Divyanshu67/squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
Humanism

The humanists' close study of Latin literary texts soon enabled them to discern historical differences in the writing styles of different periods. By analogy with what they saw as decline of Latin, they applied the principle of ad fontes, or back to the sources, across broad areas of learning, seeking out manuscripts of Patristic literature as well as pagan authors. In 1439, while employed in Naples at the court of Alfonso V of Aragon (at the time engaged in a dispute with the Papal States) the humanist Lorenzo Valla used stylistic textual analysis, now called philology, to prove that the Donation of Constantine, which purported to confer temporal powers on the Pope of Rome, was an 8th-century forgery. For the next 70 years, however, neither Valla nor any of his contemporaries thought to apply the techniques of philology to other controversial manuscripts in this way. Instead, after the fall of the Byzantine Empire to the Turks in 1453, which brought a flood of Greek Orthodox refugees to Italy, humanist scholars increasingly turned to the study of Neoplatonism and Hermeticism, hoping to bridge the differences between the Greek and Roman Churches, and even between Christianity itself and the non-Christian world. The refugees brought with them Greek manuscripts, not only of Plato and Aristotle, but also of the Christian Gospels, previously unavailable in the Latin West.

Question: How were humanist able to identify the development of humanist thought?
Answer: Latin literary texts

Question: What was included in this quest for knowledge of the belief system?
Answer: Patristic literature

Question: If your were unsure of the authenticity of an ancient text how could you verify it?
Answer: philology

Question: What caused a large migration of Greek refuges in the 1450s?
Answer: Greek manuscripts

Question: How were humanist able to ruin the development of humanist thought?

Question: What was missing in this quest for knowledge of the belief system?

Question: What helps to discredit the authenticity of an ancient text?

Question: What caused a small migration of Greek refuges in the 1550s?
Humanism

After 1517, when the new invention of printing made these texts widely available, the Dutch humanist Erasmus, who had studied Greek at the Venetian printing house of Aldus Manutius, began a philological analysis of the Gospels in the spirit of Valla, comparing the Greek originals with their Latin translations with a view to correcting errors and discrepancies in the latter. Erasmus, along with the French humanist Jacques Lefèvre d'Étaples, began issuing new translations, laying the groundwork for the Protestant Reformation. Henceforth Renaissance humanism, particularly in the German North, became concerned with religion, while Italian and French humanism concentrated increasingly on scholarship and philology addressed to a narrow audience of specialists, studiously avoiding topics that might offend despotic rulers or which might be seen as corrosive of faith. After the Reformation, critical examination of the Bible did not resume until the advent of the so-called Higher criticism of the 19th-century German Tübingen school.

Question: When are these texts first able to reach a large amount of people?
Answer: Erasmus

Question:  Erasmus can be said to have lit the match that sparked a radical change in thinking in his era along with who?
Answer: Lefèvre d'Étaples

Question: What text still remained without the type of thorough review that others texts had received by the 18th century?
Answer: the Bible

Question: When are these texts first able to reach no amount of people?

Question: What text no longer remains without the type of thorough review that others texts had received by the 12th century?

Question: Where was Renaissance humanism against the law?

Question: What focused on dismissing scholarship and philology?

Question: What 18th century German school has no criticisms?
Humanism

The words of the comic playwright P. Terentius Afer reverberated across the Roman world of the mid-2nd century BCE and beyond. Terence, an African and a former slave, was well placed to preach the message of universalism, of the essential unity of the human race, that had come down in philosophical form from the Greeks, but needed the pragmatic muscles of Rome in order to become a practical reality. The influence of Terence's felicitous phrase on Roman thinking about human rights can hardly be overestimated. Two hundred years later Seneca ended his seminal exposition of the unity of humankind with a clarion-call:

Question:  What author had a great impact in Rome?
Answer: P. Terentius Afer

Question: Who was able to spread the idea of equality among all through his words?
Answer: Terence

Question: From where did this school of thought emerge?
Answer: the Greeks

Question: Who again issued the same type of challenge centuries later
Answer: Seneca

Question: What was the name of the main belief Terence offered
Answer: universalism

Question: What author had little impact in Rome?

Question: Who was able to spread the idea of equality among all without any words?

Question: What was the name of the main belief Terence avoided?

Question: Where was no school of thought taken seriously?
Humanism

Better acquaintance with Greek and Roman technical writings also influenced the development of European science (see the history of science in the Renaissance). This was despite what A. C. Crombie (viewing the Renaissance in the 19th-century manner as a chapter in the heroic March of Progress) calls "a backwards-looking admiration for antiquity", in which Platonism stood in opposition to the Aristotelian concentration on the observable properties of the physical world. But Renaissance humanists, who considered themselves as restoring the glory and nobility of antiquity, had no interest in scientific innovation. However, by the mid-to-late 16th century, even the universities, though still dominated by Scholasticism, began to demand that Aristotle be read in accurate texts edited according to the principles of Renaissance philology, thus setting the stage for Galileo's quarrels with the outmoded habits of Scholasticism.

