Divyanshu67/squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
Data_compression

There is a close connection between machine learning and compression: a system that predicts the posterior probabilities of a sequence given its entire history can be used for optimal data compression (by using arithmetic coding on the output distribution) while an optimal compressor can be used for prediction (by finding the symbol that compresses best, given the previous history). This equivalence has been used as a justification for using data compression as a benchmark for "general intelligence."

Question: What is Machine learning closely related to?
Answer: compression

Question: What type of compressor can be used for prediction?
Answer: optimal

Question: What has been used as a benchmark for "general intelligence"?
Answer: data compression

Question: What type of compressor can be used for general intelligence?

Question: What can a benchmark compressor be used for?

Question: What has a close connection to machine equivalence?

Question: What can be used for optimal justification?

Question: How is an arithmetic compressor used for prediction?
Data_compression

Data compression can be viewed as a special case of data differencing: Data differencing consists of producing a difference given a source and a target, with patching producing a target given a source and a difference, while data compression consists of producing a compressed file given a target, and decompression consists of producing a target given only a compressed file. Thus, one can consider data compression as data differencing with empty source data, the compressed file corresponding to a "difference from nothing." This is the same as considering absolute entropy (corresponding to data compression) as a special case of relative entropy (corresponding to data differencing) with no initial data.

Question: What can be looked at as a special case of data differencing? 
Answer: Data compression

Question: What is made up of producing a difference given a source and a target?
Answer: Data differencing

Question: What can classified as data differencing with empty source data?
Answer: data compression

Question: What can be looked at as a special case of relative entropy?

Question: What is made up of producing a compressed file given a source and a target?

Question: What can be classified as data differencing with corresponding data?

Question: What means producing a target given only a special case?

Question: What means producing a compressed file given no initial data?
Data_compression

Audio data compression, not to be confused with dynamic range compression, has the potential to reduce the transmission bandwidth and storage requirements of audio data. Audio compression algorithms are implemented in software as audio codecs. Lossy audio compression algorithms provide higher compression at the cost of fidelity and are used in numerous audio applications. These algorithms almost all rely on psychoacoustics to eliminate less audible or meaningful sounds, thereby reducing the space required to store or transmit them.

Question: What has the potential to reduce the transmission bandwidth and storage requirements of audio data?
Answer: Audio data compression

Question: What is inserted in software as audio codecs?
Answer: Audio compression algorithms

Question: What compression algorithms provide higher compression at the cost of fidelity?
Answer: Lossy

Question: What has the potential to reduce the transmission bandwidth and storage requirements of software?

Question: What is inserted in psychoacoustics as audio codecs?

Question: What compression algorithms provide higher compression at the transmission?

Question: What do algorithms rely on to eliminate requirements?

Question: What does audio data compression have the potential to reduce the dynamic range of?
Data_compression

Lossless audio compression produces a representation of digital data that decompress to an exact digital duplicate of the original audio stream, unlike playback from lossy compression techniques such as Vorbis and MP3. Compression ratios are around 50–60% of original size, which is similar to those for generic lossless data compression. Lossless compression is unable to attain high compression ratios due to the complexity of waveforms and the rapid changes in sound forms. Codecs like FLAC, Shorten and TTA use linear prediction to estimate the spectrum of the signal. Many of these algorithms use convolution with the filter [-1 1] to slightly whiten or flatten the spectrum, thereby allowing traditional lossless compression to work more efficiently. The process is reversed upon decompression.

Question: What produces a representation of digital data that decompresses?
Answer: Lossless audio compression

Question: What are around 50-60% of the original size?
Answer: Compression ratios

Question: What compression cannot attain high compression ratios?
Answer: Lossless

Question: What does a representation of algorithms that decompresses?

Question: What are around 50-60% of the spectrum?

Question: What compression cannot attain high work efficiently?

Question: What are three Codecs that use linear prediction to estimate the decompression?

Question: What size is similar to those for generic high compression?
Data_compression

Lossy audio compression is used in a wide range of applications. In addition to the direct applications (mp3 players or computers), digitally compressed audio streams are used in most video DVDs, digital television, streaming media on the internet, satellite and cable radio, and increasingly in terrestrial radio broadcasts. Lossy compression typically achieves far greater compression than lossless compression (data of 5 percent to 20 percent of the original stream, rather than 50 percent to 60 percent), by discarding less-critical data.

Question: What compression is used in a lot of applications?
Answer: Lossy

Question: What is used in most video DVDs?
Answer: digitally compressed audio streams

Question: What compression usually achieves far greater compression then lossless? 
Answer: Lossy

Question: What compression is used in a lot of discarding?

Question: What compression usually achieves far greater streams than lossless?

Question: What are used in most video DVDs and original streams?

Question: What gets between 5 percent and 50 percent compression?

