Divyanshu67/squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

American political scientist Mark Cooper asserted that Nasser's charisma and his direct relationship with the Egyptian people "rendered intermediaries (organizations and individuals) unnecessary". He opined that Nasser's legacy was a "guarantee of instability" due to Nasser's reliance on personal power and the absence of strong political institutions under his rule. Historian Abd al-Azim Ramadan wrote that Nasser was an irrational and irresponsible leader, blaming his inclination to solitary decision-making for Egypt's losses during the Suez War, among other events. Miles Copeland, Jr. , once described as Nasser's closest Western adviser, said that the barriers between Nasser and the outside world have grown so thick that all but the information that attest to his infallibility, indispensability, and immortality has been filtered out.

Question: What did Nasser's political style render unnecessary?
Answer: intermediaries

Question: What was needed under Nasser, the absence of which guaranteed instability?
Answer: strong political institutions

Question: Who called Nasser an irrational and irresponsible leader?
Answer: Abd al-Azim Ramadan

Question: Who was Nasser's closest Western advisor?
Answer: Miles Copeland, Jr
Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

Zakaria Mohieddin, who was Nasser's vice president, said that Nasser gradually changed during his reign. He ceased consulting his colleagues and made more and more of the decisions himself. Although Nasser repeatedly said that a war with Israel will start at a time of his, or Arab, choosing, on 1967 he started a bluffing game "but a successful bluff means your opponent must not know which cards you are holding. In this case Nasser's opponent could see his hand in the mirror and knew he was only holding a pair of deuces" and Nasser knew that his army is not prepared yet. "All of this was out of character...His tendencies in this regard may have been accentuated by diabetes... That was the only rational explanation for his actions in 1967".

Question: Who was Nasser's vice president?
Answer: Zakaria Mohieddin

Question: What gambit did Nasser fail at in his bluster with Israel?
Answer: bluffing

Question: What did Nasser do over the years of his rule?
Answer: gradually changed

Question: What did Mohieddin attribute Nassir's mistakes in 1967 to?
Answer: diabetes
Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

Through his actions and speeches, and because he was able to symbolize the popular Arab will, Nasser inspired several nationalist revolutions in the Arab world. He defined the politics of his generation and communicated directly with the public masses of the Arab world, bypassing the various heads of states of those countries—an accomplishment not repeated by other Arab leaders. The extent of Nasser's centrality in the region made it a priority for incoming Arab nationalist heads of state to seek good relations with Egypt, in order to gain popular legitimacy from their own citizens.

Question: What did other Arab leaders have to do to gain admiration of their populations?
Answer: seek good relations with Egypt

Question: What did Nasser cause in the wider Arab world?
Answer: several nationalist revolutions

Question: What have other Arab leaders been unable to do that Nasser was?
Answer: communicated directly with the public masses

Question: What did Nasser symbolize?
Answer: the popular Arab will
Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

To varying degrees, Nasser's statist system of government was continued in Egypt and emulated by virtually all Arab republics, namely Algeria, Syria, Iraq, Tunisia, Yemen, Sudan, and Libya. Ahmed Ben Bella, Algeria's first president, was a staunch Nasserist. Abdullah al-Sallal drove out the king of North Yemen in the name of Nasser's pan-Arabism. Other coups influenced by Nasser included those that occurred in Iraq in July 1958 and Syria in 1963. Muammar Gaddafi, who overthrew the Libyan monarchy in 1969, considered Nasser his hero and sought to succeed him as "leader of the Arabs". Also in 1969, Colonel Gaafar Nimeiry, a supporter of Nasser, took power in Sudan. The Arab Nationalist Movement (ANM) helped spread Nasser's pan-Arabist ideas throughout the Arab world, particularly among the Palestinians, Syrians, and Lebanese, and in South Yemen, the Persian Gulf, and Iraq. While many regional heads of state tried to emulate Nasser, Podeh opined that the "parochialism" of successive Arab leaders "transformed imitation [of Nasser] into parody".

Question: Who was Algeria's first president, a fervent Nasserist?
Answer: Ben Bella

Question: What Nasserist usurped the King of Yemen?
Answer: Abdullah al-Sallal

Question: Which leader considered Nasser his hero?
Answer: Muammar Gaddafi

Question: What leader took power in Sudan and was inspired by Nasser?
Answer: Colonel Gaafar Nimeiry

Question: What organization continued Nasser's philosophies?
Answer: Arab Nationalist Movement
Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

In 1963, Egyptian director Youssef Chahine produced the film El Nasser Salah El Dine ("Saladin The Victorious"), which intentionally drew parallels between Saladin, considered a hero in the Arab world, and Nasser and his pan-Arabist policies. Nasser is played by Ahmed Zaki in Mohamed Fadel's 1996 Nasser 56. The film set the Egyptian box office record at the time, and focused on Nasser during the Suez Crisis. It is also considered a milestone in Egyptian and Arab cinema as the first film to dramatize the role of a modern-day Arab leader. Together with the 1999 Syrian biopic Gamal Abdel Nasser, the films marked the first biographical movies about contemporary public figures produced in the Arab world.

