Divyanshu67/squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
Vacuum

QED vacuum has interesting and complex properties. In QED vacuum, the electric and magnetic fields have zero average values, but their variances are not zero. As a result, QED vacuum contains vacuum fluctuations (virtual particles that hop into and out of existence), and a finite energy called vacuum energy. Vacuum fluctuations are an essential and ubiquitous part of quantum field theory. Some experimentally verified effects of vacuum fluctuations include spontaneous emission and the Lamb shift. Coulomb's law and the electric potential in vacuum near an electric charge are modified.

Question: When are electric and magnetic fields with zero average values, but their variances are not at zero?
Answer: In QED vacuum

Question: What is a verified effect of vacuum fluctuation?
Answer: spontaneous emission

Question: what is  vacuum fluctuation?
Answer: virtual particles that hop into and out of existence

Question: Finite energy in a QED is called what?
Answer: vacuum energy

Question: What modifies can Coulomb's Law in a vacuum?
Answer: vacuum near an electric charge

Question: What part of quantum field theory are electric and magnetic fields?

Question: What kind of properties does Coulomb's law have?

Question: What values does vacuum energy have under Coulomb's law?

Question: What are the variances of vacuum energy according to Coulomb's law?

Question: What do particles defined in Colombo's law do?
Vacuum

Stars, planets, and moons keep their atmospheres by gravitational attraction, and as such, atmospheres have no clearly delineated boundary: the density of atmospheric gas simply decreases with distance from the object. The Earth's atmospheric pressure drops to about 6998320000000000000♠3.2×10−2 Pa at 100 kilometres (62 mi) of altitude, the Kármán line, which is a common definition of the boundary with outer space. Beyond this line, isotropic gas pressure rapidly becomes insignificant when compared to radiation pressure from the Sun and the dynamic pressure of the solar winds, so the definition of pressure becomes difficult to interpret. The thermosphere in this range has large gradients of pressure, temperature and composition, and varies greatly due to space weather. Astrophysicists prefer to use number density to describe these environments, in units of particles per cubic centimetre.

Question: `Why does thermosphere past the Karman line vary so greatly?
Answer: due to space weather

Question: What is commonly known as the boundary of outer space?
Answer: the Kármán line

Question: What do Astrophysicists use to describe outer space beyond the karman line?
Answer: number density

Question: What is more significant than isotropic gas pressure past the Karman line?
Answer: radiation pressure from the Sun and the dynamic pressure of the solar winds

Question: What is commonly known as the boundary of the Sun?

Question: What do astrophysicists use to describe sun radiation?

Question: In what units do astrophysicists use to describe sun radiation?

Question: What does the Sun's atmospheric pressure drop to at 100 km of altitude?

Question: What becomes insidgnificant when it reaches the surface of the moon?
Vacuum

Vacuum is useful in a variety of processes and devices. Its first widespread use was in the incandescent light bulb to protect the filament from chemical degradation. The chemical inertness produced by a vacuum is also useful for electron beam welding, cold welding, vacuum packing and vacuum frying. Ultra-high vacuum is used in the study of atomically clean substrates, as only a very good vacuum preserves atomic-scale clean surfaces for a reasonably long time (on the order of minutes to days). High to ultra-high vacuum removes the obstruction of air, allowing particle beams to deposit or remove materials without contamination. This is the principle behind chemical vapor deposition, physical vapor deposition, and dry etching which are essential to the fabrication of semiconductors and optical coatings, and to surface science. The reduction of convection provides the thermal insulation of thermos bottles. Deep vacuum lowers the boiling point of liquids and promotes low temperature outgassing which is used in freeze drying, adhesive preparation, distillation, metallurgy, and process purging. The electrical properties of vacuum make electron microscopes and vacuum tubes possible, including cathode ray tubes. The elimination of air friction is useful for flywheel energy storage and ultracentrifuges.

Question: What was the object to use first in widespread manner process of vacuum?
Answer: incandescent light bulb

Question: What is produced by a vacuum and used in electron beam welding and vacuum frying?
Answer: chemical inertness

Question: Hight to ultra-high vacuums removes what obstruction?
Answer: obstruction of air,

Question: How does freeze drying, distillation and metallurgy benefit from a deep vacuum?
Answer: Deep vacuum lowers the boiling point of liquids and promotes low temperature outgassing

Question: What are two things made possible by the electrical properties of vacuum?
Answer: electron microscopes and vacuum tubes

Question: What three things are light bulbs useful for?

Question: What are lightbulbs used to study?

Question: What do lightbulbs allow particle beams to do without contamination?

Question: What method of preserving food is dependant on using lightbulbs?

Question: What are lightbulbs able to lower the boiling point of?
Vacuum

Evaporation and sublimation into a vacuum is called outgassing. All materials, solid or liquid, have a small vapour pressure, and their outgassing becomes important when the vacuum pressure falls below this vapour pressure. In man-made systems, outgassing has the same effect as a leak and can limit the achievable vacuum. Outgassing products may condense on nearby colder surfaces, which can be troublesome if they obscure optical instruments or react with other materials. This is of great concern to space missions, where an obscured telescope or solar cell can ruin an expensive mission.

Question: what is evaporation and sublimation in a vacuum?
Answer: outgassing

Question: When does outgassing become important in all solid or liquid materials?
Answer: vacuum pressure falls below this vapour pressure

Question: Why can outgassing products ruin a space mission?
Answer: obscure optical instruments

Question: What does liquid have the same effect as in a telescope?

Question: What can solar cells limit the achievement of?

Question: On what kind of surfaces can space missions happen?

