Divyanshu67/squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
Seattle

Still, very large companies dominate the business landscape. Four companies on the 2013 Fortune 500 list of the United States' largest companies, based on total revenue, are headquartered in Seattle: Internet retailer Amazon.com (#49), coffee chain Starbucks (#208), department store Nordstrom (#227), and freight forwarder Expeditors International of Washington (#428). Other Fortune 500 companies popularly associated with Seattle are based in nearby Puget Sound cities. Warehouse club chain Costco (#22), the largest retail company in Washington, is based in Issaquah. Microsoft (#35) is located in Redmond. Weyerhaeuser, the forest products company (#363), is based in Federal Way. Finally, Bellevue is home to truck manufacturer Paccar (#168). Other major companies in the area include Nintendo of America in Redmond, T-Mobile US in Bellevue, Expedia Inc. in Bellevue and Providence Health & Services — the state's largest health care system and fifth largest employer — in Renton. The city has a reputation for heavy coffee consumption; coffee companies founded or based in Seattle include Starbucks, Seattle's Best Coffee, and Tully's. There are also many successful independent artisanal espresso roasters and cafés.

Question: How many of the Fortune 500 companies are based in Seattle?
Answer: Four

Question: What famous coffee chain is home in Seattle?
Answer: Starbucks

Question: Which huge internet seller is headquartered in Seattle?
Answer: Amazon.com

Question: In what city near Seattle is Microsoft based?
Answer: Redmond

Question: What drink do the people of Seattle excel in drinking?
Answer: coffee
Seattle

Prior to moving its headquarters to Chicago, aerospace manufacturer Boeing (#30) was the largest company based in Seattle. Its largest division is still headquartered in nearby Renton, and the company has large aircraft manufacturing plants in Everett and Renton, so it remains the largest private employer in the Seattle metropolitan area. Former Seattle Mayor Greg Nickels announced a desire to spark a new economic boom driven by the biotechnology industry in 2006. Major redevelopment of the South Lake Union neighborhood is underway, in an effort to attract new and established biotech companies to the city, joining biotech companies Corixa (acquired by GlaxoSmithKline), Immunex (now part of Amgen), Trubion, and ZymoGenetics. Vulcan Inc., the holding company of billionaire Paul Allen, is behind most of the development projects in the region. While some see the new development as an economic boon, others have criticized Nickels and the Seattle City Council for pandering to Allen's interests at taxpayers' expense. Also in 2006, Expansion Magazine ranked Seattle among the top 10 metropolitan areas in the nation for climates favorable to business expansion. In 2005, Forbes ranked Seattle as the most expensive American city for buying a house based on the local income levels. In 2013, however, the magazine ranked Seattle No. 9 on its list of the Best Places for Business and Careers.

Question: Before they moved to Chicago, what was the biggest company headquartered in Seattle?
Answer: Boeing

Question: Where in the Seattle area does Boeing have manufacturing plants?
Answer: Everett and Renton

Question: Which past mayor of Seattle has been criticized for favoring the rich of industry at the expense of the people? 
Answer: Mayor Greg Nickels

Question: What type of businesses did Nickles want to attract to Seattle?
Answer: biotech companies

Question: For what did Forbes rank Seattle the most expensive?
Answer: buying a house
Seattle

The 5th Avenue Theatre, built in 1926, stages Broadway-style musical shows featuring both local talent and international stars. Seattle has "around 100" theatrical production companies and over two dozen live theatre venues, many of them associated with fringe theatre; Seattle is probably second only to New York for number of equity theaters (28 Seattle theater companies have some sort of Actors' Equity contract). In addition, the 900-seat Romanesque Revival Town Hall on First Hill hosts numerous cultural events, especially lectures and recitals.

Question: How many theater companies does Seattle have in residence?
Answer: around 100

Question: What Seattle theater was built in 1926?
Answer: 5th Avenue Theatre

Question: To what type of theater are the two dozen live venues in Seattle associated?
Answer: fringe theatre

Question: To what type of theater is Seattle second to New York?
Answer: equity theaters

Question: How many equity theaters does Seattle have?
Answer: 28
Seattle

Seattle has been a regional center for the performing arts for many years. The century-old Seattle Symphony Orchestra is among the world's most recorded and performs primarily at Benaroya Hall. The Seattle Opera and Pacific Northwest Ballet, which perform at McCaw Hall (opened 2003 on the site of the former Seattle Opera House at Seattle Center), are comparably distinguished, with the Opera being particularly known for its performances of the works of Richard Wagner and the PNB School (founded in 1974) ranking as one of the top three ballet training institutions in the United States. The Seattle Youth Symphony Orchestras (SYSO) is the largest symphonic youth organization in the United States. The city also boasts lauded summer and winter chamber music festivals organized by the Seattle Chamber Music Society.