Question:  Closer examination of what information allowed for further progress in scientific knowledge?
Answer: technical writings

Question: Who felt that looking to these ancient documents for new ideas was not the way to mover forward?
Answer: A. C. Crombie

Question: What group was neutral about this issue as they felt the subject unimportant? 
Answer: Renaissance humanists

Question:  When did even the scholars and professors began to at least end to examine the works of Aristotle?
Answer: 16th century,

Question: What information allowed for less progress in scientific knowledge?

Question: Who felt that looking to these ancient documents for new ideas was the best way to move forward?

Question: What group was neutral about this issue as they felt the subject too important?

Question: Who was always interested in scientific innovation?

Question: Who was forbidden to develop science?
Humanism

Just as artist and inventor Leonardo da Vinci – partaking of the zeitgeist though not himself a humanist – advocated study of human anatomy, nature, and weather to enrich Renaissance works of art, so Spanish-born humanist Juan Luis Vives (c. 1493–1540) advocated observation, craft, and practical techniques to improve the formal teaching of Aristotelian philosophy at the universities, helping to free them from the grip of Medieval Scholasticism. Thus, the stage was set for the adoption of an approach to natural philosophy, based on empirical observations and experimentation of the physical universe, making possible the advent of the age of scientific inquiry that followed the Renaissance.

Question: Who felt that the further examination and knowledge of studies in the arena of humanism could further art?
Answer: Leonardo da Vinci

Question: Who helped to further the movement away from Scholasticism of the time?
Answer: Juan Luis Vives

Question: Where did this initiate?
Answer: universities

Question: What type of philosophy was essential to this forwarding of thought?
Answer: Aristotelian

Question: Who felt that the further examination and knowledge of studies in the arena of humanism could limit art?

Question: Who helped to further the movement closer to Scholasticism of the time?

Question: What type of philosophy was unessential to this forwarding of thought?

Question: Who was the most famous humanist?
Humanism

Early humanists saw no conflict between reason and their Christian faith (see Christian Humanism). They inveighed against the abuses of the Church, but not against the Church itself, much less against religion. For them, the word "secular" carried no connotations of disbelief – that would come later, in the nineteenth century. In the Renaissance to be secular meant simply to be in the world rather than in a monastery. Petrarch frequently admitted that his brother Gherardo's life as a Carthusian monk was superior to his own (although Petrarch himself was in Minor Orders and was employed by the Church all his life). He hoped that he could do some good by winning earthly glory and praising virtue, inferior though that might be to a life devoted solely to prayer. By embracing a non-theistic philosophic base, however, the methods of the humanists, combined with their eloquence, would ultimately have a corrosive effect on established authority.

Question: Who was able to reconcile their religious beliefs with those of humanism?
Answer: Early humanists

Question: What phrase that has come to be associated with a lack of faith was not seen as an issue for Christians?
Answer: secular

Question: During what time period did secular have a more neutral connotation?
Answer: Renaissance

Question: Petrarch felt that although he tried to do his own form of good whose life may have more meaning?
Answer: Gherardo

Question: Who was unable to reconcile their religious beliefs with those of humanism?

Question: What phrase that has come to be associated with a lack of faith was seen as an issue for Christians?

Question: What time period did secular have an ultra-positive connotation?

Question: Who did Petrarch feel superior to in every possible way?

Question: What had a positive effect on established authority?
Humanism

Eliot and her circle, who included her companion George Henry Lewes (the biographer of Goethe) and the abolitionist and social theorist Harriet Martineau, were much influenced by the positivism of Auguste Comte, whom Martineau had translated. Comte had proposed an atheistic culte founded on human principles – a secular Religion of Humanity (which worshiped the dead, since most humans who have ever lived are dead), complete with holidays and liturgy, modeled on the rituals of what was seen as a discredited and dilapidated Catholicism. Although Comte's English followers, like Eliot and Martineau, for the most part rejected the full gloomy panoply of his system, they liked the idea of a religion of humanity. Comte's austere vision of the universe, his injunction to "vivre pour altrui" ("live for others", from which comes the word "altruism"), and his idealisation of women inform the works of Victorian novelists and poets from George Eliot and Matthew Arnold to Thomas Hardy.

Question: What abolitionist was greatly affected by the writings of Comte?
Answer: Harriet Martineau

Question: What type of idea did he pose which was focused on facets of humanism?
Answer: atheistic

Question: What main idea did the English believers of Comte's philosophy take from his writings?
Answer: religion of humanity

Question: What currently used word was based in ideas from this philosopher?
Answer: altruism

Question: What abolitionist was barely affected by the writings of Comte?

