?
Answer: type designation

Question: What's the name for the measurement of a laminate's change in thickness as its temperature changes?
Answer: Z-axis expansion coefficient

Question: What's the abbreviation for the glass transition temperature of a laminate?
Answer: Tg

Question: What determine's the silver's type designation?

Question: What is not considered an important characteristic?

Question: The Z-axis expansion coagulant is what?

Question: The gain factor is one of the important what?

Question: The shear sector is one of the important what?
Printed_circuit_board

There are quite a few different dielectrics that can be chosen to provide different insulating values depending on the requirements of the circuit. Some of these dielectrics are polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon), FR-4, FR-1, CEM-1 or CEM-3. Well known pre-preg materials used in the PCB industry are FR-2 (phenolic cotton paper), FR-3 (cotton paper and epoxy), FR-4 (woven glass and epoxy), FR-5 (woven glass and epoxy), FR-6 (matte glass and polyester), G-10 (woven glass and epoxy), CEM-1 (cotton paper and epoxy), CEM-2 (cotton paper and epoxy), CEM-3 (non-woven glass and epoxy), CEM-4 (woven glass and epoxy), CEM-5 (woven glass and polyester). Thermal expansion is an important consideration especially with ball grid array (BGA) and naked die technologies, and glass fiber offers the best dimensional stability.

Question: What's the common name of polytetrafluoroethylene?
Answer: Teflon

Question: What pre-preg material is designated by "FR-2"?
Answer: phenolic cotton paper

Question: To what type of packaging is thermal expansion particularly critical?
Answer: ball grid array

Question: What material delivers optimum dimensional stability?
Answer: glass fiber

Question: What dielectric is matte glass and polyester?
Answer: FR-6

Question: Thermal closure is an important what?

Question: There is only one dielectric that can be chosen to do what?

Question: FR-A is one of the what?

Question: The ball gasket array (BGA) is an important what?
Printed_circuit_board

The reinforcement type defines two major classes of materials - woven and non-woven. Woven reinforcements are cheaper, but the high dielectric constant of glass may not be favorable for many higher-frequency applications. The spatially nonhomogeneous structure also introduces local variations in electrical parameters, due to different resin/glass ratio at different areas of the weave pattern. Nonwoven reinforcements, or materials with low or no reinforcement, are more expensive but more suitable for some RF/analog applications.

Question: Along with the non-woven class, what makes up the reinforcement type materials?
Answer: woven

Question: Which is the more expensive reinforcement type?
Answer: non-woven

Question: What type of structure do woven reinforcements have that cause them to have variation in their electrical parameters?
Answer: spatially nonhomogeneous

Question: Which ratio varies because of the structure of woven reinforcements?
Answer: resin/glass

Question: For what kind of applications are non-woven reinforcement materials better than woven ones?
Answer: RF/analog

Question: The reinforcement type defines which two minor classes of materials?

Question: What is less expensive but more suitable for some RF/analog application?

Question: Materials with low or no refinement are called what?

Question: The high diode constant of glass may not be favorable for what?
Printed_circuit_board

At the glass transition temperature the resin in the composite softens and significantly increases thermal expansion; exceeding Tg then exerts mechanical overload on the board components - e.g. the joints and the vias. Below Tg the thermal expansion of the resin roughly matches copper and glass, above it gets significantly higher. As the reinforcement and copper confine the board along the plane, virtually all volume expansion projects to the thickness and stresses the plated-through holes. Repeated soldering or other exposition to higher temperatures can cause failure of the plating, especially with thicker boards; thick boards therefore require high Tg matrix.

Question: What's the temperature at which resin softens and expands called?
Answer: glass transition temperature

Question: Along with vias, what makes up the components of a board?
Answer: joints

Question: What will happen to the components when the temperature of resin goes above that of glass transition?
Answer: mechanical overload

Question: When resin stays below Tg, its thermal expansion is similar to that of copper and what other material?
Answer: glass

Question: What do thick boards require to resist plating failure?
Answer: high Tg matrix

Question: The resin in the composite hardens when?

Question: Virtually no volume expansion projects to where?

Question: Thin boards require high what?

Question: Exposition to lower temperatures can cause failure of what?
Printed_circuit_board

Moisture absorption occurs when the material is exposed to high humidity or water. Both the resin and the reinforcement may absorb water; water may be also soaked by capillary forces through voids in the materials and along the reinforcement. Epoxies of the FR-4 materials aren't too susceptible, with absorption of only 0.15%. Teflon has very low absorption of 0.01%. Polyimides and cyanate esters, on the other side, suffer from high water absorption. Absorbed water can lead to significant degradation of key parameters; it impairs tracking resistance, breakdown voltage, and dielectric parameters. Relative dielectric constant of water is about 73, compared to about 4 for common circuitboard materials. Absorbed moisture can also vaporize on heating and cause cracking and delamination, the same effect responsible for "popcorning" damage on wet packaging of electronic parts. Careful baking of the substrates may be required.