Question: How old is Seattle's Symphony Orchestra?
Answer: century

Question: In what venue does the Seattle symphony perform?
Answer: Benaroya Hall

Question: Where do the Seattle Opera and Pacific Northwest Ballet perform?
Answer: McCaw Hall

Question: What structure was originally at site of the McCaw Hall?
Answer: Seattle Opera House

Question: What Seattle organization is one of the top ballet schools in the US?
Answer: PNB School
Seattle

From 1869 until 1982, Seattle was known as the "Queen City". Seattle's current official nickname is the "Emerald City", the result of a contest held in 1981; the reference is to the lush evergreen forests of the area. Seattle is also referred to informally as the "Gateway to Alaska" for being the nearest major city in the contiguous US to Alaska, "Rain City" for its frequent cloudy and rainy weather, and "Jet City" from the local influence of Boeing. The city has two official slogans or mottos: "The City of Flowers", meant to encourage the planting of flowers to beautify the city, and "The City of Goodwill", adopted prior to the 1990 Goodwill Games. Seattle residents are known as Seattleites.

Question: What is Seattle's present nickname?
Answer: Emerald City

Question: To what distinct feature of the area does Emerald City refer?
Answer: evergreen forests

Question: Since Seattle is near Alaska, what is the city called?
Answer: Gateway to Alaska

Question: From what company does Seattle get its nickname Jet City?
Answer: Boeing

Question: What did Seattle call itself at the time of the Goodwill Games?
Answer: The City of Goodwill
Seattle

Seattle annually sends a team of spoken word slammers to the National Poetry Slam and considers itself home to such performance poets as Buddy Wakefield, two-time Individual World Poetry Slam Champ; Anis Mojgani, two-time National Poetry Slam Champ; and Danny Sherrard, 2007 National Poetry Slam Champ and 2008 Individual World Poetry Slam Champ. Seattle also hosted the 2001 national Poetry Slam Tournament. The Seattle Poetry Festival is a biennial poetry festival that (launched first as the Poetry Circus in 1997) has featured local, regional, national, and international names in poetry.

Question: When did Seattle host the national Poetry Slam Tournament?
Answer: 2001

Question: How often is the Seattle Poetry festival held?
Answer: biennial

Question: How often does Seattle send to the National Poetry Slam?
Answer: annually

Question: To what style of poet does Seattle consider itself home?
Answer: performance poets

Question: What poetry festival was first held in 1997?
Answer: Poetry Circus
Seattle

Seattle is considered the home of grunge music, having produced artists such as Nirvana, Soundgarden, Alice in Chains, Pearl Jam, and Mudhoney, all of whom reached international audiences in the early 1990s. The city is also home to such varied artists as avant-garde jazz musicians Bill Frisell and Wayne Horvitz, hot jazz musician Glenn Crytzer, hip hop artists Sir Mix-a-Lot, Macklemore, Blue Scholars, and Shabazz Palaces, smooth jazz saxophonist Kenny G, classic rock staples Heart and Queensrÿche, and alternative rock bands such as Foo Fighters, Harvey Danger, The Presidents of the United States of America, The Posies, Modest Mouse, Band of Horses, Death Cab for Cutie, and Fleet Foxes. Rock musicians such as Jimi Hendrix, Duff McKagan, and Nikki Sixx spent their formative years in Seattle.

Question: What genre of music are Nirvana and Soundgarden?
Answer: grunge

Question: What type of musician is Bill Frisell?
Answer: avant-garde jazz

Question: What style of music does Sir Mix-a-Lot and Macklemore represent in Seattle?
Answer: hip hop

Question: What type of music do Foo Fighters and Harvey Danger perform?
Answer: alternative rock

Question: Where did artists such as Hendrix and Sixx spend their early years?
Answer: Seattle
Seattle

Seattle's professional sports history began at the start of the 20th century with the PCHA's Seattle Metropolitans, which in 1917 became the first American hockey team to win the Stanley Cup. Seattle was also home to a previous Major League Baseball franchise in 1969: the Seattle Pilots. The Pilots relocated to Milwaukee, Wisconsin and became the Milwaukee Brewers for the 1970 season. From 1967 to 2008 Seattle was also home to an National Basketball Association (NBA) franchise: the Seattle SuperSonics, who were the 1978–79 NBA champions. The SuperSonics relocated to Oklahoma City, Oklahoma and became the Oklahoma City Thunder for the 2008–09 season.

Question: What was the first American hockey team to win a Stanley Cup?
Answer: PCHA's Seattle Metropolitans

Question: In what year did the Seattle Metropolitans win the Stanley Cup?
Answer: 1917

Question: To where did Seattle's Baseball team relocate in 1969?
Answer: Milwaukee, Wisconsin

Question: What was the new name of the Seattle team?
Answer: Milwaukee Brewers

Question: When did the Seattle Super Sonics win an NBA championship?
Answer: 1978–79
Seattle

Like most parts of the United States, government and laws are also run by a series of ballot initiatives (allowing citizens to pass or reject laws), referenda (allowing citizens to approve or reject legislation already passed), and propositions (allowing specific government agencies to propose new laws/tax increases directly to the people). Federally, Seattle is part of Washington's 7th congressional district, represented by Democrat Jim McDermott, elected in 1988 and one of Congress's liberal members. Ed Murray is currently serving as mayor.