Question: What type of idea did he reject which was focused on facets of humanism?

Question: What main idea did the English believers of Comte's philosophy ban from his writings?

Question: What formerly used word was based in ideas from this philosopher?
Humanism

Active in the early 1920s, F.C.S. Schiller labelled his work "humanism" but for Schiller the term referred to the pragmatist philosophy he shared with William James. In 1929, Charles Francis Potter founded the First Humanist Society of New York whose advisory board included Julian Huxley, John Dewey, Albert Einstein and Thomas Mann. Potter was a minister from the Unitarian tradition and in 1930 he and his wife, Clara Cook Potter, published Humanism: A New Religion. Throughout the 1930s, Potter was an advocate of such liberal causes as, women’s rights, access to birth control, "civil divorce laws", and an end to capital punishment.

Question: What 19th century author associated his works with humanism?
Answer: F.C.S. Schiller

Question: When was the first public group for Humanist founded?
Answer: 1929

Question: Who created this group?
Answer: Charles Francis Potter

Question: When did Charles Potter and Clara Potter publish their first writings on Humanism?
Answer: 1930

Question: What 15th century author associated his works with humanism?

Question: When was the worst public group for Humanists founded?

Question: Who destroyed the First Humanist Society of New York?

Question: When did Charles Potter and Clara Potter hide their first writings on Humanism?

Question: Who burned every copy of the book Humanism: A New Religion?
Humanism

Humanistic psychology is a psychological perspective which rose to prominence in the mid-20th century in response to Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory and B. F. Skinner's Behaviorism. The approach emphasizes an individual's inherent drive towards self-actualization and creativity. Psychologists Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow introduced a positive, humanistic psychology in response to what they viewed as the overly pessimistic view of psychoanalysis in the early 1960s. Other sources include the philosophies of existentialism and phenomenology.

Question: Who wotked with Carl Rogers on humanistic phycology?
Answer: Abraham Maslow

Question: What is human phycology?
Answer: psychological perspective

Question: In what century did humanistic phycology rise in prominence?
Answer: 20th century

Question: They introduced it in response to what?
Answer: psychoanalysis

Question: Who worked with Carl Rogers on animal psychology?

Question: What does humanistic psychology seek to misunderstand?

Question: What century did humanistic psychology lose popularity?

Question: What philosophies are now discredited?

Question: Who was not accepted in their pursuits of psychoanalysis?
Humanism

Raymond B. Bragg, the associate editor of The New Humanist, sought to consolidate the input of Leon Milton Birkhead, Charles Francis Potter, and several members of the Western Unitarian Conference. Bragg asked Roy Wood Sellars to draft a document based on this information which resulted in the publication of the Humanist Manifesto in 1933. Potter's book and the Manifesto became the cornerstones of modern humanism, the latter declaring a new religion by saying, "any religion that can hope to be a synthesising and dynamic force for today must be shaped for the needs of this age. To establish such a religion is a major necessity of the present." It then presented 15 theses of humanism as foundational principles for this new religion.

Question: Who became responsible in part for the editing of The New Humanist?
Answer: Raymond B. Bragg,

Question: What groups thoughts did he seek to include?
Answer: Western Unitarian Conference

Question: What was the name of the material that was produced from this groups and the opinions of others?
Answer: Humanist Manifesto

Question: How many cornerstones of this new way of thinking or religion were presented>
Answer: 15

Question: Who became responsible for the stealing of The New Humanist?

Question: What groups thoughts did he seek to exclude?

Question: What was the name of the material that was destroyed by this group and the opinions of others?

Question: What year was the Humanist Manifesto lost forever?
Humanism

Renaissance humanism was an activity of cultural and educational reform engaged in by civic and ecclesiastical chancellors, book collectors, educators, and writers, who by the late fifteenth century began to be referred to as umanisti – "humanists". It developed during the fourteenth and the beginning of the fifteenth centuries, and was a response to the challenge of scholastic university education, which was then dominated by Aristotelian philosophy and logic. Scholasticism focused on preparing men to be doctors, lawyers or professional theologians, and was taught from approved textbooks in logic, natural philosophy, medicine, law and theology. There were important centres of humanism at Florence, Naples, Rome, Venice, Mantua, Ferrara, and Urbino.

Question: What was the main action of humanism during the Renaissance>
Answer: cultural and educational reform

Question: When did a new term for those who followed Humanism emerge?
Answer: late fifteenth century

Question: What was the new term for believers of Humanism philosophy?
Answer: umanisti

Question: Where was one main concentration of Humanism?
Answer: Naples

Question: What was the main enemy of humanism during the Renaissance?