Question: What is the cost of a telescope for a space mission?

Question: What is a solid touching a cold surface called?
Vacuum

To continue evacuating a chamber indefinitely without requiring infinite growth, a compartment of the vacuum can be repeatedly closed off, exhausted, and expanded again. This is the principle behind positive displacement pumps, like the manual water pump for example. Inside the pump, a mechanism expands a small sealed cavity to create a vacuum. Because of the pressure differential, some fluid from the chamber (or the well, in our example) is pushed into the pump's small cavity. The pump's cavity is then sealed from the chamber, opened to the atmosphere, and squeezed back to a minute size.

Question: Repeatedly closing off a compartment of a vacuum allows what?
Answer: continue evacuating a chamber indefinitely without requiring infinite growth

Question: How is a vacuum created inside of a manual water pump?
Answer: a mechanism expands a small sealed cavity

Question: Why is fluid in a manual pump pushed into the pumps cavity when a small sealed cavity is expanded?
Answer: Because of the pressure differential

Question: What are pumps based off principle of sealed compartment pulling,pushing and expanding called?
Answer: displacement pumps

Question: What does repeatedly putting water into the atmosphere manually allow?

Question: How is a vacuum created in the atmosphere?

Question: What kind of growth happens when fluid enters the atmosphere?

Question: What expands outside the pump?

Question: What size is the vacuum in the pump?
Vacuum

The above explanation is merely a simple introduction to vacuum pumping, and is not representative of the entire range of pumps in use. Many variations of the positive displacement pump have been developed, and many other pump designs rely on fundamentally different principles. Momentum transfer pumps, which bear some similarities to dynamic pumps used at higher pressures, can achieve much higher quality vacuums than positive displacement pumps. Entrapment pumps can capture gases in a solid or absorbed state, often with no moving parts, no seals and no vibration. None of these pumps are universal; each type has important performance limitations. They all share a difficulty in pumping low molecular weight gases, especially hydrogen, helium, and neon.

Question: What pump can capture gases in a solid or absorbed state?
Answer: Entrapment pumps

Question: Entrapment pumps often work without seals, moving parts and what else?
Answer: no vibration.

Question: What pump has a higher quality vacuum than a positive displacement pump?
Answer: Momentum transfer pumps

Question: What can positive displacement pumps achieve more than entrapment pumps?

Question: What can momentum transfer pumps capture?

Question: Dynamic pumps often work without moving parts, seals and what?

Question: What are entrapment pumps usually considered above all of the others?

Question: What other pump do entrapment pumps have similarities to?
Vacuum

The lowest pressure that can be attained in a system is also dependent on many things other than the nature of the pumps. Multiple pumps may be connected in series, called stages, to achieve higher vacuums. The choice of seals, chamber geometry, materials, and pump-down procedures will all have an impact. Collectively, these are called vacuum technique. And sometimes, the final pressure is not the only relevant characteristic. Pumping systems differ in oil contamination, vibration, preferential pumping of certain gases, pump-down speeds, intermittent duty cycle, reliability, or tolerance to high leakage rates.

Question: When multiple pumps are connected in series to produce higher vacuum it is called what?
Answer: stages

Question: The choice of seals, or chamber geometry ,for example impact a pump. Together these are options are called what?
Answer: vacuum technique

Question: What are two other relevant characteristics of a pumping system along with final pressure?
Answer: oil contamination, vibration

Question: How can chamber geometry be connected?

Question: What can oil contamination be dependent on instead of pump nature?

Question: How do leakage rates usually happen?

Question: What do certain gases usually help a pump achieve?

Question: What are two other characteristics of a seal?
Han_dynasty

The Han dynasty (Chinese: 漢朝; pinyin: Hàn cháo) was the second imperial dynasty of China, preceded by the Qin dynasty (221–207 BC) and succeeded by the Three Kingdoms period (220–280 AD). Spanning over four centuries, the Han period is considered a golden age in Chinese history. To this day, China's majority ethnic group refers to itself as the "Han people" and the Chinese script is referred to as "Han characters". It was founded by the rebel leader Liu Bang, known posthumously as Emperor Gaozu of Han, and briefly interrupted by the Xin dynasty (9–23 AD) of the former regent Wang Mang. This interregnum separates the Han dynasty into two periods: the Western Han or Former Han (206 BC – 9 AD) and the Eastern Han or Later Han (25–220 AD).

Question: What period followed the Han dynasty?
Answer: Three Kingdoms

Question: What dynasty came before the Han dynasty?
Answer: Qin

Question: Who founded the Han dynasty?
Answer: Liu Bang

Question: When did the Former Han period begin?
Answer: 206 BC

Question: When did the Later Han period end?
Answer: 220 AD
Han_dynasty

The emperor was at the pinnacle of Han society. He presided over the Han government but shared power with both the nobility and appointed ministers who came largely from the scholarly gentry class. The Han Empire was divided into areas directly controlled by the central government using an innovation inherited from the Qin known as commanderies, and a number of semi-autonomous kingdoms. These kingdoms gradually lost all vestiges of their independence, particularly following the Rebellion of the Seven States. From the reign of Emperor Wu onward, the Chinese court officially sponsored Confucianism in education and court politics, synthesized with the cosmology of later scholars such as Dong Zhongshu. This policy endured until the fall of the Qing dynasty in AD 1911.

