Divyanshu67/squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
2008_Summer_Olympics_torch_relay

The Color Orange democracy group, led by Danish sculptor Jens Galschiøt, originally planned to join the Hong Kong Alliance relay and paint the "Pillar of Shame", a structure he built in Hong Kong to commemorate the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests. However, Galschiøt and two other people were denied entry to Hong Kong on April 26, 2008 due to "immigration reasons" and were forced to leave Hong Kong. In response, Lee Cheuk Yan, vice chairman of the Hong Kong Alliance in Support of Patriotic Democratic Movements in China, said, "It's outrageous that the government is willing to sacrifice the image of Hong Kong because of the torch relay." Hollywood actress Mia Farrow was also briefly questioned at the Hong Kong airport though officials allowed her to enter. She later gave a speech criticizing China's relations with Sudan in Hong Kong, as there was also a small minority of people protesting about China's role in the crisis of Darfur. Legislator Cheung Man Kwong have also said the government's decision allowing Farrow to enter while denying others is a double standard and a violation to Hong Kong's one country, two systems policy.

Question: Which group did Jens Galschiøt lead?
Answer: The Color Orange democracy group

Question: What did Galschiøt construct in Hong Kong in reference to the Tiananmen Square protests?
Answer: Pillar of Shame

Question: Galschiøt and two fellow protesters were denied to entry to Hong Kong for what reason?
Answer: immigration reasons

Question: Which American actress was questioned at the Hong Kong airport?
Answer: Mia Farrow

Question: A legislator said that by allowing Farrow to enter Hong Kong while denying others was a violation to what policy?
Answer: one country, two systems

Question: What group did Jens Galschiøt lead?
Answer: The Color Orange

Question: What structure did Jens Galschiøt build to monumentalize the Tianamen Square protests in 1989?
Answer: Pillar of Shame

Question: Why was Jens Galschiøt made to leave Hong Kong?
Answer: immigration reasons

Question: Which actress from America was initially held and then gave a speech about China and Sudan?
Answer: Mia Farrow
2008_Summer_Olympics_torch_relay

 Macao: The event was held in Macau on May 3. It was the first time that the Olympic torch had traveled to Macau. A ceremony was held at Macau Fisherman's Wharf. Afterward, the torch traveled through Macau, passing by a number of landmarks including A-Ma Temple, Macau Tower, Ponte Governador Nobre de Carvalho, Ponte de Sai Van, Macau Cultural Centre, Macau Stadium and then back to the Fisherman's Wharf for the closing ceremony. Parts of the route near Ruins of St. Paul's and Taipa was shortened due to large crowds of supporters blocking narrow streets. A total of 120 torchbearers participated in this event including casino tycoon Stanley Ho. Leong Hong Man and Leong Heng Teng were the first and last torchbearer in the relay respectively. An article published on Macao Daily News criticized that the list of the torchbearers could not fully represent the Macanese and that there were too many non-athletes among the torchbearers. (some of whom had already been torchbearers of other sporting events)

Question: When did the torch visit Macao?
Answer: May 3

Question: Where was the torch ceremony held in Macao?
Answer: Macau Fisherman's Wharf

Question: How many torchbearers participated in Macao?
Answer: 120

Question: Who was the first torchbearer in Macao?
Answer: Leong Hong Man

Question: A newspaper article criticized that there were not enough of what kind of person among the torchbearers?
Answer: athletes

Question: When was the torch relay event held in Macao?
Answer: May 3

Question: How many torchbearers carried the torch in Macao?
Answer: 120

Question: Who was the first person to carry the torch in Macao?
Answer: Leong Hong Man

Question: Which casino tycoon participated in the torch relay event?
Answer: Stanley Ho.

Question: Which publication was unhappy with the amount of non-athlete torchbearers?
Answer: Macao Daily News
2008_Summer_Olympics_torch_relay

A Macau resident was arrested on April 26 for posting a message on cyberctm.com encouraging people to disrupt the relay. Both orchidbbs.com and cyberctm.com Internet forums were shut down from May 2 to 4. This fueled speculation that the shutdowns were targeting speeches against the relay. The head of the Bureau of Telecommunications Regulation has denied that the shutdowns of the websites were politically motivated. About 2,200 police were deployed on the streets, there were no interruptions.

Question: A Macau citizen was arrested for posting a plea to disrupt the relay on what website?
Answer: cyberctm.com

Question: In addition to cyberctm.com, what other website was shut down for two days?
Answer: orchidbbs.com

Question: Who was arrested on April 26 for posting an online message?
Answer: A Macau resident

Question: Where was the message posted?
Answer: cyberctm.com

Question: Who denied the shutdown was motivated by politics?
Answer: The head of the Bureau of Telecommunications Regulation
2008_Summer_Olympics_torch_relay

 China: The torch returned to China for the first time since April. The torch arrived in Sanya, Hainan on May 4 with celebrations attended by International Olympic Committee (IOC) officials and Chinese big names like Jackie Chan. The entire relay through Mainland China was largely a success with many people welcoming the arrival of the torch along the way.

Question: After its April departure, when did the torch return to China?
Answer: May 4

Question: What actor attended a torch celebration in China?
Answer: Jackie Chan

Question: When did the torch reach Sanya, Hainan?
Answer: May 4

Question: When was the last time the torch had been in China?
Answer: April.

