Divyanshu67/squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
House_music

The early 1990s additionally saw the rise in mainstream US popularity for house music. Pop recording artist Madonna's 1990 single "Vogue" became an international hit single and topped the US charts. The single is credited as helping to bring house music to the US mainstream.

Question: what madonna single is credited as helping bring house music to the mainstream?
Answer: Vogue

Question: when was madonna's hit single "vogue" released?
Answer: 1990

Question: what decade did house music hit the mainstream in the us?
Answer: 1990s

Question: who sang the hit single "vogue"?
Answer: Madonna

Question: how well did madonna's single "vogue" do in the us? 
Answer: topped the US charts

Question: What Madonna single is credited as helping bring US music to the mainstream?

Question: When was Madonna's hit single "House" released?

Question: What decade did Madonna's music hit the mainstream in the US?

Question: Who sang the hit single "Pop"?

Question: How well did Madonna's single "Pop" do in the US?
House_music

Influential gospel/R&B-influenced Aly-us released "Time Passes On" in 1993 (Strictly Rhythm), then later, "Follow Me" which received radio airplay as well as being played in clubs. Another U.S. hit which received radio play was the single "Time for the Perculator" by Cajmere, which became the prototype of ghetto house subgenre. Cajmere started the Cajual and Relief labels (amongst others). By the early 1990s artists such as Cajmere himself (under that name as well as Green Velvet and as producer for Dajae), DJ Sneak, Glenn Underground and others did many recordings. The 1990s saw new Chicago house artists emerge such as DJ Funk, who operates a Chicago house record label called Dance Mania. Ghetto house and acid house were other house music styles that were also started in Chicago.

Question: What gospel/R&B-influenced group released "Time Passes On" in 1993?
Answer: Aly-us

Question: who released the hit single "time for the perculator" in the us?
Answer: Cajmere

Question: what was cajmere's alternate name?
Answer: Green Velvet

Question: what was the name of the label operated by dj funk in chicago?
Answer: Dance Mania

Question: what was the prototype of ghetto house?
Answer: "Time for the Perculator" by Cajmere

Question: What gospel/R&B-influenced group released "DJ Sneak" in 1993?

Question: Who released the hit single "DJ Sneak" in the US?

Question: What was Cajual's alternative name?

Question: What was the name of the label operated by Cajmere in Chicago?

Question: What was the prototype of Chicago house?
House_music

In Britain, further experiments in the genre boosted its appeal. House and rave clubs such as Lakota and Cream emerged across Britain, hosting house and dance scene events. The 'chilling out' concept developed in Britain with ambient house albums such as The KLF's Chill Out and Analogue Bubblebath by Aphex Twin. The Godskitchen superclub brand also began in the midst of the early 90's rave scene. After initially hosting small nights in Cambridge and Northampton, the associated events scaled up in Milton Keynes, Birmingham and Leeds. A new indie dance scene also emerged in the 90's. In New York, bands such as Deee-Lite furthered house's international influence. Two distinctive tracks from this era were the Orb's "Little Fluffy Clouds" (with a distinctive vocal sample from Rickie Lee Jones) and the Happy Mondays' "Wrote for Luck" ("WFL") which was transformed into a dance hit by Vince Clarke.

Question: where did the "chilling out" concept develop?
Answer: Britain

Question: who released the album analogue bubblebath?
Answer: Aphex Twin

Question: where was the band deee-lite based?
Answer: New York

Question: who released the track "little fluffy clouds"?
Answer: Orb

Question: who transformed happy mondays' "wrote for luck" into a dance hit?
Answer: Vince Clarke

Question: Where did the "indie dance" concept develop?

Question: Who released the album "Fluffy Orb"?

Question: Where was the band Fluffy Orb based?

Question: Who released the track "Little Indie Dance"?

Question: Who transformed happy mondays' "Little Fluffy Clouds" into a dance hit?
House_music

In England, one of the few licensed venues The Eclipse attracted people from up and down the country as it was open until the early hours. The Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994 was a government attempt to ban large rave dance events featuring music with "repetitive beats". There were a number of abortive "Kill the Bill" demonstrations. The Spiral Tribe at Castle Morten was probably the nail in the coffin for illegal raves, and forced through the bill, which became law, in November 1994. The music continued to grow and change, as typified by Leftfield with "Release the Pressure", which introduced dub and reggae into the house sound, although Leftfield had prior releases, such as "Not Forgotten" released in 1990 on Sheffield's Outer Rhythm records.

Question: what act was passed in england in an attempt to ban large rave dance events?
Answer: Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994

Question: what was the nail in the coffin for illegal raves?
Answer: The Spiral Tribe at Castle Morten

Question: when did the bill become a law? 
Answer: November 1994

Question: what single introduced dub and reggae into the house sound?
Answer: "Release the Pressure"

Question: who recorded the hit single "release the pressure"?
Answer: Leftfield

Question: What act was passed in England in attempt to ban large records?

Question: What was the nail in the coffin for illegal records?

Question: When did the bill get repealed?

Question: What single introduced dub and reggae into the Castle sound?