Question: When did a new term for those who followed Humanism become impossible?

Question: What was the unrecognized term for believers of Humanism philosophy?

Question: Where was there no concentration of Humanism?

Question: What type of philosophy was never taken seriously?
Humanism

Humanists reacted against this utilitarian approach and the narrow pedantry associated with it. They sought to create a citizenry (frequently including women) able to speak and write with eloquence and clarity and thus capable of engaging the civic life of their communities and persuading others to virtuous and prudent actions. This was to be accomplished through the study of the studia humanitatis, today known as the humanities: grammar, rhetoric, history, poetry and moral philosophy. As a program to revive the cultural – and particularly the literary – legacy and moral philosophy of classical antiquity, Humanism was a pervasive cultural mode and not the program of a few isolated geniuses like Rabelais or Erasmus as is still sometimes popularly believed.

Question: What was it about the utilitatian beliefs that humanism believers did not like?
Answer: narrow pedantry

Question: What group that had been to this point neglected was included in this thought?
Answer: women

Question: What foundation of study allowed for the accomplishment of the goal of a scholarly people?
Answer: humanities

Question: Was the humanism of the time limited to scholars?
Answer: pervasive cultural mode

Question: What was it about the utilitarian beliefs that humanism believers loved?

Question: What foundation of study restricted the accomplishment of the goal of a scholarly people?

Question: What was the least pervasive cultural mode?

Question: Who disliked women the most?

Question: Who was considered an isolated imbecile?
Humanism

Contemporary humanism entails a qualified optimism about the capacity of people, but it does not involve believing that human nature is purely good or that all people can live up to the Humanist ideals without help. If anything, there is recognition that living up to one's potential is hard work and requires the help of others. The ultimate goal is human flourishing; making life better for all humans, and as the most conscious species, also promoting concern for the welfare of other sentient beings and the planet as a whole. The focus is on doing good and living well in the here and now, and leaving the world a better place for those who come after. In 1925, the English mathematician and philosopher Alfred North Whitehead cautioned: "The prophecy of Francis Bacon has now been fulfilled; and man, who at times dreamt of himself as a little lower than the angels, has submitted to become the servant and the minister of nature. It still remains to be seen whether the same actor can play both parts".

Question: What is contemporary humanism optimistic about?
Answer: capacity of people

Question: What is the main goal of humanism optimistic?
Answer: human flourishing

Question: What is human flourishing?
Answer: making life better

Question: What doesnt conetemporary humanism  believe about human nature?
Answer: purely good

Question: What is contemporary humanism upset about?

Question: What is the lowest goal of humanism?

Question: What is human flourishing against?

Question: What doesn't contemporary humanism forget about human nature being?

Question: What English mathematician had no interest in philosophy?
Humanism

Religious humanism is an integration of humanist ethical philosophy with religious rituals and beliefs that centre on human needs, interests, and abilities. Though practitioners of religious humanism did not officially organise under the name of "humanism" until the late 19th and early 20th centuries, non-theistic religions paired with human-centred ethical philosophy have a long history. The Cult of Reason (French: Culte de la Raison) was a religion based on deism devised during the French Revolution by Jacques Hébert, Pierre Gaspard Chaumette and their supporters. In 1793 during the French Revolution, the cathedral Notre Dame de Paris was turned into a "Temple to Reason" and for a time Lady Liberty replaced the Virgin Mary on several altars. In the 1850s, Auguste Comte, the Father of Sociology, founded Positivism, a "religion of humanity". One of the earliest forerunners of contemporary chartered humanist organisations was the Humanistic Religious Association formed in 1853 in London. This early group was democratically organised, with male and female members participating in the election of the leadership and promoted knowledge of the sciences, philosophy, and the arts. The Ethical Culture movement was founded in 1876. The movement's founder, Felix Adler, a former member of the Free Religious Association, conceived of Ethical Culture as a new religion that would retain the ethical message at the heart of all religions. Ethical Culture was religious in the sense of playing a defining role in people's lives and addressing issues of ultimate concern.

Question: What was included in religious humanism that was similiar to other religion?
Answer: religious rituals

Question: When did practicers of religious humanism form under the name Humanism?
Answer: 19th and early 20th centuries

Question: Who founded a religion whose cornerstone was deism?
Answer: Jacques Hébert

Question: During what time was a religious state replaced in the Notre Dame cathedral with a symbol of Humanism?
Answer: 1793

Question: What was excluded in religious humanism that was similiar to other religion?

Question: When did practicers of religious humanism stop the name Humanism?

Question: Who eliminated a religion whose cornerstone was deism?

Question: What time was a religious state replaced in the Notre Dame cathedral with a symbol of Atheism?