Question: Who attended the celebrations?
Answer: IOC

Question: Which actor also attended the celebrations?
Answer: Jackie Chan.
2008_Summer_Olympics_torch_relay

The coverage of the events by the media came under scrutiny during the relay. Chinese media coverage of the torch relay has been distinct in a number of ways from coverage elsewhere. Western reporters in Beijing have described Chinese media coverage as partial and censored (for example when Chinese media did not broadcast Reporters Without Borders' disruption of the torch lighting ceremony), whereas Chinese netizens have in turn accused Western media coverage of being biased. The French newspaper Libération was criticised by the Chinese State press agency Xinhua for its allegedly biased reporting; Xinhua suggested that Libération needed "a stinging slap in the face" for having "insulted the Olympic flame" and "supported a handful of saboteurs".

Question: The Chinese coverage of torch relay events has been accused by Western reporters as being what?
Answer: partial and censored

Question: In turn, Chinese supporters have accused Western media of being what in their coverage?
Answer: biased.

Question: Which French newspaper was accused of being biased by Chinese State press agency Xinhua?
Answer: Libération

Question: What was under scrutiny?
Answer: media coverage

Question: Coverage in China is reported to be partial and what?
Answer: censored

Question: What organization interrupted the relay and was not broadcast by the Chinese media?
Answer: Reporters Without Borders

Question: Chinese State Press said what French newspaper was biased?
Answer: Libération

Question: The Chinese State Press said the French newspaper was supporting a handful of what?
Answer: saboteurs
2008_Summer_Olympics_torch_relay

Xinhua and CCTV quoted relay spectators who condemned the protests, to a greater extent than most Western media, but did not quote any alternate viewpoints, providing no coverage of support for the protests by some ordinary citizens in Western countries. It quoted athletes who expressed pride at taking part in the relays, to a greater extent than Western media, but not those who, like Marie-José Pérec, expressed understanding and support for the protestors. The Beijing Organising Committee for the Games mentioned the "smiling faces of the elderly, children and the artists on the streets", of cheering and supportive Londoners. Xinhua said that protesters were "radicals" who "trampled human rights" and whose activities were condemned by "the people of the world who cordially love the Olympic spirit".

Question: Xinhua and CCTV focused on people who what?
Answer: condemned the protests

Question: Which athlete was ignored by media for supporting the protesters?
Answer: Marie-José Pérec

Question: What did Xinhua call protesters?
Answer: radicals

Question: Which athlete showed support for the people protesting?
Answer: Marie-José Pérec

Question: Which publication said that protesters were trampling human rights?
Answer: Xinhua
2008_Summer_Olympics_torch_relay

Reports on the Delhi relay were similarly distinct. Despite intended torchbearers Kiran Bedi, Soha Ali Khan, Sachin Tendulkar and Bhaichung Bhutia all withdrawing from the event, the official Chinese website for the relay reported "Indian torchbearers vow to run for spirit of Olympics", and quoted torchbearers Manavjit Singh Sandhu, Abhinav Bindra, Ayaan Ali Khan and Rajinder Singh Rahelu all stating that sports and politics should not be mixed.

Question: Though several torchbearers withdrew from the torch relay, the official website for China stated that Indian torch participants vowed to run for what?
Answer: spirit of Olympics

Question: What did Ayaan Ali Khan and Manavjit Singh Sandhu say should not be mixed?
Answer: sports and politics

Question: Though four withdrew, it was reported that Indian torchbearers vowed to what?
Answer: run for spirit of Olympics

Question: Several torchbearers said what two things should not be combined?
Answer: sports and politics
2008_Summer_Olympics_torch_relay

Some Western media have reported on Chinese accusations of Western media bias. The Daily Telegraph published an opinion piece by the Chinese ambassador to the United Kingdom, Fu Ying, who accused Western media of "demonising" China during their coverage of the torch relays. The Telegraph also asked its readers to send their views in response to the question "Is the West demonising China?" The BBC reported on a demonstration in Sydney by Chinese Australians "voicing support for Beijing amid controversy over Tibet" and protesting against what they saw as Western media bias. The report showed demonstrators carrying signs which read "Shame on some Western media", "BBC CNN lies too" and "Stop media distortion!". One demonstrator interviewed by the BBC stated: "I saw some news from CNN, from the BBC, some media [inaudible], and they are just lying." Libération also reported that it had been accused of bias by the Chinese media.

Question: Which United Kingdom newspaper published a Chinese ambassador's opinion that Western media had demonized China with torch coverage?
Answer: The Daily Telegraph

Question: What French newspaper did the Chinese media accuse of bias?
Answer: Libération

Question: Some Chinese have accused Western media of what in their reportings?
Answer: Western media bias.

Question: Who was the Chinese ambassador to the U.K.?
Answer: Fu Ying

Question: Which newspaper published these accusations?
Answer: The Daily Telegraph

Question: What other newspaper was accused of bias?
Answer: Libération
2008_Summer_Olympics_torch_relay

On April 17, Xinhua condemned what it called "biased coverage of the Lhasa riots and the Olympic torch relay by the U.S.-based Cable News Network (CNN)". The same day, the Chinese government called on CNN to "apologise" for having allegedly insulted the Chinese people, and for "attempting to incite the Chinese people against the government". CNN issued a statement on April 14, responded to China over 'thugs and goons' comment by Jack Cafferty.