Question: Of what Congressional district is Seattle a part?
Answer: 7th congressional district

Question: Who is the representative for Seattle's district?
Answer: Jim McDermott

Question: When was McDermott elected to office?
Answer: 1988

Question: Who is the present mayor of Seattle?
Answer: Ed Murray

Question: To which states' election laws are Seattle's law and ballots similar?
Answer: Like most
Seattle

Of the city's population over the age of 25, 53.8% (vs. a national average of 27.4%) hold a bachelor's degree or higher, and 91.9% (vs. 84.5% nationally) have a high school diploma or equivalent. A 2008 United States Census Bureau survey showed that Seattle had the highest percentage of college and university graduates of any major U.S. city. The city was listed as the most literate of the country's 69 largest cities in 2005 and 2006, the second most literate in 2007 and the most literate in 2008 in studies conducted by Central Connecticut State University.

Question: What percentage of the Seattle population has a bachelor's degree?
Answer: 53.8%

Question: What is the national average of obtaining a bachelor's degree?
Answer: 27.4%

Question: How much of the Seattle population have high school diplomas?
Answer: 91.9%

Question: What is the national average of high school diploma holding citizens?
Answer: 84.5%

Question: How was Seattle ranked on literacy in 2005-2006?
Answer: most literate
Seattle

Non-commercial radio stations include NPR affiliates KUOW-FM 94.9 and KPLU-FM 88.5 (Tacoma), as well as classical music station KING-FM 98.1. Other stations include KEXP-FM 90.3 (affiliated with the UW), community radio KBCS-FM 91.3 (affiliated with Bellevue College), and high school radio KNHC-FM 89.5, which broadcasts an electronic dance music radio format and is owned by the public school system and operated by students of Nathan Hale High School. Many Seattle radio stations are also available through Internet radio, with KEXP in particular being a pioneer of Internet radio. Seattle also has numerous commercial radio stations. In a March 2012 report by the consumer research firm Arbitron, the top FM stations were KRWM (adult contemporary format), KIRO-FM (news/talk), and KISW (active rock) while the top AM stations were KOMO (AM) (all news), KJR (AM) (all sports), KIRO (AM) (all sports).

Question: What type of radio stations abound in Seattle?
Answer: Non-commercial

Question: What are KUOW and KPLU radio stations?
Answer: NPR affiliates

Question: With what educational facility is KEXP-FM aligned?
Answer: UW

Question: What radio station is operated by the public school system?
Answer: KNHC-FM 89.5

Question: Where has KEXP pioneered in Radio?
Answer: Internet radio
Seattle

As of 2010[update], Seattle has one major daily newspaper, The Seattle Times. The Seattle Post-Intelligencer, known as the P-I, published a daily newspaper from 1863 to March 17, 2009, before switching to a strictly on-line publication. There is also the Seattle Daily Journal of Commerce, and the University of Washington publishes The Daily, a student-run publication, when school is in session. The most prominent weeklies are the Seattle Weekly and The Stranger; both consider themselves "alternative" papers. The weekly LGBT newspaper is the Seattle Gay News. Real Change is a weekly street newspaper that is sold mainly by homeless persons as an alternative to panhandling. There are also several ethnic newspapers, including the The Facts, Northwest Asian Weekly and the International Examiner, and numerous neighborhood newspapers.

Question: What is the Seattle newspaper as of 2010?
Answer: The Seattle Times

Question: In what venue does the Seattle Post-Intelligencer publish?
Answer: on-line

Question: In what year did the Seattle Post-Intelligencer  first publish?
Answer: 1863

Question: What is the LGBT newspaper called?
Answer: Seattle Gay News

Question: Who sells the newspaper Real Change on the street?
Answer: homeless persons
Seattle

Located in the Laurelhurst neighborhood, Seattle Children's, formerly Children's Hospital and Regional Medical Center, is the pediatric referral center for Washington, Alaska, Montana, and Idaho. The Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center has a campus in the Eastlake neighborhood. The University District is home to the University of Washington Medical Center which, along with Harborview, is operated by the University of Washington. Seattle is also served by a Veterans Affairs hospital on Beacon Hill, a third campus of Swedish in Ballard, and Northwest Hospital and Medical Center near Northgate Mall.

Question: What kind of hospital is Seattle Children's?
Answer: pediatric referral center

Question: Besides serving Washington, Idaho, and Montana, what northern state uses Seattle Children's?
Answer: Alaska

Question: In what neighborhood is the Fred Hutchington Cancer Research Center located?
Answer: Eastlake

Question: Where is the Veterans Affairs Hospital located?
Answer: Beacon Hill

Question: What entity operates Harborview?
Answer: University of Washington
Seattle

The first streetcars appeared in 1889 and were instrumental in the creation of a relatively well-defined downtown and strong neighborhoods at the end of their lines. The advent of the automobile sounded the death knell for rail in Seattle. Tacoma–Seattle railway service ended in 1929 and the Everett–Seattle service came to an end in 1939, replaced by inexpensive automobiles running on the recently developed highway system. Rails on city streets were paved over or removed, and the opening of the Seattle trolleybus system brought the end of streetcars in Seattle in 1941. This left an extensive network of privately owned buses (later public) as the only mass transit within the city and throughout the region.

