Divyanshu67/squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
Heresy

In England, the 16th-century European Reformation resulted in a number of executions on charges of heresy. During the thirty-eight years of Henry VIII's reign, about sixty heretics, mainly Protestants, were executed and a rather greater number of Catholics lost their lives on grounds of political offences such as treason, notably Sir Thomas More and Cardinal John Fisher, for refusing to accept the king's supremacy over the Church in England. Under Edward VI, the heresy laws were repealed in 1547 only to be reintroduced in 1554 by Mary I; even so two radicals were executed in Edward's reign (one for denying the reality of the incarnation, the other for denying Christ's divinity). Under Mary, around two hundred and ninety people were burned at the stake between 1555 and 1558 after the restoration of papal jurisdiction. When Elizabeth I came to the throne, the concept of heresy was retained in theory but severely restricted by the 1559 Act of Supremacy and the one hundred and eighty or so Catholics who were executed in the forty-five years of her reign were put to death because they were considered members of "...a subversive fifth column." The last execution of a "heretic" in England occurred under James VI and I in 1612. Although the charge was technically one of "blasphemy" there was one later execution in Scotland (still at that date an entirely independent kingdom) when in 1697 Thomas Aikenhead was accused, among other things, of denying the doctrine of the Trinity.

Question: What event in England during the 16th century had an outcome of many deaths for heresy?
Answer: European Reformation

Question: During what king's reign did 60 Protestants die for heresy?
Answer: Henry VIII

Question: What two notable figures are cited to have perished for refusing to give up the Church in England?
Answer: Sir Thomas More and Cardinal John Fisher

Question: Under which king were the heresy laws repealed in 1547?
Answer: Edward VI

Question: In what year was the last known person sentenced to death in England for heresy?
Answer: 1612

Question: What rformation took place in the 1600's

Question: During who's reign were Catholics executed as heretics?

Question: Who executed Protestants on political grounds?

Question: What protestants were executed for not recognizing the kings supremecy?

Question: Who repealed the heresey laws in the 15th century?
Heresy

Another example of the persecution of heretics under Protestant rule was the execution of the Boston martyrs in 1659, 1660, and 1661. These executions resulted from the actions of the Anglican Puritans, who at that time wielded political as well as ecclesiastic control in the Massachusetts Bay Colony. At the time, the colony leaders were apparently hoping to achieve their vision of a "purer absolute theocracy" within their colony .[citation needed] As such, they perceived the teachings and practices of the rival Quaker sect as heretical, even to the point where laws were passed and executions were performed with the aim of ridding their colony of such perceived "heresies".[citation needed] It should be noticed that the Eastern Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox communions generally regard the Puritans themselves as having been heterodox or heretical.

Question: During which years did the execution of the Boston martyrs take place?
Answer: 1659, 1660, and 1661

Question: Which group was responsible for the deaths of the Boston martyrs?
Answer: Anglican Puritans

Question: What goal is cited as the reason these killings took place?
Answer: purer absolute theocracy

Question: What rival group did the Anglican Puritans want purged from their area?
Answer: Quaker sect

Question: Which two groups viewed the Puritans themselves as nothing more than heresy?
Answer: Eastern Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox

Question: Who was executed in the 16th entury?

Question: Who held political and religious control of the American colonies?

Question: What where the Quakers trying to achieve in the colonies?

Question: What communions also considered the Quakers heretical?
Heresy

The era of mass persecution and execution of heretics under the banner of Christianity came to an end in 1826 with the last execution of a "heretic", Cayetano Ripoll, by the Catholic Inquisition.

Question: What year did the deaths of heretics under Christianity come to an end?
Answer: 1826

Question: Who was the last heretic put to death under the Catholic Inquisition?
Answer: Cayetano Ripoll

Question: What ended in the 18th century?

Question: Who was the last Catholic executed?
Heresy

Although less common than in earlier periods, in modern times, formal charges of heresy within Christian churches still occur. Issues in the Protestant churches have included modern biblical criticism and the nature of God. In the Catholic Church, the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith criticizes writings for "ambiguities and errors" without using the word "heresy".

Question: Under which religion do charges of heresy still occur in modern times?
Answer: Christian

Question: Which religion is cited as having problems with modern biblical criticism?
Answer: Protestant

Question: What belief of the Catholic Church criticizes writings without using the word heresy?
Answer: Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith

Question: What charge is just as common in modern times?

Question: What churches have issues with modern bibles>

Question: Who criticizes writing for being heretical?
Heresy

Perhaps due to the many modern negative connotations associated with the term heretic, such as the Spanish inquisition, the term is used less often today. The subject of Christian heresy opens up broader questions as to who has a monopoly on spiritual truth, as explored by Jorge Luis Borges in the short story "The Theologians" within the compilation Labyrinths.

Question: What event is stated as a reason why the word heretic is used less often in modern times?
Answer: Spanish inquisition

Question: Who was the author of the short story "The Theologians"?
Answer: Jorge Luis Borges

Question: What subject does the question of who has a monopoly on spiritual truth regard?
Answer: Christian heresy

Question: What event has made the word heresy common?