Question:  Who did Xinhua accuse of biased reporting on April 17?
Answer: CNN

Question: Who was accused of bias on April 17 by Xinhua?
Answer: CNN

Question: Who wanted CNN to apologize for its insult to Chinese people?
Answer: the Chinese government
2008_Summer_Olympics_torch_relay

On April 19, the BBC reported that 1,300 people had gathered outside BBC buildings in Manchester and London, protesting against what they described as Western media bias. Several days earlier, the BBC had published an article entitled "The challenges of reporting in China", responding to earlier criticism. The BBC's Paul Danahar noted that Chinese people were now "able to access the BBC News website for the first time, after years of strict censorship", and that "many were critical of our coverage". He provided readers with a reminder of censorship in China, and added: "People who criticise the media for their coverage in Tibet should acknowledge that we were and still are banned from reporting there." He also quoted critical Chinese responses, and invited readers to comment.

Question: What article did BBC put out about China just days earlier?
Answer: The challenges of reporting in China

Question: Who stated that Chinese people could access the BBC news website after years of not being able to?
Answer: Paul Danahar

Question: How many people gathered in protest at these two buildings?
Answer: 1,300

Question: Who commented that Chinese people can look at the BBC news site for the first time?
Answer: Paul Danahar

Question: Where is BBC banned from reporting?
Answer: Tibet
2008_Summer_Olympics_torch_relay

On April 20, the People's Daily published a report entitled "Overseas Chinese rally against biased media coverage, for Olympics". It included images of Chinese people demonstrating in France, the United Kingdom, Germany and the United States. One picture showed Chinese demonstrators holding a sign which claimed, incorrectly, that the BBC had not reported on Jin Jing. The People's Daily quoted one protestor who claimed the "BBC on some of the recent events has misled the British public and the rest of the world by providing intensive untruthful reports and biased coverage."

Question: Who published "Overseas Chinese rally against biased media coverage" on April 20?
Answer: People's Daily

Question: Which publication published a report about the Chinese rallying against media bias?
Answer: People's Daily
2008_Summer_Olympics_torch_relay

On April 4, it was reported that the Chinese government appeared to be running an anti-CNN website that criticizes the cable network’s coverage of recent events. The site claims to have been created by a Beijing citizen. However, foreign correspondents in Beijing voiced suspicions that Anti-cnn may be a semi-government-made website. A Chinese government spokesman insisted the site was spontaneously set up by a Chinese citizen angered over media coverage.

Question: What was the Chinese government reported running on April 4?
Answer: an anti-CNN website

Question: Who supposedly created the site?
Answer: a Beijing citizen.

Question: Who takes credit for creating the site?
Answer: a Beijing citizen.

Question: Who felt that the government was involved in the website?
Answer: foreign correspondents
2008_Summer_Olympics_torch_relay

The Beijing Olympic Organizing Committee sent out a team of 30 unarmed attendants selected from the People's Armed Police to escort the flame throughout its journey. According to Asian Times, sworn in as the "Beijing Olympic Games Sacred Flame Protection Unit" during a ceremony in August 2007, their main job is to keep the Olympic flame alight throughout the journey and to assist in transferring the flame between the torches, the lanterns and the cauldrons. They wear matching blue tracksuits and are intended to accompany the torch every step of the way. One of the torch attendants, dubbed "Second Right Brother," has developed a significant online fan-base, particularly among China's female netizens.

Question: How many attendants accompanied the flame during it's travels?
Answer: 30

Question: When were the 30 team members sworn in?
Answer: August 2007

Question: What were their official team outfits?
Answer: matching blue tracksuits

Question: Which team member has his own fan following?
Answer: Second Right Brother

Question: How many attendants were used from the People's Armed Police for the flame's entire journey?
Answer: 30

Question: When were these 30 sworn in?
Answer: August 2007

Question: What did these 30 attendants wear?
Answer: blue tracksuits

Question: What is the attendant who has a large fan base called?
Answer: Second Right Brother
2008_Summer_Olympics_torch_relay

In China, a call to boycott French hypermart Carrefour from May 1 began spreading through mobile text messaging and online chat rooms amongst the Chinese over the weekend from April 12, accusing the company's major shareholder, the LVMH Group, of donating funds to the Dalai Lama. There were also calls to extend the boycott to include French luxury goods and cosmetic products. Chinese protesters organized boycotts of the French-owned retail chain Carrefour in major Chinese cities including Kunming, Hefei and Wuhan, accusing the French nation of pro-secessionist conspiracy and anti-Chinese racism. Some burned French flags, some added Swastika (due to its conotaions with Nazism) to the French flag, and spread short online messages calling for large protests in front of French consulates and embassy. Some shoppers who insisted on entering one of the Carrefour stores in Kunming were blocked by boycotters wielding large Chinese flags and hit by water bottles. Hundreds of people joined Anti-French rallies in Beijing, Wuhan, Hefei, Kunming and Qingdao, which quickly spread to other cities like Xi'an, Harbin and Jinan. Carrefour denied any support or involvement in the Tibetan issue, and had its staff in its Chinese stores wear uniforms emblazoned with the Chinese national flag and caps with Olympic insignia and as well as the words "Beijing 2008" to show its support for the games. The effort had to be ceased when the BOCOG deemed the use of official Olympic insignia as illegal and a violation of copyright.