Question: How are higher percentages of cable radio attained with Lossy?
Data_compression

To determine what information in an audio signal is perceptually irrelevant, most lossy compression algorithms use transforms such as the modified discrete cosine transform (MDCT) to convert time domain sampled waveforms into a transform domain. Once transformed, typically into the frequency domain, component frequencies can be allocated bits according to how audible they are. Audibility of spectral components calculated using the absolute threshold of hearing and the principles of simultaneous masking—the phenomenon wherein a signal is masked by another signal separated by frequency—and, in some cases, temporal masking—where a signal is masked by another signal separated by time. Equal-loudness contours may also be used to weight the perceptual importance of components. Models of the human ear-brain combination incorporating such effects are often called psychoacoustic models.

Question: What may be used to weight the importance of components?
Answer: Equal-loudness contours

Question: What are often called psychoacoustic models?
Answer: Models of the human ear-brain

Question: What is the process called when a signal is masked by another signal separated by time?
Answer: temporal masking

Question: What may be used to weight the importance of cosine?

Question: What are often called psychoacoustic masking?

Question: What is the process when a signal is masked by another signal separated by contours?

Question: What is the phenomenon wherein a signal is masked by another signal separated by threshold?

Question: What is a transform that a compression frequency might use?
Data_compression

Other types of lossy compressors, such as the linear predictive coding (LPC) used with speech, are source-based coders. These coders use a model of the sound's generator (such as the human vocal tract with LPC) to whiten the audio signal (i.e., flatten its spectrum) before quantization. LPC may be thought of as a basic perceptual coding technique: reconstruction of an audio signal using a linear predictor shapes the coder's quantization noise into the spectrum of the target signal, partially masking it.

Question: What is the coding called that is used with speech?
Answer: linear predictive coding

Question: What is thought of as a basic perceptual coding technique?
Answer: linear predictive coding

Question: What uses a model of the sound's generator? 
Answer: source-based coders

Question: What is thought of as a basic signal coding technique?

Question: What uses a model of the sound's quantization?

Question: What may be thought of as a basic perceptual spectrum?

Question: What does reconstruction of an audio signal shape the coder's compressor noise into?

Question: What may be thought of as a generator coding technique?
Data_compression

Latency results from the methods used to encode and decode the data. Some codecs will analyze a longer segment of the data to optimize efficiency, and then code it in a manner that requires a larger segment of data at one time to decode. (Often codecs create segments called a "frame" to create discrete data segments for encoding and decoding.) The inherent latency of the coding algorithm can be critical; for example, when there is a two-way transmission of data, such as with a telephone conversation, significant delays may seriously degrade the perceived quality.

Question: What results from methods used to encode and decode data?
Answer: Latency

Question: What analyzes a statement of data to boost performance?
Answer: codecs

Question: What creates segments called a "frame"?
Answer: codecs

Question: What results from methods used to encode and decode delays?

Question: What analyzes a statement of data to boost data segments?

Question: What creates conversation called a "frame"?

Question: What may seriously degrade the perceived segment of data?

Question: What has the purpose of creating discrete data segments for telephones?
Data_compression

In contrast to the speed of compression, which is proportional to the number of operations required by the algorithm, here latency refers to the number of samples that must be analysed before a block of audio is processed. In the minimum case, latency is zero samples (e.g., if the coder/decoder simply reduces the number of bits used to quantize the signal). Time domain algorithms such as LPC also often have low latencies, hence their popularity in speech coding for telephony. In algorithms such as MP3, however, a large number of samples have to be analyzed to implement a psychoacoustic model in the frequency domain, and latency is on the order of 23 ms (46 ms for two-way communication)).

Question: What refers to the number of samples that must be analysed before a block of audio is processed?
Answer: latency

Question: What has zero samples in a minimum case?
Answer: latency

Question: What often has low latencies?
Answer: LPC

Question: What refers to the number of samples that must be analyzed before a coding is processed?

Question: What has zero samples in a minimum audio?

Question: What  requires large number of speech coding to be analyzed?

Question: What is the latency for algorithms such as LPC on the order of?

Question: What reduces the number of bits used to quantize a block of audio?
Data_compression

If the data to be compressed is analog (such as a voltage that varies with time), quantization is employed to digitize it into numbers (normally integers). This is referred to as analog-to-digital (A/D) conversion. If the integers generated by quantization are 8 bits each, then the entire range of the analog signal is divided into 256 intervals and all the signal values within an interval are quantized to the same number. If 16-bit integers are generated, then the range of the analog signal is divided into 65,536 intervals.

Question: What varies with time?
Answer: voltage

Question: What has to be compressed in order to perform properly? 
Answer: data

Question: What does "A/D" stand for?
Answer: analog-to-digital

Question: What has to be compressed in order to perform signal values?

Question: How many intervals is the range of the conversion divided into if 16-bit integers are generated?

Question: How many intervals is the range of the conversion divided into if 8-bit integers are generated?

Question: What are all signal values within an analog quantized to?

Question: What is a voltage that is divided with time classified as?
Data_compression

A literature compendium for a large variety of audio coding systems was published in the IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications (JSAC), February 1988. While there were some papers from before that time, this collection documented an entire variety of finished, working audio coders, nearly all of them using perceptual (i.e. masking) techniques and some kind of frequency analysis and back-end noiseless coding. Several of these papers remarked on the difficulty of obtaining good, clean digital audio for research purposes. Most, if not all, of the authors in the JSAC edition were also active in the MPEG-1 Audio committee.

