Divyanshu67/squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
Materialism

Ancient Greek philosophers like Thales, Anaxagoras (ca. 500 BC – 428 BC), Epicurus and Democritus prefigure later materialists. The Latin poem De Rerum Natura by Lucretius (ca. 99 BC – ca. 55 BC) reflects the mechanistic philosophy of Democritus and Epicurus. According to this view, all that exists is matter and void, and all phenomena result from different motions and conglomerations of base material particles called "atoms" (literally: "indivisibles"). De Rerum Natura provides mechanistic explanations for phenomena such as erosion, evaporation, wind, and sound. Famous principles like "nothing can touch body but body" first appeared in the works of Lucretius. Democritus and Epicurus however did not hold to a monist ontology since they held to the ontological separation of matter and space i.e. space being "another kind" of being, indicating that the definition of "materialism" is wider than given scope for in this article.

Question: De Rerum Natura is a poem by who?
Answer: Lucretius

Question: What kinf of explanation does De Rerum Natura provide for phenomena?
Answer: mechanistic explanations

Question: What kind of explanation does De Rerum Natura argue for rejecting phenomena?

Question: Who wrote the line "Everything can touch body but body"?

Question: Who believed space was not another kind of being?

Question: Whose view believes that there is more than matter and void?

Question: How many languages was De Rerum translated into?
Materialism

Later Indian materialist Jayaraashi Bhatta (6th century) in his work Tattvopaplavasimha ("The upsetting of all principles") refuted the Nyaya Sutra epistemology. The materialistic Cārvāka philosophy appears to have died out some time after 1400. When Madhavacharya compiled Sarva-darśana-samgraha (a digest of all philosophies) in the 14th century, he had no Cārvāka/Lokāyata text to quote from, or even refer to.

Question: Name the title of the work by Jayaraashi Bhatta.
Answer: Tattvopaplavasimha ("The upsetting of all principles")

Question: Which type of philosphy did not continue after 1400?
Answer: materialistic Cārvāka philosophy

Question: What is Sarva-darśana-samgraha?
Answer: a digest of all philosophies

Question: Who wrote the Sarva-darśana-samgraha?
Answer: Madhavacharya

Question: What does Jayaraashi Bhatta mean?

Question: When did Jayaraashi Bhatta die?

Question: What philosphy continued after 1400?

Question: What text did Madhavacharya quote from?

Question: When was Jayaraashi Bhatta born?
Materialism

In early 12th-century al-Andalus, the Arabian philosopher, Ibn Tufail (Abubacer), wrote discussions on materialism in his philosophical novel, Hayy ibn Yaqdhan (Philosophus Autodidactus), while vaguely foreshadowing the idea of a historical materialism.

Question: What is the name of the novel written by Ibn Tufail?
Answer: Hayy ibn Yaqdhan (Philosophus Autodidactus)

Question: When was Ibn Tufail born?

Question: When did Ibn Tufail die?

Question: In what book did Hayy ibn Yaqdhan foreshadow the idea of modern materialism?

Question: What book by Ibn Tufail did not discuss materialism?
Materialism

The French cleric Pierre Gassendi (1592-1665) represented the materialist tradition in opposition to the attempts of René Descartes (1596-1650) to provide the natural sciences with dualist foundations. There followed the materialist and atheist abbé Jean Meslier (1664-1729), Julien Offray de La Mettrie, the German-French Paul-Henri Thiry Baron d'Holbach (1723-1789), the Encyclopedist Denis Diderot (1713-1784), and other French Enlightenment thinkers; as well as (in England) John "Walking" Stewart (1747-1822), whose insistence in seeing matter as endowed with a moral dimension had a major impact on the philosophical poetry of William Wordsworth (1770-1850).

Question: Pierre Gassendi lived from what year to what year?
Answer: 1592-1665

Question: René Descartes lived from what year to what year?
Answer: 1596-1650

Question: abbé Jean Meslier lived from what year to what year?
Answer: 1664-1729

Question: Denis Diderot lived from what year to what year?
Answer: 1713-1784

Question: William Wordsworth lived from what year to what year?
Answer: 1770-1850

Question: Who agreed with Pierre Gassendi?

Question: Who disagreed with Paul-Henri Thiry Baron d'Holbach?

Question: Who did not see matter as endowed with moral dimension?

Question: William Wordsworth was not impacted by which thinker?

Question: Who provided the non-natural sciences with dualist foundations?
Materialism

Arthur Schopenhauer (1788-1860) wrote that "...materialism is the philosophy of the subject who forgets to take account of himself". He claimed that an observing subject can only know material objects through the mediation of the brain and its particular organization. That is, the brain itself is the "determiner" of how material objects will be experienced or perceived:

Question: Arthur Schopenhauer lived from what year to what year?
Answer: 1788-1860

Question: What did he say that the brain would decide?
Answer: how material objects will be experienced or perceived

Question: Who wrote that "...materialism is not the philosophy of the subject who forgets to take account of himself"

Question: Who claimed that a non-observing subject can only know material objects through the mediation of the brain and its particular organization?

Question: Who believed the brain is not a determiner of how material objects are experienced?

Question: What does the brain not decide?