Question: Which French company was boycotted?
Answer: Carrefour

Question: Carrefour was boycotted because of which shareholder?
Answer: LVMH Group

Question: Who was the LVMH Group accused of supporting?
Answer: the Dalai Lama

Question: What was burned during these boycotts?
Answer: the French flag

Question: Who was accused of helping the Dalai Lama?
Answer: LVMH Group

Question: Boycotters accused France of being pro-seccessionist and what?
Answer: anti-Chinese racism.
2008_Summer_Olympics_torch_relay

In response to the demonstrations, the Chinese government attempted to calm the situation, possibly fearing the protests may spiral out of control as has happened in recent years, including the anti-Japanese protests in 2005. State media and commentaries began to call for calm, such as an editorial in the People's Daily which urged Chinese people to "express [their] patriotic enthusiasm calmly and rationally, and express patriotic aspiration in an orderly and legal manner". The government also began to patrol and censor the internet forums such as Sohu.com, with comments related to the Carrefour boycott removed. In the days prior to the planned boycott, evidence of efforts by Chinese authorities to choke the mass boycott's efforts online became even more evident, including barring searches of words related to the French protests, but protests broke out nonetheless in front of Carrefour's stores at Beijing, Changsha, Fuzhou and Shenyang on May 1.

Question: The Chinese government tried to tamper the boycott, trying to avoid a similar outcome to which protests in 2005?
Answer: anti-Japanese protests

Question: Which newspaper urged citizens to protest peacefully?
Answer: People's Daily

Question: Which website had mentions of the Carrefour boycott removed by the government?
Answer: Sohu.com

Question: When did protests in front of Carrefour's stores occur in China?
Answer: May 1

Question: The Chinese government did not want a repeat of what protests?
Answer: the anti-Japanese protests in 2005.

Question: Which newspaper asked the Chinese people to protest peacefully?
Answer: People's Daily

Question: Who removed Carrefour boycott comments from some websites?
Answer: the Chinese government

Question: What day did protests occur in front of Carrefour stores?
Answer: May 1.
2008_Summer_Olympics_torch_relay

In Japan, the Mayor of Nagano, Shoichi Washizawa said that it has become a "great nuisance" for the city to host the torch relay prior to the Nagano leg. Washizawa's aides said the mayor's remark was not criticism about the relay itself but about the potential disruptions and confusion surrounding it.　A city employee of the Nagano City Office ridiculed the protests in Europe, he said "They are doing something foolish", in a televised interview. Nagano City officially apologized later and explained what he had wanted to say was "Such violent protests were not easy to accept". Also citing concerns about protests as well as the recent violence in Tibet, a major Buddhist temple in Nagano cancelled its plans to host the opening stage of the Olympic torch relay, this temple was vandalised by an un-identified person the day after in apparent revenge,

Question: Who was the mayor of Nagano?
Answer: Shoichi Washizawa

Question: How did Washizawa refer to the city having the torch relay?
Answer: great nuisance

Question: What was vandalized after a relay event was cancelled there?
Answer: a major Buddhist temple

Question: Who was the mayor of Nagano?
Answer: Shoichi Washizawa

Question: What did he call the opportunity for Nagano to host the torch event?
Answer: great nuisance

Question: Where was the inital opening ceremony to be held in Nagano?
Answer: a major Buddhist temple
2008_Summer_Olympics_torch_relay

The Olympic Flame is supposed to remain lit for the whole relay. When the Torch is extinguished at night, on airplanes, in bad weather, or during protests (such as the several occasions in Paris), the Olympic Flame is kept alight in a set of 8 lanterns.[citation needed]

Question: In what is the torch flame kept lit when the torch must be off?
Answer: lanterns.

Question: The torch is put out at night, on aircraft, during storms and what else?
Answer: during protests
2008_Summer_Olympics_torch_relay

Chinese media have also reported on Jin Jing, whom the official Chinese torch relay website described as "heroic" and an "angel", whereas Western media initially gave her little mention – despite a Chinese claim that "Chinese Paralympic athlete Jin Jing has garnered much attention from the media".

Question: Which athlete did the official website call an angel?
Answer: Jin Jing

Question: Which media outlets gave Jin Jing little notice?
Answer: Western media
2008_Summer_Olympics_torch_relay

Two additional teams of 40 attendants each will accompany the flame on its Mainland China route. This arrangement has however sparked several controversies.

Question: How many additional teams will help with the Mainland China route?
Answer: Two

Question: How many members are on each of these two teams?
Answer: 40
Genome

In modern molecular biology and genetics, the genome is the genetic material of an organism. It consists of DNA (or RNA in RNA viruses). The genome includes both the genes and the non-coding sequences of the DNA/RNA.

Question: In what fields of science is the genome studied?
Answer: molecular biology and genetics

Question: What is the content of the human genome?
Answer: DNA

Question: What constitutes the viral genome?
Answer: RNA

Question: How do scientists classify RNA as?

