Divyanshu67/squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
Korean_War

As an initial response, Truman called for a naval blockade of North Korea, and was shocked to learn that such a blockade could be imposed only 'on paper', since the U.S. Navy no longer had the warships with which to carry out his request. In fact, because of the extensive defense cuts and the emphasis placed on building a nuclear bomber force, none of the services were in a position to make a robust response with conventional military strength. General Omar Bradley, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, was faced with re-organizing and deploying an American military force that was a shadow of its World War II counterpart. The impact of the Truman administration's defense budget cutbacks were now keenly felt, as American troops fought a series of costly rearguard actions. Lacking sufficient anti-tank weapons, artillery or armor, they were driven back down the Korean peninsula to Pusan. In a postwar analysis of the unpreparedness of U.S. Army forces deployed to Korea during the summer and fall of 1950, Army Major General Floyd L. Parks stated that "Many who never lived to tell the tale had to fight the full range of ground warfare from offensive to delaying action, unit by unit, man by man ... [T]hat we were able to snatch victory from the jaws of defeat ... does not relieve us from the blame of having placed our own flesh and blood in such a predicament."

Question: Why was the US naval blockade not feasible?
Answer: U.S. Navy no longer had the warships

Question: Why was the US not able to provide an adequate response to the Korean invasion?
Answer: defense budget cutbacks

Question: Who was tasked with reorganization and deploying of the US military?
Answer: General Omar Bradley

Question: Who was forced to retreat back to the Pusan Peninsula due to unpreparedness?
Answer: American troops

Question: Who stated that winning the war does not excuse putting US troops into a bad situation?
Answer: Major General Floyd L. Parks
Korean_War

Acting on State Secretary Acheson's recommendation, President Truman ordered General MacArthur to transfer matériel to the Army of the Republic of Korea while giving air cover to the evacuation of U.S. nationals. The President disagreed with advisers who recommended unilateral U.S. bombing of the North Korean forces, and ordered the US Seventh Fleet to protect the Republic of China (Taiwan), whose government asked to fight in Korea. The United States denied ROC's request for combat, lest it provoke a communist Chinese retaliation. Because the United States had sent the Seventh Fleet to "neutralize" the Taiwan Strait, Chinese premier Zhou Enlai criticized both the UN and U.S. initiatives as "armed aggression on Chinese territory."

Question: What general provided material to the Republic of Korea and evacuated US nationals?
Answer: General MacArthur

Question: Who disagreed with the idea of unilaterally bombing the North Korean military?
Answer: President Truman

Question: What fleet was sent to the Taiwan Strait?
Answer: US Seventh Fleet

Question: Fearing the provocation of Communist China, what country's request for combat troops did the US deny?
Answer: Republic of China

Question: Who is the Chinese premier that called the actions of the US and the United Nations an act of aggression?
Answer: Zhou Enlai
Korean_War

The Battle of Osan, the first significant American engagement of the Korean War, involved the 540-soldier Task Force Smith, which was a small forward element of the 24th Infantry Division which had been flown in from Japan. On 5 July 1950, Task Force Smith attacked the North Koreans at Osan but without weapons capable of destroying the North Koreans' tanks. They were unsuccessful; the result was 180 dead, wounded, or taken prisoner. The KPA progressed southwards, pushing back the US force at Pyongtaek, Chonan, and Chochiwon, forcing the 24th Division's retreat to Taejeon, which the KPA captured in the Battle of Taejon; the 24th Division suffered 3,602 dead and wounded and 2,962 captured, including the Division's Commander, Major General William F. Dean.

Question: What battle is considered the US's first significant fight in the Korean War?
Answer: Battle of Osan

Question: Which infantry division was involved in the Battle of Osan?
Answer: 24th Infantry Division

Question: Where was the 24th Division forced to retreat to what location?
Answer: Taejeon

Question: At what Battle did the 24th Infantry Division suffer major losses?
Answer: Battle of Taejon

Question: In what country is the US's Task Force Smith located?
Answer: Japan
Korean_War

By August, the KPA had pushed back the ROK Army and the Eighth United States Army to the vicinity of Pusan in southeast Korea. In their southward advance, the KPA purged the Republic of Korea's intelligentsia by killing civil servants and intellectuals. On 20 August, General MacArthur warned North Korean leader Kim Il-sung that he was responsible for the KPA's atrocities. By September, the UN Command controlled the Pusan perimeter, enclosing about 10% of Korea, in a line partially defined by the Nakdong River.

Question: How did the KPA hurt the Republic of Korea's intellectual core?
Answer: by killing civil servants and intellectuals

Question: Who was held responsible for the actions of the KPA?
Answer: Kim Il-sung

Question: Where did the Eighth United States and ROK get pushed back to?
Answer: southeast Korea

Question: What body of water provided a natural border to the UN command-controlled Pusan perimeter?
Answer: Nakdong River

Question: How much of Korea was under the control of the United Nations?
Answer: 10%
Korean_War

Although Kim's early successes had led him to predict that he would end the war by the end of August, Chinese leaders were more pessimistic. To counter a possible U.S. deployment, Zhou Enlai secured a Soviet commitment to have the Soviet Union support Chinese forces with air cover, and deployed 260,000 soldiers along the Korean border, under the command of Gao Gang. Zhou commanded Chai Chengwen to conduct a topographical survey of Korea, and directed Lei Yingfu, Zhou's military advisor in Korea, to analyze the military situation in Korea. Lei concluded that MacArthur would most likely attempt a landing at Incheon. After conferring with Mao that this would be MacArthur's most likely strategy, Zhou briefed Soviet and North Korean advisers of Lei's findings, and issued orders to Chinese army commanders deployed on the Korean border to prepare for American naval activity in the Korea Strait.

