Divyanshu67/squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives

The roles and responsibilities of the minority leader are not well-defined. To a large extent, the functions of the minority leader are defined by tradition and custom. A minority leader from 1931 to 1939, Representative Bertrand Snell, R-N.Y., provided this "job description": "He is spokesman for his party and enunciates its policies. He is required to be alert and vigilant in defense of the minority's rights. It is his function and duty to criticize constructively the policies and programs of the majority, and to this end employ parliamentary tactics and give close attention to all proposed legislation."

Question: Are minority leadership roles specified closely?
Answer: are not well-defined

Question: What congressman largely specified the job description of minority leader?
Answer: Representative Bertrand Snell

Question: What despcription was assigned to minority leader in part?
Answer: He is spokesman for his party and enunciates its policies.

Question: What defines a large part of minority leader role?
Answer: tradition and custom

Question: How defined are the roles of majority leader?

Question: What is used to define what the function of majority leader is?

Question: What kind of tactics were usually used by the majority leader from 1931-1939?

Question: What are some of the duties of a majority leader?

Question: What is majority leader supposed to defend for the majority?
Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives

To a large extent, the minority leader's position is a 20th-century innovation. Prior to this time congressional parties were often relatively disorganized, so it was not always evident who functioned as the opposition floor leader. Decades went by before anything like the modern two-party congressional system emerged on Capitol Hill with official titles for those who were its official leaders. However, from the beginning days of Congress, various House members intermittently assumed the role of "opposition leader." Some scholars suggest that Representative James Madison of Virginia informally functioned as the first "minority leader" because in the First Congress he led the opposition to Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton's fiscal policies.

Question: When was the minority leader position created? 
Answer: 20th-century

Question: Why was minority leader position created?
Answer: not always evident who functioned as the opposition floor leader

Question: Who is sometimes considered the first funcioning "Minority Leader?"
Answer: James Madison

Question: Who was Treasury Secretary at time of first congress?
Answer: Alexander Hamilton

Question: From what time do scholars like to study the affairs of congress?

Question: What state was Alexander Hamilton originally from?

Question: What system was created by Alexander Hamilton?

Question: How long did Alexander Hamilton serve as Treasury Secretary?

Question: What did Alexander Hamilton function as to oppose James Madison?
Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives

During this early period, it was more usual that neither major party grouping (Federalists and Democratic-Republicans) had an official leader. In 1813, for instance, a scholar recounts that the Federalist minority of 36 Members needed a committee of 13 "to represent a party comprising a distinct minority" and "to coordinate the actions of men who were already partisans in the same cause." In 1828, a foreign observer of the House offered this perspective on the absence of formal party leadership on Capitol Hill:

Question: In the early days who represented party leadership?
Answer: it was more usual that neither major party grouping (Federalists and Democratic-Republicans) had an official leader

Question: In early 19th century, what were 2 common parties?
Answer: (Federalists and Democratic-Republicans)

Question: What would be the purpose of organizing non majority members of  the house?
Answer: to represent a party comprising a distinct minority

Question: What did the Democratic-Republicans have in 1828?

Question: How many members of congress were there in 1828?

Question: Who offered their view on lack of Democrat-Republican leadership in 1813?

Question: In what year did Capitol Hill get its name?

Question: What did the Democratic-Republicans need in 1828?
Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives

Internal party disunity compounded the difficulty of identifying lawmakers who might have informally functioned as a minority leader. For instance, "seven of the fourteen speakership elections from 1834 through 1859 had at least twenty different candidates in the field. Thirty-six competed in 1839, ninety-seven in 1849, ninety-one in 1859, and 138 in 1855." With so many candidates competing for the speakership, it is not at all clear that one of the defeated lawmakers then assumed the mantle of "minority leader." The Democratic minority from 1861 to 1875 was so completely disorganized that they did not "nominate a candidate for Speaker in two of these seven Congresses and nominated no man more than once in the other five. The defeated candidates were not automatically looked to for leadership."

Question: What made identifying House leadership difficult?
Answer: Internal party disunity

Question: How many candidates was typical in early fields for speaker?
Answer: at least twenty different candidates

Question: From 1861 to 1875 how many times was Dmocratic minority speaker not nominated?
Answer: two of these seven Congresses

Question: What atmosphere was most prevalent in congress from 1834 through 1859?

Question: What did the Democratic minority make more difficult in 1834?

Question: What did Democrats assume the role of in 1855?

Question: What were Democrats not automatically looked to for in 1834?