Question: When did the Qing dynasty fall?
Answer: AD 1911

Question: What innovation was acquired from the Qin?
Answer: commanderies

Question: What philosphy in education was sanctioned by the Chinese court?
Answer: Confucianism

Question: What was an attributing factor that caused kingdoms to lose their Independence during the Han dynasty?
Answer: the Rebellion of the Seven States

Question: What class did a majority of appointed ministers come from during the Han dynasty?
Answer: scholarly gentry
Han_dynasty

The Han dynasty was an age of economic prosperity and saw a significant growth of the money economy first established during the Zhou dynasty (c. 1050–256 BC). The coinage issued by the central government mint in 119 BC remained the standard coinage of China until the Tang dynasty (618–907 AD). The period saw a number of limited institutional innovations. To pay for its military campaigns and the settlement of newly conquered frontier territories, the government nationalized the private salt and iron industries in 117 BC, but these government monopolies were repealed during the Eastern Han period. Science and technology during the Han period saw significant advances, including papermaking, the nautical steering rudder, the use of negative numbers in mathematics, the raised-relief map, the hydraulic-powered armillary sphere for astronomy, and a seismometer employing an inverted pendulum.

Question: In what year did the central government issue coins?
Answer: 119 BC

Question: What industry did the government use to help pay for its military campaigns?
Answer: iron

Question: In what period did several government monopolies become repealed?
Answer: Eastern Han

Question: A money based economy was first entrenched in what dynasty?
Answer: Zhou

Question: A seismometer during the Han dynasty used what type of pendulum?
Answer: inverted
Han_dynasty

The Xiongnu, a nomadic steppe confederation, defeated the Han in 200 BC and forced the Han to submit as a de facto inferior partner, but continued their raids on the Han borders. Emperor Wu of Han (r. 141–87 BC) launched several military campaigns against them. The ultimate Han victory in these wars eventually forced the Xiongnu to accept vassal status as Han tributaries. These campaigns expanded Han sovereignty into the Tarim Basin of Central Asia, divided the Xiongnu into two separate confederations, and helped establish the vast trade network known as the Silk Road, which reached as far as the Mediterranean world. The territories north of Han's borders were quickly overrun by the nomadic Xianbei confederation. Emperor Wu also launched successful military expeditions in the south, annexing Nanyue in 111 BC and Dian in 109 BC, and in the Korean Peninsula where the Xuantu and Lelang Commanderies were established in 108 BC.

Question: Which confederation defeated the Han in 200 BC?
Answer: The Xiongnu

Question: What type of campaign helped establish the Silk Road?
Answer: military

Question: In what year was Nanyue annexed?
Answer: 111 BC

Question: Which confederation conquered the territories north of the Han's border?
Answer: Xianbei

Question: In what year did Emperor Wu of Han's reign end?
Answer: 87 BC
Han_dynasty

After 92 AD, the palace eunuchs increasingly involved themselves in court politics, engaging in violent power struggles between the various consort clans of the empresses and empress dowagers, causing the Han's ultimate downfall. Imperial authority was also seriously challenged by large Daoist religious societies which instigated the Yellow Turban Rebellion and the Five Pecks of Rice Rebellion. Following the death of Emperor Ling (r. 168–189 AD), the palace eunuchs suffered wholesale massacre by military officers, allowing members of the aristocracy and military governors to become warlords and divide the empire. When Cao Pi, King of Wei, usurped the throne from Emperor Xian, the Han dynasty ceased to exist.

Question: Which religious societies instigated the Yellow Turban Rebellion?
Answer: Daoist

Question: Who killed the palace eunichs after the death of Emperor Ling?
Answer: military officers

Question: Which King took the seat of power from Emperor Xian?
Answer: Cao Pi

Question: Who was the last Emperor of the Han dynasty?
Answer: Xian

Question: In what year did Emperor Ling die?
Answer: 189 AD
Han_dynasty

China's first imperial dynasty was the Qin dynasty (221–206 BC). The Qin unified the Chinese Warring States by conquest, but their empire became unstable after the death of the first emperor Qin Shi Huangdi. Within four years, the dynasty's authority had collapsed in the face of rebellion. Two former rebel leaders, Xiang Yu (d. 202 BC) of Chu and Liu Bang (d. 195 BC) of Han, engaged in a war to decide who would become hegemon of China, which had fissured into 18 kingdoms, each claiming allegiance to either Xiang Yu or Liu Bang. Although Xiang Yu proved to be a capable commander, Liu Bang defeated him at Battle of Gaixia (202 BC), in modern-day Anhui. Liu Bang assumed the title "emperor" (huangdi) at the urging of his followers and is known posthumously as Emperor Gaozu (r. 202–195 BC). Chang'an was chosen as the new capital of the reunified empire under Han.

Question: With what action did the Qin bring together the Chinese Warring States?
Answer: conquest

Question: Which commander did Liu Bang defeat in the Battle of Gaixia?
Answer: Xiang Yu

Question: Who was the first emperor during the Qin dynasty?
Answer: Qin Shi Huangdi

Question: What ultimately caused the Qin dynasty's authority to be dissolved?
Answer: rebellion

Question: Who urged Liu Bang to become emperor?
Answer: his followers
Han_dynasty

At the beginning of the Western Han dynasty, thirteen centrally controlled commanderies—including the capital region—existed in the western third of the empire, while the eastern two-thirds were divided into ten semi-autonomous kingdoms. To placate his prominent commanders from the war with Chu, Emperor Gaozu enfeoffed some of them as kings. By 157 BC, the Han court had replaced all of these kings with royal Liu family members, since the loyalty of non-relatives to the throne was questioned. After several insurrections by Han kings—the largest being the Rebellion of the Seven States in 154 BC—the imperial court enacted a series of reforms beginning in 145 BC limiting the size and power of these kingdoms and dividing their former territories into new centrally controlled commanderies. Kings were no longer able to appoint their own staff; this duty was assumed by the imperial court. Kings became nominal heads of their fiefs and collected a portion of tax revenues as their personal incomes. The kingdoms were never entirely abolished and existed throughout the remainder of Western and Eastern Han.

