Divyanshu67/squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
Biodiversity

Less than 1% of all species that have been described have been studied beyond simply noting their existence. The vast majority of Earth's species are microbial. Contemporary biodiversity physics is "firmly fixated on the visible [macroscopic] world". For example, microbial life is metabolically and environmentally more diverse than multicellular life (see e.g., extremophile). "On the tree of life, based on analyses of small-subunit ribosomal RNA, visible life consists of barely noticeable twigs. The inverse relationship of size and population recurs higher on the evolutionary ladder—"to a first approximation, all multicellular species on Earth are insects". Insect extinction rates are high—supporting the Holocene extinction hypothesis.

Question: What type of science is firmly fixated on the visible world?
Answer: Contemporary biodiversity physics

Question: What type of life is more metabolically diverse than multicellular life?
Answer: microbial life

Question: What type of life is more enviromentally diverse than multicellular life?
Answer: microbial life

Question: What rate supports the Holocene extinction hypothesis?
Answer: Insect extinction rates

Question: What type of science is firmly fixated on RNA?

Question: What type of life is more metabolically diverse than extinction?

Question: What type of life is more environmentally diverse than extinction?

Question: What rate supports the Earth extinction hypothesis?

Question: How many species that have been described have been extinct?
Biodiversity

The number and variety of plants, animals and other organisms that exist is known as biodiversity. It is an essential component of nature and it ensures the survival of human species by providing food, fuel, shelter, medicines and other resources to mankind. The richness of biodiversity depends on the climatic conditions and area of the region. All species of plants taken together are known as flora and about 70,000 species of plants are known till date. All species of animals taken together are known as fauna which includes birds, mammals, fish, reptiles, insects, crustaceans, molluscs, etc.

Question: What term describes the number and variety of plants, animals and other organisms in existence?
Answer: biodiversity

Question: What ensures the survival of human species by providing food, shelter, other resources to mankind?
Answer: biodiversity

Question: What influences richness of biodiversity?
Answer: the climatic conditions and area of the region

Question: What term describes all the species of plants in existence?
Answer: flora

Question: What term describes the components of insects?

Question: What ensures the survival of human species by providing insects?

Question: What influences richness of insects?

Question: What term describes all the species of insects in existence?

Question: How many species of insects are known to date?
Biodiversity

The term biological diversity was used first by wildlife scientist and conservationist Raymond F. Dasmann in the year 1968 lay book A Different Kind of Country advocating conservation. The term was widely adopted only after more than a decade, when in the 1980s it came into common usage in science and environmental policy. Thomas Lovejoy, in the foreword to the book Conservation Biology, introduced the term to the scientific community. Until then the term "natural diversity" was common, introduced by The Science Division of The Nature Conservancy in an important 1975 study, "The Preservation of Natural Diversity." By the early 1980s TNC's Science program and its head, Robert E. Jenkins, Lovejoy and other leading conservation scientists at the time in America advocated the use of the term "biological diversity".

Question: Which scientist first used the term biological diversity?
Answer: Raymond F. Dasmann

Question: What book first contained the term biological diversity?
Answer: A Different Kind of Country

Question: What decade did the term biological diversity become common usage in science and economics?
Answer: the 1980s

Question: Who introduced the term biological diversity to the scientific community?
Answer: Thomas Lovejoy

Question: What term was common before biological diversity?
Answer: "natural diversity"

Question: Which scientist first used the term biology?

Question: What book first contained the term biology?

Question: What decade did the term biology become common usage in science and economics?

Question: Who introduced the term biology to the scientific community?

Question: What term was common before biology?
Biodiversity

Biodiversity provides critical support for drug discovery and the availability of medicinal resources. A significant proportion of drugs are derived, directly or indirectly, from biological sources: at least 50% of the pharmaceutical compounds on the US market are derived from plants, animals, and micro-organisms, while about 80% of the world population depends on medicines from nature (used in either modern or traditional medical practice) for primary healthcare. Only a tiny fraction of wild species has been investigated for medical potential. Biodiversity has been critical to advances throughout the field of bionics. Evidence from market analysis and biodiversity science indicates that the decline in output from the pharmaceutical sector since the mid-1980s can be attributed to a move away from natural product exploration ("bioprospecting") in favor of genomics and synthetic chemistry, indeed claims about the value of undiscovered pharmaceuticals may not provide enough incentive for companies in free markets to search for them because of the high cost of development; meanwhile, natural products have a long history of supporting significant economic and health innovation. Marine ecosystems are particularly important, although inappropriate bioprospecting can increase biodiversity loss, as well as violating the laws of the communities and states from which the resources are taken.

Question: What provides critical support for drug discovery and the availability of medicinal resources?
Answer: Biodiversity

Question: What percentage of US drugs are derived from plants, animals, and micro-organisms?
Answer: at least 50%

Question: What percentage of worldwide drugs are derived from nature?
Answer: about 80%

Question: What field has biodiversity made critical advances in?
Answer: bionics

Question: What provides critical support for drug discovery and the availability of economic resources?

