Divyanshu67/squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
Cotton

By the 1840s, India was no longer capable of supplying the vast quantities of cotton fibers needed by mechanized British factories, while shipping bulky, low-price cotton from India to Britain was time-consuming and expensive. This, coupled with the emergence of American cotton as a superior type (due to the longer, stronger fibers of the two domesticated native American species, Gossypium hirsutum and Gossypium barbadense), encouraged British traders to purchase cotton from plantations in the United States and plantations in the Caribbean. By the mid-19th century, "King Cotton" had become the backbone of the southern American economy. In the United States, cultivating and harvesting cotton became the leading occupation of slaves.

Question: What was the difference that made American cotton preferred over Indian cotton?
Answer: longer, stronger fibers

Question: In the 1840s, what country could no longer adequately supply the British cotton mills?
Answer: India

Question: Besides buying from the American plantations, where else in the western hemisphere did Britain buy cotton?
Answer: Caribbean

Question: By what time had cotton become prominent in the American economy of the south?
Answer: mid-19th century

Question: What was cotton called in the 19th century?
Answer: King Cotton

Question: What was the difference that made Indian cotton preferred over British cotton?

Question: In the 1840s, what country could no longer adequately supply the Indian cotton mills?

Question: Besides buying from the American plantations, where else in the western hemisphere did India buy cotton?

Question: By what time had cotton become prominent in the Indian economy of the south?

Question: What was America called in the 19th century?
Cotton

During the American Civil War, American cotton exports slumped due to a Union blockade on Southern ports, and also because of a strategic decision by the Confederate government to cut exports, hoping to force Britain to recognize the Confederacy or enter the war. This prompted the main purchasers of cotton, Britain and France, to turn to Egyptian cotton. British and French traders invested heavily in cotton plantations. The Egyptian government of Viceroy Isma'il took out substantial loans from European bankers and stock exchanges. After the American Civil War ended in 1865, British and French traders abandoned Egyptian cotton and returned to cheap American exports,[citation needed] sending Egypt into a deficit spiral that led to the country declaring bankruptcy in 1876, a key factor behind Egypt's occupation by the British Empire in 1882.

Question: When did the American cotton industry fail?
Answer: American Civil War

Question: What action of the Union damaged the southern cotton exports?
Answer: Union blockade

Question: To what county's cotton did European buyers turn due to the American Civil War?
Answer: Egyptian

Question: What characteristic of American cotton attracted buyers after the end of the Civil war?
Answer: cheap

Question: What did the abandonment of Egyptian cotton mean to the Egyptian economy?
Answer: bankruptcy

Question: When did the Egyptian cotton industry fall?

Question: What action of the Union damaged the French cotton exports?

Question: To what country's cotton did Southern buyers turn due to the American Civil War?

Question: What characteristic of Egyptian cotton attracted buyers after the end of the Civil war?

Question: What did the abandonment of Southern cotton mean to the Egyptian economy?
Cotton

Cotton remained a key crop in the Southern economy after emancipation and the end of the Civil War in 1865. Across the South, sharecropping evolved, in which landless black and white farmers worked land owned by others in return for a share of the profits. Some farmers rented the land and bore the production costs themselves. Until mechanical cotton pickers were developed, cotton farmers needed additional labor to hand-pick cotton. Picking cotton was a source of income for families across the South. Rural and small town school systems had split vacations so children could work in the fields during "cotton-picking."

Question: What was the procedure called which involved workers to work for a share of the profits? 
Answer: sharecropping

Question: What difficulty in harvesting cotton required a large labor force?
Answer: hand-pick

Question: Besides adults what segment of the southern US population was involved in the harvesting of cotton?
Answer: children

Question: What function of southern schools was created for children to pick cotton?
Answer: split vacations

Question: What part of the southern population worked as sharecroppers?
Answer: landless

Question: What was the procedure called which involved the South to work for a share of the profits?

Question: What difficulty in harvesting cotton required a larger economy?

Question: Besides adults what segment of the southern US population was involved in school systems?

Question: What function of southern schools was created for adults to pick cotton?

Question: What part of the southern population worked as farmers?
Cotton

Successful cultivation of cotton requires a long frost-free period, plenty of sunshine, and a moderate rainfall, usually from 600 to 1,200 mm (24 to 47 in). Soils usually need to be fairly heavy, although the level of nutrients does not need to be exceptional. In general, these conditions are met within the seasonally dry tropics and subtropics in the Northern and Southern hemispheres, but a large proportion of the cotton grown today is cultivated in areas with less rainfall that obtain the water from irrigation. Production of the crop for a given year usually starts soon after harvesting the preceding autumn. Cotton is naturally a perennial but is grown as an annual to help control pests. Planting time in spring in the Northern hemisphere varies from the beginning of February to the beginning of June. The area of the United States known as the South Plains is the largest contiguous cotton-growing region in the world. While dryland (non-irrigated) cotton is successfully grown in this region, consistent yields are only produced with heavy reliance on irrigation water drawn from the Ogallala Aquifer. Since cotton is somewhat salt and drought tolerant, this makes it an attractive crop for arid and semiarid regions. As water resources get tighter around the world, economies that rely on it face difficulties and conflict, as well as potential environmental problems. For example, improper cropping and irrigation practices have led to desertification in areas of Uzbekistan, where cotton is a major export. In the days of the Soviet Union, the Aral Sea was tapped for agricultural irrigation, largely of cotton, and now salination is widespread.