Question: What do Christian heretics question?

Question: Who wrote about heresey in the Christian church?

Question: What word has many modern meanings?
Heresy

Ottoman Sultan Selim the Grim, regarded the Shia Qizilbash as heretics, reportedly proclaimed that "the killing of one Shiite had as much otherworldly reward as killing 70 Christians."

Question: What group did Sultan Selim the Grim label as heretics?
Answer: Shia Qizilbash

Question: What number of Christians did Selim the Grim equate to the killing of one Shiite?
Answer: 70

Question: Who considered Christians more heretical than Shiite?

Question: Who killed 70 Christians?

Question: How many Christians needed to be killed to get an otherworldly reward?
Heresy

In some modern day nations and regions in which Sharia law is ostensibly practiced, heresy remains an offense punishable by death. One example is the 1989 fatwa issued by the government of Iran, offering a substantial bounty for anyone who succeeds in the assassination of author Salman Rushdie, whose writings were declared as heretical.

Question: What type of law is still in practice in which heresy results in execution?
Answer: Sharia law

Question: What author was declared a heretic and had a bounty placed on his head by the government of Iran?
Answer: Salman Rushdie

Question: What did Salman Rushdie say was heretical?

Question: What is only punisable by death where Sharia law is practiced?

Question: What country declare Sharia law in 1989?
Heresy

Orthodox Judaism considers views on the part of Jews who depart from traditional Jewish principles of faith heretical. In addition, the more right-wing groups within Orthodox Judaism hold that all Jews who reject the simple meaning of Maimonides's 13 principles of Jewish faith are heretics. As such, most of Orthodox Judaism considers Reform and Reconstructionist Judaism heretical movements, and regards most of Conservative Judaism as heretical. The liberal wing of Modern Orthodoxy is more tolerant of Conservative Judaism, particularly its right wing, as there is some theological and practical overlap between these groups.

Question: What does Orthodox Judaism regard Jews who depart from traditional practices as?
Answer: heretical

Question: What alignment within Orthodox Judaism view individuals as heretics that reject Maimonides's 13 principles of Jewish faith?
Answer: right-wing groups

Question: Which wing of Orthodox Judaism is stated as having a more tolerant view of Conservative Judaism?
Answer: The liberal wing

Question: Who denounces the teachings of Maimonides?

Question: Who considers traditional jewish principles heretical?

Question: Who doeas Conservative Judaism concider heretical?

Question: What overlaps in Reform and Reconstructionist Judaism?
Heresy

The act of using Church of Scientology techniques in a form different than originally described by Hubbard is referred to within Scientology as "squirreling" and is said by Scientologists to be high treason. The Religious Technology Center has prosecuted breakaway groups that have practiced Scientology outside the official Church without authorization.

Question: What term is used for the act of using Church of Scientology techniques in contrast to what Hubbard envisioned?
Answer: squirreling

Question: What institution has prosecuted groups that practice outside the official Church without permission?
Answer: The Religious Technology Center

Question: Who reformed Scientology making splinter groups heretical?

Question: Who accuses the Curch of Scientology of squirrelling?

Question: What organization has started several breakaway groups?
Heresy

In other contexts the term does not necessarily have pejorative overtones and may even be complimentary when used, in areas where innovation is welcome, of ideas that are in fundamental disagreement with the status quo in any practice and branch of knowledge. Scientist/author Isaac Asimov considered heresy as an abstraction, Asimov's views are in Forward: The Role of the Heretic. mentioning religious, political, socioeconomic and scientific heresies. He divided scientific heretics into endoheretics (those from within the scientific community) and exoheretics (those from without). Characteristics were ascribed to both and examples of both kinds were offered. Asimov concluded that science orthodoxy defends itself well against endoheretics (by control of science education, grants and publication as examples), but is nearly powerless against exoheretics. He acknowledged by examples that heresy has repeatedly become orthodoxy.

Question: What must be welcomed in areas for the term do be perceived as complimentary?
Answer: innovation

Question: What did Isaac Asimov consider heresy as?
Answer: an abstraction

Question: Which type of heresy is the scientific community well equipped to defend itself against?
Answer: endoheretics

Question: What has heresy within the scientific community repeatedly become?
Answer: orthodoxy

Question: What term always has negatie overtones?

Question: Who did not believe in heresy?

Question: Who is not well equipped to deal with endoherectics?

Question: Who is powerless against endoheretics?
Heresy

The revisionist paleontologist Robert T. Bakker, who published his findings as The Dinosaur Heresies, treated the mainstream view of dinosaurs as dogma. "I have enormous respect for dinosaur paleontologists past and present. But on average, for the last fifty years, the field hasn't tested dinosaur orthodoxy severely enough." page 27 "Most taxonomists, however, have viewed such new terminology as dangerously destabilizing to the traditional and well-known scheme..." page 462. This book apparently influenced Jurassic Park. The illustrations by the author show dinosaurs in very active poses, in contrast to the traditional perception of lethargy. He is an example of a recent scientific endoheretic.

