Divyanshu67/squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
History_of_India

Several Islamic kingdoms (sultanates) under both foreign and, newly converted, Rajput rulers were established across the north western subcontinent (Afghanistan and Pakistan) over a period of a few centuries. From the 10th century, Sindh was ruled by the Rajput Soomra dynasty, and later, in the mid-13th century by the Rajput Samma dynasty. Additionally, Muslim trading communities flourished throughout coastal south India, particularly on the western coast where Muslim traders arrived in small numbers, mainly from the Arabian peninsula. This marked the introduction of a third Abrahamic Middle Eastern religion, following Judaism and Christianity, often in puritanical form. Mahmud of Ghazni in the early 11th century raided mainly the north-western parts of the Indian sub-continent 17 times, but he did not seek to establish "permanent dominion" in those areas.

Question: In what areas of India were Islamic kingdoms formed over a period of centuries?
Answer: Afghanistan and Pakistan

Question: What Muslim endeavors thrived on the coastal areas of south India? 
Answer: trading communities

Question: Which south Indian coast was favored by Muslim traders?
Answer: western coast

Question: From where did the Arab traders come in order to trade on the west coast of India?
Answer: Arabian peninsula

Question: Besides the newly introduced Islamic religion, what other Abrahamic religions were practiced in India?
Answer: Judaism and Christianity
History_of_India

The Kabul Shahi dynasties ruled the Kabul Valley and Gandhara (modern-day Pakistan and Afghanistan) from the decline of the Kushan Empire in the 3rd century to the early 9th century. The Shahis are generally split up into two eras: the Buddhist Shahis and the Hindu Shahis, with the change-over thought to have occurred sometime around 870. The kingdom was known as the Kabul Shahan or Ratbelshahan from 565-670, when the capitals were located in Kapisa and Kabul, and later Udabhandapura, also known as Hund for its new capital.

Question: Until what century did the Kabul Shahi dynasties rule the Kabul Valley?
Answer: 9th century

Question: The decline of what empire allowed the rule of the Kabul Shahi empire?
Answer: Kushan

Question: How many eras are the Shahis divided into?
Answer: two

Question: When did the Shahis switch from Buddhist to Hindu?
Answer: 870

Question: What was the kingdom of the Shahis called?
Answer: Kabul Shahan
History_of_India

However, the army was hopeless in battle against the western forces, particularly against the young Mahmud of Ghazni. In the year 1001, soon after Sultan Mahmud came to power and was occupied with the Qarakhanids north of the Hindu Kush, Jaipal attacked Ghazni once more and upon suffering yet another defeat by the powerful Ghaznavid forces, near present-day Peshawar. After the Battle of Peshawar, he committed suicide because his subjects thought he had brought disaster and disgrace to the Shahi dynasty.

Question: In what year was Jaipal again soundly defeated by the Muslims?
Answer: 1001

Question: Where was the location of the Shahi defeat by the Muslims?
Answer: Battle of Peshawar

Question: What was Jaipal action after his last defeat?
Answer: committed suicide

Question: Upon what did Jaipal's subjects think he brought disaster?
Answer: Shahi dynasty

Question: Who was the ruler of Ghazni?
Answer: Mahmud of Ghazni
History_of_India

Like other settled, agrarian societies in history, those in the Indian subcontinent have been attacked by nomadic tribes throughout its long history. In evaluating the impact of Islam on the sub-continent, one must note that the northwestern sub-continent was a frequent target of tribes raiding from Central Asia. In that sense, the Muslim intrusions and later Muslim invasions were not dissimilar to those of the earlier invasions during the 1st millennium. What does however, make the Muslim intrusions and later Muslim invasions different is that unlike the preceding invaders who assimilated into the prevalent social system, the successful Muslim conquerors retained their Islamic identity and created new legal and administrative systems that challenged and usually in many cases superseded the existing systems of social conduct and ethics, even influencing the non-Muslim rivals and common masses to a large extent, though non-Muslim population was left to their own laws and customs. They also introduced new cultural codes that in some ways were very different from the existing cultural codes. This led to the rise of a new Indian culture which was mixed in nature, though different from both the ancient Indian culture and later westernized modern Indian culture. At the same time it must be noted that overwhelming majority of Muslims in India are Indian natives converted to Islam. This factor also played an important role in the synthesis of cultures.

Question: From where did raiders come to attack the agrarian Indians?
Answer: Central Asia

Question: After a history of raiding groups, what is not remarkable in the history of the subcontinent?
Answer: Muslim intrusions

Question: Before the Muslim invasions, what did previous invaders do in the local cultures?
Answer: assimilated

Question: What did the Muslim invaders staunchly keep after invading?
Answer: Islamic identity

Question: What type of new Indian culture was formed from this mixture of cultures?
Answer: mixed
History_of_India

The subsequent Slave dynasty of Delhi managed to conquer large areas of northern India, while the Khilji dynasty conquered most of central India but were ultimately unsuccessful in conquering and uniting the subcontinent. The Sultanate ushered in a period of Indian cultural renaissance. The resulting "Indo-Muslim" fusion of cultures left lasting syncretic monuments in architecture, music, literature, religion, and clothing. It is surmised that the language of Urdu (literally meaning "horde" or "camp" in various Turkic dialects) was born during the Delhi Sultanate period as a result of the intermingling of the local speakers of Sanskritic Prakrits with immigrants speaking Persian, Turkic, and Arabic under the Muslim rulers. The Delhi Sultanate is the only Indo-Islamic empire to enthrone one of the few female rulers in India, Razia Sultana (1236–1240).