Question: What does it mean for the brain to be a non-determiner?
Materialism

The German materialist and atheist anthropologist Ludwig Feuerbach would signal a new turn in materialism through his book, The Essence of Christianity (1841), which provided a humanist account of religion as the outward projection of man's inward nature. Feuerbach's materialism would later heavily influence Karl Marx.

Question: Who wrote "The Essence of Christianity"?
Answer: Ludwig Feuerbach

Question: In what year was "The Essence of Christianity" written?
Answer: 1841

Question: What did the author of "The Essence of Christianity" consider religion to be?
Answer: the outward projection of man's inward nature

Question: The author's ideas would later influence what well known philosopher?
Answer: Karl Marx

Question: What German materialist did not signal a new turn in materialism?

Question: When was Ludwig Feuerbach born?

Question: When did Ludwig Feuerbach die?

Question: Karl Marx was not influenced by who?

Question: When did Karl Marx write The Essence of Christianity?
Materialism

Many current and recent philosophers—e.g., Daniel Dennett, Willard Van Orman Quine, Donald Davidson, and Jerry Fodor—operate within a broadly physicalist or materialist framework, producing rival accounts of how best to accommodate mind, including functionalism, anomalous monism, identity theory, and so on.

Question: In regards to the mind, what are 3 theories that modern day philosophers try to harmonize?
Answer: functionalism, anomalous monism, identity theory

Question: What are 3 theories that ancient day philosophers try to harmonize?

Question: What 3 theories do modern philosophers disagree with?

Question: What are the three theories that do not accommodate mind?

Question: Jerry Fodor disagrees with what framework?

Question: Daniel Dennett founded which theory?
Materialism

The nature and definition of matter - like other key concepts in science and philosophy - have occasioned much debate. Is there a single kind of matter (hyle) which everything is made of, or multiple kinds? Is matter a continuous substance capable of expressing multiple forms (hylomorphism), or a number of discrete, unchanging constituents (atomism)? Does it have intrinsic properties (substance theory), or is it lacking them (prima materia)?

Question: What is hyle?
Answer: matter

Question: What has never been debated?

Question: What is the opposite of hylomorphism?

Question: What is the opposite of atomism?

Question: What is the term for zero kinds of matter?

Question: What is the term for lacking then gaining properties?
Materialism

One challenge to the traditional concept of matter as tangible "stuff" came with the rise of field physics in the 19th century. Relativity shows that matter and energy (including the spatially distributed energy of fields) are interchangeable. This enables the ontological view that energy is prima materia and matter is one of its forms. On the other hand, the Standard Model of Particle physics uses quantum field theory to describe all interactions. On this view it could be said that fields are prima materia and the energy is a property of the field.

Question: Relativity illustrates that what is interchangeable?
Answer: matter and energy

Question: Ontological theory suggests that what is the main substance?
Answer: energy

Question: Quantum field theory suggest what is the main substance?
Answer: fields

Question: Relativity says that what is not interchangeable?

Question:  Ontological theory determines what is not the main substance?

Question:  Quantum field theory determines what is not the main substance?

Question: When did the field of physics stop being taught?
Materialism

According to the dominant cosmological model, the Lambda-CDM model, less than 5% of the universe's energy density is made up of the "matter" described by the Standard Model of Particle Physics, and the majority of the universe is composed of dark matter and dark energy - with little agreement amongst scientists about what these are made of.

Question: Which model suggests that matter is 5% of the universe?
Answer: Lambda-CDM model

Question: What type of matter does the model consider it to be?
Answer: dark matter

Question:  Which model suggests that matter is 0.5% of the universe?

Question:  What type of matter does the model believe it to not be?

Question: The standard model believes none of the universe is composed of what?
Materialism

With the advent of quantum physics, some scientists believed the concept of matter had merely changed, while others believed the conventional position could no longer be maintained. For instance Werner Heisenberg said "The ontology of materialism rested upon the illusion that the kind of existence, the direct 'actuality' of the world around us, can be extrapolated into the atomic range. This extrapolation, however, is impossible... atoms are not things." Likewise, some philosophers[which?] feel that these dichotomies necessitate a switch from materialism to physicalism. Others use the terms "materialism" and "physicalism" interchangeably.

Question: Werner Heisenberg suggested that atoms are not what?
Answer: things

Question:  Werner Heisenberg believes that atoms are defined as what?

Question: Who do not believe a switch from materialism to physicalism is necessary?

Question: Who said "This extrapolation, however, is impossible... atoms are lots of things"

Question: Scientists believed that the concept of matter did not change when what physics started?
Materialism

Some modern day physicists and science writers—such as Paul Davies and John Gribbin—have argued that materialism has been disproven by certain scientific findings in physics, such as quantum mechanics and chaos theory. In 1991, Gribbin and Davies released their book The Matter Myth, the first chapter of which, "The Death of Materialism", contained the following passage:

Question: What are some of the findings that support their argument?
Answer: quantum mechanics and chaos theory.

Question: What is the name of the 1991 book by Paul Davies and John Gribbins?
Answer: The Matter Myth

Question: When was Paul Davies born?

Question: When was John Gribbin born?

Question: Who believes materialism has been proven by scientific findings?

Question: Who believes that physics defined materialism?

Question: Who wrote the chapter "The Birth of Materialism"?
Materialism

Davies' and Gribbin's objections are shared by proponents of digital physics who view information rather than matter to be fundamental. Their objections were also shared by some founders of quantum theory, such as Max Planck, who wrote:

Question: Digital physicists consider what to be more important than matter?
Answer: information

Question: Digital physicists consider what to be less important than matter?