Question: What percentage of US drugs are derived from synthetics?

Question: What percentage of worldwide drugs are derived from synthetics?

Question: What field has economic resources made critical advances in?

Question: What ecosystems are particularly natural?
Biodiversity

In agriculture and animal husbandry, the Green Revolution popularized the use of conventional hybridization to increase yield. Often hybridized breeds originated in developed countries and were further hybridized with local varieties in the developing world to create high yield strains resistant to local climate and diseases. Local governments and industry have been pushing hybridization. Formerly huge gene pools of various wild and indigenous breeds have collapsed causing widespread genetic erosion and genetic pollution. This has resulted in loss of genetic diversity and biodiversity as a whole.

Question: What popularized the use of conventional hybridization to increase yield?
Answer: the Green Revolution

Question: What did the high yield strains become resistant to?
Answer: local climate and diseases

Question: Who has been pushing for hybridization?
Answer: Local governments and industry

Question: What caused the loss of biodiversity?
Answer: Formerly huge gene pools of various wild and indigenous breeds have collapsed causing widespread genetic erosion

Question: What popularized the use of conventional genetic erosion to increase yield?

Question: What did the high yield governments become resistant to?

Question: Who has been pushing for indigenous breeds?

Question: What caused the loss of local governments?

Question: What do conventional breeds often originate in?
ASCII

Originally based on the English alphabet, ASCII encodes 128 specified characters into seven-bit integers as shown by the ASCII chart on the right. The characters encoded are numbers 0 to 9, lowercase letters a to z, uppercase letters A to Z, basic punctuation symbols, control codes that originated with Teletype machines, and a space. For example, lowercase j would become binary 1101010 and decimal 106. ASCII includes definitions for 128 characters: 33 are non-printing control characters (many now obsolete) that affect how text and space are processed and 95 printable characters, including the space (which is considered an invisible graphic:223).

Question: What is the ASCII based on?
Answer: English alphabet

Question: How many specific characters are there in the ASCII code?
Answer: 128 specified characters

Question: How many are non-printing control characters?
Answer: 33 are non-printing control characters

Question: How many characters are printable characters? 
Answer: 95 printable characters

Question: What is the space also known as what?
Answer: invisible graphic:223

Question: What is based on the binary alphabet?

Question: How many specific characters are there in the ASCII Teletype machines?

Question: What did encoded numbers originate with?

Question: How many definitions are printable characters?

Question: What alphabet is invisible graphic:223 based on?
ASCII

The code itself was patterned so that most control codes were together, and all graphic codes were together, for ease of identification. The first two columns (32 positions) were reserved for control characters.:220, 236 § 8,9) The "space" character had to come before graphics to make sorting easier, so it became position 20hex;:237 § 10 for the same reason, many special signs commonly used as separators were placed before digits. The committee decided it was important to support uppercase 64-character alphabets, and chose to pattern ASCII so it could be reduced easily to a usable 64-character set of graphic codes,:228, 237 § 14 as was done in the DEC SIXBIT code. Lowercase letters were therefore not interleaved with uppercase. To keep options available for lowercase letters and other graphics, the special and numeric codes were arranged before the letters, and the letter A was placed in position 41hex to match the draft of the corresponding British standard.:238 § 18 The digits 0–9 were arranged so they correspond to values in binary prefixed with 011, making conversion with binary-coded decimal straightforward.

Question: Why was the code patterned so that most codes were together?
Answer: for ease of identification

Question: How many positions are in the first two columns?
Answer: 32 positions

Question: What did the committee decide was important?
Answer: to support uppercase 64-character alphabets

Question: Where was the letter A places in position?
Answer: 41hex

Question: Why were the lowercase letters patterned so that most codes were together?

Question: How many positions are are in the first numeric codes?

Question: What did the committee decide would help with special signs?

Question: Where were the letters DEC in position?

Question: Why were numeric codes converted to graphic codes?
ASCII

ASCII was incorporated into the Unicode character set as the first 128 symbols, so the 7-bit ASCII characters have the same numeric codes in both sets. This allows UTF-8 to be backward compatible with 7-bit ASCII, as a UTF-8 file containing only ASCII characters is identical to an ASCII file containing the same sequence of characters. Even more importantly, forward compatibility is ensured as software that recognizes only 7-bit ASCII characters as special and does not alter bytes with the highest bit set (as is often done to support 8-bit ASCII extensions such as ISO-8859-1) will preserve UTF-8 data unchanged.

Question: ASCII was incorporated into what other character set?
Answer: Unicode

Question: How many of the symbols are the same in the beginning of the ASCII and Unicode?
Answer: 128 symbols

Question: What set is backward compatible with 7-bit ASCII?
Answer: UTF-8

Question: ASCII was incorporated into what other extensions?