Question: What was published in the IEEE Journal in 1988?
Answer: literature compendium

Question: What did the literature compendium document?
Answer: finished, working audio coders

Question: Where were most of the authors in the JSAC edition?
Answer: MPEG-1 Audio committee

Question: What was published in the MPEG-1 in 1988?

Question: What did the digital audio document?

Question: Where were most of the papers in the JSAC edition?

Question: What did the collection of coding document?

Question: What did these coders remark on?
Data_compression

The world's first commercial broadcast automation audio compression system was developed by Oscar Bonello, an engineering professor at the University of Buenos Aires. In 1983, using the psychoacoustic principle of the masking of critical bands first published in 1967, he started developing a practical application based on the recently developed IBM PC computer, and the broadcast automation system was launched in 1987 under the name Audicom. Twenty years later, almost all the radio stations in the world were using similar technology manufactured by a number of companies.

Question: Who developed the first commercial broadcast automation audio compression system?
Answer: Oscar Bonello

Question: Who was an engineering professor at the University of Buenos Aires?
Answer: Oscar Bonello

Question: What was launched in 1987 under the name Audicom?
Answer: broadcast automation system

Question: Who developed the first commercial broadcast automation band?

Question: Who was an broadcast professor at the University of Buenos Aires?

Question: What was launched in 1987 under the name Bonello?

Question: On what computer did Bonello develop a practical commercial on?

Question: When was the principle of compression first published?
Data_compression

The majority of video compression algorithms use lossy compression. Uncompressed video requires a very high data rate. Although lossless video compression codecs perform at a compression factor of 5-12, a typical MPEG-4 lossy compression video has a compression factor between 20 and 200. As in all lossy compression, there is a trade-off between video quality, cost of processing the compression and decompression, and system requirements. Highly compressed video may present visible or distracting artifacts.

Question: What all mostly use lossy compression?
Answer: video compression algorithms

Question: What requires a high data rate?
Answer: Uncompressed video

Question: What may present visible or distracting artifacts?
Answer: Highly compressed video

Question: What may present visible or distracting MPEG-4?

Question: What requires a very high quality?

Question: What is there a tradeoff between in artifacts?

Question: What has a data rate between 20 and 200?

Question: What has a data rate between 5 and 12?
Data_compression

Some video compression schemes typically operate on square-shaped groups of neighboring pixels, often called macroblocks. These pixel groups or blocks of pixels are compared from one frame to the next, and the video compression codec sends only the differences within those blocks. In areas of video with more motion, the compression must encode more data to keep up with the larger number of pixels that are changing. Commonly during explosions, flames, flocks of animals, and in some panning shots, the high-frequency detail leads to quality decreases or to increases in the variable bitrate.

Question: What compression typically operate on square-shaped groups of pixels?
Answer: video

Question: What only sends the differences within those pixels and blocks?
Answer: macroblocks

Question: What does high-frequency detail lead to?
Answer: variable bitrate

Question: What compression typically operate on square-shaped groups of flames?

Question: What only sends the differences within those bitrates?

Question: What do high-frequency explosions lead to?

Question: What sends only the difference within animals?

Question: When does high-frequency detail lead to blocks of pixels?
Data_compression

Video data may be represented as a series of still image frames. The sequence of frames contains spatial and temporal redundancy that video compression algorithms attempt to eliminate or code in a smaller size. Similarities can be encoded by only storing differences between frames, or by using perceptual features of human vision. For example, small differences in color are more difficult to perceive than are changes in brightness. Compression algorithms can average a color across these similar areas to reduce space, in a manner similar to those used in JPEG image compression. Some of these methods are inherently lossy while others may preserve all relevant information from the original, uncompressed video.

Question: What may be represented as a series of still image frames?
Answer: Video data

Question: What can average a color across similar areas to reduce space?
Answer: Compression algorithms

Question: What is hard to tell with smaller differences involved?
Answer: color

Question: What may be represented as a series of algorithms?

Question: What can average a color across similar areas to reduce changes?

Question: What is hard to tell with smaller redundancy involved?

Question: What is the method in which videos can average a color similar to?

Question: What is easier to perceive than changes in frames?
Data_compression

The most powerful used method works by comparing each frame in the video with the previous one. If the frame contains areas where nothing has moved, the system simply issues a short command that copies that part of the previous frame, bit-for-bit, into the next one. If sections of the frame move in a simple manner, the compressor emits a (slightly longer) command that tells the decompressor to shift, rotate, lighten, or darken the copy. This longer command still remains much shorter than intraframe compression. Interframe compression works well for programs that will simply be played back by the viewer, but can cause problems if the video sequence needs to be edited.

Question: What still remains much shorter than intraframe compression?
Answer: longer command

Question: What happens when a frame contains areas where nothing has moved?
Answer: the system simply issues a short command

Question: What is a sequence that can be edited?
Answer: video

Question: What still remains much shorter than video?

