Divyanshu67/squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
Catalan_language

Central Catalan is considered the standard pronunciation of the language. The descriptions below are mostly for this variety. For the differences in pronunciation of the different dialects, see the section pronunciation of dialects in this article.

Question: What is the standard pronunciation of Catalan?
Answer: Central Catalan

Question: What is Central Catalan?
Answer: standard pronunciation

Question: What are the descriptions for?
Answer: standard pronunciation

Question: Where do you look for the pronunciation of different dialects?
Answer: section pronunciation
Catalan_language

Catalan has inherited the typical vowel system of Vulgar Latin, with seven stressed phonemes: /a ɛ e i ɔ o u/, a common feature in Western Romance, except Spanish. Balearic has also instances of stressed /ə/. Dialects differ in the different degrees of vowel reduction, and the incidence of the pair /ɛ e/.

Question: Where does Catalan get its vowel system?
Answer: Vulgar Latin

Question: How many stressed phenoms are there?
Answer: seven

Question: Where is this a common feature?
Answer: Western Romance

Question: What is the exception to this common characteristic?
Answer: Spanish

Question: What differs in vowel reduction?
Answer: Dialects
Catalan_language

In Central Catalan, unstressed vowels reduce to three: /a e ɛ/ > [ə]; /o ɔ u/ > [u]; /i/ remains distinct. The other dialects have different vowel reduction processes (see the section pronunciation of dialects in this article).

Question: How many  reduced unstressed are vowels are there in Central Catalan?
Answer: three

Question: What vowel stays distinct?
Answer: /i/

Question: What kind of vowel processes do other dialects have?
Answer: different

Question: Where do you find dialectic vowel reductions?
Answer: section pronunciation
Catalan_language

Catalan sociolinguistics studies the situation of Catalan in the world and the different varieties that this language presents. It is a subdiscipline of Catalan philology and other affine studies and has as an objective to analyse the relation between the Catalan language, the speakers and the close reality (including the one of other languages in contact).

Question: What field studies the placement of Catalan in the world?
Answer: Catalan sociolinguistics

Question: What is the study of the differenet varieties of Catalan?
Answer: Catalan sociolinguistics

Question: What is this a subdiscipline of?
Answer: Catalan philology

Question: What does it want to do with the language, the speakers, and reality?
Answer: analyse the relation

Question: What outside affects does this study include?
Answer: other languages in contact
Catalan_language

The dialects of the Catalan language feature a relative uniformity, especially when compared to other Romance languages; both in terms of vocabulary, semantics, syntax, morphology, and phonology. Mutual intelligibility between dialects is very high, estimates ranging from 90% to 95%. The only exception is the isolated idiosyncratic Alguerese dialect.

Question: What do the dialects of Catalan feature?
Answer: uniformity

Question: In comparison to what are the dialects uniform?
Answer: other Romance languages

Question: What is high among dialects?
Answer: intelligibility

Question: What is the percentage of intelligibility between dialects?
Answer: 90% to 95%

Question: What dialect is the exception to intelligibility?
Answer: Alguerese
Catalan_language

Central Catalan is considered the standard pronunciation of the language and has the highest number of speakers. It is spoken in the densely populated regions of the Barcelona province, the eastern half of the province of Tarragona, and most of the province of Girona.

Question: What comprises the standard pronunciation of Catalan?
Answer: Central Catalan

Question: Where are the most speakers found?
Answer: Central Catalan

Question: In what densely populated area is it spoken?
Answer: Barcelona province

Question: What part of the province of Tarragona is Central Catalan spoken?
Answer: eastern half
Catalan_language

Catalan has inherited the typical vowel system of Vulgar Latin, with seven stressed phonemes: /a ɛ e i ɔ o u/, a common feature in Western Romance, except Spanish. Balearic has also instances of stressed /ə/. Dialects differ in the different degrees of vowel reduction, and the incidence of the pair /ɛ e/.

Question: What is the vowel system of Catalan?
Answer: Vulgar Latin

Question: How many stressed phonemes are there in Catalan?
Answer: seven

Question: Where is this system common?
Answer: Western Romance

Question: What language is the exception?
Answer: Spanish

Question: What language form differs in the amount of vowel reduction?
Answer: Dialects
Catalan_language

In Majorcan, unstressed vowels reduce to four: /a e ɛ/ follow the Eastern Catalan reduction pattern; however /o ɔ/ reduce to [o], with /u/ remaining distinct, as in Western Catalan.

Question: In what language do unstressed vowels reduce to four?
Answer: Majorcan

Question: What reduction pattern do some vowels follow?
Answer: Eastern Catalan

Question: What other pattern do other vowels follow?
Answer: Western Catalan

Question: What letter remains distinct?
Answer: /u/

Question: /u/ remaining distinct is like what form of Catalan?
Answer: Western Catalan
Catalan_language

In Western Catalan, unstressed vowels reduce to five: /e ɛ/ > [e]; /o ɔ/ > [o]; /a u i/ remain distinct. This reduction pattern, inherited from Proto-Romance, is also found in Italian and Portuguese. Some Western dialects present further reduction or vowel harmony in some cases.