Question: Max Planck disagreed with who?

Question: Who founded digital physics?

Question: Who disagrees with the quantum theory?

Question: Who believes matter is more important than information?
Materialism

According to the Catholic Encyclopedia of 1907-1912, materialism, defined as "a philosophical system which regards matter as the only reality in the world [...] denies the existence of God and the soul". Materialism, in this view, therefore becomes incompatible with most world religions, including Christianity, Judaism, and Islam. In such a context one can conflate materialism with atheism. Most of Hinduism and transcendentalism regards all matter as an illusion called Maya, blinding humans from knowing "the truth". Maya is the limited, purely physical and mental reality in which our everyday consciousness has become entangled. Maya gets destroyed for a person when s/he perceives Brahman with transcendental knowledge.

Question: Based on the above definition, materialism is not consistent with what?
Answer: religions

Question: Based on the above definition, materialism is consistent with what?

Question: What book defined materialism as a non-philosophical system?

Question: Christianity, Judaism, and Islam all agree with what philosophy?

Question: What is created for a person when they perceive Brahman?

Question: What religion does not believe in an illusion called Maya?
Materialism

In contrast, Joseph Smith, the founder of the Latter Day Saint movement, taught: "There is no such thing as immaterial matter. All spirit is matter, but it is more fine or pure, and can only be discerned by purer eyes; We cannot see it; but when our bodies are purified we shall see that it is all matter." This spirit element has always existed; it is co-eternal with God. It is also called "intelligence" or "the light of truth", which like all observable matter "was not created or made, neither indeed can be". Members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints view the revelations of Joseph Smith as a restoration of original Christian doctrine, which they believe post-apostolic theologians began to corrupt in the centuries after Christ. The writings of many[quantify] of these theologians indicate a clear influence of Greek metaphysical philosophies such as Neoplatonism, which characterized divinity as an utterly simple, immaterial, formless, substance/essence (ousia) that transcended all that was physical. Despite strong opposition from many Christians, this metaphysical depiction of God eventually became incorporated into the doctrine of the Christian church, displacing the original Judeo-Christian concept of a physical, corporeal God who created humans in His image and likeness.

Question: Neoplatonism describes divinity as what?
Answer: simple, immaterial, formless, substance/essence (ousia) that transcended all that was physical

Question: Which religious group strongly opposed the idea of Neoplatonism?
Answer: Christians

Question: Who said: "There is such thing as immaterial matter. "

Question: What movement believes "There is such thing as immaterial matter. "

Question: Who said: " We can see it; but when our bodies are purified we shall see that it is all matter."

Question: Who said: "All spirit is not matter"

Question: Who believed the spirit is also called intelligence?
Materialism

An argument for idealism, such as those of Hegel and Berkeley, is ipso facto an argument against materialism. Matter can be argued to be redundant, as in bundle theory, and mind-independent properties can in turn be reduced to subjective percepts. Berkeley presents an example of the latter by pointing out that it is impossible to gather direct evidence of matter, as there is no direct experience of matter; all that is experienced is perception, whether internal or external. As such, the existence of matter can only be assumed from the apparent (perceived) stability of perceptions; it finds absolutely no evidence in direct experience.

Question: If you believe in idealism, you are disbeliving in what?
Answer: materialism

Question: If you believe in idealism, you are also believing in what?

Question: Who points out that it is possible to gather direct evidence of matter?

Question: What can be considered non-redundant?

Question: Why is it possible to gather direct evidence?
Materialism

If matter and energy are seen as necessary to explain the physical world, but incapable of explaining mind, dualism results. Emergence, holism, and process philosophy seek to ameliorate the perceived shortcomings of traditional (especially mechanistic) materialism without abandoning materialism entirely.

Question: What 3 types of philosophies attempt to correct the problem with matter and energy without removing every belief about materialism?
Answer: Emergence, holism, and process philosophy

Question: What is unnecessary to explain the physical world?

Question: What is capable of explaining mind?

Question: What is emergence the opposite of?

Question: What three philosophies do not correct the shortcomings of materialism?
Materialism

Some critics object to materialism as part of an overly skeptical, narrow or reductivist approach to theorizing, rather than to the ontological claim that matter is the only substance. Particle physicist and Anglican theologian John Polkinghorne objects to what he calls promissory materialism — claims that materialistic science will eventually succeed in explaining phenomena it has not so far been able to explain. Polkinghorne prefers "dual-aspect monism" to faith in materialism.

Question: Instead of faith, John Polkinghorne relies on what when it comes to the theory of materialism?
Answer: dual-aspect monism

Question: Who agrees with promissory materialism?

Question: Who claims that materialistic science will never explain phenomena?

Question: Polkinghorne believes in faith in materialism instead of what?

Question: Why do critics agree with materialism?
Christian

A Christian ( pronunciation (help·info)) is a person who adheres to Christianity, an Abrahamic, monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ. "Christian" derives from the Koine Greek word Christós (Χριστός), a translation of the Biblical Hebrew term mashiach.