Question: What couldn't replace the Virgin Mary on any altars?
Humanism

Polemics about humanism have sometimes assumed paradoxical twists and turns. Early 20th century critics such as Ezra Pound, T. E. Hulme, and T. S. Eliot considered humanism to be sentimental "slop" (Hulme)[citation needed] or "an old bitch gone in the teeth" (Pound) and wanted to go back to a more manly, authoritarian society such as (they believed) existed in the Middle Ages. Postmodern critics who are self-described anti-humanists, such as Jean-François Lyotard and Michel Foucault, have asserted that humanism posits an overarching and excessively abstract notion of humanity or universal human nature, which can then be used as a pretext for imperialism and domination of those deemed somehow less than human. "Humanism fabricates the human as much as it fabricates the nonhuman animal", suggests Timothy Laurie, turning the human into what he calls "a placeholder for a range of attributes that have been considered most virtuous among humans (e.g. rationality, altruism), rather than most commonplace (e.g. hunger, anger)". Nevertheless, philosopher Kate Soper notes that by faulting humanism for falling short of its own benevolent ideals, anti-humanism thus frequently "secretes a humanist rhetoric".

Question: Who was one early naysayer of Humanism?
Answer: Ezra Pound

Question: What was the main reason they disagreed with the beliefs?
Answer: sentimental

Question: Who stated Humanism creates of people placeholder?
Answer: Timothy Laurie

Question: Who stated that this argument was in fact support of Humanism?
Answer: Kate Soper

Question: Who was the last naysayer of Humanism?

Question: What was the main reason they agreed with the beliefs?

Question: Who was against Humanism the most?

Question: Who had no interest in discussing Humanism?
Humanism

In his book, Humanism (1997), Tony Davies calls these critics "humanist anti-humanists". Critics of antihumanism, most notably Jürgen Habermas, counter that while antihumanists may highlight humanism's failure to fulfil its emancipatory ideal, they do not offer an alternative emancipatory project of their own. Others, like the German philosopher Heidegger considered themselves humanists on the model of the ancient Greeks, but thought humanism applied only to the German "race" and specifically to the Nazis and thus, in Davies' words, were anti-humanist humanists. Such a reading of Heidegger's thought is itself deeply controversial; Heidegger includes his own views and critique of Humanism in Letter On Humanism. Davies acknowledges that after the horrific experiences of the wars of the 20th century "it should no longer be possible to formulate phrases like 'the destiny of man' or the 'triumph of human reason' without an instant consciousness of the folly and brutality they drag behind them". For "it is almost impossible to think of a crime that has not been committed in the name of human reason". Yet, he continues, "it would be unwise to simply abandon the ground occupied by the historical humanisms. For one thing humanism remains on many occasions the only available alternative to bigotry and persecution. The freedom to speak and write, to organise and campaign in defence of individual or collective interests, to protest and disobey: all these can only be articulated in humanist terms."

Question: In what year was the book humanism published?
Answer: 1997

Question: In what century was the horrific wars?
Answer: 20th century

Question: What is the only alternative to bigotry and persecution on many occasions?
Answer: humanism

Question: Who wrote the book humanism?
Answer: Tony Davies

Question: What year was the book humanism forgotten?

Question: What century had no wars?

Question: What is the only alternative to compassion and empathy on many occasions?

Question: Who destroyed the book humanism?

Question: What did the Russian philosopher Heidegger consider himself on the model of the ancient Greeks?
Humanism

The ad fontes principle also had many applications. The re-discovery of ancient manuscripts brought a more profound and accurate knowledge of ancient philosophical schools such as Epicureanism, and Neoplatonism, whose Pagan wisdom the humanists, like the Church fathers of old, tended, at least initially, to consider as deriving from divine revelation and thus adaptable to a life of Christian virtue. The line from a drama of Terence, Homo sum, humani nihil a me alienum puto (or with nil for nihil), meaning "I am a human being, I think nothing human alien to me", known since antiquity through the endorsement of Saint Augustine, gained renewed currency as epitomising the humanist attitude. The statement, in a play modeled or borrowed from a (now lost) Greek comedy by Menander, may have originated in a lighthearted vein – as a comic rationale for an old man's meddling – but it quickly became a proverb and throughout the ages was quoted with a deeper meaning, by Cicero and Saint Augustine, to name a few, and most notably by Seneca. Richard Bauman writes:

Question: What allowed for a deeper understanding and personal exploration of older philosophers theories?
Answer: ancient manuscripts

Question: Who were the Humanists in agreement with about using these manuscripts in their quests for pure Christian living?
Answer: Church fathers

Question: Who was the most influential supporter of the ideals of Terence?
Answer: Saint Augustine

Question: Who quoted the line of Terence most notably?
Answer: Seneca

Question: What allowed for a more shallow understanding and personal exploration of older philosophers theories?