Question: What is the optimum amount of rainfall for cotton growth?
Answer: 600 to 1,200 mm

Question: In what soil type does cotton prefer to grow ?
Answer: heavy

Question: Why is cotton grown as an annual crop?
Answer: control pests

Question: Where in the US is considered the best place to grow cotton on Earth?
Answer: South Plains

Question: What type of tolerances make cotton an ideal crop for semiarid areas?
Answer: salt and drought

Question: What is the minimum amount of rainfall for cotton growth?

Question: In what rainfall type does cotton prefer to grow?

Question: Why is cotton grown as a regional crop?

Question: Where in the US is considered the best place to control pests on Earth?

Question: What type of tolerances make cotton an ideal crop for the Northern hemisphere?
Cotton

Genetically modified (GM) cotton was developed to reduce the heavy reliance on pesticides. The bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) naturally produces a chemical harmful only to a small fraction of insects, most notably the larvae of moths and butterflies, beetles, and flies, and harmless to other forms of life. The gene coding for Bt toxin has been inserted into cotton, causing cotton, called Bt cotton, to produce this natural insecticide in its tissues. In many regions, the main pests in commercial cotton are lepidopteran larvae, which are killed by the Bt protein in the transgenic cotton they eat. This eliminates the need to use large amounts of broad-spectrum insecticides to kill lepidopteran pests (some of which have developed pyrethroid resistance). This spares natural insect predators in the farm ecology and further contributes to noninsecticide pest management.

Question: To stop reliance on what was GM cotton developed?
Answer: pesticides

Question: What form of cotton is GM?
Answer: Genetically modified

Question: What bacterium is used to produced GM cotton?
Answer: Bacillus thuringiensis

Question: What farming pest management technique does the use of GM grown plants promote?
Answer: noninsecticide

Question: What part of the life cycle of moths does Bt toxin effect?
Answer: larvae

Question: To stop refinance on what was GM larvae developed?

Question: What form of larvae is larvae?

Question: What farming pest management technique does the use of larvae grown plants promote?

Question: What part of the life cycle of cotton does Bt toxin effect

Question: What bacterium is used to produce larvae cotton?
Cotton

But Bt cotton is ineffective against many cotton pests, however, such as plant bugs, stink bugs, and aphids; depending on circumstances it may still be desirable to use insecticides against these. A 2006 study done by Cornell researchers, the Center for Chinese Agricultural Policy and the Chinese Academy of Science on Bt cotton farming in China found that after seven years these secondary pests that were normally controlled by pesticide had increased, necessitating the use of pesticides at similar levels to non-Bt cotton and causing less profit for farmers because of the extra expense of GM seeds. However, a 2009 study by the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Stanford University and Rutgers University refuted this. They concluded that the GM cotton effectively controlled bollworm. The secondary pests were mostly miridae (plant bugs) whose increase was related to local temperature and rainfall and only continued to increase in half the villages studied. Moreover, the increase in insecticide use for the control of these secondary insects was far smaller than the reduction in total insecticide use due to Bt cotton adoption. A 2012 Chinese study concluded that Bt cotton halved the use of pesticides and doubled the level of ladybirds, lacewings and spiders. The International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-biotech Applications (ISAAA) said that, worldwide, GM cotton was planted on an area of 25 million hectares in 2011. This was 69% of the worldwide total area planted in cotton.

Question: In what year did a research study find that the use of Bt toxin plants failed to be effective after 7 years?
Answer: 2006

Question: On what did a 2009 study conclude that increased insects were dependent?
Answer: temperature and rainfall

Question: What did a 2012 study suggest  was halved by the use of GM plants?
Answer: pesticides

Question: What did the 2012 study say was doubled by the use of GM cotton?
Answer: ladybirds, lacewings and spiders

Question: How much of the Earth's cotton crops are planted in GM cotton?
Answer: 69%

Question: On what did a 2009 study conclude that increased pests were dependent?

Question: What did a 2012 study suggest was halved by the use of secondary plants?

Question: What did the 2012 study say was doubled by the use of Chinese cotton?

Question: How much of the Earth's cotton crops are planted in China?