Question: What conquered large areas of northern India?
Answer: Slave dynasty of Delhi

Question: What dynasty captured most of central India?
Answer: Khilji dynasty

Question: What language was created during the Delhi Sultanate? 
Answer: Urdu

Question: Who was the only female sultana to be enthroned in a Indo-Islamic empire?
Answer: Razia Sultana

Question: By what is the fusion of Islamic and Indian cultures called?
Answer: Indo-Muslim
History_of_India

The Empire was established in 1336 by Harihara I and his brother Bukka Raya I of Sangama Dynasty. The empire rose to prominence as a culmination of attempts by the southern powers to ward off Islamic invasions by the end of the 13th century. The empire is named after its capital city of Vijayanagara, whose ruins surround present day Hampi, now a World Heritage Site in Karnataka, India. The empire's legacy includes many monuments spread over South India, the best known of which is the group at Hampi. The previous temple building traditions in South India came together in the Vijayanagara Architecture style. The mingling of all faiths and vernaculars inspired architectural innovation of Hindu temple construction, first in the Deccan and later in the Dravidian idioms using the local granite. South Indian mathematics flourished under the protection of the Vijayanagara Empire in Kerala. The south Indian mathematician Madhava of Sangamagrama founded the famous Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics in the 14th century which produced a lot of great south Indian mathematicians like Parameshvara, Nilakantha Somayaji and Jyeṣṭhadeva in medieval south India. Efficient administration and vigorous overseas trade brought new technologies such as water management systems for irrigation. The empire's patronage enabled fine arts and literature to reach new heights in Kannada, Telugu, Tamil and Sanskrit, while Carnatic music evolved into its current form. The Vijayanagara Empire created an epoch in South Indian history that transcended regionalism by promoting Hinduism as a unifying factor. The empire reached its peak during the rule of Sri Krishnadevaraya when Vijayanagara armies were consistently victorious. The empire annexed areas formerly under the Sultanates in the northern Deccan and the territories in the eastern Deccan, including Kalinga, while simultaneously maintaining control over all its subordinates in the south. Many important monuments were either completed or commissioned during the time of Krishna Deva Raya. Vijayanagara went into decline after the defeat in the Battle of Talikota (1565).

Question: In what year was Sangama Dynasty formed?
Answer: 1336

Question: At what location are the best known monuments in the south of India?
Answer: Hampi

Question: What mathematician founded the Kerala school of astronomy? 
Answer: Madhava of Sangamagrama

Question: When was the Kerala school established?
Answer: 14th century

Question: What did the Vijayanagara Empire promote to unify Indian culture?
Answer: Hinduism
History_of_India

For two and a half centuries from the mid 13th, the politics in the Northern India was dominated by the Delhi Sultanate and in the Southern India by the Vijayanagar Empire which originated as a political heir of the erstwhile Hoysala Empire and Pandyan Empire. However, there were other regional powers present as well. In the North, the Rajputs were a dominant force in the Western and Central India. Their power reached to the zenith under Rana Sanga during whose time Rajput armies were constantly victorious against the Sultanate army. In the South, the Bahmani Sultanate was the chief rival of the Vijaynagara and gave Vijayanagara tough days many a times. In the early 16th century Krishnadevaraya of the Vijayanagara Empire defeated the last remnant of Bahmani Sultanate power after which the Bahmani Sultanate collapsed. It was established either by a Brahman convert or patronized by a Brahman and form that source it got the name Bahmani. In the early 16th century, it collapsed and got split into five small Deccan sultanates. In the East, the Gajapati Kingdom remained a strong regional power to reckon with, so was the Ahom Kingdom in the North-east for six centuries.

Question: From the mid 13th century, what dominated politics in northern India?
Answer: Delhi Sultanate

Question: What empire dominated in the south of India in the 13th century?
Answer: Vijayanagar Empire

Question: What group dominated in western and central India at the start of the 13th century?
Answer: Rajputs

Question: Gajapati Kingdom was powerful in the east for how many centuries?
Answer: six centuries

Question: What empire beat the last Bahmani Sultanate?
Answer: Vijayanagara Empire
History_of_India

Ahom Kingdom (1228–1826) was a kingdom and tribe which rose to prominence in present-day Assam early in the thirteenth century. They ruled much of Assam from the 13th century until the establishment of British rule in 1838. The Ahoms brought with them a tribal religion and a language of their own, however they later merged with the Hindu religion. From thirteenth till seventeenth century, repeated attempts were made by the Muslim rulers of Delhi to invade and subdue Ahoms, however the Ahoms managed to maintain their independence and ruled themselves for nearly 600 years.

