Divyanshu67/squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union

In mid-November The Shevchenko Ukrainian Language Society was officially registered. On November 19, 1989, a public gathering in Kiev attracted thousands of mourners, friends and family to the reburial in Ukraine of three inmates of the infamous Gulag Camp No. 36 in Perm in the Ural Mountains: human-rights activists Vasyl Stus, Oleksiy Tykhy, and Yuriy Lytvyn. Their remains were reinterred in Baikove Cemetery. On November 26, 1989, a day of prayer and fasting was proclaimed by Cardinal Myroslav Lubachivsky, thousands of faithful in western Ukraine participated in religious services on the eve of a meeting between Pope John Paul II and Soviet President Gorbachev. On November 28, 1989, the Ukrainian SSR's Council for Religious Affairs issued a decree allowing Ukrainian Catholic congregations to register as legal organizations. The decree was proclaimed on December 1, coinciding with a meeting at the Vatican between the pope and the Soviet president.

Question: When was The Shevchenko Ukrainian Language Society made official?
Answer: mid-November

Question: The three human rights activists reburied November 19th were prisoners where?
Answer: Gulag Camp No. 36

Question: Where was Gulag Camp No. 36 located?
Answer: Perm in the Ural Mountains

Question: Where were the activists reburied?
Answer: Baikove Cemetery.

Question: Who met with Gorbachev on November 22?
Answer: Pope John Paul II
Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union

On September 30, 1989, thousands of Belorussians, denouncing local leaders, marched through Minsk to demand additional cleanup of the 1986 Chernobyl disaster site in Ukraine. Up to 15,000 protesters wearing armbands bearing radioactivity symbols and carrying the banned red-and-white Belorussian national flag filed through torrential rain in defiance of a ban by local authorities. Later, they gathered in the city center near the government's headquarters, where speakers demanded resignation of Yefrem Sokolov, the republic's Communist Party leader, and called for the evacuation of half a million people from the contaminated zones.

Question: What did the Belorussians wish to be cleaned up?
Answer: Chernobyl disaster site

Question: Where did the Chernobyl Disaster occur?
Answer: Ukraine

Question: When did the Chernobyl disaster happen?
Answer: 1986

Question: What symbol did the protesters wear on their arms?
Answer: radioactivity symbols

Question: How was the weather during the protest?
Answer: torrential rain
Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union

Thousands of Soviet troops were sent to the Fergana Valley, southeast of the Uzbek capital Tashkent, to re-establish order after clashes in which local Uzbeks hunted down members of the Meskhetian minority in several days of rioting between June 4–11, 1989; about 100 people were killed. On June 23, 1989, Gorbachev removed Rafiq Nishonov as First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Uzbek SSR and replaced him with Karimov, who went on to lead Uzbekistan as a Soviet Republic and subsequently as an independent state.

Question: Who went to the Fergana Valley to restore order?
Answer: Soviet troops

Question: Where is the Fergana Valley located?
Answer: southeast of the Uzbek capital

Question: Who were targeted by the local Uzbeks?
Answer: members of the Meskhetian minority

Question: Who was fired from First Secretary position by Gorbachev? 
Answer: Rafiq Nishonov

Question: Who replaced Nishonov?
Answer: Karimov
Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union

In Kazakhstan on June 19, 1989, young men carrying guns, firebombs, iron bars and stones rioted in Zhanaozen, causing a number of deaths. The youths tried to seize a police station and a water-supply station. They brought public transportation to a halt and shut down various shops and industries. By June 25, the rioting had spread to five other towns near the Caspian Sea. A mob of about 150 people armed with sticks, stones and metal rods attacked the police station in Mangishlak, about 90 miles from Zhanaozen, before they were dispersed by government troops flown in by helicopters. Mobs of young people also rampaged through Yeraliev, Shepke, Fort-Shevchenko and Kulsary, where they poured flammable liquid on trains housing temporary workers and set them on fire.

Question: Where was the fatal June 19th riots?
Answer: Zhanaozen

Question: Who were the rioters?
Answer: young men

Question: What did the rioters try to take over?
Answer: police station and a water-supply station

Question: How many towns had riots of their own following the initial riots?
Answer: five

Question: What was attacked in Mangishlak?
Answer: police station
Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union

Ethnic tensions had escalated between the Armenians and Azerbaijanis in spring and summer 1988. On January 9, 1990, after the Armenian parliament voted to include Nagorno-Karabakh within its budget, renewed fighting broke out, hostages were taken, and four Soviet soldiers were killed. On January 11, Popular Front radicals stormed party buildings and effectively overthrew the communist powers in the southern town of Lenkoran. Gorbachev resolved to regain control of Azerbaijan; the events that ensued are known as "Black January." Late on January 19, 1990, after blowing up the central television station and cutting the phone and radio lines, 26,000 Soviet troops entered the Azerbaijani capital Baku, smashing barricades, attacking protesters, and firing into crowds. On that night and during subsequent confrontations (which lasted until February), more than 130 people died – the majority of whom were civilians. More than 700 civilians were wounded, hundreds were detained, but only a few were actually tried for alleged criminal offenses.