Question: What 1963 film compared Nasser to Saladin?
Answer: El Nasser Salah El Dine

Question: What 1996 Nasser-related film set a box office record?
Answer: Nasser 56

Question: What was Nasser 56 about?
Answer: Suez Crisis

Question: What was the famous biopic about Nasser?
Answer: Gamal Abdel Nasser
Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

In 1944, Nasser married Tahia Kazem, the 22-year-old daughter of a wealthy Iranian father and an Egyptian mother, both of whom died when she was young. She was introduced to Nasser through her brother, Abdel Hamid Kazim, a merchant friend of Nasser's, in 1943. After their wedding, the couple moved into a house in Manshiyat al-Bakri, a suburb of Cairo, where they would live for the rest of their lives. Nasser's entry into the officer corps in 1937 secured him relatively well-paid employment in a society where most people lived in poverty.

Question: Who did Nasser marry in 1944?
Answer: Tahia Kazem

Question: Who introduced Nasser and his wife?
Answer: Abdel Hamid Kazim

Question: Where did Nasser and his wife live after they were married?
Answer: Manshiyat al-Bakri

Question: What job of Nasser's offered him a comparably comfortable lifestyle?
Answer: officer corps
Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

Nasser had few personal vices other than chain smoking. He maintained 18-hour workdays and rarely took time off for vacations. The combination of smoking and working long hours contributed to his poor health. He was diagnosed with diabetes in the early 1960s and by the time of his death in 1970, he also had arteriosclerosis, heart disease, and high blood pressure. He suffered two major heart attacks (in 1966 and 1969), and was on bed rest for six weeks after the second episode. State media reported that Nasser's absence from the public view at that time was a result of influenza.

Question: What was Nasser's principle vice?
Answer: chain smoking

Question: How long was a typical workday for Nasser?
Answer: 18-hour

Question: What illness was Nasser diagnosed with in 1960?
Answer: diabetes

Question: What year did Nasser die?
Answer: 1970

Question: What did Egyptian state media claim was the reason for Nasser's absence after his second heart attack?
Answer: influenza
Pope_John_XXIII

Pope Saint John XXIII (Latin: Ioannes XXIII; Italian: Giovanni XXIII) born Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli,[a] Italian pronunciation: [ˈandʒelo dʒuˈzɛppe roŋˈkalli]; 25 November 1881 – 3 June 1963) reigned as Pope from 28 October 1958 to his death in 1963 and was canonized on 27 April 2014. Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli was the fourth of fourteen children born to a family of sharecroppers who lived in a village in Lombardy. He was ordained to the priesthood on 10 August 1904 and served in a number of posts, including papal nuncio in France and a delegate to Bulgaria, Greece and Turkey. In a consistory on 12 January 1953 Pope Pius XII made Roncalli a cardinal as the Cardinal-Priest of Santa Prisca in addition to naming him as the Patriarch of Venice.

Question: What was Pope Saint John XXIII's birth name?
Answer: Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli

Question: When was Pope Saint John XXIII born?
Answer: 25 November 1881

Question: When did Pope Saint XXIII die?
Answer: 3 June 1963

Question: How long did he reign as Pope?
Answer: 28 October 1958 to his death in 1963

Question: When was he ordained to the priesthood?
Answer: 10 August 1904

Question: When was Pope Pius XII born?

Question: When did Pope Pius XII die?

Question: How long did Pope Pius XII reign as Pope?

Question: When was Pope Pius XII canonized?

Question: What was the birth name of Pope Pius XII?
Pope_John_XXIII

Roncalli was elected pope on 28 October 1958 at age 76 after 11 ballots. His selection was unexpected, and Roncalli himself had come to Rome with a return train ticket to Venice. He was the first pope to take the pontifical name of "John" upon election in more than 500 years, and his choice settled the complicated question of official numbering attached to this papal name due to the antipope of this name. Pope John XXIII surprised those who expected him to be a caretaker pope by calling the historic Second Vatican Council (1962–65), the first session opening on 11 October 1962. His passionate views on equality were summed up in his famous statement, "We were all made in God's image, and thus, we are all Godly alike." John XXIII made many passionate speeches during his pontificate, one of which was on the day that he opened the Second Vatican Council in the middle of the night to the crowd gathered in St. Peter's Square: "Dear children, returning home, you will find children: give your children a hug and say: This is a hug from the Pope!"

Question: How old was Roncalli when elected pope?
Answer: 76

Question: When was Roncalli elected pope?
Answer: 28 October 1958

Question: He was the first pope to take the pontifical name of "John" upon election in how long?
Answer: 500 years

Question: Pope John XXIII surprised those who expected him to be a caretaker pope by calling what?
Answer: Second Vatican Council

Question: When did he call the Second Vatican Council?
Answer: 11 October 1962

Question: When was St. Peter's Square built?

Question: When the Second Vatican Council came to Rome what did they plan to return to?

Question: How long has there been a Pope in Rome?

Question: What did God expect the Pope to be?