Question: How many candidates were there from 1861-1875 for speaker?
Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives

In the judgment of political scientist Randall Ripley, since 1883 "the candidate for Speaker nominated by the minority party has clearly been the Minority Leader." However, this assertion is subject to dispute. On December 3, 1883, the House elected Democrat John G. Carlisle of Kentucky as Speaker. Republicans placed in nomination for the speakership J. Warren Keifer of Ohio, who was Speaker the previous Congress. Clearly, Keifer was not the Republicans' minority leader. He was a discredited leader in part because as Speaker he arbitrarily handed out "choice jobs to close relatives ... all at handsome salaries." Keifer received "the empty honor of the minority nomination. But with it came a sting -- for while this naturally involves the floor leadership, he was deserted by his [partisan] associates and his career as a national figure terminated ingloriously." Representative Thomas Reed, R-ME, who later became Speaker, assumed the de facto role of minority floor leader in Keifer's stead. "[A]lthough Keifer was the minority's candidate for Speaker, Reed became its acknowledged leader, and ever after, so long as he served in the House, remained the most conspicuous member of his party.

Question: Who's contention is it that the minority party candidate is clearly Minority Leader since 1883?
Answer: Randall Ripley

Question: Why was Keifer discredited/empty leader?
Answer: arbitrarily handed out "choice jobs to close relatives ... all at handsome salaries.

Question: Although Keifer held minority leader role, who was actual gloof leader?
Answer: Thomas Reed,

Question: Why was Randall Ripley discredited as Speaker in 1883?

Question: What nomination did Ripley receive?

Question: Who was Ripley deserted by?

Question: What happened to Ripley's career becaue of this desertion?

Question: Who assumed the role as Speaker after Randall Ripley?
Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives

Another scholar contends that the minority leader position emerged even before 1883. On the Democratic side, "there were serious caucus fights for the minority speakership nomination in 1871 and 1873," indicating that the "nomination carried with it some vestige of leadership." Further, when Republicans were in the minority, the party nominated for Speaker a series of prominent lawmakers, including ex-Speaker James Blaine of Maine in 1875, former Appropriations Chairman James A. Garfield of Ohio, in 1876, 1877, and 1879, and ex-Speaker Keifer in 1883. "It is hard to believe that House partisans would place a man in the speakership when in the majority, and nominate him for this office when in the minority, and not look to him for legislative guidance." This was not the case, according to some observers, with respect to ex-Speaker Keifer.

Question: Prior to 1883 there is evidence that serious caucus fights occured in what years?
Answer: 1871 and 1873

Question: What prominent ex-speaker was nominated for minority role in 1875?
Answer: James Blaine

Question: What former appropriations chairman was nominated for minority leader in 1876,77,79?
Answer: James A. Garfield

Question: In what year do Democrats contend that the Speaker position began?

Question: What were the Republicans fighting for in 1877 and 1879?

Question: What did the Republican fight for minority speakership indicate?

Question: During what three years was Keifer nominated by Democrats?

Question: What did Democrats nominate James A. Garfield for in 1875?
Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives

In brief, there is disagreement among historical analysts as to the exact time period when the minority leadership emerged officially as a party position. Nonetheless, it seems safe to conclude that the position emerged during the latter part of the 19th century, a period of strong party organization and professional politicians. This era was "marked by strong partisan attachments, resilient patronage-based party organizations, and...high levels of party voting in Congress." Plainly, these were conditions conducive to the establishment of a more highly differentiated House leadership structure.

Question: Is there a consensus about the time that minority leadership officially emerged as a position?
Answer: there is disagreement among historical analysts

Question: What party characteristics emerged in the house in late 19th century?
Answer: strong party organization and professional politicians

Question: What were these conditions effective for in the house?
Answer: establishment of a more highly differentiated House leadership structure.

Question: What do some voters not always agree with?

Question: When was House leadership structure first established?

Question: What does the publc not agree about when Congress was formed?

Question: What did professional organizations help establish for society?

Question: At what level was the public voting in the latter part of the 19th century?
Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives

Second, Democrats have always elevated their minority floor leader to the speakership upon reclaiming majority status. Republicans have not always followed this leadership succession pattern. In 1919, for instance, Republicans bypassed James R. Mann, R-IL, who had been minority leader for eight years, and elected Frederick Gillett, R-MA, to be Speaker. Mann "had angered many Republicans by objecting to their private bills on the floor;" also he was a protégé of autocratic Speaker Joseph Cannon, R-IL (1903–1911), and many Members "suspected that he would try to re-centralize power in his hands if elected Speaker." More recently, although Robert H. Michel was the Minority Leader in 1994 when the Republicans regained control of the House in the 1994 midterm elections, he had already announced his retirement and had little or no involvement in the campaign, including the Contract with America which was unveiled six weeks before voting day.

