Divyanshu67/squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
Asthma

Asthma is characterized by recurrent episodes of wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and coughing. Sputum may be produced from the lung by coughing but is often hard to bring up. During recovery from an attack, it may appear pus-like due to high levels of white blood cells called eosinophils. Symptoms are usually worse at night and in the early morning or in response to exercise or cold air. Some people with asthma rarely experience symptoms, usually in response to triggers, whereas others may have marked and persistent symptoms.

Question: What are the characteristics of asthma?
Answer: recurrent episodes of wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and coughing

Question: When are symptoms of asthma normally worse?
Answer: at night and in the early morning or in response to exercise or cold air

Question: What is produced in the lungs by coughing?
Answer: Sputum

Question: Is asthma worst during the day or at night time?
Answer: worse at night

Question: Does everyone have horrible episodes of asthma?
Answer: Some people with asthma rarely experience symptoms, u

Question: What phisical symptoms does eosinophils cause?

Question: When do symptoms of eosinophils become worse?

Question: What is produced in the lungs by shortness of breath?

Question: When do people usually experience eosinophils symptoms in response to?

Question: What do some people have due to their eosinophils?
Asthma

A number of other health conditions occur more frequently in those with asthma, including gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD), rhinosinusitis, and obstructive sleep apnea. Psychological disorders are also more common, with anxiety disorders occurring in between 16–52% and mood disorders in 14–41%. However, it is not known if asthma causes psychological problems or if psychological problems lead to asthma. Those with asthma, especially if it is poorly controlled, are at high risk for radiocontrast reactions.

Question: Do other health concerns happen less frequently or more frequently with asthma?
Answer: more frequently

Question: What are three of the other health conditions that occur more frequently with asthma?
Answer: gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD), rhinosinusitis, and obstructive sleep apnea

Question: What other type of disorders are frequent in asthma sufferers?
Answer: Psychological disorders

Question: What are those with asthma that is poorly controll more susceptable to? 
Answer: radiocontrast reactions

Question: If GERD is poorly controlled, what does it make you at risk for?

Question: What other conditions happen frequently with radiocontrast reactions?

Question: What percentage of people with GERD also have anxiety disorders?

Question: What percentage of people with radiocontrast reactions have mood disorders?

Question: Do we know if GERD causes psychological problems?
Asthma

Many environmental factors have been associated with asthma's development and exacerbation including allergens, air pollution, and other environmental chemicals. Smoking during pregnancy and after delivery is associated with a greater risk of asthma-like symptoms. Low air quality from factors such as traffic pollution or high ozone levels, has been associated with both asthma development and increased asthma severity. Exposure to indoor volatile organic compounds may be a trigger for asthma; formaldehyde exposure, for example, has a positive association. Also, phthalates in certain types of PVC are associated with asthma in children and adults.

Question: What are some of the enviromental factors that have been linked to asthma?
Answer: allergens, air pollution, and other environmental chemicals

Question: What two things are associated with a greater risk of asthma-like symptoms?
Answer: Smoking during pregnancy and after delivery

Question: What can cause symptoms and asthma serverity to change?
Answer: Low air quality from factors such as traffic pollution or high ozone levels

Question: Exposure to what compounds can also trigger asthma?
Answer: indoor volatile organic compounds

Question: What envoronmental factors are associated with early delivery when pregnant?

Question: What two things are associated with a greater risk of symtoms from phtalates?

Question: What can change symptoms of formaldehyde exposure and severity?

Question: Exposure to what compounds can also trigger early delivery when pregnant?

Question: What other compound is associated with early delivery?
Asthma

The hygiene hypothesis attempts to explain the increased rates of asthma worldwide as a direct and unintended result of reduced exposure, during childhood, to non-pathogenic bacteria and viruses. It has been proposed that the reduced exposure to bacteria and viruses is due, in part, to increased cleanliness and decreased family size in modern societies. Exposure to bacterial endotoxin in early childhood may prevent the development of asthma, but exposure at an older age may provoke bronchoconstriction. Evidence supporting the hygiene hypothesis includes lower rates of asthma on farms and in households with pets.

Question: What hypothesis tries to explain the increased amount of asthma world wide?
Answer: The hygiene hypothesis

Question: How does the hygiene hypothesis explain the increase in asthma?
Answer: a direct and unintended result of reduced exposure, during childhood, to non-pathogenic bacteria and viruses

Question: What has caused the reduced exposure in childhood?
Answer: increased cleanliness and decreased family size in modern societies

Question: What could prevent asthma?
Answer: Exposure to bacterial endotoxin in early childhood

Question: What is some of the evidence backing the hygiene hypothesis?
Answer: lower rates of asthma on farms and in households with pets.

Question: What hypothesis explains the increased rates of viruses worldwide?

Question: How does the hygene hypothesis explain the cause of bronchoconstriction?

Question: What can cause bacteria in pets?

Question: Why are people less likely to want to live on a farm?