Question: What happens when a frame contains areas that can be compared?

Question: What is a sequence that can cause rotate?

Question: What tells the decompressor to shift, rotate, or copy?

Question: What happens if sections of the frame move in a powerful method?
Data_compression

Because interframe compression copies data from one frame to another, if the original frame is simply cut out (or lost in transmission), the following frames cannot be reconstructed properly. Some video formats, such as DV, compress each frame independently using intraframe compression. Making 'cuts' in intraframe-compressed video is almost as easy as editing uncompressed video: one finds the beginning and ending of each frame, and simply copies bit-for-bit each frame that one wants to keep, and discards the frames one doesn't want. Another difference between intraframe and interframe compression is that, with intraframe systems, each frame uses a similar amount of data. In most interframe systems, certain frames (such as "I frames" in MPEG-2) aren't allowed to copy data from other frames, so they require much more data than other frames nearby.

Question: What copies data from one frame to another?
Answer: interframe compression

Question: What is a type of video format?
Answer: DV

Question: What is almost as easy as editing uncompressed video?
Answer: Making 'cuts'

Question: What copies data from a frame to a video?

Question: What is a type of intraframe?

Question: What is almost as easy as editing frames?

Question: What compress each DV independently?

Question: What are certain compressions not allowed to do in most interframe systems?
Data_compression

Today, nearly all commonly used video compression methods (e.g., those in standards approved by the ITU-T or ISO) apply a discrete cosine transform (DCT) for spatial redundancy reduction. The DCT that is widely used in this regard was introduced by N. Ahmed, T. Natarajan and K. R. Rao in 1974. Other methods, such as fractal compression, matching pursuit and the use of a discrete wavelet transform (DWT) have been the subject of some research, but are typically not used in practical products (except for the use of wavelet coding as still-image coders without motion compensation). Interest in fractal compression seems to be waning, due to recent theoretical analysis showing a comparative lack of effectiveness of such methods.

Question: What do all commonly used video compression methods use?
Answer: discrete cosine transform

Question: What does a DCT do?
Answer: spatial redundancy reduction

Question: What is not used in practical products? 
Answer: fractal compression

Question: What do all commonly used fractals use?

Question: What is not used in DWT?

Question: What does a wavelet do?

Question: Who approves still-image coders?

Question: Who introduced redundancy reduction in 1974?
Data_compression

Genetics compression algorithms are the latest generation of lossless algorithms that compress data (typically sequences of nucleotides) using both conventional compression algorithms and genetic algorithms adapted to the specific datatype. In 2012, a team of scientists from Johns Hopkins University published a genetic compression algorithm that does not use a reference genome for compression. HAPZIPPER was tailored for HapMap data and achieves over 20-fold compression (95% reduction in file size), providing 2- to 4-fold better compression and in much faster time than the leading general-purpose compression utilities. For this, Chanda, Elhaik, and Bader introduced MAF based encoding (MAFE), which reduces the heterogeneity of the dataset by sorting SNPs by their minor allele frequency, thus homogenizing the dataset. Other algorithms in 2009 and 2013 (DNAZip and GenomeZip) have compression ratios of up to 1200-fold—allowing 6 billion basepair diploid human genomes to be stored in 2.5 megabytes (relative to a reference genome or averaged over many genomes).

Question: What are the latest generation of lossless algorithms? 
Answer: Genetics

Question: What encoding reduces the heterogeneity of a dataset by sorting SNPs?
Answer: MAFE

Question: What two algorithms have compression ratios of up to 1200-fold?
Answer: DNAZip and GenomeZip

Question: What are the latest generation of DNAZip and GEnomeZip?

Question: What encoding reduces the heterogenelty of a dataset by sorting megabytes?

Question: What two algorithms have allele frequency of up to 1200-fold?

Question: What provides 2- to 4- fold better heterogenelty than the leading gemeral-purpose compression utilities?

Question: Who published a genetic compression algorithm that does not use diploids?
The_Sun_(United_Kingdom)

The Sun had the largest circulation of any daily newspaper in the United Kingdom, but in late 2013 slipped to second largest Saturday newspaper behind the Daily Mail. It had an average daily circulation of 2.2 million copies in March 2014. Between July and December 2013 the paper had an average daily readership of approximately 5.5 million, with approximately 31% of those falling into the ABC1 demographic and 68% in the C2DE demographic. Approximately 41% of readers are women. The Sun has been involved in many controversies in its history, including its coverage of the 1989 Hillsborough football stadium disaster. Regional editions of the newspaper for Scotland, Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland are published in Glasgow (The Scottish Sun), Belfast (The Sun) and Dublin (The Irish Sun) respectively.