Question: Which two groups saw increasing ethnic conflicts in 1988?
Answer: Armenians and Azerbaijanis

Question: Who was killed in the January 9 riots?
Answer: four Soviet soldiers

Question: How many people died in the Soviet response to the clashes?
Answer: more than 130

Question: What were the January incidents called?
Answer: Black January

Question: How many Soviet troops occupied Baku?
Answer: 26,000
Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union

Following the hardliners' takeover, the September 30, 1990 elections (runoffs on October 14) were characterized by intimidation; several Popular Front candidates were jailed, two were murdered, and unabashed ballot stuffing took place even in the presence of Western observers. The election results reflected the threatening environment; out of the 350 members, 280 were Communists, with only 45 opposition candidates from the Popular Front and other non-communist groups, who together formed a Democratic Bloc ("Dembloc"). In May 1990 Mutalibov was elected Chairman of the Supreme Soviet unopposed.

Question: What party's candidates were murdered in the September 30 elections?
Answer: Popular Front

Question: How many members were from opposition parties?
Answer: 45

Question: How many total members were there?
Answer: 350

Question: Who was elected to be Chairman in May?
Answer: Mutalibov
Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union

On January 21, 1990, Rukh organized a 300-mile (480 km) human chain between Kiev, Lviv, and Ivano-Frankivsk. Hundreds of thousands joined hands to commemorate the proclamation of Ukrainian independence in 1918 and the reunification of Ukrainian lands one year later (1919 Unification Act). On January 23, 1990, the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church held its first synod since its liquidation by the Soviets in 1946 (an act which the gathering declared invalid). On February 9, 1990, the Ukrainian Ministry of Justice officially registered Rukh. However, the registration came too late for Rukh to stand its own candidates for the parliamentary and local elections on March 4. At the 1990 elections of people's deputies to the Supreme Council (Verkhovna Rada), candidates from the Democratic Bloc won landslide victories in western Ukrainian oblasts. A majority of the seats had to hold run-off elections. On March 18, Democratic candidates scored further victories in the run-offs. The Democratic Bloc gained about 90 out of 450 seats in the new parliament.

Question: How many miles long was the human chain?
Answer: 300

Question: Who organized this chain?
Answer: Rukh

Question: What country's independence were the chain members celebrating?
Answer: Ukrainian

Question: When had the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church been broken up by the Soviets?
Answer: 1946

Question: In 1990 which party had most of the election victories?
Answer: the Democratic Bloc
Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union

On April 6, 1990, the Lviv City Council voted to return St. George Cathedral to the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church. The Russian Orthodox Church refused to yield. On April 29–30, 1990, the Ukrainian Helsinki Union disbanded to form the Ukrainian Republican Party. On May 15 the new parliament convened. The bloc of conservative communists held 239 seats; the Democratic Bloc, which had evolved into the National Council, had 125 deputies. On June 4, 1990, two candidates remained in the protracted race for parliament chair. The leader of the Communist Party of Ukraine (CPU), Volodymyr Ivashko, was elected with 60 percent of the vote as more than 100 opposition deputies boycotted the election. On June 5–6, 1990, Metropolitan Mstyslav of the U.S.-based Ukrainian Orthodox Church was elected patriarch of the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church (UAOC) during that Church's first synod. The UAOC declared its full independence from the Moscow Patriarchate of the Russian Orthodox Church, which in March had granted autonomy to the Ukrainian Orthodox church headed by Metropolitan Filaret.

Question: Who was voted to get their cathedral back in 1990?
Answer: Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church

Question: What party was formed from the dissolved Ukrainian Helsinki Union?
Answer: Ukrainian Republican Party

Question: What was the first day that the new parliament met?
Answer: May 15

Question: Who became the new patriarch of the UAOC in 1990?
Answer: Metropolitan Mstyslav
Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union

On June 22, 1990, Volodymyr Ivashko withdrew his candidacy for leader of the Communist Party of Ukraine in view of his new position in parliament. Stanislav Hurenko was elected first secretary of the CPU. On July 11, Ivashko resigned from his post as chairman of the Ukrainian Parliament after he was elected deputy general secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. The Parliament accepted the resignation a week later, on July 18. On July 16 Parliament overwhelmingly approved the Declaration on State Sovereignty of Ukraine - with a vote of 355 in favour and four against. The people's deputies voted 339 to 5 to proclaim July 16 a Ukrainian national holiday.

Question: Who was elected to be the new deputy general secretary of the Communist Part of the Soviet Union in July?
Answer: Volodymyr Ivashko

Question: How long did it take Parliament to accept Ivashko's resignation?
Answer: a week

Question: How many Parliament members voted against the Declaration on State Sovereignty of Ukraine?
Answer: four
Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union

On July 23, 1990, Leonid Kravchuk was elected to replace Ivashko as parliament chairman. On July 30, Parliament adopted a resolution on military service ordering Ukrainian soldiers "in regions of national conflict such as Armenia and Azerbaijan" to return to Ukrainian territory. On August 1, Parliament voted overwhelmingly to shut down the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant. On August 3, it adopted a law on the economic sovereignty of the Ukrainian republic. On August 19, the first Ukrainian Catholic liturgy in 44 years was celebrated at St. George Cathedral. On September 5–7, the International Symposium on the Great Famine of 1932–1933 was held in Kiev. On September 8, The first "Youth for Christ" rally since 1933 took place held in Lviv, with 40,000 participants. In September 28–30, the Green Party of Ukraine held its founding congress. On September 30, nearly 100,000 people marched in Kiev to protest against the new union treaty proposed by Gorbachev.