Question: What is the title of the book published by Robert T. Bakker regarding mainstream opinion of dinosaurs?
Answer: The Dinosaur Heresies

Question: What criticism did Robert T. Bakker share about the paleontologist community regarding the last fifty years?
Answer: the field hasn't tested dinosaur orthodoxy severely enough

Question: What film did Robert T. Bakker's book reportedly influence?
Answer: Jurassic Park

Question: What type of poses did the book's illustrations portray dinosaurs as?
Answer: active poses

Question: What label is associated with Robert T. Bakker as a result of his work?
Answer: endoheretic

Question: Who is a modern example of an exoheretic?

Question: What film did Bakker base his book off of?

Question: What did Bakker criticize the paleontology community for spenting fifty years testing?

Question: What did Bakker see as destabalizing?
Heresy

Immanuel Velikovsky is an example of a recent scientific exoheretic; he did not have appropriate scientific credentials or did not publish in scientific journals. While the details of his work are in scientific disrepute, the concept of catastrophic change (extinction event and punctuated equilibrium) has gained acceptance in recent decades.

Question: What label is associated with Immanuel Velikovsky due to his works outside the accepted discipline?
Answer: exoheretic

Question: What medium did Immanuel Velikovsky not publish his works in that is accepted practice?
Answer: scientific journals

Question: What two examples of ideas from Immanuel Velikovsky are stated as to have gained some acceptance?
Answer: extinction event and punctuated equilibrium

Question: Who is a recent scientific endoheretic?

Question: What did Velikovsky publish in?

Question: What ideas of Velvovsky are in disrepute?

Question: Who's work is widely excepted among scientest today?
Heresy

The term heresy is also used as an ideological pigeonhole for contemporary writers because, by definition, heresy depends on contrasts with an established orthodoxy. For example, the tongue-in-cheek contemporary usage of heresy, such as to categorize a "Wall Street heresy" a "Democratic heresy" or a "Republican heresy," are metaphors that invariably retain a subtext that links orthodoxies in geology or biology or any other field to religion. These expanded metaphoric senses allude to both the difference between the person's views and the mainstream and the boldness of such a person in propounding these views.

Question: By definition, what contrast does heresy depend on?
Answer: an established orthodoxy

Question: What figure of speech is the word heresy commonly used as in present day scenarios?
Answer: metaphors

Question: What does orthodoxy depend on?

Question: What term expands the definition of religion?

Question: What points out the similarities between an individuals beliefs and mainstream beliefs?
Warsaw_Pact

The Warsaw Pact (formally, the Treaty of Friendship, Co-operation, and Mutual Assistance, sometimes, informally WarPac, akin in format to NATO) was a collective defense treaty among Soviet Union and seven Soviet satellite states in Central and Eastern Europe in existence during the Cold War. The Warsaw Pact was the military complement to the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CoMEcon), the regional economic organization for the communist states of Central and Eastern Europe. The Warsaw Pact was created in reaction to the integration of West Germany into NATO in 1955 per the Paris Pacts of 1954, but it is also considered to have been motivated by Soviet desires to maintain control over military forces in Central and Eastern Europe.

Question: In which year was the Warsaw Pact established?
Answer: 1955

Question: Which nation formed the nucleus of the Warsaw Pact?
Answer: Soviet Union

Question: Which conflict was the impetus for the formation of the Pact?
Answer: the Cold War

Question: How many Soviet allied countries were members of the Warsaw Pact?
Answer: seven

Question: The acceptance of which country into NATO prompted the formation of the Warsaw Pact?
Answer: West Germany

Question: What was formally known as the Pact of Friendship?

Question: Which treaty included the Soviet Union and eight Soviet satellite states?

Question: The Paris Pacts of 1955 integrated whom into NATO?

Question: East Germany was integrated in NATO in what year?
Warsaw_Pact

While the Warsaw Pact was established as a balance of power or counterweight to NATO, there was no direct confrontation between them. Instead, the conflict was fought on an ideological basis. Both NATO and the Warsaw Pact led to the expansion of military forces and their integration into the respective blocs. The Warsaw Pact's largest military engagement was Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia (with the participation of all Pact nations except Romania and Albania). The Pact failed to function when the Revolutions of 1989 spread through Eastern Europe, beginning with the Solidarity movement in Poland and its success in June 1989.

Question: Which organization was in direct competition with the Warsaw Pact?
Answer: NATO

Question: Which nation saw the most significant Warsaw Pact military deployment? 
Answer: Czechoslovakia

Question: What was the name of the Polish revolutionary movement which the Warsaw Pact failed to suppress?
Answer: Solidarity

Question: Which country saw the largest Warsaw Pact deployment? 
Answer: Czechoslovakia

Question: In which year did the Warsaw Pact cease to function effectively? 
Answer: 1989

Question: What was the name of the Polish labor movement which successfully defied the Warsaw Pact?
Answer: Solidarity

Question: There was direct confrontation between the Warsaw Pact and which organization?

Question: Which nation saw the most significant Warsaw Pact economic deployment?

Question: Who functioned successfully when the Revolutions of 1989 spread through Easter Europe?

