Divyanshu67/squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
Alfred_North_Whitehead

It must be emphasized, however, that an entity is not merely a sum of its relations, but also a valuation of them and reaction to them. For Whitehead, creativity is the absolute principle of existence, and every entity (whether it is a human being, a tree, or an electron) has some degree of novelty in how it responds to other entities, and is not fully determined by causal or mechanistic laws. Of course, most entities do not have consciousness. As a human being's actions cannot always be predicted, the same can be said of where a tree's roots will grow, or how an electron will move, or whether it will rain tomorrow. Moreover, inability to predict an electron's movement (for instance) is not due to faulty understanding or inadequate technology; rather, the fundamental creativity/freedom of all entities means that there will always remain phenomena that are unpredictable.

Question: An entity is a sum of relations, a valuation of them and what else?
Answer: reaction to them.

Question: Most entities do not have what?
Answer: consciousness

Question: All entities, being unable to predict behavior, are because of what?
Answer: the fundamental creativity/freedom of all entities

Question: Not being able to predict what any entity is going to do is what principle b Whitehead?
Answer: creativity is the absolute principle of existence

Question: Other than the combination of its relations, what else defines an entity?
Answer: an entity is not merely a sum of its relations, but also a valuation of them and reaction to them

Question: What did Whitehead believe regarding creativity?
Answer: creativity is the absolute principle of existence

Question: What did Whitehead believe about an entity's relation to other entities?
Answer: has some degree of novelty in how it responds to other entities, and is not fully determined by causal or mechanistic laws

Question: Other than the combination of its relations, what else does not define an entity?

Question: What did Whitehead believe regarding non-creativity?

Question:  An entity is not a sum of relations, a valuation of them and what else?
Alfred_North_Whitehead

Since Whitehead's metaphysics described a universe in which all entities experience, he needed a new way of describing perception that was not limited to living, self-conscious beings. The term he coined was "prehension", which comes from the Latin prehensio, meaning "to seize." The term is meant to indicate a kind of perception that can be conscious or unconscious, applying to people as well as electrons. It is also intended to make clear Whitehead's rejection of the theory of representative perception, in which the mind only has private ideas about other entities. For Whitehead, the term "prehension" indicates that the perceiver actually incorporates aspects of the perceived thing into itself. In this way, entities are constituted by their perceptions and relations, rather than being independent of them. Further, Whitehead regards perception as occurring in two modes, causal efficacy (or "physical prehension") and presentational immediacy (or "conceptual prehension").

Question: What term did Whitehead describe that perception is not limited to the living?
Answer: prehension

Question: What language does the term "prehensio" come from?
Answer: Latin

Question: What does the word "Prehensio" translate into?
Answer: to seize

Question: What entities does the term prehension apply to?
Answer: conscious or unconscious

Question: How many modes does perception occur in according to Whitehead?
Answer: two

Question: What is the origin of the word "prehension"?
Answer: comes from the Latin prehensio, meaning "to seize."

Question: What is prehension used to define?
Answer: a kind of perception that can be conscious or unconscious, applying to people as well as electrons

Question: What is a basic description of the theory of representative perception?
Answer: the mind only has private ideas about other entities

Question: What does the term "prehension" signify regarding an entities perceptions and relations?
Answer: entities are constituted by their perceptions and relations, rather than being independent of them

Question: What did Whitehead state are the two types of perception?
Answer: causal efficacy (or "physical prehension") and presentational immediacy (or "conceptual prehension")

Question: What does the term "prehension" signify regarding an entities nonperceptions and nonrelations?

Question: What is a basic description of the theory of non-representative perception?

Question:  What is not the origin of the word "prehension"?

Question: What is prehension used to not define?
Alfred_North_Whitehead

Whitehead describes causal efficacy as "the experience dominating the primitive living organisms, which have a sense for the fate from which they have emerged, and the fate towards which they go." It is, in other words, the sense of causal relations between entities, a feeling of being influenced and affected by the surrounding environment, unmediated by the senses. Presentational immediacy, on the other hand, is what is usually referred to as "pure sense perception", unmediated by any causal or symbolic interpretation, even unconscious interpretation. In other words, it is pure appearance, which may or may not be delusive (e.g. mistaking an image in a mirror for "the real thing").

Question: What is the term for the experience dominating primitive organisms that have a sense for fate?
Answer: causal efficacy

Question: What is the other term for "pure sense perception"?
Answer: Presentational immediacy

Question: What is it called if you mistake a reflection in a mirror for the real thing?
Answer: Presentational immediacy

Question: How does Whitehead define causal efficacy?
Answer: "the experience dominating the primitive living organisms, which have a sense for the fate from which they have emerged, and the fate towards which they go."

Question: How do the senses affect causal efficacy?
Answer: unmediated by the senses

Question: How does Whitehead define presentational immediacy?
Answer: "pure sense perception", unmediated by any causal or symbolic interpretation, even unconscious interpretation

Question: What can be said about the accuracy of presentational immediacy?
Answer: it is pure appearance, which may or may not be delusive

Question: What can be said about the inaccuracy of presentational immediacy?