Question: Which newspaper overtook The Sun as largest Saturday UK newspaper?
Answer: Daily Mail

Question: What was the sun's circulation per day in March 2014?
Answer: 2.2 million copies

Question: What was the largest demographic for readers of The Sun?
Answer: C2DE demographic

Question: What is the percentage of The Sun readers who are women?
Answer: Approximately 41%

Question: What is one controversial event covered by The Sun?
Answer: 1989 Hillsborough football stadium disaster
The_Sun_(United_Kingdom)

On 26 February 2012, The Sun on Sunday was launched to replace the closed News of the World, employing some of its former journalists. In late 2013, it was given a new look, with a new typeface. The average circulation for The Sun on Sunday in March 2014 was 1,686,840; but in May 2015 The Mail on Sunday sold more copies for the first time, an average of 28,650 over those of its rival: 1,497,855 to 1,469,195. Roy Greenslade issued some caveats over the May 2015 figures, but believes the weekday Daily Mail will overtake The Sun in circulation during 2016.

Question: Which newspaper did the The Sun on Sunday take the place of?
Answer: News of the World

Question: In what year was The Sun's look changed?
Answer: 2013

Question: What was the circulation of The Sun on Sunday in March 2014?
Answer: 1,686,840

Question: When did the Sunday Mail overtake The Sun in sales numbers?
Answer: May 2015

Question: When is the weekly Mail forecast to pass The Sun in terms of circulation?
Answer: during 2016
The_Sun_(United_Kingdom)

Research commissioned by Cecil King from Mark Abrams of Sussex University, The Newspaper Reading Public of Tomorrow, identified demographic changes which suggested reasons why the Herald might be in decline. The new paper was intended to add a readership of 'social radicals' to the Herald's 'political radicals'. Launched with an advertising budget of £400,000 the brash new paper "burst forth with tremendous energy", according to The Times. Its initial print run of 3.5 million was attributed to 'curiosity' and the 'advantage of novelty', and had declined to the previous circulation of the Daily Herald (1.2 million) within a few weeks.

Question: Who ordered research on the Herald?
Answer: Cecil King from Mark Abrams of Sussex University

Question: What was named as a potential reason for the Herald's decline?
Answer: demographic changes

Question: What type of people was the new paper supposed to attract?
Answer: 'social radicals'

Question: What was the advertising budget of the new paper?
Answer: £400,000

Question: What was the number of papers in the first print run of the Times?
Answer: 3.5 million
The_Sun_(United_Kingdom)

Seizing the opportunity to increase his presence on Fleet Street, he made an agreement with the print unions, promising fewer redundancies if he acquired the newspaper. He assured IPC that he would publish a "straightforward, honest newspaper" which would continue to support Labour. IPC, under pressure from the unions, rejected Maxwell's offer, and Murdoch bought the paper for £800,000, to be paid in instalments. He would later remark: "I am constantly amazed at the ease with which I entered British newspapers."

Question: What did the prospective owner of the paper promise?
Answer: fewer redundancies

Question: How did the prospective publisher describe the newspaper he would produce?
Answer: a "straightforward, honest newspaper"

Question: Which party would the newspaper endorse?
Answer: Labour

Question: What was the price paid for the newspaper?
Answer: £800,000

Question: Whose offer to buy the paper was turned down?
Answer: Maxwell's offer
The_Sun_(United_Kingdom)

Murdoch found he had such a rapport with Larry Lamb over lunch that other potential recruits as editor were not interviewed and Lamb was appointed as the first editor of the new Sun. He was scathing in his opinion of the Mirror, where he had recently been employed as a senior sub-editor, and shared Murdoch's view that a paper's quality was best measured by its sales, and he regarded the Mirror as overstaffed, and primarily aimed at an ageing readership. Lamb hastily recruited a staff of about 125 reporters, who were mostly selected for their availability rather than their ability.

Question: What position did Larry Lamb take with the Sun?
Answer: editor

Question: What type of view did Lamb have of the Mirror?
Answer: scathing

Question: What did Lamb and Murdoch believe to be the best indicator of newspaper quality?
Answer: its sales

Question: What position did Lamb formerly hold at the Mirror?
Answer: senior sub-editor

Question: How many reporters did Lamb hire for the Mirror's initial staff?
Answer: about 125
The_Sun_(United_Kingdom)

Sex was used as an important element in the content and marketing the paper from the start, which Lamb believed was the most important part of his readers' lives. The first topless Page 3 model appeared on 17 November 1970, German-born Stephanie Rahn; she was tagged as a "Birthday Suit Girl" to mark the first anniversary of the relaunched Sun. A topless Page 3 model gradually became a regular fixture, and with increasingly risqué poses. Both feminists and many cultural conservatives saw the pictures as pornographic and misogynistic. Lamb expressed some regret at introducing the feature, although denied it was sexist. A Conservative council in Sowerby Bridge, Yorkshire, was the first to ban the paper from its public library, shortly after Page 3 began, because of its excessive sexual content. This decision was reversed after a sustained campaign by the newspaper itself lasting 16 months, and the election of a Labour-led council in 1971.