Question: What will happen to the materials when a board gets wet or is in a humid area?
Answer: Moisture absorption

Question: If materials absorb moisture and then are heated enough to vaporize the water, the board might show delamination or what other type of damage?
Answer: cracking

Question: What percentage absorption do F-4 epoxies have?
Answer: 0.15%

Question: What's the approximate relative dielectric constant of most materials in circuit boards?
Answer: 4

Question: What material has an absorption rate of only 0.01%?
Answer: Teflon

Question: What may also repel water?

Question: Teflon has a high absorption rate of what?

Question: What suffers from low water absorption?

Question: Repelled water can lead to what?

Question: Careful barking of the substrates may be what?
Printed_circuit_board

The printed circuit board industry defines heavy copper as layers exceeding three ounces of copper, or approximately 0.0042 inches (4.2 mils, 105 μm) thick. PCB designers and fabricators often use heavy copper when design and manufacturing circuit boards in order to increase current-carrying capacity as well as resistance to thermal strains. Heavy copper plated vias transfer heat to external heat sinks. IPC 2152 is a standard for determining current-carrying capacity of printed circuit board traces.

Question: What's the minimum amount of copper a layer in a PCB can have to be considered "heavy copper"?
Answer: three ounces

Question: About how thick would a PCB layer be if it contained three oz. of copper?
Answer: 0.0042 inches

Question: What will a circuit board with heavy copper carry very well?
Answer: current

Question: What would a PCB designer use heavy copper to make their circuit board resist?
Answer: thermal strains

Question: Where does the heat go when it leaves heavy copper-plated vias?
Answer: external heat sinks

Question: The printed circuit board industry defines light copper as what?

Question: PCB designers and fabricators often use light copper when?

Question: What is the standard for determining current-carrying capacity of printed circuit board trees?

Question: IAC 2152 is the standard for what?
Printed_circuit_board

Since it was quite easy to stack interconnections (wires) inside the embedding matrix, the approach allowed designers to forget completely about the routing of wires (usually a time-consuming operation of PCB design): Anywhere the designer needs a connection, the machine will draw a wire in straight line from one location/pin to another. This led to very short design times (no complex algorithms to use even for high density designs) as well as reduced crosstalk (which is worse when wires run parallel to each other—which almost never happens in Multiwire), though the cost is too high to compete with cheaper PCB technologies when large quantities are needed.

Question: What arduous aspect of the process can designers skip in Multiwire?
Answer: routing of wires

Question: What does the machine create by drawing a straight line between two points on the board?
Answer: a connection

Question: Along with quick design times, what problem does Multiwire cut down on?
Answer: crosstalk

Question: What makes Multiwire impractical to use when large quantities of a board are needed?
Answer: cost

Question: In simple language, what are the interconnections in an embedding matrix?
Answer: wires

Question: It was difficult to stack interconnections inside of what?

Question: The machine will draw a wire in a curved line from one location/ to where?

Question: What led to long design times?

Question: What led to increased crosstalk?
Printed_circuit_board

Cordwood construction can save significant space and was often used with wire-ended components in applications where space was at a premium (such as missile guidance and telemetry systems) and in high-speed computers, where short traces were important. In cordwood construction, axial-leaded components were mounted between two parallel planes. The components were either soldered together with jumper wire, or they were connected to other components by thin nickel ribbon welded at right angles onto the component leads. To avoid shorting together different interconnection layers, thin insulating cards were placed between them. Perforations or holes in the cards allowed component leads to project through to the next interconnection layer. One disadvantage of this system was that special nickel-leaded components had to be used to allow the interconnecting welds to be made. Differential thermal expansion of the component could put pressure on the leads of the components and the PCB traces and cause physical damage (as was seen in several modules on the Apollo program). Additionally, components located in the interior are difficult to replace. Some versions of cordwood construction used soldered single-sided PCBs as the interconnection method (as pictured), allowing the use of normal-leaded components.

Question: What type of construction is best for applications that need to portion space carefully?
Answer: Cordwood

Question: What gets mounted in the middle of two parallel planes in a cordwood construction?
Answer: axial-leaded components

Question: What do insulating cards prevent between interconnection layers?
Answer: shorting

Question: What type of component has to be used in cordwood construction to its detriment?
Answer: nickel-leaded

Question: What force caused the physical damage to components that affected the Apollo program?
Answer: Differential thermal expansion

Question: What does not save significant space?

Question: What was not soldered together?

Question: What was one advantage of this system?