Question: What is a person who follows Christianity called?
Answer: Christian

Question: Whose life do Christians learn from?
Answer: Jesus Christ

Question: What Greek word is Christian derived from?
Answer: Christós

Question: Christós is translated from what Biblical term?
Answer: mashiach

Question: Which religion is a Greek religion based on Jesus Christ?

Question: Which word does Christos derive from?

Question: Which term is derived from the word Christian?

Question: Which term is a translation of the Greek term Abrahamic?

Question: What is the term for a person who adheres to mashiach?
Christian

There are diverse interpretations of Christianity which sometimes conflict. However, "Whatever else they might disagree about, Christians are at least united in believing that Jesus has a unique significance." The term "Christian" is also used adjectivally to describe anything associated with Christianity, or in a proverbial sense "all that is noble, and good, and Christ-like." It is also used as a label to identify people who associate with the cultural aspects of Christianity, irrespective of personal religious beliefs or practices.

Question: While many, the perceptions of Christianity can sometimes what?
Answer: conflict

Question: Regardless of beliefs, Christians all agree that Jesus has a unique what?
Answer: significance

Question: Whether one partakes in practices or beliefs, the label Christian is sometimes attached because they associate with what?
Answer: the cultural aspects of Christianity

Question: What regarding a proverbial sense is sometimes conflicting?

Question: All Christians disagree with what about Jesus?

Question: Which group of people believe Jesus does not hold a unique significance?

Question: What term is used to describe anything associated with conflict?
Christian

According to a 2011 Pew Research Center survey, there were 2.2 billion Christians around the world in 2010, up from about 600 million in 1910. By 2050, the Christian population is expected to exceed 3 billion. According to a 2012 Pew Research Center survey Christianity will remain the world's largest religion in 2050, if current trends continue.

Question: According to one report, how many Christians were in the world in 2010?
Answer: 2.2 billion

Question: How many Christians were in the world in 1910?
Answer: 600 million

Question: If growth continues as it has, what religion will be the largest in the world by 2050?
Answer: Christianity

Question: Which survey conducted in 2012, concluded there were about 2.2 billion Christians worldwide?

Question: How many Pew Research Centers worldwide did the Christian survey conclude there were?

Question: Which religion will remain the smallest through 2050 assuming current trends continue?

Question: Through which year will Christianity remain the worlds smallest religion?

Question: In which year did the Pew Research Center conclude that Christianity would remain an insignificant religion through 2050?
Christian

Today, about 37% of all Christians live in the Americas, and about 26% live in Europe, 24% of total Christians live in sub-Saharan Africa, about 13% in Asia and the Pacific, and 1% of the world's Christians live in the Middle east and North Africa. About half of all Christians worldwide are Catholic, while more than a third are Protestant (37%). Orthodox communions comprise 12% of the world's Christians. Other Christian groups make up the remainder. Christians make up the majority of the population in 158 countries and territories. 280 million Christian live as a minority.

Question: Of all the Christians in the world, how many are Catholic?
Answer: half

Question: Christians are the majority in how many countries and territories in the world today?
Answer: 158

Question: About how many percent of Christians do not live in the Americas?

Question: About 24% of Christians live in Europe and how many in Saharan Africa?

Question: About 1% of the worlds Christian population lives in America and what other country?

Question: In how many countries do Christians make up a minority population?

Question: How many million Christians live as a majority?
Christian

The Greek word Χριστιανός (Christianos), meaning "follower of Christ", comes from Χριστός (Christos), meaning "anointed one", with an adjectival ending borrowed from Latin to denote adhering to, or even belonging to, as in slave ownership. In the Greek Septuagint, christos was used to translate the Hebrew מָשִׁיחַ (Mašíaḥ, messiah), meaning "[one who is] anointed." In other European languages, equivalent words to Christian are likewise derived from the Greek, such as Chrétien in French and Cristiano in Spanish.

Question: What Greek word defines as "follower of Christ?"
Answer: Χριστιανός (Christianos)

Question: Where does the Greek word Χριστιανός (Christianos) come from?
Answer: Χριστός (Christos)

Question: What does Χριστός (Christos) mean?
Answer: anointed one

Question: What is the French word for Christian that was derived from Greek?
Answer: Chrétien

Question: From which word meaning anointed one does Christos originate?

Question: While Christianos means anointed one, what does Christos mean?

Question: While Christos means follower of Christ, what does Christianos mean?

Question: From who are words equivalent in meaning to 'Latin" derived?

Question: In which religion does christos mean "one who is anointed'?
Christian

The first recorded use of the term (or its cognates in other languages) is in the New Testament, in Acts 11:26, after Barnabas brought Saul (Paul) to Antioch where they taught the disciples for about a year, the text says: "[...] the disciples were called Christians first in Antioch." The second mention of the term follows in Acts 26:28, where Herod Agrippa II replied to Paul the Apostle, "Then Agrippa said unto Paul, Almost thou persuadest me to be a Christian." The third and final New Testament reference to the term is in 1 Peter 4:16, which exhorts believers: "Yet if [any man suffer] as a Christian, let him not be ashamed; but let him glorify God on this behalf."

Question: Where is the first reference to the word Christian in the Bible?
Answer: Acts 11:26

Question: Who made the second reference to the word Christian in the Bible?
Answer: Herod Agrippa II

Question: When verse was the third mention?
Answer: Peter 4:16

Question: In which book of the old testament is the first known usage of the term?