Question: What do unstressed vowels reduce to in Western Catalan?
Answer: five

Question: Which letters remain distinct?
Answer: /a u i/

Question: Where did this pattern come from?
Answer: Proto-Romance

Question: In what other languages is this pattern found?
Answer: Italian and Portuguese

Question: What do other Western dialects sometimes  offer?
Answer: further reduction
Catalan_language

Central, Western, and Balearic differ in the lexical incidence of stressed /e/ and /ɛ/. Usually, words with /ɛ/ in Central Catalan correspond to /ə/ in Balearic and /e/ in Western Catalan. Words with /e/ in Balearic almost always have /e/ in Central and Western Catalan as well.[vague] As a result, Central Catalan has a much higher incidence of /e/.

Question: What form has the same /e/ as Central and Western?
Answer: Balearic

Question: What vowel does Central have a larger occurrence of?
Answer: /e/

Question: What is the result of /e/ being the same in Central,  Western and Belearic?
Answer: higher incidence
Catalan_language

In verbs, 1st person present indicative desinence is -e (∅ in verbs of the 2nd and 3rd conjugation), or -o.
E.g. parle, tem, sent (Valencian); parlo, temo, sento (Northwestern). In verbs, 1st person present indicative desinence is -o, -i or ∅ in all conjugations.
E.g. parlo (Central), parl (Balearic), parli (Northern), ('I speak').

Question: What language is parle or tem ?
Answer: Valencian

Question: What language  is parlo or temo ?
Answer: Northwestern

Question: What language is parl?
Answer: Balearic

Question: What language form is parli?
Answer: Northern
Catalan_language

In nouns and adjectives, maintenance of /n/ of medieval plurals in proparoxytone words.
E.g. hòmens 'men', jóvens 'youth'. In nouns and adjectives, loss of /n/ of medieval plurals in proparoxytone words.
E.g. homes 'men', joves 'youth'.

Question: Where do you find medieval plurals?
Answer: nouns and adjectives

Question: What letter is lost in some words?
Answer: /n/

Question: When homens loses /n/, it becomes what word?
Answer: homes

Question: The medieval jovens becomes what what word?
Answer: joves

Question: What kind of plural words lose /n/?
Answer: proparoxytone
Catalan_language

Despite its relative lexical unity, the two dialectal blocks of Catalan (Eastern and Western) show some differences in word choices. Any lexical divergence within any of the two groups can be explained as an archaism. Also, usually Central Catalan acts as an innovative element.

Question: What do the two blocks of Catalan display differences in?
Answer: word choices

Question: How can you explain differences in the language groups?
Answer: as an archaism

Question: What form is innovative?
Answer: Central Catalan

Question: What are the two blocks of Catalan?
Answer: Eastern and Western

Question: What does an archaism explain?
Answer: lexical divergence
Catalan_language

Standard Catalan, virtually accepted by all speakers, is mostly based on Eastern Catalan, which is the most widely used dialect. Nevertheless, the standards of Valencia and the Balearics admit alternative forms, mostly traditional ones, which are not current in eastern Catalonia.

Question: What is Standard based on?
Answer: Eastern Catalan

Question: What form is excepted by most speakers?
Answer: Standard Catalan

Question: What language forms are not now used in eastern Catalonia?
Answer: traditional ones
Catalan_language

The most notable difference between both standards is some tonic ⟨e⟩ accentuation, for instance: francès, anglès (IEC) – francés, anglés (AVL). Nevertheless, AVL's standard keeps the grave accent ⟨è⟩, without pronouncing this ⟨e⟩ as /ɛ/, in some words like: què ('what'), or València. Other divergences include the use of ⟨tl⟩ (AVL) in some words instead of ⟨tll⟩ like in ametla/ametlla ('almond'), espatla/espatlla ('back'), the use of elided demonstratives (este 'this', eixe 'that') in the same level as reinforced ones (aquest, aqueix) or the use of many verbal forms common in Valencian, and some of these common in the rest of Western Catalan too, like subjunctive mood or inchoative conjugation in -ix- at the same level as -eix- or the priority use of -e morpheme in 1st person singular in present indicative (-ar verbs): jo compre instead of jo compro ('I buy').

Question: What is jo compro changed to ?
Answer: jo compre

Question: What common Valencian forms are used?
Answer: many verbal forms

Question: What forms are also common in the rest of Western Catalan?
Answer: verbal forms
Catalan_language

In Alghero, the IEC has adapted its standard to the Alguerese dialect. In this standard one can find, among other features: the definite article lo instead of el, special possessive pronouns and determinants la mia ('mine'), lo sou/la sua ('his/her'), lo tou/la tua ('yours'), and so on, the use of -v- /v/ in the imperfect tense in all conjugations: cantava, creixiva, llegiva; the use of many archaic words, usual words in Alguerese: manco instead of menys ('less'), calqui u instead of algú ('someone'), qual/quala instead of quin/quina ('which'), and so on; and the adaptation of weak pronouns.

Question: Where has the IEC adapted its standard to the Alguerese dialect?
Answer: Alghero

Question: What definite article is found rather than el?
Answer: lo

Question: What is -v- used for?
Answer: imperfect tense

Question: What dialect employs many archaic words?
Answer: Alguerese

Question: What type of pronouns has Alguerese adapted?
Answer: weak pronouns
Catalan_language

In 2011, the Aragonese government passed a decree for the establishment of a new language regulator of Catalan in La Franja (the so-called Catalan-speaking areas of Aragon). The new entity, designated as Acadèmia Aragonesa del Català, shall allow a facultative education in Catalan and a standardization of the Catalan language in La Franja.