Question: Components located on the exterior are what?
Printed_circuit_board

Development of the methods used in modern printed circuit boards started early in the 20th century. In 1903, a German inventor, Albert Hanson, described flat foil conductors laminated to an insulating board, in multiple layers. Thomas Edison experimented with chemical methods of plating conductors onto linen paper in 1904. Arthur Berry in 1913 patented a print-and-etch method in Britain, and in the United States Max Schoop obtained a patent to flame-spray metal onto a board through a patterned mask. Charles Ducas in 1927 patented a method of electroplating circuit patterns.

Question: Who was the German inventor who wrote in 1903 about conductors being laminated in layers to a board?
Answer: Albert Hanson

Question: What material did Thomas Edison experiment with by trying to chemically attach conductors to it?
Answer: linen paper

Question: What year did Arthur Berry patent his print-and-etch method?
Answer: 1913

Question: In Max Schoop's method, what was used to create the flame-sprayed pattern on the board?
Answer: a patterned mask

Question: Who obtained a patent in 1927 for his method of electroplating circuit patterns?
Answer: Charles Ducas

Question: development of the methods used in ancient printed circuit boards started when?

Question: Albert Hanson described what in 1913?

Question: Arthur Berry patented what in 1923?

Question: Thomas Edison patented a print-and-etch method in what year?

Question: In Germany Max Schoop obtained a patent to do what?
Printed_circuit_board

The Austrian engineer Paul Eisler invented the printed circuit as part of a radio set while working in England around 1936. Around 1943 the USA began to use the technology on a large scale to make proximity fuses for use in World War II. After the war, in 1948, the USA released the invention for commercial use. Printed circuits did not become commonplace in consumer electronics until the mid-1950s, after the Auto-Sembly process was developed by the United States Army. At around the same time in Britain work along similar lines was carried out by Geoffrey Dummer, then at the RRDE.

Question: What was Paul Eisler making when he came up with the printed circuit?
Answer: a radio set

Question: What event prompted the United States to adopt the printed circuit to make proximity fuses?
Answer: World War II

Question: When was the printed circuit released for commercial use in the U.S.?
Answer: 1948

Question: Who was working on the same type of large-scale application of printed circuits as the U.S. in Britain in the mid-1950s?
Answer: Geoffrey Dummer

Question: What process was created by the U.S. Army that led to innovation in consumer electronics?
Answer: Auto-Sembly

Question: The German engineer Paul Eisler invented what?

Question: Paul Eisler invented the printed circuit in Germany in what year?

Question: England began using the technology on a large scale in what year?

Question: In 1958, the USA released the invention for what?

Question: The Auto-Sembly process was developed by England in what year?
Printed_circuit_board

During World War II, the development of the anti-aircraft proximity fuse required an electronic circuit that could withstand being fired from a gun, and could be produced in quantity. The Centralab Division of Globe Union submitted a proposal which met the requirements: a ceramic plate would be screenprinted with metallic paint for conductors and carbon material for resistors, with ceramic disc capacitors and subminiature vacuum tubes soldered in place. The technique proved viable, and the resulting patent on the process, which was classified by the U.S. Army, was assigned to Globe Union. It was not until 1984 that the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) awarded Mr. Harry W. Rubinstein, the former head of Globe Union's Centralab Division, its coveted Cledo Brunetti Award for early key contributions to the development of printed components and conductors on a common insulating substrate. As well, Mr. Rubinstein was honored in 1984 by his alma mater, the University of Wisconsin-Madison, for his innovations in the technology of printed electronic circuits and the fabrication of capacitors.

Question: What company developed the first electronic circuit that could be mass produced and was durable enough to be fired from a gun?
Answer: Globe Union

Question: What was the plate used for anti-aircraft proximity fuses in World War II made out of?
Answer: ceramic

Question: Who was in charge of the Centralab Division of Globe Union when the PCB used in anti-aircraft fuses was invented?
Answer: Harry W. Rubinstein

Question: What award did Rubinstein win in 1984 for his contributions?
Answer: Cledo Brunetti Award

Question: Where did Harry Rubinstein attend college?
Answer: University of Wisconsin-Madison

Question: During World War I, the development of the anti-aircraft proximity fuse required what?

Question: In 1994, the IEEE awarded whom the Cledo Brunetti Award?

Question: Ms. Harriet W. Rubenstein was the former head of which division?

Question: Mr. Rubenstein was honored in 1994 by which university?
Printed_circuit_board

Originally, every electronic component had wire leads, and the PCB had holes drilled for each wire of each component. The components' leads were then passed through the holes and soldered to the PCB trace. This method of assembly is called through-hole construction. In 1949, Moe Abramson and Stanislaus F. Danko of the United States Army Signal Corps developed the Auto-Sembly process in which component leads were inserted into a copper foil interconnection pattern and dip soldered. The patent they obtained in 1956 was assigned to the U.S. Army. With the development of board lamination and etching techniques, this concept evolved into the standard printed circuit board fabrication process in use today. Soldering could be done automatically by passing the board over a ripple, or wave, of molten solder in a wave-soldering machine. However, the wires and holes are wasteful since drilling holes is expensive and the protruding wires are merely cut off.