Question: Who recorded the hit single "Not Released"?
House_music

A new generation of clubs such as Liverpool's Cream and the Ministry of Sound were opened to provide a venue for more commercial sounds. Major record companies began to open "superclubs" promoting their own acts. These superclubs entered into sponsorship deals initially with fast food, soft drinks, and clothing companies. Flyers in clubs in Ibiza often sported many corporate logos. A new subgenre, Chicago hard house, was developed by DJs such as Bad Boy Bill, DJ Lynnwood, DJ Irene, Richard "Humpty" Vission and DJ Enrie, mixing elements of Chicago house, funky house and hard house together. Additionally, Producers such as George Centeno, Darren Ramirez, and Martin O. Cairo would develop the Los Angeles Hard House sound. Similar to gabber or hardcore techno from the Netherlands, this sound was often associated with the "rebel" culture of the time. These 3 producers are often considered "ahead of their time" since many of the sounds they engineered during the late 20th century became more prominent during the 21st century.

Question: where was a new type of club called Cream located?
Answer: Liverpool

Question: what was a new subgenre of house in chicago, developed by bad boy bill and others, called?
Answer: Chicago hard house

Question: george centeno, darren ramirez, and martin o. cairo developed a hard house sound in what city?
Answer: Los Angeles

Question: what was another name for hardcore techno from the netherlands?
Answer: gabber

Question: who began opening "superclubs"?
Answer: Major record companies

Question: Where was a new type of club called Darren Located?

Question: What was a new subgenre of house in Los Angeles, developed by bad boy bill and others, called?

Question: George Centeno, Darren Ramirez, and Martin O. Cairo developed a superclub sound in what city?

Question: What was another name for hardcore techno from Chicago?

Question: Who began opening gabbers?
House_music

Towards the end of the 1990s and into the 2000s, producers such as Daft Punk, Stardust, Cassius, St. Germain and DJ Falcon began producing a new sound out of Paris's house scene. Together, they laid the groundwork for what would be known as the French house movement. By combining the harder-edged-yet-soulful philosophy of Chicago house with the melodies of obscure funk, state-of-the-art production techniques and the sound of analog synthesizers, they began to create the standards that would shape all house music.

Question: Daft Punk began producing a new sound out of what european city?
Answer: Paris

Question: Daft Punk, Stardust, Cassius, St. Germain, and DJ Falcon all came from what scene?
Answer: Paris's house scene

Question: When did Daft Punk begin producing a new sound?
Answer: end of the 1990s and into the 2000s

Question: Daft Chicago began producing a new sound out of what European city?

Question: Daft Stardust and Germain Chicago came from what scene?

Question: When did Germain Chicago begin producing a new sound?

Question: When did Daft Punk begin producing the a new sound out of Chicago's house scene?

Question: What did Chicago's house scene lead to?
House_music

Chicago Mayor Richard M. Daley proclaimed August 10, 2005 to be "House Unity Day" in Chicago, in celebration of the "21st anniversary of house music" (actually the 21st anniversary of the founding of Trax Records, an independent Chicago-based house label). The proclamation recognized Chicago as the original home of house music and that the music's original creators "were inspired by the love of their city, with the dream that someday their music would spread a message of peace and unity throughout the world". DJs such as Frankie Knuckles, Marshall Jefferson, Paul Johnson and Mickey Oliver celebrated the proclamation at the Summer Dance Series, an event organized by Chicago's Department of Cultural Affairs.

Question: When was House Unity Day in Chicago?
Answer: August 10, 2005

Question: Who proclaimed House Unity Day in Chicago?
Answer: Chicago Mayor Richard M. Daley

Question: In 2005, what anniversary was house music celebrating?
Answer: "21st anniversary of house music"

Question: what was recognized as the original home of house music in 2005?
Answer: Chicago

Question: What event was organized by Chicago's Department of Cultural Affairs to celebrate house music?
Answer: Summer Dance Series

Question: When was House Unity Day in Jefferson?

Question: Who proclaimed House Unity Day in Jefferson?

Question: In 2005, what anniversary was Oliver music celebrating?

Question: What was recognized as the original home of Oliver music in 2005?

Question: What event was organized by Chicago's Department of Cultural Affairs to celebrate Oliver music?
House_music

It was during this decade that vocal house became firmly established, both in the underground and as part of the pop market, and labels such as Defected Records, Roule and Om were at the forefront of championing the emerging sound. In the mid-2000s, fusion genres such as electro house and fidget house emerged.[citation needed] This fusion is apparent in the crossover of musical styles by artists such as Dennis Ferrer and Booka Shade, with the former's production style having evolved from the New York soulful house scene and the latter's roots in techno.

Question: Defected Records was at the forefront of what type of house music?
Answer: vocal house

Question: Roule and Om was at the forefront of what type of house music?
Answer: vocal house

Question: Dennis Ferrer produced what type of house fusion?
Answer: electro house and fidget house

Question: in what time period did fusion genres of house emerge?
Answer: mid-2000s

Question: Defected Records was at the forefront of what type of Roule music?

Question: Roule and Om was at the forefront of what type of Shade music?

Question: What type of Shade fusion did Dennis Ferrer produce?

Question: In what time period did Shade genres of house emerge?