Question: Which party has always elevated minority floor leaders to speakership?
Answer: Democrats

Question: Why were republicans upset with Mann?
Answer: objecting to their private bills on the floor

Question: What year did Republicans regain control while Rober Michel was Minority Leader?
Answer: 1994

Question: What have Republicans always elevated their minority floor leader to when obtaining majority status?

Question: What pattern have Democrats not always followed?

Question: Who did Democrats elect to be speaker in 1903?

Question: How many Demcorats were angry with James R. Mann in 1911?

Question: Who was Frederick Gillett a protege of?
Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives

In the instance when the Presidency and both Houses of Congress are controlled by one party, the Speaker normally assumes a lower profile and defers to the President. For that situation the House Minority Leader can play the role of a de facto "leader of the opposition", often more so than the Senate Minority Leader, due to the more partisan nature of the House and the greater role of leadership. Minority Leaders who have played prominent roles in opposing the incumbent President have included Gerald Ford, Richard Gephardt, Nancy Pelosi, and John Boehner.

Question: What is the leadership structure when party controls house and presidency?
Answer: Speaker normally assumes a lower profile and defers to the President

Question: Is the Senate or the House more partisan?
Answer: more partisan nature of the House

Question: What minority leaders have played prominenct roles to opposing incumbent president?
Answer: Gerald Ford, Richard Gephardt, Nancy Pelosi, and John Boehner

Question: What minority leader has run for President?

Question: What was Gerald Ford most interested in talking about when campaigning?

Question: What office did Nancy Pelosi at one time consider running for?

Question: What role does the incumbent President have when Congress is dominated by more than one party?

Question: Why would the President be seen as leader of the opposition?
Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives

The style and role of any minority leader is influenced by a variety of elements, including personality and contextual factors, such as the size and cohesion of the minority party, whether his or her party controls the White House, the general political climate in the House, and the controversy that is sometimes associated with the legislative agenda. Despite the variability of these factors, there are a number of institutional obligations associated with this position. Many of these assignments or roles are spelled out in the House rule book. Others have devolved upon the position in other ways. To be sure, the minority leader is provided with extra staff resources—beyond those accorded him or her as a Representative—to assist in carrying out diverse leadership functions. Worth emphasis is that there are limits on the institutional role of the minority leader, because the majority party exercises disproportionate influence over the agenda, partisan ratios on committees, staff resources, administrative operations, and the day-to-day schedule and management of floor activities.

Question: What influences role of minority leader?
Answer: personality and contextual factors

Question: Obligations for minority leader are stated in what document?
Answer: House rule book.

Question: How is the minority leader able to accomplish addition demands and tasks?
Answer: minority leader is provided with extra staff resources—beyond those accorded him or her as a Representative

Question: What are some things the style and role of the White House is influenced by?

Question: What obligations are associated with the White House?

Question: What kind of staff are provided to work at the White House?

Question: What is the role of staff at the White House?

Question: What are placed on the instutional role of the White House?
Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives

In addition, the minority leader has a number of other institutional functions. For instance, the minority leader is sometimes statutorily authorized to appoint individuals to certain federal entities; he or she and the majority leader each name three Members to serve as Private Calendar objectors; he or she is consulted with respect to reconvening the House per the usual formulation of conditional concurrent adjournment resolutions; he or she is a traditional member of the House Office Building Commission; he or she is a member of the United States Capitol Preservation Commission; and he or she may, after consultation with the Speaker, convene an early organizational party caucus or conference. Informally, the minority leader maintains ties with majority party leaders to learn about the schedule and other House matters and forges agreements or understandings with them insofar as feasible.

Question: How many private calendar objector members does minority leader appoint?
Answer: three

Question: What 2 commissions is the minority leader a member of?
Answer: House Office Building Commission; he or she is a member of the United States Capitol Preservation Commission

Question: Who does minority leader have informal ties with for scheduling house matters?
Answer: majority party leaders

Question: How many institutional functions does the House office Building Commission have?

Question: Where can the House Office Building Commission appoint individuals to?

Question: How many Members can the House Office Building Commission name to serve as Private Calendar objectors?

Question: What other group is overseen by the House Office Building Commission?

Question: What is the House Office Building Commission able to convene?
Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives

The minority leader has a number of formal and informal party responsibilities. Formally, the rules of each party specify certain roles and responsibilities for their leader. For example, under Democratic rules for the 106th Congress, the minority leader may call meetings of the Democratic Caucus. He or she is a member of the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee; names the members of the Democratic Leadership Council; chairs the Policy Committee; and heads the Steering Committee. Examples of other assignments are making "recommendations to the Speaker on all Democratic Members who shall serve as conferees" and nominating party members to the Committees on Rules and House Administration. Republican rules identify generally comparable functions for their top party leader.