Question: Why did Zhou Enlai want a commitment the Soviet Union to commit to supporting the Chinese troops?
Answer: To counter a possible U.S. deployment

Question: Where did North Korea predict that MacArthur would enter Korea?
Answer: Incheon

Question: Who helped North Korea prepare for war by surveying the country?
Answer: Chai Chengwen

Question: Where did the Chinese military deploy troops in preparation for the arrival of US troops?
Answer: the Korean border

Question: Even though it was predicted that the Korean War would end in August, who was less than optimistic about the prediction?
Answer: Chinese leaders
Korean_War

In the resulting Battle of Pusan Perimeter (August–September 1950), the U.S. Army withstood KPA attacks meant to capture the city at the Naktong Bulge, P'ohang-dong, and Taegu. The United States Air Force (USAF) interrupted KPA logistics with 40 daily ground support sorties that destroyed 32 bridges, halting most daytime road and rail traffic. KPA forces were forced to hide in tunnels by day and move only at night. To deny matériel to the KPA, the USAF destroyed logistics depots, petroleum refineries, and harbors, while the U.S. Navy air forces attacked transport hubs. Consequently, the over-extended KPA could not be supplied throughout the south. On 27 August, 67th Fighter Squadron aircraft mistakenly attacked facilities in Chinese territory and the Soviet Union called the UN Security Council's attention to China's complaint about the incident. The US proposed that a commission of India and Sweden determine what the US should pay in compensation but the Soviets vetoed the US proposal.

Question: Which army was trying to capture Teague and the Naktong Bulge?
Answer: KPA

Question: What did the US Air Force's daytime attacks cause the KPA to do?
Answer: to hide in tunnels by day and move only at night

Question: Why did the Soviet Union complain about the action of the US to the UN Security Council?
Answer: aircraft mistakenly attacked facilities in Chinese territory

Question: Along with India, what other nation was to determine the how much the US would have to compensate China?
Answer: Sweden

Question: Why did India and Sweden never determine how much the US would compensate China?
Answer: the Soviets vetoed the US proposal
Korean_War

Meanwhile, U.S. garrisons in Japan continually dispatched soldiers and matériel to reinforce defenders in the Pusan Perimeter. Tank battalions deployed to Korea directly from the U.S. mainland from the port of San Francisco to the port of Pusan, the largest Korean port. By late August, the Pusan Perimeter had some 500 medium tanks battle-ready. In early September 1950, ROK Army and UN Command forces outnumbered the KPA 180,000 to 100,000 soldiers. The UN forces, once prepared, counterattacked and broke out of the Pusan Perimeter.

Question: Where in the United States was the tank battalion located?
Answer: San Francisco

Question: What is Korea's largest port?
Answer: the port of Pusan

Question: Besides the United States, what other country sent military personnel to Korea?
Answer: Japan

Question: Who had the fewest number of troops in Korea?
Answer: KPA

Question: Who was able to counterattack and move the KPA away from the Pusan Perimeter?
Answer: UN forces
Korean_War

Against the rested and re-armed Pusan Perimeter defenders and their reinforcements, the KPA were undermanned and poorly supplied; unlike the UN Command, they lacked naval and air support. To relieve the Pusan Perimeter, General MacArthur recommended an amphibious landing at Inchon (now known as Incheon), near Seoul and well over 100 miles (160 km) behind the KPA lines. On 6 July, he ordered Major General Hobart R. Gay, Commander, 1st Cavalry Division, to plan the division's amphibious landing at Incheon; on 12–14 July, the 1st Cavalry Division embarked from Yokohama, Japan to reinforce the 24th Infantry Division inside the Pusan Perimeter.

Question: Why did General MacArthur suggest an amphibious landing at Inchon?
Answer: To relieve the Pusan Perimeter

Question: Who did General MacArthur ask to plan the amphibious attack?
Answer: Major General Hobart R. Gay

Question: Where did the 1st Infantry deploy from?
Answer: Yokohama, Japan

Question: Why were KPA forces unable to adequately defend themselves against UN forces?
Answer: the KPA were undermanned and poorly supplied
Korean_War

Soon after the war began, General MacArthur had begun planning a landing at Incheon, but the Pentagon opposed him. When authorized, he activated a combined U.S. Army and Marine Corps, and ROK Army force. The X Corps, led by General Edward Almond, Commander, consisted of 40,000 men of the 1st Marine Division, the 7th Infantry Division and around 8,600 ROK Army soldiers. By 15 September, the amphibious assault force faced few KPA defenders at Incheon: military intelligence, psychological warfare, guerrilla reconnaissance, and protracted bombardment facilitated a relatively light battle. However, the bombardment destroyed most of the city of Incheon.

Question: Who initially opposed General MacArthur's landing plan?
Answer: the Pentagon

Question: What Corps included 40,000 men from the 1st Marine Division?
Answer: The X Corps

Question: Who coordinated the efforts of the ROK Army, Marine Corps and the US Army to stage a successful battle?
Answer: General Edward Almond
Korean_War

After the Incheon landing, the 1st Cavalry Division began its northward advance from the Pusan Perimeter. "Task Force Lynch" (after Lieutenant Colonel James H. Lynch), 3rd Battalion, 7th Cavalry Regiment, and two 70th Tank Battalion units (Charlie Company and the Intelligence–Reconnaissance Platoon) effected the "Pusan Perimeter Breakout" through 106.4 miles (171.2 km) of enemy territory to join the 7th Infantry Division at Osan. The X Corps rapidly defeated the KPA defenders around Seoul, thus threatening to trap the main KPA force in Southern Korea.