Question: Who would succeed Ivashko as the chairman of Parliament?
Answer: Leonid Kravchuk

Question: What did Parliament vote to shut down in August?
Answer: Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant

Question: Where was the August 9 liturgy held?
Answer: St. George Cathedral.

Question: Prior to the September 8th rally when was the last Youth for Christ rally held?
Answer: 1933

Question: How many people attended the Youth for Christ rally?
Answer: 40,000
Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union

On October 25–28, 1990, Rukh held its second congress and declared that its principal goal was the "renewal of independent statehood for Ukraine". On October 28 UAOC faithful, supported by Ukrainian Catholics, demonstrated near St. Sophia’s Cathedral as newly elected Russian Orthodox Church Patriarch Aleksei and Metropolitan Filaret celebrated liturgy at the shrine. On November 1, the leaders of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church and of the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church, respectively, Metropolitan Volodymyr Sterniuk and Patriarch Mstyslav, met in Lviv during anniversary commemorations of the 1918 proclamation of the Western Ukrainian National Republic.

Question: Where was the UAOC protest held?
Answer: near St. Sophia’s Cathedral

Question: Who were in the cathedral at the time of the protest?
Answer: Russian Orthodox Church Patriarch Aleksei and Metropolitan Filaret

Question: What had Aleksei and Filaret been up to at the time of the protest?
Answer: liturgy
Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union

On January 13, 1991, Soviet troops, along with the KGB Spetsnaz Alpha Group, stormed the Vilnius TV Tower in Lithuania to suppress the independence movement. Fourteen unarmed civilians were killed and hundreds more injured. On the night of July 31, 1991, Russian OMON from Riga, the Soviet military headquarters in the Baltics, assaulted the Lithuanian border post in Medininkai and killed seven Lithuanian servicemen. This event further weakened the Soviet Union's position internationally and domestically, and stiffened Lithuanian resistance.

Question: What was attacked by Soviet troops on January 13?
Answer: Vilnius TV Tower

Question: Where was the TV Tower located?
Answer: Lithuania

Question: What were the Soviets hoping to stop?
Answer: independence movement

Question: How many civilians died in the attack?
Answer: Fourteen

Question: What was attacked by Russians on July 31?
Answer: Lithuanian border post in Medininkai
Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union

Faced with growing separatism, Gorbachev sought to restructure the Soviet Union into a less centralized state. On August 20, 1991, the Russian SFSR was scheduled to sign a New Union Treaty that would have converted the Soviet Union into a federation of independent republics with a common president, foreign policy and military. It was strongly supported by the Central Asian republics, which needed the economic advantages of a common market to prosper. However, it would have meant some degree of continued Communist Party control over economic and social life.

Question: What was Gorbachev attempting to decentralize? 
Answer: Soviet Union

Question: What was supposed to be signed on August 20?
Answer: New Union Treaty

Question: Who supported the treaty?
Answer: Central Asian republics,

Question: What would have maintained power if the treaty was signed?
Answer: Communist Party
Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union

More radical reformists were increasingly convinced that a rapid transition to a market economy was required, even if the eventual outcome meant the disintegration of the Soviet Union into several independent states. Independence also accorded with Yeltsin's desires as president of the Russian Federation, as well as those of regional and local authorities to get rid of Moscow’s pervasive control. In contrast to the reformers' lukewarm response to the treaty, the conservatives, "patriots," and Russian nationalists of the USSR – still strong within the CPSU and the military – were opposed to weakening the Soviet state and its centralized power structure.

Question: What did radicals want to change the economy to?
Answer: market economy

Question: What were they prepared to have happen to the Soviet Union in order to get a market economy?
Answer: disintegration

Question: What was Yeltsin president of?
Answer: the Russian Federation,

Question: Whose control were regional authorities hoping to do away with?
Answer: Moscow’s
Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union

Thousands of Muscovites came out to defend the White House (the Russian Federation's parliament and Yeltsin's office), the symbolic seat of Russian sovereignty at the time. The organizers tried but ultimately failed to arrest Yeltsin, who rallied opposition to the coup with speech-making atop a tank. The special forces dispatched by the coup leaders took up positions near the White House, but members refused to storm the barricaded building. The coup leaders also neglected to jam foreign news broadcasts, so many Muscovites watched it unfold live on CNN. Even the isolated Gorbachev was able to stay abreast of developments by tuning into BBC World Service on a small transistor radio.

Question: Who arrived to protect the White House?
Answer: Muscovites

Question: Who did the organizers want to arrest?
Answer: Yeltsin

Question: Where was Yeltsin during the coup?
Answer: atop a tank

Question: What was Yeltsin doing on the tank?
Answer: speech-making

Question: What TV channel carried the broadcast of the coup?
Answer: CNN
Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union

On December 8, the leaders of Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus secretly met in Belavezhskaya Pushcha, in western Belarus, and signed the Belavezha Accords, which proclaimed the Soviet Union had ceased to exist and announced formation of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) as a looser association to take its place. They also invited other republics to join the CIS. Gorbachev called it an unconstitutional coup. However, by this time there was no longer any reasonable doubt that, as the preamble of the Accords put it, "the USSR, as a subject of international law and a geopolitical reality, is ceasing its existence."