Question: According to democratic rules of the 106th congress what committee does minority leader chair?
Answer: Policy Committee

Question: According to democratic rules of the 106th congress what committee does minority leader head?
Answer: Steering Committee

Question: According to democratic rules of the 106th congress what campaign membership do they have?
Answer: Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee

Question: According to democratic rules of the 106th congress what leadership members do they appoint?
Answer: Democratic Leadership Council

Question: What kind of responsibilities does the Policy Committee have?

Question: Who can the Policy Committee call the meetings of?

Question: What committee does the Policy Committee oversee?

Question: To what council does the Policy Committee name members to?

Question: Where can the Policy Committee nominate party members to?
Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives

A party's floor leader, in conjunction with other party leaders, plays an influential role in the formulation of party policy and programs. He is instrumental in guiding legislation favored by his party through the House, or in resisting those programs of the other party that are considered undesirable by his own party. He is instrumental in devising and implementing his party's strategy on the floor with respect to promoting or opposing legislation. He is kept constantly informed as to the status of legislative business and as to the sentiment of his party respecting particular legislation under consideration. Such information is derived in part from the floor leader's contacts with his party's members serving on House committees, and with the members of the party's whip organization.

Question: Who plays an influential role in the formation of party policy?
Answer: A party's floor leader

Question: In what role are the floor leader's instrumental for legislation?
Answer: guiding legislation favored by his party through the House, or in resisting those programs of the other party that are considered undesirable by his own party

Question: How are floor leaders kept informed of legislative status?
Answer: contacts with his party's members serving on House committees, and with the members of the party's whip organization

Question: What does the whip organization play a role in forming in conjunction with party leaders?

Question: What programs are resisted by the whip organization?

Question: What does the whip organization devise and implement for the party?

Question: What is the whip organization kept constantly informed about?

Question: What committees does the whip organization oversee?
Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives

Provide Campaign Assistance. Minority leaders are typically energetic and aggressive campaigners for partisan incumbents and challengers. There is hardly any major aspect of campaigning that does not engage their attention. For example, they assist in recruiting qualified candidates; they establish "leadership PACs" to raise and distribute funds to House candidates of their party; they try to persuade partisan colleagues not to retire or run for other offices so as to hold down the number of open seats the party would need to defend; they coordinate their campaign activities with congressional and national party campaign committees; they encourage outside groups to back their candidates; they travel around the country to speak on behalf of party candidates; and they encourage incumbent colleagues to make significant financial contributions to the party's campaign committee. "The amount of time that [Minority Leader] Gephardt is putting in to help the DCCC [Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee] is unheard of," noted a Democratic lobbyist."No DCCC chairman has ever had that kind of support."

Question: How much concern do minority leaders have for campaigning?
Answer: hardly any major aspect of campaigning that does not engage their attention

Question: Who establishes leadership PACs?
Answer: Minority leaders

Question: Outside of Washington how much involvement do minority leaders have in campaigns?
Answer: travel around the country to speak on behalf of party candidates; and they encourage incumbent colleagues to make significant financial contributions

Question: What kind of campaigner is the DCCC?

Question: Who does the DCCC campaign for?

Question: How much does the DCCC focus on campaigning?

Question: What kind of candidates are recruited by the DCCC?

Question: Why does the DCCC establish leadership PAC's?
Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives

Devise Minority Party Strategies. The minority leader, in consultation with other party colleagues, has a range of strategic options that he or she can employ to advance minority party objectives. The options selected depend on a wide range of circumstances, such as the visibility or significance of the issue and the degree of cohesion within the majority party. For instance, a majority party riven by internal dissension, as occurred during the early 1900s when Progressive and "regular" Republicans were at loggerheads, may provide the minority leader with greater opportunities to achieve his or her priorities than if the majority party exhibited high degrees of party cohesion. Among the variable strategies available to the minority party, which can vary from bill to bill and be used in combination or at different stages of the lawmaking process, are the following:

Question: Does minority leader act solely to advance party objectives?
Answer: in consultation with other party colleagues

Question: Does minority leader always employ same strategy for party objectives?
Answer: options selected depend on a wide range of circumstances

Question: Does dissension and cohesion of majority party factor into minority strategy?
Answer: may provide the minority leader with greater opportunities to achieve his or her priorities than if the majority party exhibited high degrees of party cohesion

Question: What did majority parties use to advance bills in the 1900's?