Question: Who were the Humanists in disagreement with about using these manuscripts in their quests for pure Christian living?

Question: Who was the least influential supporter of the ideals of Terence?

Question: Who couldn't quote a line of Terence?

Question: What principle had no applications?
Humanism

Davies identifies Paine's The Age of Reason as "the link between the two major narratives of what Jean-François Lyotard calls the narrative of legitimation": the rationalism of the 18th-century Philosophes and the radical, historically based German 19th-century Biblical criticism of the Hegelians David Friedrich Strauss and Ludwig Feuerbach. "The first is political, largely French in inspiration, and projects 'humanity as the hero of liberty'. The second is philosophical, German, seeks the totality and autonomy of knowledge, and stresses understanding rather than freedom as the key to human fulfilment and emancipation. The two themes converged and competed in complex ways in the 19th century and beyond, and between them set the boundaries of its various humanisms. Homo homini deus est ("The human being is a god to humanity" or "god is nothing [other than] the human being to himself"), Feuerbach had written.

Question: What writing was considered a bridge between two other major writings?
Answer: The Age of Reason

Question: Which century was the first writing from?
Answer: 18th-century

Question: Who states imply that humans are their own Gods?
Answer: Feuerbach

Question: What was the origin of the second writing?
Answer: German

Question: What writing was considered a barrier between two other major writings?

Question: Which century was the only writing from?

Question: What was the enemy of the second writing?

Question: Who disagreed with the statement "Homo homini deus est"?
Geological_history_of_Earth

Earth was initially molten due to extreme volcanism and frequent collisions with other bodies. Eventually, the outer layer of the planet cooled to form a solid crust when water began accumulating in the atmosphere. The Moon formed soon afterwards, possibly as the result of a Mars-sized object with about 10% of the Earth's mass impacting the planet in a glancing blow. Some of this object's mass merged with the Earth, significantly altering its internal composition, and a portion was ejected into space. Some of the material survived to form an orbiting moon. Outgassing and volcanic activity produced the primordial atmosphere. Condensing water vapor, augmented by ice delivered from comets, produced the oceans.

Question: The initial state of earth was what?
Answer: molten

Question: What formed on the outside of the earth after it cooled?
Answer: a solid crust

Question: How does the mass of the moon compare to earth?
Answer: about 10% of the Earth's mass

Question: What created a primordial atmosphere on earth?
Answer: Outgassing and volcanic activity

Question: Ice from what source helped to create earths oceans?
Answer: comets

Question: What caused the Earths early crust to become molten?

Question: What cooled allowing water to collect?

Question: What happened when water started to accumulate on the surface?

Question: What caused a piece of the earth to break of and form the moon?

Question: How does the mass of the moon compare to the earths mass?

Question: Powerful volcanism contributed to cause early earth to be in what state?
Answer: molten

Question: What occurred in the atmosphere of the earth after the crust was formed?
Answer: water began accumulating

Question: What size of object may have created the moon?
Answer: Mars

Question: When water was creating the oceans what was happening to atmospheric water vapor?
Answer: Condensing

Question: What formed as water accumulated?

Question: What cused the Earths solid crust to become molten?

Question: How does the mass of the moon compare to the mass of the Earth?

Question: What broke away a piece of the earth to form the moon?

Question: What caused water vapor to evaporate?
Geological_history_of_Earth

The Earth of the early Archean (4,000 to 2,500 million years ago) may have had a different tectonic style. During this time, the Earth's crust cooled enough that rocks and continental plates began to form. Some scientists think because the Earth was hotter, that plate tectonic activity was more vigorous than it is today, resulting in a much greater rate of recycling of crustal material. This may have prevented cratonisation and continent formation until the mantle cooled and convection slowed down. Others argue that the subcontinental lithospheric mantle is too buoyant to subduct and that the lack of Archean rocks is a function of erosion and subsequent tectonic events.

Question: During what time period was the Archean era?
Answer: 4,000 to 2,500 million years ago

Question: During what period did the earths crust cooling allow the creation of plates?
Answer: Archean

Question: It is believed that a very warm earth would lead to more recycling of what?
Answer: crustal material

Question: What might have a very hot earth stopped from occurring?
Answer: cratonisation and continent formation

Question: What do some believe accounts for the small amount of Archean rocks?
Answer: erosion and subsequent tectonic events

Question: During what period did tectonic activity become like it is today?

Question: What happened as the Earth's crust cooled following the Archean period?

Question: What do scientist think was made more vigerous by the Earth's cooling?