Question: What type of construction was originally used for all electronic components?
Answer: through-hole

Question: In what year was the Auto-Sembly process created?
Answer: 1949

Question: Although two men developed the Auto-Sembly process, to whom was the patent officially granted?
Answer: U.S. Army

Question: What year was the patent for the Auto-Sembly process granted?
Answer: 1956

Question: Which part of the Auto-Sembly manufacturing process is the most costly?
Answer: drilling holes

Question: Originally, no electronic component had what?

Question: Who developed the Auto-State process in which component leads were inserted into a copper foil?

Question: Soldering could be done manually by passing the board over a ripple, or wave, of molten silver in what?

Question: What is considered not wasteful?
Greeks

Greek colonies and communities have been historically established on the shores of the Mediterranean Sea and Black Sea, but the Greek people have always been centered around the Aegean and Ionian seas, where the Greek language has been spoken since the Bronze Age. Until the early 20th century, Greeks were distributed between the Greek peninsula, the western coast of Asia Minor, the Black Sea coast, Cappadocia in central Anatolia, Egypt, the Balkans, Cyprus, and Constantinople. Many of these regions coincided to a large extent with the borders of the Byzantine Empire of the late 11th century and the Eastern Mediterranean areas of ancient Greek colonization. The cultural centers of the Greeks have included Athens, Thessalonica, Alexandria, Smyrna, and Constantinople at various periods.

Question: Where are Greek States believed to have been settled ?
Answer: Greek colonies and communities have been historically established on the shores of the Mediterranean Sea and Black Sea

Question: Which two bodies of water are believed to be central to the establishment of the Greek society ?
Answer: Greek people have always been centered around the Aegean and Ionian seas

Question: When was the emergence of the Greek spoken dialect believed to have started ?
Answer: the Greek language has been spoken since the Bronze Age.

Question: Where have the centers of culture been located for the Grecian world historically ?
Answer: The cultural centers of the Greeks have included Athens, Thessalonica, Alexandria, Smyrna, and Constantinople at various periods.

Question: What other culture did the Greek states share boarders with ?
Answer: these regions coincided to a large extent with the borders of the Byzantine Empire of the late 11th century

Question: Where have Egyptian colonies been historically established?

Question: What two seas have the Egyptian people always lived close to?

Question: How long has the Egyptian language been spoken?

Question: In what century was the Egyptian empire prominent?

Question: What are two cities associated with the formation of Egyptian culture?

Question: Which two seas have been least central to Greek history?

Question: During which prehistoric age was the Latin language invented?

Question: Which city in modern Turkey was once a minor center of Greek culture?

Question: What tenth century empire had roughly the same extent as ancient Greece's?

Question: Which area of South Africa has hosted Greek communities in the past?

Question: Which two seas have been least central to Greek history?

Question:  During which prehistoric age was the Greek language rejected?

Question: Which city in modern Iran was once a major center of Greek culture?

Question: Which area of North Africa has hosted Irish communities in the past?

Question: What twelfth century empire had roughly the same extent as ancient Greece's?
Greeks

The evolution of Proto-Greek should be considered within the context of an early Paleo-Balkan sprachbund that makes it difficult to delineate exact boundaries between individual languages. The characteristically Greek representation of word-initial laryngeals by prothetic vowels is shared, for one, by the Armenian language, which also seems to share some other phonological and morphological peculiarities of Greek; this has led some linguists to propose a hypothetical closer relationship between Greek and Armenian, although evidence remains scant.

Question: What progression coincided with the the early Greek states that makes it difficult to give credit for the language and differences ? 
Answer: Paleo-Balkan sprachbund that makes it difficult to delineate exact boundaries between individual languages.

Question: What is commonly seen in the Greek language that is not a constant ?
Answer: The characteristically Greek representation of word-initial laryngeals by prothetic vowels

Question: What other language has this same trait ?
Answer: word-initial laryngeals by prothetic vowels is shared, for one, by the Armenian language

Question: What other things do the two languages seem to have in common ?
Answer: phonological and morphological peculiarities of Greek; this has led some linguists to propose a hypothetical closer relationship between Greek and Armenian

Question: How much evidence of the link between the languages is currently available ?
Answer: linguists to propose a hypothetical closer relationship between Greek and Armenian, although evidence remains scant.

Question: What context should the evolution of the Armenian language be viewed within?

Question: What was developed by some linguists that is not a constant?

Question: What other language wasn't used outside of Armenia?

Question: How much evidence is there that Proto-Greek was spoken in Armenia?