Question: Whose nickname was 'Task Force Lynch'?
Answer: Lieutenant Colonel James H. Lynch

Question: What was the 106 mile push through enemy territory called?
Answer: the "Pusan Perimeter Breakout"

Question: Who was defeated near Seoul, Korea?
Answer: the KPA
Korean_War

On 18 September, Stalin dispatched General H. M. Zakharov to Korea to advise Kim Il-sung to halt his offensive around the Pusan perimeter and to redeploy his forces to defend Seoul. Chinese commanders were not briefed on North Korean troop numbers or operational plans. As the overall commander of Chinese forces, Zhou Enlai suggested that the North Koreans should attempt to eliminate the enemy forces at Inchon only if they had reserves of at least 100,000 men; otherwise, he advised the North Koreans to withdraw their forces north.

Question: Who was sent to Korea to act as an advisor to Kim Il-Sung?
Answer: General H. M. Zakharov

Question: Why did Kim Il-Sung redeploy his military troops?
Answer: to defend Seoul

Question: Who was not being briefed on the operational plans or the number of troops in combat?
Answer: Chinese commanders

Question: When was it advised for North Koreans to attempt to defeat the opposing forces at Inchon?
Answer: if they had reserves of at least 100,000 men
Korean_War

On 25 September, Seoul was recaptured by South Korean forces. American air raids caused heavy damage to the KPA, destroying most of its tanks and much of its artillery. North Korean troops in the south, instead of effectively withdrawing north, rapidly disintegrated, leaving Pyongyang vulnerable. During the general retreat only 25,000 to 30,000 soldiers managed to rejoin the Northern KPA lines. On 27 September, Stalin convened an emergency session of the Politburo, in which he condemned the incompetence of the KPA command and held Soviet military advisers responsible for the defeat.

Question: What emergency session was called by Stalin?
Answer: Politburo

Question: How many troops made it back to the KPA lines after retreating?
Answer: 25,000 to 30,000

Question: Who was held responsible for the defeat of North Korean troops?
Answer: Soviet military advisers

Question: Who reclaimed the Seoul?
Answer: South Korean forces.

Question: What city was left vulnerable by North Korea's quick retreat?
Answer: Pyongyang
Korean_War

On 27 September, MacArthur received the top secret National Security Council Memorandum 81/1 from Truman reminding him that operations north of the 38th parallel were authorized only if "at the time of such operation there was no entry into North Korea by major Soviet or Chinese Communist forces, no announcements of intended entry, nor a threat to counter our operations militarily..." On 29 September MacArthur restored the government of the Republic of Korea under Syngman Rhee. On 30 September, Defense Secretary George Marshall sent an eyes-only message to MacArthur: "We want you to feel unhampered tactically and strategically to proceed north of the 38th parallel." During October, the ROK police executed people who were suspected to be sympathetic to North Korea, and similar massacres were carried out until early 1951.

Question: What memorandum stated the circumstances for engaging in conflict above the 38th parallel?
Answer: National Security Council Memorandum 81/1

Question: Who controlled the newly restored government of the Republic of Korea?
Answer: Syngman Rhee

Question: Who sent a message to MacArthur giving him the authority to proceed past the 38th parallel?
Answer: Defense Secretary George Marshall

Question: Who executed people who were believed to be loyal to North Korea?
Answer: ROK police

Question: What year did the executions stop?
Answer: 1951
Korean_War

On 30 September, Zhou Enlai warned the United States that China was prepared to intervene in Korea if the United States crossed the 38th parallel. Zhou attempted to advise North Korean commanders on how to conduct a general withdrawal by using the same tactics which had allowed Chinese communist forces to successfully escape Chiang Kai-shek's Encirclement Campaigns in the 1930s, but by some accounts North Korean commanders did not utilize these tactics effectively. Historian Bruce Cumings argues, however, the KPA's rapid withdrawal was strategic, with troops melting into the mountains from where they could launch guerrilla raids on the UN forces spread out on the coasts.

Question: Who vowed to intervene if the US was to engage in conflict North of the 38th parallel?
Answer: China

Question: The tactics Zhou Enlai advised the North Koreans to use during their withdrawal was the same the Chinese used to escape event?
Answer: Chiang Kai-shek's Encirclement Campaigns

Question: Who believes that the North Koreans only appeared to fail to effective execute their withdrawal plan?
Answer: Bruce Cumings

Question: What may have been North Korea's goal in the way they rapidly withdrew from South Korea?
Answer: launch guerrilla raids

Question: Who's control did the Chinese Communists escape in the 1930's?
Answer: Chiang Kai-shek
Korean_War

By 1 October 1950, the UN Command repelled the KPA northwards past the 38th parallel; the ROK Army crossed after them, into North Korea. MacArthur made a statement demanding the KPA's unconditional surrender. Six days later, on 7 October, with UN authorization, the UN Command forces followed the ROK forces northwards. The X Corps landed at Wonsan (in southeastern North Korea) and Riwon (in northeastern North Korea), already captured by ROK forces. The Eighth U.S. Army and the ROK Army drove up western Korea and captured Pyongyang city, the North Korean capital, on 19 October 1950. The 187th Airborne Regimental Combat Team ("Rakkasans") made their first of two combat jumps during the Korean War on 20 October 1950 at Sunchon and Sukchon. The missions of the 187th were to cut the road north going to China, preventing North Korean leaders from escaping from Pyongyang; and to rescue American prisoners of war. At month's end, UN forces held 135,000 KPA prisoners of war. As they neared the Sino-Korean border, the UN forces in the west were divided from those in the east by 50–100 miles of mountainous terrain.