Question: What was the name of the Albanian revolutionary movement which the Warsaw Pact failed to suppress?
Warsaw_Pact

On 25 February 1991, the Pact was declared at an end at a meeting of defense and foreign ministers from the remaining member states meeting in Hungary. On 1 July 1991, the Czechoslovak President Václav Havel formally declared an end to the Warsaw Treaty Organization of Friendship, Co-operation, and Mutual Assistance which had been established in 1955. The USSR itself was dissolved in December 1991.

Question: In which country did the Warsaw Pact dissolution meeting take place?
Answer: Hungary

Question: Who was the president of Czechoslovakia during the dissolution of the Warsaw Pact? 
Answer: Václav Havel

Question: Which country was dissolved in February 1991?

Question: Who was the president of Hungary during the dissolution of the Warsaw Pact?

Question: The Pact ended at a 1 July 1991 meeting in which country?

Question: Which country held the 1 July 1991 meeting to dissolve the Warsaw Pact?
Warsaw_Pact

The Warsaw Treaty's organization was two-fold: the Political Consultative Committee handled political matters, and the Combined Command of Pact Armed Forces controlled the assigned multi-national forces, with headquarters in Warsaw, Poland. Furthermore, the Supreme Commander of the Unified Armed Forces of the Warsaw Treaty Organization which commands and controls all the military forces of the member countries was also a First Deputy Minister of Defense of the USSR, and the Chief of Combined Staff of the Unified Armed Forces of the Warsaw Treaty Organization was also a First Deputy Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the USSR. Therefore, although ostensibly an international collective security alliance, the USSR dominated the Warsaw Treaty armed forces.

Question: Despite being headquartered in Poland, the top-ranking operatives of the Warsaw Pact were from which country?
Answer: the USSR

Question: Which nation was in effective control of both political and military functions of the Warsaw Pact?
Answer: the USSR

Question: Who was also a Second Deputy Minister of Defense of the USSR?

Question: Who was also a Second Deputy Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the USSR?

Question: Who did not dominate the Warsaw Treaty armed forces?

Question: What committee handled the assigned multi-national forces?
Warsaw_Pact

The strategy behind the formation of the Warsaw Pact was driven by the desire of the Soviet Union to dominate Central and Eastern Europe. This policy was driven by ideological and geostrategic reasons. Ideologically, the Soviet Union arrogated the right to define socialism and communism and act as the leader of the global socialist movement. A corollary to this idea was the necessity of intervention if a country appeared to be violating core socialist ideas and Communist Party functions, which was explicitly stated in the Brezhnev Doctrine. Geostrategic principles also drove the Soviet Union to prevent invasion of its territory by Western European powers.

Question: Which ideologies did the Soviet Union aspire to lead around the globe?
Answer: socialism and communism

Question: Which Soviet leader formed doctrine aimed at keeping socialist satellite nations in line?
Answer: Brezhnev

Question: The Soviet Union feared invasion from which potential enemy?
Answer: Western Europe

Question: Who wanted to dominate Western and Eastern Europe?

Question: Which country wanted to define socialism and liberalism?

Question: Who feared invasion from Eastern Europe?

Question: Which doctrine aimed against keeping socialist satellite nations in line?
Warsaw_Pact

Before creation of Warsaw Pact, fearing Germany rearmed, Czechoslovak leadership sought to create security pact with East Germany and Poland. These states protested strongly against re-militarization of West Germany. The Warsaw Pact was primarily put in place as a consequence of the rearming of West Germany inside NATO. Soviet leaders, as many European countries in both western and eastern side, feared Germany being once again a military power as a direct threat and German militarism remained a fresh memory among Soviets and Eastern Europeans. As Soviet Union had already bilateral treaties with all of its eastern satellites, the Pact has been long considered 'superfluous', and because of the rushed way in which it was conceived, NATO officials labeled it as a 'cardboard castle'. Previously, in March 1954, the USSR, fearing the restoration of German Militarism in West Germany, requested admission to NATO.

Question: The formation of the Warsaw Pact was driven by fears of which country rearming itself?
Answer: West Germany

Question: Which country sought NATO admission in response to the fear of German rearmament?
Answer: the USSR

Question: Which leadership had no fear of Germany?

Question: What states protested for the re-militarization of West Germany?

Question: Who feared Poland becoming once again a military power?

Question: What officials said the Pact was a "superfluous castle"?
Warsaw_Pact

The Soviet request to join NATO arose in the aftermath of the Berlin Conference of January–February 1954. Soviet foreign minister Molotov made proposals to have Germany reunified and elections for a pan-German government, under conditions of withdrawal of the four powers armies and German neutrality, but all were refused by the other foreign ministers, Dulles (USA), Eden (UK) and Bidault (France). Proposals for the reunification of Germany were nothing new: earlier on 20 March 1952, talks about a German reunification, initiated by the socalled 'Stalin Note', ended after the United Kingdom, France, and the United States insisted that a unified Germany should not be neutral and should be free to join the European Defence Community and rearm. James Dunn (USA), who met in Paris with Eden, Adenauer and Robert Schuman (France), affirmed that "the object should be to avoid discussion with the Russians and to press on the European Defense Community". According to John Gaddis "there was little inclination in Western capitals to explore this offer" from USSR. While historian Rolf Steininger asserts that Adenauer's conviction that “neutralization means sovietization” was the main factor in the rejection of the soviet proposals, Adenauer also feared that unification might have resulted in the end of the CDU's dominance in the Bundestag.