Question: What kingdom came to power in Assam?
Answer: Ahom Kingdom

Question: What was the span of time fro the Ahom Kingdom?
Answer: 1228–1826

Question: What event caused the end of Ahom rule in Assam?
Answer: British rule

Question: With what religion did the Ahom merge?
Answer: Hindu

Question: What group repeatedly tried and failed to conquer the Ahom?
Answer: Muslim rulers of Delhi
History_of_India

In 1526, Babur, a Timurid descendant of Timur and Genghis Khan from Fergana Valley (modern day Uzbekistan), swept across the Khyber Pass and established the Mughal Empire, which at its zenith covered modern day Afghanistan, Pakistan, India and Bangladesh. However, his son Humayun was defeated by the Afghan warrior Sher Shah Suri in the year 1540, and Humayun was forced to retreat to Kabul. After Sher Shah's death, his son Islam Shah Suri and the Hindu emperor Hemu Vikramaditya, who had won 22 battles against Afghan rebels and forces of Akbar, from Punjab to Bengal and had established a secular rule in North India from Delhi till 1556 after winning Battle of Delhi. Akbar's forces defeated and killed Hemu in the Second Battle of Panipat on 6 November 1556.

Question: What empire did Babur found in northern India?
Answer: Mughal Empire

Question: Who defeated Babur's son in 1540?
Answer: Sher Shah Suri

Question: Of what nationality was Sher Shah Suri?
Answer: Afghan

Question: At what place did Akbar's army defeat Hemu in 1556?
Answer: Second Battle of Panipat

Question: By what route did Babur enter India?
Answer: Khyber Pass
History_of_India

Akbar's son, Jahangir more or less followed father's policy. The Mughal dynasty ruled most of the Indian subcontinent by 1600. The reign of Shah Jahan was the golden age of Mughal architecture. He erected several large monuments, the most famous of which is the Taj Mahal at Agra, as well as the Moti Masjid, Agra, the Red Fort, the Jama Masjid, Delhi, and the Lahore Fort. The Mughal Empire reached the zenith of its territorial expanse during the reign of Aurangzeb and also started its terminal decline in his reign due to Maratha military resurgence under Shivaji. Historian Sir. J.N. Sarkar wrote, "All seemed to have been gained by Aurangzeb now, but in reality all was lost." The same was echoed by Vincent Smith: "The Deccan proved to be the graveyard not only of Aurangzeb's body but also of his empire".

Question: By what date did the Mughal dynasty rule most of India?
Answer: 1600

Question: What famous monument did Shah Jahan build at Agra?
Answer: Taj Mahal

Question: During whose reign did the Mughal Empire reach its greatest expanse?
Answer: Aurangzeb

Question: What actions caused the decline of the Mughal Empire?
Answer: Maratha military resurgence

Question: What reached it height during the reign of Shah Jehan?
Answer: Mughal architecture
History_of_India

The empire went into decline thereafter. The Mughals suffered several blows due to invasions from Marathas and Afghans. During the decline of the Mughal Empire, several smaller states rose to fill the power vacuum and themselves were contributing factors to the decline. In 1737, the Maratha general Bajirao of the Maratha Empire invaded and plundered Delhi. Under the general Amir Khan Umrao Al Udat, the Mughal Emperor sent 8,000 troops to drive away the 5,000 Maratha cavalry soldiers. Baji Rao, however, easily routed the novice Mughal general and the rest of the imperial Mughal army fled. In 1737, in the final defeat of Mughal Empire, the commander-in-chief of the Mughal Army, Nizam-ul-mulk, was routed at Bhopal by the Maratha army. This essentially brought an end to the Mughal Empire. In 1739, Nader Shah, emperor of Iran, defeated the Mughal army at the Battle of Karnal. After this victory, Nader captured and sacked Delhi, carrying away many treasures, including the Peacock Throne. The Mughal dynasty was reduced to puppet rulers by 1757. The remnants of the Mughal dynasty were finally defeated during the Indian Rebellion of 1857, also called the 1857 War of Independence, and the remains of the empire were formally taken over by the British while the Government of India Act 1858 let the British Crown assume direct control of India in the form of the new British Raj.

Question: What groups invaded and damaged the Mughals?
Answer: Marathas and Afghans

Question: Who attacked and plundered Delhi in 1737?
Answer: Maratha general Bajirao

Question: Who was the final Commander-in-chief of the Mughal army?
Answer: Nizam-ul-mulk

Question: What was the site of the final battle for the Mughals?
Answer: Bhopal

Question: What was the Indian Rebellion of 1857 also called?
Answer: 1857 War of Independence
History_of_India

The Mughals were perhaps the richest single dynasty to have ever existed. During the Mughal era, the dominant political forces consisted of the Mughal Empire and its tributaries and, later on, the rising successor states – including the Maratha Empire – which fought an increasingly weak Mughal dynasty. The Mughals, while often employing brutal tactics to subjugate their empire, had a policy of integration with Indian culture, which is what made them successful where the short-lived Sultanates of Delhi had failed. This period marked vast social change in the subcontinent as the Hindu majority were ruled over by the Mughal emperors, most of whom showed religious tolerance, liberally patronising Hindu culture. The famous emperor Akbar, who was the grandson of Babar, tried to establish a good relationship with the Hindus. However, later emperors such as Aurangazeb tried to establish complete Muslim dominance, and as a result several historical temples were destroyed during this period and taxes imposed on non-Muslims. Akbar declared "Amari" or non-killing of animals in the holy days of Jainism. He rolled back the jizya tax for non-Muslims. The Mughal emperors married local royalty, allied themselves with local maharajas, and attempted to fuse their Turko-Persian culture with ancient Indian styles, creating a unique Indo-Saracenic architecture. It was the erosion of this tradition coupled with increased brutality and centralization that played a large part in the dynasty's downfall after Aurangzeb, who unlike previous emperors, imposed relatively non-pluralistic policies on the general population, which often inflamed the majority Hindu population.