Question: What did Lamb employ as an important theme from the beginning of the paper?
Answer: Sex

Question: When did the first Page 3 model appear topless?
Answer: 17 November 1970

Question: Who was the first Page 3 topless model?
Answer: Stephanie Rahn

Question: Who was the first to prohibit the paper from being in its library?
Answer: A Conservative council in Sowerby Bridge, Yorkshire

Question: When was the library ban reversed?
Answer: 1971
The_Sun_(United_Kingdom)

Politically, The Sun in the early Murdoch years, remained nominally Labour. It supported the Labour Party led by Harold Wilson in the 1970 General Election, with the headline "Why It Must Be Labour" but by February 1974 it was calling for a vote for the Conservative Party led by Edward Heath while suggesting that it might support a Labour Party led by James Callaghan or Roy Jenkins. In the October election an editorial asserted: "ALL our instincts are left rather than right and we would vote for any able politician who would describe himself as a Social Democrat."

Question: What were the Sun's political leanings early on under Murdoch?
Answer: nominally Labour

Question: Who led the Labour Party in the 1970 General Election?
Answer: Harold Wilson

Question: Who did the Sun support in 1974?
Answer: Edward Heath

Question: Who would the Sun consider supporting from the Labour Party in 1974?
Answer: James Callaghan or Roy Jenkins

Question: What type of politician did a Sun editorial state that it would support in October 1974?
Answer: any able politician who would describe himself as a Social Democrat
The_Sun_(United_Kingdom)

The editor, Larry Lamb, was originally from a Labour background, with a socialist upbringing while his temporary replacement Bernard Shrimsley (1972–75) was a middle-class uncommitted Conservative. An extensive advertising campaign on the ITV network in this period, voiced by actor Christopher Timothy, may have helped The Sun to overtake the Daily Mirror's circulation in 1978. Despite the industrial relations of the 1970s – the so-called "Spanish practices" of the print unions – The Sun was very profitable, enabling Murdoch to expand his operations to the United States from 1973.

Question: Who temporarily replaced Larry Lamb?
Answer: Bernard Shrimsley

Question: What was Shrimsley's political background?
Answer: middle-class uncommitted Conservative.

Question: Who lent his voice to a campaign that aided The Sun in passing the Daily Mirror in 1978?
Answer: Christopher Timothy

Question: Where did Murdoch begin expanding?
Answer: United States

Question: When did Murdoch begin expanding into the U.S?
Answer: 1973
The_Sun_(United_Kingdom)

The Daily Star had been launched in 1978 by Express Newspaper, and by 1981 had begun to affect sales of The Sun. Bingo was introduced as a marketing tool and a 2p drop in cover price removed the Daily Star's competitive advantage opening a new circulation battle which resulted in The Sun neutralising the threat of the new paper. The new editor of The Sun, Kelvin MacKenzie, took up his post in 1981 just after these developments, and "changed the British tabloid concept more profoundly than [Larry] Lamb did", according to Bruce Page, MacKenzie The paper became "more outrageous, opinionated and irreverent than anything ever produced in Britain".

Question: What newspaper was founded by Express Newspaper?
Answer: The Daily Star

Question: By what year had The Daily Star started impacting The Sun's sales?
Answer: 1981

Question: What helped the Sun overcome the Daily Star's challenge?
Answer: Bingo was introduced as a marketing tool and a 2p drop in cover price

Question: Who became editor of the Sun in 1981?
Answer: Kelvin MacKenzie

Question: What impact was Mackenzie said to have?
Answer: changed the British tabloid concept more profoundly than [Larry] Lamb did"
The_Sun_(United_Kingdom)

On 1 May, The Sun claimed to have 'sponsored' a British missile. Under the headline "Stick This Up Your Junta: A Sun missile for Galtieri’s gauchos", the newspaper published a photograph of a missile, (actually a Polaris missile stock shot from the Ministry of Defence) which had a large Sun logo printed on its side with the caption "Here It Comes, Senors..." underneath. The paper explained that it was 'sponsoring' the missile by contributing to the eventual victory party on HMS Invincible when the war ended. In copy written by Wendy Henry, the paper said that the missile would shortly be used against Argentinian forces. Despite this, it was not well received by the troops and copies of The Sun were soon burnt. Tony Snow, The Sun journalist on HMS Invincible who had 'signed' the missile, reported a few days later that it had hit an Argentinian target.

Question: What did The Sun state that had it taken sponsorship of?
Answer: a British missile

Question: What did the wording on the side of The Sun missile state?
Answer: "Here It Comes, Senors..."

Question: Who did The Sun state that the missile would be used against?
Answer: Argentinian forces

Question: How did troops react to the missile?
Answer: it was not well received

Question: What was the name of The Sun journalist who reported on the missile?
Answer: Tony Snow
The_Sun_(United_Kingdom)

One of the paper's best known front pages, published on 4 May 1982, commemorated the torpedoing of the Argentine ship the General Belgrano by running the story under the headline "GOTCHA". At MacKenzie's insistence, and against the wishes of Murdoch (the mogul was present because almost all the journalists were on strike), the headline was changed for later editions after the extent of Argentinian casualties became known. John Shirley, a reporter for The Sunday Times, witnessed copies of this edition of The Sun being thrown overboard by sailors and marines on HMS Fearless.