Question: How much GM cotton was planted in 2009?
Cotton

GM cotton acreage in India grew at a rapid rate, increasing from 50,000 hectares in 2002 to 10.6 million hectares in 2011. The total cotton area in India was 12.1 million hectares in 2011, so GM cotton was grown on 88% of the cotton area. This made India the country with the largest area of GM cotton in the world. A long-term study on the economic impacts of Bt cotton in India, published in the Journal PNAS in 2012, showed that Bt cotton has increased yields, profits, and living standards of smallholder farmers. The U.S. GM cotton crop was 4.0 million hectares in 2011 the second largest area in the world, the Chinese GM cotton crop was third largest by area with 3.9 million hectares and Pakistan had the fourth largest GM cotton crop area of 2.6 million hectares in 2011. The initial introduction of GM cotton proved to be a success in Australia – the yields were equivalent to the non-transgenic varieties and the crop used much less pesticide to produce (85% reduction). The subsequent introduction of a second variety of GM cotton led to increases in GM cotton production until 95% of the Australian cotton crop was GM in 2009 making Australia the country with the fifth largest GM cotton crop in the world. Other GM cotton growing countries in 2011 were Argentina, Myanmar, Burkina Faso, Brazil, Mexico, Colombia, South Africa and Costa Rica.

Question: How much area was planted in India in GM cotton in 2011?
Answer: 10.6 million hectares

Question: What was the percentage of GM cotton planted in India in 2011?
Answer: 88%

Question: Waht country has the largest area of GM cotton on Earth?
Answer: India

Question: At what rank does US GM cotton stand in the world?
Answer: second largest

Question: What percentage of Australia's cotton crop was GM in 2009?
Answer: 95%

Question: How much area was planted in India in GM cotton in 2009?

Question: What was the percentage of GM cotton planted in India in 2009?

Question: What country has the largest area of non-transgenic cotton on Earth?

Question: At what rank does US non-trangenic cotton stand in the world?

Question: What percentage of Australia's cotton crop was non-transgenic in 2009?
Cotton

Organic cotton is generally understood as cotton from plants not genetically modified and that is certified to be grown without the use of any synthetic agricultural chemicals, such as fertilizers or pesticides. Its production also promotes and enhances biodiversity and biological cycles. In the United States, organic cotton plantations are required to enforce the National Organic Program (NOP). This institution determines the allowed practices for pest control, growing, fertilizing, and handling of organic crops. As of 2007, 265,517 bales of organic cotton were produced in 24 countries, and worldwide production was growing at a rate of more than 50% per year.

Question: What are organic plants understood to be?
Answer: not genetically modified

Question: Without what are organic plants meant to be grown ? 
Answer: synthetic agricultural chemicals

Question: What is meant by synthetic chemicals?
Answer: fertilizers or pesticides

Question: What group in the US determines the allowed practices in organic agriculture?
Answer: National Organic Program

Question: How much organic cotton was produced worldwide in 2007?
Answer: 265,517 bales

Question: What are NOP plants understood to be?

Question: Without what are NOP plants meant to be grown?

Question: What is meant by NOP chemicals?

Question: What group in the US determines the allowed practices in 24 countries?

Question: How much sythetic cotton was produced worldwide in 2007?
Cotton

Historically, in North America, one of the most economically destructive pests in cotton production has been the boll weevil. Due to the US Department of Agriculture's highly successful Boll Weevil Eradication Program (BWEP), this pest has been eliminated from cotton in most of the United States. This program, along with the introduction of genetically engineered Bt cotton (which contains a bacterial gene that codes for a plant-produced protein that is toxic to a number of pests such as cotton bollworm and pink bollworm), has allowed a reduction in the use of synthetic insecticides.

Question: What insect is the most destructive pest in cotton growing in the US?
Answer: boll weevil

Question: What program has effectively eliminated the boll weevil in the US?
Answer: Boll Weevil Eradication Program

Question: What is the organization that instigated the Boll Weevil Eradication Program?
Answer: US Department of Agriculture

Question: What form of cotton contains a genetically modified gene?
Answer: Bt cotton

Question: On what does the use of Bt cotton reduce reliance?
Answer: synthetic insecticides.

Question: What insect is the most destructive pest in cotton growing in the BWEP?

Question: What program has effectively eliminated pests in the US?

Question: What is the organization that instigated the boll weevil?

Question: What form of cotton contains a genetically modified pest?

Question: On what does the use of BWEP reduce reliance?
Cotton

Most cotton in the United States, Europe and Australia is harvested mechanically, either by a cotton picker, a machine that removes the cotton from the boll without damaging the cotton plant, or by a cotton stripper, which strips the entire boll off the plant. Cotton strippers are used in regions where it is too windy to grow picker varieties of cotton, and usually after application of a chemical defoliant or the natural defoliation that occurs after a freeze. Cotton is a perennial crop in the tropics, and without defoliation or freezing, the plant will continue to grow.

Question: How is most cotton harvested?
Answer: mechanically

Question: What is the cotton harvesting machine that removes the boll with damaging the plant?
Answer: cotton picker

Question: What machine strips off the entire head of the cotton plant?
Answer: cotton stripper

Question: What weather conditions mandate the planting of stripper types of cotton?
Answer: windy

Question: What type of plant is cotton?
Answer: perennial

Question: How are most plants harvested?

Question: What is the cotton harvesting machine that removes the bolll and damages the plant?

Question: What machine strips off the chemicals off the cotton plant?