Question: For how long did Antioch and Paul teach disciples?

Question: Where was the fourth and final mention of the term?

Question: In which book of the Old Testament does Paul reply to Herod Agrippa?

Question: Where was Peter first called Christians?
Christian

Kenneth Samuel Wuest holds that all three original New Testament verses' usages reflect a derisive element in the term Christian to refer to followers of Christ who did not acknowledge the emperor of Rome. The city of Antioch, where someone gave them the name Christians, had a reputation for coming up with such nicknames. However Peter's apparent endorsement of the term led to its being preferred over "Nazarenes" and the term Christianoi from 1 Peter becomes the standard term in the Early Church Fathers from Ignatius and Polycarp onwards.

Question: Kenneth Samuel Wuest believes that the Biblical Christian term referenced people who did not acknowledge who?
Answer: the emperor of Rome

Question: In what city did the term Christians start?
Answer: Antioch

Question: When Peter endorsed the term, the term Christian was used instead of what other term?
Answer: Nazarenes

Question: Which city did not have a reputation for coming up with nicknames ?

Question: Because Christianoi endorsed it, which term was preferred  over Nazarenes?

Question: Which nickname was endorsed by Kenneth Samuel Wuest?

Question: In which city were they given the nickname "Peter"?
Christian

The earliest occurrences of the term in non-Christian literature include Josephus, referring to "the tribe of Christians, so named from him;" Pliny the Younger in correspondence with Trajan; and Tacitus, writing near the end of the 1st century. In the Annals he relates that "by vulgar appellation [they were] commonly called Christians" and identifies Christians as Nero's scapegoats for the Great Fire of Rome.

Question: What is one of the first mentions of the term Christian in a non-religious work, referring to a tribe of Christians?
Answer: Josephus

Question: Which non-religious piece of literature had the term Christian in it towards the end of the first century?
Answer: Tacitus

Question: Christians were said to be the scapegoat of who?
Answer: Nero

Question: Which group is identified as Tacitus scapegoat for the Great Fire of Rome?

Question: Which group is identified as Nero's scapegoats for the Great Fire of Pliny the Younger?

Question: What term refers to the tribe of Trajan and so it is named from him?

Question: Trajan was said to be the scapegoat of who?

Question: Pliny the Younger was said to be the scapegoat of who?
Christian

Another term for Christians which appears in the New Testament is "Nazarenes" which is used by the Jewish lawyer Tertullus in Acts 24. Tertullian (Against Marcion 4:8) records that "the Jews call us Nazarenes," while around 331 AD Eusebius records that Christ was called a Nazoraean from the name Nazareth, and that in earlier centuries "Christians," were once called "Nazarenes." The Hebrew equivalent of "Nazarenes", Notzrim, occurs in the Babylonian Talmud, and is still the modern Israeli Hebrew term for Christian.

Question: In Acts 24, what is another word that Christians are called?
Answer: Nazarenes

Question: What was Jesus called since he was from Nazareth?
Answer: Nazoraean

Question: What is another Hebrew term for Nazarenes?
Answer: Notzrim

Question: Wha still calls Christians Notzrim?
Answer: modern Israeli Hebrew

Question: What is another term for Christians which appears in the Old Testament?

Question: In which book of the Old Testament does Tertullus use the term Nazarenes to refer to Christians?

Question: In which book of the New Testament does Marcion refer to Christians as Nazarenes as?

Question: In which book of the New Testament does Tertullus refer to Christians as Babylonian Talmuds?

Question: In which book of the New Testament are Nazarenes referred to as Eusebius records?
Christian

A wide range of beliefs and practices is found across the world among those who call themselves Christian. Denominations and sects disagree on a common definition of "Christianity". For example, Timothy Beal notes the disparity of beliefs among those who identify as Christians in the United States as follows:

Question: While Christianity is ultimately one belief, a wide range of what is found among the different denominations and sects?
Answer: beliefs and practices

Question: What do denominations and sects all agree upon?

Question: What is found among those who call themselves Timothy Beal?

Question: Who does Christian note disparities among?

Question: Who notes the disparity of beliefs among those identifying as Timothy Beal?
Christian

Linda Woodhead attempts to provide a common belief thread for Christians by noting that "Whatever else they might disagree about, Christians are at least united in believing that Jesus has a unique significance." Philosopher Michael Martin, in his book The Case Against Christianity, evaluated three historical Christian creeds (the Apostles' Creed, the Nicene Creed and the Athanasian Creed) to establish a set of basic assumptions which include belief in theism, the historicity of Jesus, the Incarnation, salvation through faith in Jesus, and Jesus as an ethical role model.

Question: Who states that Christian believers agree that Jesus has a unique significance? 
Answer: Linda Woodhead

Question: Who wrote The Case Against Christianity?
Answer: Michael Martin

Question: How many historical Christian creeds did Martin write about?
Answer: three

Question: What do Christians believe is the way to salvation?
Answer: faith in Jesus

Question: What are the three creeds Martin studied?
Answer: the Apostles' Creed, the Nicene Creed and the Athanasian Creed

Question: According to Nicene Creed, what can Christians be united in believing?

Question: Who do Christians believe has a unique insignificance?

Question: Who wrote The Case Against Creed?

Question: Who is the author of The Apostles Creed?