Question: What was the Sun's headline on 4 May 1982?
Answer: "GOTCHA"

Question: Which Argentine ship was torpedoed?
Answer: the General Belgrano

Question: Why did The Sun change the wording of the headline?
Answer: the extent of Argentinian casualties became known

Question: Which reporter saw copies of The Sun being thrown into the ocean?
Answer: John Shirley

Question: What ship were copies of The Sun thrown from?
Answer: HMS Fearless
The_Sun_(United_Kingdom)

After HMS Sheffield was wrecked by an Argentinian attack, The Sun was heavily criticised and even mocked for its coverage of the war in The Daily Mirror and The Guardian, and the wider media queried the veracity of official information and worried about the number of casualties, The Sun gave its response. "There are traitors in our midst", wrote leader writer Ronald Spark on 7 May, accusing commentators on Daily Mirror and The Guardian, plus the BBC's defence correspondent Peter Snow, of "treason" for aspects of their coverage.

Question: Which ship was the target of Argentinian aggression?
Answer: HMS Sheffield

Question: Which newspapers were highly critical of The Sun's war reporting?
Answer: The Daily Mirror and The Guardian

Question: Who was lead writer of The Sun?
Answer: Ronald Spark

Question: Who was the BBC's defense correspondent?
Answer: Peter Snow

Question: What was the accusation leveled by Ronald Spark against The Daily Mirror, The Guardian, and BBC?
Answer: treason
The_Sun_(United_Kingdom)

These years included what was called "spectacularly malicious coverage" of the Labour Party by The Sun and other newspapers. During the general election of 1983 The Sun ran a front page featuring an unflattering photograph of Michael Foot, then aged almost 70, claiming he was unfit to be Prime Minister on grounds of his age, appearance and policies, alongside the headline "Do You Really Want This Old Fool To Run Britain?" A year later, in 1984, The Sun made clear its enthusiastic support for the re-election of Ronald Reagan as president in the USA. Reagan was two weeks off his 74th birthday when he started his second term, in January 1985.

Question: Who did The Sun say was not fit to be Prime Minister in 1983?
Answer: Michael Foot

Question: Which party was The Sun accused of covering maliciously?
Answer: Labour Party

Question: Who did The Sun support in the 1984 U.S. presidential election?
Answer: Ronald Reagan

Question: How old would Ronald Reagan turn soon after he began his second term as U.S. president?
Answer: 74

Question: What did the headline read that was run with Michael Foot's photo?
Answer: "Do You Really Want This Old Fool To Run Britain?"
The_Sun_(United_Kingdom)

The Sun, during the Miners' strike of 1984–85, supported the police and the Thatcher government against the striking NUM miners, and in particular the union's president, Arthur Scargill. On 23 May 1984, The Sun prepared a front page with the headline "Mine Führer" and a photograph of Scargill with his arm in the air, a pose which made him look as though he was giving a Nazi salute. The print workers at The Sun refused to print it. The Sun strongly supported the April 1986 bombing of Libya by the US, which was launched from British bases. Several civilians were killed during the bombing. Their leader was "Right Ron, Right Maggie". That year, Labour MP Clare Short attempted in vain to persuade Parliament to outlaw the pictures on Page Three and gained opprobrium from the newspaper for her stand.

Question: Who did The Sun support in the 1984-85 Miners' strike?
Answer: the police and the Thatcher government

Question: Who was president of the Miners' union?
Answer: Arthur Scargill

Question: What did a picture of Scargill have him appear to be doing?
Answer: giving a Nazi salute

Question: How did The Sun feel about the American bombing of Libya in 1986?
Answer: strongly supported the April 1986 bombing

Question: Who was Labour M.P. in 1986?
Answer: Clare Short
The_Sun_(United_Kingdom)

Murdoch has responded to some of the arguments against the newspaper by saying that critics are "snobs" who want to "impose their tastes on everyone else", while MacKenzie claims the same critics are people who, if they ever had a "popular idea", would have to "go and lie down in a dark room for half an hour". Both have pointed to the huge commercial success of the Sun in this period and its establishment as Britain's top-selling newspaper, claiming that they are "giving the public what they want". This conclusion is disputed by critics. John Pilger has said that a late-1970s edition of the Daily Mirror, which replaced the usual celebrity and domestic political news items with an entire issue devoted to his own front-line reporting of the genocide in Pol Pot's Cambodia, not only outsold The Sun on the day it was issued but became the only edition of the Daily Mirror to ever sell every single copy issued throughout the country, something never achieved by The Sun.

Question: How did Murdoch describe critics of his newspaper?
Answer: "snobs" who want to "impose their tastes on everyone else"

Question: What did Murdoch and Mackenzie say in defense of The Sun?
Answer: they are "giving the public what they want"

Question: Who is one critic of The Sun?
Answer: John Pilger

Question: What was the focus of Pilger's reporting in one issue of The Daily Mirror?
Answer: the genocide in Pol Pot's Cambodia

Question: What distinction does one single edition of The Daily Mirror hold?
Answer: the only edition of the Daily Mirror to ever sell every single copy issued throughout the country
The_Sun_(United_Kingdom)

According to Max Clifford: Read All About It, written by Clifford and Angela Levin, La Salle invented the story out of frustration with Starr who had been working on a book with McCaffrey. She contacted an acquaintance who worked for The Sun in Manchester. The story reportedly delighted MacKenzie, who was keen to run it, and Max Clifford, who had been Starr's public relations agent. Starr had to be persuaded that the apparent revelation would not damage him; the attention helped to revive his career. In his 2001 autobiography Unwrapped, Starr wrote that the incident was a complete fabrication: "I have never eaten or even nibbled a live hamster, gerbil, guinea pig, mouse, shrew, vole or any other small mammal."