Question: What is apparent in the crossover of market styles?
House_music

Numerous live performance events dedicated to house music were founded during the course of the decade, including Shambhala Music Festival and major industry sponsored events like Miami's Winter Music Conference. The genre even gained popularity in the Middle East in cities such as Dubai & Abu Dhabi[citation needed] and at events like Creamfields.

Question: Where did the Winter Music Conference take place? 
Answer: Miami

Question: The Shambhala Music Festival was dedicated to what? 
Answer: house music

Question: where did house music gain popularity in the middle east?
Answer: Dubai & Abu Dhabi

Question: what event led to an increase in popularity for house music in the middle east?
Answer: Creamfields

Question: what large event in Miami was industry sponsored?
Answer: Shambhala Music Festival

Question: Where did the Middle East Conference take place?

Question: What was the Numerous Conference dedicated to?

Question: Where did Miami music gain popularity in the Middle East?

Question: What event led to an increase in popularity for Shambhala in the Middle East?

Question: What large event in the Middle East was industry sponsored?
House_music

2010s saw multiple new sounds in house music developed by numerous DJs. Sweden knew a prominence of snare-less "Swedish progressive house" with the emergence of Sebastian Ingrosso, Axwell, Steve Angello (These three formed a trio called Swedish House Mafia), Avicii, Alesso, etc. Netherlands brought together a concept of "Dirty Dutch", electro house subgenre characterized by very abrasive leads and darker arpeggios, with prominent DJs Chuckie, Hardwell, Laidback Luke, Afrojack, R3hab, Bingo Players, Quintino, Alvaro, Cedric Gervais, 2G, etc. Elsewhere, fusion genres derivative of 2000s progressive house returned to prominence, especially with the help of DJs Calvin Harris, Eric Prydz, Mat Zo, Above & Beyond and Fonzerelli in Europe, Deadmau5, Kaskade, Steve Aoki, Porter Robinson and Wolfgang Gartner in the US and Canada. The growing popularity of such artists led to the emergence of electro house and progressive house blended sounds in popular music, such as singles Lady Gaga's "Marry the Night", The Black Eyed Peas' "The Best One Yet (The Boy)" and the will.i.am and Britney Spears "Scream & Shout". Big room house found increasing popularity since 2010, particularly through international dance music festivals such as Tomorrowland, Ultra Music Festival, and Electric Daisy Carnival.

Question: What was different about swedish progressive house music?
Answer: snare-less

Question: Sebastian Ingrosso, Axwell, and Steve Angello formed what successful trio?
Answer: Swedish House Mafia

Question: What concept is characterized by abrasive leads and darker arpeggios?
Answer: Dirty Dutch

Question: Progressive house blended sounds were prominent in the song "Marry the Night" by what popular artist?
Answer: Lady Gaga

Question: Big room house has found increasing popularity since what year?
Answer: 2010

Question: What was different about US progressive house music?

Question: Sebastian Ingrosso, Aswell, and Steve Spears formed what successful trio?

Question: What concept is characterized by abrasive leads and darker houses?

Question: Progressive house blended sounds were prominent in the song "Swedish House" by what popular artist?

Question: Big room house has found increasing arpeggios since what year?
House_music

In addition to these popular examples of house, there has also been a reunification of contemporary house and its roots. Many hip hop and R&B artists also turn to house music to add a mass appeal to the music they produce.

Question: There has been a reunification of contemporary house with what?
Answer: its roots

Question: What genre of artists has recently turned to house music to add mass appeal?
Answer: hip hop and R&B

Question: Why do many hip hop and R&B artists turn to house music?
Answer: to add a mass appeal to the music they produce

Question: What has there been a reunification of contemporary mass with?

Question: What genre of artists has recently turned to house music to add music roots?

Question: Why do many hip hop and R&B artists turn to roots?

Question: What has there been a separation of?

Question: Who turns to country music?
Letter_case

The terms upper case and lower case can be written as two consecutive words, connected with a hyphen (upper-case and lower-case), or as a single word (uppercase and lowercase). These terms originated from the common layouts of the shallow drawers called type cases used to hold the movable type for letterpress printing. Traditionally, the capital letters were stored in a separate case that was located above the case that held the small letters, and the name proved easy to remember since capital letters are taller.

Question: The terms uppercase and lowercase originated from the common layout which type of drawers?
Answer: shallow

Question: Besides being a single word or two separate words, how can the words uppercase and lowercase be expressed?
Answer: hyphen

Question: In relation to the shelf the small letters were located, where were the capital letters?
Answer: located above

Question: Which characteristic of capital letters made it easy to remember.
Answer: taller
Letter_case

The convention followed by many British publishers (including scientific publishers, like Nature, magazines, like The Economist and New Scientist, and newspapers, like The Guardian and The Times) and U.S. newspapers is to use sentence-style capitalisation in headlines, where capitalisation follows the same rules that apply for sentences. This convention is usually called sentence case. It may also be applied to publication titles, especially in bibliographic references and library catalogues. Examples of global publishers whose English-language house styles prescribe sentence-case titles and headings include the International Organization for Standardization.