Question: Who is the author of The Nicene Creed?
Christian

The identification of Jesus as the Messiah is not accepted by Judaism. The term for a Christian in Hebrew is נוּצְרי (Notzri—"Nazarene"), a Talmudic term originally derived from the fact that Jesus came from the Galilean village of Nazareth, today in northern Israel. Adherents of Messianic Judaism are referred to in modern Hebrew as יְהוּדִים מָשִׁיחַיים (Yehudim Meshihi'im—"Messianic Jews").

Question: Judaism does not believe that Jesus is the what?
Answer: Messiah

Question: What village did Jesus come from?
Answer: Galilean village

Question: Where was the Galilean village?
Answer: Nazareth

Question: Where is Nazareth located?
Answer: northern Israel

Question: Who does Judaism accept as the Messiah?

Question: What is the term for Christian in the Galilean village?

Question: Which religion agrees that Jesus is the Messiah?

Question: Which religion does not accept Yehudim as the Messiah?

Question: Which religion does not accept Notzri as the Messiah?
Christian

In Arabic-speaking cultures, two words are commonly used for Christians: Naṣrānī (نصراني), plural Naṣārā (نصارى) is generally understood to be derived from Nazareth through the Syriac (Aramaic); Masīḥī (مسيحي) means followers of the Messiah. The term Nasara rose to prominence in July 2014, after the Fall of Mosul to the terrorist organization Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant. The nun or ن— the first letter of Nasara—was spray-painted on the property of Christians ejected from the city.

Question: What does Masīḥī mean?
Answer: followers of the Messiah

Question: When did the term Nasara become used more in modern times?
Answer: July 2014

Question: What happened in July 2014?
Answer: the Fall of Mosul

Question: What was spray pained on the properties of Christians who left the area?
Answer: the first letter of Nasara

Question: Which term means followers of the Islamic State of Iraq?

Question: In which month of 105 did the term Nasara rise to prominence?

Question: Which term rose to prominence after the nun was spraypainted on Christian property?

Question: Which words are commonly used for Christians in the Sryiac?

Question: When did the term Nasara fall in prominence?
Christian

Where there is a distinction, Nasrani refers to people from a Christian culture and Masihi means those with a religious faith in Jesus. In some countries Nasrani tends to be used generically for non-Muslim Western foreigners, e.g. "blond people."

Question: Which term is in reference to people from a Christian culture?
Answer: Nasrani

Question: Which term is indicative of people who place their faith in Jesus?
Answer: Masihi

Question: What description is used for Western people who do not follow the Muslim faith?
Answer: Nasrani

Question: While Masihi refers to people from a Christian culture, what does Nasrani mean?

Question: While Nasrani means those with a religious faith, what does Masihi refer to?

Question: For whom does Masihi tend to be used more generically?

Question: How do some countries refer to Muslim foreigners?

Question: Which type of people are known as "religious people"?
Christian

Another Arabic word sometimes used for Christians, particularly in a political context, is Ṣalībī (صليبي "Crusader") from ṣalīb (صليب "cross") which refers to Crusaders and has negative connotations. However, Salibi is a modern term; historically, Muslim writers described European Christian Crusaders as al-Faranj or Alfranj (الفرنج) and Firinjīyah (الفرنجيّة) in Arabic" This word comes from the Franks and can be seen in the Arab history text Al-Kamil fi al-Tarikh by Ali ibn al-Athir.

Question: What is the Arabic term when referring to Christians in a political sense?
Answer: Ṣalībī

Question: Ṣalībī comes from the word ṣalīb, which means what?
Answer: cross

Question: What does Ṣalībī mean?
Answer: Crusader

Question: What does Alfranj mean?
Answer: European Christian Crusaders

Question: Which Arabic term for Franks is particularly used in political context?

Question: Which Arabic term refers to Crusaders with positive connotations?

Question: What Arabic term for Christians can be translated as Firinjiyah?

Question: What did European writers describe Muslim Crusaders as?
Christian

The most common Persian word is Masīhī (مسیحی), from Arabic.,Other words are Nasrānī (نصرانی), from Syriac for "Nazarene", and Tarsā (ترسا), from Middle Persian word Tarsāg, also meaning "Christian", derived from tars, meaning "fear, respect".

Question: What is the most common Persian word for Christian?
Answer: Masīhī

Question: What is the Syriac word for Nazarene?
Answer: Nasrānī

Question: What does tars mean?
Answer: fear, respect

Question: What is the Middle Persion word for Christian?
Answer: Tarsā

Question: Which term is the most uncommon Persian word for Christian?

Question: Derived from Persian, what does the Arabic Masihi word mean?

Question: From Nasrani for Syriac, what does Christian mean?

Question: What is the most common Masihi word?

Question: From which language is the least common term derived?
Christian

The Syriac term Nasrani (Nazarene) has also been attached to the Saint Thomas Christians of Kerala, India. In the Indian subcontinent, Christians call themselves Isaai (Hindi: ईसाई, Urdu: عیسائی‎), and are also known by this term to adherents of other religions. This is related to the name they call Jesus, 'Isa Masih, and literally means 'the followers of 'Isa'.

Question: Which word has been connected to Saint Thomas Christians of Kerala, India?
Answer: Nasrani

Question: What do followers of Jesus call themselves in the Indian subcontinent?
Answer: Isaai

Question: What do the people in the Indian subcontinent call Jesus?
Answer: Isa Masih

Question: Which term has been associated with Saint Jesus of Isa Masih?