Question: Who issued a statement calling for North Korea's unconditional surrender?
Answer: MacArthur

Question: Who authorized giving troops the ability to follow the North Korean forces north?
Answer: the UN

Question: How did the 187 Airborne Regimental Combat Team prevent North Korean leaders from fleeing?
Answer: cut the road north going to China

Question: How many North Korean prisoners of war were held by UN forces?
Answer: 135,000
Korean_War

On 27 June 1950, two days after the KPA invaded and three months before the Chinese entered the war, President Truman dispatched the United States Seventh Fleet to the Taiwan Strait, to prevent hostilities between the Nationalist Republic of China (Taiwan) and the People's Republic of China (PRC). On 4 August 1950, with the PRC invasion of Taiwan aborted, Mao Zedong reported to the Politburo that he would intervene in Korea when the People's Liberation Army's (PLA) Taiwan invasion force was reorganized into the PLA North East Frontier Force. China justified its entry into the war as a response to "American aggression in the guise of the UN".

Question: What did President Truman do to prevent hostilities between the People's Republic of China and Taiwan?
Answer: dispatched the United States Seventh Fleet to the Taiwan Strait

Question: What year did China decide to enter the war?
Answer: 1950

Question: What provoked China to join the war?
Answer: American aggression in the guise of the UN

Question: Where did Mao Zedong declare that he would intervene in the Korean conflict?
Answer: the Politburo
Korean_War

In order to enlist Stalin's support, Zhou and a Chinese delegation left for Moscow on 8 October, arriving there on 10 October at which point they flew to Stalin's home at the Black Sea. There they conferred with the top Soviet leadership which included Joseph Stalin as well as Vyacheslav Molotov, Lavrentiy Beria and Georgi Malenkov. Stalin initially agreed to send military equipment and ammunition, but warned Zhou that the Soviet Union's air force would need two or three months to prepare any operations. In a subsequent meeting, Stalin told Zhou that he would only provide China with equipment on a credit basis, and that the Soviet air force would only operate over Chinese airspace, and only after an undisclosed period of time. Stalin did not agree to send either military equipment or air support until March 1951. Mao did not find Soviet air support especially useful, as the fighting was going to take place on the south side of the Yalu. Soviet shipments of matériel, when they did arrive, were limited to small quantities of trucks, grenades, machine guns, and the like.

Question: Where did Zhou travel with a Chinese delegation to convince Stalin to support China?
Answer: the Black Sea

Question: How long did the Soviet air force need to prepare to assist
Answer: two or three months

Question: Where did Stalin say he would allow the Soviet air force to operate for a limited amount of time?
Answer: Chinese airspace

Question: When did Stalin agree to send China any type of support?
Answer: March 1951

Question: Where did the fighting take place that rendered Soviet air support useless to the Chinese?
Answer: the south side of the Yalu
Korean_War

Meanwhile, on 10 October 1950, the 89th Tank Battalion was attached to the 1st Cavalry Division, increasing the armor available for the Northern Offensive. On 15 October, after moderate KPA resistance, the 7th Cavalry Regiment and Charlie Company, 70th Tank Battalion captured Namchonjam city. On 17 October, they flanked rightwards, away from the principal road (to Pyongyang), to capture Hwangju. Two days later, the 1st Cavalry Division captured Pyongyang, the North's capital city, on 19 October 1950. Kim Il Sung and his government temporarily moved its capital to Sinuiju – although as UNC forces approached, the government again moved – this time to Kanggye.

Question: Who did not capture the city of Namchonjam?
Answer: KPA

Question: What was the capital city in the North?
Answer: Pyongyang

Question: Where did Kim Il-Sung temporarily move the capital?
Answer: Sinuiju

Question: What caused the North Koreans to move their capital for the second time?
Answer: UNC forces approached

Question: When was Pyongyang captured?
Answer: October 1950
Korean_War

After secretly crossing the Yalu River on 19 October, the PVA 13th Army Group launched the First Phase Offensive on 25 October, attacking the advancing UN forces near the Sino-Korean border. This military decision made solely by China changed the attitude of the Soviet Union. Twelve days after Chinese troops entered the war, Stalin allowed the Soviet Air Force to provide air cover, and supported more aid to China. After decimating the ROK II Corps at the Battle of Onjong, the first confrontation between Chinese and U.S. military occurred on 1 November 1950; deep in North Korea, thousands of soldiers from the PVA 39th Army encircled and attacked the U.S. 8th Cavalry Regiment with three-prong assaults—from the north, northwest, and west—and overran the defensive position flanks in the Battle of Unsan. The surprise assault resulted in the UN forces retreating back to the Ch'ongch'on River, while the Chinese unexpectedly disappeared into mountain hideouts following victory. It is unclear why the Chinese did not press the attack and follow up their victory.