Question:  How does Whitehead define noncausal efficacy?

Question:  How do the senses affect non-causal efficacy?

Question:  How does Whitehead define unpresentational immediacy?
Alfred_North_Whitehead

In higher organisms (like people), these two modes of perception combine into what Whitehead terms "symbolic reference", which links appearance with causation in a process that is so automatic that both people and animals have difficulty refraining from it. By way of illustration, Whitehead uses the example of a person's encounter with a chair. An ordinary person looks up, sees a colored shape, and immediately infers that it is a chair. However, an artist, Whitehead supposes, "might not have jumped to the notion of a chair", but instead "might have stopped at the mere contemplation of a beautiful color and a beautiful shape." This is not the normal human reaction; most people place objects in categories by habit and instinct, without even thinking about it. Moreover, animals do the same thing. Using the same example, Whitehead points out that a dog "would have acted immediately on the hypothesis of a chair and would have jumped onto it by way of using it as such." In this way symbolic reference is a fusion of pure sense perceptions on the one hand and causal relations on the other, and that it is in fact the causal relationships that dominate the more basic mentality (as the dog illustrates), while it is the sense perceptions which indicate a higher grade mentality (as the artist illustrates).

Question: What is Whitehead's term for the two modes of perceptions combining?
Answer: symbolic reference

Question: What does symbolic reference link appearance with?
Answer: causation

Question: What dominates more basic mentality in symbolic reference?
Answer: causal relationships

Question: What does having sense perceptions conclude about a person?
Answer: higher grade mentality

Question: What is the purpose of symbolic reference?
Answer: links appearance with causation in a process that is so automatic that both people and animals have difficulty refraining from it

Question: How does Whitehead describe the process of a typical person noticing a chair?
Answer: An ordinary person looks up, sees a colored shape, and immediately infers that it is a chair

Question: How might an artist view a chair differently than a typical person?
Answer: "might have stopped at the mere contemplation of a beautiful color and a beautiful shape."

Question: How does Whitehead say a dog may interpret the presence of a chair?
Answer: "would have acted immediately on the hypothesis of a chair and would have jumped onto it by way of using it as such."

Question: Which concept does Whitehead state is more dominant in a lower mentality?
Answer: causal relationships

Question: How does Whitehead describe the process of an atypical person noticing a chair?

Question:  How might an artist view a chair the same as a typical person?

Question:  How does Whitehead say a dog may not interpret the presence of a chair?

Question: Which concept does Whitehead state is less dominant in a lower mentality?
Alfred_North_Whitehead

Whitehead makes the startling observation that "life is comparatively deficient in survival value." If humans can only exist for about a hundred years, and rocks for eight hundred million, then one is forced to ask why complex organisms ever evolved in the first place; as Whitehead humorously notes, "they certainly did not appear because they were better at that game than the rocks around them." He then observes that the mark of higher forms of life is that they are actively engaged in modifying their environment, an activity which he theorizes is directed toward the three-fold goal of living, living well, and living better. In other words, Whitehead sees life as directed toward the purpose of increasing its own satisfaction. Without such a goal, he sees the rise of life as totally unintelligible.

Question: Whitehead observes that life is deficient in what?
Answer: survival value

Question: What are higher life forms actively engaged in?
Answer: modifying their environment

Question: How many goals of living is there?
Answer: three

Question: Whitehead sees life as directed towards what purpose?
Answer: increasing its own satisfaction

Question: Without Whitehead's proposed purpose, life would be what?
Answer: unintelligible

Question: What observation did Whitehead make about life?
Answer: "life is comparatively deficient in survival value."

Question: What was Whitehead's response to questions about why complex life evolved?
Answer: "they certainly did not appear because they were better at that game than the rocks around them."

Question: What did Whitehead state was the biggest indicator of a higher form of life?
Answer: they are actively engaged in modifying their environment

Question: What did Whitehead believe are the goals f life?
Answer: living, living well, and living better

Question: What did Whitehead believe was the fundamental purpose of life?
Answer: increasing its own satisfaction

Question: What did Whitehead believe are not the goals of life?

Question:  Whitehead observes that life is never deficient in what?

Question:  What are higher life forms never actively engaged in?

Question:  Whitehead sees life as directed away from what purpose?
Alfred_North_Whitehead

Whitehead's idea of God differs from traditional monotheistic notions. Perhaps his most famous and pointed criticism of the Christian conception of God is that "the Church gave unto God the attributes which belonged exclusively to Caesar." Here Whitehead is criticizing Christianity for defining God as primarily a divine king who imposes his will on the world, and whose most important attribute is power. As opposed to the most widely accepted forms of Christianity, Whitehead emphasized an idea of God that he called "the brief Galilean vision of humility":

Question: What is Whitehead's most well-known critical statement regarding the Christian notion of God?
Answer: "the Church gave unto God the attributes which belonged exclusively to Caesar."