Question: What did the crowd gathered at St. Peter's Square think the Pope's name choice settled?
Pope_John_XXIII

Pope John XXIII did not live to see the Vatican Council to completion. He died of stomach cancer on 3 June 1963, four and a half years after his election and two months after the completion of his final and famed encyclical, Pacem in terris. He was buried in the Vatican grottoes beneath Saint Peter's Basilica on 6 June 1963 and his cause for canonization was opened on 18 November 1965 by his successor, Pope Paul VI, who declared him a Servant of God. In addition to being named Venerable on 20 December 1999, he was beatified on 3 September 2000 by Pope John Paul II alongside Pope Pius IX and three others. Following his beatification, his body was moved on 3 June 2001 from its original place to the altar of Saint Jerome where it could be seen by the faithful. On 5 July 2013, Pope Francis – bypassing the traditionally required second miracle – declared John XXIII a saint, after unanimous agreement by a consistory, or meeting, of the College of Cardinals, based on the fact that he was considered to have lived a virtuous, model lifestyle, and because of the good for the Church which had come from his having opened the Second Vatican Council. He was canonised alongside Pope Saint John Paul II on 27 April 2014. John XXIII today is affectionately known as the "Good Pope" and in Italian, "il Papa buono".

Question: When did the pope die?
Answer: 3 June 1963

Question: What did the pope die of?
Answer: stomach cancer

Question: Where was he buried?
Answer: the Vatican grottoes beneath Saint Peter's Basilica

Question: When was he beatified?
Answer: 3 September 2000

Question: He is still known today as what?
Answer: the "Good Pope"

Question: When did Pope Francis die?

Question: How long after he was elected did Pope Francis die?

Question: Where was Pope Francis buried?

Question: What illness did Pope Francis die of?

Question: When was Pope Francis beatified?
Pope_John_XXIII

The Roman Catholic Church celebrates his feast day not on the date of his death, June 3, as is usual, nor even on the day of his papal inauguration (as is sometimes done with Popes who are Saints, such as with John Paul II) but on 11 October, the day of the first session of the Second Vatican Council. This is understandable, since he was the one who had had the idea for it and had convened it. On Thursday, 11 September 2014, Pope Francis added his optional memorial to the worldwide General Roman Calendar of saints' feast days, in response to global requests. He is commemorated on the date of his death, 3 June, by the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America and on the following day, 4 June, by the Anglican Church of Canada and the Episcopal Church (United States).

Question: When is his feast day celebrated?
Answer: 11 October

Question: What is October 11?
Answer: the day of the first session of the Second Vatican Council

Question: When did Pope Francis added his optional memorial to the worldwide General Roman Calendar of saints' feast days?
Answer: 11 September 2014

Question: Where did Pope Francis commemorate his death on 3 June?
Answer: by the Evangelical Lutheran Church

Question: Where did Pope Francis commemorate his death on 4 June?
Answer: by the Anglican Church of Canada and the Episcopal Church (United States)

Question: When does the United States celebrate his feast day?

Question: What was added by the Evangelical Lutheran Church on Thursday, 11 Sept. 2014?

Question: Why did the Evangelical Lutheran Church add this memorial to the calendar?

Question: What group was created by Pope Francis?

Question: What date was Pope John Paul inagurated?
Pope_John_XXIII

In February 1925, the Cardinal Secretary of State Pietro Gasparri summoned him to the Vatican and informed him of Pope Pius XI's decision to appoint him as the Apostolic Visitor to Bulgaria (1925–35). On 3 March, Pius XI also named him for consecration as titular archbishop of Areopolis, Jordan. Roncalli was initially reluctant about a mission to Bulgaria, but he would soon relent. His nomination as apostolic visitor was made official on 19 March. Roncalli was consecrated by Giovanni Tacci Porcelli in the church of San Carlo alla Corso in Rome. After he was consecrated, he introduced his family to Pope Pius XI. He chose as his episcopal motto Obedientia et Pax ("Obedience and Peace"), which became his guiding motto. While he was in Bulgaria, an earthquake struck in a town not too far from where he was. Unaffected, he wrote to his sisters Ancilla and Maria and told them both that he was fine.

Question: When did Pietro Gasparri summon him to the Vatican?
Answer: February 1925

Question: Who was the Cardinal Secretary of State in 1925?
Answer: Pietro Gasparri

Question: When was he the Apostolic Visitor to Bulgaria?
Answer: 1925–35

Question: When was his nomination as apostolic visitor made official?
Answer: 19 March

Question: Who was he consecrated by?
Answer: Giovanni Tacci Porcelli

Question: When was Pius XI asked to come to the Vatican by the Cardinal Secretary of State?

Question: When was Pope Pius XI named Apostolic Visitor to Bulgaria?

Question: Where was Pope Pius XI consecrated?

Question: What was the guiding motto of Pope Pius XI?

Question: What happened when Pope Pius XI was in Bulgaria?
Pope_John_XXIII

On 30 November 1934, he was appointed Apostolic Delegate to Turkey and Greece and titular archbishop of Mesembria, Bulgaria. Thus, he is known as "the Turcophile Pope," by the Turkish society which is predominantly Muslim. Roncalli took up this post in 1935 and used his office to help the Jewish underground in saving thousands of refugees in Europe, leading some to consider him to be a Righteous Gentile (see Pope John XXIII and Judaism). In October 1935, he led Bulgarian pilgrims to Rome and introduced them to Pope Pius XI on 14 October.

Question: When was he appointed Apostolic Delegate to Turkey and Greece?
Answer: 30 November 1934

Question: He was appointed titular archbishop of where?
Answer: Mesembria, Bulgaria

Question: What ws he known by in the Turkish community?
Answer: the Turcophile Pope

Question: When did he take that position?
Answer: 1935

Question: Who did he introduce Bulgarian pilgrims to?
Answer: Pope Pius XI

Question: When was Pope Pius XI appointed Apostolic Delegate to Turkey and Greece?