Question: What weather conditions mandate the planting of defoliation types of cotton?

Question: What type of plant is defoliant?
Cotton

The era of manufactured fibers began with the development of rayon in France in the 1890s. Rayon is derived from a natural cellulose and cannot be considered synthetic, but requires extensive processing in a manufacturing process, and led the less expensive replacement of more naturally derived materials. A succession of new synthetic fibers were introduced by the chemicals industry in the following decades. Acetate in fiber form was developed in 1924. Nylon, the first fiber synthesized entirely from petrochemicals, was introduced as a sewing thread by DuPont in 1936, followed by DuPont's acrylic in 1944. Some garments were created from fabrics based on these fibers, such as women's hosiery from nylon, but it was not until the introduction of polyester into the fiber marketplace in the early 1950s that the market for cotton came under threat. The rapid uptake of polyester garments in the 1960s caused economic hardship in cotton-exporting economies, especially in Central American countries, such as Nicaragua, where cotton production had boomed tenfold between 1950 and 1965 with the advent of cheap chemical pesticides. Cotton production recovered in the 1970s, but crashed to pre-1960 levels in the early 1990s.

Question: What was the first manufactured fiber?
Answer: rayon

Question: When was rayon first made in France?
Answer: 1890s

Question: What type of industry produced a growing chain of synthetic fibers?
Answer: chemicals industry

Question: What was manufactured completely from petrochemicals?
Answer: Nylon

Question: What company produced nylon and acrylic in the 1930s and 1940s?
Answer: DuPont

Question: What was the first polyester fiber?

Question: When was polyester first made in France?

Question: What type of industry produced a growing chain of DuPont?

Question: What was manufactured completely from DuPont?

Question: What company produced polyester and nylon in the 1930s and 1940s?
Cotton

Beginning as a self-help program in the mid-1960s, the Cotton Research and Promotion Program (CRPP) was organized by U.S. cotton producers in response to cotton's steady decline in market share. At that time, producers voted to set up a per-bale assessment system to fund the program, with built-in safeguards to protect their investments. With the passage of the Cotton Research and Promotion Act of 1966, the program joined forces and began battling synthetic competitors and re-establishing markets for cotton. Today, the success of this program has made cotton the best-selling fiber in the U.S. and one of the best-selling fibers in the world.[citation needed]

Question: What prompted a help program produced by cotton producers in the 1960s?
Answer: decline in market share

Question: What law was passed in 1966 to aid cotton producers?
Answer: Cotton Research and Promotion Act

Question: What type of competitors does the 1966 act help combat?
Answer: synthetic competitors

Question: Where has the Cotton Research and Promotion Act made cotton the best selling fiber?
Answer: U.S.

Question: What did producers of cotton have to re-establish after the market declined?
Answer: markets for cotton

Question: What prompted a help program produced by investments in the 1960s?

Question: What law was passed in 1966 to aid investments?

Question: What type of competitors does the 1966 act help?

Question: Where has the Cotton Research and Promotion Act made synthetics the best selling fiber?

Question: What did producers of synthetics have to re-establish after the market declined?
Cotton

Cotton is used to make a number of textile products. These include terrycloth for highly absorbent bath towels and robes; denim for blue jeans; cambric, popularly used in the manufacture of blue work shirts (from which we get the term "blue-collar"); and corduroy, seersucker, and cotton twill. Socks, underwear, and most T-shirts are made from cotton. Bed sheets often are made from cotton. Cotton also is used to make yarn used in crochet and knitting. Fabric also can be made from recycled or recovered cotton that otherwise would be thrown away during the spinning, weaving, or cutting process. While many fabrics are made completely of cotton, some materials blend cotton with other fibers, including rayon and synthetic fibers such as polyester. It can either be used in knitted or woven fabrics, as it can be blended with elastine to make a stretchier thread for knitted fabrics, and apparel such as stretch jeans.

Question: For what is cotton used to make?
Answer: textile products

Question: Besides new cotton fibers, what type of fibers can be used to make cotton products?
Answer: recycled or recovered cotton

Question: With what is cotton often blended to make a new style of fabric?
Answer: synthetic fibers

Question: What kinds of fabrics can be made from blended fibers?
Answer: knitted or woven

Question: For what can cotton yarn be used?
Answer: crochet and knitting

Question: For what are jeans used to make?

Question: Besides new cotton fivers, what type of fivers can be used to make elastine?

Question: With what is cotton often blended to make a new style of elastine?

Question: What kinds of fabrics can be made from stretch jeans?

Question: For what can cotton elastine be used?
Cotton

The cottonseed which remains after the cotton is ginned is used to produce cottonseed oil, which, after refining, can be consumed by humans like any other vegetable oil. The cottonseed meal that is left generally is fed to ruminant livestock; the gossypol remaining in the meal is toxic to monogastric animals. Cottonseed hulls can be added to dairy cattle rations for roughage. During the American slavery period, cotton root bark was used in folk remedies as an abortifacient, that is, to induce a miscarriage. Gossypol was one of the many substances found in all parts of the cotton plant and it was described by the scientists as 'poisonous pigment'. It also appears to inhibit the development of sperm or even restrict the mobility of the sperm. Also, it is thought to interfere with the menstrual cycle by restricting the release of certain hormones.