Question: What does a molecule contain?

Question: What is one thing that genes have?

Question: What is included in virus RNA?

Question: What fields study molecule formation?
Genome

The term was created in 1920 by Hans Winkler, professor of botany at the University of Hamburg, Germany. The Oxford Dictionary suggests the name to be a blend of the words gene and chromosome. However, see omics for a more thorough discussion. A few related -ome words already existed—such as biome, rhizome, forming a vocabulary into which genome fits systematically.

Question: Who coined the word genome?
Answer: Hans Winkler

Question: In what year was the word genome first created?
Answer: 1920

Question: At what university was Hans Winkler employed when he created the word genome?
Answer: University of Hamburg

Question: Which two similar words share etymology with genome?
Answer: biome, rhizome

Question: What word was created to be used in the study of botany in 1920?

Question: In what year was Hans Winkler hired in Oxford as professor of botany?

Question: How did the University of Hamburg in Germany suggest genome came about?

Question: What two other words were used as botany terms frequently at the University of Hamburg?

Question: What discussion about botany terms was taking place in 1920?
Genome

Some organisms have multiple copies of chromosomes: diploid, triploid, tetraploid and so on. In classical genetics, in a sexually reproducing organism (typically eukarya) the gamete has half the number of chromosomes of the somatic cell and the genome is a full set of chromosomes in a diploid cell. The halving of the genetic material in gametes is accomplished by the segregation of homologous chromosomes during meiosis. In haploid organisms, including cells of bacteria, archaea, and in organelles including mitochondria and chloroplasts, or viruses, that similarly contain genes, the single or set of circular or linear chains of DNA (or RNA for some viruses), likewise constitute the genome. The term genome can be applied specifically to mean what is stored on a complete set of nuclear DNA (i.e., the "nuclear genome") but can also be applied to what is stored within organelles that contain their own DNA, as with the "mitochondrial genome" or the "chloroplast genome". Additionally, the genome can comprise non-chromosomal genetic elements such as viruses, plasmids, and transposable elements.

Question: A gamate has how many chromosomes relative to a somatic cell?
Answer: half

Question: What process splits the chromosome between gametes?
Answer: meiosis

Question: What are two cellular organelles which contain genetic material?
Answer: mitochondria and chloroplasts

Question: What are examples of terms used to describe a virus type?

Question: How many chromosomes do the organelles have compared to the chloroplasts?

Question: How is halving genetic material in linear chains of DNA accomplished?

Question: What is one thing the term transposable elements can be applied to mean?

Question: What three non-chromosomal genetic elements can bacteria comprise?
Genome

When people say that the genome of a sexually reproducing species has been "sequenced", typically they are referring to a determination of the sequences of one set of autosomes and one of each type of sex chromosome, which together represent both of the possible sexes. Even in species that exist in only one sex, what is described as a "genome sequence" may be a composite read from the chromosomes of various individuals. Colloquially, the phrase "genetic makeup" is sometimes used to signify the genome of a particular individual or organism.[citation needed] The study of the global properties of genomes of related organisms is usually referred to as genomics, which distinguishes it from genetics which generally studies the properties of single genes or groups of genes.

Question: What is the science that deals with the common genetic characteristics of related organisms called?
Answer: genomics

Question: In contrast to genomics, genetics usually studies what?
Answer: single genes or groups of genes

Question: What is the catalog of contents of a particular species' genetic makeup?
Answer: sequenced

Question: In both sexes of a species what may a properties of genes be?

Question: What term is used to show how the sex chromosomes of a species are found?

Question: What is known as the study of autosomes of related organisms?

Question: What is known as the study of the properties of single or groups of sex chromosomes?

Question: What are people referring to when they say species exist in one sex?
Genome

Both the number of base pairs and the number of genes vary widely from one species to another, and there is only a rough correlation between the two (an observation known as the C-value paradox). At present, the highest known number of genes is around 60,000, for the protozoan causing trichomoniasis (see List of sequenced eukaryotic genomes), almost three times as many as in the human genome.

Question: What is the relation between the number of base pairs and total complement of genes in a species called?
Answer: C-value paradox

Question: Which organism has the most genes?
Answer: trichomoniasis

Question: How many genes is the trichomoniasis estimated to have?
Answer: 60,000

Question: Relative to the human genome, how many more genes does trichomoniasis have?
Answer: three times

Question: What is the highest known number of species?

Question: How many genes are in the human genome?

Question: What two things vary in the protozoan causing trichomoniasis?

Question: What is the relationship between base pairs and trichomoniasis?

Question: What is the relation between base pairs and the human genome called?
Genome

In 1976, Walter Fiers at the University of Ghent (Belgium) was the first to establish the complete nucleotide sequence of a viral RNA-genome (Bacteriophage MS2). The next year Fred Sanger completed the first DNA-genome sequence: Phage Φ-X174, of 5386 base pairs. The first complete genome sequences among all three domains of life were released within a short period during the mid-1990s: The first bacterial genome to be sequenced was that of Haemophilus influenzae, completed by a team at The Institute for Genomic Research in 1995. A few months later, the first eukaryotic genome was completed, with sequences of the 16 chromosomes of budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae published as the result of a European-led effort begun in the mid-1980s. The first genome sequence for an archaeon, Methanococcus jannaschii, was completed in 1996, again by The Institute for Genomic Research.