Question: In what year were the first streetcars used in Seattle?
Answer: 1889

Question: What machine caused the end of city rail lines in Seattle?
Answer: automobile

Question: When did the Tacoma-Seattle rail service end?
Answer: 1929

Question: In what year did the Everett-Seattle rail lines cease?
Answer: 1939

Question: The use of what caused the end of the use of streetcars in 1941?
Answer: trolleybus
Seattle

The main mode of transportation, however, relies on Seattle's streets, which are laid out in a cardinal directions grid pattern, except in the central business district where early city leaders Arthur Denny and Carson Boren insisted on orienting their plats relative to the shoreline rather than to true North. Only two roads, Interstate 5 and State Route 99 (both limited-access highways), run uninterrupted through the city from north to south. State Route 99 runs through downtown Seattle on the Alaskan Way Viaduct, which was built in 1953. However, due to damage sustained during the 2001 Nisqually earthquake the viaduct will be replaced by a tunnel. The 2-mile (3.2 km) Alaskan Way Viaduct replacement tunnel was originally scheduled to be completed in December 2015 at a cost of US$4.25 billion. Unfortunately, due to issues with the worlds largest tunnel boring machine (TBM), which is nicknamed "Bertha" and is 57 feet (17 m) in diameter, the projected date of completion has been pushed back to 2017. Seattle has the 8th worst traffic congestion of all American cities, and is 10th among all North American cities.

Question: What is mainly used for transportation in Seattle?
Answer: streets

Question: What road was built in 1953 and later damaged by an earthquake?
Answer: Alaskan Way Viaduct

Question: What is planned to replace the Alaska Way Viaduct?
Answer: tunnel

Question: What was the original projected cost of the viaduct replacement tunnel?
Answer: $4.25 billion

Question: When is the tunnel now expected to be finished?
Answer: 2017
Seattle

Seattle is home to the University of Washington, as well as the institution's professional and continuing education unit, the University of Washington Educational Outreach. A study by Newsweek International in 2006 cited the University of Washington as the twenty-second best university in the world. Seattle also has a number of smaller private universities including Seattle University and Seattle Pacific University, the former a Jesuit Catholic institution, the latter Free Methodist; universities aimed at the working adult, like City University and Antioch University; colleges within the Seattle Colleges District system, comprising North, Central, and South; seminaries, including Western Seminary and a number of arts colleges, such as Cornish College of the Arts, Pratt Fine Arts Center, and The Art Institute of Seattle. In 2001, Time magazine selected Seattle Central Community College as community college of the year, stating the school "pushes diverse students to work together in small teams".

Question: What educational institution is at home in Seattle?
Answer: University of Washington

Question: What is the purpose of the University of Washington Outreach?
Answer: continuing education

Question: In what year did Time magazine choose Seattle Central Community College as community college of the year?
Answer: 2001

Question: Beside the public universities, what other type of institutions provide education in Seattle?
Answer: private universities

Question: Where can a student find to study art in Seattle?
Answer: arts colleges
Memory

In psychology, memory is the process in which information is encoded, stored, and retrieved. Encoding allows information from the outside world to be sensed in the form of chemical and physical stimuli. In the first stage the information must be changed so that it may be put into the encoding process. Storage is the second memory stage or process. This entails that information is maintained over short periods of time. Finally the third process is the retrieval of information that has been stored. Such information must be located and returned to the consciousness. Some retrieval attempts may be effortless due to the type of information, and other attempts to remember stored information may be more demanding for various reasons.

Question: Which three processes does phychology recognize as memory?
Answer: process in which information is encoded, stored, and retrieved.

Question: What happens to information during the encoding process?
Answer: g allows information from the outside world to be sensed in the form of chemical and physical stimuli.

Question: What is the second memory stage?
Answer: Storage

Question: What is the third process that happens during the memory process?
Answer: retrieval of information that has been stored

Question: Why may some memory retrieval processes fail?
Answer: the type of information, and other attempts to remember stored information may be more demanding for various reasons.

Question: Which four processes does phychology recognize as memory?

Question: What happens to information during the decoding process?

Question: What is the fourth memory stage?

Question: What is the third process that happens during the psychology process?

Question: Why may some memory retrieval processes succeed?
Memory

Short-term memory is believed to rely mostly on an acoustic code for storing information, and to a lesser extent a visual code. Conrad (1964) found that test subjects had more difficulty recalling collections of letters that were acoustically similar (e.g. E, P, D). Confusion with recalling acoustically similar letters rather than visually similar letters implies that the letters were encoded acoustically. Conrad's (1964) study, however, deals with the encoding of written text; thus, while memory of written language may rely on acoustic components, generalisations to all forms of memory cannot be made.