Question: Where is the Catalan speaking part of Aragon?
Answer: La Franja

Question: When did the government of Aragon  degree the establishment of a language regulator?
Answer: 2011

Question: What language is the regulator meant to standardize?
Answer: Catalan

Question: Where is the language to be regulated located?
Answer: La Franja
Catalan_language

Valencian is classified as a Western dialect, along with the northwestern varieties spoken in Western Catalonia (provinces of Lleida and the western half of Tarragona). The various forms of Catalan and Valencian are mutually intelligible (ranging from 90% to 95%)

Question: How is Valencian classified?
Answer: Western dialect

Question: What kind of Valencan is spoken in Western Catalonia?
Answer: northwestern varieties

Question: Where are the provinces of Lleida and Tarragona?
Answer: Western Catalonia

Question: What forms are mutually intelligible?
Answer: Catalan and Valencian

Question: What is the percentage of intelligibility between Catalan and Valencian?
Answer: 90% to 95%
Catalan_language

Linguists, including Valencian scholars, deal with Catalan and Valencian as the same language. The official regulating body of the language of the Valencian Community, the Valencian Academy of Language (Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua, AVL) declares the linguistic unity between Valencian and Catalan varieties.

Question: How do linguists view Catalan and Valencian?
Answer: as the same language

Question: How do Valencian scholars view Catalan and Valencian?
Answer: as the same language

Question: What is the official regulating body of  Valencian?
Answer: the Valencian Academy of Language

Question: Who says that there is linguistic unity between Catalan and Valencian?
Answer: Valencian Academy of Language
Catalan_language

The AVL, created by the Valencian parliament, is in charge of dictating the official rules governing the use of Valencian, and its standard is based on the Norms of Castelló (Normes de Castelló). Currently, everyone who writes in Valencian uses this standard, except the Royal Academy of Valencian Culture (Acadèmia de Cultura Valenciana, RACV), which uses for Valencian an independent standard.

Question: Who established the AVL?
Answer: Valencian parliament

Question: Over what does the AVL  make rules governing?
Answer: use of Valencian

Question: What is the AVL standard based on?
Answer: Norms of Castelló

Question: Who uses this standard?
Answer: everyone who writes

Question: Who is exempt from the standard and uses their own?
Answer: Royal Academy of Valencian Culture
Catalan_language

Despite the position of the official organizations, an opinion poll carried out between 2001 and 2004 showed that the majority of the Valencian people consider Valencian different from Catalan. This position is promoted by people who do not use Valencian regularly. Furthermore, the data indicates that younger generations educated in Valencian are much less likely to hold these views. A minority of Valencian scholars active in fields other than linguistics defends the position of the Royal Academy of Valencian Culture (Acadèmia de Cultura Valenciana, RACV), which uses for Valencian a standard independent from Catalan.

Question: What do most Valencian people think Valencian is in regards to Catalan?
Answer: different

Question: When was an opinion poll done concerning Valencian?
Answer: between 2001 and 2004

Question: Who is less likely to believe that Catalan and Valencian are different?
Answer: younger generations

Question: Who uses a Valencian standard separate from Catalan?
Answer: Royal Academy of Valencian Culture

Question: How many scholars outside of linguistics agree with the Royal Academy?
Answer: A minority
Catalan_language

This clash of opinions has sparked much controversy. For example, during the drafting of the European Constitution in 2004, the Spanish government supplied the EU with translations of the text into Basque, Galician, Catalan, and Valencian, but the latter two were identical.

Question: What has produced a great deal of controversy?
Answer: clash of opinions

Question: When did the EU create the European Constitution?
Answer: 2004

Question: Who gave the EU translations of the European Constitution?
Answer: Spanish government
Catalan_language

Despite its relative lexical unity, the two dialectal blocks of Catalan (Eastern and Western) show some differences in word choices. Any lexical divergence within any of the two groups can be explained as an archaism. Also, usually Central Catalan acts as an innovative element.

Question: As what can divergence in the groups be shown?
Answer: as an archaism

Question: How does central Catalan behave with the groups?
Answer: as an innovative element

Question: What are the two dialectical groups of Catalan?
Answer: Eastern and Western

Question: What language has a lexical unity?
Answer: Catalan
Catalan_language

Literary Catalan allows the use of words from different dialects, except those of very restricted use. However, from the 19th century onwards, there is a tendency of favoring words of Northern dialects in detriment of others, even though nowadays there is a greater freedom of choice.

Question: What can use words from different dialects?
Answer: Literary Catalan

Question: What kind of words are excepted from literary use?
Answer: restricted use

Question: When did the preference of use of words from northern dialects begin?
Answer: 19th century

Question: What affect did this favoring of northern dialects have on other dialects?
Answer: detriment of others

Question: What kind of choice is now available in word choice?
Answer: greater freedom of choice
Catalan_language

Like other languages, Catalan has a large list of learned words from Greek and Latin. This process started very early, and one can find such examples in Ramon Llull's work. On the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries Catalan had a number of Greco-Latin learned words much superior to other Romance languages, as it can be attested for example in Roís de Corella's writings.