Question: What was the richest of all the dynasties?
Answer: The Mughals

Question: What policy made the Mughals a successful dynasty? 
Answer: integration with Indian culture

Question: Which Mughal ruler tried to form a good relationship with non-Muslims?
Answer: emperor Akbar

Question: Which Mughal ruler tried to establish complete dominance over the Hindu populace?
Answer: Aurangazeb

Question: With what styles did Mughal Rulers merge their Tuko-Persian culture?
Answer: ancient Indian
History_of_India

The post-Mughal era was dominated by the rise of the Maratha suzerainty as other small regional states (mostly late Mughal tributary states) emerged, and also by the increasing activities of European powers. There is no doubt that the single most important power to emerge in the long twilight of the Mughal dynasty was the Maratha confederacy. The Maratha kingdom was founded and consolidated by Chatrapati Shivaji, a Maratha aristocrat of the Bhonsle clan who was determined to establish Hindavi Swarajya. Sir J.N. Sarkar described Shivaji as "the last great constructive genius and nation builder that the Hindu race has produced". However, the credit for making the Marathas formidable power nationally goes to Peshwa Bajirao I. Historian K.K. Datta wrote about Bajirao I:

Question: The rise of what dynasty followed the era of the Mughals?
Answer: Maratha suzerainty

Question: What founding was of importance in the  decline of the Mughals?
Answer: Maratha confederacy

Question: Who consolidated the Maratha kingdom?
Answer: Chatrapati Shivaji

Question: What did J.N. Sarkar say of Shivaji's nation building?
Answer: great constructive genius

Question: Who made the Marathas a strong power?
Answer: Peshwa Bajirao I
History_of_India

By the early 18th century, the Maratha Kingdom had transformed itself into the Maratha Empire under the rule of the Peshwas (prime ministers). In 1737, the Marathas defeated a Mughal army in their capital, Delhi itself in Battle of Delhi (1737). The Marathas continued their military campaigns against Mughals, Nizam, Nawab of Bengal and Durrani Empire to further extend their boundaries. Gordon explained how the Maratha systematically took control over new regions. They would start with annual raids, followed by collecting ransom from villages and towns while the declining Mughal Empire retained nominal control and finally taking over the region. He explained it with the example of Malwa region. Marathas built an efficient system of public administration known for its attention to detail. It succeeded in raising revenue in districts that recovered from years of raids, up to levels previously enjoyed by the Mughals. For example, the cornerstone of the Maratha rule in Malwa rested on the 60 or so local tax collectors who advanced the Maratha ruler Peshwa a portion of their district revenues at interest. By 1760, the domain of the Marathas stretched across practically the entire subcontinent. The north-western expansion of the Marathas was stopped after the Third Battle of Panipat (1761). However, the Maratha authority in the north was re-established within a decade under Peshwa Madhavrao I. The defeat of Marathas by British in third Anglo-Maratha Wars brought end to the empire by 1820. The last peshwa, Baji Rao II, was defeated by the British in the Third Anglo-Maratha War. With the defeat of the Marathas, no native power represented any significant threat for the British afterwards.

Question: By when had the Maratha kingdom become an empire?
Answer: early 18th century

Question: Who ruled the Maratha Empire?
Answer: Peshwas

Question: What were Peshwas?
Answer: prime ministers

Question: By what year had the Maratha Empire covered most of the subcontinent?
Answer: 1760

Question: In the end, what empire defeated the Maratha Empire?
Answer: British
History_of_India

The Punjabi kingdom, ruled by members of the Sikh religion, was a political entity that governed the region of modern-day Punjab. The empire, based around the Punjab region, existed from 1799 to 1849. It was forged, on the foundations of the Khalsa, under the leadership of Maharaja Ranjit Singh (1780–1839) from an array of autonomous Punjabi Misls. He consolidated many parts of northern India into a kingdom. He primarily used his highly disciplined Sikh army that he trained and equipped to be the equal of a European force. Ranjit Singh proved himself to be a master strategist and selected well qualified generals for his army. In stages, he added the central Punjab, the provinces of Multan and Kashmir, the Peshawar Valley, and the Derajat to his kingdom. This came in the face of the powerful British East India Company. At its peak, in the 19th century, the empire extended from the Khyber Pass in the west, to Kashmir in the north, to Sindh in the south, running along Sutlej river to Himachal in the east. This was among the last areas of the subcontinent to be conquered by the British. The first Anglo-Sikh war and second Anglo-Sikh war marked the downfall of the Sikh Empire.