Question: What qualities dis Whitehead state that Christians attributed to their version of God?
Answer: primarily a divine king who imposes his will on the world, and whose most important attribute is power

Question: What was Whitehead's description of God?
Answer: "the brief Galilean vision of humility"

Question: What was Whitehead's description of The Devil?

Question: What is Whitehead's least well-known critical statement regarding the Christian notion of God?

Question:  What qualities dis Whitehead not state that Christians attributed to their version of God?
Alfred_North_Whitehead

It should be emphasized, however, that for Whitehead God is not necessarily tied to religion. Rather than springing primarily from religious faith, Whitehead saw God as necessary for his metaphysical system. His system required that an order exist among possibilities, an order that allowed for novelty in the world and provided an aim to all entities. Whitehead posited that these ordered potentials exist in what he called the primordial nature of God. However, Whitehead was also interested in religious experience. This led him to reflect more intensively on what he saw as the second nature of God, the consequent nature. Whitehead's conception of God as a "dipolar" entity has called for fresh theological thinking.

Question: What was Whitehead's belief about God in relation to religion?
Answer: God is not necessarily tied to religion

Question: Why did Whitehead view the existence of God as a necessity for his metaphysical system?
Answer: His system required that an order exist among possibilities, an order that allowed for novelty in the world and provided an aim to all entities.

Question: In what did Whitehead believe that those concepts existed?
Answer: primordial nature of God

Question: What did Whitehead view as the second nature of God?
Answer: the consequent nature

Question: What type of God did Whitehead believe existed?
Answer: dipolar

Question: What was Whitehead's belief about God in relation to nonreligion?

Question:  What did Whitehead view as the first nature of God?

Question:  What type of God did Whitehead believe never existed?

Question: Why did Whitehead view the existence of God as a necessity for his mathematical system?
Alfred_North_Whitehead

God's consequent nature, on the other hand, is anything but unchanging – it is God's reception of the world's activity. As Whitehead puts it, "[God] saves the world as it passes into the immediacy of his own life. It is the judgment of a tenderness which loses nothing that can be saved." In other words, God saves and cherishes all experiences forever, and those experiences go on to change the way God interacts with the world. In this way, God is really changed by what happens in the world and the wider universe, lending the actions of finite creatures an eternal significance.

Question: How does Whitehead define he consequent nature of God?
Answer: God's reception of the world's activity

Question: How does Whitehead describe the judgment of God?
Answer: It is the judgment of a tenderness which loses nothing that can be saved.

Question: What does Whitehead say that God does with all experiences?
Answer: God saves and cherishes all experiences forever

Question: What effect does Whitehead claim that experiences have on God?
Answer: those experiences go on to change the way God interacts with the world

Question: What conclusion does Whitehead draw about God's treatment of humans' experiences?
Answer: God is really changed by what happens in the world and the wider universe, lending the actions of finite creatures an eternal significance.

Question: How does Whitehead define inconsequent nature of God?

Question:  How does Whitehead not describe the judgment of God?

Question:  What does Whitehead say that God does with no experiences?

Question: What conclusion does Whitehead draw about God's treatment of humans' inexperiences?
Alfred_North_Whitehead

Whitehead thus sees God and the world as fulfilling one another. He sees entities in the world as fluent and changing things that yearn for a permanence which only God can provide by taking them into God's self, thereafter changing God and affecting the rest of the universe throughout time. On the other hand, he sees God as permanent but as deficient in actuality and change: alone, God is merely eternally unrealized possibilities, and requires the world to actualize them. God gives creatures permanence, while the creatures give God actuality and change. Here it is worthwhile to quote Whitehead at length:

Question: How does Whitehead view the relationship between God an the world?
Answer: Whitehead thus sees God and the world as fulfilling one another

Question: How does he define entities' need for God?
Answer: He sees entities in the world as fluent and changing things that yearn for a permanence which only God can provide

Question: How dis Whitehead believe God provided permanence to entities?
Answer: by taking them into God's self, thereafter changing God and affecting the rest of the universe throughout time

Question: In what way did Whitehead view God as deficient?
Answer: deficient in actuality and change

Question: What did Whitehead claim God would be without the world?
Answer: merely eternally unrealized possibilities

Question: How does he define entities' lack of God?

Question: How dis Whitehead believe God provided impermanence to entities?

Question:  What did Whitehead claim God would be with the world?
Alfred_North_Whitehead

For Whitehead the core of religion was individual. While he acknowledged that individuals cannot ever be fully separated from their society, he argued that life is an internal fact for its own sake before it is an external fact relating to others. His most famous remark on religion is that "religion is what the individual does with his own solitariness ... and if you are never solitary, you are never religious." Whitehead saw religion as a system of general truths that transformed a person's character. He took special care to note that while religion is often a good influence, it is not necessarily good – an idea which he called a "dangerous delusion" (e.g., a religion might encourage the violent extermination of a rival religion's adherents).