Question: Who initiated the First Phase offensive?
Answer: PVA 13th Army Group

Question: Who did the First Phase offensive motivated to send more troops and resources to Korea?
Answer: Soviet Union

Question: When did the Chinese and US military have their first confrontation in Korea?
Answer: 1 November 1950

Question: Where did UN forces retreat to when the PVA executed their sneak attack?
Answer: Ch'ongch'on River

Question: What is unusual about the PVA's successful, surprise attack?
Answer: Chinese unexpectedly disappeared into mountain hideouts
Korean_War

On 25 November at the Korean western front, the PVA 13th Army Group attacked and overran the ROK II Corps at the Battle of the Ch'ongch'on River, and then decimated the US 2nd Infantry Division on the UN forces' right flank. The UN Command retreated; the U.S. Eighth Army's retreat (the longest in US Army history) was made possible because of the Turkish Brigade's successful, but very costly, rear-guard delaying action near Kunuri that slowed the PVA attack for two days (27–29 November). On 27 November at the Korean eastern front, a U.S. 7th Infantry Division Regimental Combat Team (3,000 soldiers) and the U.S. 1st Marine Division (12,000–15,000 marines) were unprepared for the PVA 9th Army Group's three-pronged encirclement tactics at the Battle of Chosin Reservoir, but they managed to escape under Air Force and X Corps support fire—albeit with some 15,000 collective casualties.

Question: Whose retreat during the Korean war was the longest in the history of the US Army?
Answer: U.S. Eighth Army's

Question: Whose actions helped the Eighth Army be able to retreat?
Answer: Turkish Brigade

Question: How many casualties did the 1st Marines face at the Battle of Chosin Reservoir?
Answer: 12,000–15,000

Question: What tactics of the PVA were US and ROK troops not prepared to handle?
Answer: PVA 9th Army Group's three-pronged encirclement tactics
Korean_War

By 30 November, the PVA 13th Army Group managed to expel the U.S. Eighth Army from northwest Korea. Retreating from the north faster than they had counter-invaded, the Eighth Army crossed the 38th parallel border in mid December. UN morale hit rock bottom when commanding General Walton Walker of the U.S. Eighth Army was killed on 23 December 1950 in an automobile accident. In northeast Korea by 11 December, the U.S. X Corps managed to cripple the PVA 9th Army Group while establishing a defensive perimeter at the port city of Hungnam. The X Corps were forced to evacuate by 24 December in order to reinforce the badly depleted U.S. Eighth Army to the south.

Question: Who did the PVA 13th Army Group force out of northwest Korea?
Answer: the U.S. Eighth Army

Question: Whose death was not a direct casualty of the war?
Answer: General Walton Walker

Question: Why did the X Corps leave Hungnam?
Answer: to reinforce the badly depleted U.S. Eighth Army

Question: What effect did the death of General Walton Walker have on the troops?
Answer: UN morale hit rock bottom
Korean_War

During the Hungnam evacuation, about 193 shiploads of UN Command forces and matériel (approximately 105,000 soldiers, 98,000 civilians, 17,500 vehicles, and 350,000 tons of supplies) were evacuated to Pusan. The SS Meredith Victory was noted for evacuating 14,000 refugees, the largest rescue operation by a single ship, even though it was designed to hold 12 passengers. Before escaping, the UN Command forces razed most of Hungnam city, especially the port facilities; and on 16 December 1950, President Truman declared a national emergency with Presidential Proclamation No. 2914, 3 C.F.R. 99 (1953), which remained in force until 14 September 1978.[b] The next day (17 December 1950) Kim Il-sung was deprived of the right of command of KPA by China. After that, the leading part of the war became the Chinese army. Following that, on 1 February 1951, United Nations General Assembly adopted a draft resolution condemning China as an aggressor in the Korean War.

Question: What was the name of the ship responsible for undertaking the largest rescue operation by a single ship?
Answer: SS Meredith Victory

Question: What did the Presidential Proclamation No. 2914, 3 1950 do?
Answer: declared a national emergency

Question: What year was the Presidential Proclamation lifted?
Answer: 1978

Question: Who was stripped of their commanding rights by China?
Answer: Kim Il-sung

Question: What country was condemned for their participation in the conflict in Korea?
Answer: China
Korean_War

With Lieutenant-General Matthew Ridgway assuming the command of the U.S. Eighth Army on 26 December, the PVA and the KPA launched their Third Phase Offensive (also known as the "Chinese New Year's Offensive") on New Year's Eve of 1950. Utilizing night attacks in which UN Command fighting positions were encircled and then assaulted by numerically superior troops who had the element of surprise, the attacks were accompanied by loud trumpets and gongs, which fulfilled the double purpose of facilitating tactical communication and mentally disorienting the enemy. UN forces initially had no familiarity with this tactic, and as a result some soldiers panicked, abandoning their weapons and retreating to the south. The Chinese New Year's Offensive overwhelmed UN forces, allowing the PVA and KPA to conquer Seoul for the second time on 4 January 1951.

Question: What is the Third Phase Offensive also known as?
Answer: Chinese New Year's Offensive

Question: Why goals were accomplished the the KPA and PVA's use gongs during these attacks?
Answer: facilitating tactical communication and mentally disorienting the enemy

Question: How did some UN troops react to the use of noise?
Answer: some soldiers panicked, abandoning their weapons and retreating to the south

Question: What did the PVA and KPA gain by using the tactics during the Third Phase Offensive
Answer: Seoul

Question: Who was commanding the U.S. Eight Army at the time of the Third Phase Offensive?
Answer: Lieutenant-General Matthew Ridgway
Korean_War

UN forces retreated to Suwon in the west, Wonju in the center, and the territory north of Samcheok in the east, where the battlefront stabilized and held. The PVA had outrun its logistics capability and thus were unable to press on beyond Seoul as food, ammunition, and matériel were carried nightly, on foot and bicycle, from the border at the Yalu River to the three battle lines. In late January, upon finding that the PVA had abandoned their battle lines, General Ridgway ordered a reconnaissance-in-force, which became Operation Roundup (5 February 1951). A full-scale X Corps advance proceeded, which fully exploited the UN Command's air superiority, concluding with the UN reaching the Han River and recapturing Wonju.