Question: Where does Catalan get a lot of its learned words?
Answer: Greek and Latin

Question: When did the process of acquiring words from Latin and Greek begin?
Answer: very early

Question: In whose work can you find examples of acquired words?
Answer: Ramon Llull

Question: When did Catalan have a greater number of Greco-Latin words than other Romance languages?
Answer: fourteenth and fifteenth centuries

Question: Whose writings are a good example of learned words in Catalan?
Answer: Roís de Corella
Catalan_language

The process of morphological derivation in Catalan follows the same principles as the other Romance languages, where agglutination is common. Many times, several affixes are appended to a preexisting lexeme, and some sound alternations can occur, for example elèctric [əˈlɛktrik] ("electrical") vs. electricitat [ələktrisiˈtat]. Prefixes are usually appended to verbs, for as in preveure ("foresee").

Question: What is common in Romance languages?
Answer: agglutination

Question: What kind of derivation in Catalan is similar to other languages?
Answer: morphological

Question: What word additive is usually added to verbs?
Answer: Prefixes

Question: What other word changes can occur in derivations?
Answer: sound alternations

Question: What word supplement  can be put on an already existing word base?
Answer: affixes
Catalan_language

In gender inflection, the most notable feature is (compared to Portuguese, Spanish or Italian), the loss of the typical masculine suffix -o. Thus, the alternance of -o/-a, has been replaced by ø/-a. There are only a few exceptions, like minso/minsa ("scarce"). Many not completely predictable morphological alternations may occur, such as:

Question: What is the usual masculine suffix?
Answer: -o
Catalan_language

Catalan has few suppletive couplets, like Italian and Spanish, and unlike French. Thus, Catalan has noi/noia ("boy"/"girl") and gall/gallina ("cock"/"hen"), whereas French has garçon/fille and coq/poule.

Question: What kind of words does Catalan have few of?
Answer: suppletive couplets

Question: What languages have more couplets than Catalan?
Answer: French

Question: What languages are  similar to Catalan in numbers of  couplets?
Answer: Italian and Spanish

Question: What language is not like Catalan in suppletive couplets?
Answer: French
Catalan_language

There is a tendency to abandon traditionally gender-invariable adjectives in favour of marked ones, something prevalent in Occitan and French. Thus, one can find bullent/bullenta ("boiling") in contrast with traditional bullent/bullent.

Question: What languages have a tendency to lose gender-invariable adjectives?
Answer: Occitan and French

Question: What is ab example of a gender marked adjective?
Answer: bullent/bullenta

Question: What would be the traditional form of a gender-invariable adjective?
Answer: bullent/bullenta
Catalan_language

As in the other Western Romance languages, the main plural expression is the suffix -s, which may create morphological alternations similar to the ones found in gender inflection, albeit more rarely. The most important one is the addition of -o- before certain consonant groups, a phonetic phenomenon that does not affect feminine forms: el pols/els polsos ("the pulse"/"the pulses") vs. la pols/les pols ("the dust"/"the dusts").

Question: What is the usual way to make a plural?
Answer: suffix -s

Question: What can the addition of the suffix -s produce?
Answer: morphological alternations

Question: To what are these morphological changes similar?
Answer: gender inflection

Question: What is an important plural alternation?
Answer: addition of -o-
Catalan_language

The inflection of determinatives is complex, specially because of the high number of elisions, but is similar to the neighboring languages. Catalan has more contractions of preposition + article than Spanish, like dels ("of + the [plural]"), but not as many as Italian (which has sul, col, nel, etc.).

Question: What does the large number of omissions  make the determinatives?
Answer: complex

Question: What is much like the neighboring languages?
Answer: inflection of determinatives

Question: What language does Catalan have more contractions than?
Answer: Spanish

Question: Catalan has less contractions than what language?
Answer: Italian

Question: What type of word is added to the contraction of the preposition?
Answer: article
Catalan_language

Central Catalan has abandoned almost completely unstressed possessives (mon, etc.) in favour of constructions of article + stressed forms (el meu, etc.), a feature shared with Italian.

Question: What has Central Catalan mostly abandoned?
Answer: unstressed possessives

Question: What other language shares this type of construction?
Answer: Italian

Question: What is an example of an article +stressed forms?
Answer: el meu

Question: What is an example of an unstressed possessive?
Answer: mon
Catalan_language

The morphology of Catalan personal pronouns is complex, specially in unstressed forms, which are numerous (13 distinct forms, compared to 11 in Spanish or 9 in Italian).  Features include the gender-neutral ho and the great degree of freedom when combining different unstressed pronouns (65 combinations).

Question: How many forms of personal pronouns are there in Catalan?
Answer: 13 distinct forms

Question: How many personal pronouns are there is Spanish?
Answer: 11

Question: What is the number of personal pronouns in Italian?
Answer: 9

Question: How many different combinations of unstressed pronouns are there?
Answer: 65
Catalan_language

Catalan pronouns exhibit T–V distinction, like all other Romance languages (and most European languages, but not Modern English). This feature implies the use of a different set of second person pronouns for formality.

Question: What is this distinction similar to?
Answer: all other Romance languages

Question: What modern language does not have a T-Y distinction?
Answer: English

Question: What does this imply the use an extra group of pronouns for?
Answer: formality
Catalan_language

This flexibility allows Catalan to use extraposition extensively, much more than French or Spanish. Thus, Catalan can have m'hi recomanaren ("they recommended me to him"), whereas in French one must say ils m'ont recommandé à lui, and Spanish me recomendaron a él. This allows the placement of almost any nominal term as a sentence topic, without having to use so often the passive voice (as in French or English), or identifying the direct object with a preposition (as in Spanish).