Question: How many of the symbols are the same in the end of the ASCII and Unicode?

Question: What set is backward with 128 symbols?

Question: What was incorporated into the Unicode extensions?

Question: What is a UTF-8 file containing ISO-8859-1 identical to?
ASCII

When a Teletype 33 ASR equipped with the automatic paper tape reader received a Control-S (XOFF, an abbreviation for transmit off), it caused the tape reader to stop; receiving Control-Q (XON, "transmit on") caused the tape reader to resume. This technique became adopted by several early computer operating systems as a "handshaking" signal warning a sender to stop transmission because of impending overflow; it persists to this day in many systems as a manual output control technique. On some systems Control-S retains its meaning but Control-Q is replaced by a second Control-S to resume output. The 33 ASR also could be configured to employ Control-R (DC2) and Control-T (DC4) to start and stop the tape punch; on some units equipped with this function, the corresponding control character lettering on the keycap above the letter was TAPE and TAPE respectively.

Question: What casued the automatic paper tape reader to stop?
Answer: a Control-S

Question: What caused the automatic paper tape reader to start again?
Answer: Control-Q

Question: What was the warning signal called that warned the sender that there was impending overflow?
Answer: handshaking

Question: What two controls can be configured with 33 ASR?
Answer: Control-R (DC2) and Control-T (DC4)

Question: What caused the paper tape reader to send a signal warning?

Question: What caused the automatic paper tape reader to output control technique?

Question: What was the warning signal that warned TAPE that there was impending overflow?

Question: What two controls can be configured from a mobile phone?

Question: What is impending overflow replaced by on some systems?
ASCII

DEC operating systems (OS/8, RT-11, RSX-11, RSTS, TOPS-10, etc.) used both characters to mark the end of a line so that the console device (originally Teletype machines) would work. By the time so-called "glass TTYs" (later called CRTs or terminals) came along, the convention was so well established that backward compatibility necessitated continuing the convention. When Gary Kildall cloned RT-11 to create CP/M he followed established DEC convention. Until the introduction of PC DOS in 1981, IBM had no hand in this because their 1970s operating systems used EBCDIC instead of ASCII and they were oriented toward punch-card input and line printer output on which the concept of carriage return was meaningless. IBM's PC DOS (also marketed as MS-DOS by Microsoft) inherited the convention by virtue of being a clone of CP/M, and Windows inherited it from MS-DOS.

Question: What are glass TTYs also known as?
Answer: CRTs or terminals

Question: What did Gary Kildall clone to create CP/M?
Answer: RT-11

Question: When was the introduction of PC DOS?
Answer: 1981

Question: What programming did IBM use in the 1970s?
Answer: EBCDIC

Question: What was IBM's PC DOS marketed as by Microsoft?
Answer: MS-DOS

Question: What did Gary Klidall clone to create PC DOS?

Question: When was the introduction of IBM?

Question: What programming did DEC use in the 1970s?

Question: What was IBM's PC DOS marketed as by ASCII?

Question: What is another name for Teletype machines?
ASCII

C trigraphs were created to solve this problem for ANSI C, although their late introduction and inconsistent implementation in compilers limited their use. Many programmers kept their computers on US-ASCII, so plain-text in Swedish, German etc. (for example, in e-mail or Usenet) contained "{, }" and similar variants in the middle of words, something those programmers got used to. For example, a Swedish programmer mailing another programmer asking if they should go for lunch, could get "N{ jag har sm|rg}sar." as the answer, which should be "Nä jag har smörgåsar." meaning "No I've got sandwiches."

Question: What was created to solve the problem for ANSI C?
Answer: C trigraphs

Question: Why was their use limited?
Answer: their late introduction and inconsistent implementation in compilers

Question: What did many programmers keep their computers on?
Answer: US-ASCII

Question: What what happening to the words that were sent from programmers?
Answer: contained "{, }" and similar variants in the middle of words

Question: What was created to solve the problem for Usenet?

Question: What did many programmers keep their sandwiches on?

Question: What was happening to the C trigraphs that were sent from programmers?

Question: What was "{, }" supposed to mean?

Question: What did Germans get used to?
ASCII

The X3.2 subcommittee designed ASCII based on the earlier teleprinter encoding systems. Like other character encodings, ASCII specifies a correspondence between digital bit patterns and character symbols (i.e. graphemes and control characters). This allows digital devices to communicate with each other and to process, store, and communicate character-oriented information such as written language. Before ASCII was developed, the encodings in use included 26 alphabetic characters, 10 numerical digits, and from 11 to 25 special graphic symbols. To include all these, and control characters compatible with the Comité Consultatif International Téléphonique et Télégraphique (CCITT) International Telegraph Alphabet No. 2 (ITA2) standard, Fieldata, and early EBCDIC, more than 64 codes were required for ASCII.