Question: What other country could Greeks be found to have settled in?

Question: What progression coincided with the the early Greek states that makes it easy to give credit for the language and differences ?

Question: What is uncommonly seen in the Greek language that is not a constant ?

Question: What other language hasn't this same trait ?

Question: What other things do the two languages not seem to have in common ?

Question: How much evidence of the link between the languages is currently unavailable ?

Question: What progression coincided with the the late Greek states that makes it difficult to give credit for the language and differences ?

Question: What is uncommonly seen in the Greek language that is not a constant ?

Question:  What other language doesn't have this same trait ?

Question:  What other things do the three languages seem to have in common ?

Question: How much evidence of the link between the languages is not currently available ?
Greeks

Around 1200 BC, the Dorians, another Greek-speaking people, followed from Epirus. Traditionally, historians have believed that the Dorian invasion caused the collapse of the Mycenaean civilization, but it is likely the main attack was made by seafaring raiders (sea peoples) who sailed into the eastern Mediterranean around 1180 BC. The Dorian invasion was followed by a poorly attested period of migrations, appropriately called the Greek Dark Ages, but by 800 BC the landscape of Archaic and Classical Greece was discernible.

Question: What group of people came with others who left the geographical and historical region in southeastern Europe, now a mutual  region between Greece and Albania ?
Answer: the Dorians

Question: When did these groups make the migration ?
Answer: Around 1200 BC

Question: What civilization is the group credited with putting an end to ?
Answer: the Mycenaean civilization,

Question: Is it believed that they truly are responsible in full for the collapse ? 
Answer: it is likely the main attack was made by seafaring raiders (sea peoples)

Question: What areas were being explored by others in  by sea faring vessels and when are they believed to have arrived  ?
Answer: seafaring raiders (sea peoples) who sailed into the eastern Mediterranean around 1180 BC

Question: Where did the Mycenaean's originiate from in 1200 BC?

Question: What civilization did the Mycenaean invastion cause to collapse?

Question: At what time were the Mycenaeans considered raiders that dominated the Mediterranean?

Question: What was the period of time called when the Mycenaeans were considered sea raiders?

Question: What country was most affected by the Mycenaean raids in 800 BC?

Question: What group of people never came with others who left the geographical and historical region in southeastern Europe, now a mutual region between Greece and Albania ?

Question: When didn't these groups make the migration ?

Question: What civilization is the group credited with starting ?

Question: Is it believed that they truly aren't responsible in full for the collapse ?

Question: What areas weren't being explored by others in by sea faring vessels and when are they believed to have arrived ?

Question: What group of people came with others who left the geographical and historical region in southeastern Europe, now a mutual region between England and Albania ?

Question:  When did these groups reject the migration?

Question: What civilization is the group credited with starting?

Question:  Is it believed that they truly aren't responsible in full for the collapse?

Question: What areas were being explored by others in by sea faring vessels and when are they believed to have left?
Greeks

The Greeks of classical antiquity idealized their Mycenaean ancestors and the Mycenaean period as a glorious era of heroes, closeness of the gods and material wealth. The Homeric Epics (i.e. Iliad and Odyssey) were especially and generally accepted as part of the Greek past and it was not until the 19th century that scholars began to question Homer's historicity. As part of the Mycenaean heritage that survived, the names of the gods and goddesses of Mycenaean Greece (e.g. Zeus, Poseidon and Hades) became major figures of the Olympian Pantheon of later antiquity.

Question: How did the Greeks look upon their forebears ?
Answer: Greeks of classical antiquity idealized their Mycenaean ancestors

Question: How did they believe their forebears lived ?
Answer: Mycenaean period as a glorious era of heroes, closeness of the gods and material wealth

Question: What literary events were believed to be a fact of truth ?
Answer: The Homeric Epics (i.e. Iliad and Odyssey) were especially and generally accepted as part of the Greek past

Question: Who was the author of these tales ?
Answer: Homer

Question: What were the names of some of the figures for the established religion that are based on ancestral ties ? 
Answer: Zeus, Poseidon and Hades

Question: How did the Mycenaeans view their relationship to the Greeks?

Question: What two epics were written to honor Zeus?

Question: In what century were the Homeric Epics first discovered?

Question: What name is usually associated with the underworld?

Question: What god is the most powerful in the Olympian Panthenon?

Question: How did the Greeks not look upon their forebears ?

Question: How did they believe their forebears died ?

Question: What literary events were believed to be a fact of lies ?

Question: Who wasn't the author of these tales ?

Question: What were the names of some of the figures for the established religion that aren't based on ancestral ties ?

Question: How did the Greeks reject their forebears?

Question:  How did they not believe their forebears lived?

Question:  What literary events were believed to not be a fact of truth?

Question:  Who was the author of these poems?