Question: Who was the first person to sequence a viral genome?
Answer: Walter Fiers

Question: Which viral genome did Fiers sequence?
Answer: Bacteriophage MS2

Question: Who was first to sequence a DNA-based genome?
Answer: Fred Sanger

Question: What organization first sequenced a bacterial genome?
Answer: Institute for Genomic Research

Question: In what year was the archaeon genome sequenced?
Answer: 1996

Question: In what year did Fred Sanger first establish the complete nucleotide sequence of  a viral RNA genome?

Question: When was The Institute for Genome Research founded?

Question: What did Walter Fiers complete in 1996?

Question: What did Fred Sanger complete when part of a team in 1995?

Question: What was the name of the first bacterial genome sequenced by Fred Sanger in 1995?
Genome

The development of new technologies has made it dramatically easier and cheaper to do sequencing, and the number of complete genome sequences is growing rapidly. The US National Institutes of Health maintains one of several comprehensive databases of genomic information. Among the thousands of completed genome sequencing projects include those for rice, a mouse, the plant Arabidopsis thaliana, the puffer fish, and the bacteria E. coli. In December 2013, scientists first sequenced the entire genome of a Neanderthal, an extinct species of humans. The genome was extracted from the toe bone of a 130,000-year-old Neanderthal found in a Siberian cave.

Question: Which U.S. government agency keeps a large amount of information on genomes?
Answer: US National Institutes of Health

Question: What is a mammal whose genome has been sequenced?
Answer: mouse

Question: What is a fish whose genome has been sequenced?
Answer: puffer fish

Question: When was the Neanderthal's genome sequenced?
Answer: December 2013

Question: How old in years was the material that was used to sequence the Neanderthal genome?
Answer: 130,000

Question: What has extracting genes from a Neanderthal made it easier for scientists to do?

Question: What is happening with the knowledge gained from sequencing a mouse?

Question: What have scientists been maintaining since 2013?

Question: Where has the bacteria E. coli been found to be sequenced?

Question: How old was the material used to sequence the Arabidopsis thaliana genome?
Genome

New sequencing technologies, such as massive parallel sequencing have also opened up the prospect of personal genome sequencing as a diagnostic tool, as pioneered by Manteia Predictive Medicine. A major step toward that goal was the completion in 2007 of the full genome of James D. Watson, one of the co-discoverers of the structure of DNA.

Question: What is a recent development in sequencing methods?
Answer: massive parallel sequencing

Question: Which company has led the way in sequencing of individual genetic makeup?
Answer: Manteia Predictive Medicine

Question: Whose complete genetic information was recorded in 2007?
Answer: James D. Watson

Question: What is Watson famous for helping discover?
Answer: the structure of DNA

Question: What is Manteia Predictive Medicine famous for discovering?

Question: What technology did James D. Watson develop to sequence individual DNA?

Question: What has James D. Watson recently develop that may lead to personal genome sequencing?

Question: What did Manteia Predictive Medicine help discover the structure of in 2007?

Question: Who pioneered using the DNA structure as a diagnostic tool?
Genome

Whereas a genome sequence lists the order of every DNA base in a genome, a genome map identifies the landmarks. A genome map is less detailed than a genome sequence and aids in navigating around the genome. The Human Genome Project was organized to map and to sequence the human genome. A fundamental step in the project was the release of a detailed genomic map by Jean Weissenbach and his team at the Genoscope in Paris.

Question: What is the term for something that lists the important and notable parts of a genome?
Answer: genome map

Question: Which group was created to generate a genome map of human genetic material?
Answer: The Human Genome Project

Question: Whose genome map greatly aided the Human Genome Project?
Answer: Jean Weissenbach

Question: Where did Weissenbach and his colleagues work?
Answer: Genoscope

Question: What does a genome map list the order of?

Question: What does a genome sequence identify?

Question: What is a Genoscope less detailed than?

Question: What does a Genoscope help a scientist do?

Question: Why was the Genoscope created?
Genome

Genome composition is used to describe the make up of contents of a haploid genome, which should include genome size, proportions of non-repetitive DNA and repetitive DNA in details. By comparing the genome compositions between genomes, scientists can better understand the evolutionary history of a given genome.

Question: What is the term that accounts for the constituents of the haploid genome?
Answer: Genome composition

Question: What aspect of a genome can genome compositions help researchers in learning about?
Answer: evolutionary history

Question: What is the history of a genome used for?

Question: What should be included in the history of a genome?

Question: What can scientists learn by comparing repetitive DNA and genome size?

Question: What term is used to describe the history of DNA?

Question: By comparing repetitive DNA, what can scientists understand the history of?
Genome

When talking about genome composition, one should distinguish between prokaryotes and eukaryotes as the big differences on contents structure they have. In prokaryotes, most of the genome (85–90%) is non-repetitive DNA, which means coding DNA mainly forms it, while non-coding regions only take a small part. On the contrary, eukaryotes have the feature of exon-intron organization of protein coding genes; the variation of repetitive DNA content in eukaryotes is also extremely high. In mammals and plants, the major part of the genome is composed of repetitive DNA.