Question: What was ASCII based on?
Answer: teleprinter encoding systems

Question: ASCII specifies correspondence between what? 
Answer: digital bit patterns and character symbols

Question: What does ASCII correspondence allow digital devices to do?
Answer: communicate with each other and to process, store, and communicate character-oriented information

Question: How many graphic symbols were used before ASCII?
Answer: 11 to 25 special graphic symbols

Question: How many codes were required for ASCII?
Answer: more than 64 codes

Question: What was the X3.2 based on?

Question: ASCII specifies alphabetic characters by what?

Question: What does ASCII graphic symbols allow digital devices to do?

Question: How many graphic symbols were used before encoding systems were invented?

Question: How many codes were required for the X3.2?
ASCII

ASCII itself was first used commercially during 1963 as a seven-bit teleprinter code for American Telephone & Telegraph's TWX (TeletypeWriter eXchange) network. TWX originally used the earlier five-bit ITA2, which was also used by the competing Telex teleprinter system. Bob Bemer introduced features such as the escape sequence. His British colleague Hugh McGregor Ross helped to popularize this work –  according to Bemer, "so much so that the code that was to become ASCII was first called the Bemer-Ross Code in Europe". Because of his extensive work on ASCII, Bemer has been called "the father of ASCII."

Question: When was ASCII first commercially used?
Answer: 1963

Question: What was it used for?
Answer: a seven-bit teleprinter code for American Telephone & Telegraph's TWX (TeletypeWriter eXchange) network

Question: What did TWX use before ASCII?
Answer: five-bit ITA2

Question: Who is the father of ASCII?
Answer: Bob Bemer

Question: What was the code first called in Europe?
Answer: Bemer-Ross Code

Question: When was ASCII first used by Berner-Ross?

Question: What did TWX use because to counter slow loading times of ASCII?

Question: Who competed against ASCII?

Question: What was the TWX first called in Europe?

Question: Who competed against eight-bit teleprinter code?
ASCII

For example, character 10 represents the "line feed" function (which causes a printer to advance its paper), and character 8 represents "backspace". RFC 2822 refers to control characters that do not include carriage return, line feed or white space as non-whitespace control characters. Except for the control characters that prescribe elementary line-oriented formatting, ASCII does not define any mechanism for describing the structure or appearance of text within a document. Other schemes, such as markup languages, address page and document layout and formatting.

Question: What does the "line feed" function do?
Answer: causes a printer to advance its paper

Question: What character represents the "line feed" function?
Answer: character 10

Question: What does character 8 represent? 
Answer: backspace

Question: What does RFC 2822 refers to what kind of control characters?
Answer: control characters that do not include carriage return, line feed or white space as non-whitespace control characters

Question: What do the "line feed" control characters do?

Question: What markup languages represent the "line feed" function?

Question: What does document layout does 8 represent?

Question: RFC 2822 translates what kind of languages?

Question: What does not define any mechanism for carriage return?
ASCII

Some software assigned special meanings to ASCII characters sent to the software from the terminal. Operating systems from Digital Equipment Corporation, for example, interpreted DEL as an input character as meaning "remove previously-typed input character", and this interpretation also became common in Unix systems. Most other systems used BS for that meaning and used DEL to mean "remove the character at the cursor".[citation needed] That latter interpretation is the most common now.[citation needed]

Question: What did some software do to the ASCII characters?
Answer: assigned special meanings

Question: What interpretation became common in Unix systmes?
Answer: interpreted DEL as an input character as meaning "remove previously-typed input character"

Question: What do most other systmes use the DEL to mean?
Answer: remove the character at the cursor

Question: What did other systmes us for "remove previously-typed input character"?
Answer: BS

Question: What did some software do to the Digital Equipment Corporation?

Question: What interpretation became common in BS systems?

Question: What other systems use for the terminal?

Question: What did the first systems use DEL to mean?
ASCII

Computers attached to the ARPANET included machines running operating systems such as TOPS-10 and TENEX using CR-LF line endings, machines running operating systems such as Multics using LF line endings, and machines running operating systems such as OS/360 that represented lines as a character count followed by the characters of the line and that used EBCDIC rather than ASCII. The Telnet protocol defined an ASCII "Network Virtual Terminal" (NVT), so that connections between hosts with different line-ending conventions and character sets could be supported by transmitting a standard text format over the network. Telnet used ASCII along with CR-LF line endings, and software using other conventions would translate between the local conventions and the NVT. The File Transfer Protocol adopted the Telnet protocol, including use of the Network Virtual Terminal, for use when transmitting commands and transferring data in the default ASCII mode. This adds complexity to implementations of those protocols, and to other network protocols, such as those used for E-mail and the World Wide Web, on systems not using the NVT's CR-LF line-ending convention.