Question: What is usually strongly holding the Progressives together?

Question: In what year did Democrats have a majority?

Question: What did Progressives cohesion in 1900 provide for the majority party?

Question: What works better for a majority leader than Republicans being in disarray?
Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives

A look at one minority leadership strategy—partisan opposition—may suggest why it might be employed in specific circumstances. The purposes of obstruction are several, such as frustrating the majority party's ability to govern or attracting press and media attention to the alleged ineffectiveness of the majority party. "We know how to delay," remarked Minority Leader Gephardt Dilatory motions to adjourn, appeals of the presiding officer's ruling, or numerous requests for roll call votes are standard time-consuming parliamentary tactics. By stalling action on the majority party's agenda, the minority leader may be able to launch a campaign against a "do-nothing Congress" and convince enough voters to put his party back in charge of the House. To be sure, the minority leader recognizes that "going negative" carries risks and may not be a winning strategy if his party fails to offer policy alternatives that appeal to broad segments of the general public.

Question: What is the purpose of Obstruction?
Answer: frustrating the majority party's ability to govern or attracting press and media attention to the alleged ineffectiveness

Question: How can obstruction be employed?
Answer: motions to adjourn, appeals of the presiding officer's ruling, or numerous requests for roll call votes

Question: Is it safe to employ negative strategy?
Answer: "going negative" carries risks

Question: What may be a risk negative tactic?
Answer: if his party fails to offer policy alternatives that appeal to broad segments of the general public

Question: Who's attention is attracted when the public forms a negative campaign?

Question: What does the majority party do that makes the public want to respond with a negative campaign?

Question: What was Gephardt Dilatory accused of being a part of?

Question: What is forming policy alternatives also considered to be by the press?

Question: What is the public able to do on its own against policies that aren't popular?
Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives

Promote and Publicize the Party's Agenda. An important aim of the minority leader is to develop an electorally attractive agenda of ideas and proposals that unites his or her own House members and that energizes and appeals to core electoral supporters as well as independents and swing voters. Despite the minority leader's restricted ability to set the House's agenda, there are still opportunities for him to raise minority priorities. For example, the minority leader may employ, or threaten to use, discharge petitions to try and bring minority priorities to the floor. If he or she is able to attract the required 218 signatures on a discharge petition by attracting majority party supporters, he or she can force minority initiatives to the floor over the opposition of the majority leadership. As a GOP minority leader once said, the challenges he confronted are to "keep our people together, and to look for votes on the other side."

Question: What important aim of minority leader pertaining to elections?
Answer: develop an electorally attractive agenda of ideas and proposals

Question: How can a minority leader attempt to set some agenda for house?
Answer: may employ, or threaten to use, discharge petitions to try and bring minority priorities to the floor.

Question: How many signatures are required on a discharge pertition?
Answer: 218

Question: What non party affiliated voters are critical for party to attract in elections?
Answer: independents and swing voters

Question: How many Republicans are affiliated with the GOP?

Question: What agenda has been changed at least 218 times?

Question: Why do independents and swing voters usually register to vote?

Question: Where do independents and swing voters hope more votes will come from to their party?

Question: What tactic can swing voters use to get minority priorities voted on?
Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives

Minority leaders may engage in numerous activities to publicize their party's priorities and to criticize the opposition's. For instance, to keep their party colleagues "on message," they insure that partisan colleagues are sent packets of suggested press releases or "talking points" for constituent meetings in their districts; they help to organize "town meetings" in Members' districts around the country to publicize the party's agenda or a specific priority, such as health care or education; they sponsor party "retreats" to discuss issues and assess the party's public image; they create "theme teams" to craft party messages that might be raised during the one-minute, morning hour, or special order period in the House; they conduct surveys of party colleagues to discern their policy preferences; they establish websites that highlight and distribute party images and issues to users; and they organize task forces or issue teams to formulate party programs and to develop strategies for communicating these programs to the public.

Question: How do minority leaders keep party priorities publicized?
Answer: "talking points" for constituent meetings in their districts; they help to organize "town meetings"

Question: What items are discussed at party retreats?
Answer: issues and assess the party's public image; they create "theme teams" to craft party messages

Question: How do minority leaders gauge party preferences?
Answer: conduct surveys of party colleagues

Question: What can the public send for use at town meetings?

Question: What does the public organize to talk about health care and education?

Question: Where does the public usually organize town meetings?

Question: Why would the public want to create surveys to gauge public party opinion?