Question: For what is cottonseed used after it is separate from the fibers?
Answer: cottonseed oil

Question: What product is processed cottonseed oil?
Answer: vegetable oil.

Question: What is cottonseed meal used for feed?
Answer: ruminant livestock

Question: For what purpose are cottonseed hulls used in feed?
Answer: roughage

Question: As what did early scientists describe gossypol ?
Answer: poisonous pigment

Question: For what is cottonseed used after it is separate from root bark?

Question: What product is processed cottonseed bark?

Question: For what purpose is root bark used in feed?

Question: As what did early scientists describe cottonseed oil?

Question: What inhibits the development of root bark?
Cotton

Cotton linters are fine, silky fibers which adhere to the seeds of the cotton plant after ginning. These curly fibers typically are less than 1⁄8 inch (3.2 mm) long. The term also may apply to the longer textile fiber staple lint as well as the shorter fuzzy fibers from some upland species. Linters are traditionally used in the manufacture of paper and as a raw material in the manufacture of cellulose. In the UK, linters are referred to as "cotton wool". This can also be a refined product (absorbent cotton in U.S. usage) which has medical, cosmetic and many other practical uses. The first medical use of cotton wool was by Sampson Gamgee at the Queen's Hospital (later the General Hospital) in Birmingham, England.

Question: What part of the cotton plant is used for paper manufacture?
Answer: Cotton linters

Question: What do cotton linters look like?
Answer: fine, silky fibers

Question: What are cotton linters called in the UK?
Answer: cotton wool

Question: What is cotton wool called in the US?
Answer: absorbent cotton

Question: What individual first used cotton wool medically?
Answer: Sampson Gamgee

Question: What part of wool is used for paper manufacture?

Question: What does wool look like?

Question: What are cotton linters called in the U.S.?

Question: What individual first used wool medically?

Question: Where did Sampson Gamgee first use wool medically?
Cotton

Cotton lisle is a finely-spun, tightly twisted type of cotton that is noted for being strong and durable. Lisle is composed of two strands that have each been twisted an extra twist per inch than ordinary yarns and combined to create a single thread. The yarn is spun so that it is compact and solid. This cotton is used mainly for underwear, stockings, and gloves. Colors applied to this yarn are noted for being more brilliant than colors applied to softer yarn. This type of thread was first made in the city of Lisle, France (now Lille), hence its name.

Question: What is a fine, tightly twisted type of cotton fabric?
Answer: Cotton lisle

Question: What is lisle considered to be as a fabric?
Answer: strong and durable

Question: What does extra twisting of lisle thread produce?
Answer: single thread

Question: Where was the lisle thread originally made?
Answer: Lisle, France

Question: How is color perceived to be for lisle in comparison to softer yarns? 
Answer: more brilliant

Question: What is a fine, tightly twisted type of cotton glove?

Question: What is lisle considered to be as a city?

Question: What does extra twisting of gloves produce?

Question: Where were gloves originally made?

Question: How is color perceived to be for gloves in comparison with stockings?
Cotton

The largest producers of cotton, currently (2009), are China and India, with annual production of about 34 million bales and 33.4 million bales, respectively; most of this production is consumed by their respective textile industries. The largest exporters of raw cotton are the United States, with sales of $4.9 billion, and Africa, with sales of $2.1 billion. The total international trade is estimated to be $12 billion. Africa's share of the cotton trade has doubled since 1980. Neither area has a significant domestic textile industry, textile manufacturing having moved to developing nations in Eastern and South Asia such as India and China. In Africa, cotton is grown by numerous small holders. Dunavant Enterprises, based in Memphis, Tennessee, is the leading cotton broker in Africa, with hundreds of purchasing agents. It operates cotton gins in Uganda, Mozambique, and Zambia. In Zambia, it often offers loans for seed and expenses to the 180,000 small farmers who grow cotton for it, as well as advice on farming methods. Cargill also purchases cotton in Africa for export.

Question: In 2009 what were the largest producers of cotton?
Answer: China and India

Question: How do the US and Africa rank as exporters of cotton?
Answer: largest exporters

Question: What is the combined international trade in cotton?
Answer: $12 billion

Question: What company is the top cotton broker in Africa?
Answer: Dunavant Enterprises

Question: Where is Dunavant Enterprises based?
Answer: Memphis, Tennessee

Question: In 2009 what were the largest importers?

Question: How do the US and Africa rank as exporters of rice?

Question: What is the combined international trade in rice?

Question: What company is the top cotton broker in India?