Question: What is some evidence used to support the hypothesis on non-pathogenic bacteria?
Asthma

Family history is a risk factor for asthma, with many different genes being implicated. If one identical twin is affected, the probability of the other having the disease is approximately 25%. By the end of 2005, 25 genes had been associated with asthma in six or more separate populations, including GSTM1, IL10, CTLA-4, SPINK5, LTC4S, IL4R and ADAM33, among others. Many of these genes are related to the immune system or modulating inflammation. Even among this list of genes supported by highly replicated studies, results have not been consistent among all populations tested. In 2006 over 100 genes were associated with asthma in one genetic association study alone; more continue to be found.

Question: What else is a risk factor for asthma?
Answer: Family history

Question: If one identical twin has asthma, what are the odds of the other twin having asthma?
Answer: approximately 25%

Question: How many genes were associated with asthma by the end of 2005?
Answer: 25 genes

Question: What else are these genes closely related to?
Answer: the immune system or modulating inflammation

Question: How many genes were associated with asthma in 2006?
Answer: over 100 genes

Question: What is a risk factor for modulating inflammation?

Question: What is thought to be the cause of modulating inflammation?

Question: In 2006 what percentage of genes were found to contribute to inflammation?

Question: How many genes were associated with the immune system in 2006?

Question: How many genes were associated with causing GSTM1 in 2005?
Asthma

Asthma is the result of chronic inflammation of the conducting zone of the airways (most especially the bronchi and bronchioles), which subsequently results in increased contractability of the surrounding smooth muscles. This among other factors leads to bouts of narrowing of the airway and the classic symptoms of wheezing. The narrowing is typically reversible with or without treatment. Occasionally the airways themselves change. Typical changes in the airways include an increase in eosinophils and thickening of the lamina reticularis. Chronically the airways' smooth muscle may increase in size along with an increase in the numbers of mucous glands. Other cell types involved include: T lymphocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils. There may also be involvement of other components of the immune system including: cytokines, chemokines, histamine, and leukotrienes among others.

Question: What is asthma the result of?
Answer: chronic inflammation of the conducting zone of the airways

Question: What two airways are most effected by asthma?
Answer: the bronchi and bronchioles

Question: In what ways do airways change?
Answer: an increase in eosinophils and thickening of the lamina reticularis

Question: What other cell types are involced with the changing of airways?
Answer: T lymphocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils

Question: What other components of the immune systems are included?
Answer: cytokines, chemokines, histamine, and leukotrienes among others

Question: What is neutrophils the result of?

Question: What part of the airway is especially effected by neutrophils?

Question: How do macrophages change?

Question: What chronic changes happen to the macrophages?

Question: What other parts of the immune system are changed due to thickening of the neutrophils?
Asthma

While asthma is a well recognized condition, there is not one universal agreed upon definition. It is defined by the Global Initiative for Asthma as "a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways in which many cells and cellular elements play a role. The chronic inflammation is associated with airway hyper-responsiveness that leads to recurrent episodes of wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness and coughing particularly at night or in the early morning. These episodes are usually associated with widespread but variable airflow obstruction within the lung that is often reversible either spontaneously or with treatment".

Question: Is there a universal definition of astham?
Answer: there is not one universal agreed upon definition

Question: What main components play a role in asthma?
Answer: many cells and cellular elements play a role

Question: What is the inflamation a result of?
Answer: airway hyper-responsiveness

Question: What does hyper-responsiveness of the airways cause?
Answer: episodes of wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness and coughing

Question: What are two ways to reverse an asthma attack?
Answer: spontaneously or with treatment

Question: How is cellular obstruction defined?

Question: Is there a universally agreed upon definition of cellular obstruction?

Question: What does cellular obstruction cause?

Question: How do you stop the symptoms of cellular obstruction?

Question: What does hyper-responsiveness at the cellular level cause?
Asthma

There is currently no precise test with the diagnosis typically based on the pattern of symptoms and response to therapy over time. A diagnosis of asthma should be suspected if there is a history of: recurrent wheezing, coughing or difficulty breathing and these symptoms occur or worsen due to exercise, viral infections, allergens or air pollution. Spirometry is then used to confirm the diagnosis. In children under the age of six the diagnosis is more difficult as they are too young for spirometry.

Question: Is there a test to determine asthma in an individual?
Answer: There is currently no precise test

Question: What is diagnosis based on typically?
Answer: pattern of symptoms and response to therapy over time

Question: When should you suspect asthma?
Answer: if there is a history of: recurrent wheezing, coughing or difficulty breathing

Question: What is used to confirm the diagnosis of asthma?
Answer: Spirometry

Question: What age is too young to use spirometry to determine asthma?
Answer: children under the age of six

Question: Is there a test to diagnose Spirometry?

Question: How do you usually diagnose someone with Spirometry?

Question: With what symptoms should you suspect a person has Spirometry?

Question: When do symptoms of Spirometry get worse?