Question: Where was the secret meeting of the leaders?
Answer: Belarus

Question: What was signed at the secret meeting in Balarus?
Answer: Belavezha Accords

Question: When was the meeting held?
Answer: December 8

Question: What was formed to replace the Soviet Union?
Answer: the Commonwealth of Independent States

Question: What was coming to an end?
Answer: the USSR
Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union

On December 12, the Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR formally ratified the Belavezha Accords and renounced the 1922 Union Treaty. The Russian deputies were also recalled from the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. The legality of this action was questionable, since Soviet law did not allow a republic to unilaterally recall its deputies. However, no one in either Russia or the Kremlin objected. Any objections from the latter would have likely had no effect, since the Soviet government had effectively been rendered impotent long before December. In effect, the largest and most powerful republic had seceded from the Union. Later that day, Gorbachev hinted for the first time that he was considering stepping down.

Question: When were the Belavezha Accords ratified?
Answer: December 12

Question: Who ratified the Accords?
Answer: the Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR

Question: Who was recalled?
Answer: Russian deputies

Question: Who showed signs that he was considering resigning his position?
Answer: Gorbachev
Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union

Doubts remained over the authority of the Belavezha Accords to disband the Soviet Union, since they were signed by only three republics. However, on December 21, 1991, representatives of 11 of the 12 former republics – all except Georgia – signed the Alma-Ata Protocol, which confirmed the dissolution of the Union and formally established the CIS. They also "accepted" Gorbachev's resignation. While Gorbachev hadn't made any formal plans to leave the scene yet, he did tell CBS News that he would resign as soon as he saw that the CIS was indeed a reality.

Question: Which republic did not sign the Alma-Ata Protocol?
Answer: Georgia

Question: How many of the former republics had representatives sign the Protocol?
Answer: 11

Question: What did the Protocol establish?
Answer: CIS

Question: What was dissolved by the Protocol?
Answer: Union

Question: Which news organization did Gorbachev talk to about his resignation plans? 
Answer: CBS
Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union

In a nationally televised speech early in the morning of December 25, 1991, Gorbachev resigned as president of the USSR – or, as he put it, "I hereby discontinue my activities at the post of President of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics." He declared the office extinct, and all of its powers (such as control of the nuclear arsenal) were ceded to Yeltsin. A week earlier, Gorbachev had met with Yeltsin and accepted the fait accompli of the Soviet Union's dissolution. On the same day, the Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR adopted a statute to change Russia's legal name from "Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic" to "Russian Federation," showing that it was now a sovereign state.

Question: When did Gorbachev resign?
Answer: December 25, 1991

Question: Who was given control after Gorbachev left?
Answer: Yeltsin

Question: What was Russia's new legal name?
Answer: Russian Federation

Question: What was the Russian Federations previous legal name?
Answer: Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union

On the night of December 25, 1991, at 7:32 p.m. Moscow time, after Gorbachev left the Kremlin, the Soviet flag was lowered for the last time, and the Russian tricolor was raised in its place, symbolically marking the end of the Soviet Union. The next day, December 26, 1991, the Council of Republics, the upper chamber of the Union's Supreme Soviet, issued a formal Declaration recognizing that the Soviet Union had ceased to exist as a state and subject of international law, and voted both itself and the Soviet Union out of existence (the other chamber of the Supreme Soviet, the Council of the Union, had been unable to work since December 12, 1991, when the recall of the Russian deputies left it without a quorum). The following day Yeltsin moved into Gorbachev's former office, though the Russian authorities had taken over the suite two days earlier. By December 31, 1991, the few remaining Soviet institutions that had not been taken over by Russia ceased operation, and individual republics assumed the central government's role.

Question: What went down after Gorbachev departed from the Kremlin?
Answer: Soviet flag

Question: What replaced the Soviet flag?
Answer: Russian tricolor

Question: When did Gorbachev make his final Kremlin exit?
Answer: December 25, 1991, at 7:32 p.m. Moscow time

Question: What was declared as having ceased to exist?
Answer: the Soviet Union

Question: What body also stopped existing following a vote by itself to end itself?
Answer: upper chamber of the Union's Supreme Soviet,
Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union

The Alma-Ata Protocol also addressed other issues, including UN membership. Notably, Russia was authorized to assume the Soviet Union's UN membership, including its permanent seat on the Security Council. The Soviet Ambassador to the UN delivered a letter signed by Russian President Yeltsin to the UN Secretary-General dated December 24, 1991, informing him that by virtue of the Alma-Ata Protocol, Russia was the successor state to the USSR. After being circulated among the other UN member states, with no objection raised, the statement was declared accepted on the last day of the year, December 31, 1991.