Question: What kind of teams are created by the public to make sure they discuss topics of interest at town meetings?
Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives

House minority leaders also hold joint news conferences and consult with their counterparts in the Senate—and with the president if their party controls the White House. The overall objectives are to develop a coordinated communications strategy, to share ideas and information, and to present a united front on issues. Minority leaders also make floor speeches and close debate on major issues before the House; they deliver addresses in diverse forums across the country; and they write books or articles that highlight minority party goals and achievements. They must also be prepared "to debate on the floor, ad lib, no notes, on a moment's notice," remarked Minority Leader Michel. In brief, minority leaders are key strategists in developing and promoting the party's agenda and in outlining ways to neutralize the opposition's arguments and proposals.

Question: With whom does minority leader consult and participate in news conference?
Answer: counterparts in the Senate—and with the president if their party controls the White House

Question: What is the overall party strategy for minority leader?
Answer: develop a coordinated communications strategy, to share ideas and information, and to present a united front on issues

Question: What speaking obligations does minority leader have?
Answer: floor speeches and close debate on major issues before the House; they deliver addresses in diverse forums across the country

Question: What are the purpose of minority leader writings?
Answer: write books or articles that highlight minority party goals and achievements

Question: What kind of news conferences are held by the White House?

Question: Who does the White House consult with?

Question: What is one of the White House's main objectives?

Question: What kind of front does the White House need to show on issues?

Question: Where does the President deliver addresses in diverse forums?
Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives

Confer With the White House. If his or her party controls the White House, the minority leader confers regularly with the President and his aides about issues before Congress, the Administration's agenda, and political events generally. Strategically, the role of the minority leader will vary depending on whether the President is of the same party or the other party. In general, minority leaders will often work to advance the goals and aspirations of their party's President in Congress. When Robert Michel, R-IL, was minority leader (1981–1995), he typically functioned as the "point man" for Republican presidents. President Ronald Reagan's 1981 policy successes in the Democratic controlled House was due in no small measure to Minority Leader Michel's effectiveness in wooing so-called "Reagan Democrats" to support, for instance, the Administration's landmark budget reconciliation bill. There are occasions, of course, when minority leaders will fault the legislative initiatives of their President. On an administration proposal that could adversely affect his district, Michel stated that he might "abdicate my leadership role [on this issue] since I can't harmonize my own views with the administration's." Minority Leader Gephardt, as another example, has publicly opposed a number of President Clinton's legislative initiatives from "fast track" trade authority to various budget issues.

Question: How often does minority leader speak with president when party controls white house?
Answer: minority leader confers regularly with the President and his aides about issues before Congress

Question: What was Robert Michel's role as minority leader?
Answer: point man" for Republican presidents

Question: Is the minority leader's strategic role always consitent?
Answer: will vary depending on whether the President is of the same party or the other party

Question: When did Gephardt serve as Minority Leader?

Question: What did Gephardt function as for Republican presidents?

Question: What group was Gephardt successful in wooing that helped Regan with many policy successes?

Question: In what year did Clinton have many policy successes?

Question: What bill did Robert Michel help help gain support for when under President Clinton in 1981?
Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives

When the White House is controlled by the House majority party, then the House minority leader assumes a larger role in formulating alternatives to executive branch initiatives and in acting as a national spokesperson for his or her party. "As Minority Leader during [President Lyndon Johnson's] Democratic administration, my responsibility has been to propose Republican alternatives," said Minority Leader Gerald Ford, R-MI. Greatly outnumbered in the House, Minority Leader Ford devised a political strategy that allowed Republicans to offer their alternatives in a manner that provided them political protection. As Ford explained:

Question: What is the difference in role for Minority leader when majority party holds white house?
Answer: assumes a larger role in formulating alternatives to executive branch initiatives and in acting as a national spokesperson for his or her party

Question: What was Gerald Ford's role as minority leader under Johnson administration?
Answer: propose Republican alternatives

Question: What did Ford's alternatives provide for republican's?
Answer: political protection

Question: During what administration was Gerald Ford President?

Question: What alternatives did Lyndon Johnson propose?

Question: What did Johnson want to provide for Republicans as Minority Leader?

Question: What does the President usually act as spokesperson for?

Question: What role does the executive branch assume when the house is controlled by the Republicans?
Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives

"We used a technique of laying our program out in general debate," he said. When we got to the amendment phase, we would offer our program as a substitute for the Johnson proposal. If we lost in the Committee of the Whole, then we would usually offer it as a motion to recommit and get a vote on that. And if we lost on the motion to recommit, our Republican members had a choice: They could vote against the Johnson program and say we did our best to come up with a better alternative. Or they could vote for it and make the same argument. Usually we lost; but when you're only 140 out of 435, you don't expect to win many.