Question: What languages use extrapositioning in sentences less than Catalan? 
Answer: French or Spanish

Question: What do you not need to use in Catalan?
Answer: passive voice

Question: What languages use the passive voice more than Catalan?
Answer: French or English

Question: What method does Spanish use to identify the object?
Answer: preposition
Catalan_language

Like all the Romance languages, Catalan verbal inflection is more complex than the nominal. Suffixation is omnipresent, whereas morphological alternations play a secondary role. Vowel alternances are active, as well as infixation and suppletion. However, these are not as productive as in Spanish, and are mostly restricted to irregular verbs.

Question: What is Catalan verbal inflection ?
Answer: more complex

Question: What plays a primary part in Catalan?
Answer: Suffixation

Question: What plays a secondary part in Catalan?
Answer: morphological alternations

Question: How are vowel alternances in Catalan?
Answer: active
Catalan_language

The Catalan verbal system is basically common to all Western Romance, except that most dialects have replaced the synthetic indicative perfect with a periphrastic form of anar ("to go") + infinitive.

Question: What system is common to Western Romance?
Answer: Catalan verbal system

Question: What have many dialects replaced?
Answer: synthetic indicative perfect

Question: What is the Catalan verbal system common to?
Answer: all Western Romance
Catalan_language

Catalan verbs are traditionally divided into three conjugations, with vowel themes -a-, -e-, -i-, the last two being split into two subtypes. However, this division is mostly theoretical. Only the first conjugation is nowadays productive (with about 3500 common verbs), whereas the third (the subtype of servir, with about 700 common verbs) is semiproductive. The verbs of the second conjugation are fewer than 100, and it is not possible to create new ones, except by compounding.

Question: How are Catalan verbs grouped?
Answer: into three conjugations

Question: Which conjugation has about 3500 verbs?
Answer: first conjugation

Question: How many verbs are in the third conjugation?
Answer: 700

Question: Which conjugation has less than 100 verbs?
Answer: second
Catalan_language

In Spain, every person officially has two surnames, one of which is the father's first surname and the other is the mother's first surname. The law contemplates the possibility of joining both surnames with the Catalan conjunction i ("and").

Question: How many surnames does everyone in Spain have?
Answer: two

Question: Which one of one's father's surnames is used?
Answer: first

Question: What is Spain thinking of doing to the two surnames?
Answer: joining both surnames

Question: What conjunction would be used to join a person's surnames?
Answer: in
Boston

Boston (pronounced i/ˈbɒstən/) is the capital and largest city of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States. Boston also served as the historic county seat of Suffolk County until Massachusetts disbanded county government in 1999. The city proper covers 48 square miles (124 km2) with an estimated population of 655,884 in 2014, making it the largest city in New England and the 24th largest city in the United States. The city is the economic and cultural anchor of a substantially larger metropolitan area called Greater Boston, home to 4.7 million people and the tenth-largest metropolitan statistical area in the country. Greater Boston as a commuting region is home to 8.1 million people, making it the sixth-largest combined statistical area in the United States.

Question: Which of the United States is Boston located in?
Answer: Massachusetts

Question: How many square miles is the city proper of Boston?
Answer: 48

Question: The large metropolitan area of Boston is also called what?
Answer: Greater Boston

Question: What is the estimated population of Greater Boston?
Answer: 4.7 million people

Question: What is the capital and largest city in Massachusetts?
Answer: Boston
Boston

One of the oldest cities in the United States, Boston was founded on the Shawmut Peninsula in 1630 by Puritan settlers from England. It was the scene of several key events of the American Revolution, such as the Boston Massacre, the Boston Tea Party, the Battle of Bunker Hill, and the Siege of Boston. Upon American independence from Great Britain, the city continued to be an important port and manufacturing hub, as well as a center for education and culture. Through land reclamation and municipal annexation, Boston has expanded beyond the original peninsula. Its rich history attracts many tourists, with Faneuil Hall alone drawing over 20 million visitors per year. Boston's many firsts include the United States' first public school, Boston Latin School (1635), and first subway system (1897).

Question: What year was Boston founded?
Answer: 1630

Question: What is the name of the peninsula Boston was founded on?
Answer: the Shawmut Peninsula

Question: Bostons rich history attracts many what each year?
Answer: tourists

Question: The Faneuil Hall draws over how many tourists to Boston each year?
Answer: 20 million
Boston

The area's many colleges and universities make Boston an international center of higher education and medicine, and the city is considered to be a world leader in innovation. Boston's economic base also includes finance, professional and business services, biotechnology, information technology, and government activities. Households in the city claim the highest average rate of philanthropy in the United States; businesses and institutions rank amongst the top in the country for environmental sustainability and investment. The city has one of the highest costs of living in the United States, though it remains high on world livability rankings.