Question: Which country took over the Soviet Union's UN membership?
Answer: Russia

Question: What made Russia the successor state to the USSR?
Answer: Alma-Ata Protocol

Question: Who wrote the letter to the UN secretary general informing them that Russia would be replacing the USSR?
Answer: Yeltsin

Question: What was the date on the Yeltsin letter?
Answer: December 24, 1991

Question: When did the UN accept the statement?
Answer: December 31, 1991
Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union

On November 18, 1990, the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church enthroned Mstyslav as Patriarch of Kiev and all Ukraine during ceremonies at Saint Sophia's Cathedral. Also on November 18, Canada announced that its consul-general to Kiev would be Ukrainian-Canadian Nestor Gayowsky. On November 19, the United States announced that its consul to Kiev would be Ukrainian-American John Stepanchuk. On November 19, the chairmen of the Ukrainian and Russian parliaments, respectively, Kravchuk and Yeltsin, signed a 10-year bilateral pact. In early December 1990 the Party of Democratic Rebirth of Ukraine was founded; on December 15, the Democratic Party of Ukraine was founded.

Question: Who was set up as Patriarch of Kiev and all Ukraine on the 18th of November?
Answer: Mstyslav

Question: Who gave Mstyslav this title?
Answer: Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church

Question: Who was the Canadian consul-general to Kiev?
Answer: Nestor Gayowsky

Question: What country made John Stepanchuk its consul-general to Kiev?
Answer: United States

Question: How long lasting was the pact between Kravchuk and Yeltsin?
Answer: 10-year
Crucifixion_of_Jesus

According to the canonical gospels, Jesus, whom Christians believe to be the Son of God as well as the Messiah (Christ), was arrested, tried, and sentenced by Pontius Pilate to be scourged, and finally crucified by the Romans. Jesus was stripped of his clothing and offered wine mixed with gall to drink, before being crucified. He was then hung for six hours (according to Mark's Gospel) between two convicted thieves. During this time, the soldiers affixed a sign to the top of the cross stating "Jesus of Nazareth, King of the Jews" in three languages. They then divided his garments among them, but cast lots for his seamless robe. After Jesus' death they pierced his side with a spear to be certain that he had died. The Bible records seven statements that Jesus made while he was on the cross, as well as several supernatural events that occurred.

Question: Who was the person that tried Jesus?
Answer: Pontius Pilate

Question: How long was Jesus hung for?
Answer: six hours

Question: What did the sign say on top of Jesus' cross?
Answer: Jesus of Nazareth, King of the Jews

Question: What was done to make sure Jesus was dead?
Answer: they pierced his side with a spear

Question: How many statements did Jesus make on the cross?
Answer: seven statements

Question: Who did Pontius Pilate believe that he was?

Question: What did soldiers do to Christians as a punishment?

Question: What is one thing that Pilate used to drink?

Question: What did Pilate take from Jesus after winning a bet?

Question: How many statements did the Romans make about Christians?
Crucifixion_of_Jesus

The baptism of Jesus and his crucifixion are considered to be two historically certain facts about Jesus. James Dunn states that these "two facts in the life of Jesus command almost universal assent" and "rank so high on the 'almost impossible to doubt or deny' scale of historical facts" that they are often the starting points for the study of the historical Jesus. Bart Ehrman states that the crucifixion of Jesus on the orders of Pontius Pilate is the most certain element about him. John Dominic Crossan states that the crucifixion of Jesus is as certain as any historical fact can be. Eddy and Boyd state that it is now "firmly established" that there is non-Christian confirmation of the crucifixion of Jesus. Craig Blomberg states that most scholars in the third quest for the historical Jesus consider the crucifixion indisputable. Christopher M. Tuckett states that, although the exact reasons for the death of Jesus are hard to determine, one of the indisputable facts about him is that he was crucified.

Question: What is one of the historical certain facts about Jesus?
Answer: baptism of Jesus

Question: Do non-Christians agree that the Crucifixion happened?
Answer: the crucifixion of Jesus is as certain as any historical fact can be

Question: Is the exact reason known that Jesus got Crucified for?
Answer: the exact reasons for the death of Jesus are hard to determine

Question: Who said the Crucifixion of Jesus is firmly established.
Answer: Eddy

Question: Who said the Baptism of Jesus was Univeral Assent?
Answer: James Dunn

Question: What kind of confirmation is there about the life of Pontius Pilate?

Question: What do Eddy and Boyd believe about Pilate and and how he shaped the life of the Jewish people?

Question: How many trials had Pilate presided over before Jesus?

Question: What does the crucifixion of Jesus mean for understanding the life of Pilate?

Question: Why did Pilate decide to turn Jesus over to the Jews?
Crucifixion_of_Jesus

Although almost all ancient sources relating to crucifixion are literary, the 1968 archeological discovery just northeast of Jerusalem of the body of a crucified man dated to the 1st century provided good confirmatory evidence that crucifixions occurred during the Roman period roughly according to the manner in which the crucifixion of Jesus is described in the gospels. The crucified man was identified as Yehohanan ben Hagkol and probably died about 70 AD, around the time of the Jewish revolt against Rome. The analyses at the Hadassah Medical School estimated that he died in his late 20s. Another relevant archaeological find, which also dates to the 1st century AD, is an unidentified heel bone with a spike discovered in a Jerusalem gravesite, now held by the Israel Antiquities Authority and displayed in the Israel Museum.