Question: Who was the Soviet minister who proposed German reunification?
Answer: Molotov

Question: When was reunification first proposed as an idea?
Answer: 1952

Question: Who wanted to join NATO after the Berlin Conference of January-June 1954?

Question: Who made proposals to have Germany dismantled?

Question: In 1942, what was first proposed as an idea?

Question: Which countries believed Germany should not be free to rearm?
Warsaw_Pact

One month later, the proposed European Treaty was rejected not only by supporters of the EDC but also by western opponents of the European Defense Community (like French Gaullist leader Palewski) who perceived it as "unacceptable in its present form because it excludes the USA from participation in the collective security system in Europe". The Soviets then decided to make a new proposal to the governments of the USA, UK and France stating to accept the participation of the USA in the proposed General European Agreement. And considering that another argument deployed against the Soviet proposal was that it was perceived by western powers as "directed against the North Atlantic Pact and its liquidation", the Soviets decided to declare their "readiness to examine jointly with other interested parties the question of the participation of the USSR in the North Atlantic bloc", specifying that "the admittance of the USA into the General European Agreement should not be conditional on the three western powers agreeing to the USSR joining the North Atlantic Pact".

Question: The omission of which nation from involvement in the proposed security system led to its NATO opposition?
Answer: the USA

Question: The European Treaty was accepted by which group?

Question: Supporters of the European Defense Community were in favor of what treaty?

Question: The UK was initially excluded from participating in which agreement?

Question: One of the leaders who supported the European Defense Community was whom?
Warsaw_Pact

Again all proposals, including the request to join NATO, were rejected by UK, US, and French governments shortly after. Emblematic was the position of British General Hastings Ismay, supporter of NATO expansion, who said that NATO "must grow until the whole free world gets under one umbrella." He opposed the request to join NATO made by the USSR in 1954 saying that "the Soviet request to join NATO is like an unrepentant burglar requesting to join the police force".

Question: Who was the general who spoke out against the USSR joining NATO?
Answer: Hastings Ismay

Question: To what did the British general compare the USSR in his opposition to their joining NATO?
Answer: burglar

Question: The USSR's request to join NATO was accepted by which governments?

Question: French General Hastings Ismay was a supporter of what?

Question: Who supported the USSR's 1954 request to join NATO?

Question: French General Hastings Ismay compared the USSR joining NATO to what?
Warsaw_Pact

In April 1954 Adenauer made his first visit to the USA meeting Nixon, Eisenhower and Dulles. Ratification of EDC was delaying but the US representatives made it clear to Adenauer that EDC would have to become a part of NATO.

Question: In what year did Konrad Adenauer first visit the United States?
Answer: 1954

Question: Who made his second visit to the US in April 1954?

Question: Who met Nixon, Eisenhower and Dulles in May 1954?

Question: Who made it clear to Adenauer that NATO would have to become part of the EDC?

Question: What had no delays?
Warsaw_Pact

Memories of the Nazi occupation were still strong, and the rearmament of Germany was feared by France too. On 30 August 1954 French Parliament rejected the EDC, thus ensuring its failure and blocking a major objective of US policy towards Europe: to associate Germany militarily with the West. The US Department of State started to elaborate alternatives: Germany would be invited to join NATO or, in the case of French obstructionism, strategies to circumvent a French veto would be implemented in order to obtain a German rearmament outside NATO.

Question: Which NATO country feared a unified and rearmed Germany?
Answer: France

Question: Memories of what occupation were fading by 1954?

Question: France had no fear of what country?

Question: Which parliament rejected the EDC on 30 April 1954?

Question: Which country wanted to keep Germany militarily against the West?
Warsaw_Pact

On 23 October 1954 – only nine years after Allies (UK, USA and USSR) defeated Nazi Germany ending World War II in Europe – the admission of the Federal Republic of Germany to the North Atlantic Pact was finally decided. The incorporation of West Germany into the organization on 9 May 1955 was described as "a decisive turning point in the history of our continent" by Halvard Lange, Foreign Affairs Minister of Norway at the time. In November 1954, the USSR requested a new European Security Treaty, in order to make a final attempt to not have a remilitarized West Germany potentially opposed to the Soviet Union, with no success.

Question: In which year was West Germany admitted to NATO?
Answer: 1954

Question: Halvard Lange was a minister of which NATO member?
Answer: Norway

Question: Who ended WWII in Europe by defeating the Allies?

Question: What was decided on 13 October 1954?

Question: East Germany was accepted to the North Atlantic Pact on what date?

Question: Who was Foreign Affairs Minister of Germany in 1955?