Question: What do computers attached to the ARPANET use for line endings?
Answer: CR-LF

Question: What do computers using operating systems use for line endings?
Answer: LF

Question: Why did Telnet define an ASCII as a Network Virtual Terminal?
Answer: so that connections between hosts with different line-ending conventions and character sets could be supported

Question: How were the connections supported? 
Answer: by transmitting a standard text format over the network

Question: Who else adopted this practice from Telnet?
Answer: The File Transfer Protocol

Question: What do computers attached to TENEX use for line endings?

Question: What do computers using standard text format use for line endings?

Question: Why did Telnet define an ASCII as EBCDIC?

Question: How were the Network Virtual Terminals supported?

Question: Who else adopted this practice from ASCII?
ASCII

From early in its development, ASCII was intended to be just one of several national variants of an international character code standard, ultimately published as ISO/IEC 646 (1972), which would share most characters in common but assign other locally useful characters to several code points reserved for "national use." However, the four years that elapsed between the publication of ASCII-1963 and ISO's first acceptance of an international recommendation during 1967 caused ASCII's choices for the national use characters to seem to be de facto standards for the world, causing confusion and incompatibility once other countries did begin to make their own assignments to these code points.

Question: When was ISO/IEC 646 published?
Answer: 1972

Question: What was ASCII inteded to be?
Answer: one of several national variants of an international character code standard

Question: When was ISO's first acceptance of an international recommendation?
Answer: 1967

Question: What was causing the confusion and incompatibility of the code points?
Answer: ASCII's choices for the national use characters to seem to be de facto standards for the world

Question: When was ISO's last acceptance at an international recommendation?

Question: What was causing the confusion and incompatibility of the shared characters?

Question: What were code points ultimately published as?

Question: When did the publication's choices cause confusion and incompatibility?

Question: What shared no characters in common?
ASCII

Most early home computer systems developed their own 8-bit character sets containing line-drawing and game glyphs, and often filled in some or all of the control characters from 0–31 with more graphics. Kaypro CP/M computers used the "upper" 128 characters for the Greek alphabet. The IBM PC defined code page 437, which replaced the control-characters with graphic symbols such as smiley faces, and mapped additional graphic characters to the upper 128 positions. Operating systems such as DOS supported these code pages, and manufacturers of IBM PCs supported them in hardware. Digital Equipment Corporation developed the Multinational Character Set (DEC-MCS) for use in the popular VT220 terminal as one of the first extensions designed more for international languages than for block graphics. The Macintosh defined Mac OS Roman and Postscript also defined a set, both of these contained both international letters and typographic punctuation marks instead of graphics, more like modern character sets.

Question: What did most early home computers develop?
Answer: their own 8-bit character sets

Question: What did Kaypro CP/M computers use?
Answer: the "upper" 128 characters for the Greek alphabet

Question: What did IBM PC replace the control-characters with?
Answer: graphic symbols such as smiley faces

Question: What did Digital Equipment Corporation develop?
Answer: Multinational Character Set (DEC-MCS)

Question: What did Macintosh use instead of graphics? 
Answer: typographic punctuation marks

Question: What did most early graphic characters develop?

Question: What did IBM PC replace the code pages with?

Question: What did Macintosh use instead of hardware?

Question: What did Digital Equipment Corporation develop for use in game glyphs?

Question: What replaced the Greek alphabet with graphic symbols?
ASCII

ASCII (i/ˈæski/ ASS-kee), abbreviated from American Standard Code for Information Interchange, is a character-encoding scheme (the IANA prefers the name US-ASCII). ASCII codes represent text in computers, communications equipment, and other devices that use text. Most modern character-encoding schemes are based on ASCII, though they support many additional characters. ASCII was the most common character encoding on the World Wide Web until December 2007, when it was surpassed by UTF-8, which is fully backward compatibe to ASCII.

Question: What does ASCII stand for?
Answer: American Standard Code for Information Interchange

Question: What is the definition of ASCII?
Answer: is a character-encoding scheme

Question: What does ASCII code represent?
Answer: text in computers, communications equipment, and other devices that use text

Question: ASCI was the most common character encoding on the world wide web until when?
Answer: December 2007

Question: Who surpassed ASCII?
Answer: UTF-8

Question: What was ASCII designed to represent before going through major changes?

Question: ASCII was the second most common character encoding on the world wide web until when?

Question: Who made ASCII obselete?

Question: What are most fully backward schemes based on?