Question: Are all sources of the crucification literary?
Answer: almost all ancient sources relating to crucifixion are literary

Question: What evidence was found that Crucifixion did happen?
Answer: the 1968 archeological discovery

Question: Who was the crucified man discovered in an archaeological find?
Answer: ben Hagkol

Question: When was Ben Hagkol crucified?
Answer: about 70 AD

Question: What institution holds a heel bone with a spike inserted?
Answer: Israel Museum

Question: When did the Romans first take the city of Hagkol?

Question: What year was the Israel Museum established?

Question: What discovery was made northeast of the city of Hagkol?

Question: What was the average age of Roman soldiers?

Question: What did the Romans keep as a deterrent to others who would revolt?
Crucifixion_of_Jesus

The earliest detailed accounts of the death of Jesus are contained in the four canonical gospels. There are other, more implicit references in the New Testament epistles. In the synoptic gospels, Jesus predicts his death in three separate episodes. All four Gospels conclude with an extended narrative of Jesus' arrest, trial, crucifixion, burial, and accounts of resurrection. In each Gospel these five events in the life of Jesus are treated with more intense detail than any other portion of that Gospel's narrative. Scholars note that the reader receives an almost hour-by-hour account of what is happening.:p.91

Question: What holds the records of the death of Jesus?
Answer: four canonical gospels

Question: What part of the Bible references the death of Jesus?
Answer: New Testament epistles

Question: How many times did Jesus predict his own death?
Answer: three

Question: What part of Jesus' life is detailed in these gospels?
Answer: Jesus' arrest, trial, crucifixion, burial, and accounts of resurrection

Question: How detailed is the description of Jesus' death?
Answer: hour-by-hour account

Question: What part of the Bible was written later than the Old Testament?

Question: How many scholars did it take to translate the New Testament?

Question: How quickly were scholars able to interpret and translate the Bible?

Question: What do scholars have to overcome when meeting bias about discussing Jesus?

Question: How did scholars treat the Bible when trying to accurately translate it?
Crucifixion_of_Jesus

Combining statements in the canonical Gospels produces the following account: Jesus was arrested in Gethsemane following the Last Supper with the Twelve Apostles, and then stood trial before the Sanhedrin (a Jewish judicial body), Pontius Pilate (a Roman authority in Judaea), and Herod Antipas (king of Judea, appointed by Rome), before being handed over for crucifixion by the chief priests of the Jews. After being flogged, Jesus was mocked by Roman soldiers as the "King of the Jews", clothed in a purple robe, crowned with thorns, beaten and spat on. Jesus then had to make his way to the place of his crucifixion.

Question: Where was Jesus arrested?
Answer: Gethsemane

Question: What did Jesus do before he was arrested?
Answer: the Last Supper

Question: How many Apostles were there at the Last Supper?
Answer: Twelve Apostles

Question: How was Jesus tortured before he was crucified?
Answer: flogged

Question: What was placed on Jesus' head?
Answer: crowned with thorns

Question: What city was the Sanhedrin located in?

Question: Who appointed the Sanhedrin to office to form a judicial body?

Question: In front of what judicial body did the twelve apostles stand trial?

Question: What group handed the twelve apostles over for crucifixion?

Question: What was a punishment given to the twelve apostles?
Crucifixion_of_Jesus

Once at Golgotha, Jesus was offered wine mixed with gall to drink. Matthew's and Mark's Gospels record that he refused this. He was then crucified and hung between two convicted thieves. According to some translations from the original Greek, the thieves may have been bandits or Jewish rebels. According to Mark's Gospel, he endured the torment of crucifixion for some six hours from the third hour, at approximately 9 am, until his death at the ninth hour, corresponding to about 3 pm. The soldiers affixed a sign above his head stating "Jesus of Nazareth, King of the Jews" in three languages, divided his garments and cast lots for his seamless robe. The Roman soldiers did not break Jesus' legs, as they did to the other two men crucified (breaking the legs hastened the crucifixion process), as Jesus was dead already. Each gospel has its own account of Jesus' last words, seven statements altogether. In the Synoptic Gospels, various supernatural events accompany the crucifixion, including darkness, an earthquake, and (in Matthew) the resurrection of saints. Following Jesus' death, his body was removed from the cross by Joseph of Arimathea and buried in a rock-hewn tomb, with Nicodemus assisting.

Question: What was Jesus offered to drink after his arrest?
Answer: wine mixed with gall

Question: How many hours did Jesus endure Crucifixion?
Answer: six hours

Question: How many accounts are there of Jesus' last words?
Answer: seven statements altogether

Question: Who removed Jesus from the cross?
Answer: Joseph of Arimathea

Question: What was offered to the two thieves to drink?

Question: Did the two thieves drink the wine or refuse it?

Question: How many statements did the two thieves make after being crucified?

Question: Where were the two thieves buried after they died from crucifixion?

Question: Who was related to the two thieves that were crucified?
Crucifixion_of_Jesus

There are several details that are only found in one of the gospel accounts. For instance, only Matthew's gospel mentions an earthquake, resurrected saints who went to the city and that Roman soldiers were assigned to guard the tomb, while Mark is the only one to state the actual time of the crucifixion (the third hour, or 9 am) and the centurion's report of Jesus' death. The Gospel of Luke's unique contributions to the narrative include Jesus' words to the women who were mourning, one criminal's rebuke of the other, the reaction of the multitudes who left "beating their breasts", and the women preparing spices and ointments before resting on the Sabbath. John is also the only one to refer to the request that the legs be broken and the soldier's subsequent piercing of Jesus' side (as fulfillment of Old Testament prophecy), as well as that Nicodemus assisted Joseph with burial.