Question: What does short-term memory depend on?
Answer: an acoustic code for storing information, and to a lesser extent a visual code.

Question: What did conrad find about test subjects?
Answer: subjects had more difficulty recalling collections of letters that were acoustically similar

Question: What does Conrads finding seem to mean?
Answer: . Confusion with recalling acoustically similar letters rather than visually similar letters implies that the letters were encoded acoustically.

Question: What was Conrads deal with?
Answer: encoding of written text;

Question: What does long-term memory depend on?

Question: What didn't Conrad find out about test subjects?

Question: What did confusion recalling acoustically different letters imply?

Question: Whose study deals with decoding written texts?

Question: What did Conrad's 1963 sudy find?
Memory

Short-term memory is also known as working memory. Short-term memory allows recall for a period of several seconds to a minute without rehearsal. Its capacity is also very limited: George A. Miller (1956), when working at Bell Laboratories, conducted experiments showing that the store of short-term memory was 7±2 items (the title of his famous paper, "The magical number 7±2"). Modern estimates of the capacity of short-term memory are lower, typically of the order of 4–5 items; however, memory capacity can be increased through a process called chunking. For example, in recalling a ten-digit telephone number, a person could chunk the digits into three groups: first, the area code (such as 123), then a three-digit chunk (456) and lastly a four-digit chunk (7890). This method of remembering telephone numbers is far more effective than attempting to remember a string of 10 digits; this is because we are able to chunk the information into meaningful groups of numbers. This may be reflected in some countries in the tendency to display telephone numbers as several chunks of two to four numbers.

Question: What is another name for short-term memory?
Answer: working memory.

Question: What exactly does short-term memory allow a person to do?
Answer: recall for a period of several seconds to a minute without rehearsal

Question: How much information can one store and recall in short-term memory?
Answer: capacity is also very limited

Question: How can one higher their memory capacity?
Answer: chunking.

Question: Why do some countries display numbers in chunks of two to four numbers?
Answer: because we are able to chunk the information into meaningful groups of numbers

Question: What is another name for extended memory?

Question: What exactly does chunking memory allow a person to do?

Question: How much information can one store and recall in long-term memory?

Question: What year did George A. Miller work at AT&T?

Question: How many groups could a person chunk a 7 digit telephone number?
Memory

The storage in sensory memory and short-term memory generally has a strictly limited capacity and duration, which means that information is not retained indefinitely. By contrast, long-term memory can store much larger quantities of information for potentially unlimited duration (sometimes a whole life span). Its capacity is immeasurable. For example, given a random seven-digit number we may remember it for only a few seconds before forgetting, suggesting it was stored in our short-term memory. On the other hand, we can remember telephone numbers for many years through repetition; this information is said to be stored in long-term memory.

Question: Why can't some memories be held onto forever?
Answer: The storage in sensory memory and short-term memory generally has a strictly limited capacity and duration

Question: If a memory that is stored in with long term-memories, how long can you possibly rememeber it?
Answer: sometimes a whole life span)

Question: What is the capacity of long term memory?
Answer: capacity is immeasurable

Question: If you knew a telephone number one week ago, but have forgotten it now, where was this memory stored?
Answer: in our short-term memory

Question: By storing smaller quantities of info, long-term memory has this length of duration?

Question: Short term memory can remember telephone numbers for many years though what?

Question: Repetition allows short-term memory to remember what?

Question: How many years can short-term memory be stored?

Question: Short-term memory has immeasurable what?
Memory

The model also shows all the memory stores as being a single unit whereas research into this shows differently. For example, short-term memory can be broken up into different units such as visual information and acoustic information. In a study by Zlonoga and Gerber (1986), patient 'KF' demonstrated certain deviations from the Atkinson–Shiffrin model. Patient KF was brain damaged, displaying difficulties regarding short-term memory. Recognition of sounds such as spoken numbers, letters, words and easily identifiable noises (such as doorbells and cats meowing) were all impacted. Interestingly, visual short-term memory was unaffected, suggesting a dichotomy between visual and audial memory.

Question: What are some examples of units that short-term memory can be categorized in to?
Answer: visual information and acoustic information

Question: Who performed a study in 1986 invovling a participant known as KF?
Answer: Zlonoga and Gerber

Question: What did KF disprove during this study?
Answer: Atkinson–Shiffrin model.

Question: What did KF have trouble doing?
Answer: difficulties regarding short-term memory.

Question: What did this study seem to conclude?
Answer: a dichotomy between visual and audial memory.

Question: What happened in a 1985 study from Zlonoga and Gerber?

Question: Which patient demonstration certain deviations from the Zlonoga-Gerber model?

Question: What year did Atkinson and Shiffrin release their study?

Question: What was suggested when visual long-term memory was unaffected?