Question: What two types of organisms have remarkable differences in their genomic composition?
Answer: prokaryotes and eukaryotes

Question: What type of organizing can be observed in eukaryote genomes?
Answer: exon-intron

Question: In what types of eukaryotes is there a large amount of non-coding DNA?
Answer: mammals and plants

Question: What should you distinguish between when talking about gene coding?

Question: How much of the genome is non-repetitive DNA in eukaryotes?

Question: What is a major part of contents structure made of in non-coding regions?

Question: What organization feature do prokaryotes have?

Question: What area do mammals and plants have differences in?
Genome

Most biological entities that are more complex than a virus sometimes or always carry additional genetic material besides that which resides in their chromosomes. In some contexts, such as sequencing the genome of a pathogenic microbe, "genome" is meant to include information stored on this auxiliary material, which is carried in plasmids. In such circumstances then, "genome" describes all of the genes and information on non-coding DNA that have the potential to be present.

Question: What is an example of an organism that has a portion of its genetic material outside of its chromosomes?
Answer: pathogenic microbe

Question: What is an example of an organism whose full complement of genetic material resides in its chromosomes?
Answer: virus

Question: Where is additional genetic material found in pathogenic microbes?
Answer: plasmids

Question: What do viruses always carry within their structure?

Question: Where is additional genetic material found in a virus?

Question: What is another word used for genome?

Question: What organism has part of its genetic material inside a virus?

Question: What do most viruses more complex than plasmids carry?
Genome

In eukaryotes such as plants, protozoa and animals, however, "genome" carries the typical connotation of only information on chromosomal DNA. So although these organisms contain chloroplasts or mitochondria that have their own DNA, the genetic information contained by DNA within these organelles is not considered part of the genome. In fact, mitochondria are sometimes said to have their own genome often referred to as the "mitochondrial genome". The DNA found within the chloroplast may be referred to as the "plastome".

Question: What are examples of classes of eukaryotes where genome only refers to the information found in chromosomes?
Answer: plants, protozoa and animals

Question: What is a name for the genetic material found within chloroplasts?
Answer: plastome

Question: What is a name for the genetic makeup of mitochondria?
Answer: mitochondrial genome

Question: What are the eukaryotes found in the mitochondria called?

Question: What are examples of chloroplasts?

Question: What does genome mean when referring to eukaryotes such as mitochondria?

Question: What is not considered as part of the plastome?

Question: What do chloroplasts have that is referred to as the mitochondrial genome?
Genome

Genome size is the total number of DNA base pairs in one copy of a haploid genome. The genome size is positively correlated with the morphological complexity among prokaryotes and lower eukaryotes; however, after mollusks and all the other higher eukaryotes above, this correlation is no longer effective. This phenomenon also indicates the mighty influence coming from repetitive DNA act on the genomes.

Question: What is the name for the count of all DNA base pairs in a single haploid genome?
Answer: Genome size

Question: What does genome size have a direct relationship with in prokaryotes and lower eukaryotes?
Answer: morphological complexity

Question: What accounts for the breakdown of the relation between genome size and morphological complexity in higher eukaryotes?
Answer: repetitive DNA

Question: What is the term for the total DNA base pairs in one lower eukaryote?

Question: What kind of relationship do copies of a haploid genome have with mollusks that isn't effective?

Question: What has a strong influence on DNA base pairs?

Question: What does a haploid genome have strong influence on?

Question: How many base pairs are in mollusks?
Genome

Since genomes are very complex, one research strategy is to reduce the number of genes in a genome to the bare minimum and still have the organism in question survive. There is experimental work being done on minimal genomes for single cell organisms as well as minimal genomes for multi-cellular organisms (see Developmental biology). The work is both in vivo and in silico.

Question: What is a name for the reduced complement of genetic material necessary for an organism to live?
Answer: minimal genomes

Question: In what experimental contexts are experiments being carried out on minimal genomes?
Answer: in vivo and in silico

Question: What is a research strategy to understand silico?

Question: What is being done on single cell silico?

Question: In what two ways are experiments being carried out to understand how genes survive?

Question: What do scientists want a silico to do in the experiment?

Question: What are scientists studying to understand how they survive a reduction in silico?
Genome

The proportion of non-repetitive DNA is calculated by using the length of non-repetitive DNA divided by genome size. Protein-coding genes and RNA-coding genes are generally non-repetitive DNA. A bigger genome does not mean more genes, and the proportion of non-repetitive DNA decreases along with increasing genome size in higher eukaryotes.

Question: What are two types of non-repetitive DNA?
Answer: Protein-coding genes and RNA-coding genes

Question: In higher eukaryotes, what has an inverse relationship with genome size?
Answer: proportion of non-repetitive DNA

Question: What is the size of non-repetitive DNA divided by to get the proportion of non-repetitive DNA?
Answer: genome size

Question: How is protein coding calculated?

Question: What are two examples of higher eukaryotes?

Question: What does having more protein coding genes not mean?

Question: What decreases if RNA coding genes are increased?