Question: Who requested a new European Security Treaty in April 1954?
Warsaw_Pact

On 14 May 1955, the USSR and other seven European countries "reaffirming their desire for the establishment of a system of European collective security based on the participation of all European states irrespective of their social and political systems" established the Warsaw Pact in response to the integration of the Federal Republic of Germany into NATO, declaring that: "a remilitarized Western Germany and the integration of the latter in the North-Atlantic bloc [...] increase the danger of another war and constitutes a threat to the national security of the peaceable states; [...] in these circumstances the peaceable European states must take the necessary measures to safeguard their security".

Question: In which month of 1955 was this pact declared?
Answer: May

Question: The USSR and eight other European countries formed the Warsaw Pact on what date?

Question: What pact was declared in May 1956?

Question: Which pact was formed in response to the separation of the Federal Republic of Germany into NATO?

Question: Which country was separated from NATO?
Warsaw_Pact

One of the founding members, East Germany was allowed to re-arm by the Soviet Union and the National People's Army was established as the armed forces of the country to counter the rearmament of West Germany.

Question: Which nation was permitted rearmament by the foundation of the Warsaw Pact?
Answer: East Germany

Question: What was the name of the East German armed forces?
Answer: the National People's Army

Question: Which country was banned from rearming?

Question: Who allowed West Germany to re-arm?

Question: West Germany's army was know as what?

Question: West Germany formed what army to counter to rearmament of East Germany?
Warsaw_Pact

The eight member countries of the Warsaw Pact pledged the mutual defense of any member who would be attacked. Relations among the treaty signatories were based upon mutual non-intervention in the internal affairs of the member countries, respect for national sovereignty, and political independence. However, almost all governments of those member states were indirectly controlled by the Soviet Union.

Question: How many countries formed the initial Warsaw Pact membership?
Answer: eight

Question: The nine countries of the Warsaw Pact pledged what defense?

Question: Whose relations were based on mutual intervention?

Question: All governments in the the Warsaw Pact were controlled by whom?

Question: Nine member countries formed what pact?
Warsaw_Pact

In July 1963 the Mongolian People's Republic asked to join the Warsaw Pact under Article 9 of the treaty. For this purpose a special protocol should have been taken since the text of the treaty applied only to Europe. Due to the emerging Sino-Soviet split, Mongolia remained on observer status. Soviet stationing troops were agreed to stay in Mongolia from 1966.

Question: In which year did Mongolia seek entry in the Warsaw Pact?
Answer: 1963

Question: In which year were Soviet forces scheduled to leave Mongolia? 
Answer: 1966

Question: Who asked to join the Warsaw Pact in January 1963?

Question: Who asked to join the Warsaw Pact under Article 10?

Question: Which group was removed from observer status?

Question: Whose troops agrees to stay in Mongolia from 1956?
Warsaw_Pact

For 36 years, NATO and the Warsaw Pact never directly waged war against each other in Europe; the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies implemented strategic policies aimed at the containment of each other in Europe, while working and fighting for influence within the wider Cold War on the international stage.

Question: What was the focus of both alliances' policies towards the other in lieu of direct fighting?
Answer: containment

Question: Which continent was considered to be at the center of NATO/Warsaw Pact intrigues?
Answer: Europe

Question: Who waged war against each other for 36 years?

Question: NATO and the US never waged what against each other?

Question: Who created strategic policies aimed at containment?

Question: Who fought for influence during WWII?
Warsaw_Pact

In 1956, following the declaration of the Imre Nagy government of withdrawal of Hungary from the Warsaw Pact, Soviet troops entered the country and removed the government. Soviet forces crushed the nationwide revolt, leading to the death of an estimated 2,500 Hungarian citizens.

Question: In which year did Hungary attempt to leave the Warsaw Pact?
Answer: 1956

Question: Who was the head of the Hungarian government at the time of the revolt?
Answer: Imre Nagy

Question: Which country withdrew from the Warsaw Pact in 1966?

Question: Whose troops entered Hungary and supported thier government?

Question: Whose forces supported the nationwide revolt?

Question: 250,000 of whose citizens dies after withdrawing from the Warsaw Pact?
Warsaw_Pact

The multi-national Communist armed forces' sole joint action was the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia in August 1968. All member countries, with the exception of the Socialist Republic of Romania and the People's Republic of Albania participated in the invasion.

Question: In which year was the Warsaw Pact activated in a joint action?
Answer: 1968

Question: Which country did the Pact conquer?
Answer: Czechoslovakia

Question: What country was invaded in August 1998?

Question: Which two countries supported the invasion in Czechoslovakia?

Question: Czechoslovakia invaded Albania in what year?

Question: The Socialist Republic of Romania supported the invasion of what country?
Warsaw_Pact

On 25 February 1991, the Warsaw Pact was declared disbanded at a meeting of defense and foreign ministers from remaining Pact countries meeting in Hungary. On 1 July 1991, in Prague, the Czechoslovak President Václav Havel formally ended the 1955 Warsaw Treaty Organization of Friendship, Cooperation, and Mutual Assistance and so disestablished the Warsaw Treaty after 36 years of military alliance with the USSR. In fact, the treaty was de facto disbanded in December 1989 during the violent revolution in Romania, which toppled the communist government, without military intervention form other member states. The USSR disestablished itself in December 1991.