Question: What options do minority party have in amendment phase?
Answer: offer our program as a substitute

Question: If minority party loses committ of the whole, then what motion may be filed?
Answer: motion to recommit and get a vote on that

Question: If recommit fails, then what choice needs to be made by minority representatives?
Answer: say we did our best to come up with a better alternative. Or they could vote for it and make the same argument

Question: How many amendments are usually passed in the committee of the Whole per year?

Question: How many amendments usually come up for a vote each year?

Question: What committee was created by Johnson?

Question: What did Johnson usually lay out in a general debate for the Republicans?

Question: When the President loses in Committee of the Whole, then what can he file?
Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives

Gephardt added that "inclusion and empowerment of the people on the line have to be done to get the best performance" from the minority party. Other techniques for fostering party harmony include the appointment of task forces composed of partisan colleagues with conflicting views to reach consensus on issues; the creation of new leadership positions as a way to reach out and involve a greater diversity of partisans in the leadership structure; and daily meetings in the Leader's office (or at breakfast, lunch, or dinner) to lay out floor strategy or political objectives for the minority party.

Question: What is a good technique to foster party harmony?
Answer: appointment of task forces

Question: What colleagues are best to work with to reach a consensus?
Answer: partisan colleagues with conflicting views

Question: What does the creation of leadership positions allow for?
Answer: way to reach out and involve a greater diversity of partisans in the leadership structure

Question: What public need motivates the President before he has daily meetings?

Question: What group is the President responsible for the creation of when elected?

Question: What positions did task forces want to lay out floor strategy for the creation of?

Question: What did task forces for the public want to foster in the minority party?

Question: What did colleagues with conflicing views lay out for task forces?
Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives

The Chief Deputy Whip is the primary assistant to the whip, who is the chief vote counter for his or her party. The current chief deputy majority whip is Republican Patrick McHenry. Within the House Republican Conference, the chief deputy whip is the highest appointed position and often a launching pad for future positions in the House Leadership. The House Democratic Conference has multiple chief deputy whips, led by a Senior Chief Deputy Whip, which is the highest appointed position within the House Democratic Caucus. The current senior chief deputy minority whip, John Lewis, has held his post since 1991.

Question: Who is the chief vote counter for party?
Answer: The Chief Deputy Whip

Question: Who holds the highest appointed Republican position in House?
Answer: Patrick McHenry.

Question: Who is the leader of chief deputy whips in democratic conference?
Answer: Senior Chief Deputy Whip

Question: How long has democratic leader of whips held position?
Answer: senior chief deputy minority whip, John Lewis, has held his post since 1991

Question: What is the House Republican Conference responsible for being?

Question: Who is the current Senior Chief Deputy Whip in the Republican conference?

Question: Who is the Senior Chief Deputy Whip the assistant to?

Question: How many chief deputy whips are in the House Republican Conference?

Question: Since what year has Republican Patrick McHenry held his position?
Armenians

Armenians constitute the main population of Armenia and the de facto independent Nagorno-Karabakh Republic. There is a wide-ranging diaspora of around 5 million people of full or partial Armenian ancestry living outside of modern Armenia. The largest Armenian populations today exist in Russia, the United States, France, Georgia, Iran, Ukraine, Lebanon, and Syria. With the exceptions of Iran and the former Soviet states, the present-day Armenian diaspora was formed mainly as a result of the Armenian Genocide.

Question: Where do Armenians mostly live besides Armenia?
Answer: Nagorno-Karabakh Republic

Question: How many Armenians live outside Armenia and the republic within it?
Answer: around 5 million

Question: Where do most emigrant Armenians live?
Answer: Russia, the United States, France, Georgia, Iran, Ukraine, Lebanon, and Syria

Question: Why did many Armenians leave Armenia?
Answer: the Armenian Genocide

Question: Where to Russians live besides Armenia?

Question: How many people of Ukranian ancestry live in Russia?

Question: Why did many Armenians leave Iran?

Question: Where have people from the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic immigrated to?

Question: Of what ancestry are people who have emigrated outside of the US?
Armenians

Historically, the name Armenian has come to internationally designate this group of people. It was first used by neighbouring countries of ancient Armenia. The earliest attestations of the exonym Armenia date around the 6th century BC. In his trilingual Behistun Inscription dated to 517 BC, Darius I the Great of Persia refers to Urashtu (in Babylonian) as Armina (in Old Persian; Armina (    ) and Harminuya (in Elamite). In Greek, Αρμένιοι "Armenians" is attested from about the same time, perhaps the earliest reference being a fragment attributed to Hecataeus of Miletus (476 BC). Xenophon, a Greek general serving in some of the Persian expeditions, describes many aspects of Armenian village life and hospitality in around 401 BC. He relates that the people spoke a language that to his ear sounded like the language of the Persians.