Question: What age makes it harder to be diagnosed as having Spirometry?
Asthma

Spirometry is recommended to aid in diagnosis and management. It is the single best test for asthma. If the FEV1 measured by this technique improves more than 12% following administration of a bronchodilator such as salbutamol, this is supportive of the diagnosis. It however may be normal in those with a history of mild asthma, not currently acting up. As caffeine is a bronchodilator in people with asthma, the use of caffeine before a lung function test may interfere with the results. Single-breath diffusing capacity can help differentiate asthma from COPD. It is reasonable to perform spirometry every one or two years to follow how well a person's asthma is controlled.

Question: What is recommended to help in the diagnosis of asthma?
Answer: Spirometry

Question: Why is spirometry so commonly used to diagnose asthma?
Answer: It is the single best test for asthma

Question: What helps support the evidence of asthma?
Answer: If the FEV1 measured by this technique improves more than 12% following administration of a bronchodilator

Question: What substance can skew the results of an asthma test?
Answer: caffeine

Question: What test can tell the difference between asthma and COPD?
Answer: Single-breath diffusing capacity

Question: What is recommended for the diagnosis of COPD?

Question: Why is spirometry used to diagnose COPD?

Question: What is used to support a COPD diagnosis?

Question: What can you take that will change the results of a COPD test?

Question: How often should you use a bronchodialator to track how well COPD is controlled?
Asthma

Other supportive evidence includes: a ≥20% difference in peak expiratory flow rate on at least three days in a week for at least two weeks, a ≥20% improvement of peak flow following treatment with either salbutamol, inhaled corticosteroids or prednisone, or a ≥20% decrease in peak flow following exposure to a trigger. Testing peak expiratory flow is more variable than spirometry, however, and thus not recommended for routine diagnosis. It may be useful for daily self-monitoring in those with moderate to severe disease and for checking the effectiveness of new medications. It may also be helpful in guiding treatment in those with acute exacerbations.

Question: What is the rate that is used in most of the evidence?
Answer: ≥20%

Question: What is more variable than spirometry but not recommended?
Answer: . Testing peak expiratory flow

Question: What is not as stable as prednisone for a routine diagnosis?

Question: What is one instance when testing with prednisone is useful?

Question: When may prednisone also be helpful in spirometry?

Question: What percentage of a group think prednisone is helpful for treatment in acute cases?

Question: What percentage of people in acute cases use salbutamol?
Asthma

Asthma is clinically classified according to the frequency of symptoms, forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), and peak expiratory flow rate. Asthma may also be classified as atopic (extrinsic) or non-atopic (intrinsic), based on whether symptoms are precipitated by allergens (atopic) or not (non-atopic). While asthma is classified based on severity, at the moment there is no clear method for classifying different subgroups of asthma beyond this system. Finding ways to identify subgroups that respond well to different types of treatments is a current critical goal of asthma research.

Question: How is asthma clinically classified?
Answer: according to the frequency of symptoms, forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), and peak expiratory flow rate

Question: How else is asthma classified?
Answer: as atopic (extrinsic) or non-atopic (intrinsic)

Question: When asthma is caused by allergens that is called what? 
Answer: atopic

Question: What  is asthma usually classified based on?
Answer: severity

Question: What is a important goal of asthma research?
Answer: Finding ways to identify subgroups that respond well to different types of treatments

Question: How are allergen subgroups classified?

Question: What are two other ways allergen subgroups may be classified?

Question: What data is allergen subgroup classification based on?

Question: Is there a method for classifying allergen subgroups beyond the existing system?

Question: What is the main goal of allergen subgroup research?
Asthma

Although asthma is a chronic obstructive condition, it is not considered as a part of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease as this term refers specifically to combinations of disease that are irreversible such as bronchiectasis, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema. Unlike these diseases, the airway obstruction in asthma is usually reversible; however, if left untreated, the chronic inflammation from asthma can lead the lungs to become irreversibly obstructed due to airway remodeling. In contrast to emphysema, asthma affects the bronchi, not the alveoli.

Question: What kind of condition is asthma?
Answer: a chronic obstructive condition

Question: What are examples of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease?
Answer: bronchiectasis, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema

Question: Is the airway obstuction reversable in asthma?
Answer: asthma is usually reversible

Question: What part of the airway does emphysema affect?
Answer: alveoli

Question: What part of the airway does asthma affect?
Answer: the bronchi

Question: What type of condition is airway obstruction?

Question: What is airway remodeling considered a part of?

Question: What does brochiectasis affect instead of the alveoli?

Question: What happenes if chronic bronchitis is untreated?

Question: What diseases are examples of airway remodeling?
Asthma

Exercise can trigger bronchoconstriction both in people with or without asthma. It occurs in most people with asthma and up to 20% of people without asthma. Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction is common in professional athletes. The highest rates are among cyclists (up to 45%), swimmers, and cross-country skiers. While it may occur with any weather conditions it is more common when it is dry and cold. Inhaled beta2-agonists do not appear to improve athletic performance among those without asthma however oral doses may improve endurance and strength.