Question: What is the basis of capitalization standards for the sentence-style capitalization?
Answer: sentences

Question: What is the popular capitalization structure and standard used by many British publishers and U.S. newspapers?
Answer: sentence-style

Question: What is an alternative name for sentence-style capitalization?
Answer: sentence case

Question: Which popular global publisher utilizes sentence case for titles and headers?
Answer: International Organization for Standardization

Question: Besides headlines, what is sentence-style capitalization often applied to?
Answer: publication titles
Letter_case

Similar developments have taken place in other alphabets. The lower-case script for the Greek alphabet has its origins in the 7th century and acquired its quadrilinear form in the 8th century. Over time, uncial letter forms were increasingly mixed into the script. The earliest dated Greek lower-case text is the Uspenski Gospels (MS 461) in the year 835.[citation needed] The modern practice of capitalising the first letter of every sentence seems to be imported (and is rarely used when printing Ancient Greek materials even today).

Question: Which century did the lower-case script for the Greek Alphabet originate?
Answer: 7th

Question: Which century did the Greek alphabet acquire its quadrilinear form?
Answer: 8th

Question: Overtime which type of letter forms were mixed increasingly into the Greek language script?
Answer: uncial

Question: Which year is the earliest dated Greek lower-case text?
Answer: 835

Question: In which literature is the earliest dated Greek lower-case text?
Answer: Uspenski Gospels
Letter_case

In orthography and typography, letter case (or just case) is the distinction between the letters that are in larger upper case (also capital letters, capitals, caps, large letters, or more formally majuscule, see Terminology) and smaller lower case (also small letters, or more formally minuscule, see Terminology) in the written representation of certain languages. Here is a comparison of the upper and lower case versions of each letter included in the English alphabet (the exact representation will vary according to the font used):

Question: In orthography and typography, what is the distinction between the letters that are in larger upper case and lower upper case
Answer: letter case

Question: Minuscule is a term uses to describe which case of letter?
Answer: smaller lower

Question: Capital letters refer to which case of letter?
Answer: larger upper

Question: Letter case is used to distinction betweem lowercase and uppercase letter in which common representation of certain languages?
Answer: written
Letter_case

Capitalisation in English, in terms of the general orthographic rules independent of context (e.g. title vs. heading vs. text), is universally standardized for formal writing. (Informal communication, such as texting, instant messaging or a handwritten sticky note, may not bother, but that is because its users usually do not expect it to be formal.) In English, capital letters are used as the first letter of a sentence, a proper noun, or a proper adjective. There are a few pairs of words of different meanings whose only difference is capitalisation of the first letter. The names of the days of the week and the names of the months are also capitalised, as are the first-person pronoun "I" and the interjection "O" (although the latter is uncommon in modern usage, with "oh" being preferred). Other words normally start with a lower-case letter. There are, however, situations where further capitalisation may be used to give added emphasis, for example in headings and titles (see below). In some traditional forms of poetry, capitalisation has conventionally been used as a marker to indicate the beginning of a line of verse independent of any grammatical feature.

Question: Capitalization in English is universally standardized for which type of writing?
Answer: formal

Question: In English the first letter of a sentence is which type of letter?
Answer: capital

Question: What is capitalization commonly use to indicate in poetry independent of any grammatical feature?
Answer: beginning of a line of verse

Question: How is the first letter of a first-person pronoun handled mid sentence in English?
Answer: capitalised

Question: The interjection "O" has been replaced by which more common and preferred word in English?
Answer: oh
Letter_case

Originally alphabets were written entirely in majuscule letters, spaced between well-defined upper and lower bounds. When written quickly with a pen, these tended to turn into rounder and much simpler forms. It is from these that the first minuscule hands developed, the half-uncials and cursive minuscule, which no longer stayed bound between a pair of lines. These in turn formed the foundations for the Carolingian minuscule script, developed by Alcuin for use in the court of Charlemagne, which quickly spread across Europe. The advantage of the minuscule over majuscule was improved, faster readability.[citation needed]

Question: Originally alphabets were written entirely in which type of letter?
Answer: majuscule

Question: Rounder and simpler forms of letters came from writing quickly with which instrument?
Answer: pen

Question: Who developed the Carolingian minuscule script for handwriting?
Answer: Alcuin

Question: Carolingian minuscule script quickly spread across which continent?
Answer: Europe

Question: What is a common advantage of miniscule over majuscule handwriting?
Answer: faster readability
Letter_case

Letter case is often prescribed by the grammar of a language or by the conventions of a particular discipline. In orthography, the uppercase is primarily reserved for special purposes, such as the first letter of a sentence or of a proper noun, which makes the lowercase the more common variant in text. In mathematics, letter case may indicate the relationship between objects with uppercase letters often representing "superior" objects (e.g. X could be a set containing the generic member x). Engineering design drawings are typically labelled entirely in upper-case letters, which are easier to distinguish than lowercase, especially when space restrictions require that the lettering be small.