Question: Where do Indians call themselves Isaai?

Question: Which term means followers of Jesus?

Question: Which Christian term is attached to Saint Thomas Christians?

Question: What do people in Nasrani call Jesus?
Christian

In the past, the Malays used to call the Portuguese Serani from the Arabic Nasrani, but the term now refers to the modern Kristang creoles of Malaysia.

Question: What term did the Malays use for the Portuguese Serani?
Answer: Nasrani

Question: What does the term refer to now? 
Answer: the modern Kristang creoles of Malaysia

Question: Which term used to refer to Kristang creoles of Malaysia?

Question: Which term refers to the Kristang creoles of Nasrani?

Question: Who did the Malays call Kristang creoles in the past?

Question: From where does the term Kristang Serani derive?

Question: To whom does the term Serani now refer?
Christian

The Chinese word is 基督徒 (pinyin: jīdū tú), literally "Christ follower." The two characters now pronounced Jīdū in Mandarin Chinese, were originally pronounced Ki-To in Cantonese as representation of Latin "Cristo".[citation needed] In Vietnam, the same two characters read Cơ đốc, and a "follower of Christianity" is a tín đồ Cơ đốc giáo.

Question: What is the Chinese word for Christian?
Answer: 基督徒 (pinyin: jīdū tú)

Question: What does 基督徒 (pinyin: jīdū tú) mean?
Answer: Christ follower

Question: What was the original pronunciation of Jīdū?
Answer: Ki-To in Cantonese

Question: What did the two characters read in Vietnamese? 
Answer: Cơ đốc

Question: Which Chinese term means Christ leader?

Question: Which Japanese word means Christ follower?

Question: Which Mandarin term means Christian?

Question: Now pronounced Ki-To in Mandarin, how were the characters originally pronounced?

Question: Now pronounced Jidu in Cantonese, how were the characters originally pronounced?
Christian

In Japan, the term kirishitan (written in Edo period documents 吉利支丹, 切支丹, and in modern Japanese histories as キリシタン), from Portuguese cristão, referred to Roman Catholics in the 16th and 17th centuries before the religion was banned by the Tokugawa shogunate. Today, Christians are referred to in Standard Japanese as キリスト教徒, Kirisuto-kyōto or the English-derived term クリスチャン kurisuchan.

Question: What Japanese term was used in reference to Roman Catholics?
Answer: kirishitan

Question: When was the term kirishitan used by the Japanese?
Answer: 16th and 17th centuries

Question: Who banned Roman Catholicism in Japan?
Answer: the Tokugawa shogunate

Question: How are Christians referenced today in Japan?
Answer: Kirisuto-kyōto

Question: By who was Kurisuchan banned?

Question: How are Christians referred to in standard English today?

Question: Which Japanese term was derived from the Portugeuese term Tokugawa?

Question: From which Roman Catholic term is kirishitan derived from?

Question: Which term was used to refer to Christians after the religion was banned?
Christian

Korean still uses 기독교도, Kidok-kyo-do for "Christian", though the Greek form Kurisudo 그리스도 has now replaced the old Sino-Korean Kidok, which refers to Christ himself.

Question: What is the Korean word for Christian?
Answer: 기독교도, Kidok-kyo-do

Question: Which term referred to Jesus himself?
Answer: Sino-Korean Kidok

Question: What is the modern term for Sino-Korean Kidok?
Answer: Kurisudo 그리스도

Question: Which term refers to Greek himself?

Question: Which language no longer uses 기독교도, Kidok-kyo-do for "Christian"?

Question: What is the Korean form of Kurisudo?

Question: What is the Greek form of Kidok-kyo-do?

Question: Which term has been replaced by Sino-Korean Kidok?
Christian

The region of modern Eastern Europe and Central Eurasia (Russia, Ukraine and other countries of the ex-USSR) have a long history of Christianity and Christian communities on its lands. In ancient times, in the first centuries after the birth of Christ, when this region was called[by whom?] Scythia - Christians already lived there. Later the region saw the first states to adopt Christianity officially - initially in Armenia (301 AD) and in Georgia (337 AD), later in the Great Russian Principality (Kyivan Rus, Russian: Великое княжество Русское, ca 988 AD). People of that time used to denote themselves Christians (христиане, крестьяне) and Russians (русские). Both terms had strong Christian connotations.[citation needed] It is also interesting that in time the term "крестьяне" acquired the meaning "peasants of Christian faith" and later "peasants" (the main part of the population of the region), while the term "христиане" retained its religious meaning and the term "русские" began to mean representatives of the heterogeneous Russian nation formed on the basis of common Christian faith and language,[citation needed] which strongly influenced the history and development of the region. In the region the "Pravoslav faith" (православная вера - Orthodox faith) or "Russian faith" (русская вера) from earliest times became almost as known as the original "Christian faith" (христианская, крестьянская вера). Also in some contexts the term "cossack" (козак, казак - free man by the will of God) was used[by whom?] to denote "free" Christians of steppe origin and Russian language.