Question: How many commanderies were in the western third of the empire?
Answer: thirteen

Question: Who could appoint staff to the kings?
Answer: imperial court

Question: When was the Rebellion of the Seven States?
Answer: 154 BC

Question: From what source did kings derive their personal income from?
Answer: tax revenues

Question: The Han court replaced several kings with members of what royal family?
Answer: Liu
Han_dynasty

To the north of China proper, the nomadic Xiongnu chieftain Modu Chanyu (r. 209–174 BC) conquered various tribes inhabiting the eastern portion of the Eurasian Steppe. By the end of his reign, he controlled Manchuria, Mongolia, and the Tarim Basin, subjugating over twenty states east of Samarkand. Emperor Gaozu was troubled about the abundant Han-manufactured iron weapons traded to the Xiongnu along the northern borders, and he established a trade embargo against the group. Although the embargo was in place, the Xiongnu found traders willing to supply their needs. Chinese forces also mounted surprise attacks against Xiongnu who traded at the border markets. In retaliation, the Xiongnu invaded what is now Shanxi province, where they defeated the Han forces at Baideng in 200 BC. After negotiations, the heqin agreement in 198 BC nominally held the leaders of the Xiongnu and the Han as equal partners in a royal marriage alliance, but the Han were forced to send large amounts of tribute items such as silk clothes, food, and wine to the Xiongnu.

Question: Who was the chieftain of the Xiongnu?
Answer: Modu Chanyu

Question: What group had a trade embargo created against them?
Answer: the Xiongnu

Question: In what year were Han forces defeated in Baideng?
Answer: 200 BC

Question: What agreement established equality between the Xiongnu and the Han?
Answer: heqin

Question: What type of clothing were sent as a tribute to the Xiongnu?
Answer: silk clothes
Han_dynasty

Despite the tribute and a negotiation between Laoshang Chanyu (r. 174–160 BC) and Emperor Wen (r. 180–157 BC) to reopen border markets, many of the Chanyu's Xiongnu subordinates chose not to obey the treaty and periodically raided Han territories south of the Great Wall for additional goods. In a court conference assembled by Emperor Wu (r. 141–87 BC) in 135 BC, the majority consensus of the ministers was to retain the heqin agreement. Emperor Wu accepted this, despite continuing Xiongnu raids. However, a court conference the following year convinced the majority that a limited engagement at Mayi involving the assassination of the Chanyu would throw the Xiongnu realm into chaos and benefit the Han. When this plot failed in 133 BC, Emperor Wu launched a series of massive military invasions into Xiongnu territory. Chinese armies captured one stronghold after another and established agricultural colonies to strengthen their hold. The assault culminated in 119 BC at the Battle of Mobei, where the Han commanders Huo Qubing (d. 117 BC) and Wei Qing (d. 106 BC) forced the Xiongnu court to flee north of the Gobi Desert.

Question: The heqin agreement was reaffirmed by a court conference in what year?
Answer: 135 BC

Question: In what year did Emperor Wu begin a series of attacks in Xiongnu territories?
Answer: 133 BC

Question: What type of colony did Chinese armies use to help firm their hold on the strongholds that they had taken over?
Answer: agricultural

Question: In what year did the Battle of Mobei take place?
Answer: 119 BC

Question: Which Han commander died in the year 106 BC?
Answer: Wei Qing
Han_dynasty

In 121 BC, Han forces expelled the Xiongnu from a vast territory spanning the Hexi Corridor to Lop Nur. They repelled a joint Xiongnu-Qiang invasion of this northwestern territory in 111 BC. In that year, the Han court established four new frontier commanderies in this region: Jiuquan, Zhangyi, Dunhuang, and Wuwei. The majority of people on the frontier were soldiers. On occasion, the court forcibly moved peasant farmers to new frontier settlements, along with government-owned slaves and convicts who performed hard labor. The court also encouraged commoners, such as farmers, merchants, landowners, and hired laborers, to voluntarily migrate to the frontier.

Question: Who made up a majority of the people on the frontier?
Answer: soldiers

Question: Who forced peasant farmers to move to new settlements?
Answer: the court

Question: In what year did Han forces stop a joint Xiongnu-Qiang invasion?
Answer: 111 BC

Question: Where were landowners encouraged to migrate willingly to?
Answer: the frontier

Question: How many commanderies in the new frontier were created by the Han court in the year 111 BC?
Answer: four
Han_dynasty

Even before Han's expansion into Central Asia, diplomat Zhang Qian's travels from 139 to 125 BC had established Chinese contacts with many surrounding civilizations. Zhang encountered Dayuan (Fergana), Kangju (Sogdiana), and Daxia (Bactria, formerly the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom); he also gathered information on Shendu (Indus River valley of North India) and Anxi (the Parthian Empire). All of these countries eventually received Han embassies. These connections marked the beginning of the Silk Road trade network that extended to the Roman Empire, bringing Han items like silk to Rome and Roman goods such as glasswares to China.