Question: What is often prescribed by the grammar of a language or by conventions of a particular discipline?
Answer: Letter case

Question: Which kind of purpose is uppercase reserved for in orthography?
Answer: special

Question: Which is the most common variant of case in text?
Answer: lowercase

Question: Engineering design drawings typically utiilze which case of letter in labeling?
Answer: upper-case

Question: Why are uppercase letters preferred often times when space is restricted?
Answer: easier to distinguish than lowercase
Letter_case

Typographically, the basic difference between the majuscules and minuscules is not that the majuscules are big and minuscules small, but that the majuscules generally have the same height. The height of the minuscules varies, as some of them have parts higher or lower than the average, i.e. ascenders and descenders. In Times New Roman, for instance, b, d, f, h, k, l, t  are the letters with ascenders, and g, j, p, q, y are the ones with descenders. Further to this, with old-style numerals still used by some traditional or classical fonts—although most do have a set of alternative Lining Figures— 6 and 8 make up the ascender set, and 3, 4, 5, 7 and 9 the descender set.

Question: Who do majuscules have which distinguish themselves from minuscules?
Answer: generally have the same height

Question: In Time New Roman the letter "b" would be consider which type of letter based on whether it is above or below average height?
Answer: ascenders

Question: Descending letters tend to have a part which falls where relative to the average height of a letter?
Answer: lower than the average

Question: Besides the number 6, which number makes of the ascender set in some traditional or classical fonts?
Answer: 8
Letter_case

Most Western languages (particularly those with writing systems based on the Latin, Cyrillic, Greek, Coptic, and Armenian alphabets) use letter cases in their written form as an aid to clarity. Scripts using two separate cases are also called bicameral scripts. Many other writing systems make no distinction between majuscules and minuscules – a system called unicameral script or unicase. This includes most syllabic and other non-alphabetic scripts. The Georgian alphabet is special since it used to be bicameral, but today is mostly used in a unicameral way.

Question: What do most Western languages use in their written form to add clarity?
Answer: letter cases

Question: What are writing systems which make no distinction between majuscales and minuscules often referred to as?
Answer: unicameral script

Question: Which alphabet is a special case because it transitioned from bicameral to unicameral?
Answer: Georgian

Question: What are scripts that utilized two seperate cases called?
Answer: bicameral
Letter_case

In Latin, papyri from Herculaneum dating before 79 AD (when it was destroyed) have been found that have been written in old Roman cursive, where the early forms of minuscule letters "d", "h" and "r", for example, can already be recognised. According to papyrologist Knut Kleve, "The theory, then, that the lower-case letters have been developed from the fifth century uncials and the ninth century Carolingian minuscules seems to be wrong." Both majuscule and minuscule letters existed, but the difference between the two variants was initially stylistic rather than orthographic and the writing system was still basically unicameral: a given handwritten document could use either one style or the other but these were not mixed. European languages, except for Ancient Greek and Latin, did not make the case distinction before about 1300.[citation needed]

Question: Papyri from Herculaneum dating before 79 AD have been to to be written in which hand writing?
Answer: old Roman cursive

Question: Whicy papyrologist theorized lowercase letter actually developed from the fifth century uncials?
Answer: Knut Kleve

Question: Which continents languages with few exceptions generally did not utilize case distinction until about the year 1300?
Answer: Europe

Question: What was the initial difference between majuscule and minuscule letters? 
Answer: stylistic

Question: Which type of document was general unicameral because the writer used one type of writing but not another?
Answer: handwritten
Letter_case

As regards publication titles it is, however, a common typographic practice among both British and U.S. publishers to capitalise significant words (and in the United States, this is often applied to headings, too). This family of typographic conventions is usually called title case. For example, R. M. Ritter's Oxford Manual of Style (2002) suggests capitalising "the first word and all nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs and adverbs, but generally not articles, conjunctions and short prepositions". This is an old form of emphasis, similar to the more modern practice of using a larger or boldface font for titles. The rules for which words to capitalise are not based on any grammatically inherent correct/incorrect distinction and are not universally standardized; they are arbitrary and differ between style guides, although in most styles they tend to follow a few strong conventions, as follows:

Question: What is capitalization of significant words applied to in the United States besides titles?
Answer: headings

Question: Capitalization of significant words refers to which family of typographic conventions?
Answer: title case

Question: Which book of literature standards suggests capitalizing the first word and all nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs, and adverbs?
Answer: R. M. Ritter's Oxford Manual of Style

Question: The use of bold fonts and capilization in titles falls under which unusual grammatical distinction?
Answer: not universally standardized
Letter_case

As briefly discussed in Unicode Technical Note #26, "In terms of implementation issues, any attempt at a unification of Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic would wreak havoc [and] make casing operations an unholy mess, in effect making all casing operations context sensitive […]". In other words, while the shapes of letters like A, B, E, H, K, M, O, P, T, X, Y and so on are shared between the Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic alphabets (and small differences in their canonical forms may be considered to be of a merely typographical nature), it would still be problematic for a multilingual character set or a font to provide only a single codepoint for, say, uppercase letter B, as this would make it quite difficult for a wordprocessor to change that single uppercase letter to one of the three different choices for the lower-case letter, b (Latin), β (Greek), or в (Cyrillic). Without letter case, a "unified European alphabet" – such as ABБCГDΔΕZЄЗFΦGHIИJ…Z, with an appropriate subset for each language – is feasible; but considering letter case, it becomes very clear that these alphabets are rather distinct sets of symbols.