Question: What were the names of some of the figures for the established religion that aren't based on ancestral ties?
Greeks

The ethnogenesis of the Greek nation is linked to the development of Pan-Hellenism in the 8th century BC. According to some scholars, the foundational event was the Olympic Games in 776 BC, when the idea of a common Hellenism among the Greek tribes was first translated into a shared cultural experience and Hellenism was primarily a matter of common culture. The works of Homer (i.e. Iliad and Odyssey) and Hesiod (i.e. Theogony) were written in the 8th century BC, becoming the basis of the national religion, ethos, history and mythology. The Oracle of Apollo at Delphi was established in this period.

Question: What event is believed to be the ethnic basis of the Greeks society?
Answer: The ethnogenesis of the Greek nation is linked to the development of Pan-Hellenism

Question: When did this event occur ?
Answer: development of Pan-Hellenism in the 8th century BC.

Question: What national sporting event was held during this time period still goes on in celebration today ?
Answer: the foundational event was the Olympic Games in 776 BC,

Question: What was the foundation for spirituality and church ? 
Answer: The works of Homer (i.e. Iliad and Odyssey) and Hesiod (i.e. Theogony)

Question: What famous spiritual guide and God was a devotional temple made to in the 8th century ?
Answer: Oracle of Apollo at Delphi

Question: What event was used to celebrate the birth of Homer in the same year?

Question: What did the city of Delphi cause the development of in 776 BC?

Question: What did the city of Delphi inspire the development of in Greek culture?

Question: In what century was the Odyssey first written in Greek?

Question: In what year was Homer born?

Question: What event isn't believed to be the ethnic basis of the Greeks society?

Question: When didn't this event occur ?

Question: What national sporting event wasn't held during this time period still goes on in celebration today ?

Question: What wasn't the foundation for spirituality and church ?

Question: What famous spiritual guide and God was a devotional temple made to in the 7th century ?

Question: What event is believed to be the ethnic basis of the French society?

Question: When did this event stop?

Question: What national sporting event wasn't held during this time period still goes on in celebration today?

Question: What was the foundation for non-spirituality and non-church?
Greeks

The classical period of Greek civilization covers a time spanning from the early 5th century BC to the death of Alexander the Great, in 323 BC (some authors prefer to split this period into 'Classical', from the end of the Persian wars to the end of the Peloponnesian War, and 'Fourth Century', up to the death of Alexander). It is so named because it set the standards by which Greek civilization would be judged in later eras. The Classical period is also described as the "Golden Age" of Greek civilization, and its art, philosophy, architecture and literature would be instrumental in the formation and development of Western culture.

Question: The time span that is counted as the classical for the Greeks is from eras ?
Answer: classical period of Greek civilization covers a time spanning from the early 5th century BC to the death of Alexander the Great, in 323 BC

Question: Are there some discrepancies among scholars for the distinction of the period ?
Answer: this period into 'Classical', from the end of the Persian wars to the end of the Peloponnesian War, and 'Fourth Century', up to the death of Alexander

Question: What is so well known about this period ?
Answer: It is so named because it set the standards by which Greek civilization would be judged in later eras

Question: What shiny other name is this time also called ?
Answer: The Classical period is also described as the "Golden Age" of Greek civilization

Question: What did the Greeks do that made it possible for the expansion and growth of the opposite of the Eastern Civilization ?
Answer: civilization, and its art, philosophy, architecture and literature would be instrumental in the formation and development of Western culture.

Question: What century marked the formation of Western civilization?

Question: In what was the time period called when Persia was a dominant force in the world?

Question: What year marked the beginning of the Peloponnesian war?

Question: What is well known about the Peloponnesian war?

Question: What culture was influenced by the results of the Peloponnesian war?

Question: The time span that is counted as the non-classical for the Greeks is from eras ?

Question: Are there some discrepancies among students for the distinction of the period ?

Question: What is so unknown about this period ?

Question: What shiny other name is this time not called ?

Question: What did the Greeks do that made it possible for the contraction of the opposite of the Western Civilization ?

Question: The time span that isn't counted as the classical for the Greeks is from eras?

Question: Why aren't there some discrepancies among scholars for the distinction of the period?

Question:  What isn't so well known about this period?

Question:  What dull other name is this time also called?
Greeks

In any case, Alexander's toppling of the Achaemenid Empire, after his victories at the battles of the Granicus, Issus and Gaugamela, and his advance as far as modern-day Pakistan and Tajikistan, provided an important outlet for Greek culture, via the creation of colonies and trade routes along the way. While the Alexandrian empire did not survive its creator's death intact, the cultural implications of the spread of Hellenism across much of the Middle East and Asia were to prove long lived as Greek became the lingua franca, a position it retained even in Roman times. Many Greeks settled in Hellenistic cities like Alexandria, Antioch and Seleucia. Two thousand years later, there are still communities in Pakistan and Afghanistan, like the Kalash, who claim to be descended from Greek settlers.