Question: Where is Cargill based?
Cotton

The 25,000 cotton growers in the United States of America are heavily subsidized at the rate of $2 billion per year although China now provides the highest overall level of cotton sector support. The future of these subsidies is uncertain and has led to anticipatory expansion of cotton brokers' operations in Africa. Dunavant expanded in Africa by buying out local operations. This is only possible in former British colonies and Mozambique; former French colonies continue to maintain tight monopolies, inherited from their former colonialist masters, on cotton purchases at low fixed prices.

Question: How many subsidized cotton growers are in the US?
Answer: 25,000

Question: What is the rate of subsidies of cotton growers in the US?
Answer: $2 billion per year

Question: What country provides the highest rate of support for cotton growers?
Answer: China

Question: Which former colonies still have tight monopolies on cotton brokering?
Answer: French

Question: Where in Africa is it possible to buy out brokerages in cotton?
Answer: former British colonies

Question: How many subsidized cotton growers are in Africa?

Question: What is the rate of subsidies of cotton growers in Africa?

Question: What country provides the highest rate of support for colonies?

Question: Which former colonies still have tight monopolies on colonies?

Question: Where in the United States is it possible to buy out brokerages in cotton?
Cotton

While Brazil was fighting the US through the WTO's Dispute Settlement Mechanism against a heavily subsidized cotton industry, a group of four least-developed African countries – Benin, Burkina Faso, Chad, and Mali – also known as "Cotton-4" have been the leading protagonist for the reduction of US cotton subsidies through negotiations. The four introduced a "Sectoral Initiative in Favour of Cotton", presented by Burkina Faso's President Blaise Compaoré during the Trade Negotiations Committee on 10 June 2003.

Question: What was Brazil's argument against the US cotton industry?
Answer: heavily subsidized

Question: What are the African countries of Benin, Burkina Faso, Chad, and Mali referred to as in the cotton industry?
Answer: Cotton-4

Question: What has the Cotton-4 been in regards to the US cotton subsidies?
Answer: leading protagonist

Question: What could the US do that would please the foreign cotton industry concerning cotton subsidies?
Answer: reduction

Question: What organization has Brazil tried to use to curb US cotton subsidies?
Answer: WTO's Dispute Settlement Mechanism

Question: What was Brazil's argument against Chad's cotton industry?

Question: What has the Cotton-4 been in regards to the cotton industry?

Question: What could the US do that would please the WTO concerning cotton subsidies?

Question: What organization has the US tried to use to curb Brazilian subsidies?

Question: When were cotton subsidies introduced?
Cotton

In addition to concerns over subsidies, the cotton industries of some countries are criticized for employing child labor and damaging workers' health by exposure to pesticides used in production. The Environmental Justice Foundation has campaigned against the prevalent use of forced child and adult labor in cotton production in Uzbekistan, the world's third largest cotton exporter. The international production and trade situation has led to "fair trade" cotton clothing and footwear, joining a rapidly growing market for organic clothing, fair fashion or "ethical fashion". The fair trade system was initiated in 2005 with producers from Cameroon, Mali and Senegal.

Question: What type of labor have some countries come under fire for employing?
Answer: child

Question: What usage that causes worker damage have some countries been reported doing? 
Answer: exposure to pesticides

Question: What country has been accused of forced child and adult labor?
Answer: Uzbekistan

Question: Where does Uzbekistan rank as a cotton exporter?
Answer: third largest

Question: What system was started in 2005 to deal with organic and ethically produced products?
Answer: fair trade

Question: What type of footwear have some countries come under fire for employing?

Question: What usage that causes footwear damage have some countries been reported to doing?

Question: What country has been accused of fair fashion?

Question: Where does Mali rank as a cotton exporter?

Question: What system was started in 2005 to deal with forced labor?
Cotton

A public genome sequencing effort of cotton was initiated in 2007 by a consortium of public researchers. They agreed on a strategy to sequence the genome of cultivated, tetraploid cotton. "Tetraploid" means that cultivated cotton actually has two separate genomes within its nucleus, referred to as the A and D genomes. The sequencing consortium first agreed to sequence the D-genome relative of cultivated cotton (G. raimondii, a wild Central American cotton species) because of its small size and limited number of repetitive elements. It is nearly one-third the number of bases of tetraploid cotton (AD), and each chromosome is only present once.[clarification needed] The A genome of G. arboreum would be sequenced next. Its genome is roughly twice the size of G. raimondii's. Part of the difference in size between the two genomes is the amplification of retrotransposons (GORGE). Once both diploid genomes are assembled, then research could begin sequencing the actual genomes of cultivated cotton varieties. This strategy is out of necessity; if one were to sequence the tetraploid genome without model diploid genomes, the euchromatic DNA sequences of the AD genomes would co-assemble and the repetitive elements of AD genomes would assembly independently into A and D sequences respectively. Then there would be no way to untangle the mess of AD sequences without comparing them to their diploid counterparts.