Question: Where was Pope Pius XI named a titular archbishop?

Question: What title is Pope Pius XI known by in Turkey?

Question: When did Pope Pius XI take his position in Turkey?

Question: Who did Pope Pius XI used his office to save?
Pope_John_XXIII

In February 1939, he received news from his sisters that his mother was dying. On 10 February 1939, Pope Pius XI died. Roncalli was unable to see his mother for the end as the death of a pontiff meant that he would have to stay at his post until the election of a new pontiff. Unfortunately, she died on 20 February 1939, during the nine days of mourning for the late Pius XI. He was sent a letter by Cardinal Eugenio Pacelli, and Roncalli later recalled that it was probably the last letter Pacelli sent until his election as Pope Pius XII on 2 March 1939. Roncalli expressed happiness that Pacelli was elected, and, on radio, listened to the coronation of the new pontiff.

Question: When did he hear that his mother was dying?
Answer: February 1939

Question: When did Pope Pius XI die?
Answer: 10 February 1939

Question: When did his mother die?
Answer: 20 February 1939

Question: Who sent him the letter informing him of his mother's death?
Answer: Cardinal Eugenio Pacelli

Question: When was Pope Pius XII elected?
Answer: 2 March 1939

Question: What did Cardinal Eugenio Pacelli receive in February 1939?

Question: When did Cardinal Eugenio Pacelli die?

Question: During what time did Cardinal Eugenio Pacelli die?

Question: When was Roncalli elected as Pope?

Question: How did Pope Pius XI keep track of the election of the new Pope?
Pope_John_XXIII

On 12 January 1953, he was appointed Patriarch of Venice and, accordingly, raised to the rank of Cardinal-Priest of Santa Prisca by Pope Pius XII. Roncalli left France for Venice on 23 February 1953 stopping briefly in Milan and then to Rome. On 15 March 1953, he took possession of his new diocese in Venice. As a sign of his esteem, the President of France, Vincent Auriol, claimed the ancient privilege possessed by French monarchs and bestowed the red biretta on Roncalli at a ceremony in the Élysée Palace. It was around this time that he, with the aid of Monsignor Bruno Heim, formed his coat of arms with a lion of Saint Mark on a white ground. Auriol also awarded Roncalli three months later with the award of Commander of the Legion of Honour.

Question: When was he appointed Patriarch of Venice?
Answer: 12 January 1953

Question: Pope Pius XII raised him to what rank?
Answer: Cardinal-Priest of Santa Prisca

Question: When did he leave France for Venice?
Answer: 23 February 1953

Question: When did he take up his new diocese in Venice?
Answer: 15 March 1953

Question: Who was the President of France in 1953?
Answer: Vincent Auriol

Question: When was Pope Pius XII appointed Patriarch of Venice?

Question: What rank was Pope Pius XII raised to?

Question: On what date did Pope Pius XII leave France to go to Venice?

Question: When did Pope Pius XII take possession of the diocese in Venice?

Question: What did the President of France give to Pope Piux XII as a sign of esteem?
Pope_John_XXIII

His sister Ancilla would soon be diagnosed with stomach cancer in the early 1950s. Roncalli's last letter to her was dated on 8 November 1953 where he promised to visit her within the next week. He could not keep that promise, as Ancilla died on 11 November 1953 at the time when he was consecrating a new church in Venice. He attended her funeral back in his hometown. In his will around this time, he mentioned that he wished to be buried in the crypt of Saint Mark's in Venice with some of his predecessors rather than with the family in Sotto il Monte.

Question: When was his sister Ancilla diagnosed with stomach cancer?
Answer: the early 1950s

Question: When did he send his last letter to his dying sister?
Answer: 8 November 1953

Question: When did Ancilla die?
Answer: 11 November 1953

Question: Where did he want to be buried?
Answer: the crypt of Saint Mark's in Venice

Question: What was Roncalli diagnosed with in the early 1950's?

Question: Where did Roncalli's sister want to be buried in her will?

Question: Where was Roncalli's funeral held?

Question: When was one of Roncalli's predecessors buried?
Pope_John_XXIII

Following the death of Pope Pius XII on 9 October 1958, Roncalli watched the live funeral on his last full day in Venice on 11 October. His journal was specifically concerned with the funeral and the abused state of the late pontiff's corpse. Roncalli left Venice for the conclave in Rome well aware that he was papabile,[b] and after eleven ballots, was elected to succeed the late Pius XII, so it came as no surprise to him, though he had arrived at the Vatican with a return train ticket to Venice.[citation needed]

Question: When did Pope Pius XII die?
Answer: 9 October 1958

Question: When was his last full day in Venice?
Answer: 11 October

Question: Why did Roncalli leave Venice?
Answer: for the conclave in Rome

Question: He was elected pope after how many ballots?
Answer: eleven ballots

Question: When did Roncalli die?

Question: What did Pope Piux XII do on October 11?

Question: What was Pope Pius XII concerned about so that he wrote it down?

Question: When Pope Pius XII left Venice, where was he going?