Question: Why was the PVA unable to advance beyond Seoul?
Answer: The PVA had outrun its logistics capability

Question: What caused General Ridgway to initiate Operation Roundup?
Answer: PVA had abandoned their battle lines

Question: What facilitated the success of Operation Roundup?
Answer: UN Command's air superiority

Question: What city was recaptured as a result of the Ridgway's operation?
Answer: Wonju

Question: How was the PVA transporting supplies at one point?
Answer: on foot and bicycle
Korean_War

In the last two weeks of February 1951, Operation Roundup was followed by Operation Killer, carried out by the revitalized Eighth Army. It was a full-scale, battlefront-length attack staged for maximum exploitation of firepower to kill as many KPA and PVA troops as possible. Operation Killer concluded with I Corps re-occupying the territory south of the Han River, and IX Corps capturing Hoengseong. On 7 March 1951, the Eighth Army attacked with Operation Ripper, expelling the PVA and the KPA from Seoul on 14 March 1951. This was the city's fourth conquest in a years' time, leaving it a ruin; the 1.5 million pre-war population was down to 200,000, and people were suffering from severe food shortages.

Question: What Operation was initiated after the successful Operation Roundup?
Answer: Operation Killer

Question: What the the goal of the operation that followed Operation Roundup?
Answer: to kill as many KPA and PVA troops as possible

Question: What signified the end of Operation Killer?
Answer: capturing Hoengseong

Question: How many times was Seoul captured in a year?
Answer: This was the city's fourth conquest

Question: Other than the drastic decrease in population, what other issue did the people in Seoul face?
Answer: severe food shortages
Korean_War

On 1 March 1951 Mao sent a cable to Stalin, in which he emphasized the difficulties faced by Chinese forces and the urgent need for air cover, especially over supply lines. Apparently impressed by the Chinese war effort, Stalin finally agreed to supply two air force divisions, three anti-aircraft divisions, and six thousand trucks. PVA troops in Korea continued to suffer severe logistical problems throughout the war. In late April Peng Dehuai sent his deputy, Hong Xuezhi, to brief Zhou Enlai in Beijing. What Chinese soldiers feared, Hong said, was not the enemy, but that they had nothing to eat, no bullets to shoot, and no trucks to transport them to the rear when they were wounded. Zhou attempted to respond to the PVA's logistical concerns by increasing Chinese production and improving methods of supply, but these efforts were never completely sufficient. At the same time, large-scale air defense training programs were carried out, and the Chinese Air Force began to participate in the war from September 1951 onward.

Question: Why did Stalin send two air forces divisions and other assistance to the Chinese?
Answer: the Chinese war effort

Question: What issues plagued the PVA throughout the war?
Answer: logistical problems

Question: What was a great concern of many Chinese troops?
Answer: they had nothing to eat

Question: What was Zhou's ineffective response to the issue plaguing the PVA?
Answer: increasing Chinese production and improving methods of supply

Question: What did China introduce to the war in 1951?
Answer: the Chinese Air Force
Korean_War

On 11 April 1951, Commander-in-Chief Truman relieved the controversial General MacArthur, the Supreme Commander in Korea. There were several reasons for the dismissal. MacArthur had crossed the 38th parallel in the mistaken belief that the Chinese would not enter the war, leading to major allied losses. He believed that whether or not to use nuclear weapons should be his own decision, not the President's. MacArthur threatened to destroy China unless it surrendered. While MacArthur felt total victory was the only honorable outcome, Truman was more pessimistic about his chances once involved in a land war in Asia, and felt a truce and orderly withdrawal from Korea could be a valid solution. MacArthur was the subject of congressional hearings in May and June 1951, which determined that he had defied the orders of the President and thus had violated the U.S. Constitution. A popular criticism of MacArthur was that he never spent a night in Korea, and directed the war from the safety of Tokyo.

Question: Who was relieved from his duties as Commander in Korea?
Answer: General MacArthur

Question: Who did not have faith in MacArthur's claim that victory was the only respectable outcome?
Answer: Truman

Question: What mistake did MacArthur make regarding the 38th parallel?
Answer: the Chinese would not enter the war

Question: What did Truman want to see happen in Korea?
Answer: a truce and orderly withdrawal

Question: Whose involvement in the war was found to be in violation of the Constitution?
Answer: . MacArthur
Korean_War

General Ridgway was appointed Supreme Commander, Korea; he regrouped the UN forces for successful counterattacks, while General James Van Fleet assumed command of the U.S. Eighth Army. Further attacks slowly depleted the PVA and KPA forces; Operations Courageous (23–28 March 1951) and Tomahawk (23 March 1951) were a joint ground and airborne infilltration meant to trap Chinese forces between Kaesong and Seoul. UN forces advanced to "Line Kansas", north of the 38th parallel. The 187th Airborne Regimental Combat Team's ("Rakkasans") second of two combat jumps was on Easter Sunday, 1951, at Munsan-ni, South Korea, codenamed Operation Tomahawk. The mission was to get behind Chinese forces and block their movement north. The 60th Indian Parachute Field Ambulance provided the medical cover for the operations, dropping an ADS and a surgical team and treating over 400 battle casualties apart from the civilian casualties that formed the core of their objective as the unit was on a humanitarian mission.