Question: Followers what religion were the rulers of the Punjabi Kingdom?
Answer: Sikh religion

Question: What was the time span of the Punjabi Kingdom?
Answer: 1799 to 1849

Question: Who was the leader of the Punjabis? 
Answer: Maharaja Ranjit Singh

Question: On what was the disciplined force Singh relied? 
Answer: Sikh army

Question: Who finally was able to conquer the Sikh Empire?
Answer: British
History_of_India

There were several other kingdoms which ruled over parts of India in the later medieval period prior to the British occupation. However, most of them were bound to pay regular tribute to the Marathas. The rule of Wodeyar dynasty which established the Kingdom of Mysore in southern India in around 1400 CE by was interrupted by Hyder Ali and his son Tipu Sultan in the later half of the 18th century. Under their rule, Mysore fought a series of wars sometimes against the combined forces of the British and Marathas, but mostly against the British, with Mysore receiving some aid or promise of aid from the French.

Question: To what Kingdom did many small kingdoms pay tribute?
Answer: Marathas

Question: What kingdom was founded in Mysore in 1400 CE?
Answer: Wodeyar

Question: What groups was Mysore fighting in the later half of the 18th century?
Answer: British and Marathas

Question: What country promised aid to Mysore to fight the British?
Answer: the French

Question: Who took over rule of Mysore in the 18th century?
Answer: Hyder Ali
History_of_India

The next to arrive were the Dutch, with their main base in Ceylon. The British—who set up a trading post in the west coast port of Surat in 1619—and the French. The internal conflicts among Indian kingdoms gave opportunities to the European traders to gradually establish political influence and appropriate lands. Although these continental European powers controlled various coastal regions of southern and eastern India during the ensuing century, they eventually lost all their territories in India to the British islanders, with the exception of the French outposts of Pondichéry and Chandernagore, the Dutch port of Travancore, and the Portuguese colonies of Goa, Daman and Diu.[citation needed]

Question: In what country was the trading base for the Dutch?
Answer: Ceylon

Question: Where did the British initially establish a trading base?
Answer: port of Surat

Question: What was the third European country to establish trading with India?
Answer: French

Question: What actions by the Indian kingdoms gave the European traders the opportunity to acquire lands and influence?
Answer: internal conflicts

Question: To whom did the foreigners lose most of their acquired lands?
Answer: British
History_of_India

The Nawab of Bengal Siraj Ud Daulah, the de facto ruler of the Bengal province, opposed British attempts to use these permits. This led to the Battle of Plassey on 23 June 1757, in which the Bengal Army of the East India Company, led by Robert Clive, defeated the French-supported Nawab's forces. This was the first real political foothold with territorial implications that the British acquired in India. Clive was appointed by the company as its first 'Governor of Bengal' in 1757. This was combined with British victories over the French at Madras, Wandiwash and Pondichéry that, along with wider British successes during the Seven Years' War, reduced French influence in India. The British East India Company extended its control over the whole of Bengal. After the Battle of Buxar in 1764, the company acquired the rights of administration in Bengal from de jure Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II; this marked the beginning of its formal rule, which within the next century engulfed most of India. The East India Company monopolized the trade of Bengal. They introduced a land taxation system called the Permanent Settlement which introduced a feudal-like structure in Bengal, often with zamindars set in place.

Question: What ruler opposed the British use of permits and ended up at war?
Answer: Nawab of Bengal Siraj Ud Daulah

Question: What British company was heavily involved in the defeat of the Nawab's forces?
Answer: East India Company

Question: Who did the East India Company appoint as Governor of Bengal?
Answer: Robert Clive

Question: What type of land taxation system did the East India Company instigate in Bengal?
Answer: feudal

Question: How did the East India Company handle trade in Bengal?
Answer: monopolized
History_of_India

As a result of the three Carnatic Wars, the British East India Company gained exclusive control over the entire Carnatic region of India. The Company soon expanded its territories around its bases in Bombay and Madras; the Anglo-Mysore Wars (1766–1799) and later the Anglo-Maratha Wars (1772–1818) led to control of the vast regions of India. Ahom Kingdom of North-east India first fell to Burmese invasion and then to British after Treaty of Yandabo in 1826. Punjab, North-West Frontier Province, and Kashmir were annexed after the Second Anglo-Sikh War in 1849; however, Kashmir was immediately sold under the Treaty of Amritsar to the Dogra Dynasty of Jammu and thereby became a princely state. The border dispute between Nepal and British India, which sharpened after 1801, had caused the Anglo-Nepalese War of 1814–16 and brought the defeated Gurkhas under British influence. In 1854, Berar was annexed, and the state of Oudh was added two years later.

Question: What whole region did the East India company get control over after the Carnatic Wars?
Answer: Carnatic

Question: During what time were the Anglo-Mysore Wars?
Answer: 1766–1799

Question: When were the Anglo-Maratha Wars fought?
Answer: 1772–1818

Question: To what dynasty was Kashmir sold in 1849?
Answer: Dogra Dynasty of Jammu

Question: After the sale of Kashmir, what did the area become?
Answer: princely state
History_of_India

The Indian rebellion of 1857 was a large-scale rebellion by soldiers employed by the British East India in northern and central India against the Company's rule. The rebels were disorganized, had differing goals, and were poorly equipped, led, and trained, and had no outside support or funding. They were brutally suppressed and the British government took control of the Company and eliminated many of the grievances that caused it. The government also was determined to keep full control so that no rebellion of such size would ever happen again.