Question: What did Whitehead believe was the basis of religion?
Answer: individual

Question: What is Whitehead's most famous statement on religion?
Answer: "religion is what the individual does with his own solitariness ... and if you are never solitary, you are never religious."

Question: How did Whitehead define religion?
Answer: a system of general truths that transformed a person's character

Question: How did Whitehead define "dangerous delusion" as it relates to religion?
Answer: while religion is often a good influence, it is not necessarily good

Question:  What did Whitehead believe was the basis of nonreligion?

Question:  What is Whitehead's most famous statement on nonreligion?

Question:  How did Whitehead define nonreligion?

Question: How did Whitehead define "dangerous delusion" as it doesn't relate to religion?
Alfred_North_Whitehead

However, while Whitehead saw religion as beginning in solitariness, he also saw religion as necessarily expanding beyond the individual. In keeping with his process metaphysics in which relations are primary, he wrote that religion necessitates the realization of "the value of the objective world which is a community derivative from the interrelations of its component individuals." In other words, the universe is a community which makes itself whole through the relatedness of each individual entity to all the others – meaning and value do not exist for the individual alone, but only in the context of the universal community. Whitehead writes further that each entity "can find no such value till it has merged its individual claim with that of the objective universe. Religion is world-loyalty. The spirit at once surrenders itself to this universal claim and appropriates it for itself." In this way the individual and universal/social aspects of religion are mutually dependent.

Question: In what state did Whitehead believe religion began?
Answer: solitariness

Question: What realization did Whitehead believe religion made necessary?
Answer: "the value of the objective world which is a community derivative from the interrelations of its component individuals."

Question: What did Whitehead believe was necessary for an entity to have meaning and value?
Answer: meaning and value do not exist for the individual alone, but only in the context of the universal community

Question: How does Whitehead describe religion as world-loyalty?
Answer: The spirit at once surrenders itself to this universal claim and appropriates it for itself

Question: What did Whitehead believe was the relationship between the individual and social aspects of religion?
Answer: the individual and universal/social aspects of religion are mutually dependent

Question: How does Whitehead describe religion as non-world-loyalty?

Question:  In what state did Whitehead believe religion not begin?

Question: What did Whitehead believe was not necessary for an entity to have meaning and value?

Question:  What did Whitehead believe was the relationship between the individual and nonsocial aspects of religion?
Alfred_North_Whitehead

Whitehead also described religion more technically as "an ultimate craving to infuse into the insistent particularity of emotion that non-temporal generality which primarily belongs to conceptual thought alone." In other words, religion takes deeply felt emotions and contextualizes them within a system of general truths about the world, helping people to identify their wider meaning and significance. For Whitehead, religion served as a kind of bridge between philosophy and the emotions and purposes of a particular society. It is the task of religion to make philosophy applicable to the everyday lives of ordinary people.

Question: What was Whitehead's technical definition of religion?
Answer: "an ultimate craving to infuse into the insistent particularity of emotion that non-temporal generality which primarily belongs to conceptual thought alone."

Question: What did Whitehead believe religion did with strong emotions?
Answer: religion takes deeply felt emotions and contextualizes them within a system of general truths about the world

Question: What purpose did Whitehead believe religion served?
Answer: a kind of bridge between philosophy and the emotions and purposes of a particular society

Question: What did Whitehead believe was the job of religion regarding philosophy?
Answer: It is the task of religion to make philosophy applicable to the everyday lives of ordinary people.

Question: What was Whitehead's technical definition of nonreligion?

Question:  What did Whitehead believe religion did with weak emotions?

Question:  What purpose did Whitehead believe religion never served?

Question: What did Whitehead believe was the job of religion not regarding philosophy?
Alfred_North_Whitehead

Isabelle Stengers wrote that "Whiteheadians are recruited among both philosophers and theologians, and the palette has been enriched by practitioners from the most diverse horizons, from ecology to feminism, practices that unite political struggle and spirituality with the sciences of education." Indeed, in recent decades attention to Whitehead's work has become more widespread, with interest extending to intellectuals in Europe and China, and coming from such diverse fields as ecology, physics, biology, education, economics, and psychology. One of the first theologians to attempt to interact with Whitehead's thought was the future Archbishop of Canterbury, William Temple. In Temple's Gifford Lectures of 1932-1934 (subsequently published as "Nature, Man and God"), Whitehead is one of a number of philosophers of the emergent evolution approach Temple interacts with. However, it was not until the 1970s and 1980s that Whitehead's thought drew much attention outside of a small group of philosophers and theologians, primarily Americans, and even today he is not considered especially influential outside of relatively specialized circles.