Question: What does most communications equipment represent?
ASCII

The committee debated the possibility of a shift function (like in ITA2), which would allow more than 64 codes to be represented by a six-bit code. In a shifted code, some character codes determine choices between options for the following character codes. It allows compact encoding, but is less reliable for data transmission as an error in transmitting the shift code typically makes a long part of the transmission unreadable. The standards committee decided against shifting, and so ASCII required at least a seven-bit code.:215, 236 § 4

Question: Why did the committee debate adding a shift function?
Answer: would allow more than 64 codes to be represented by a six-bit code

Question: What is different in a shifted code?
Answer: some character codes determine choices between options for the following character codes

Question: Why did they decide against shifting code?
Answer: less reliable for data transmission as an error in transmitting the shift code typically makes a long part of the transmission unreadable

Question: What happened after they decided agasint shifting?
Answer: ASCII required at least a seven-bit code

Question: Why did the committee debate adding a character code function?

Question: What is different in a compact code?

Question: Why did they decide against deleting all the code?

Question: What happened after they decided to make all employees work the same schedule?

Question: What allows seven-bit code?
ASCII

Many more of the control codes have been given meanings quite different from their original ones. The "escape" character (ESC, code 27), for example, was intended originally to allow sending other control characters as literals instead of invoking their meaning. This is the same meaning of "escape" encountered in URL encodings, C language strings, and other systems where certain characters have a reserved meaning. Over time this meaning has been co-opted and has eventually been changed. In modern use, an ESC sent to the terminal usually indicates the start of a command sequence, usually in the form of a so-called "ANSI escape code" (or, more properly, a "Control Sequence Introducer") beginning with ESC followed by a "[" (left-bracket) character. An ESC sent from the terminal is most often used as an out-of-band character used to terminate an operation, as in the TECO and vi text editors. In graphical user interface (GUI) and windowing systems, ESC generally causes an application to abort its current operation or to exit (terminate) altogether.

Question: What was the "escape" character originally intended for?
Answer: to allow sending other control characters as literals instead of invoking their meaning

Question: What does modern ESC code do?
Answer: most often used as an out-of-band character used to terminate an operation

Question: What does ESC generally mean for graphical user interfaces and windowing systems?
Answer: an application to abort its current operation or to exit (terminate) altogether

Question: What was the "escape" character meant to stop?

Question: What does ESC generally mean for left-brackets?

Question: What is most often used as a command sequence?

Question: Where does ESC generally cause an application to abort its given meanings?

Question: What is an ESC sent to control characters usually in the form of?
ASCII

Older operating systems such as TOPS-10, along with CP/M, tracked file length only in units of disk blocks and used Control-Z (SUB) to mark the end of the actual text in the file. For this reason, EOF, or end-of-file, was used colloquially and conventionally as a three-letter acronym for Control-Z instead of SUBstitute. The end-of-text code (ETX), also known as Control-C, was inappropriate for a variety of reasons, while using Z as the control code to end a file is analogous to it ending the alphabet and serves as a very convenient mnemonic aid. A historically common and still prevalent convention uses the ETX code convention to interrupt and halt a program via an input data stream, usually from a keyboard.

Question: What did older operating systems use to mark the end of the text?
Answer: Control-Z (SUB)

Question: What does EOF stand for?
Answer: end-of-file

Question: What is still the conventional use of the ETX code?
Answer: to interrupt and halt a program via an input data stream, usually from a keyboard

Question: What else is the end-of-text code known as?
Answer: Control-C

Question: What did older operating systems use to mark control code?

Question: What is still the conventional use of the EOF code?

Question: What else does the end-of text code use to track file length?

Question: Where does a control code usually come from?

Question: What is using Z as the end of text analogous to?
ASCII

ASCII developed from telegraphic codes. Its first commercial use was as a seven-bit teleprinter code promoted by Bell data services. Work on the ASCII standard began on October 6, 1960, with the first meeting of the American Standards Association's (ASA) X3.2 subcommittee. The first edition of the standard was published during 1963, underwent a major revision during 1967, and experienced its most recent update during 1986. Compared to earlier telegraph codes, the proposed Bell code and ASCII were both ordered for more convenient sorting (i.e., alphabetization) of lists, and added features for devices other than teleprinters.

Question: What was ASCII developed from? 
Answer: telegraphic codes

Question: What was the first commercial use of ASCII?
Answer: a seven-bit teleprinter code promoted by Bell data services

Question: When did work on the ASCII standard begin? 
Answer: October 6, 1960

Question: When was the first edition of the standard published?
Answer: 1963

Question: When was the first major revision of the code done?
Answer: 1967

Question: What did ASCII form a subcommittee from?

Question: What was the first alphebetization use of ASCII?

Question: When did work on the ASCII preliminary Bell code begin?

Question: When was the first edition of the Bell code published?

Question: When was the final revision of the code done?
ASCII

The committee considered an eight-bit code, since eight bits (octets) would allow two four-bit patterns to efficiently encode two digits with binary-coded decimal. However, it would require all data transmission to send eight bits when seven could suffice. The committee voted to use a seven-bit code to minimize costs associated with data transmission. Since perforated tape at the time could record eight bits in one position, it also allowed for a parity bit for error checking if desired.:217, 236 § 5 Eight-bit machines (with octets as the native data type) that did not use parity checking typically set the eighth bit to 0.