Question: What detail of Jesus's Crucifiction was only found in Matthew's Gospel?
Answer: an earthquake

Question: Which gospel mentioned the time of Crucifiction?
Answer: Mark

Question: Who did Jesus talk to in the Gospel of Luke?
Answer: words to the women who were mourning

Question: What gospel talks about breaking Jesus' legs?
Answer: John

Question: What prophecy was fulfilled by the piercing of Jesus' side?
Answer: Old Testament prophecy

Question: What time did the Romans decide to guard the tomb of Jesus?

Question: Who did the Roman soldiers speak to when they were in mourning?

Question: What did one Roman soldier do to chastise the other?

Question: What did the Roman soldiers do to celebrate their victory?

Question: What did the Romans use when one of their soldiers had an injury?
Crucifixion_of_Jesus

According to the First Epistle to the Corinthians (1 Cor. 15:4), Jesus was raised from the dead ("on the third day" counting the day of crucifixion as the first) and according to the canonical Gospels, appeared to his disciples on different occasions before ascending to heaven. The account given in Acts of the Apostles, which says Jesus remained with the apostles for forty days, appears to differ from the account in the Gospel of Luke, which makes no clear distinction between the events of Easter Sunday and the Ascension. However, most biblical scholars agree that St. Luke also wrote the Acts of the Apostles as a follow-up volume to his Gospel account, and the two works must be considered as a whole.

Question: Which Epistle details the raising of Jesus?
Answer: First Epistle to the Corinthians

Question: Which writing detailed Jesus' appearance before ascension?
Answer: canonical Gospels

Question: How long did Jesus stay with the Apostles per the Acts of the Apostles?
Answer: forty days

Question: What day is accounted in the Gospel of Luke as the ascension?
Answer: Easter Sunday

Question: Who wrote both accounts of the Crucifixion and ascension?
Answer: St. Luke

Question: Where did St. Luke go after he died?

Question: How many days had Luke been an apostle?

Question: How many people saw Jesus when he was first seen after his crucifixion?

Question: Who was the first apostle to see Jesus afte he was raised from the dead?

Question: How often do scholars need to revise what they have written about the Bible?
Crucifixion_of_Jesus

In Mark, Jesus is crucified along with two rebels, and the day goes dark for three hours. Jesus calls out to God, then gives a shout and dies. The curtain of the Temple is torn in two. Matthew follows Mark, adding an earthquake and the resurrection of saints. Luke also follows Mark, though he describes the rebels as common criminals, one of whom defends Jesus, who in turn promises that he (Jesus) and the criminal will be together in paradise. Luke portrays Jesus as impassive in the face of his crucifixion. John includes several of the same elements as those found in Mark, though they are treated differently.

Question: Who was crucified with Jesus per Mark?
Answer: two rebels

Question: How does Mark say Jesus' life ends?
Answer: Jesus calls out to God, then gives a shout and dies

Question: what natural disaster is mention when Jesus died?
Answer: an earthquake

Question: What does Luke say one of the rebels does?
Answer: promises that he (Jesus) and the criminal will be together in paradise

Question: How does Luke make Jesus seem at his Crucifixion?
Answer: impassive

Question: How long were the two rebels hanging on crosses?

Question: How was one criminal treated when crucified compared to the other?

Question: What did one of the criminals do before he died from being crucified?

Question: What happened to the clothes one of the criminals was wearing?

Question: How did the criminals react to their own crucifixion?
Crucifixion_of_Jesus

An early non-Christian reference to the crucifixion of Jesus is likely to be Mara Bar-Serapion's letter to his son, written sometime after AD 73 but before the 3rd century AD. The letter includes no Christian themes and the author is presumed to be a pagan. The letter refers to the retributions that followed the unjust treatment of three wise men: Socrates, Pythagoras, and "the wise king" of the Jews. Some scholars see little doubt that the reference to the execution of the "king of the Jews" is about the crucifixion of Jesus, while others place less value in the letter, given the possible ambiguity in the reference.

Question: Where can an early non-Christian reference be found to the Crucifixion?
Answer: Mara Bar-Serapion's letter to his son

Question: What is the author of the letter assumed to be?
Answer: pagan

Question: What does the letter reference?
Answer: retributions that followed the unjust treatment of three wise men

Question: Other than Jesus, who was one of the wisemen?
Answer: Socrates

Question: Does everyone agree with the content of the letter?
Answer: others place less value in the letter

Question: Who did Socrates write a letter to about the crucifixion?

Question: When did Socrates write a letter to his son about the crucifixion?

Question: What religion is Socrates presumed to follow?

Question: Who was Socrates referring to in his letter according to Pythagoras?