Question: According to Isabelle Stengers, what are unifying factors in diverse practices (like ecology and feminism) that have become interested in Whitehead's work?
Answer: practices that unite political struggle and spirituality with the sciences of education

Question: In what areas of the world has interest in Whitehead's work spread in recent decades?
Answer: Europe and China

Question: What other fields have shown more recent interest in Whitehead's work?
Answer: ecology, physics, biology, education, economics, and psychology

Question: Who was one of the first theologians to try to interact with Whitehead's ideas?
Answer: William Temple

Question: What was the basis for "Nature, Man and God"?
Answer: Temple's Gifford Lectures of 1932-1934

Question: According to Isabelle Stengers, what are non unifying factors in diverse practices (like ecology and feminism) that have become interested in Whitehead's work?

Question: In what areas of the world has interest in Whitehead's work spread in past decades?

Question: What other fields have shown less recent interest in Whitehead's work?

Question: Who was one of the last theologians to try to interact with Whitehead's ideas?
Alfred_North_Whitehead

Early followers of Whitehead were found primarily at the University of Chicago's Divinity School, where Henry Nelson Wieman initiated an interest in Whitehead's work that would last for about thirty years. Professors such as Wieman, Charles Hartshorne, Bernard Loomer, Bernard Meland, and Daniel Day Williams made Whitehead's philosophy arguably the most important intellectual thread running through the Divinity School. They taught generations of Whitehead scholars, the most notable of which is John B. Cobb, Jr.

Question: Where were the first followers mainly found?
Answer: at the University of Chicago's Divinity School

Question: Who began the interest in Whitehead at Chicago's Divinity School?
Answer: Henry Nelson Wieman

Question: What professors established the importance of Whitehead's work?
Answer: Wieman, Charles Hartshorne, Bernard Loomer, Bernard Meland, and Daniel Day Williams

Question: Who id the most well-known Whitehead scholar?
Answer: John B. Cobb

Question: Where were the last followers mainly found?

Question: Who lost the interest in Whitehead at Chicago's Divinity School?

Question:  What professors established the unimportance of Whitehead's work?

Question:  Who is the least well-known Whitehead scholar?
Alfred_North_Whitehead

But while Claremont remains the most concentrated hub of Whiteheadian activity, the place where Whitehead's thought currently seems to be growing the most quickly is in China. In order to address the challenges of modernization and industrialization, China has begun to blend traditions of Taoism, Buddhism, and Confucianism with Whitehead's "constructive post-modern" philosophy in order to create an "ecological civilization." To date, the Chinese government has encouraged the building of twenty-three university-based centers for the study of Whitehead's philosophy, and books by process philosophers John Cobb and David Ray Griffin are becoming required reading for Chinese graduate students. Cobb has attributed China's interest in process philosophy partly to Whitehead's stress on the mutual interdependence of humanity and nature, as well as his emphasis on an educational system that includes the teaching of values rather than simply bare facts.

Question: Where is interest in Whitehead's work growing the fastest today?
Answer: China

Question: What challenges are China using Whitehead's ideas to help manage?
Answer: modernization and industrialization

Question: What types of traditions are China blending with Whitehead's "constructive post-modern" philosophy?
Answer: traditions of Taoism, Buddhism, and Confucianism

Question: What philosphers' writings are becoming required reading for graduate students in China?
Answer: John Cobb and David Ray Griffin

Question: Why does John Cobb believe China has become interested in process philosophy?
Answer: interdependence of humanity and nature, as well as his emphasis on an educational system that includes the teaching of values rather than simply bare facts

Question: Where is interest in Whitehead's work growing the slowest today?

Question: What challenges are Japan using Whitehead's ideas to help manage?

Question: What types of traditions are China blending with Whitehead's "constructive pre-modern" philosophy?

Question: What philosphers' writings are becoming not required reading for graduate students in China?
Alfred_North_Whitehead

Overall, however, Whitehead's influence is very difficult to characterize. In English-speaking countries, his primary works are little-studied outside of Claremont and a select number of liberal graduate-level theology and philosophy programs. Outside of these circles his influence is relatively small and diffuse, and has tended to come chiefly through the work of his students and admirers rather than Whitehead himself. For instance, Whitehead was a teacher and long-time friend and collaborator of Bertrand Russell, and he also taught and supervised the dissertation of Willard Van Orman Quine, both of whom are important figures in analytic philosophy – the dominant strain of philosophy in English-speaking countries in the 20th century. Whitehead has also had high-profile admirers in the continental tradition, such as French post-structuralist philosopher Gilles Deleuze, who once dryly remarked of Whitehead that "he stands provisionally as the last great Anglo-American philosopher before Wittgenstein's disciples spread their misty confusion, sufficiency, and terror." French sociologist and anthropologist Bruno Latour even went so far as to call Whitehead "the greatest philosopher of the 20th century."

Question: Where are Whitehead's works primarily studied in English-speaking countries?
Answer: Claremont and a select number of liberal graduate-level theology and philosophy programs

Question: Where has interest outside of those areas mainly come from?
Answer: through the work of his students and admirers rather

Question: Who are two of Whitehead's students that have gone on to become renowned in the field of analytic philosophy?
Answer: Bertrand Russell, and he also taught and supervised the dissertation of Willard Van Orman Quine

Question: What did Gilles Deleuze say about Whitehead?
Answer: "he stands provisionally as the last great Anglo-American philosopher before Wittgenstein's disciples spread their misty confusion, sufficiency, and terror."