Question: What type of Roman item was traded on the Silk Road network?
Answer: glasswares

Question: Which diplomat helped gather information on the country of Anxi?
Answer: Zhang Qian

Question: When did Zhang Qian end his travels?
Answer: 125 BC

Question: Which network was used to exchange goods with Rome?
Answer: Silk Road

Question: What empire had established an embassy in Anxi?
Answer: Han
Han_dynasty

From roughly 115 to 60 BC, Han forces fought the Xiongnu over control of the oasis city-states in the Tarim Basin. Han was eventually victorious and established the Protectorate of the Western Regions in 60 BC, which dealt with the region's defense and foreign affairs. The Han also expanded southward. The naval conquest of Nanyue in 111 BC expanded the Han realm into what are now modern Guangdong, Guangxi, and northern Vietnam. Yunnan was brought into the Han realm with the conquest of the Dian Kingdom in 109 BC, followed by parts of the Korean Peninsula with the colonial establishments of Xuantu Commandery and Lelang Commandery in 108 BC. In China's first known nationwide census taken in 2 AD, the population was registered as having 57,671,400 individuals in 12,366,470 households.

Question: Which group did Han forces fight in the Tarm Basin?
Answer: the Xiongnu

Question: When was the first national census taken in China?
Answer: 2 AD

Question: What was the population of China in 2 AD?
Answer: 57,671,400

Question: What year was the Protectorate of Western Regions created in?
Answer: 60 BC

Question: Which kingdom did the Han conquer in 109 BC?
Answer: Dian
Han_dynasty

To pay for his military campaigns and colonial expansion, Emperor Wu nationalized several private industries. He created central government monopolies administered largely by former merchants. These monopolies included salt, iron, and liquor production, as well as bronze-coin currency. The liquor monopoly lasted only from 98 to 81 BC, and the salt and iron monopolies were eventually abolished in early Eastern Han. The issuing of coinage remained a central government monopoly throughout the rest of the Han dynasty. The government monopolies were eventually repealed when a political faction known as the Reformists gained greater influence in the court. The Reformists opposed the Modernist faction that had dominated court politics in Emperor Wu's reign and during the subsequent regency of Huo Guang (d. 68 BC). The Modernists argued for an aggressive and expansionary foreign policy supported by revenues from heavy government intervention in the private economy. The Reformists, however, overturned these policies, favoring a cautious, non-expansionary approach to foreign policy, frugal budget reform, and lower tax-rates imposed on private entrepreneurs.

Question: Who made up the bulk of the administrators of the new government monopolies?
Answer: former merchants

Question: When was the liquor monopoly abolished?
Answer: 81 BC

Question: Which faction did the Reformists oppose?
Answer: Modernist

Question: Which political faction favored budgetary reform?
Answer: The Reformists

Question: In what year did Huo Guang die?
Answer: 68 BC
Han_dynasty

The period between the foundation of the Han dynasty and Wang Mang's reign is known as the Western Han dynasty (simplified Chinese: 西汉; traditional Chinese: 西漢; pinyin: Xī Hàn) or Former Han dynasty (simplified Chinese: 前汉; traditional Chinese: 前漢; pinyin: Qiánhàn) (206 BC – 9 AD). During this period the capital was at Chang'an (modern Xi'an). From the reign of Guangwu the capital was moved eastward to Luoyang. The era from his reign until the fall of Han is known as the Eastern Han dynasty (simplified Chinese: 东汉; traditional Chinese: 東漢; pinyin: Dōng Hàn) or the Later Han dynasty (simplified Chinese: 后汉; traditional Chinese: 後漢; pinyin: Hòu Hàn) (25–220 AD).

Question: Where did the capital move to after the reign of Guangwu?
Answer: Luoyang

Question: What era does the reign of Guangwu fall under?
Answer: Eastern Han dynasty

Question: What can the Eastern Han dynasty also be called?
Answer: Later Han dynasty

Question: Where was the capital located during the Western Han dynasty?
Answer: Chang'an

Question: What can the Western Han dynasty also be called?
Answer: Former Han dynasty
Han_dynasty

The Eastern Han, also known as the Later Han, formally began on 5 August 25, when Liu Xiu became Emperor Guangwu of Han. During the widespread rebellion against Wang Mang, the state of Goguryeo was free to raid Han's Korean commanderies; Han did not reaffirm its control over the region until AD 30. The Trưng Sisters of Vietnam rebelled against Han in AD 40. Their rebellion was crushed by Han general Ma Yuan (d. AD 49) in a campaign from AD 42–43. Wang Mang renewed hostilities against the Xiongnu, who were estranged from Han until their leader Bi (比), a rival claimant to the throne against his cousin Punu (蒲奴), submitted to Han as a tributary vassal in AD 50. This created two rival Xiongnu states: the Southern Xiongnu led by Bi, an ally of Han, and the Northern Xiongnu led by Punu, an enemy of Han.

Question: On what date did the Eastern Han dynasty begin?
Answer: 5 August 25

Question: Which state raided Han's Korean commanderies?
Answer: Goguryeo

Question: Who started a rebellion against Han in the year AD 40?
Answer: The Trưng Sisters of Vietnam

Question: In what year did Ma Yuan die?
Answer: AD 49

Question: Who was the leader of the Xiongnu?
Answer: Bi
Han_dynasty

During the turbulent reign of Wang Mang, Han lost control over the Tarim Basin, which was conquered by the Northern Xiongnu in AD 63 and used as a base to invade Han's Hexi Corridor in Gansu. Dou Gu (d. 88 AD) defeated the Northern Xiongnu at the Battle of Yiwulu in AD 73, evicting them from Turpan and chasing them as far as Lake Barkol before establishing a garrison at Hami. After the new Protector General of the Western Regions Chen Mu (d. AD 75) was killed by allies of the Xiongnu in Karasahr and Kucha, the garrison at Hami was withdrawn. At the Battle of Ikh Bayan in AD 89, Dou Xian (d. AD 92) defeated the Northern Xiongnu chanyu who then retreated into the Altai Mountains. After the Northern Xiongnu fled into the Ili River valley in AD 91, the nomadic Xianbei occupied the area from the borders of the Buyeo Kingdom in Manchuria to the Ili River of the Wusun people. The Xianbei reached their apogee under Tanshihuai (檀石槐) (d. AD 180), who consistently defeated Chinese armies. However, Tanshihuai's confederation disintegrated after his death.