Question: Why did the committee consider a 8 bit code?
Answer: eight bits (octets) would allow two four-bit patterns to efficiently encode two digits with binary-coded decimal

Question: Why did the committee decide on 7bit instead?
Answer: minimize costs associated with data transmission

Question: What allowed for a parity bit for error chicking if needed?
Answer: perforated tape at the time could record eight bits in one position

Question: Why did the committee consider a 0 bit code?

Question: Why did the company decide on 9bit instead?

Question: What allowed for a parity bit for data transmission if needed?

Question: What did seven-bit machines that did not use parity typically set the eight bit to?

Question: How many bits in one position could be recorded by binary code?
ASCII

With the other special characters and control codes filled in, ASCII was published as ASA X3.4-1963, leaving 28 code positions without any assigned meaning, reserved for future standardization, and one unassigned control code.:66, 245 There was some debate at the time whether there should be more control characters rather than the lowercase alphabet.:435 The indecision did not last long: during May 1963 the CCITT Working Party on the New Telegraph Alphabet proposed to assign lowercase characters to columns 6 and 7, and International Organization for Standardization TC 97 SC 2 voted during October to incorporate the change into its draft standard. The X3.2.4 task group voted its approval for the change to ASCII at its May 1963 meeting. Locating the lowercase letters in columns 6 and 7 caused the characters to differ in bit pattern from the upper case by a single bit, which simplified case-insensitive character matching and the construction of keyboards and printers.

Question: What was ASCII published as and when?
Answer: ASA X3.4-1963

Question: How many code positions were left unassigned for furture standardization?
Answer: 28 code positions

Question: When was the change to ASCII made official?
Answer: May 1963

Question: The lower case letters caused a differ in the patter, what did this cause?
Answer: simplified case-insensitive character matching and the construction of keyboards and printers

Question: How many code positions were left lowercase for future standardization?

Question: When was the change to ASCII rejected?

Question: The lower case letters caused a differ in the pattern, how did this change the vote?

Question: Who proposed to assign code positions without any meaning?

Question: What task group voted its approval for the standardization of ASCII stock prices?
ASCII

Other international standards bodies have ratified character encodings such as ISO/IEC 646 that are identical or nearly identical to ASCII, with extensions for characters outside the English alphabet and symbols used outside the United States, such as the symbol for the United Kingdom's pound sterling (£). Almost every country needed an adapted version of ASCII, since ASCII suited the needs of only the USA and a few other countries. For example, Canada had its own version that supported French characters. Other adapted encodings include ISCII (India), VISCII (Vietnam), and YUSCII (Yugoslavia). Although these encodings are sometimes referred to as ASCII, true ASCII is defined strictly only by the ANSI standard.

Question: What is a retified versionof ASCII?
Answer: ISO/IEC 646

Question: What type of extensions do these other character encodings have?
Answer: extensions for characters outside the English alphabet and symbols used outside the United States

Question: Why did most countries need a adapted version of ASCII?
Answer: ASCII suited the needs of only the USA and a few other countries

Question: Why are the other versions of ASCII not true ASCII?
Answer: true ASCII is defined strictly only by the ANSI standard

Question: What is an identical version of ASCII?

Question: What type of extensions do these other standard bodies have?

Question: Why did Brasil need an adapted version of ASCII?

Question: Why are the other versions of ASCII charging extra for extensions?

Question: What country had it own version that supported international standards?
ASCII

Probably the most influential single device on the interpretation of these characters was the Teletype Model 33 ASR, which was a printing terminal with an available paper tape reader/punch option. Paper tape was a very popular medium for long-term program storage until the 1980s, less costly and in some ways less fragile than magnetic tape. In particular, the Teletype Model 33 machine assignments for codes 17 (Control-Q, DC1, also known as XON), 19 (Control-S, DC3, also known as XOFF), and 127 (Delete) became de facto standards. The Model 33 was also notable for taking the description of Control-G (BEL, meaning audibly alert the operator) literally as the unit contained an actual bell which it rang when it received a BEL character. Because the keytop for the O key also showed a left-arrow symbol (from ASCII-1963, which had this character instead of underscore), a noncompliant use of code 15 (Control-O, Shift In) interpreted as "delete previous character" was also adopted by many early timesharing systems but eventually became neglected.

Question: What was the most influential device that interpretated the characters?
Answer: Teletype Model 33 ASR

Question: What was the Teletype Model 33 ASR?
Answer: a printing terminal with an available paper tape reader/punch option

Question: When was paper tape popular?
Answer: until the 1980s

Question: Why was paper tape better than magnetic tape?
Answer: less costly and in some ways less fragile

Question: What code eventually became neglected?
Answer: code 15 (Control-O, Shift In)

Question: What was the most influential devide that became de facto standard?