Question: What French sociologist and anthropologist stated that Whitehead was "the greatest philosopher of the 20th century"?
Answer: Bruno Latour

Question: Where are Whitehead's works was not primarily studied in English-speaking countries?

Question:  Where has no interest outside of those areas mainly come from?

Question:  Who are two of Whitehead's students that have not gone on to become renowned in the field of analytic philosophy?

Question:  What did Gilles Deleuze hate about Whitehead?
Alfred_North_Whitehead

Deleuze's and Latour's opinions, however, are minority ones, as Whitehead has not been recognized as particularly influential within the most dominant philosophical schools. It is impossible to say exactly why Whitehead's influence has not been more widespread, but it may be partly due to his metaphysical ideas seeming somewhat counter-intuitive (such as his assertion that matter is an abstraction), or his inclusion of theistic elements in his philosophy, or the perception of metaphysics itself as passé, or simply the sheer difficulty and density of his prose.

Question: What is the general opinion of Whitehead in most philosophical schools?
Answer: Whitehead has not been recognized as particularly influential within the most dominant philosophical schools

Question: what is an example of Whitehead's ideas being counter-intuitive?
Answer: his assertion that matter is an abstraction

Question: What is a common opinion of metaphysics?
Answer: perception of metaphysics itself as passé

Question: Why do some people believe Whitehead's writings may have restricted his influence?
Answer: the sheer difficulty and density of his prose

Question: What is the general opinion of Whitehead in less philosophical schools?

Question:  what is an example of Whitehead's ideas not being counter-intuitive?

Question:  What is an uncommon opinion of metaphysics?

Question: Why do some people believe Whitehead's writings may have not restricted his influence?
Alfred_North_Whitehead

Historically Whitehead's work has been most influential in the field of American progressive theology. The most important early proponent of Whitehead's thought in a theological context was Charles Hartshorne, who spent a semester at Harvard as Whitehead's teaching assistant in 1925, and is widely credited with developing Whitehead's process philosophy into a full-blown process theology. Other notable process theologians include John B. Cobb, Jr., David Ray Griffin, Marjorie Hewitt Suchocki, C. Robert Mesle, Roland Faber, and Catherine Keller.

Question: In what field of study has Whitehead's work been most influential in the United States?
Answer: American progressive theology

Question: Who was the most important early supporter of Whitehead's work in the context of theology?
Answer: Charles Hartshorne

Question: What advancement of Whitehead's process philosophy is attributed to Charles Hartshorne?
Answer: developing Whitehead's process philosophy into a full-blown process theology

Question: Who are some other distinguished process theologians?
Answer: John B. Cobb, Jr., David Ray Griffin, Marjorie Hewitt Suchocki, C. Robert Mesle, Roland Faber, and Catherine Keller

Question: In what field of study has Whitehead's work been less influential in the United States?

Question: Who was the least important early supporter of Whitehead's work in the context of theology?

Question: What advancement of Whitehead's process philosophy is not attributed to Charles Hartshorne?
Alfred_North_Whitehead

Process theology typically stresses God's relational nature. Rather than seeing God as impassive or emotionless, process theologians view God as "the fellow sufferer who understands", and as the being who is supremely affected by temporal events. Hartshorne points out that people would not praise a human ruler who was unaffected by either the joys or sorrows of his followers – so why would this be a praise-worthy quality in God? Instead, as the being who is most affected by the world, God is the being who can most appropriately respond to the world. However, process theology has been formulated in a wide variety of ways. C. Robert Mesle, for instance, advocates a "process naturalism", i.e. a process theology without God.

Question: What aspect of God is usually emphasized in process theology?
Answer: God's relational nature

Question: How is God usually perceived by process theologians?
Answer: "the fellow sufferer who understands", and as the being who is supremely affected by temporal events

Question: Why did Hartshorne feel that God must be affected by people?
Answer: people would not praise a human ruler who was unaffected by either the joys or sorrows of his followers – so why would this be a praise-worthy quality in God?

Question: Why would God being substantially affected by the world be beneficial?
Answer: as the being who is most affected by the world, God is the being who can most appropriately respond to the world

Question: What type of process theology does C. Robert Mesle promote?
Answer: "process naturalism", i.e. a process theology without God.

Question:  What aspect of God is not emphasized in process theology?

Question:  How is God usually never perceived by process theologians?

Question:  Why did Hartshorne feel that God must not be affected by people?
Alfred_North_Whitehead

In fact, process theology is difficult to define because process theologians are so diverse and transdisciplinary in their views and interests. John B. Cobb, Jr. is a process theologian who has also written books on biology and economics. Roland Faber and Catherine Keller integrate Whitehead with poststructuralist, postcolonialist, and feminist theory. Charles Birch was both a theologian and a geneticist. Franklin I. Gamwell writes on theology and political theory. In Syntheism - Creating God in The Internet Age, futurologists Alexander Bard and Jan Söderqvist repeatedly credit Whitehead for the process theology they see rising out of the participatory culture expected to dominate the digital era.