Question: What did the soldiers rebel against in the Indian Rebellion of 1857?
Answer: Company's rule

Question: What happened to the rebels of the Rebellion?
Answer: brutally suppressed

Question: What force took control of the company and the situation?
Answer: British government

Question: What did the British government intend to keep in regards to India?
Answer: full control

Question: What did the British government remove that had caused the Rebellion?
Answer: grievances
History_of_India

In the aftermath, all power was transferred from the East India Company to the British Crown, which began to administer most of India as a number of provinces. The Crown controlled the Company's lands directly and had considerable indirect influence over the rest of India, which consisted of the Princely states ruled by local royal families. There were officially 565 princely states in 1947, but only 21 had actual state governments, and only three were large (Mysore, Hyderabad and Kashmir). They were absorbed into the independent nation in 1947–48.

Question: To what entity was all the power of the East India Company transferred?
Answer: British Crown

Question: How did Britain govern the vast area of India?
Answer: provinces

Question: Over what did Britain have direct control?
Answer: Company's lands

Question: What kind of influence did the British Crown have over the rest of India that was not under Company rule?
Answer: indirect influence

Question: How many princely states were there in India in 1947?
Answer: 565
History_of_India

After 1857, the colonial government strengthened and expanded its infrastructure via the court system, legal procedures, and statutes. The Indian Penal Code came into being. In education, Thomas Babington Macaulay had made schooling a priority for the Raj in his famous minute of February 1835 and succeeded in implementing the use of English as the medium of instruction. By 1890 some 60,000 Indians had matriculated. The Indian economy grew at about 1% per year from 1880 to 1920, and the population also grew at 1%. However, from 1910s Indian private industry began to grow significantly. India built a modern railway system in the late 19th century which was the fourth largest in the world. The British Raj invested heavily in infrastructure, including canals and irrigation systems in addition to railways, telegraphy, roads and ports. However, historians have been bitterly divided on issues of economic history, with the Nationalist school arguing that India was poorer at the end of British rule than at the beginning and that impoverishment occurred because of the British.

Question: What did the Colonial government expand by legal means?
Answer: infrastructure

Question: What new law was created?
Answer: Indian Penal Code

Question: Who insisted that schooling be a priority in India?
Answer: Thomas Babington Macaulay

Question: When did India build the forth largest rail system in the world?
Answer: late 19th century

Question: In what feature of management did the British invest heavily?
Answer: infrastructure
History_of_India

In 1905, Lord Curzon split the large province of Bengal into a largely Hindu western half and "Eastern Bengal and Assam", a largely Muslim eastern half. The British goal was said to be for efficient administration but the people of Bengal were outraged at the apparent "divide and rule" strategy. It also marked the beginning of the organized anti-colonial movement. When the Liberal party in Britain came to power in 1906, he was removed. Bengal was reunified in 1911. The new Viceroy Gilbert Minto and the new Secretary of State for India John Morley consulted with Congress leaders on political reforms. The Morley-Minto reforms of 1909 provided for Indian membership of the provincial executive councils as well as the Viceroy's executive council. The Imperial Legislative Council was enlarged from 25 to 60 members and separate communal representation for Muslims was established in a dramatic step towards representative and responsible government. Several socio-religious organizations came into being at that time. Muslims set up the All India Muslim League in 1906. It was not a mass party but was designed to protect the interests of the aristocratic Muslims. It was internally divided by conflicting loyalties to Islam, the British, and India, and by distrust of Hindus. The Akhil Bharatiya Hindu Mahasabha and Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) sought to represent Hindu interests though the later always claimed it to be a "cultural" organization. Sikhs founded the Shiromani Akali Dal in 1920. However, the largest and oldest political party Indian National Congress, founded in 1885, is perceived to have attempted to keep a distance from the socio-religious movements and identity politics.

Question: What administer divided the province of Bengal in half?
Answer: Lord Curzon

Question: What was the majority of the population of the western half of Bengal?
Answer: Hindu

Question: What was the religion of the western half of Bengal?
Answer: Muslim

Question: What movement did the division of Bengal start?
Answer: anti-colonial

Question: What was the biggest and oldest political party in India?
Answer: Indian National Congress
History_of_India

The Bengali Renaissance refers to a social reform movement during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries in the Bengal region of India during the period of British rule dominated by English educated Bengali Hindus. The Bengal Renaissance can be said to have started with Raja Ram Mohan Roy (1772–1833) and ended with Rabindranath Tagore (1861–1941), although many stalwarts thereafter continued to embody particular aspects of the unique intellectual and creative output of the region. Nineteenth century Bengal was a unique blend of religious and social reformers, scholars, literary giants, journalists, patriotic orators, and scientists, all merging to form the image of a renaissance, and marked the transition from the 'medieval' to the 'modern'.