Question: Attempts to unify Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic would create which sort of problems?
Answer: make casing operations an unholy mess

Question: What among many common letters is shared between Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic?
Answer: shapes

Question: What would be problematic for a multilingual character set or font to provide?
Answer: single codepoint

Question: What distinguishes Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic from one another?
Answer: sets of symbols

Question: Although there are challenges a unified European alphabet is feasible even in the absence of which common language rule?
Answer: letter case
Chihuahua_(state)

During the 14th century in the northeastern part of the state nomad tribes by the name of Jornado hunted bison along the Rio Grande; they left numerous rock paintings throughout the northeastern part of the state. When the Spanish explorers reached this area they found their descendants, Suma and Manso tribes. In the southern part of the state, in a region known as Aridoamerica, Chichimeca people survived by hunting, gathering, and farming between AD 300 and 1300. The Chichimeca are the ancestors of the Tepehuan people.

Question: What was the name of the nomad tribes that hunted bison?
Answer: Jornado

Question: Along which river did they hunt bison?
Answer: Rio Grande

Question: How did the Chichimeca survive?
Answer: hunting, gathering, and farming

Question: The Chichimeca are the ancestors of what people?
Answer: Tepehuan

Question: The Jornado painted onto what surface?
Answer: rock
Chihuahua_(state)

During the Napoleonic Occupation of Spain, Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, a Catholic priest of progressive ideas, declared Mexican independence in the small town of Dolores, Guanajuato on September 16, 1810 with a proclamation known as the "Grito de Dolores". Hidalgo built a large support among intellectuals, liberal priests and many poor people. Hidalgo fought to protect the rights of the poor and indigenous population. He started on a march to the capital, Mexico City, but retreated back north when faced with the elite of the royal forces at the outskirts of the capital. He established a liberal government from Guadalajara, Jalisco but was soon forced to flee north by the royal forces that recaptured the city. Hidalgo attempted to reach the United States and gain American support for Mexican independence. HIdalgo reached Saltillo, Coahuila where he publicly resigned his military post and rejected a pardon offered by Viceroy Francisco Venegas in return for Hidalgo's surrender. A short time later, he and his supporters were captured by royalist Ignacio Elizondo at the Wells of Baján (Norias de Baján) on March 21, 1811 and taken to the city of Chihuahua. Hidalgo forced the Bishop of Valladolid, Manuel Abad y Queipo, to rescind the excommunication order he had circulated against him on September 24, 1810. Later, the Inquisition issued an excommunication edict on October 13, 1810 condemning Miguel Hidalgo as a seditionary, apostate, and heretic.

Question: What was the name of the town in which Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla declared independence?
Answer: Dolores

Question: What was the name of the Proclamation?
Answer: Grito de Dolores

Question: What was Hidalgo's occupation?
Answer: priest

Question: What was the name of the royalist who captured Hidalgo?
Answer: Ignacio Elizondo

Question: Which country had Hidalgo attempted to reach to gain support?
Answer: United States
Chihuahua_(state)

At a convention of citizens called to select a new provisional ruler, Gutierrez obtained the vote, with P. J. Escalante for his deputy, and a council to guide the administration. Santa Anna ordered the reinstatement of Mendarozqueta as comandante general. Gutiérrez yielded, but Escalante refused to surrender office, demonstrations of support ensued, but Escalante yielded when troops were summoned from Zacatecas. A new election brought a new legislature, and conforming governors. In September 1835 José Urrea a federalist army officer came into power.

Question: Who did Santa Anna order the reinstatement as comandante general?
Answer: Mendarozqueta

Question: What was the name of the federalist army officer who eventually came into power during the new election?
Answer: José Urrea

Question: Who had actually won the original vote?
Answer: Gutierrez

Question: Who was his deputy?
Answer: P. J. Escalante

Question: Who refused to yield until troops were summoned?
Answer: Escalante
Chihuahua_(state)

The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, signed on February 2, 1848, by American diplomat Nicholas Trist and Mexican plenipotentiary representatives Luis G. Cuevas, Bernardo Couto, and Miguel Atristain, ended the war, gave the U.S. undisputed control of Texas, and established the U.S.–Mexican border of the Rio Grande. As news of peace negotiations reached the state, new call to arms began to flare among the people of the state. But as the Mexican officials in Chihuahua heard that General Price was heading back to Mexico with a large force comprising several companies of infantry and three companies of cavalry and one division of light artillery from Santa Fe on February 8, 1848, Ángel Trías sent a message to Sacramento Pass to ask for succession of the area as they understood the war had concluded. General Price, misunderstanding this as a deception by the Mexican forces, continued to advance towards the state capital. On March 16, 1848 Price began negotiations with Ángel Trías, but the Mexican leader responded with an ultimatum to General Price. The American forces engaged with the Mexican forces near Santa Cruz de los Rosales on March 16, 1848. The Battle of Santa Cruz de los Rosales was the last battle of the Mexican–American War and it occurred after the peace treaty was signed. The American forces maintained control over the state capital for three months after the confirmation of the peace treaty. The American presence served to delay the possible succession of the state which had been discussed at the end of 1847, and the state remained under United States occupation until May 22, 1848.