Question: What was recycled more as the earth cooled?
Geological_history_of_Earth

In contrast to the Proterozoic, Archean rocks are often heavily metamorphized deep-water sediments, such as graywackes, mudstones, volcanic sediments and banded iron formations. Greenstone belts are typical Archean formations, consisting of alternating high- and low-grade metamorphic rocks. The high-grade rocks were derived from volcanic island arcs, while the low-grade metamorphic rocks represent deep-sea sediments eroded from the neighboring island frogs and deposited in a forearc basin. In short, greenstone belts represent sutured protocontinents.

Question: What are Archean rocks composed of, in general?
Answer: metamorphized deep-water sediments

Question: What type of formation is indicated by low and high grade metamorphic rocks?
Answer: Greenstone

Question: From where did high grade Archean rocks originate?
Answer: volcanic island arcs

Question: Low grade metamorphic rocks are composed of what, generally?
Answer: deep-sea sediments

Question: What is a greenstone belt?
Answer: sutured protocontinents

Question: What kind od sediments where Proterozoic rocks made from?

Question: What kind od belts often formed during the Proterozoic period?

Question: What single type of rock formed Greenstone belts?

Question: What kind of volcanic rock formed low-density metamorphic rock?

Question: What kind of sediment formed high-density metamorphic rock?
Geological_history_of_Earth

The geologic record of the Proterozoic (2,500 to 541 million years ago) is more complete than that for the preceding Archean. In contrast to the deep-water deposits of the Archean, the Proterozoic features many strata that were laid down in extensive shallow epicontinental seas; furthermore, many of these rocks are less metamorphosed than Archean-age ones, and plenty are unaltered. Study of these rocks show that the eon featured massive, rapid continental accretion (unique to the Proterozoic), supercontinent cycles, and wholly modern orogenic activity. Roughly 750 million years ago, the earliest-known supercontinent Rodinia, began to break apart. The continents later recombined to form Pannotia, 600–540 Ma.

Question: During what time period did the Proterozoic era occur?
Answer: 2,500 to 541 million years ago

Question: What era came before the Proterozoic era?
Answer: Archean

Question: In what type of sea did typical Proterozoic geology come to be?
Answer: shallow epicontinental seas

Question: What type of continental behavior was unique to the Proterozoic?
Answer: rapid continental accretion

Question: What is the name for the large super continent that broke apart 750 million years ago?
Answer: Rodinia

Question: What period has a more complete geological record than the Proterozoic?

Question: what was layed down in deep seas during the Proterozoic period?

Question: What was made in shallow seas during the Archean period?

Question: What type of continental behavior was a unique to the Archean period?

Question: What broke apart 750 million years ago and was called Pannotia?
Geological_history_of_Earth

The Paleozoic spanned from roughly 541 to 252 million years ago (Ma) and is subdivided into six geologic periods; from oldest to youngest they are the Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous and Permian. Geologically, the Paleozoic starts shortly after the breakup of a supercontinent called Pannotia and at the end of a global ice age. Throughout the early Paleozoic, the Earth's landmass was broken up into a substantial number of relatively small continents. Toward the end of the era the continents gathered together into a supercontinent called Pangaea, which included most of the Earth's land area.

Question: During what period was the Paleozoic era?
Answer: 541 to 252 million years ago

Question: How many periods of geology are within the Paleozoic era?
Answer: six

Question: The Permian is an example of what?
Answer: geologic periods

Question: After what continental event did the Paleozoic begin?
Answer: breakup of a supercontinent called Pannotia

Question: What continent was formed at the end of the Paleozoic?
Answer: Pangaea

Question: What period ended 541 million years ago?

Question: What period started right before the breakup of Pannotia?

Question: What was the scope of the ice age that began at the same time as the Paleozoic period?

Question: What was the name of the superconinent that formed at the begining of the Paleozoic?

Question: What did Pangea break into at the end of the Paleozoic?
Geological_history_of_Earth

The Cambrian is a major division of the geologic timescale that begins about 541.0 ± 1.0 Ma. Cambrian continents are thought to have resulted from the breakup of a Neoproterozoic supercontinent called Pannotia. The waters of the Cambrian period appear to have been widespread and shallow. Continental drift rates may have been anomalously high. Laurentia, Baltica and Siberia remained independent continents following the break-up of the supercontinent of Pannotia. Gondwana started to drift toward the South Pole. Panthalassa covered most of the southern hemisphere, and minor oceans included the Proto-Tethys Ocean, Iapetus Ocean and Khanty Ocean.

Question: At what rough time did the Cambrian era start?
Answer: 541.0 ± 1.0 Ma.

Question: What were the continents of the Cambrian area believed to have formerly been a part of?
Answer: Pannotia

Question: What continent moved to the southern-most part of the earth in the Cambrian era?
Answer: Gondwana

Question: What continent ranged over the majority of the southern hemisphere of earth in the Cambrian?
Answer: Panthalassa

Question: Baltica and Sibera are examples of what thing, during the Cambrian era?
Answer: independent continents

Question: What period is a minor division in the geologic timescale?