Question: What was damaged in KF causing difficulties to long-term memory?
Memory

Short-term memory is supported by transient patterns of neuronal communication, dependent on regions of the frontal lobe (especially dorsolateral prefrontal cortex) and the parietal lobe. Long-term memory, on the other hand, is maintained by more stable and permanent changes in neural connections widely spread throughout the brain. The hippocampus is essential (for learning new information) to the consolidation of information from short-term to long-term memory, although it does not seem to store information itself. Without the hippocampus, new memories are unable to be stored into long-term memory, as learned from patient Henry Molaison after removal of both his hippocampi, and there will be a very short attention span. Furthermore, it may be involved in changing neural connections for a period of three months or more after the initial learning.

Question: Which part of the brain does short-term memory seem to rely on?
Answer: frontal lobe (especially dorsolateral prefrontal cortex) and the parietal lobe

Question: Which part of the brain does long-term memory rely on?
Answer: hippocampus

Question: How much information can the hippocampus store?
Answer: does not

Question: If the hippocampus doesn't store information what does it do?
Answer: may be involved in changing neural connections for a period of three months or more after the initial learning.

Question: What type of patterns is long-term memory supported by?

Question: What two brain lobe regions does long-term memory depend on?

Question: Who had the removal of both of his lobes?

Question: What was removed from Molaison to  improve his attention span?

Question: What part of the brain is not essential for learning new information?
Memory

Sensory memory holds sensory information less than one second after an item is perceived. The ability to look at an item and remember what it looked like with just a split second of observation, or memorization, is the example of sensory memory. It is out of cognitive control and is an automatic response. With very short presentations, participants often report that they seem to "see" more than they can actually report. The first experiments exploring this form of sensory memory were conducted by George Sperling (1963) using the "partial report paradigm". Subjects were presented with a grid of 12 letters, arranged into three rows of four. After a brief presentation, subjects were then played either a high, medium or low tone, cuing them which of the rows to report. Based on these partial report experiments,Sperling was able to show that the capacity of sensory memory was approximately 12 items, but that it degraded very quickly (within a few hundred milliseconds). Because this form of memory degrades so quickly, participants would see the display but be unable to report all of the items (12 in the "whole report" procedure) before they decayed. This type of memory cannot be prolonged via rehearsal.

Question: How long does sensory  memory to to store information?
Answer: less than one second

Question: Can we control what is stored in our sensory memory?
Answer: It is out of cognitive control

Question: Who did the first studies on exploring a new idea of sensory memory?
Answer: George Sperling

Question: What did Spellings' findings reveal?
Answer: this form of memory degrades so quickly, participants would see the display but be unable to report all of the items

Question: How long does sensory memory store presentations?

Question: Can we control what is stored in our experimental memory?

Question: Who did the first studies on exploring a new idea of sensory registers?

Question: What experiments did George Serling conduct in 1953?

Question: What did Spellings' findings prove to be false?
Memory

While short-term memory encodes information acoustically, long-term memory encodes it semantically: Baddeley (1966) discovered that, after 20 minutes, test subjects had the most difficulty recalling a collection of words that had similar meanings (e.g. big, large, great, huge) long-term. Another part of long-term memory is episodic memory, "which attempts to capture information such as 'what', 'when' and 'where'". With episodic memory, individuals are able to recall specific events such as birthday parties and weddings.

Question: How does short term memory encode information?
Answer: acoustically

Question: How does long term memory encode information?
Answer: semantically

Question: What is episodic memory?
Answer: "which attempts to capture information such as 'what', 'when' and 'where'

Question: If someone where to recall a wedding they had went to a year before, which type of memory would be used?
Answer: episodic memory,

Question: What did Baddeleys test subjects have touble doing?
Answer: recalling a collection of words that had similar meanings

Question: What year did Baddeley discover episodic memory?

Question: What did Baddeley have difficulty recalling?

Question: What is the defiition of the part of short-term memory known as episodic?

Question: The short-term memory which attempts to capture information such as 'what', 'when' and 'where' is episodic what?

Question: What type of short-term memory allows people to recall specific events?
Memory

Infants do not have the language ability to report on their memories and so verbal reports cannot be used to assess very young children’s memory. Throughout the years, however, researchers have adapted and developed a number of measures for assessing both infants’ recognition memory and their recall memory. Habituation and operant conditioning techniques have been used to assess infants’ recognition memory and the deferred and elicited imitation techniques have been used to assess infants’ recall memory.

Question: Why do infants and young childrens memories need to be assesed differently?
Answer: do not have the language ability to report on their memories

Question: Can researchers study an infants or young childs memories?
Answer: , researchers have adapted and developed a number of measures for assessing both infants’ recognition memory and their recall memory.

Question: How can a researcher study a childs memory?
Answer: elicited imitation techniques

Question: Why can verbal report be used to assess very young children's memory?

Question: What techniques have not been used to assess infants’ recognition memory?

Question: What did researchers adapt and develop immediately?

Question: How can a child study a researcher's memory?