Question: Why is there difficulty in defining process theology ?
Answer: process theologians are so diverse and transdisciplinary in their views and interests

Question: What subjects has John B. Cobb, Jr. written books on other than process theology?
Answer: biology and economics

Question: What theories do Roland Faber and Catherine Keller combine with Whitehead's ideas?
Answer: poststructuralist, postcolonialist, and feminist theory

Question: What was Charles Birch's profession besides theologian?
Answer: geneticist

Question: Who authored "Syntheism - Creating God in the Internet Age"?
Answer: Alexander Bard and Jan Söderqvist

Question:  Why is there no difficulty in defining process theology?

Question: What subjects has John B. Cobb, Jr. burned books on other than process theology?

Question: What theories do Roland Faber and Catherine Keller not combine with Whitehead's ideas?

Question:  What wasnt Charles Birch's profession besides theologian?
Alfred_North_Whitehead

One philosophical school which has historically had a close relationship with process philosophy is American pragmatism. Whitehead himself thought highly of William James and John Dewey, and acknowledged his indebtedness to them in the preface to Process and Reality. Charles Hartshorne (along with Paul Weiss) edited the collected papers of Charles Sanders Peirce, one of the founders of pragmatism. Noted neopragmatist Richard Rorty was in turn a student of Hartshorne. Today, Nicholas Rescher is one example of a philosopher who advocates both process philosophy and pragmatism.

Question: What philosophy is closely related to process philosophy?
Answer: American pragmatism

Question: What pragmatists did Whitehead acknowledge in the preface to "Process and Reality"?
Answer: William James and John Dewey

Question: What founder of pragmatism's collected papers did Charles Hartshorne ans Paul Weiss edit?
Answer: Charles Sanders Peirce

Question: What important neopragmatist was Harthorne's student?
Answer: Richard Rorty

Question: Who is a philosopher that promotes process philosophy and pragmatism currently?
Answer: Nicholas Rescher

Question:  What pragmatists did Whitehead not acknowledge in the preface to "Process and Reality"?

Question: What founder of pragmatism's collected papers did Charles Hartshorne and Paul Weiss not edit?

Question:  What unimportant neopragmatist was Harthorne's student?

Question:  Who is a philosopher that doesn't promote process philosophy and pragmatism currently?
Alfred_North_Whitehead

In physics, Whitehead's thought has had some influence. He articulated a view that might perhaps be regarded as dual to Einstein's general relativity, see Whitehead's theory of gravitation. It has been severely criticized. Yutaka Tanaka, who suggests that the gravitational constant disagrees with experimental findings, proposes that Einstein's work does not actually refute Whitehead's formulation. Whitehead's view has now been rendered obsolete, with the discovery of gravitational waves. They are phenonena observed locally that largely violate the kind of local flatness of space that Whitehead assumes. Consequently, Whitehead's cosmology must be regarded as a local approximation, and his assumption of a uniform spatio-temporal geometry, Minkowskian in particular, as an often-locally-adequate approximation. An exact replacement of Whitehead's cosmology would need to admit a Riemannian geometry. Also, although Whitehead himself gave only secondary consideration to quantum theory, his metaphysics of processes has proved attractive to some physicists in that field. Henry Stapp and David Bohm are among those whose work has been influenced by Whitehead.

Question: How was Whitehead's theory of gravitation received?
Answer: It has been severely criticized

Question: What affect  did the discovery of gravitational waves have on Whitehead's theory?
Answer: Whitehead's view has now been rendered obsolete, with the discovery of gravitational waves

Question: What are gravitational waves?
Answer: phenonena observed locally that largely violate the kind of local flatness of space that Whitehead assumes

Question: How must Whiteheads cosmology now be considered?
Answer: Whitehead's cosmology must be regarded as a local approximation

Question: What physicists in the field of quantum theory have been influenced by Whitehead?
Answer: Henry Stapp and David Bohm

Question: How was Whitehead's theory of non-gravitation received?

Question: What affect did the discovery of gravitational waves not have on Whitehead's theory?

Question:  What are non-gravitational waves?
Alfred_North_Whitehead

This work has been pioneered by John B. Cobb, Jr., whose book Is It Too Late? A Theology of Ecology (1971) was the first single-authored book in environmental ethics. Cobb also co-authored a book with economist Herman Daly entitled For the Common Good: Redirecting the Economy toward Community, the Environment, and a Sustainable Future (1989), which applied Whitehead's thought to economics, and received the Grawemeyer Award for Ideas Improving World Order. Cobb followed this with a second book, Sustaining the Common Good: A Christian Perspective on the Global Economy (1994), which aimed to challenge "economists' zealous faith in the great god of growth."