Question: Households in Boston claim the highest average rate of what in the United States?
Answer: philanthropy

Question: Bostons businesses rank top in the country for what?
Answer: environmental sustainability and investment

Question: Where does Boston rank as far as cost of living in the United States?
Answer: The city has one of the highest costs of living

Question: How does Boston rank on world livability?
Answer: high

Question: Boston is internationally known for education and medicine because of its many what?
Answer: colleges and universities
Boston

Boston's early European settlers had first called the area Trimountaine (after its "three mountains"—only traces of which remain today) but later renamed it Boston after Boston, Lincolnshire, England, the origin of several prominent colonists. The renaming, on September 7, 1630 (Old Style),[b] was by Puritan colonists from England, who had moved over from Charlestown earlier that year in quest of fresh water. Their settlement was initially limited to the Shawmut Peninsula, at that time surrounded by the Massachusetts Bay and Charles River and connected to the mainland by a narrow isthmus. The peninsula is known to have been inhabited as early as 5000 BC.

Question: What did Boston's early settlers call the area?
Answer: Trimountaine

Question: What does Trimountaine mean?
Answer: three mountains

Question: What year was the city renamed Boston?
Answer: 1630

Question: Who named the city Boston?
Answer: Puritan colonists from England

Question: What were the puritan colonists searching for when they came to Boston?
Answer: fresh water
Universal_Studios

Universal Studios Inc. (also known as Universal Pictures) is an American film studio, owned by Comcast through its wholly owned subsidiary NBCUniversal, and is one of Hollywood's "Big Six" film studios. Its production studios are at 100 Universal City Plaza Drive in Universal City, California. Distribution and other corporate offices are in New York City. Universal Studios is a member of the Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA). Universal was founded in 1912 by the German Carl Laemmle (pronounced "LEM-lee"), Mark Dintenfass, Charles O. Baumann, Adam Kessel, Pat Powers, William Swanson, David Horsley, Robert H. Cochrane, and Jules Brulatour.

Question: What is another name for Universal Studios Inc.?
Answer: Universal Pictures

Question: Who is the ultimate owner of Universal Studios?
Answer: Comcast

Question: What is the street address of Universal Studios' production studios?
Answer: 100 Universal City Plaza Drive

Question: In what city and state are its production studios located?
Answer: Universal City, California

Question: In what city are Universal Studios' corporate offices located?
Answer: New York City

Question: What does MAAP stand for?

Question: What was founded in 1921?

Question: Who founded Universal Studios in 1921?

Question: Who owns Comcast?

Question: Where in Universal City are the corporate offices located?
Universal_Studios

It is the world's fourth oldest major film studio, after the renowned French studios Gaumont Film Company and Pathé, and the Danish Nordisk Film company.

Question: What is the nationality of Pathé?
Answer: French

Question: Along with Pathé and the Gaumont Film Company, what major film studio is older then Universal Studios?
Answer: Nordisk Film company

Question: Among major film studies, where does Universal Studios rank in terms of age?
Answer: fourth

Question: What studios follow Universal for being the oldest?

Question: Who does the Pathe Film Company belong to?

Question: Who does the Danish Film Company belong to?
Universal_Studios

Universal Studios was founded by Carl Laemmle, Mark Dintenfass, Charles O. Baumann, Adam Kessel, Pat Powers, William Swanson, David Horsley, Robert H. Cochrane[a] and Jules Brulatour. One story has Laemmle watching a box office for hours, counting patrons and calculating the day's takings. Within weeks of his Chicago trip, Laemmle gave up dry goods to buy the first several nickelodeons. For Laemmle and other such entrepreneurs, the creation in 1908 of the Edison-backed Motion Picture Trust meant that exhibitors were expected to pay fees for Trust-produced films they showed. Based on the Latham Loop used in cameras and projectors, along with other patents, the Trust collected fees on all aspects of movie production and exhibition, and attempted to enforce a monopoly on distribution.

Question: After a trip to what city did Carl Laemmle leave the dry goods business?
Answer: Chicago

Question: In what year was the Motion Picture Trust created?
Answer: 1908

Question: What notable historical figure was involved in the Motion Picture Trust?
Answer: Edison

Question: For what part of a motion picture projector did the Motion Picture Trust hold a patent?
Answer: the Latham Loop

Question: Who founded Universal Studios in Chicago?

Question: What was created in 1980?

Question: Who back the Motion Trust Picture?

Question: Who attempted to enforce a monopoly on cameras and projectors?
Universal_Studios

Soon, Laemmle and other disgruntled nickelodeon owners decided to avoid paying Edison by producing their own pictures. In June 1909, Laemmle started the Yankee Film Company with partners Abe Stern and Julius Stern. That company quickly evolved into the Independent Moving Pictures Company (IMP), with studios in Fort Lee, New Jersey, where many early films in America's first motion picture industry were produced in the early 20th century. Laemmle broke with Edison's custom of refusing to give billing and screen credits to performers. By naming the movie stars, he attracted many of the leading players of the time, contributing to the creation of the star system. In 1910, he promoted Florence Lawrence, formerly known as "The Biograph Girl", and actor King Baggot, in what may be the first instance of a studio using stars in its marketing.

Question: What company did Laemmle found in June 1909?
Answer: Yankee Film Company

Question: Who were Laemmle's business partners in the Yankee Film Company?
Answer: Abe Stern and Julius Stern

Question: In what city and state was the Independent Moving Pictures Company based?
Answer: Fort Lee, New Jersey

Question: What was a nickname of Florence Lawrence?
Answer: The Biograph Girl

Question: What actor did Laemmle promote?
Answer: King Baggot

Question: What did Laemmle and Edison decide to do?

Question: Who started the Yankee Film Company in 1910?