Question: What was the social reform movement centered in Bengal in the 19th to early 20th century?
Answer: Bengali Renaissance

Question: What group lead the Bengali Renaissance?
Answer: English educated Bengali Hindus

Question: With whom did the Renaissance movement begin?
Answer: Raja Ram Mohan Roy

Question: With whom was it said the the movement ended?
Answer: Rabindranath Tagore

Question: From what did the Renaissance Movement mark the change?
Answer: medieval' to the 'modern
History_of_India

During this period, Bengal witnessed an intellectual awakening that is in some way similar to the Renaissance in Europe during the 16th century, although Europeans of that age were not confronted with the challenge and influence of alien colonialism. This movement questioned existing orthodoxies, particularly with respect to women, marriage, the dowry system, the caste system, and religion. One of the earliest social movements that emerged during this time was the Young Bengal movement, which espoused rationalism and atheism as the common denominators of civil conduct among upper caste educated Hindus. It played an important role in reawakening Indian minds and intellect across the sub-continent.

Question: What did the Bengali Renaissance resemble?
Answer: Renaissance in Europe

Question: What did the Movement question?
Answer: existing orthodoxies

Question: What early social movement occurred during this time of awakening?
Answer: Young Bengal

Question: What factors did the Young Bengal movement  say were needed for civil conduct?
Answer: rationalism and atheism

Question: What did the movements in Bengal serve to awaken in Indians?
Answer: minds and intellect
History_of_India

One of the most important events of the 19th century was the rise of Indian nationalism, leading Indians to seek first "self-rule" and later "complete independence". However, historians are divided over the causes of its rise. Probable reasons include a "clash of interests of the Indian people with British interests", "racial discriminations", "the revelation of India's past", "inter-linking of the new social groups in different regions", and Indians coming in close contact with "European education".

Question: What movement rose in the 19th century?
Answer: Indian nationalism

Question: What did Indian first want as government?
Answer: self-rule

Question: What did Indians finally begin to demand?
Answer: complete independence

Question: What feature of the nationalism movement is unknown?
Answer: causes

Question: What can only be listed without absolute firmness in the nationalism movement?
Answer: Probable reasons
History_of_India

The first step toward Indian self-rule was the appointment of councillors to advise the British viceroy in 1861 and the first Indian was appointed in 1909. Provincial Councils with Indian members were also set up. The councillors' participation was subsequently widened into legislative councils. The British built a large British Indian Army, with the senior officers all British and many of the troops from small minority groups such as Gurkhas from Nepal and Sikhs. The civil service was increasingly filled with natives at the lower levels, with the British holding the more senior positions.

Question: What appointments were  the first step in Indian self-rule?
Answer: councillors

Question: When was the first Indian appointed as a Councillor?
Answer: 1909

Question: What more local councils were set up?
Answer: Provincial Councils

Question: Of what nationality were the officers in the Indian Army?
Answer: British

Question: What were the troops in the British Indian Army?
Answer: minority groups
History_of_India

Bal Gangadhar Tilak, an Indian nationalist leader, declared Swaraj as the destiny of the nation. His popular sentence "Swaraj is my birthright, and I shall have it" became the source of inspiration for Indians. Tilak was backed by rising public leaders like Bipin Chandra Pal and Lala Lajpat Rai, who held the same point of view. Under them, India's three big provinces – Maharashtra, Bengal and Punjab, India shaped the demand of the people and India's nationalism. In 1907, the Congress was split into two factions: The radicals, led by Tilak, advocated civil agitation and direct revolution to overthrow the British Empire and the abandonment of all things British. The moderates, led by leaders like Dadabhai Naoroji and Gopal Krishna Gokhale, on the other hand wanted reform within the framework of British rule.

Question: What Indian leader said that Swaraj was his birthright?
Answer: Bal Gangadhar Tilak

Question: What parts of India shaped the demands of the people for nationalism?
Answer: three big provinces

Question: How was the Congress split in 1907?
Answer: two factions

Question: Which faction of the Congress did Tilak lead?
Answer: The radicals

Question: Which faction wanted reform within British rule?
Answer: The moderates
History_of_India

From 1920 leaders such as Mahatma Gandhi began highly popular mass movements to campaign against the British Raj using largely peaceful methods. The Gandhi-led independence movement opposed the British rule using non-violent methods like non-cooperation, civil disobedience and economic resistance. However, revolutionary activities against the British rule took place throughout the Indian subcontinent and some others adopted a militant approach like the Indian National Army that sought to overthrow British rule by armed struggle. The Government of India Act 1935 was a major success in this regard. All these movements succeeded in bringing independence to the new dominions of India and Pakistan on 15 August 1947.

Question: What leader started a mass movement against British rule?
Answer: Mahatma Gandhi

Question: What means did Gandhi espouse to gain self-rule?
Answer: peaceful

Question: What group wanted to use violent means to over throw the British rule?
Answer: Indian National Army

Question: On what date did India gain its independence?
Answer: 15 August 1947

Question: What action did the movements combine to produce?
Answer: Government of India Act 1935
History_of_India

Along with the desire for independence, tensions between Hindus and Muslims had also been developing over the years. The Muslims had always been a minority within the subcontinent, and the prospect of an exclusively Hindu government made them wary of independence; they were as inclined to mistrust Hindu rule as they were to resist the foreign Raj, although Gandhi called for unity between the two groups in an astonishing display of leadership. The British, extremely weakened by the Second World War, promised that they would leave and participated in the formation of an interim government. The British Indian territories gained independence in 1947, after being partitioned into the Union of India and Dominion of Pakistan. Following the controversial division of pre-partition Punjab and Bengal, rioting broke out between Sikhs, Hindus and Muslims in these provinces and spread to several other parts of India, leaving some 500,000 dead. Also, this period saw one of the largest mass migrations ever recorded in modern history, with a total of 12 million Hindus, Sikhs and Muslims moving between the newly created nations of India and Pakistan (which gained independence on 15 and 14 August 1947 respectively). In 1971, Bangladesh, formerly East Pakistan and East Bengal, seceded from Pakistan.