Question: What was the first book on environmental ethics by an individual author?
Answer: Is It Too Late? A Theology of Ecology

Question: On which economics book did Cobb collaborate with Herman Daly?
Answer: For the Common Good: Redirecting the Economy toward Community, the Environment, and a Sustainable Future

Question: What award did Cobb and Daly receive for the book?
Answer: Grawemeyer Award for Ideas Improving World Order

Question: What other economics book did Cobb go on to author?
Answer: Sustaining the Common Good: A Christian Perspective on the Global Economy

Question: What was the goal of Cobb's second book on economics?
Answer: to challenge "economists' zealous faith in the great god of growth."

Question: What was the last book on environmental ethics by an individual author?

Question: On which economics book did Cobb kick out Herman Daly?

Question:  What award did Cobb and Daly lose for the book?

Question:  What other science book did Cobb go on to author?
Alfred_North_Whitehead

Another model is the FEELS model developed by Xie Bangxiu and deployed successfully in China. "FEELS" stands for five things in curriculum and education: Flexible-goals, Engaged-learner, Embodied-knowledge, Learning-through-interactions, and Supportive-teacher. It is used for understanding and evaluating educational curriculum under the assumption that the purpose of education is to "help a person become whole." This work is in part the product of cooperation between Chinese government organizations and the Institute for the Postmodern Development of China.

Question: Who established the FEELS model in China?
Answer: Xie Bangxiu

Question: What does "FEELS" stand for?
Answer: Flexible-goals, Engaged-learner, Embodied-knowledge, Learning-through-interactions, and Supportive-teacher

Question: What is the purpose of the FEELS model?
Answer: It is used for understanding and evaluating educational curriculum under the assumption that the purpose of education is to "help a person become whole."

Question: What entities are working together to promote the FEELS model?
Answer: Chinese government organizations and the Institute for the Postmodern Development of China

Question: Who established the HEELS model in China?

Question:  What does "HEELS" stand for?

Question:  What entities are working together to promote the HEELS model?
Alfred_North_Whitehead

Whitehead has had some influence on philosophy of business administration and organizational theory. This has led in part to a focus on identifying and investigating the effect of temporal events (as opposed to static things) within organizations through an “organization studies” discourse that accommodates a variety of 'weak' and 'strong' process perspectives from a number of philosophers. One of the leading figures having an explicitly Whiteheadian and panexperientialist stance towards management is Mark Dibben, who works in what he calls "applied process thought" to articulate a philosophy of management and business administration as part of a wider examination of the social sciences through the lens of process metaphysics. For Dibben, this allows "a comprehensive exploration of life as perpetually active experiencing, as opposed to occasional – and thoroughly passive – happening." Dibben has published two books on applied process thought, Applied Process Thought I: Initial Explorations in Theory and Research (2008), and Applied Process Thought II: Following a Trail Ablaze (2009), as well as other papers in this vein in the fields of philosophy of management and business ethics.

Question: What business fields has Whitehead influenced?
Answer: philosophy of business administration and organizational theory

Question: What prominent business professor has been heavily influenced by Whitehead?
Answer: Mark Dibben

Question: What does Dibben call his philosophy on management and business administration?
Answer: "applied process thought"

Question: According to Dibben, what are the benefits of applying process metaphysics to examining management and business administration as a component of social science?
Answer: this allows "a comprehensive exploration of life as perpetually active experiencing, as opposed to occasional – and thoroughly passive – happening."

Question: In what fields has Dibben published two books and other papers?
Answer: philosophy of management and business ethics

Question: What business fields has Whitehead not influenced?

Question: What prominent business professor has not been heavily influenced by Whitehead?

Question: What does Dibben call his philosophy on science and math administration?
Alfred_North_Whitehead

Margaret Stout and Carrie M. Staton have also written recently on the mutual influence of Whitehead and Mary Parker Follett, a pioneer in the fields of organizational theory and organizational behavior. Stout and Staton see both Whitehead and Follett as sharing an ontology that "understands becoming as a relational process; difference as being related, yet unique; and the purpose of becoming as harmonizing difference." This connection is further analyzed by Stout and Jeannine M. Love in Integrative Process: Follettian Thinking from Ontology to Administration

Question: What is Mary Parker Follett known for?
Answer: pioneer in the fields of organizational theory and organizational behavior

Question: What do Margaret Stout and Carrie M. Staton view as commonalities between Whitehead and Follett?
Answer: ontology that "understands becoming as a relational process; difference as being related, yet unique; and the purpose of becoming as harmonizing difference."

Question: What book did Stout and Jeanine M. Love author that further examines the on between Whitehead and Follett?
Answer: Integrative Process: Follettian Thinking from Ontology to Administration

Question: What is Mary Parker Follett not known for?

Question:  What do Margaret Stout and Carrie M. Staton view as differences between Whitehead and Follett?

Question: What book did Stout and Jeanine M. Love author that does not examine between Whitehead and Follett?