Question: Who was appointed Supreme Commander in Korea after the removal of General MacArthur?
Answer: General Ridgway

Question: What was the goal of Operation Tomahawk?
Answer: get behind Chinese forces and block their movement north

Question: Who was responsible for supply humanitarian aid to civilians?
Answer: The 60th Indian Parachute Field Ambulance

Question: Under the guidance of Generals Van Fleet and Ridgway, joint forces were able to achieve what goal?
Answer: depleted the PVA and KPA forces
Korean_War

The Chinese counterattacked in April 1951, with the Fifth Phase Offensive, also known as the Chinese Spring Offensive, with three field armies (approximately 700,000 men). The offensive's first thrust fell upon I Corps, which fiercely resisted in the Battle of the Imjin River (22–25 April 1951) and the Battle of Kapyong (22–25 April 1951), blunting the impetus of the offensive, which was halted at the "No-name Line" north of Seoul. On 15 May 1951, the Chinese commenced the second impulse of the Spring Offensive and attacked the ROK Army and the U.S. X Corps in the east at the Soyang River. After initial success, they were halted by 20 May. At month's end, the U.S. Eighth Army counterattacked and regained "Line Kansas", just north of the 38th parallel. The UN's "Line Kansas" halt and subsequent offensive action stand-down began the stalemate that lasted until the armistice of 1953.

Question: What was the Fifth Phase of the Chinese counter initiative called?
Answer: Chinese Spring Offensive

Question: What may have began as an effective series of attacks by the Chinese regained what area?
Answer: Line Kansas

Question: What ended with the armistice of 1953?
Answer: the stalemate

Question: How many armies did the Chinese use in the Fifth Phase Offensive?
Answer: three field armies

Question: Where was Line Kansas located?
Answer: just north of the 38th parallel
Korean_War

For the remainder of the Korean War the UN Command and the PVA fought, but exchanged little territory; the stalemate held. Large-scale bombing of North Korea continued, and protracted armistice negotiations began 10 July 1951 at Kaesong. On the Chinese side, Zhou Enlai directed peace talks, and Li Kenong and Qiao Guanghua headed the negotiation team. Combat continued while the belligerents negotiated; the UN Command forces' goal was to recapture all of South Korea and to avoid losing territory. The PVA and the KPA attempted similar operations, and later effected military and psychological operations in order to test the UN Command's resolve to continue the war.

Question: Where did armistice negotiations occur?
Answer: Kaesong

Question: What did the UN Command want to achieve with the armistice talks?
Answer: recapture all of South Korea and to avoid losing territory

Question: What tactics were used by the PVA to coax the UN Command to continuing the war?
Answer: military and psychological operations

Question: Was there a cease fire during the talks?
Answer: Large-scale bombing of North Korea continued

Question: Who directed the armistice negotiation for the Chinese?
Answer: Zhou Enlai
Korean_War

The principal battles of the stalemate include the Battle of Bloody Ridge (18 August–15 September 1951), the Battle of the Punchbowl (31 August-21 September 1951), the Battle of Heartbreak Ridge (13 September–15 October 1951), the Battle of Old Baldy (26 June–4 August 1952), the Battle of White Horse (6–15 October 1952), the Battle of Triangle Hill (14 October–25 November 1952), the Battle of Hill Eerie (21 March–21 June 1952), the sieges of Outpost Harry (10–18 June 1953), the Battle of the Hook (28–29 May 1953), the Battle of Pork Chop Hill (23 March–16 July 1953), and the Battle of Kumsong (13–27 July 1953).

Question: When was the Battle of White Horse?
Answer: 6–15 October 1952

Question: What year was the Battle of Bloody Ridge?
Answer: 1951

Question: What was the shortest of the major battles fought during the stalemate?
Answer: the Battle of the Hook
Korean_War

Chinese troops suffered from deficient military equipment, serious logistical problems, overextended communication and supply lines, and the constant threat of UN bombers. All of these factors generally led to a rate of Chinese casualties that was far greater than the casualties suffered by UN troops. The situation became so serious that, on November 1951, Zhou Enlai called a conference in Shenyang to discuss the PVA's logistical problems. At the meeting it was decided to accelerate the construction of railways and airfields in the area, to increase the number of trucks available to the army, and to improve air defense by any means possible. These commitments did little to directly address the problems confronting PVA troops.