Question: Can researchers study an infants or young childs motor skills?
Memory

Another major way to distinguish different memory functions is whether the content to be remembered is in the past, retrospective memory, or in the future, prospective memory. Thus, retrospective memory as a category includes semantic, episodic and autobiographical memory. In contrast, prospective memory is memory for future intentions, or remembering to remember (Winograd, 1988). Prospective memory can be further broken down into event- and time-based prospective remembering. Time-based prospective memories are triggered by a time-cue, such as going to the doctor (action) at 4pm (cue). Event-based prospective memories are intentions triggered by cues, such as remembering to post a letter (action) after seeing a mailbox (cue). Cues do not need to be related to the action (as the mailbox/letter example), and lists, sticky-notes, knotted handkerchiefs, or string around the finger all exemplify cues that people use as strategies to enhance prospective memory.

Question: What are some catgories of retrospective memory?
Answer: semantic, episodic and autobiographical memory

Question: If a memory is triggered by a time, which kind of memory is this?
Answer: Time-based prospective memories

Question: What is something somebody can use to remember something?
Answer: Cues

Question: If Bob realized he needed to mail his mother a letter after seeing the postal office, which kind of memory did he trigger?
Answer: Event-based prospective memories

Question: What are some catgories of respective memory?

Question: If a memory is triggered by a time, which kind of memory is this not?

Question: What is something somebody can use to forget something?

Question: What did Winograd conclude in 1989?

Question: What is a inor way to distinguish different memory functions?
Memory

Hebb distinguished between short-term and long-term memory. He postulated that any memory that stayed in short-term storage for a long enough time would be consolidated into a long-term memory. Later research showed this to be false. Research has shown that direct injections of cortisol or epinephrine help the storage of recent experiences. This is also true for stimulation of the amygdala. This proves that excitement enhances memory by the stimulation of hormones that affect the amygdala. Excessive or prolonged stress (with prolonged cortisol) may hurt memory storage. Patients with amygdalar damage are no more likely to remember emotionally charged words than nonemotionally charged ones. The hippocampus is important for explicit memory. The hippocampus is also important for memory consolidation. The hippocampus receives input from different parts of the cortex and sends its output out to different parts of the brain also. The input comes from secondary and tertiary sensory areas that have processed the information a lot already. Hippocampal damage may also cause memory loss and problems with memory storage. This memory loss includes, retrograde amnesia which is the loss of memory for events that occurred shortly before the time of brain damage.

Question: Was Hebb's thought of the relationship between short and long term memory true?
Answer: research showed this to be false

Question: Which drugs seemed to help someone remember earlier events?
Answer: cortisol or epinephrine

Question: What relationship does excitement and memory share?
Answer: excitement enhances memory

Question: Bob was in a car accident and couldn't remember his wifes name, what part of his brain could have been damaged?
Answer: hippocampus

Question: Was Hebb's thought of the relationship between long and longer term memory true?

Question: Which drugs seemed to help someone forget earlier events?

Question: What relationship does unexcitement and memory share?

Question: What are patients with amygdalar damage more likely to remember?

Question: What typ of damage may also cause memory gain and helps with memory storage.
Memory

One question that is crucial in cognitive neuroscience is how information and mental experiences are coded and represented in the brain. Scientists have gained much knowledge about the neuronal codes from the studies of plasticity, but most of such research has been focused on simple learning in simple neuronal circuits; it is considerably less clear about the neuronal changes involved in more complex examples of memory, particularly declarative memory that requires the storage of facts and events (Byrne 2007). Convergence-divergence zones might be the neural networks where memories are stored and retrieved.

Question: Is it important to know how information is coded in the brain?
Answer: that is crucial

Question: Have researchers learned anything studying plasticity?
Answer: have gained much knowledge

Question: What are the roles of Covergence-divergence zones?
Answer: might be the neural networks where memories are stored and retrieved.

Question: What has most of the research on memories revolved around?
Answer: simple learning in simple neuronal circuits;

Question: Have researchers learned anything studying elasticity?

Question: Is it not important to know how information is coded in the brain?

Question: What are the roles of Covergence-divergence voids?

Question: What has none of the research on memories revolved around?

Question: what changes are involved in more simple examples of memory
Memory

Cognitive neuroscientists consider memory as the retention, reactivation, and reconstruction of the experience-independent internal representation. The term of internal representation implies that such definition of memory contains two components: the expression of memory at the behavioral or conscious level, and the underpinning physical neural changes (Dudai 2007). The latter component is also called engram or memory traces (Semon 1904). Some neuroscientists and psychologists mistakenly equate the concept of engram and memory, broadly conceiving all persisting after-effects of experiences as memory; others argue against this notion that memory does not exist until it is revealed in behavior or thought (Moscovitch 2007).

Question: What do cognitive neuroscientists believe memory is?
Answer: the retention, reactivation, and reconstruction of the experience-independent internal representation

Question: What suggests that memory has two different components?
Answer: term of internal representation

Question: What showed that memory exists even before that memory is known to the person?
Answer: Moscovitch 2007

Question: What is an engram trace?
Answer: the underpinning physical neural changes

Question: What do regular scientists believe memory is?