Question: What was started in June 1910?

Question: What was Lawrence Florence known as?

Question: What does IPM stand for?
Universal_Studios

The Universal Film Manufacturing Company was incorporated in New York on April 30, 1912. Laemmle, who emerged as president in July 1912, was the primary figure in the partnership with Dintenfass, Baumann, Kessel, Powers, Swanson, Horsley, and Brulatour. Eventually all would be bought out by Laemmle. The new Universal studio was a vertically integrated company, with movie production, distribution and exhibition venues all linked in the same corporate entity, the central element of the Studio system era.

Question: On what date was the incorporation of the Universal Film Manufacturing Company?
Answer: April 30, 1912

Question: In what state was the Universal Film Manufacturing Company incorporated?
Answer: New York

Question: Who was the president of the Universal Film Manufacturing Company circa July 1912?
Answer: Laemmle

Question: What was the fate of the other partners of the Universal Film Manufacturing Company?
Answer: bought out by Laemmle

Question: Along with exhibition and distribution, what business did the Universal Film Manufacturing Company engage in?
Answer: movie production

Question: What was incorporated in New York on April 30, 1921?

Question: Who emerged as president in April 1912?

Question: Where was the Universal Manufacturing Film Company incorporated?
Universal_Studios

On March 15, 1915,:8 Laemmle opened the world's largest motion picture production facility, Universal City Studios, on a 230-acre (0.9-km²) converted farm just over the Cahuenga Pass from Hollywood. Studio management became the third facet of Universal's operations, with the studio incorporated as a distinct subsidiary organization. Unlike other movie moguls, Laemmle opened his studio to tourists. Universal became the largest studio in Hollywood, and remained so for a decade. However, it sought an audience mostly in small towns, producing mostly inexpensive melodramas, westerns and serials.

Question: On what date did Universal City Studios open?
Answer: March 15, 1915

Question: In square kilometers, what was the size of Universal City Studios?
Answer: 0.9

Question: What geographical feature separated Universal City Studios from Hollywood?
Answer: Cahuenga Pass

Question: What was the biggest Hollywood studio during this period?
Answer: Universal

Question: What opened on March 19, 1915?

Question: Who opened Universal City Studios on March 19, 1915?

Question: What studio was built on a 230-km² converted farm?

Question: Who opened his studio to tourists like other movie moguls?
Universal_Studios

In its early years Universal released three brands of feature films — Red Feather, low-budget programmers; Bluebird, more ambitious productions; and Jewel, their prestige motion pictures. Directors included Jack Conway, John Ford, Rex Ingram, Robert Z. Leonard, George Marshall and Lois Weber, one of the few women directing films in Hollywood.:13

Question: What sort of films were produced by Red Feather?
Answer: low-budget programmers

Question: What type of movies came out of Bluebird?
Answer: more ambitious productions

Question: What motion pictures were made by Jewel?
Answer: prestige motion pictures

Question: What was the profession of George Marshall?
Answer: Directors

Question: Who was one of the few female Hollywood directors in this era?
Answer: Lois Weber

Question: Who was Red Bluebird a brand for?

Question: What was Blue Feather a brand for?

Question: What was Jewel Bird a brand for?

Question: Who was the one woman directing films in Hollywood?
Universal_Studios

Despite Laemmle's role as an innovator, he was an extremely cautious studio chief. Unlike rivals Adolph Zukor, William Fox, and Marcus Loew, Laemmle chose not to develop a theater chain. He also financed all of his own films, refusing to take on debt. This policy nearly bankrupted the studio when actor-director Erich von Stroheim insisted on excessively lavish production values for his films Blind Husbands (1919) and Foolish Wives (1922), but Universal shrewdly gained a return on some of the expenditure by launching a sensational ad campaign that attracted moviegoers. Character actor Lon Chaney became a drawing card for Universal in the 1920s, appearing steadily in dramas. His two biggest hits for Universal were The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1923) and The Phantom of the Opera (1925). During this period Laemmle entrusted most of the production policy decisions to Irving Thalberg. Thalberg had been Laemmle's personal secretary, and Laemmle was impressed by his cogent observations of how efficiently the studio could be operated. Promoted to studio chief, Thalberg was giving Universal's product a touch of class, but MGM's head of production Louis B. Mayer lured Thalberg away from Universal with a promise of better pay. Without his guidance Universal became a second-tier studio, and would remain so for several decades.

Question: Who directed Blind Husbands?
Answer: Erich von Stroheim

Question: In what year was Foolish Wives produced?
Answer: 1922

Question: Who starred in The Phantom of the Opera?
Answer: Lon Chaney

Question: What year saw a film version of The Hunchback of Notre Dame?
Answer: 1923

Question: Who was at one time Laemmle's personal secretary?
Answer: Irving Thalberg

Question: Who else decided not to develop a theater chain with Laemmle?

Question: What year did Foolish Husbands come out?

Question: What year did Blind Wives come out?

Question: Who starred in the 1925 film The Hunchback of Notre Dame?