Question: What was the name of the treaty that ended the war?
Answer: The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

Question: In which year was the treaty signed?
Answer: 1848

Question: Control over which current U.S. state was given to the U.S. under this treaty?
Answer: Texas

Question: How long did the U.S. continue to maintain control over the state capital after the treaty?
Answer: three months

Question: Which American general misunderstood the Mexican message sent to Sacramento Pass?
Answer: General Price
Chihuahua_(state)

In consequence to the Reform War, the federal government was bankrupt and could not pay its foreign debts to Spain, England, and France. On July 17, 1861, President Juárez decreed a moratorium on payment to foreign debtors for a period of two years. Spain, England, and France did not accept the moratorium by Mexico; they united at the Convention of the Triple Alliance on October 31, 1861 in which they agreed to take possession of several custom stations within Mexico as payment. A delegation of the Triple Alliance arrived in Veracruz in December 1861. President Juárez immediately sent his Foreign Affairs Minister, Manuel Doblado, who is able to reduce the debts through the Pacto de Soledad (Soledad Pact). General Juan Prim of Spain persuaded the English delegation to accept the terms of the Pacto de Soledad, but the French delegation refused.

Question: Which countries owned Mexican debt?
Answer: Spain, England, and France

Question: Who was the President of Mexico at the time?
Answer: President Juárez

Question: Who was the Foreign Affairs Minister?
Answer: Manuel Doblado

Question: Who convinced the English to accept the terms of the pact?
Answer: General Juan Prim of Spain

Question: Which country refused to accept?
Answer: France
Chihuahua_(state)

Maximilian was deeply dissatisfied with General Bazaine's decision to abandon the state capital of Chihuahua and immediately ordered Agustín B. Billaut to recapture the city. On December 11, 1865, Billaut with a force of 500 men took control of the city. By January 31, 1866 Billaut was ordered to leave Chihuahua, but he left behind 500 men to maintain control. At the zenith of their power, the imperialist forces controlled all but four states in Mexico; the only states to maintain strong opposition to the French were: Guerrero, Chihuahua, Sonora, and Baja California.

Question: Who was deeply dissatisfied with Bazaine's decision to abandon Chihuahua?
Answer: Maximilian

Question: How many men did Billaut have when he recaptured the city?
Answer: 500

Question: At its zenith, the imperialist forces controlled all but how many states in Mexico?
Answer: four

Question: Which four states opposed the French?
Answer: Guerrero, Chihuahua, Sonora, and Baja California

Question: In which year did Billaut capture Chihuahua?
Answer: 1865
Chihuahua_(state)

After the death of the president Benito Juárez in 1872, the first magistracy of the country was occupied by the vice-president Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada, who called for new elections. Two candidates were registered; Lerdo de Tejada and General Porfirio Díaz, one of the heroes of the Battle of Puebla which had taken place on May 5, 1862. Lerdeo de Tejada won the election, but lost popularity after he announced his intent to run for re-election. On March 21, 1876, Don Porfirio Díaz rebelled against President Sebastian Lerdo de Tejada. The Plan of Tuxtepec defended the "No Re-election" principle. On June 2, 1876 the garrisons in the state of Chihuahua surrendered to the authority of General Porfirio Díaz; Governor Antonio Ochoa was arrested until all the Lerdista forces were suppressed throughout the state. Porfirio Díaz then helped Tíras regain the governorship of the state of Chihuahua allowing for the Plan of Tuxtepec to be implemented. The victory of the Plan of Tuxtepec, gave the interim presidency to Jose Maria Iglesias and later, as the only candidate, the General Porfirio Díaz assumed the presidency on May 5, 1877. During the first years of the Porfiriato (Porfirio Díaz Era), the Díaz administration had to combat several attacks from the Lerdista forces and the Apache. A new rebellion led by the Lerdista party was orchestrated from exile in the United States. The Lerdista forces were able to temporarily occupy the city of El Paso del Norte until mid-1877. During 1877 the northern parts of the state suffered through a spell of extreme drought which were responsible for many deaths in El Paso del Norte.

Question: In which year did Benito Juarez die?
Answer: 1872

Question: The two candidates were heroes of what battle?
Answer: Battle of Puebla

Question: Which plan defended the "No Re-election" principle?
Answer: The Plan of Tuxtepec

Question: Which party rebelled against the administration?
Answer: Lerdista party

Question: Which city was occupied by the Lerdista forces?
Answer: El Paso del Norte
Chihuahua_(state)

In March 1912, in Chihuahua, Gen. Pascual Orozco revolted. Immediately President Francisco Madero commanded Gen. Victoriano Huerta of the Federal Army, to put down the Orozco revolt. The governor of Chihuahua mobilized the state militia led by Colonel Pancho Villa to supplement General Huerta. By June, Villa notified Huerta that the Orozco revolt had been put down and that the militia would consider themselves no longer under Huerta's command and would depart. Huerta became furious and ordered that Villa be executed. Raúl Madero, Madero's brother, intervened to save Villa's life. Jailed in Mexico City, Villa fled to the United States. Madero's time as leader was short-lived, ended by a coup d'état in 1913 led by Gen. Victoriano Huerta; Orozco sided with Huerta, and Huerta made him one of his generals.