Question: How long ago has the term 'Armenia' been used?
Answer: around the 6th century BC

Question: What is the earliest known use of 'Armenians'?
Answer: 476 BC

Question: Who wrote the earliest known use of 'Armenians'?
Answer: Hecataeus of Miletus

Question: Who described Armenian life in 401 BC?
Answer: Xenophon

Question: What did Xenophon say Armenian language sounded like?
Answer: Persians

Question: How long has the term Xenophon been used?

Question: Who was first to use the term Xenophon?

Question: What did Hecateus of Miletus refer to in his trillingual Behistun Inscription in 517 BC?

Question: When does Darius I of Persia talk about Armenian village life and hospitality?

Question: What did Hecateus of Miletus believe the people's language sounded like?
Armenians

The Armenian Highland lies in the highlands surrounding Mount Ararat, the highest peak of the region. In the Bronze Age, several states flourished in the area of Greater Armenia, including the Hittite Empire (at the height of its power), Mitanni (South-Western historical Armenia), and Hayasa-Azzi (1600–1200 BC). Soon after Hayasa-Azzi were Arme-Shupria (1300s–1190 BC), the Nairi (1400–1000 BC) and the Kingdom of Urartu (860–590 BC), who successively established their sovereignty over the Armenian Highland. Each of the aforementioned nations and tribes participated in the ethnogenesis of the Armenian people. Under Ashurbanipal (669–627 BC), the Assyrian empire reached the Caucasus Mountains (modern Armenia, Georgia and Azerbaijan).

Question: What mountain does Armenia surround?
Answer: Mount Ararat

Question: What era was the Hittite Empire in?
Answer: the Bronze Age

Question: When did the Hayasa-Azzi rule?
Answer: 1600–1200 BC

Question: When did the Arme-Shupria rule?
Answer: 1300s–1190 BC

Question: When did the Nairi rule?
Answer: 1400–1000 BC

Question: What did the Hittite Empire reach under Ashurbanipal?

Question: What area is in the highlands surrounding the Kingdom of Urartu?

Question: What mountain is Hayasa-Azzi located near?

Question: What did the Hittite Empire from 860-590 BC gain soverignty over?

Question: Under who's rule did the Mittani reach the Caucasus Mountains?
Armenians

Eric P. Hamp in his 2012 Indo-European family tree, groups the Armenian language along with Greek and Ancient Macedonian ("Helleno-Macedonian") in the Pontic Indo-European (also called Helleno-Armenian) subgroup. In Hamp's view the homeland of this subgroup is the northeast coast of the Black Sea and its hinterlands. He assumes that they migrated from there southeast through the Caucasus with the Armenians remaining after Batumi while the pre-Greeks proceeded westwards along the southern coast of the Black Sea.

Question: What languages does Hamp say are similar to Armenian?
Answer: Greek and Ancient Macedonian

Question: What subgroup does Hamp put the Armenian language in?
Answer: Pontic Indo-European

Question: Where does Hamp say the Pontic Indo-European languages originate?
Answer: the northeast coast of the Black Sea and its hinterlands

Question: What languages does Caucasus think are similar to Batumi?

Question: Into what language subgroup is Batumi categorized?

Question: Where do Batumi languages originate?

Question: Where is it thought the Batumi migrated?

Question: In what year did Caucasus develop his Indo-Eurpoean family tree?
Armenians

The first geographical entity that was called Armenia by neighboring peoples (such as by Hecataeus of Miletus and on the Achaemenid Behistun Inscription) was established in the late 6th century BC under the Orontid dynasty within the Achaemenid Persian Empire as part of the latters' territories, and which later became a kingdom. At its zenith (95–65 BC), the state extended from the Caucasus all the way to what is now central Turkey, Lebanon, and northern Iran. The imperial reign of Tigranes the Great is thus the span of time during which Armenia itself conquered areas populated by other peoples.

Question: When was Armenia established?
Answer: in the late 6th century BC

Question: What famous inscription mentioned Armenia?
Answer: the Achaemenid Behistun Inscription

Question: During which dynasty was Armenia established?
Answer: Orontid dynasty

Question: When was Armenia at its largest?
Answer: 95–65 BC

Question: In what year was Caucasus established?

Question: Within what empire was Caucasus created?

Question: Under what dynasty was Caucasus established?

Question: What happened during the reign of Hecataeus of Miletus?

Question: What inscription mentioned Caucasus?