Question: In which country did Warsaw Pact officials meet to dissolve the alliance?
Answer: Hungary

Question: In which year did Romania overthrow its communist government?
Answer: 1989

Question: For how many years did the Warsaw Pact formally exist?
Answer: 36

Question: What pact was disbanded on 15 February 1991?

Question: In which country was the Warsaw Pact disbanded in 1981?

Question: Which treaty was ended on 1 January 1991?

Question: Which treaty was de facto disbanded during the 1989 violent revolution in Russia?
Warsaw_Pact

On 12 March 1999, the Czech Republic, Hungary, and Poland joined NATO; Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, and Slovakia joined in March 2004; Albania joined on 1 April 2009.

Question: Which former Eastern Bloc country was the latest to join NATO?
Answer: Albania

Question: In which year did Poland join NATO?
Answer: 1999

Question: In which year did Slovakia join NATO? 
Answer: 2004

Question: Which countries joined NATO on 12 May 1999?

Question: Which countries joined NATO in May 2004?

Question: Which country joined NATO on 11 April 2009?

Question: Hungary joined which organization in March 2004?

Question: Poland joined which organization in March 2004?
Warsaw_Pact

In November 2005, the Polish government opened its Warsaw Treaty archives to the Institute of National Remembrance, who published some 1,300 declassified documents in January 2006. Yet the Polish government reserved publication of 100 documents, pending their military declassification. Eventually, 30 of the reserved 100 documents were published; 70 remained secret, and unpublished. Among the documents published is the Warsaw Treaty's nuclear war plan, Seven Days to the River Rhine – a short, swift counter-attack capturing Austria, Denmark, Germany and Netherlands east of River Rhine, using nuclear weapons, in self-defense, after a NATO first strike. The plan originated as a 1979 field training exercise war game, and metamorphosed into official Warsaw Treaty battle doctrine, until the late 1980s – which is why the People's Republic of Poland was a nuclear weapons base, first, to 178, then, to 250 tactical-range rockets. Doctrinally, as a Soviet-style (offensive) battle plan, Seven Days to the River Rhine gave commanders few defensive-war strategies for fighting NATO in Warsaw Treaty territory.[citation needed]

Question: In which year did Poland declassify most of its Warsaw Pact-era archives?
Answer: 2005

Question: How many documents remain classified?
Answer: 70

Question: What was the name of the Warsaw Pact's planned counteroffensive to a NATO first strike?
Answer: Seven Days to the River Rhine

Question: How many nuclear weapons were eventually housed in Poland?
Answer: 250

Question: In which year was the counteroffensive strategy first conceived?
Answer: 1979

Question: Who published classified documents in January 2006?

Question: Who reserved publication of 1000 documents?

Question: What originated as a 1989 field training exercise war game?

Question: What plan gave commanders many defensive-war strategies for fighting NATO?
Warsaw_Pact

Consequently, Molotov, fearing that EDC would be directed in the future against the USSR therefore "seeking to prevent the formation of groups of European States directed against other European States", made a proposal for a General European Treaty on Collective Security in Europe "open to all European States without regard as to their social systems" which would have included the unified Germany (thus making the EDC – perceived by the USSR as a threat – unusable). But Eden, Dulles and Bidault opposed the proposal.

Question: Who made a proposal for a General European Treaty on Collective Identity in Europe?

Question: What treaty would make the EDC usable?

Question: Which treaty would be open to only some European states?

Question: Who feared the EDC would work with the USSR?
Materialism

Materialism is a form of philosophical monism which holds that matter is the fundamental substance in nature, and that all phenomena, including mental phenomena and consciousness, are identical with material interactions.

Question: What is materialism?
Answer: a form of philosophical monism

Question: In nature, this is an essential substance?
Answer: matter

Question: What is not a fundamental substance in nature?

Question: Mental phenomena and what else are not identical with material interactions?

Question: What is the definition of philosophical monism?
Materialism

Materialism is closely related to physicalism, the view that all that exists is ultimately physical. Philosophical physicalism has evolved from materialism with the discoveries of the physical sciences to incorporate more sophisticated notions of physicality than mere ordinary matter, such as: spacetime, physical energies and forces, dark matter, and so on. Thus the term "physicalism" is preferred over "materialism" by some, while others use the terms as if they are synonymous.

Question: What are some examples of philosophical physicalism?
Answer: spacetime, physical energies and forces, dark matter

Question: Some people consider physicalism to be synonymous with what?
Answer: Materialism

Question: What is the definition of non-physicalism?

Question: What is the definition of non-materialism?

Question: What has devolved from materialism?

Question: What term is not preferred over materialism?
Materialism

Materialism belongs to the class of monist ontology. As such, it is different from ontological theories based on dualism or pluralism. For singular explanations of the phenomenal reality, materialism would be in contrast to idealism, neutral monism, and spiritualism.

Question: What class does materialism belong to?
Answer: monist ontology

Question: Why does materialism belong in monist ontology?