Question: Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction is common in what profession?
Answer: professional athletes

Question: What professions has the highest rate of Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction?
Answer: cyclists (up to 45%), swimmers, and cross-country skiers

Question: What conditions are more likely to cause Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction?
Answer: when it is dry and cold

Question: What does not appear to help athletic performance that do not have asthma?
Answer: Inhaled beta2-agonists

Question: What does exercise trigger in people who use inhaled beta2 agonists?

Question: What percentage of people use inhaled beta2 agonists?

Question: What group has the highest rate of inhaled beta2 agonist use?

Question: What percentage of cyclists used inhaled beta 2 agonists?

Question: What profession is asthma most common in?
Asthma

Asthma as a result of (or worsened by) workplace exposures, is a commonly reported occupational disease. Many cases however are not reported or recognized as such. It is estimated that 5–25% of asthma cases in adults are work–related. A few hundred different agents have been implicated with the most common being: isocyanates, grain and wood dust, colophony, soldering flux, latex, animals, and aldehydes. The employment associated with the highest risk of problems include: those who spray paint, bakers and those who process food, nurses, chemical workers, those who work with animals, welders, hairdressers and timber workers.

Question: Asthma that is the result of or made worse by workplace exposure is reported as what?
Answer: occupational disease

Question: What percent of asthma cases in adults are work-related?
Answer: It is estimated that 5–25%

Question: What are some of the most common agents?
Answer: isocyanates, grain and wood dust, colophony, soldering flux, latex, animals, and aldehydes

Question: What professions normally have the highest risk of problems?
Answer: those who spray paint, bakers and those who process food, nurses, chemical workers, those who work with animals, welders, hairdressers and timber workers

Question: What is colophony commonly reported as when caused or made worse by workplace exposure?

Question: What happens to many cases of colophony?

Question: How many adult colophony cases are work-related?

Question: Name a few professions that have the highest risk of colophony?

Question: What are two agents that are commonly believed to cause colophony?
Asthma

Many other conditions can cause symptoms similar to those of asthma. In children, other upper airway diseases such as allergic rhinitis and sinusitis should be considered as well as other causes of airway obstruction including: foreign body aspiration, tracheal stenosis or laryngotracheomalacia, vascular rings, enlarged lymph nodes or neck masses. Bronchiolitis and other viral infections may also produce wheezing. In adults, COPD, congestive heart failure, airway masses, as well as drug-induced coughing due to ACE inhibitors should be considered. In both populations vocal cord dysfunction may present similarly.

Question: What is a condition that can cause symptoms of astham in children?
Answer: allergic rhinitis and sinusitis

Question: What are some other causes of airway obstruction?
Answer: foreign body aspiration, tracheal stenosis or laryngotracheomalacia, vascular rings, enlarged lymph nodes or neck masses

Question: What other conditions can cause wheezing?
Answer: Bronchiolitis and other viral infections

Question: In adults, what conditions can cause the symptoms of asthma?
Answer: COPD, congestive heart failure, airway masses, as well as drug-induced coughing due to ACE inhibitors

Question: What can cause symptoms of COPD in children?

Question: What are other causes of sinusitis?

Question: What do COPD and congestive heart failure also produce?

Question: How many conditions can cause symptoms of congestive heart failure?

Question: What kind of dysfunction can be seen only in adults with COPD?
Asthma

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease can coexist with asthma and can occur as a complication of chronic asthma. After the age of 65 most people with obstructive airway disease will have asthma and COPD. In this setting, COPD can be differentiated by increased airway neutrophils, abnormally increased wall thickness, and increased smooth muscle in the bronchi. However, this level of investigation is not performed due to COPD and asthma sharing similar principles of management: corticosteroids, long acting beta agonists, and smoking cessation. It closely resembles asthma in symptoms, is correlated with more exposure to cigarette smoke, an older age, less symptom reversibility after bronchodilator administration, and decreased likelihood of family history of atopy.

Question: What is a complication of chronic asthma?
Answer: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Question: If you are 65 years old and have an obstructive airway disesase, you are more likely to have what other conditions?
Answer: asthma and COPD

Question: How is COPD differentiated?
Answer: by increased airway neutrophils, abnormally increased wall thickness, and increased smooth muscle in the bronchi

Question: Why is this not determined in a patient with COPD?
Answer: due to COPD and asthma sharing similar principles of management

Question: What are the principles of management for asthma and COPD?
Answer: corticosteroids, long acting beta agonists, and smoking cessation

Question: What is a complication of family history of chronic atopy?

Question: If you smoke after 65, what two conditions will you also have?

Question: How can you tell who has stopped smoking and who hasn't?

Question: What principles of management are used for increased airway neutrophils and smoking cessation?