Question: How many ballots did Pope Pius XII have when he was elected as Pope?
Pope_John_XXIII

Many had considered Giovanni Battista Montini, the Archbishop of Milan, a possible candidate, but, although he was the archbishop of one of the most ancient and prominent sees in Italy, he had not yet been made a cardinal. Though his absence from the 1958 conclave did not make him ineligible – under Canon Law any Catholic male who is capable of receiving priestly ordination and episcopal consecration may be elected – the College of Cardinals usually chose the new pontiff from among the Cardinals who head archdioceses or departments of the Roman Curia that attend the papal conclave. At the time, as opposed to contemporary practice, the participating Cardinals did not have to be below age 80 to vote, there were few Eastern-rite Cardinals, and no Cardinals who were just priests at the time of their elevation.

Question: Who was the Archbishop of Milan?
Answer: Giovanni Battista Montini

Question: New pontiffs are chosen from Cardinals who head what?
Answer: archdioceses or departments of the Roman Curia

Question: When was Montini absent from the conclave?
Answer: 1958

Question: What was the Roman curia absent from in 1958?

Question: Who can be elected to the College of Cardinals under Canon Law?

Question: Where did the College of Cardinals choose the Archbishop of Milan from?

Question: What age did the Archbishop of Milan not have to be below to serve in office?

Question: What were Eastern-rite Cardinals in charge of in Italy?
Pope_John_XXIII

Roncalli was summoned to the final ballot of the conclave at 4:00 pm. He was elected pope at 4:30 pm with a total of 38 votes. After the long pontificate of Pope Pius XII, the cardinals chose a man who – it was presumed because of his advanced age – would be a short-term or "stop-gap" pope. They wished to choose a candidate who would do little during the new pontificate. Upon his election, Cardinal Eugene Tisserant asked him the ritual questions of whether he would accept and if so, what name he would take for himself. Roncalli gave the first of his many surprises when he chose "John" as his regnal name. Roncalli's exact words were "I will be called John". This was the first time in over 500 years that this name had been chosen; previous popes had avoided its use since the time of the Antipope John XXIII during the Western Schism several centuries before.

Question: When was the final ballot of the conclave?
Answer: 4:00 pm

Question: How many votes did he have?
Answer: 38 votes

Question: What name did Roncalli choose?
Answer: John

Question: John had not been a chosen name in how long?
Answer: over 500 years

Question: Who was the last to choose the name John?
Answer: Antipope John XXIII

Question: At what time was John XXIII called to final ballot of the conclave?

Question: What time was Cardinal Eugene Tisserant elected as Pope?

Question: How many votes did Cardinal Eugene Tisserant have?

Question: What was the presumption about Cardinal Eugene Tisserant because he was older when elected?

Question: What were the other cardinals trying to do by electing Cardinal Eugene Tisserant as Pope?
Pope_John_XXIII

Far from being a mere "stopgap" pope, to great excitement, John XXIII called for an ecumenical council fewer than ninety years after the First Vatican Council (Vatican I's predecessor, the Council of Trent, had been held in the 16th century). This decision was announced on 29 January 1959 at the Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls. Cardinal Giovanni Battista Montini, who later became Pope Paul VI, remarked to Giulio Bevilacqua that "this holy old boy doesn't realise what a hornet's nest he's stirring up". From the Second Vatican Council came changes that reshaped the face of Catholicism: a comprehensively revised liturgy, a stronger emphasis on ecumenism, and a new approach to the world.

Question: What did John XXIII call for?
Answer: an ecumenical council

Question: When was the decision made for this council?
Answer: 29 January 1959

Question: Where was the decision made for this council?
Answer: the Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls

Question: Who did Cardinal Giovanni Battista Montini later become?
Answer: Pope Paul VI

Question: What did Pope Paul VI call for?

Question: What changes were made by the Council of Trent?

Question: Who did Giulio Bevilacqua later become?

Question: In what century was Catholocism popular?

Question: How many years had passed since Giulio Bevilacqua called for the First Vatican Council?
Pope_John_XXIII

John XXIII was an advocate for human rights which included the unborn and the elderly. He wrote about human rights in his Pacem in terris. He wrote, "Man has the right to live. He has the right to bodily integrity and to the means necessary for the proper development of life, particularly food, clothing, shelter, medical care, rest, and, finally, the necessary social services. In consequence, he has the right to be looked after in the event of ill health; disability stemming from his work; widowhood; old age; enforced unemployment; or whenever through no fault of his own he is deprived of the means of livelihood."

Question: John XXIII was an advocate for what?
Answer: human rights

Question: What did he write about human rights in?
Answer: his Pacem in terris

Question: His advocacy from human rights included whom?
Answer: the unborn and the elderly

Question: What did widows advocate for?

Question: What work, written by widows, focused on human rights?

Question: What do people who are disabled need the most, according to widows?

Question: What are two groups that need the most services, according to widows?

Question: What is one time that widows think the unborn should be taken care of?
Pope_John_XXIII

Maintaining continuity with his predecessors, John XXIII continued the gradual reform of the Roman liturgy, and published changes that resulted in the 1962 Roman Missal, the last typical edition containing the Tridentine Mass established in 1570 by Pope Pius V at the request of the Council of Trent and whose continued use Pope Benedict XVI authorized in 2007, under the conditions indicated in his motu proprio Summorum Pontificum. In response to the directives of the Second Vatican Council, later editions of the Roman Missal present the 1970 form of the Roman Rite.