Question: What is the number of protein-coding genes divided by to get the proportion of non-repetitive DNA?
Genome

It had been found that the proportion of non-repetitive DNA can vary a lot between species. Some E. coli as prokaryotes only have non-repetitive DNA, lower eukaryotes such as C. elegans and fruit fly, still possess more non-repetitive DNA than repetitive DNA. Higher eukaryotes tend to have more repetitive DNA than non-repetitive ones. In some plants and amphibians, the proportion of non-repetitive DNA is no more than 20%, becoming a minority component.

Question: What is an example of an organism which does not contain any repetitive DNA?
Answer: E. coli

Question: What are two organisms that have more non-repetitive than repetitive DNA?
Answer: C. elegans and fruit fly

Question: What is the percentage of non-repetitive DNA in some plant and amphibian genomes?
Answer: 20%

Question: What is the percentage of non-repetitive DNA in E. coli?

Question: What one kind of DNA do fruit flies only have?

Question: What does E. coli tend to have more of than non-repetitive DNA?

Question: What is a minority component in E. coli?

Question: What do some plants and amphibians only have?
Genome

The proportion of repetitive DNA is calculated by using length of repetitive DNA divide by genome size. There are two categories of repetitive DNA in genome: tandem repeats and interspersed repeats.

Question: What are two types of repetitive DNA found in genomes?
Answer: tandem repeats and interspersed repeats

Question: What is found by dividing size of repetitive DNA by length of total genome?
Answer: proportion of repetitive DNA

Question: What are two examples of genome size?

Question: What do you use to calculate genome size?

Question: How do you calculate tandem repeats?

Question: What are interspersed repeats divided by to get the proportion of repetitive DNA?

Question: What do you get when dividing tandem repeats by interspersed repeats?
Genome

Tandem repeats are usually caused by slippage during replication, unequal crossing-over and gene conversion, satellite DNA and microsatellites are forms of tandem repeats in the genome. Although tandem repeats count for a significant proportion in genome, the largest proportion in mammalian is the other type, interspersed repeats.

Question: Unequal crossing over can create what type of repetitive DNA?
Answer: Tandem repeats

Question: What are two examples of tandem repeats in DNA?
Answer: satellite DNA and microsatellites

Question: What is the most common type of repetitive DNA in mammals?
Answer: interspersed repeats.

Question: In what group are tandem repeats in the largest number?

Question: What causes interspersed repeats?

Question: What are two examples of interspersed repeats?

Question: How much satellite DNA is found in the genome?

Question: What is gene conversion caused by?
Genome

Interspersed repeats mainly come from transposable elements (TEs), but they also include some protein coding gene families and pseudogenes. Transposable elements are able to integrate into the genome at another site within the cell. It is believed that TEs are an important driving force on genome evolution of higher eukaryotes. TEs can be classified into two categories, Class 1 (retrotransposons) and Class 2 (DNA transposons).

Question: What is the main source of interspersed repeats?
Answer: Transposable elements

Question: What do researchers think transposable elements are key factors in when considering higher eukaryotes?
Answer: genome evolution

Question: What are the constituents of Class 1 transposable elements?
Answer: retrotransposons

Question: What are the constituents of Class 2 transposable elements?
Answer: DNA transposons

Question: How are pseudogenes classified?

Question: What two categories are pseudogenes classified into?

Question: Where do cells mainly come from?

Question: What do cells also include?

Question: What are pseudogenes able to do within the cell?
Genome

Retrotransposons can be transcribed into RNA, which are then duplicated at another site into the genome. Retrotransposons can be divided into Long terminal repeats (LTRs) and Non-Long Terminal Repeats (Non-LTR).

Question: What kind of genetic material can be produced from retrotransposons?
Answer: RNA

Question: What can long terminal repeats produce?

Question: What happens when long terminal repeats are transcribed into RNA?

Question: What is one thing RNA can be divided into?

Question: What can the genome also be divided into?

Question: Where are Long terminal repeats duplicated?
Genome

DNA transposons generally move by "cut and paste" in the genome, but duplication has also been observed. Class 2 TEs do not use RNA as intermediate and are popular in bacteria, in metazoan it has also been found.

Question: What is a term that can describe how DNA transposons move?
Answer: cut and paste

Question: DNA transposons do not use which genetic material used by Class 1 TEs?
Answer: RNA

Question: What term describes how duplication happens in the genome?

Question: What do genome not use as intermediate?

Question: What helps metozoan move?

Question: In what organism is duplication popular?

Question: What does cut and paste help metazoan do?
Genome

Genomes are more than the sum of an organism's genes and have traits that may be measured and studied without reference to the details of any particular genes and their products. Researchers compare traits such as chromosome number (karyotype), genome size, gene order, codon usage bias, and GC-content to determine what mechanisms could have produced the great variety of genomes that exist today (for recent overviews, see Brown 2002; Saccone and Pesole 2003; Benfey and Protopapas 2004; Gibson and Muse 2004; Reese 2004; Gregory 2005).

Question: What is another word for the total count of chromosomes?
Answer: karyotype

Question: Aside from karyotype, what are other genomic traits studied by scientists?
Answer: genome size, gene order, codon usage bias, and GC-content

Question: What were other traits besides karyotype studied by Brown in 2002?

Question: What is another word for gene order?

Question: What does GC-content have that can be measured?

Question: Why do researchers calculate the sum of an organisms genes?

Question: What are two things that Reese studied about karyotype in 2004?