Question: What was the region of Eastern Europe called in 1 AD?
Answer: Scythia

Question: What was the first state in this region to adopt Christianity? 
Answer: Armenia

Question: When did Armenia adopt Christianity?
Answer: 301 AD

Question: When did Georgia adopt Christianity? 
Answer: 337 AD

Question: What nearly was known as the original 'Christian faith'?
Answer: Pravoslav faith

Question: Which countries make up Western Europe and Central Eurasia?

Question: When was the Western Europe region called Scythia?

Question: In 337 AD which state became the first to adopt Christianity?

Question: Georgia became the first state to adopt Christianity in what year?

Question: Which term came to be known as meaning representatives of the heterogeneous Christian nation?
Christian

As of the early 21st century, Christianity has approximately 2.4 billion adherents. The faith represents about a third of the world's population and is the largest religion in the world. Christians have composed about 33 percent of the world's population for around 100 years. The largest Christian denomination is the Roman Catholic Church, with 1.17 billion adherents, representing half of all Christians.

Question: How long have Christians made up nearly 1/3rd of the population?
Answer: 100 years

Question: Which Christian denomination has the most members?
Answer: Roman Catholic Church

Question: How many people today are Roman Catholics?
Answer: 1.17 billion

Question: As of when did Christianity have about 2.4 million adherents?

Question: Which religion is the smallest in the world?

Question: For how long have Christians made up about 50% of the world's population?

Question: Which is the smallest Christian denomination?

Question: Which denomination of Christianity has 1.17 million followers?
Christian

Christianity remains the dominant religion in the Western World, where 70% are Christians. A 2011 Pew Research Center survey found that 76.2% of Europeans, 73.3% in Oceania, and about 86.0% in the Americas (90% in Latin America and 77.4% in North America) described themselves as Christians.

Question: More people belong to what religion than any other in the Western world?
Answer: Christianity

Question: Where does Christianity struggle to maintain dominance?

Question: What do 73.3% of Europeans describe themselves as?

Question: What do 76.2% of people in Latin America describe themselves as?

Question: What do 77.4% of people in the Western World describe themselves as?

Question: What do 86% of people in Oceania describe themselves as?
Christian

According to 2012 Pew Research Center survey if current trends continue, Christianity will remains the world's largest religion by year 2050. By 2050, the Christian population is expected to exceed 3 billion. While Muslims have an average of 3.1 children per woman—the highest rate of all religious groups. Christians are second, with 2.7 children per woman. High birth rates and conversion were cited as the reason for the Christian population growths. A 2015 study found that approximately 10.2 million Muslim converted to Christianity. Christianity is growing in Africa, Asia, Latin America, Muslim world, and Oceania.

Question: Which religion will have the most followers by the year 2050 if trends continue?
Answer: Christianity

Question: On average, how many children do Christians have?
Answer: 2.7

Question: How many Muslims converted to Christianity according to a 2015 poll?
Answer: 10.2 million

Question: In addition to conversion, what other reason is given for the trend in Christianity's followers?
Answer: High birth rates

Question: By which year will Christianity no longer be the world's largest religion?

Question: Through which year will Christianity remain the world's smallest religion?

Question: By what year is the Muslim population expected to reach 3 billion?

Question: Christians have an average of 3.1 children per woman compared to Muslims with how manY?

Question: What is cited as reasons for Christian population decline?
Christian

According to Scientific Elite: Nobel Laureates in the United State by Harriet Zuckerman, a review of American Nobel prizes awarded between 1901 and 1972, 72% of American Nobel Prize laureates identified a Protestant background. Overall, Protestants have won a total of 84.2% of all the Nobel Prizes in Chemistry, 60% in Medicine, and 58.6% in Physics awarded to Americans between 1901 and 1972.

Question: What denomination of Christianity had the highest percentage of Nobel Prize winners between 1901 and 1972 in America?
Answer: Protestant

Question: Who wrote Scientific Medicine: American Nobel Protestants?

Question: According to Physics, how many American nobel prize winners identified as Protestant?

Question: What percentage of nobel prizes in chemistry have protestants lost?

Question: What percentage of nobel prizes in Medicine have protestants lost?

Question: What percentage of nobel prizes in Physics have protestants lost?
Sony_Music_Entertainment

Sony Music Entertainment Inc. (sometimes known as Sony Music or by the initials, SME) is an American music corporation managed and operated by Sony Corporation of America (SCA), a subsidiary of Japanese conglomerate Sony Corporation. In 1929, the enterprise was first founded as American Record Corporation (ARC) and, in 1938, was renamed Columbia Recording Corporation, following ARC's acquisition by CBS. In 1966, the company was reorganized to become CBS Records. In 1987, Sony Corporation of Japan bought the company, and in 1991, renamed it SME. It is the world's second largest recorded music company, after Universal Music Group.

Question: What was the first name of Sony Music Entertainment, Inc?
Answer: American Record Corporation

Question: In what year was it renamed Columbia Recording Corporation?
Answer: 1938

Question: In what year was it known as CBS Records?
Answer: 1966

Question: In what year did it land the name, Sony Music Entertainment?
Answer: 1987

Question: What company is the only group larger than Sony Music Entertainment?
Answer: Universal Music Group.

Question: Who is the Chinese conglomerate who owns SCA?

Question: The American Recording Company (ARC) was founded in what year?

Question: ABC Records was established in what year?

Question: Sony Corporation of China bought CBS Records in what year?

Question: SME is the world's third largest recorded what?