Question: Who starred in the 1923 film The Phantom of the Opera?
Universal_Studios

In 1926, Universal opened a production unit in Germany, Deutsche Universal-Film AG, under the direction of Joe Pasternak. This unit produced three to four films per year until 1936, migrating to Hungary and then Austria in the face of Hitler's increasing domination of central Europe. With the advent of sound, these productions were made in the German language or, occasionally, Hungarian or Polish. In the U.S., Universal Pictures did not distribute any of this subsidiary's films, but at least some of them were exhibited through other, independent, foreign-language film distributors based in New York, without benefit of English subtitles. Nazi persecution and a change in ownership for the parent Universal Pictures organization resulted in the dissolution of this subsidiary.

Question: What was the name of Universal's German production unit?
Answer: Deutsche Universal-Film AG

Question: Who ran Universal's German production unit?
Answer: Joe Pasternak

Question: In what year did Deutsche Universal-Film AG open?
Answer: 1926

Question: How many films did Universal's German subsidiary make yearly?
Answer: three to four

Question: Along with Germany and Austria, where was Deutsche Universal-Film AG at one time based?
Answer: Hungary

Question: What opened in 1962?

Question: Who directed Deutsche AG Universal-Film?

Question: How many films did Deutsche Universal-Film AG produce in 1936?

Question: Where did Universal Pictures distribute the subsidiary's films?
Universal_Studios

In the early years, Universal had a "clean picture" policy. However, by April 1927, Carl Laemmle considered this to be a mistake as "unclean pictures" from other studios were generating more profit while Universal was losing money.

Question: what was the policy that Universal followed in its early years?
Answer: "clean picture"

Question: By what month and year did Laemmle change his opinion on "unclean pictures"?
Answer: April 1927

Question: Why did Laemmle change his position on "unclean pictures"?
Answer: Universal was losing money

Question: What policy was established in April 1927?

Question: When did Carl Laemmle decide to establish a clean picture policy?

Question: What did Carl Laemmle consider a mistake in 1972?
Universal_Studios

Universal owned the rights to the "Oswald the Lucky Rabbit" character, although Walt Disney and Ub Iwerks had created Oswald, and their films had enjoyed a successful theatrical run. After Charles Mintz had unsuccessfully demanded that Disney accept a lower fee for producing the property, Mintz produced the films with his own group of animators. Instead, Disney and Iwerks created Mickey Mouse who in 1928 stared in the first "sync" sound animated short, Steamboat Willie. This moment effectively launched Walt Disney Studios' foothold, while Universal became a minor player in film animation. Universal subsequently severed its link to Mintz and formed its own in-house animation studio to produce Oswald cartoons headed by Walter Lantz.

Question: Along with Walt Disney, who created Oswald the Lucky Rabbit?
Answer: Ub Iwerks

Question: Who owned the rights to Oswald?
Answer: Universal

Question: Who produced an Oswald the Lucky Rabbit motion picture?
Answer: Charles Mintz

Question: What character did Walt Disney create in 1928?
Answer: Mickey Mouse

Question: What was the first animated short with synchronized sound?
Answer: Steamboat Willie

Question: Who owned the rights to Oswald the Rabbit?

Question: Who created Oswald with Ib Uwerks?

Question: Who was created in 1829 by Disney and Iwerks?

Question: What was the first 1982 animated short?

Question: What was Walt Disney a minor player in?
Universal_Studios

In 2006, after almost 80 years, NBC Universal sold all Walt Disney-produced Oswald cartoons, along with the rights to the character himself, back to Disney. In return, Disney released ABC sportscaster Al Michaels from his contract so he could work on NBC's Sunday night NFL football package. However, Universal retained ownership of Oswald cartoons produced for them by Walter Lantz from 1929 to 1943.

Question: Who bought the Oswald the Lucky Rabbit cartoons in 2006?
Answer: Disney

Question: Who was 2006 seller of the Oswald cartoons?
Answer: NBC Universal

Question: What notable figure worked as a sportscaster for ABC?
Answer: Al Michaels

Question: Who began producing Oswald cartoons for Universal in 1929?
Answer: Walter Lantz

Question: In what year did Walter Lantz cease producing Oswald cartoons for Universal?
Answer: 1943

Question: What did NBC Universal sell in 2008?

Question: What did NBC Universal do after 60 years?

Question: What NBC sportscaster did Disney release from contract?

Question: What did Universal retain ownership of from 1923 to 1949?
Universal_Studios

In 1928, Laemmle, Sr. made his son, Carl, Jr. head of Universal Pictures as a 21st birthday present. Universal already had a reputation for nepotism—at one time, 70 of Carl, Sr.'s relatives were supposedly on the payroll. Many of them were nephews, resulting in Carl, Sr. being known around the studios as "Uncle Carl." Ogden Nash famously quipped in rhyme, "Uncle Carl Laemmle/Has a very large faemmle." Among these relatives was future Academy Award winning director/producer William Wyler.

Question: How many of Carl Laemmle, Sr.'s relatives were working for Universal as of 1928?
Answer: 70

Question: What was Carl Laemmle, Sr.'s nickname at Universal?
Answer: Uncle Carl

Question: What poet wrote a notable rhyme about Laemmle?
Answer: Ogden Nash

Question: At what age did Carl Laemmle, Jr. become president of Universal?
Answer: 21

Question: What Academy Award-winning director was a relative of Carl Laemmle's?
Answer: William Wyler

Question: Who become head of Universal Pictures in 1921?

Question: How many relatives of Laemmle Sr. were on the payroll in 1928?

Question: What did Nash Ogden say about Uncle Carl?

Question: Who was Wyler William related to?