Question: Who wrote Max Clifford: Read All About It?
Answer: Clifford and Angela Levin

Question: Who was writing a book with McCaffrey?
Answer: Starr

Question: Who was previously Starr's public relations agent?
Answer: Max Clifford

Question: How did attention from the story impact Starr's career?
Answer: the attention helped to revive his career

Question: What was the name of Starr's autobiography?
Answer: Unwrapped
The_Sun_(United_Kingdom)

Eventually resulting in 17 libel writs in total, The Sun ran a series of false stories about the pop musician Elton John from 25 February 1987. They began with an invented account of the singer having sexual relationships with rent boys. The singer-songwriter was abroad on the day indicated in the story, as former Sun journalist John Blake, recently poached by the Daily Mirror, soon discovered. After further stories, in September 1987, The Sun accused John of having his Rottweiler guard dogs voice boxes surgically removed. In November, the Daily Mirror found their rival's only source for the rent boy story and he admitted it was a totally fictitious concoction created for money. The inaccurate story about his dogs, actually Alsatians, put pressure on The Sun, and John received £1 million in an out of court settlement, then the largest damages payment in British history. The Sun ran a front-page apology on 12 December 1988, under the banner headline "SORRY, ELTON". In May 1987 gay men were offered free one-way airline tickets to Norway to leave Britain for good: "Fly Away Gays - And We Will Pay" was the paper's headline. Gay Church of England clergymen were described in one headline in November 1987 as "Pulpit poofs".

Question: How many libel writs did The Sun get for their coverage of Elton John?
Answer: 17

Question: Who did The Sun allege that Elton John had sex with?
Answer: rent boys

Question: What journalist did The Daily Mirror wrest from The Sun?
Answer: John Blake

Question: What breed of dog did The Sun mistakenly report that Elton John owned?
Answer: Rottweiler

Question: Where did The Sun offer to fly gay men in 1987?
Answer: Norway
The_Sun_(United_Kingdom)

Television personality Piers Morgan, a former editor of the Daily Mirror and of The Sun's Bizarre pop column, has said that during the late 1980s, at Kelvin MacKenzie's behest, he was ordered to speculate on the sexuality of male pop stars for a feature headlined "The Poofs of Pop". He also recalls MacKenzie headlining a January 1989 story about the first same-sex kiss on the BBC television soap opera EastEnders "EastBenders", describing the kiss between Colin Russell and Guido Smith as "a homosexual love scene between yuppie poofs ... when millions of children were watching".

Question: What did Piers Morgan offer opinions about in a late 1980s column?
Answer: the sexuality of male pop stars

Question: Which papers did Morgan serve as editor of?
Answer: Daily Mirror and of The Sun

Question: Which BBC show's homosexual kiss did The Sun report on?
Answer: EastEnders

Question: Who shared the first homosexual kiss on EastEnders?
Answer: Colin Russell and Guido Smith

Question: Which column did Piers Morgan edit at The Sun?
Answer: Bizarre pop column
The_Sun_(United_Kingdom)

On 17 November 1989, The Sun headlined a page 2 news story titled "STRAIGHT SEX CANNOT GIVE YOU AIDS – OFFICIAL." The Sun favourably cited the opinions of Lord Kilbracken, a member of the All Parliamentary Group on AIDS. Lord Kilbracken said that only one person out of the 2,372 individuals with HIV/AIDS mentioned in a specific Department of Health report was not a member of a "high risk group", such as homosexuals and recreational drug users. The Sun also ran an editorial further arguing that "At last the truth can be told... the risk of catching AIDS if you are heterosexual is "statistically invisible". In other words, impossible. So now we know – everything else is homosexual propaganda." Although many other British press services covered Lord Kilbracken's public comments, none of them made the argument that the Sun did in its editorial and none of them presented Lord Kilbracken's ideas without context or criticism.

Question: What was the headline for a page 2 Sun story on 17 November 1989?
Answer: "STRAIGHT SEX CANNOT GIVE YOU AIDS – OFFICIAL."

Question: Whose opinion did The Sun trust in their AIDS reporting?
Answer: Lord Kilbracken

Question: Which groups were classified as being at a high risk for AIDS?
Answer: homosexuals and recreational drug users

Question: With which group was Lord Kilbracken associated?
Answer: All Parliamentary Group on AIDS

Question: How did other news outlets report on Lord Kilbracken's words?
Answer: none of them presented Lord Kilbracken's ideas without context or criticism