Question: What is the final sequencing goal of sequencing diploid cotton genomes first ?
Answer: tetraploid cotton

Question: What type of cotton has two separate genomes within its nucleus? 
Answer: Tetraploid

Question: When did a group of researchers decide to sequence the genomic structure of tetraploid cotton?
Answer: 2007

Question: What type of genome must be sequenced first to prevent confusion before the tetraploid form?
Answer: diploid

Question: In order to understand the tetraploid forms, what must be used as a comparison in cotton gene sequencing?
Answer: diploid counterparts

Question: What is the final sequencing goal of sequencing tetraploid genomes first?

Question: What type of cotton has two separate genomes within its sequence?

Question: When did a group or researchers decide to sequence the genomic structure of diploid counterparts?

Question: What type of genome must be sequenced first to prevent confusion before GORGE?

Question: In order to understand the tetraploid forms, what must be used as a comparison in cotton GORGE?
Cotton

The public sector effort continues with the goal to create a high-quality, draft genome sequence from reads generated by all sources. The public-sector effort has generated Sanger reads of BACs, fosmids, and plasmids as well as 454 reads. These later types of reads will be instrumental in assembling an initial draft of the D genome. In 2010, two companies (Monsanto and Illumina), completed enough Illumina sequencing to cover the D genome of G. raimondii about 50x. They announced that they would donate their raw reads to the public. This public relations effort gave them some recognition for sequencing the cotton genome. Once the D genome is assembled from all of this raw material, it will undoubtedly assist in the assembly of the AD genomes of cultivated varieties of cotton, but a lot of hard work remains.

Question: What companies finished much of the sequencing of the D genome?
Answer: Monsanto and Illumina

Question: When was the sequencing of D genome of G.  raimondii mostly completed?
Answer: 2010

Question: What did Monsanto and Illumina say they would do with the research?
Answer: donate

Question: What is the seeming result of donating genetic cotton sequencing to the public?
Answer: public relations

Question: What plants are the goal of sequencing wild forms of cotton?
Answer: cultivated varieties

Question: What companies finished much of the sequencing of the BAC genome?

Question: When was the sequencing of D genome of AD, raimondii mostly completed?

Question: What did Monsanto and Illumina say they would do with the D genome of G?

Question: What is the seeming result of donating genetic cotton sequencing to the AD genomes?

Question: What plants are the goal of sequencing wild forms of BAC?
Data_compression

In signal processing, data compression, source coding, or bit-rate reduction involves encoding information using fewer bits than the original representation. Compression can be either lossy or lossless. Lossless compression reduces bits by identifying and eliminating statistical redundancy. No information is lost in lossless compression. Lossy compression reduces bits by identifying unnecessary information and removing it. The process of reducing the size of a data file is referred to as data compression. In the context of data transmission, it is called source coding (encoding done at the source of the data before it is stored or transmitted) in opposition to channel coding.

Question: What involves encoding information using fewer bits than the original representation?
Answer: data compression

Question: What can be either lossy or lossless?
Answer: Compression

Question: What reduces bits by identifying and eliminating statistical redundancy? 
Answer: Lossless compression

Question: What is the process called of reducing the size of a data file?
Answer: data compression

Question: What is the process called of encoding at the source of the data before it's processed?
Answer: source coding

Question: What involves encoding information using fewer bits than the channel coding?

Question: What can not be lossy or lossless?

Question: What reduces bits by identifying and eliminating source coding?

Question: What is the process called of reducing the size of a lossless?
Data_compression

Compression is useful because it helps reduce resource usage, such as data storage space or transmission capacity. Because compressed data must be decompressed to use, this extra processing imposes computational or other costs through decompression; this situation is far from being a free lunch. Data compression is subject to a space–time complexity trade-off. For instance, a compression scheme for video may require expensive hardware for the video to be decompressed fast enough to be viewed as it is being decompressed, and the option to decompress the video in full before watching it may be inconvenient or require additional storage. The design of data compression schemes involves trade-offs among various factors, including the degree of compression, the amount of distortion introduced (when using lossy data compression), and the computational resources required to compress and decompress the data.

Question: What helps reduce resource usage?
Answer: Compression

Question: What must be decompressed? 
Answer: compressed data

Question: What is subject to a space-time complexity trade off? 
Answer: Data compression

Question: What type of scheme involves trade offs among other things?
Answer: data compression

Question: What helps reduce trade-offs?

Question: What is subject to a space-time hardware?

Question: What type of scheme involves storage among other things?

Question: What must compressed data be to be inconvenient?

Question: What does extra processing impose through distortion?
Data_compression

Lossless data compression algorithms usually exploit statistical redundancy to represent data without losing any information, so that the process is reversible. Lossless compression is possible because most real-world data exhibits statistical redundancy. For example, an image may have areas of colour that do not change over several pixels; instead of coding "red pixel, red pixel, ..." the data may be encoded as "279 red pixels". This is a basic example of run-length encoding; there are many schemes to reduce file size by eliminating redundancy.

Question: What usually exploits statistical redundancy?
Answer: Lossless data compression algorithms

Question: What represents statistical redundancy?
Answer: Lossless compression

Question: What may have colors that do not change over several pixels?
Answer: an image

Question: What usually exploits run-length coding?

Question: What may have redundancy that does not change over several pixels?