Question: What are two things that make a doctor want to investigate family history of atopy?
Asthma

The evidence for the effectiveness of measures to prevent the development of asthma is weak. Some show promise including: limiting smoke exposure both in utero and after delivery, breastfeeding, and increased exposure to daycare or large families but none are well supported enough to be recommended for this indication. Early pet exposure may be useful. Results from exposure to pets at other times are inconclusive and it is only recommended that pets be removed from the home if a person has allergic symptoms to said pet. Dietary restrictions during pregnancy or when breast feeding have not been found to be effective and thus are not recommended. Reducing or eliminating compounds known to sensitive people from the work place may be effective. It is not clear if annual influenza vaccinations effects the risk of exacerbations. Immunization; however, is recommended by the World Health Organization. Smoking bans are effective in decreasing exacerbations of asthma.

Question: What is weak that is not helping prevent the development of asthma?
Answer: The evidence for the effectiveness of measures to prevent

Question: What preventative measures always work to prevent asthma?
Answer: none are well supported enough to be recommended for this indication

Question: What has been determined about dietry restrictions during pregnancy and when breast feeding?
Answer: have not been found to be effective and thus are not recommended

Question: Why are smoking bans in place?
Answer: effective in decreasing exacerbations of asthma

Question: Who recoomends immunizations?
Answer: World Health Organization

Question: What's weak and isn't helping prevent the development of the flu?

Question: What are some methods that seem promising to prevent workplace allergies?

Question: What methods are foolproof to prevent the flu?

Question: What group recommends having a smoking ban?

Question: Do smoking bans prevent workplace allergies?
Asthma

Avoidance of triggers is a key component of improving control and preventing attacks. The most common triggers include allergens, smoke (tobacco and other), air pollution, non selective beta-blockers, and sulfite-containing foods. Cigarette smoking and second-hand smoke (passive smoke) may reduce the effectiveness of medications such as corticosteroids. Laws that limit smoking decrease the number of people hospitalized for asthma. Dust mite control measures, including air filtration, chemicals to kill mites, vacuuming, mattress covers and others methods had no effect on asthma symptoms. Overall, exercise is beneficial in people with stable asthma. Yoga could provide small improvements in quality of life and symptoms in people with asthma.

Question: What is a key component of control and preventing asthma attacks?
Answer: Avoidance of triggers

Question: What are some of the more common triggers?
Answer: allergens, smoke (tobacco and other), air pollution, non selective beta-blockers, and sulfite-containing foods

Question: What can reduce the effectiveness of medications?
Answer: Cigarette smoking and second-hand smoke

Question: What did law that limit smoking accomplish? 
Answer: decrease the number of people hospitalized for asthma

Question: What type of exercise can provide small improvements?
Answer: Yoga

Question: What is a main way people can prevent reactions to dust mites?

Question: The two most common things used with corticosteroids?

Question: What do sulfite-containing foods reduce the effectiveness of?

Question: What decreases the number of people who are hospitalized for passive smoke exposure?

Question: What methods have no effect on smokers quality of life?
Asthma

For those with severe persistent asthma not controlled by inhaled corticosteroids and LABAs, bronchial thermoplasty may be an option. It involves the delivery of controlled thermal energy to the airway wall during a series of bronchoscopies. While it may increase exacerbation frequency in the first few months it appears to decrease the subsequent rate. Effects beyond one year are unknown. Evidence suggests that sublingual immunotherapy in those with both allergic rhinitis and asthma improve outcomes.

Question: What type of person would use bronchial thermoplasty as an option?
Answer: For those with severe persistent asthma not controlled by inhaled corticosteroids and LABAs

Question: What does bronchial thermoplasty consist of?
Answer: It involves the delivery of controlled thermal energy to the airway wall during a series of bronchoscopies

Question: What effect does bronchial thermoplasty have?
Answer: it appears to decrease the subsequent rate.

Question: What treatment helps improve those with allergic rhinitis and asthma?
Answer: sublingual immunotherapy

Question: What is an option for someone with LABAs not controlled by corticosteroids?

Question: What does inhaling corticosteroids deliver?

Question: What does taking corticosteroids increase in the first few months of use?

Question: What is decreased when you use sublingual immunotherapy for LABAs?

Question: What treatment has evidence that shows an outcome improvement for people with LABAs?
Asthma

The prognosis for asthma is generally good, especially for children with mild disease. Mortality has decreased over the last few decades due to better recognition and improvement in care. Globally it causes moderate or severe disability in 19.4 million people as of 2004 (16 million of which are in low and middle income countries). Of asthma diagnosed during childhood, half of cases will no longer carry the diagnosis after a decade. Airway remodeling is observed, but it is unknown whether these represent harmful or beneficial changes. Early treatment with corticosteroids seems to prevent or ameliorates a decline in lung function.

Question: What is the prognosis for asthma? 
Answer: generally good

Question: What has caused the mortality rate to decrease?
Answer: due to better recognition and improvement in care

Question: Worldwide, how many people suffer from asthma?
Answer: 19.4 million people as of 2004

Question: How many cases that are diagnosed in childhood make it past 10 years with asthma?
Answer: half of cases will no longer carry the diagnosis after a decade

Question: What is the prognosis after treating airway remodeling?