Question: What Macedonian ruler helped to advance Greek beliefs and ways of life ?
Answer: Alexander

Question: How was this achievement of advancing culture undertaken ?
Answer: provided an important outlet for Greek culture, via the creation of colonies and trade routes along the way

Question: What types of cities did the expansion of the great ruler inspire ?
Answer: Hellenistic cities

Question: Are any relatives of the first people of  the Grecian world still around ?
Answer: there are still communities in Pakistan and Afghanistan, like the Kalash, who claim to be descended from Greek settlers.

Question: Name a city that the Greeks nested in ?
Answer: cities like Alexandria, Antioch and Seleucia.

Question: What Macedonian ruler didn't help to advance Greek beliefs and ways of life?

Question:  How wasn't this achievement of advancing culture undertaken?

Question:  What types of cities didn't the expansion of the great ruler inspire?

Question: Are any relatives of the first people of the Grecian world no longer around?
Greeks

This age saw the Greeks move towards larger cities and a reduction in the importance of the city-state. These larger cities were parts of the still larger Kingdoms of the Diadochi. Greeks, however, remained aware of their past, chiefly through the study of the works of Homer and the classical authors. An important factor in maintaining Greek identity was contact with barbarian (non-Greek) peoples, which was deepened in the new cosmopolitan environment of the multi-ethnic Hellenistic kingdoms. This led to a strong desire among Greeks to organize the transmission of the Hellenic paideia to the next generation. Greek science, technology and mathematics are generally considered to have reached their peak during the Hellenistic period.

Question: With the secession away from the smaller communities in the Grecian world, what living situation became of great importance ?
Answer: the Greeks move towards larger cities and a reduction in the importance of the city-state.

Question: The kingdoms of Diadochi was comprised of what ?
Answer: larger cities were parts of the still larger Kingdoms of the Diadochi.

Question: How did the cites remind themselves of their beginnings ?
Answer: Greeks, however, remained aware of their past, chiefly through the study of the works of Homer and the classical authors.

Question: What did the Greeks wants to be imparted to their descendants ?
Answer: the transmission of the Hellenic paideia to the next generation.

Question: What academia was heightened during this time of Hellenism ?
Answer: Greek science, technology and mathematics are generally considered to have reached their peak during the Hellenistic period.

Question: With the secession away from the smaller communities in the Grecian world, what living situation wasn't of great importance?

Question:  The kingdoms of Diadochi wasn't comprised of what?

Question:  How did the cites remind themselves of their end?

Question:  What did the Greeks not want to be imparted to their descendants?

Question:  What academia wasn't heightened during this time of Hellenism?
Greeks

In the religious sphere, this was a period of profound change. The spiritual revolution that took place, saw a waning of the old Greek religion, whose decline beginning in the 3rd century BC continued with the introduction of new religious movements from the East. The cults of deities like Isis and Mithra were introduced into the Greek world. Greek-speaking communities of the Hellenized East were instrumental in the spread of early Christianity in the 2nd and 3rd centuries, and Christianity's early leaders and writers (notably St Paul) were generally Greek-speaking, though none were from Greece. However, Greece itself had a tendency to cling to paganism and was not one of the influential centers of early Christianity: in fact, some ancient Greek religious practices remained in vogue until the end of the 4th century, with some areas such as the southeastern Peloponnese remaining pagan until well into the 10th century AD.

Question: When did the religions of the past begin to dissipate ?
Answer: decline beginning in the 3rd century BC

Question: What encouraged the change of faith ?
Answer: with the introduction of new religious movements from the East.

Question: What religions form of worship came from the Eastern sects ?
Answer: The cults of deities like Isis and Mithra were introduced into the Greek world.

Question: What group was significant in the expansion of the Christian faith ?
Answer: Hellenized East were instrumental in the spread of early Christianity

Question: What language are the Apostle's namely believed to have spoken ?
Answer: Christianity's early leaders and writers (notably St Paul) were generally Greek-speaking

Question: When did the religions of the past begin to rise?

Question:  What discouraged the change of faith?

Question:  What religions form of worship came from the Western sects?

Question:  What group was significant in the expansion of the Catholic faith?

Question:  What language are the Apostle's namely believed to not have spoken?
Greeks

Of the new eastern religions introduced into the Greek world, the most successful was Christianity. From the early centuries of the Common Era, the Greeks identified as Romaioi ("Romans"), by that time the name ‘Hellenes’ denoted pagans. While ethnic distinctions still existed in the Roman Empire, they became secondary to religious considerations and the renewed empire used Christianity as a tool to support its cohesion and promoted a robust Roman national identity. Concurrently the secular, urban civilization of late antiquity survived in the Eastern Mediterranean along with Greco-Roman educational system, although it was from Christianity that the culture's essential values were drawn.