Question: John XXIII continued the gradual reform of what?
Answer: the Roman liturgy

Question: He published changes that resulted in what?
Answer: the 1962 Roman Missal

Question: What did Pope Pius V establish in 1570?
Answer: the Tridentine Mass

Question: Pope Benedict XVI authorized continued use of the Roman Missal in what year?
Answer: 2007

Question: When was the Roman Rite created?
Answer: 1970

Question: What did Pope Benedict XVI continue the gradual reform of?

Question: What did the changes published by Pope Benedict XVI cause?

Question: What did Pope John XXIII establish in 1570?

Question: Why did Pope John XXIII establish the Tridentine Mass?

Question: What did Pope Pius V continue to authorize the use of in 2007?
Pope_John_XXIII

On 11 October 1962, the first session of the Second Vatican Council was held in the Vatican. He gave the Gaudet Mater Ecclesia speech, which served as the opening address for the council. The day was basically electing members for several council commissions that would work on the issues presented in the council. On that same night following the conclusion of the first session, the people in Saint Peter's Square chanted and yelled with the sole objective of getting John XXIII to appear at the window to address them.

Question: Where was the first session of the Second Vatican Council held?
Answer: in the Vatican

Question: When was the first session of the Second Vatican Council held?
Answer: 11 October 1962

Question: What speech did he give?
Answer: Gaudet Mater Ecclesia speech

Question: Why were the people in Saint Peter's Square chanting and yelling?
Answer: the sole objective of getting John XXIII to appear at the window to address them

Question: Who did Gaudet Mater Eclessia want to see when he was in St Peter's Square?

Question: When was Gaudet Mater Ecclesia elected to the Second Vatican Council?

Question: What did Gaudet Mater Ecclesia work on that day?

Question: What speech was given by several council commissions?

Question: What did the public want Gaudet Mater Ecclesia to do when he appeared at the window?
Pope_John_XXIII

The first session ended in a solemn ceremony on 8 December 1962 with the next session scheduled to occur in 1963 from 12 May to 29 June – this was announced on 12 November 1962. John XXIII's closing speech made subtle references to Pope Pius IX, and he had expressed the desire to see Pius IX beatified and eventually canonized. In his journal in 1959 during a spiritual retreat, John XXIII made this remark: "I always think of Pius IX of holy and glorious memory, and by imitating him in his sacrifices, I would like to be worthy to celebrate his canonization".

Question: A solemn ceremony ended the first session on what day?
Answer: 8 December 1962

Question: When was the next session scheduled?
Answer: 1963 from 12 May to 29 June

Question: When was the next session announced?
Answer: 12 November 1962

Question: Who did John XXIII wish to see canonized?
Answer: Pope Pius IX

Question: When was Pope John XXIII canonized?

Question: When was Pope Pius IX at a spiritual retreat?

Question: When thinking of John XXIII, what did Pope Pius IX want to be worthy of?

Question: How did Pope Pius IX remember John XXIII as being?

Question: When was Pope John XXIII beatified?
Pope_John_XXIII

Pope John XXIII offered to mediate between US President John F. Kennedy and Nikita Khrushchev during the Cuban Missile Crisis in October 1962. Both men applauded the pope for his deep commitment to peace. Khrushchev would later send a message via Norman Cousins and the letter expressed his best wishes for the pontiff's ailing health. John XXIII personally typed and sent a message back to him, thanking him for his letter. Cousins, meanwhile, travelled to New York City and ensured that John would become Time magazine's 'Man of the Year'. John XXIII became the first Pope to receive the title, followed by John Paul II in 1994 and Francis in 2013.

Question: John XXIII offered to mediate between who?
Answer: US President John F. Kennedy and Nikita Khrushchev

Question: When was the Cuban Missile Crisis?
Answer: October 1962

Question: Who expressed best wishes for the pope's health?
Answer: Nikita Khrushchev

Question: John XXIII became the first pope to receive what title?
Answer: Time magazine's 'Man of the Year'

Question: Who was the latest pope to hold the title of 'Man of the Year?'
Answer: Francis

Question: Who did Pope John Paul II offer to mediate between during the Cuban Missile Crisis?

Question: What did Norman Cousins applaud Pope John Paul II for?

Question: Why did JFK send a letter to Pope John Paul II?

Question: What did Pope John Paul II send to JFK personally?

Question: What title did Time magazine give to JFK in 1994?
Pope_John_XXIII

On 10 May 1963, John XXIII received the Balzan Prize in private at the Vatican but deflected achievements of himself to the five popes of his lifetime, Pope Leo XIII to Pius XII. On 11 May, the Italian President Antonio Segni officially awarded Pope John XXIII with the Balzan Prize for his engagement for peace. While in the car en route to the official ceremony, he suffered great stomach pains but insisted on meeting with Segni to receive the award in the Quirinal Palace, refusing to do so within the Vatican. He stated that it would have been an insult to honour a pontiff on the remains of the crucified Saint Peter. It was the pope's last public appearance.

Question: John XXIII received what prize on 10 May 1963?
Answer: Balzan Prize

Question: When did John XXIII receive the Balzan Prize?
Answer: 10 May 1963

Question: Who officially awarded the pope the Balzan Prize?
Answer: Italian President Antonio Segni

Question: Where did he receive the Balzan Prize?
Answer: the Quirinal Palace

Question: What award was given to Pope Pius XII on May 10, 1963?

Question: Where was Pope Pius XII given the Balzan Prize on May 10, 1963?