Question: Why has airway remodeling decreased in children over the last few decades?

Question: How many people will no longer be diagnosed with decline in lung function after 2004?

Question: Is treatment with corticosteroids harmful or beneficial?

Question: What is used to treat airway remodeling?
Asthma

As of 2011, 235–330 million people worldwide are affected by asthma, and approximately 250,000–345,000 people die per year from the disease. Rates vary between countries with prevalences between 1 and 18%. It is more common in developed than developing countries. One thus sees lower rates in Asia, Eastern Europe and Africa. Within developed countries it is more common in those who are economically disadvantaged while in contrast in developing countries it is more common in the affluent. The reason for these differences is not well known. Low and middle income countries make up more than 80% of the mortality.

Question: By 2011, how many people were affected by asthma?
Answer: 235–330 million people worldwide are affected by asthma

Question: How many people die per year from asthma?
Answer: 250,000–345,000 people

Question: What countries is asthma more commonly seen?
Answer: It is more common in developed than developing countries

Question: Why are different countries effected differently?
Answer: The reason for these differences is not well known

Question: How many people were affected by asthma in Asia as of 2011?

Question: How many people died in 2011 in Europe from asthma?

Question: What percentage of people in developing countries are affluent?

Question: What percentage of people in Eastern Europe are affluent?

Question: Is it known why developing countries are economically disadvantaged?
Asthma

From 2000 to 2010, the average cost per asthma-related hospital stay in the United States for children remained relatively stable at about $3,600, whereas the average cost per asthma-related hospital stay for adults increased from $5,200 to $6,600. In 2010, Medicaid was the most frequent primary payer among children and adults aged 18–44 years in the United States; private insurance was the second most frequent payer. Among both children and adults in the lowest income communities in the United States there is a higher rates of hospital stays for asthma in 2010 than those in the highest income communities.

Question: How much was the average cost of hospital stays for asthma-related issues for children??
Answer: about $3,600

Question: How much was the average cost of hospital stays for asthma-related issues for adults?
Answer: from $5,200 to $6,600

Question: Who was the most frequent primary payer amount children and adults?
Answer: Medicaid

Question: Who was more likely to seek hospital help in the US for asthma reasons?
Answer: the lowest income communities

Question: What was the average cost per hospital stay for high income communites in 2010?

Question: How much did the cost increase for a child to be hospitalized for asthma in 2000?

Question: Who was the primary payer for low income communities from 2000 to 2010?

Question: What group with adults 18-44 had higher stays in the hospital in 2000 instead of higher income communities?

Question: What group was covered by private insurance  in 2000?
Asthma

In 1873, one of the first papers in modern medicine on the subject tried to explain the pathophysiology of the disease while one in 1872, concluded that asthma can be cured by rubbing the chest with chloroform liniment. Medical treatment in 1880, included the use of intravenous doses of a drug called pilocarpin. In 1886, F.H. Bosworth theorized a connection between asthma and hay fever. Epinephrine was first referred to in the treatment of asthma in 1905. Oral corticosteroids began to be used for this condition in the 1950s while inhaled corticosteroids and selective short acting beta agonist came into wide use in the 1960s.

Question: When was the first paper written about asthma?
Answer: In 1873

Question: What was first used as a cure for asthma?
Answer: by rubbing the chest with chloroform liniment

Question: In 1880 what was used intraveniously for asthma?
Answer: pilocarpin

Question: When did inhaled corticosteroids and short acting beta agonist start being used? 
Answer: in the 1960s

Question: What did the paper written in 1886 mention about an asthma cure?

Question: What treatment was used for asthma in 1873?

Question: In 1950 what connection was theorized by F.H. Bosworth?

Question: What two medications were widely used to treat asthma in 1905?

Question: What condition was epinephrine connected to the treatment of in 1873?
LaserDisc

LaserDisc was a composite video format: the luminance (black and white) and chrominance (color) information were transmitted in one signal, separated by the receiver. While good comb filters can do so adequately, these two signals cannot be completely separated. On DVDs, data is stored in the form of digital blocks which make up each independent frame. The signal produced is dependent on the equipment used to master the disc. Signals range from composite and split, to YUV and RGB. Depending upon which format is used, this can result in far higher fidelity, particularly at strong color borders or regions of high detail (especially if there is moderate movement in the picture) and low-contrast details like skin tones, where comb filters almost inevitably smudge some detail.