Question: What suggests that memory has three different components?

Question: What did Dudai learn in 1904?

Question: What did Semon learn in 2007?

Question: What did Moscovitch learn in 2006?
Memory

In contrast, procedural memory (or implicit memory) is not based on the conscious recall of information, but on implicit learning. It can best be summarized as remember how to do something. Procedural memory is primarily employed in learning motor skills and should be considered a subset of implicit memory. It is revealed when one does better in a given task due only to repetition - no new explicit memories have been formed, but one is unconsciously accessing aspects of those previous experiences. Procedural memory involved in motor learning depends on the cerebellum and basal ganglia.

Question: What is another term for procedural memory?
Answer: implicit memory

Question: If bob remembered how to bake a cake after seeing this on television what memory is he using?
Answer: procedural memory

Question: What set of skills is reliant on procedural memory?
Answer: motor skills

Question: If Bob does throws 15 more free throws than he did last week, how many more explicit memories has he gained?
Answer: no new explicit memories have been formed,

Question: What is another term for procedural senses?

Question: If bob remembered how to bake a cake after seeing this on television what sense is he using?

Question: What set of skills is not reliant on procedural memory?

Question: What type of memory does not depend on the cerebellum and basal ganglia?

Question: What type of memory is secondarily employed in learning motor skills and should be considered a subset of implicit memory
Memory

The working memory model explains many practical observations, such as why it is easier to do two different tasks (one verbal and one visual) than two similar tasks (e.g., two visual), and the aforementioned word-length effect. However, the concept of a central executive as noted here has been criticised as inadequate and vague.[citation needed] Working memory is also the premise for what allows us to do everyday activities involving thought. It is the section of memory where we carry out thought processes and use them to learn and reason about topics.

Question: Which model explains why bob has an easier time reading a book, and then discussing it rather than reading two books?
Answer: working memory model

Question: Which concept is criticised for being unworthy and too broad?
Answer: concept of a central executive

Question: Which part of memory allows us to go about our daily lives?
Answer: Working memory

Question: What does the non-working memory model explain?

Question: What has been praised as adequate and non-vague?

Question: What is non-working memory also the premise for?

Question: Which part of memory allows us to go about our long-term lives?

Question: Which model explains why bob has an easier time writing a book, and then discussing it rather than writing two books?
Memory

One of the key concerns of older adults is the experience of memory loss, especially as it is one of the hallmark symptoms of Alzheimer's disease. However, memory loss is qualitatively different in normal aging from the kind of memory loss associated with a diagnosis of Alzheimer's (Budson & Price, 2005). Research has revealed that individuals’ performance on memory tasks that rely on frontal regions declines with age. Older adults tend to exhibit deficits on tasks that involve knowing the temporal order in which they learned information; source memory tasks that require them to remember the specific circumstances or context in which they learned information; and prospective memory tasks that involve remembering to perform an act at a future time. Older adults can manage their problems with prospective memory by using appointment books, for example.

Question: What do most elderly people worry about?
Answer: memory loss,

Question: Is an eldery person with alzheimers having the same problem as a similar aged person experiencing memory loss?
Answer: memory loss is qualitatively different

Question: Which part of the brain is associated with the memory loss an elderly person suffers?
Answer: frontal regions

Question: Which memory is an elderly person helping by using appointment books?
Answer: prospective memory

Question: What is one of key concerns of younger adults?

Question: What is not one of the hallmark symptoms of Alzheimer's disease?

Question: What did Alzheimer & Price state in 2005?

Question: Younger adults tend to exhibit?

Question: Older adults can manage their problems with prospective memory by not using what?
Memory

It should be noted that although 6-month-olds can recall information over the short-term, they have difficulty recalling the temporal order of information. It is only by 9 months of age that infants can recall the actions of a two-step sequence in the correct temporal order - that is, recalling step 1 and then step 2. In other words, when asked to imitate a two-step action sequence (such as putting a toy car in the base and pushing in the plunger to make the toy roll to the other end), 9-month-olds tend to imitate the actions of the sequence in the correct order (step 1 and then step 2). Younger infants (6-month-olds) can only recall one step of a two-step sequence. Researchers have suggested that these age differences are probably due to the fact that the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus and the frontal components of the neural network are not fully developed at the age of 6-months.

Question: Does a 6 month old have short term memory?
Answer: can recall information over the short-term

Question: What age can an infabt recall steps in an order?
Answer: 9 months of age

Question: What part of a two step sequence can a 6 month old remember?
Answer: one step of a two-step sequence

Question: What part of the brain is not fully developed in infants which can cause the memory differences in ages?
Answer: the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus and the frontal components of the neural network are not fully developed

Question: It should be noted that although 6-month-olds cannot recall information over what?

Question: they have no difficulty recalling the temporal order of what?

Question: What part of a two step sequence can a 16 month old remember?

Question: What part of the brain is fully developed in infants which can cause the memory differences in ages?

Question: Researchers have suggested that these age similarities are probably due to what?