Question: How much value did Pythagoras place in the crucifixion?
Crucifixion_of_Jesus

The consensus of modern scholarship is that the New Testament accounts represent a crucifixion occurring on a Friday, but a Thursday or Wednesday crucifixion have also been proposed. Some scholars explain a Thursday crucifixion based on a "double sabbath" caused by an extra Passover sabbath falling on Thursday dusk to Friday afternoon, ahead of the normal weekly Sabbath. Some have argued that Jesus was crucified on Wednesday, not Friday, on the grounds of the mention of "three days and three nights" in Matthew before his resurrection, celebrated on Sunday. Others have countered by saying that this ignores the Jewish idiom by which a "day and night" may refer to any part of a 24-hour period, that the expression in Matthew is idiomatic, not a statement that Jesus was 72 hours in the tomb, and that the many references to a resurrection on the third day do not require three literal nights.

Question: What day is presumed the Crucifixion happened?
Answer: Friday

Question: Why do some scholars propose a Thursday is possible?
Answer: a "double sabbath" caused by an extra Passover sabbath

Question: Why do some other scholars argue that it happened on a Wednesday?
Answer: on the grounds of the mention of "three days and three nights" in Matthew

Question: How long was Jesus said to be in the tomb?
Answer: three days and three nights

Question: Was Jesus in the tomb exactly 72 hours?
Answer: references to a resurrection on the third day do not require three literal nights

Question: On what day is it thought the first part of the New Testament was written?

Question: What other two days could the New Testament could have been written?

Question: Why would some scholars believe the beginning of the New Testament was written on Thursday?

Question: What other day is believed the first part of the New Testament was written on instead of Friday?

Question: During what period was the beginning of the New Testament written?
Crucifixion_of_Jesus

In Mark 15:25 crucifixion takes place at the third hour (9 a.m.) and Jesus' death at the ninth hour (3 p.m.). However, in John 19:14 Jesus is still before Pilate at the sixth hour. Scholars have presented a number of arguments to deal with the issue, some suggesting a reconciliation, e.g., based on the use of Roman timekeeping in John but not in Mark, yet others have rejected the arguments. Several notable scholars have argued that the modern precision of marking the time of day should not be read back into the gospel accounts, written at a time when no standardization of timepieces, or exact recording of hours and minutes was available, and time was often approximated to the closest three-hour period.

Question: What time was the crucifiction per Mark?
Answer: 9 a.m.

Question: What time did Jesus die per Mark?
Answer: 3 p.m.

Question: Why do scholars say the times are different depending on the gospel it's written in?
Answer: based on the use of Roman timekeeping in John but not in Mark

Question: What is another reason the times differ so much?
Answer: no standardization of timepieces, or exact recording of hours and minutes was available

Question: How close was time guessed in the day of the Gospels?
Answer: approximated to the closest three-hour period

Question: What time did Pilate hold court in the morning?

Question: What did Pilate call for to make it easier to tell time?

Question: During what time period was Pilate avaliable to be seen?

Question: What did Pilate want with the Roman empire?

Question: What was rejected by Rome when Pilate brought reconciliation to the table?
Crucifixion_of_Jesus

Luke's gospel also describes an interaction between Jesus and the women among the crowd of mourners following him, quoting Jesus as saying "Daughters of Jerusalem, do not weep for me, but weep for yourselves and for your children. For behold, the days are coming when they will say, 'Blessed are the barren and the wombs that never bore and the breasts that never nursed!' Then they will begin to say to the mountains, 'Fall on us,' and to the hills, 'Cover us.' For if they do these things when the wood is green, what will happen when it is dry?"[Lk. 23:28-31]

Question: Who described an interaction between Jesus on the cross and women?
Answer: Luke's gospel

Question: What did Jesus say to women in the crowd?
Answer: do not weep for me

Question: Where are the words found in the Gospel?
Answer: Lk. 23:28-31

Question: What followed Jesus around?
Answer: crowd of mourners

Question: What was the ground like where Jesus was crucified?

Question: What did the women gather to keep themselves warm?

Question: What color did some women in Jerusalem like to wear?

Question: What did Jesus do when he felt sorrow for Jerusalem?

Question: What high area is usually green when new grass grows?
Crucifixion_of_Jesus

Calvary as an English name for the place is derived from the Latin word for skull (calvaria), which is used in the Vulgate translation of "place of a skull", the explanation given in all four Gospels of the Aramaic word Gûlgaltâ which was the name of the place where Jesus was crucified. The text does not indicate why it was so designated, but several theories have been put forward. One is that as a place of public execution, Calvary may have been strewn with the skulls of abandoned victims (which would be contrary to Jewish burial traditions, but not Roman). Another is that Calvary is named after a nearby cemetery (which is consistent with both of the proposed modern sites). A third is that the name was derived from the physical contour, which would be more consistent with the singular use of the word, i.e., the place of "a skull". While often referred to as "Mount Calvary", it was more likely a small hill or rocky knoll.

Question: Where was Jesus Crucified?
Answer: Calvary

Question: Where was the location of the Crucifixion detailed?
Answer: all four Gospels

Question: What was one reason Calvary was chosen?
Answer: a place of public execution

Question: What is rumored to be found in Calvary?
Answer: skulls of abandoned victims

Question: What is a reason the place was called Calvary?
Answer: the name was derived from the physical contour

Question: What language did most Romans know how to speak?

Question: Where did the Romans usually speak Aramaic?

Question: What did Romans do with Aramaic after they began speaking Latin?

Question: On top of what formation was the Roman empire located?

Question: What type of punishment did most people suffer who were buried in a nearby cemetery?