Question: Which Basin did the Han lose authority of?
Answer: Tarim

Question: When did Chen Mu die?
Answer: AD 75

Question: Where did the Northern Xiongnu flee to in AD 91?
Answer: Ili River valley

Question: Who was the Protector General of the Western Regions?
Answer: Chen Mu

Question: Who conquered the Tarim Basin in AD 63?
Answer: the Northern Xiongnu
Han_dynasty

Ban Chao (d. AD 102) enlisted the aid of the Kushan Empire, occupying the area of modern India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Tajikistan, to subdue Kashgar and its ally Sogdiana. When a request by Kushan ruler Vima Kadphises (r. c. 90–c. 100 AD) for a marriage alliance with the Han was rejected in AD 90, he sent his forces to Wakhan (Afghanistan) to attack Ban Chao. The conflict ended with the Kushans withdrawing because of lack of supplies. In AD 91, the office of Protector General of the Western Regions was reinstated when it was bestowed on Ban Chao.

Question: Which ruler requested a marriage alliance with the Han in AD 90?
Answer: Vima Kadphises

Question: Who was the Protector General of the Western Regions in AD 91?
Answer: Ban Chao

Question: Which empire was asked to help subdue Kashgar?
Answer: Kushan

Question: Which empire sent armies to attack Ban Chao?
Answer: Kushan

Question: Who was allied with Kashgar?
Answer: Sogdiana
Han_dynasty

In addition to tributary relations with the Kushans, the Han Empire received gifts from the Parthian Empire, from a king in modern Burma, from a ruler in Japan, and initiated an unsuccessful mission to Daqin (Rome) in AD 97 with Gan Ying as emissary. A Roman embassy of Emperor Marcus Aurelius (r. 161–180 AD) is recorded in the Hou Hanshu to have reached the court of Emperor Huan of Han (r. AD 146–168) in AD 166, yet Rafe de Crespigny asserts that this was most likely a group of Roman merchants. Other travelers to Eastern-Han China included Buddhist monks who translated works into Chinese, such as An Shigao of Parthia, and Lokaksema from Kushan-era Gandhara, India.

Question: Which member of the Han Empire was sent to Daqin in AD 97?
Answer: Gan Ying

Question: Who translated written works into Chinese?
Answer: Buddhist monks

Question: Who reached the court of Emperor Huan in AD 166?
Answer: A Roman embassy

Question: When did Emperor Huan's reign begin?
Answer: AD 146

Question: Which empire sent the Han gifts?
Answer: Parthian
Han_dynasty

Emperor Zhang's (r. 75–88 AD) reign came to be viewed by later Eastern Han scholars as the high point of the dynastic house. Subsequent reigns were increasingly marked by eunuch intervention in court politics and their involvement in the violent power struggles of the imperial consort clans. With the aid of the eunuch Zheng Zhong (d. 107 AD), Emperor He (r. 88–105 AD) had Empress Dowager Dou (d. 97 AD) put under house arrest and her clan stripped of power. This was in revenge for Dou's purging of the clan of his natural mother—Consort Liang—and then concealing her identity from him. After Emperor He's death, his wife Empress Deng Sui (d. 121 AD) managed state affairs as the regent empress dowager during a turbulent financial crisis and widespread Qiang rebellion that lasted from 107 to 118 AD.

Question: Who was prevented from leaving their house?
Answer: Empress Dowager Dou

Question: When did Emperor He's reign end?
Answer: 105 AD

Question: Who managed the state after the death of Emperor He?
Answer: Empress Deng Sui

Question: When did the Qiang rebellion end?
Answer: 118 AD

Question: Who concealed the identity of Emperor He's mother?
Answer: Empress Dowager Dou
Han_dynasty

When Empress Dowager Deng died, Emperor An (r. 106–125 AD) was convinced by the accusations of the eunuchs Li Run (李閏) and Jiang Jing (江京) that Deng and her family had planned to depose him. An dismissed Deng's clan members from office, exiled them and forced many to commit suicide. After An's death, his wife, Empress Dowager Yan (d. 126 AD) placed the child Marquess of Beixiang on the throne in an attempt to retain power within her family. However, palace eunuch Sun Cheng (d. 132 AD) masterminded a successful overthrow of her regime to enthrone Emperor Shun of Han (r. 125–144 AD). Yan was placed under house arrest, her relatives were either killed or exiled, and her eunuch allies were slaughtered. The regent Liang Ji (d. 159 AD), brother of Empress Liang Na (d. 150 AD), had the brother-in-law of Consort Deng Mengnü (later empress) (d. 165 AD) killed after Deng Mengnü resisted Liang Ji's attempts to control her. Afterward, Emperor Huan employed eunuchs to depose Liang Ji, who was then forced to commit suicide.