Question: What position did Muslims have in the Indian population?
Answer: minority

Question: What effect of independence did Muslims distrust?
Answer: Hindu rule

Question: What did the British form in preparation to leaving India?
Answer: interim government

Question: How many people died in the rioting over divisions of Bengal and Punjab?
Answer: 500,000

Question: How many people migrated between the newly created countries of India and Pakistan?
Answer: 12 million
Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

Gamal Abdel Nasser Hussein (Arabic: جمال عبد الناصر حسين‎, IPA: [ɡæˈmæːl ʕæbdenˈnɑːsˤeɾ ħeˈseːn]; 15 January 1918 – 28 September 1970) was the second President of Egypt, serving from 1956 until his death. Nasser led the 1952 overthrow of the monarchy and introduced far-reaching land reforms the following year. Following a 1954 attempt on his life by a Muslim Brotherhood member acting on his own, he cracked down on the organization, put President Muhammad Naguib under house arrest, and assumed executive office, officially becoming president in June 1956.

Question: What number president of Egypt was Nasser?
Answer: second

Question: What organization attempted to assassinate Nasser?
Answer: Muslim Brotherhood

Question: In what year did Nasser become president?
Answer: 1956

Question: In what year did Nasser die?
Answer: 1970

Question: What type of government did Nasser overthrow?
Answer: monarchy
Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

Nasser's nationalization of the Suez Canal and his emergence as the political victor from the subsequent Suez Crisis substantially elevated his popularity in Egypt and the Arab world. Calls for pan-Arab unity under his leadership increased, culminating with the formation of the United Arab Republic with Syria (1958–1961). In 1962, Nasser began a series of major socialist measures and modernization reforms in Egypt. Despite setbacks to his pan-Arabist cause, by 1963 Nasser's supporters gained power in several Arab countries and he became embroiled in the North Yemen Civil War. He began his second presidential term in March 1965 after his political opponents were banned from running. Following Egypt's defeat by Israel in the 1967 Six-Day War, Nasser resigned, but he returned to office after popular demonstrations called for his reinstatement. By 1968, Nasser had appointed himself prime minister, launched the War of Attrition to regain lost territory, began a process of depoliticizing the military, and issued a set of political liberalization reforms. After the conclusion of the 1970 Arab League summit, Nasser suffered a heart attack and died. His funeral in Cairo drew five million mourners and an outpouring of grief across the Arab world.

Question: How many mourners attended Nasser's funeral?
Answer: five million

Question: What landmark water route did Nasser nationalize?
Answer: Suez Canal

Question: What organization did Nasser create with Syria?
Answer: United Arab Republic

Question: What civil war did Nasser become entangled in?
Answer: North Yemen Civil War

Question: In what year did Nasser start his second term as President?
Answer: 1965
Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

Gamal Abdel Nasser was born on 15 January 1918 in Bakos, Alexandria, the first son of Fahima and Abdel Nasser Hussein. Nasser's father was a postal worker born in Beni Mur in Upper Egypt and raised in Alexandria, and his mother's family came from Mallawi, el-Minya. His parents married in 1917, and later had two more boys, Izz al-Arab and al-Leithi. Nasser's biographers Robert Stephens and Said Aburish wrote that Nasser's family believed strongly in the "Arab notion of glory", since the name of Nasser's brother, Izz al-Arab, translates to "Glory of the Arabs"—a rare name in Egypt.

Question: What was Nasser's father's occupation?
Answer: postal worker

Question: In what city was Nasser raised?
Answer: Alexandria

Question: What year was Nasser born?
Answer: 1918

Question: What does Nasser's brother's name translate to?
Answer: Glory of the Arabs

Question: What siblings did Nasser have?
Answer: two more boys
Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

In 1928, Nasser went to Alexandria to live with his maternal grandfather and attend the city's Attarin elementary school. He left in 1929 for a private boarding school in Helwan, and later returned to Alexandria to enter the Ras el-Tin secondary school and to join his father, who was working for the city's postal service. It was in Alexandria that Nasser became involved in political activism. After witnessing clashes between protesters and police in Manshia Square, he joined the demonstration without being aware of its purpose. The protest, organized by the ultranationalist Young Egypt Society, called for the end of colonialism in Egypt in the wake of the 1923 Egyptian constitution's annulment by Prime Minister Isma'il Sidqi. Nasser was arrested and detained for a night before his father bailed him out.

Question: What elementary school did Nasser attend?
Answer: Attarin

Question: Where did Nasser go to boarding school?
Answer: Helwan

Question: What secondary school did Nasser attend?
Answer: Ras el-Tin

Question: Where did young Nasser witness demonstrations?
Answer: Manshia Square

Question: What organization organized the protests Nasser witnessed?
Answer: Young Egypt Society