Question: How did Pope Pius XII feel about receiving the award?

Question: When was Pope Pius XII officially awarded the Balzan Prize by the Italian President?

Question: What was Pope Pius XII suffering from on the way to meet the President of Italy?
Pope_John_XXIII

On 25 May 1963, the pope suffered another haemorrhage and required several blood transfusions, but the cancer had perforated the stomach wall and peritonitis soon set in. The doctors conferred in a decision regarding this matter and John XXIII's aide Loris F. Capovilla broke the news to him saying that the cancer had done its work and nothing could be done for him. Around this time, his remaining siblings arrived to be with him. By 31 May, it had become clear that the cancer had overcome the resistance of John XXIII – it had left him confined to his bed.

Question: What did the pope suffer on 25 May 1963?
Answer: haemorrhage

Question: Who broke the news to John XXIII about his cancer?
Answer: Loris F. Capovilla

Question: When was it clear that the cancer had overcome the resistance of John XXIII?
Answer: 31 May

Question: What did Loris F. Capovilla suffer from on May 25, 1963?

Question: What treatment did she require on May 25, 1963?

Question: What had happened to the cancer Loris F. Capovilla was suffering from?

Question: What could be done to help Loris's condition?

Question: When was it clear that Loris was loosing her battle with stomach cancer?
Pope_John_XXIII

"At 11 am Petrus Canisius Van Lierde as Papal Sacristan was at the bedside of the dying pope, ready to anoint him. The pope began to speak for the very last time: "I had the great grace to be born into a Christian family, modest and poor, but with the fear of the Lord. My time on earth is drawing to a close. But Christ lives on and continues his work in the Church. Souls, souls, ut omnes unum sint."[c] Van Lierde then anointed his eyes, ears, mouth, hands and feet. Overcome by emotion, Van Lierde forgot the right order of anointing. John XXIII gently helped him before bidding those present a last farewell.

Question: Who was at the dying pope's bedside?
Answer: Petrus Canisius Van Lierde

Question: Who was the Papal Sacristan for John XXIII?
Answer: Petrus Canisius Van Lierde

Question: When did the pope bid farewell?
Answer: 11 am

Question: What kind of family was Petrus Canisius Van Lierde born into?

Question: What did Van Lierde mention about the work of the church?

Question: What did John XXIII forget to do when he was overcome with emotion?

Question: When did Van Lierde give everyone a last farewell?

Question: What was annointed by John XXIII?
Pope_John_XXIII

John XXIII died of peritonitis caused by a perforated stomach at 19:49 local time on 3 June 1963 at the age of 81, ending a historic pontificate of four years and seven months. He died just as a Mass for him finished in Saint Peter's Square below, celebrated by Luigi Traglia. After he died, his brow was ritually tapped to see if he was dead, and those with him in the room said prayers. Then the room was illuminated, thus informing the people of what had happened. He was buried on 6 June in the Vatican grottos. Two wreaths, placed on the two sides of his tomb, were donated by the prisoners of the Regina Coeli prison and the Mantova jail in Verona. On 22 June 1963, one day after his friend and successor Pope Paul VI was elected, the latter prayed at his tomb.

Question: What did John XXIII die of?
Answer: peritonitis

Question: What day did he die?
Answer: 3 June 1963

Question: How old was John XXIII upon his death?
Answer: 81

Question: Who celebrated his Mass for him in the square below?
Answer: Luigi Traglia

Question: What day was he buried?
Answer: 6 June

Question: What did Luigi Traglia die of?

Question: When did Luigi Traglia die?

Question: What was done to Luigi Traglia's brow to see if he was dead?

Question: Where was Luigi Traglia buried?

Question: When did John XXIII pray at Luigi Traglia's tomb?
Pope_John_XXIII

On 3 December 1963, US President Lyndon B. Johnson posthumously awarded him the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the United States' highest civilian award, in recognition of the good relationship between Pope John XXIII and the United States of America. In his speech on 6 December 1963, Johnson said: "I have also determined to confer the Presidential Medal of Freedom posthumously on another noble man whose death we mourned 6 months ago: His Holiness, Pope John XXIII. He was a man of simple origins, of simple faith, of simple charity. In this exalted office he was still the gentle pastor. He believed in discussion and persuasion. He profoundly respected the dignity of man. He gave the world immortal statements of the rights of man, of the obligations of men to each other, of their duty to strive for a world community in which all can live in peace and fraternal friendship. His goodness reached across temporal boundaries to warm the hearts of men of all nations and of all faiths".

Question: Who posthumously awarded his the Presidential Medal of Freedom?
Answer: US President Lyndon B. Johnson

Question: When did President Johnson award him?
Answer: 3 December 1963

Question: What is the Presidential Medal Freedom?
Answer: the United States' highest civilian award

Question: When was President Johnson's speech for John XXIII?
Answer: 6 December 1963

Question: What did Pope John XXIII award Lyndon B Johnson?

Question: When was the award given to President Johnson?

Question: Why was this award given by the Pope to Lyndon B. Johnson?

Question: When did John XXIII give a speech for President Johnson?