Question: What competed with the Teletype Model 33 ASR?

Question: When was paper trade classified as earned income?

Question: Why was paper tape better than timesharing systems?

Question: What code eventually became popularized by ASCII-1963?
ASCII

The inherent ambiguity of many control characters, combined with their historical usage, created problems when transferring "plain text" files between systems. The best example of this is the newline problem on various operating systems. Teletype machines required that a line of text be terminated with both "Carriage Return" (which moves the printhead to the beginning of the line) and "Line Feed" (which advances the paper one line without moving the printhead). The name "Carriage Return" comes from the fact that on a manual typewriter the carriage holding the paper moved while the position where the typebars struck the ribbon remained stationary. The entire carriage had to be pushed (returned) to the right in order to position the left margin of the paper for the next line.

Question: Why were problems created when transferring files between systems?
Answer: The inherent ambiguity of many control characters, combined with their historical usage

Question: Teletype machines had to have two codes to termanate a line, what were they?
Answer: "Carriage Return" (which moves the printhead to the beginning of the line) and "Line Feed" (which advances the paper one line without moving the printhead)

Question: Where does the name "Carriage Return" come from?
Answer: on a manual typewriter the carriage holding the paper moved while the position where the typebars struck the ribbon remained stationary

Question: What side does the carriage have to be pushed to when starting a new line?
Answer: right

Question: Why were problems created when beginning a line?

Question: Teletype machines had to have entire carriages to terminate a line, what were they?

Question: What side does the carriage have to be pushed to without moving the printhead?

Question: What moves the printhead to the various operating systems?

Question: Which advances the paper where the typebars strike the ribbon?
ASCII

Many of the non-alphanumeric characters were positioned to correspond to their shifted position on typewriters; an important subtlety is that these were based on mechanical typewriters, not electric typewriters. Mechanical typewriters followed the standard set by the Remington No. 2 (1878), the first typewriter with a shift key, and the shifted values of 23456789- were "#$%_&'() –  early typewriters omitted 0 and 1, using O (capital letter o) and l (lowercase letter L) instead, but 1! and 0) pairs became standard once 0 and 1 became common. Thus, in ASCII !"#$% were placed in second column, rows 1–5, corresponding to the digits 1–5 in the adjacent column. The parentheses could not correspond to 9 and 0, however, because the place corresponding to 0 was taken by the space character. This was accommodated by removing _ (underscore) from 6 and shifting the remaining characters left, which corresponded to many European typewriters that placed the parentheses with 8 and 9. This discrepancy from typewriters led to bit-paired keyboards, notably the Teletype Model 33, which used the left-shifted layout corresponding to ASCII, not to traditional mechanical typewriters. Electric typewriters, notably the more recently introduced IBM Selectric (1961), used a somewhat different layout that has become standard on computers—​​following the IBM PC (1981), especially Model M (1984)—​​and thus shift values for symbols on modern keyboards do not correspond as closely to the ASCII table as earlier keyboards did. The /? pair also dates to the No. 2, and the ,< .> pairs were used on some keyboards (others, including the No. 2, did not shift , (comma) or . (full stop) so they could be used in uppercase without unshifting). However, ASCII split the ;: pair (dating to No. 2), and rearranged mathematical symbols (varied conventions, commonly -* =+) to :* ;+ -=.

Question: When was the first typewritter with a shift key created?
Answer: 1878

Question: What were used instead of 0 and 1? 
Answer: using O (capital letter o) and l (lowercase letter L) instead

Question: What layout did the Teletype Model 33 use?
Answer: which used the left-shifted layout corresponding to ASCII

Question: Do shift values for symbols on modern keyboards correspond closely to the ASCII table?
Answer: do not correspond as closely

Question: When was the first typewriter with a 0 key created?

Question: What were used instead of underscores?

Question: What space character did the Teletype Model 33 use?
ASCII

Code 127 is officially named "delete" but the Teletype label was "rubout". Since the original standard did not give detailed interpretation for most control codes, interpretations of this code varied. The original Teletype meaning, and the intent of the standard, was to make it an ignored character, the same as NUL (all zeroes). This was useful specifically for paper tape, because punching the all-ones bit pattern on top of an existing mark would obliterate it. Tapes designed to be "hand edited" could even be produced with spaces of extra NULs (blank tape) so that a block of characters could be "rubbed out" and then replacements put into the empty space.

Question: What is the official name of code 127?
Answer: delete

Question: What was code 127 labeled as for the Teletype?
Answer: rubout

Question: Why did Teletype have the code for "rubout"?
Answer: to make it an ignored character

Question: What is the official name of an existing mark?

Question: What was NUL named as for the Teletype?

Question: Why did teletype have extra spaces for "rubout"?

Question: What happened to replacements of control codes?

Question: Why was standard code useful for paper tape?