Question: What is possible because most real-world data have areas of color?

Question: What allows many schemes to reduce lossless compression?

Question: What do red pixel algorithms usually exploit?
Data_compression

The Lempel–Ziv (LZ) compression methods are among the most popular algorithms for lossless storage. DEFLATE is a variation on LZ optimized for decompression speed and compression ratio, but compression can be slow. DEFLATE is used in PKZIP, Gzip and PNG. LZW (Lempel–Ziv–Welch) is used in GIF images. Also noteworthy is the LZR (Lempel-Ziv–Renau) algorithm, which serves as the basis for the Zip method.[citation needed] LZ methods use a table-based compression model where table entries are substituted for repeated strings of data. For most LZ methods, this table is generated dynamically from earlier data in the input. The table itself is often Huffman encoded (e.g. SHRI, LZX). Current LZ-based coding schemes that perform well are Brotli and LZX. LZX is used in Microsoft's CAB format.

Question: What compression methods are among the most popular?
Answer: Lempel–Ziv (LZ)

Question: What is used in PKZIP, Gzip and PNG?
Answer: DEFLATE

Question: What serves as the basis of the Zip method?
Answer: LZR

Question: What is a current LZ based coding scheme that does well?
Answer: Brotli

Question: What is used in Microsoft's CAB format?
Answer: LZX

Question: What speed methods are among the most popular?

Question: What is used in PKZIP, LZR, and Huffman?

Question: What serves as the dynamically generated table for the Zip method?

Question: What is a current LZ based CAB that does well?

Question: What is used in Microsoft's DEFLATE format?
Data_compression

In a further refinement of the direct use of probabilistic modelling, statistical estimates can be coupled to an algorithm called arithmetic coding. Arithmetic coding is a more modern coding technique that uses the mathematical calculations of a finite-state machine to produce a string of encoded bits from a series of input data symbols. It can achieve superior compression to other techniques such as the better-known Huffman algorithm. It uses an internal memory state to avoid the need to perform a one-to-one mapping of individual input symbols to distinct representations that use an integer number of bits, and it clears out the internal memory only after encoding the entire string of data symbols. Arithmetic coding applies especially well to adaptive data compression tasks where the statistics vary and are context-dependent, as it can be easily coupled with an adaptive model of the probability distribution of the input data. An early example of the use of arithmetic coding was its use as an optional (but not widely used) feature of the JPEG image coding standard. It has since been applied in various other designs including H.264/MPEG-4 AVC and HEVC for video coding.

Question: What can be paired with an algorithm called arithmetic coding?
Answer: statistical estimates

Question: What can achieve superior compression?
Answer: Arithmetic coding

Question: What uses an internal memory state?
Answer: Huffman algorithm

Question: What can e paired with adaptive data called arithmetic coding?

Question: What can achieve superior internal memory state?

Question: What uses a JPEG memory state?

Question: What applies well to coding standard compression tasks?

Question: What were early examples of probability distribution applied in?
Data_compression

Lossy data compression is the converse of lossless data compression. In these schemes, some loss of information is acceptable. Dropping nonessential detail from the data source can save storage space. Lossy data compression schemes are designed by research on how people perceive the data in question. For example, the human eye is more sensitive to subtle variations in luminance than it is to the variations in color. JPEG image compression works in part by rounding off nonessential bits of information. There is a corresponding trade-off between preserving information and reducing size. A number of popular compression formats exploit these perceptual differences, including those used in music files, images, and video.

Question: What type of data compression is the converse of lossless date data compression?
Answer: Lossy

Question: What can save storage space?
Answer: Dropping nonessential detail from the data source

Question: What helps by eliminating off nonessential bits of information?
Answer: JPEG image compression

Question: What type of data compression is the converse of subtle variations?

Question: What helps by eliminating off nonessential bits of perceptual differences?

Question: What is more sensitive to reducing size in luminance than variations in color?

Question: What are Lossy data compression music files designed by?

Question: What is there a corresponding compression scheme between?
Data_compression

In lossy audio compression, methods of psychoacoustics are used to remove non-audible (or less audible) components of the audio signal. Compression of human speech is often performed with even more specialized techniques; speech coding, or voice coding, is sometimes distinguished as a separate discipline from audio compression. Different audio and speech compression standards are listed under audio coding formats. Voice compression is used in internet telephony, for example, audio compression is used for CD ripping and is decoded by the audio players.

Question: What methods are used to remove non-audible components of audio signals?
Answer: psychoacoustics

Question: What compression is usually performed with even more specialized techniques?
Answer: human speech

Question: What is used in internet telephony? 
Answer: Voice compression

Question: What is used for CD ripping?
Answer: audio compression

Question: What is encoded by audio players?
Answer: audio compression

Question: What methods are used to removed coding components of audio signals?

Question: What compression is usually performed with even more psychoacoustics?

Question: What are different audio and speech CD ripping listed under?

Question: What is distinguished as a separate lossy from audio compression?

Question: Voice speech is used in what?