Question: How did Pope John XXIII describe Lynden B. Johnson?
Pope_John_XXIII

He was known affectionately as "Good Pope John". His cause for canonization was opened under Pope Paul VI during the final session of the Second Vatican Council on 18 November 1965, along with the cause of Pope Pius XII. On 3 September 2000, John XXIII was declared "Blessed" alongside Pope Pius IX by Pope John Paul II, the penultimate step on the road to sainthood after a miracle of curing an ill woman was discovered. He was the first pope since Pope Pius X to receive this honour. Following his beatification, his body was moved from its original burial place in the grottoes below the Vatican to the altar of St. Jerome and displayed for the veneration of the faithful.[citation needed]

Question: What was he also known as?
Answer: Good Pope John

Question: Who opened his cause for canonization?
Answer: Pope Paul VI

Question: When was Pope John XXIII considered "blessed?"
Answer: 3 September 2000

Question: Who declared him "blessed?"
Answer: Pope John Paul II

Question: Who was the last pope before John XXIII to receive the title?
Answer: Pope Pius X

Question: When was Pope John Paul II declared "Blessed"?

Question: What was Pope John Paul II also known as?

Question: Where was Pope John Paul II taken after his beatification?

Question: Who opened the cause for canonization for Pope John Paul II?

Question: During what event was the cause for canonization opened for Pope John Paul II?
Pope_John_XXIII

The 50th anniversary of his death was celebrated on 3 June 2013 by Pope Francis, who visited his tomb and prayed there, then addressing the gathered crowd and spoke about the late pope. The people that gathered there at the tomb were from Bergamo, the province where the late pope came from. A month later, on 5 July 2013, Francis approved Pope John XXIII for canonization, along with Pope John Paul II without the traditional second miracle required. Instead, Francis based this decision on John XXIII's merits for the Second Vatican Council. On Sunday, 27 April 2014, John XXIII and Pope John Paul II were declared saints on Divine Mercy Sunday.

Question: When was the 50th anniversary of his death?
Answer: 3 June 2013

Question: Who celebrated his 50th anniversary?
Answer: Pope Francis

Question: Where were the people gathered at his tomb from?
Answer: Bergamo

Question: When did Francis approve John XXIII for canonization?
Answer: 5 July 2013

Question: On what date was John XXIII and Pope John Paul II declared saints?
Answer: Sunday, 27 April 2014

Question: When was the 50th anniversary of Pope Francis's death?

Question: Where is Pope Francis originally from?

Question: What was approved by Pope John Paul II on July 5, 2013 for Pope Francis?

Question: What did Pope John Paul II base his decision to canonize John XXIII on?

Question: What were Pope Francis and Bergamo declared as on Sunday April 27, 2014?
Time

Time has long been a major subject of study in religion, philosophy, and science, but defining it in a manner applicable to all fields without circularity has consistently eluded scholars. Nevertheless, diverse fields such as business, industry, sports, the sciences, and the performing arts all incorporate some notion of time into their respective measuring systems. Some simple definitions of time include "time is what clocks measure", which is a problematically vague and self-referential definition that utilizes the device used to measure the subject as the definition of the subject, and "time is what keeps everything from happening at once", which is without substantive meaning in the absence of the definition of simultaneity in the context of the limitations of human sensation, observation of events, and the perception of such events.

Question: Time has long been a major point of study in which fields?
Answer: religion, philosophy, and science

Question: Fields such as business, industry, sports, science, and performing arts incorporate some notion of what into their measuring systems?
Answer: time

Question: What is an example of a simple definition of time?
Answer: time is what clocks measure

Question: Which three fields usually support performing arts?

Question: What fields use measuring systems to check the weight of their products?

Question: What does having rules in sports usually prevent?

Question: What does science use to test a hypothesis?

Question: What do athletes need to use to be aware of where their teammates are in a game?

Question: Fields such as business, industry, sports, science, and performing arts incorporate some notion of what into their clocks?

Question: What keeps everything from happening at different times?

Question: What fields incorporate some notion of clocks into their measuring system?

Question: What has long been a major subject of study in human sensation?

Question: What does time measure?
Time

Two contrasting viewpoints on time divide many prominent philosophers. One view is that time is part of the fundamental structure of the universe—a dimension independent of events, in which events occur in sequence. Sir Isaac Newton subscribed to this realist view, and hence it is sometimes referred to as Newtonian time. The opposing view is that time does not refer to any kind of "container" that events and objects "move through", nor to any entity that "flows", but that it is instead part of a fundamental intellectual structure (together with space and number) within which humans sequence and compare events. This second view, in the tradition of Gottfried Leibniz and Immanuel Kant, holds that time is neither an event nor a thing, and thus is not itself measurable nor can it be travelled.

Question: According to one of the main viewpoints of time, time is part of the fundamental structure of what?
Answer: the universe

Question: The realist view of time is sometimes referred to as what?
Answer: Newtonian time

Question: What does the opposing view of time believe time is a part of?
Answer: a fundamental intellectual structure

Question: Who is divided about the structure of the universe?

Question: In what order did Gottfried Leibniz believe events occur?

Question: What kind of time did Gottfried Leibniz believe in, as a supporter of Sir Isaac Newton?

Question: How was Immanuel Kant described, since he also believed in Newtonian time?

Question: What did Sir Issac Newton believe that you could not do in time?

Question: According to one of the main viewpoints of time, time is part of the view of what?

Question: What is the realest view of time sometimes known as?

Question: What does the opposing view of time believe the universe is a part of?

Question: Who subscribed to the opposing view?

Question: Who believe time is neither a structure or a view?