Question: Which year did Orozco revolt?
Answer: 1912

Question: Who notified Huerta the revolt had been put down?
Answer: Villa

Question: Who saved Villa's life?
Answer: Raúl Madero

Question: With whom did Orozco side?
Answer: Huerta
Chihuahua_(state)

Although Chihuahua is primarily identified with the Chihuahuan Desert for namesake, it has more forests than any other state in Mexico, with the exception of Durango. Due to its variant climate, the state has a large variety of fauna and flora. The state is mostly characterized by rugged mountainous terrain and wide river valleys. The Sierra Madre Occidental mountain range, an extension of the Rocky Mountains, dominates the state's terrain and is home to the state's greatest attraction, Las Barrancas del Cobre, or Copper Canyon, a canyon system larger and deeper than the Grand Canyon. On the slope of the Sierra Madre Occidental mountains (around the regions of Casas Grandes, Cuauhtémoc and Parral), there are vast prairies of short yellow grass, the source of the bulk of the state's agricultural production. Most of the inhabitants live along the Rio Grande Valley and the Conchos River Valley.

Question: Which state has more forests than Chihuahua?
Answer: Durango

Question: The state of Chihuahua is primarily identified with what type of landscape?
Answer: Desert

Question: The Copper Canyon is deeper than what popular American canyon?
Answer: Grand Canyon

Question: Along which two valleys do most inhabitants of Chihuahua live?
Answer: Rio Grande Valley and the Conchos River Valley

Question: The Sierra Madre Occidentals are an extension of which American mountain range?
Answer: Rocky Mountains
Chihuahua_(state)

Public opinion pressured the U.S. government to bring Villa to justice for the raid on Columbus, New Mexico; U.S. President Wilson sent Gen. John J. Pershing and some 5,000 troops into Mexico in an unsuccessful attempt to capture Villa. It was known as the Punitive Expedition. After nearly a year of pursuing Villa, American forces returned to the United States. The American intervention had been limited to the western sierras of Chihuahua. Villa had the advantage of intimately knowing the inhospitable terrain of the Sonoran Desert and the almost impassable Sierra Madre mountains and always managed to stay one step ahead of his pursuers. In 1923 Villa was assassinated by a group of seven gunmen who ambushed him while he was sitting in the back seat of his car in Parral.

Question: Which city did Villa raid?
Answer: Columbus, New Mexico

Question: Which American president pursued Villa?
Answer: President Wilson

Question: How long did the American troops pursue Villa?
Answer: nearly a year

Question: In which year was Villa assassinated?
Answer: 1923

Question: In which city was Villa killed?
Answer: Parral
Chihuahua_(state)

La Cueva De Las Ventanas (The Cave of Windows), a series of cliff dwellings along an important trade route, and Las Jarillas Cave scrambled along the canyons of the Sierra Madre in Northwestern Chihuahua date between AD 1205 and 1260 and belong to the Paquimé culture. Cuarenta Casas is thought to have been a branch settlement from Paquime to protect the trade route from attack. Archaeologists believe the civilization began to decline during the 13th century and by the 15th century the inhabitants of Paquime sought refuge in the Sierra Madre Occidental while others are thought to have emigrated north and joined the Ancestral Pueblo peoples. According to anthropologist current natives tribes (Yaqui, Mayo, Opata, and Tarahumara) are descendants of the Casas Grandes culture.

Question: Along which mountain range does the Cave of Windows lie?
Answer: Sierra Madre

Question: Cuarenta Casas is thought to be a branch of which settlement?
Answer: Paquime

Question: Where did the Paquime seek refuge?
Answer: Sierra Madre Occidental

Question: Which current native tribes are thought to be descendants of the Casas Grandes?
Answer: Yaqui, Mayo, Opata, and Tarahumara
Chihuahua_(state)

and Camargo. In 1631 Juan Rangel de Biezma discovered a rich vein of silver, and subsequently established San Jose del Parral near the site. Parral remained an important economic and cultural center for the next 300 years. On December 8, 1659 Fray García de San Francisco founded the mission of Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe de Mansos del Paso del Río del Norte and founded the town El Paso Del Norte (present day Ciudad Juárez) in 1667. The Spanish society that developed in the region replaced the sparse population of indigenous peoples. The absence of servants and workers forged the spirit of northern people as self-dependent, creative people that defended their European heritage. In 1680 settlers from Santa Fe, New Mexico sought refuge in El Paso Del Norte for twelve years after fleeing the attacks from Pueblo tribes, but returned to Santa Fe in 1692 after Diego de Vargas recaptured the city and vicinity. In 1709, Antonio de Deza y Ulloa founded the state capital Chihuahua City; shortly after, the city became the headquarters for the regional mining offices of the Spanish crown known as Real de Minas de San Francisco de Cuéllar in honor of the Viceroy of New Spain, Francisco Fernández de la Cueva Enríquez, Duke of Alburquerque and the Marquee of Cuéllar..

Question: Which precious metal did Biezma discover?
Answer: silver

Question: How many years was Parral an important economic and cultural center?
Answer: 300 years

Question: In which year did Sante Fe inhabitants return home from seeking refuge?
Answer: 1692

Question: Which new state capital was founded in 1709?
Answer: Chihuahua City

Question: In which city had the inhabitants of Sante Fe been seeking refuge?
Answer: El Paso Del Norte