Question: Monist ontology is the same as dualism and what else?

Question: Materialism is the same as idealism, neutral monism, and what else?

Question: What is the definition of neutral monism?

Question: What is synonymous with dualism?
Materialism

Despite the large number of philosophical schools and subtle nuances between many, all philosophies are said to fall into one of two primary categories, which are defined in contrast to each other: Idealism, and materialism.[a] The basic proposition of these two categories pertains to the nature of reality, and the primary distinction between them is the way they answer two fundamental questions: "what does reality consist of?" and "how does it originate?" To idealists, spirit or mind or the objects of mind (ideas) are primary, and matter secondary. To materialists, matter is primary, and mind or spirit or ideas are secondary, the product of matter acting upon matter.

Question: What is the first question to ask in order to define the two classes?
Answer: "what does reality consist of?"

Question: What is the second question to ask in order to define the two classes?
Answer: "how does it originate?"

Question: An idealist considers what as the most important?
Answer: spirit or mind or the objects of mind (ideas)

Question: A materialist considers what as the most important?
Answer: matter

Question: What is the last question to ask in order to define the two classes?

Question: A materialist considers what as the least important?

Question: A materialist considers what as the second to least important?

Question:  An idealist considers what as the least important?

Question:  An idealist considers what as the second to least important?
Materialism

The materialist view is perhaps best understood in its opposition to the doctrines of immaterial substance applied to the mind historically, famously by René Descartes. However, by itself materialism says nothing about how material substance should be characterized. In practice, it is frequently assimilated to one variety of physicalism or another.

Question: Was René Descartes an idealist or a materialist?
Answer: materialist

Question: Materialism does not define what?
Answer: how material substance should be characterized.

Question: Why was René Descartes declared a materialist?

Question: What does materialism say about how substance should be characterized?

Question: Materialism defines what?

Question: Materialism is not frequently assimilated to what?
Materialism

During the 19th century, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels extended the concept of materialism to elaborate a materialist conception of history centered on the roughly empirical world of human activity (practice, including labor) and the institutions created, reproduced, or destroyed by that activity (see materialist conception of history). Later Marxists developed the notion of dialectical materialism which characterized later Marxist philosophy and method.

Question: What type of materialism defined the Marxist philosophy?
Answer: dialectical materialism

Question: When was Karl Marx born?

Question: When was Friedrich Engels born?

Question: Which era of Marxists rejected the notion of dialectical materialism?

Question: Who was Karl Marx's enemy?

Question: What type of materialism did not define the Marxist philosophy?
Materialism

Materialism developed, possibly independently, in several geographically separated regions of Eurasia during what Karl Jaspers termed the Axial Age (approximately 800 to 200 BC).

Question: Who coined the Axial Age?
Answer: Karl Jaspers

Question: In what part of the world did materialism develop during the Axial Age?
Answer: Eurasia

Question: Who coined the non-Axial Age?

Question: In what part of the world did materialism develop during the non-Axial Age?

Question: When was Karl Jaspers born?

Question: When did Karl Jaspers die?

Question: What did not develop in Eurasia?
Materialism

In Ancient Indian philosophy, materialism developed around 600 BC with the works of Ajita Kesakambali, Payasi, Kanada, and the proponents of the Cārvāka school of philosophy. Kanada became one of the early proponents of atomism. The Nyaya–Vaisesika school (600 BC - 100 BC) developed one of the earliest forms of atomism, though their proofs of God and their positing that the consciousness was not material precludes labelling them as materialists. Buddhist atomism and the Jaina school continued the atomic tradition.

Question: Around what time did materialism become part of Ancient Indian philosophy?
Answer: 600 BC

Question: At that time, who helped develop materialism?
Answer: Ajita Kesakambali, Payasi, Kanada, and the proponents of the Cārvāka school of philosophy

Question: What school advanced atomism?
Answer: Nyaya–Vaisesika school

Question: Between what years did the school advance atomism?
Answer: 600 BC - 100 BC

Question: Around what time did Ancient Indian philosophy reject materialism?

Question:  At that time, who rejected the idea of materialism?

Question:  What school did not teach atomism?

Question: What tradition did the Jaina school stop?

Question: What tradition did Buddhists stop?
Materialism

Materialism is often associated with reductionism, according to which the objects or phenomena individuated at one level of description, if they are genuine, must be explicable in terms of the objects or phenomena at some other level of description — typically, at a more reduced level. Non-reductive materialism explicitly rejects this notion, however, taking the material constitution of all particulars to be consistent with the existence of real objects, properties, or phenomena not explicable in the terms canonically used for the basic material constituents. Jerry Fodor influentially argues this view, according to which empirical laws and explanations in "special sciences" like psychology or geology are invisible from the perspective of basic physics. A lot of vigorous literature has grown up around the relation between these views.

Question: Materialism is linked to what?
Answer: reductionism

Question: Why is materialism is not linked to reduction?

Question: Why did Jerry Fodor disagree with this view?

Question: What is not a special science?

Question: What level physics does psychology and geology use?