Question: Who had forced a large number of Empress Dowager Deng's clan members to kill themselves?
Answer: Emperor An

Question: Which person plotted to overthrew the regime of Empress Dowager Yan?
Answer: Sun Cheng

Question: Who did Emperor Huan hire to depose Liang Ji?
Answer: eunuchs

Question: Relatives of what family were exiled after Sun Cheng had overthrown the regime?
Answer: Yan

Question: How did Liang Ji die?
Answer: forced to commit suicide
Han_dynasty

Students from the Imperial University organized a widespread student protest against the eunuchs of Emperor Huan's court. Huan further alienated the bureaucracy when he initiated grandiose construction projects and hosted thousands of concubines in his harem at a time of economic crisis. Palace eunuchs imprisoned the official Li Ying (李膺) and his associates from the Imperial University on a dubious charge of treason. In 167 AD, the Grand Commandant Dou Wu (d. 168 AD) convinced his son-in-law, Emperor Huan, to release them. However the emperor permanently barred Li Ying and his associates from serving in office, marking the beginning of the Partisan Prohibitions.

Question: On what charge was Li Ying jailed for?
Answer: treason

Question: Who was responsible for imprisoning Li Ying?
Answer: Palace eunuchs

Question: During what type of crisis did Emperor Huan alienate the bureaucracy?
Answer: economic

Question: Students from what university led a protest against members of Huan's court?
Answer: Imperial

Question: When did Dou Wu die?
Answer: 168 AD
Han_dynasty

Following Huan's death, Dou Wu and the Grand Tutor Chen Fan (陳蕃) (d. 168 AD) attempted a coup d'état against the eunuchs Hou Lan (d. 172 AD), Cao Jie (d. 181 AD), and Wang Fu (王甫). When the plot was uncovered, the eunuchs arrested Empress Dowager Dou (d. 172 AD) and Chen Fan. General Zhang Huan (張奐) favored the eunuchs. He and his troops confronted Dou Wu and his retainers at the palace gate where each side shouted accusations of treason against the other. When the retainers gradually deserted Dou Wu, he was forced to commit suicide.

Question: Who arrested Chen Fan in a failed plot?
Answer: the eunuchs

Question: Who made accusations of treason against Dou Wu?
Answer: General Zhang Huan

Question: How did Dou Wu pass away?
Answer: he was forced to commit suicide

Question: Which group was favorable to Zhang Huan?
Answer: the eunuchs

Question: What type of action was attempted on the eunuchs?
Answer: coup d'état
Han_dynasty

The Partisan Prohibitions were repealed during the Yellow Turban Rebellion and Five Pecks of Rice Rebellion in 184 AD, largely because the court did not want to continue to alienate a significant portion of the gentry class who might otherwise join the rebellions. The Yellow Turbans and Five-Pecks-of-Rice adherents belonged to two different hierarchical Daoist religious societies led by faith healers Zhang Jue (d. 184 AD) and Zhang Lu (d. 216 AD), respectively. Zhang Lu's rebellion, in modern northern Sichuan and southern Shaanxi, was not quelled until 215 AD. Zhang Jue's massive rebellion across eight provinces was annihilated by Han forces within a year, however the following decades saw much smaller recurrent uprisings. Although the Yellow Turbans were defeated, many generals appointed during the crisis never disbanded their assembled militia forces and used these troops to amass power outside of the collapsing imperial authority.

Question: In what year did the Partisan Prohibitions end?
Answer: 184 AD

Question: In what year did Zhang Lu's rebellion end?
Answer: 215 AD

Question: How many provinces did Zhang Jue's rebellion take place in?
Answer: eight

Question: What type of healer was Zhang Jue?
Answer: faith

Question: What religion did Zhang Jue practice?
Answer: Daoist
Han_dynasty

General-in-Chief He Jin (d. 189 AD), half-brother to Empress He (d. 189 AD), plotted with Yuan Shao (d. 202 AD) to overthrow the eunuchs by having several generals march to the outskirts of the capital. There, in a written petition to Empress He, they demanded the eunuchs' execution. After a period of hesitation, Empress He consented. When the eunuchs discovered this, however, they had her brother He Miao (何苗) rescind the order. The eunuchs assassinated He Jin on September 22, 189 AD. Yuan Shao then besieged Luoyang's Northern Palace while his brother Yuan Shu (d. 199 AD) besieged the Southern Palace. On September 25 both palaces were breached and approximately two thousand eunuchs were killed. Zhang Rang had previously fled with Emperor Shao (r. 189 AD) and his brother Liu Xie—the future Emperor Xian of Han (r. 189–220 AD). While being pursued by the Yuan brothers, Zhang committed suicide by jumping into the Yellow River.

Question: Who was assassinated on September 22, 189 AD?
Answer: He Jin

Question: Who agreed to the execuation of the eunuchs?
Answer: Empress He

Question: Who negated the execution order on the eunuchs?
Answer: He Miao

Question: Who was the family member that Emperor Shao escaped with?
Answer: Liu Xie

Question: What did General-in-Chief He petition Empress He for?
Answer: the eunuchs' execution
Han_dynasty

General Dong Zhuo (d. 192 AD) found the young emperor and his brother wandering in the countryside. He escorted them safely back to the capital and was made Minister of Works, taking control of Luoyang and forcing Yuan Shao to flee. After Dong Zhuo demoted Emperor Shao and promoted his brother Liu Xie as Emperor Xian, Yuan Shao led a coalition of former officials and officers against Dong, who burned Luoyang to the ground and resettled the court at Chang'an in May 191 AD. Dong Zhuo later poisoned Emperor Shao.