Question: Did the UN troops or Chinese troops experience more war casualties?
Answer: Chinese troops

Question: What did Zhou Enlai do as a result of the significant amount of Chinese casualties?
Answer: called a conference in Shenyang

Question: What was the purpose of the Shengyang meeting?
Answer: discuss the PVA's logistical problems

Question: Did the actions of the Chinese fix their problems?
Answer: These commitments did little to directly address the problems
Korean_War

In the months after the Shenyang conference Peng Dehuai went to Beijing several times to brief Mao and Zhou about the heavy casualties suffered by Chinese troops and the increasing difficulty of keeping the front lines supplied with basic necessities. Peng was convinced that the war would be protracted, and that neither side would be able to achieve victory in the near future. On 24 February 1952, the Military Commission, presided over by Zhou, discussed the PVA's logistical problems with members of various government agencies involved in the war effort. After the government representatives emphasized their inability to meet the demands of the war, Peng, in an angry outburst, shouted: "You have this and that problem... You should go to the front and see with your own eyes what food and clothing the soldiers have! Not to speak of the casualties! For what are they giving their lives? We have no aircraft. We have only a few guns. Transports are not protected. More and more soldiers are dying of starvation. Can't you overcome some of your difficulties?" The atmosphere became so tense that Zhou was forced to adjourn the conference. Zhou subsequently called a series of meetings, where it was agreed that the PVA would be divided into three groups, to be dispatched to Korea in shifts; to accelerate the training of Chinese pilots; to provide more anti-aircraft guns to the front lines; to purchase more military equipment and ammunition from the Soviet Union; to provide the army with more food and clothing; and, to transfer the responsibility of logistics to the central government.

Question: Who believed that neither side would see a victory at the end of the Korean War?
Answer: Peng Dehuai

Question: What meeting was conducted to discuss the PVA's problems?
Answer: the Military Commission,

Question: What actions were taken to help the PVA?
Answer: PVA would be divided into three groups

Question: Who ended up in charge of logistics as a result of the restructuring of the PVA?
Answer: the central government
Korean_War

The on-again, off-again armistice negotiations continued for two years, first at Kaesong, on the border between North and South Korea, and then at the neighbouring village of Panmunjom. A major, problematic negotiation point was prisoner of war (POW) repatriation. The PVA, KPA, and UN Command could not agree on a system of repatriation because many PVA and KPA soldiers refused to be repatriated back to the north, which was unacceptable to the Chinese and North Koreans. In the final armistice agreement, signed on 27 July 1953, a Neutral Nations Repatriation Commission, under the chairman Indian General K. S. Thimayya, was set up to handle the matter.

Question: How long did the armistice talks last?
Answer: two years

Question: What issues stalled the armistice talks?
Answer: prisoner of war (POW) repatriation

Question: What was deemed unacceptable to North Koreans and the Chinese during POW negotiations?
Answer: many PVA and KPA soldiers refused to be repatriated back to the north

Question: When was the armistice agreement finally signed?
Answer: 27 July 1953

Question: What was established to deal with the issues surrounding prisoners of war?
Answer: Neutral Nations Repatriation Commission,
Korean_War

In 1952, the United States elected a new president, and on 29 November 1952, the president-elect, Dwight D. Eisenhower, went to Korea to learn what might end the Korean War. With the United Nations' acceptance of India's proposed Korean War armistice, the KPA, the PVA, and the UN Command ceased fire with the battle line approximately at the 38th parallel. Upon agreeing to the armistice, the belligerents established the Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ), which has since been patrolled by the KPA and ROKA, United States, and Joint UN Commands.

Question: Who did the US elect as president during the Korean War?
Answer: Dwight D. Eisenhower

Question: Who approved the Korean War armistice that officially declared a ceasefire?
Answer: the United Nations

Question: What area was created by the parties involved in the Korean conflict?
Answer: Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ)

Question: Along with the Joint UN Commands, ROKA and KPA, what country also still patrols the demilitarized zone?
Answer: United States

Question: What was one of the first things that the newly-elected Dwight Eisenhower did after the election?
Answer: went to Korea to learn what might end the Korean War
Korean_War

The Demilitarized Zone runs northeast of the 38th parallel; to the south, it travels west. The old Korean capital city of Kaesong, site of the armistice negotiations, originally was in pre-war South Korea, but now is part of North Korea. The United Nations Command, supported by the United States, the North Korean People's Army, and the Chinese People's Volunteers, signed the Armistice Agreement on 27 July 1953 to end the fighting. The Armistice also called upon the governments of South Korea, North Korea, China and the United States to participate in continued peace talks. The war is considered to have ended at this point, even though there was no peace treaty. North Korea nevertheless claims that it won the Korean War.

Question: Where is the capital city of Kaesong now located?
Answer: North Korea

Question: What area is directly north and south of the 38th parallel?
Answer: The Demilitarized Zone

Question: When was the Armistice Agreement signed?
Answer: 27 July 1953

Question: Was there ever an official peace treaty after the war?
Answer: there was no peace treaty

Question: Who believes that they were victorious in the war?
Answer: North Korea
Korean_War

After the war, Operation Glory was conducted from July to November 1954, to allow combatant countries to exchange their dead. The remains of 4,167 U.S. Army and U.S. Marine Corps dead were exchanged for 13,528 KPA and PVA dead, and 546 civilians dead in UN prisoner-of-war camps were delivered to the South Korean government. After Operation Glory, 416 Korean War unknown soldiers were buried in the National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific (The Punchbowl), on the island of Oahu, Hawaii. Defense Prisoner of War/Missing Personnel Office (DPMO) records indicate that the PRC and the DPRK transmitted 1,394 names, of which 858 were correct. From 4,167 containers of returned remains, forensic examination identified 4,219 individuals. Of these, 2,944 were identified as American, and all but 416 were identified by name. From 1996 to 2006, the DPRK recovered 220 remains near the Sino-Korean border.

Question: What was the point of Operation Glory?
Answer: to allow combatant countries to exchange their dead

Question: How many US service members were exchanged during this operation?
Answer: 4,167

Question: Where are the remains of the 416 unidentified soldiers who died in the Korean War?
Answer: National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific

Question: How many remains were recovered from the Sino-Korean border between 1996 and 2006?
Answer: 220