Question: How is data stored on DVDs?
Answer: digital blocks which make up each independent frame

Question: What device seperated the black and white and color signals in LaserDiscs?
Answer: the receiver

Question: Are comb filters exact, or is some data smudged?
Answer: comb filters almost inevitably smudge some detail

Question: In what areas are comb filters most likely to lose detail?
Answer: low-contrast details like skin tones
George_VI

During George's reign the break-up of the British Empire and its transition into the Commonwealth of Nations accelerated. The parliament of the Irish Free State removed direct mention of the monarch from the country's constitution on the day of his accession. From 1939, the Empire and Commonwealth, except Ireland, was at war with Nazi Germany. War with Italy and Japan followed in 1940 and 1941, respectively. Though Britain and its allies were ultimately victorious in 1945, the United States and the Soviet Union rose as pre-eminent world powers and the British Empire declined. After the independence of India and Pakistan in 1947, George remained as king of both countries, but the title Emperor of India was abandoned in June 1948. Ireland formally declared itself a republic and left the Commonwealth in 1949, and India became a republic within the Commonwealth the following year. George adopted the new title of Head of the Commonwealth. He was beset by health problems in the later years of his reign. His elder daughter, Elizabeth, succeeded him.

Question: What year was Britain and allies victorious in the war?
Answer: 1945

Question: When did India and Pakistan gain independence?
Answer: 1947

Question: What title did George have in India prior to 1948?
Answer: Emperor of India

Question: What did Ireland declare itself in 1950?
Answer: republic

Question: In what year was the Commonwealth of Nations established?

Question: In what year did George's reign begin?

Question: In what year did Elizabeth succeed King George?

Question: Who was one of Britain's allies during the war?

Question: What was India before becoming a republic?
George_VI

His birthday (14 December 1895) was the 34th anniversary of the death of his great-grandfather, Prince Albert, the Prince Consort. Uncertain of how the Prince Consort's widow, Queen Victoria, would take the news of the birth, the Prince of Wales wrote to the Duke of York that the Queen had been "rather distressed". Two days later, he wrote again: "I really think it would gratify her if you yourself proposed the name Albert to her". Queen Victoria was mollified by the proposal to name the new baby Albert, and wrote to the Duchess of York: "I am all impatience to see the new one, born on such a sad day but rather more dear to me, especially as he will be called by that dear name which is a byword for all that is great and good". Consequently, he was baptised "Albert Frederick Arthur George" at St. Mary Magdalene's Church near Sandringham three months later.[a] As a great-grandson of Queen Victoria, he was known formally as His Highness Prince Albert of York from birth. Within the family, he was known informally as "Bertie". His maternal grandmother, the Duchess of Teck, did not like the first name the baby had been given, and she wrote prophetically that she hoped the last name "may supplant the less favoured one".

Question: What month and day was the death of Prince Albert?
Answer: 14 December

Question: Who was Prince Albert's great grandmother?
Answer: Queen Victoria

Question: What was Prince Albert's nickname?
Answer: Bertie

Question: In which church was Prince Albert baptized?
Answer: St. Mary Magdalene's Church

Question: What was the name of the Duchess of York?

Question: What was the name of the Duke of York?

Question: Who was the Duchess of Teck?

Question: In what year was Queen Victoria crowned?

Question: On what date did the Prince of Wales write to the Duke of York?
George_VI

Albert spent the first six months of 1913 on the training ship HMS Cumberland in the West Indies and on the east coast of Canada. He was rated as a midshipman aboard HMS Collingwood on 15 September 1913, and spent three months in the Mediterranean. His fellow officers gave him the nickname "Mr. Johnson". One year after his commission, he began service in the First World War. He was mentioned in despatches for his action as a turret officer aboard Collingwood in the Battle of Jutland (31 May – 1 June 1916), an indecisive engagement with the German navy that was the largest naval action of the war. He did not see further combat, largely because of ill health caused by a duodenal ulcer, for which he had an operation in November 1917.

Question: Which ship did Alber train on in 1913?
Answer: HMS Cumberland

Question: How many months did Albert spend in the Mediterranean in 1913?
Answer: three months

Question: Which war did Albert serve in?
Answer: First World War

Question: Who gave Albert the nickname of "Mr Johnson"?
Answer: fellow officers

Question: What was the cause of Albert's ill health in 1917?
Answer: duodenal ulcer

Question: In what year did Albert leave the military?

Question: What was one of the months Albert served in the Mediterranean?

Question: In which month in 1913 did Albert start serving on the HMS Cumberland?

Question: In what year did Albert start serving on the Collingwood?

Question: What rank did Albert have while serving on the HMS Cumberland?
George_VI

In February 1918, he was appointed Officer in Charge of Boys at the Royal Naval Air Service's training establishment at Cranwell. With the establishment of the Royal Air Force two months later and the transfer of Cranwell from Navy to Air Force control, he transferred from the Royal Navy to the Royal Air Force. He was appointed Officer Commanding Number 4 Squadron of the Boys' Wing at Cranwell until August 1918, before reporting to the RAF's Cadet School at St Leonards-on-Sea where he completed a fortnight's training and took command of a squadron on the Cadet Wing. He was the first member of the royal family to be certified as a fully qualified pilot. During the closing weeks of the war, he served on the staff of the RAF's Independent Air Force at its headquarters in Nancy, France. Following the disbanding of the Independent Air Force in November 1918, he remained on the Continent for two months as a staff officer with the Royal Air Force until posted back to Britain. He accompanied the Belgian monarch King Albert on his triumphal reentry into Brussels on 22 November. Prince Albert qualified as an RAF pilot on 31 July 1919 and gained a promotion to squadron leader on the following day.