Question: What alternative name were the Greeks known by ?
Answer: the Greeks identified as Romaioi ("Romans")

Question: What did the label of  Hellenes come to stand for during the Common Era of Greece ?
Answer: the name ‘Hellenes’ denoted pagans

Question: Did the Roman world consider one ethnocentric lineage to be a great concern ?
Answer: secondary to religious considerations

Question: What imperative value was extolled from the Christian community to the Roman world ?
Answer: Greco-Roman educational system, although it was from Christianity that the culture's essential values were drawn.

Question:  What alternative name weren't the Greeks known by?

Question:  What did the label of Hellenes come to not stand for during the Common Era of Greece?

Question: id the Roman world consider two ethnocentric lineage to be a great concern?

Question: What imperative value was extolled from the Christian community from the Roman world?
Greeks

The Eastern Roman Empire – today conventionally named the Byzantine Empire, a name not in use during its own time – became increasingly influenced by Greek culture after the 7th century, when Emperor Heraclius (AD 575 - 641) decided to make Greek the empire's official language. Certainly from then on, but likely earlier, the Roman and Greek cultures were virtually fused into a single Greco-Roman world. Although the Latin West recognized the Eastern Empire's claim to the Roman legacy for several centuries, after Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne, king of the Franks, as the "Roman Emperor" on 25 December 800, an act which eventually led to the formation of the Holy Roman Empire, the Latin West started to favour the Franks and began to refer to the Eastern Roman Empire largely as the Empire of the Greeks (Imperium Graecorum).

Question: When did the Byzantine Kingdom come under the impact of the Greeks. 
Answer: influenced by Greek culture after the 7th century,

Question: Who ruled Rome during this time period ?
Answer: Emperor Heraclius (AD 575 - 641)

Question: What decision did he make that influenced the culture in an attempt to make things more homogeneous ?
Answer: decided to make Greek the empire's official language.

Question: What made the Eastern Empire be known as the Imperium Graecorum ?
Answer: Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne, king of the Franks, as the "Roman Emperor"

Question: Who was favored by those who lived in the west and mainly used another form of well know verbal language ?
Answer: the Latin West started to favour the Franks

Question: When did the Byzantine Kingdom not come under the impact of the Greeks?

Question:  Who didn't rule Rome during this time period?

Question: What decision did he make that influenced the culture in an attempt to make things less homogeneous?

Question:  What made the Eastern Empire be known as the non-Imperium Graecorum?

Question: Who was favored by those who lived in the west and mainly used another form of not well known verbal language?
Greeks

A distinct Greek political identity re-emerged in the 11th century in educated circles and became more forceful after the fall of Constantinople to the Crusaders of the Fourth Crusade in 1204, so that when the empire was revived in 1261, it became in many ways a Greek national state. That new notion of nationhood engendered a deep interest in the classical past culminating in the ideas of the Neoplatonist philosopher Gemistus Pletho, who abandoned Christianity. However, it was the combination of Orthodox Christianity with a specifically Greek identity that shaped the Greeks' notion of themselves in the empire's twilight years. The interest in the Classical Greek heritage was complemented by a renewed emphasis on Greek Orthodox identity, which was reinforced in the late Medieval and Ottoman Greeks' links with their fellow Orthodox Christians in the Russian Empire. These were further strengthened following the fall of the Empire of Trebizond in 1461, after which and until the second Russo-Turkish War of 1828-29 hundreds of thousands of Pontic Greeks fled or migrated from the Pontic Alps and Armenian Highlands to southern Russia and the Russian South Caucasus (see also Greeks in Russia, Greeks in Armenia, Greeks in Georgia, and Caucasian Greeks).

Question: What caused the resurface of the Grecian monotony in politics ?
Answer: the fall of Constantinople to the Crusaders of the Fourth Crusade in 1204

Question: When did the nation reestablish itself ?
Answer: empire was revived in 1261

Question: What was the specialty of great Pietho and what is famous for ?
Answer: philosopher Gemistus Pletho, who abandoned Christianity.

Question: What was bolstered by the the final downward spiral of the Empire of Trebizond ?
Answer: interest in the Classical Greek heritage was complemented by a renewed emphasis on Greek Orthodox identity

Question: Which factoring war was on gong in 1828 and shares the of a previous scuttle ? ?
Answer: second Russo-Turkish War

Question: What caused the unsurface of the Grecian monotony in politics?

Question:  When did the nation not reestablish itself?

Question:  What was the specialty of great Pietho and what is it not famous for?

Question: What was bolstered by the the first downward spiral of the Empire of Trebizond?

Question: Which factoring war wasn't ongoing in 1828 and shares the of a previous scuttle?