Question: How was Luoyang destroyed?
Answer: burned

Question: Who demoted Emperor Shao?
Answer: Dong Zhuo

Question: What position would the young Liu Xie eventually be promoted to?
Answer: Emperor Xian

Question: Who had taken control of Luoyang?
Answer: General Dong Zhuo

Question: When did Dong Zhuo die?
Answer: 192 AD
Han_dynasty

After Cao's defeat at the naval Battle of Red Cliffs in 208 AD, China was divided into three spheres of influence, with Cao Cao dominating the north, Sun Quan (182–252 AD) dominating the south, and Liu Bei (161–223 AD) dominating the west. Cao Cao died in March 220 AD. By December his son Cao Pi (187–226 AD) had Emperor Xian relinquish the throne to him and is known posthumously as Emperor Wen of Wei. This formally ended the Han dynasty and initiated an age of conflict between three states: Cao Wei, Eastern Wu, and Shu Han.

Question: Who was defeated at the Battle of Red Cliffs in 208 AD?
Answer: Cao

Question: Who did Emperor Xian give his throne to?
Answer: Cao Pi

Question: What state was in a conflict with Eastern Wu, and Shu Han?
Answer: Cao Wei

Question: Who was in control of the south of China?
Answer: Sun Quan

Question: In what month did Cao Cao die?
Answer: March
Han_dynasty

Each successive rank gave its holder greater pensions and legal privileges. The highest rank, of full marquess, came with a state pension and a territorial fiefdom. Holders of the rank immediately below, that of ordinary marquess, received a pension, but had no territorial rule. Officials who served in government belonged to the wider commoner social class and were ranked just below nobles in social prestige. The highest government officials could be enfeoffed as marquesses. By the Eastern Han period, local elites of unattached scholars, teachers, students, and government officials began to identify themselves as members of a larger, nationwide gentry class with shared values and a commitment to mainstream scholarship. When the government became noticeably corrupt in mid-to-late Eastern Han, many gentrymen even considered the cultivation of morally grounded personal relationships more important than serving in public office.

Question: During what period was it obvious that corruption was widespread in the government?
Answer: mid-to-late Eastern Han

Question: What rank provided its holder territorial rule?
Answer: full marquess

Question: What class did individuals who served as officials in the government belong to?
Answer: commoner social

Question: What was considered to be more important to some than serving the local government?
Answer: cultivation of morally grounded personal relationships

Question: What rank is below that of full marquess?
Answer: ordinary marquess
Han_dynasty

The farmer, or specifically the small landowner-cultivator, was ranked just below scholars and officials in the social hierarchy. Other agricultural cultivators were of a lower status, such as tenants, wage laborers, and in rare cases slaves. Artisans and craftsmen had a legal and socioeconomic status between that of owner-cultivator farmers and common merchants. State-registered merchants, who were forced by law to wear white-colored clothes and pay high commercial taxes, were considered by the gentry as social parasites with a contemptible status. These were often petty shopkeepers of urban marketplaces; merchants such as industrialists and itinerant traders working between a network of cities could avoid registering as merchants and were often wealthier and more powerful than the vast majority of government officials. Wealthy landowners, such as nobles and officials, often provided lodging for retainers who provided valuable work or duties, sometimes including fighting bandits or riding into battle. Unlike slaves, retainers could come and go from their master's home as they pleased. Medical physicians, pig breeders, and butchers had a fairly high social status, while occultist diviners, runners, and messengers had low status.

Question: Who were considered to be below the social rank that scholars held?
Answer: The farmer

Question: What color of clothing were merchants that had registered with the state forced to wear?
Answer: white-colored

Question: Who would retainers in the employ of nobles occasionally have to fight?
Answer: bandits

Question: Who was commonly considered by some to be social parasites?
Answer: State-registered merchants

Question: How could a merchant prevent having to register as one?
Answer: working between a network of cities
Han_dynasty

The Han-era family was patrilineal and typically had four to five nuclear family members living in one household. Multiple generations of extended family members did not occupy the same house, unlike families of later dynasties. According to Confucian family norms, various family members were treated with different levels of respect and intimacy. For example, there were different accepted time frames for mourning the death of a father versus a paternal uncle. Arranged marriages were normal, with the father's input on his offspring's spouse being considered more important than the mother's. Monogamous marriages were also normal, although nobles and high officials were wealthy enough to afford and support concubines as additional lovers. Under certain conditions dictated by custom, not law, both men and women were able to divorce their spouses and remarry.

Question: How many family members would commonly live in a single household during the Han era?
Answer: four to five

Question: Whose opinion on the spouse of an arranged marriage was considered to be more important?
Answer: the father's

Question: Who were rich enough to afford multiple lovers?
Answer: nobles and high officials

Question: What type of family was your typical Han era family considered to be?
Answer: patrilineal

Question: What type of marriage was thought of as a normal occurrence in this era?
Answer: Arranged marriages
Han_dynasty

Apart from the passing of noble titles or ranks, inheritance practices did not involve primogeniture; each son received an equal share of the family property. Unlike the practice in later dynasties, the father usually sent his adult married sons away with their portions of the family fortune. Daughters received a portion of the family fortune through their marriage dowries, though this was usually much less than the shares of sons. A different distribution of the remainder could be specified in a will, but it is unclear how common this was.

Question: Which family member commonly sent an adult married offspring away with their portion of the families fortune?
Answer: the father

Question: What type of document could be produced to distribute some of an inheritance?
Answer: a will

Question: How did daughters get their portion of the family fortune?
Answer: marriage dowries

Question: Was is guaranteed that a first born son would receive all of the family's fortune?
Answer: inheritance practices did not involve primogeniture

Question: What type of title could be passed down?
Answer: noble