Question: What position was Albert appointed at Cranwell?
Answer: Officer in Charge of Boys at the Royal Naval Air Service

Question: Which number squadron was Albert appointed commanding officer in 1918?
Answer: 4

Question: What year did Albert become a RAF pilot?
Answer: 1919

Question: Who was the king of Belgium  in 1918?
Answer: King Albert

Question: In what year was the Royal Air Force established?

Question: Where was the Royal Navy's headquarters?

Question: On what date did the World War end?

Question:  On what date in November 1918 was the Independent Air Force disbanded?

Question: In what year did King Albert have to leave Belgium?
George_VI

In October 1919, Albert went up to Trinity College, Cambridge, where he studied history, economics and civics for a year. On 4 June 1920, he was created Duke of York, Earl of Inverness and Baron Killarney. He began to take on more royal duties. He represented his father, and toured coal mines, factories, and railyards. Through such visits he acquired the nickname of the "Industrial Prince". His stammer, and his embarrassment over it, together with his tendency to shyness, caused him to appear much less impressive than his older brother, Edward. However, he was physically active and enjoyed playing tennis. He played at Wimbledon in the Men's Doubles with Louis Greig in 1926, losing in the first round. He developed an interest in working conditions, and was President of the Industrial Welfare Society. His series of annual summer camps for boys between 1921 and 1939 brought together boys from different social backgrounds.

Question: What did Albert study in Trinity College?
Answer: history, economics and civics

Question: What was Albert's nickname as he toured coal mines, factories, and railyards?
Answer: Industrial Prince

Question: Who is Albert's older brother?
Answer: Edward

Question: Which sport was Albert proficient at?
Answer: tennis

Question: Which society was Albert the president of?
Answer: Industrial Welfare Society

Question: Who was Albert's father?

Question: In what year was Albert elected as the President of the Industrial Welfare Society?

Question: Who was one of the players Albert lost to in his match at Wimbledon?

Question: In what year did Louis Greig begin playing tennis?

Question: What sport did Edward enjoy?
George_VI

In a time when royals were expected to marry fellow royals, it was unusual that Albert had a great deal of freedom in choosing a prospective wife. An infatuation with the already-married Australian socialite Sheila, Lady Loughborough, came to an end in April 1920 when the King, with the promise of the dukedom of York, persuaded Albert to stop seeing her. That year, he met for the first time since childhood Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon, the youngest daughter of the Earl and Countess of Strathmore and Kinghorne. He became determined to marry her. She rejected his proposal twice, in 1921 and 1922, reportedly because she was reluctant to make the sacrifices necessary to become a member of the royal family. In the words of Lady Elizabeth's mother, Albert would be "made or marred" by his choice of wife. After a protracted courtship, Elizabeth agreed to marry him.

Question: Who was Albert infatuated with?
Answer: Sheila, Lady Loughborough

Question: Who was the youngest daughter of Earl and Countess of Strathmore and Kinghorne?
Answer: Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon

Question: How many times did Elizabeth reject Albert's proposal?
Answer: twice

Question: Who were royals usually expected to marry?
Answer: fellow royals

Question: Who was the Australian socialite Sheila married to?

Question: What was the name of Lady Elizabeth's mother?

Question: In what year did Albert first meet Lady Elizabeth?

Question: What nationality was Lady Elizabeth?

Question: In what year did Albert and Elizabeth marry?
George_VI

Because of his stammer, Albert dreaded public speaking. After his closing speech at the British Empire Exhibition at Wembley on 31 October 1925, one which was an ordeal for both him and his listeners, he began to see Lionel Logue, an Australian-born speech therapist. The Duke and Logue practised breathing exercises, and the Duchess rehearsed with him patiently. Subsequently, he was able to speak with less hesitation. With his delivery improved, the Duke opened the new Parliament House in Canberra, Australia, during a tour of the empire in 1927. His journey by sea to Australia, New Zealand and Fiji took him via Jamaica, where Albert played doubles tennis partnered with a black man, which was unusual at the time and taken locally as a display of equality between races.

Question: Why did Albert fear speaking in public?
Answer: his stammer

Question: Who helped Albert improve in public speaking?
Answer: Lionel Logue

Question: What did Albert play partnered with a black man?
Answer: doubles tennis

Question: What did the Duke open in Australia in 1927? 
Answer: Parliament House

Question: What was the name of the Duchess?

Question: In what month did Albert visit Jamaica?

Question: In what month did Albert begin his tour of the empire?

Question: On what date did Albert speak at the new Parliament House in Canberra, Australia?

Question: In what country is Wembley?