Question: What supercontinent was formed from the coninents of the Cambrian?

Question: During what period were the oceans widespread and deep?

Question: What drift rates were high during the Cambrian?

Question: When did Pannotia begin to drift towards the South Pole?
Geological_history_of_Earth

The Ordovician Period started at a major extinction event called the Cambrian-Ordovician extinction events some time about 485.4 ± 1.9 Ma. During the Ordovician the southern continents were collected into a single continent called Gondwana. Gondwana started the period in the equatorial latitudes and, as the period progressed, drifted toward the South Pole. Early in the Ordovician the continents Laurentia, Siberia and Baltica were still independent continents (since the break-up of the supercontinent Pannotia earlier), but Baltica began to move toward Laurentia later in the period, causing the Iapetus Ocean to shrink between them. Also, Avalonia broke free from Gondwana and began to head north toward Laurentia. The Rheic Ocean was formed as a result of this. By the end of the period, Gondwana had neared or approached the pole and was largely glaciated.

Question: How long ago did the Ordovician period begin?
Answer: 485.4 ± 1.9 Ma.

Question: Which event precipitated the Ordovician period?
Answer: the Cambrian-Ordovician extinction

Question: What was the name of the large southernmost continent during the Ordovician?
Answer: Gondwana

Question: Which ocean decreased in size with the movement of Baltica in the Ordovician?
Answer: Iapetus Ocean

Question: What continent fractured off Gondwana in the direction of Laurentia?
Answer: Avalonia

Question: What was the name of the period that ended with a major extinction event?

Question: What extinction event occured at the end of the Ordocician Period?

Question: When was the extinction event that ended the Ordovician period?

Question: What contenent formed several southern coninents during the Ordovician?

Question: What continent drifted from the South Pole to the equator?
Geological_history_of_Earth

The most-commonly accepted theory is that these events were triggered by the onset of an ice age, in the Hirnantian faunal stage that ended the long, stable greenhouse conditions typical of the Ordovician. The ice age was probably not as long-lasting as once thought; study of oxygen isotopes in fossil brachiopods shows that it was probably no longer than 0.5 to 1.5 million years. The event was preceded by a fall in atmospheric carbon dioxide (from 7000ppm to 4400ppm) which selectively affected the shallow seas where most organisms lived. As the southern supercontinent Gondwana drifted over the South Pole, ice caps formed on it. Evidence of these ice caps have been detected in Upper Ordovician rock strata of North Africa and then-adjacent northeastern South America, which were south-polar locations at the time.

Question: What type of climate was normal in the Ordovician period?
Answer: stable greenhouse conditions

Question: What ice age signaled the end of the normal climate in the Ordovician period?
Answer: the Hirnantian faunal stage

Question: Oxygen from what kind of fossil were used to date the Hirnantian faunal stage?
Answer: brachiopods

Question: How many years is the Hirnantian faunal stage believed to have lasted?
Answer: 0.5 to 1.5 million years

Question: What started to develop on Gondwana as it moved over the south pole?
Answer: ice caps

Question: What faunel stage triggered the greenhouse conditions of the Ordovician?

Question: What showed that the ice age lasted longer than originally thought?

Question: What is know believed to have lasted more than 1.5 million years?

Question: What levels rose in the atmosphere prior to the ice age?

Question: Where where the oranisms laffected byrisingcarbon dioxide levels?
Geological_history_of_Earth

The Silurian is a major division of the geologic timescale that started about 443.8 ± 1.5 Ma. During the Silurian, Gondwana continued a slow southward drift to high southern latitudes, but there is evidence that the Silurian ice caps were less extensive than those of the late Ordovician glaciation. The melting of ice caps and glaciers contributed to a rise in sea levels, recognizable from the fact that Silurian sediments overlie eroded Ordovician sediments, forming an unconformity. Other cratons and continent fragments drifted together near the equator, starting the formation of a second supercontinent known as Euramerica. The vast ocean of Panthalassa covered most of the northern hemisphere. Other minor oceans include Proto-Tethys, Paleo-Tethys, Rheic Ocean, a seaway of Iapetus Ocean (now in between Avalonia and Laurentia), and newly formed Ural Ocean.

Question: When was the Silurian period believed to have begun?
Answer: 443.8 ± 1.5 Ma.

Question: Compared to the Ordovician glaciation, how big were the ice caps on Gondwana during the Silurian?
Answer: less extensive

Question: What did the melting of ice on Gondwana add to?
Answer: a rise in sea levels

Question: Which supercontinent formed during the Silurian?
Answer: Euramerica

Question: Which ocean ranged the majority of the northern hemisphere in the Silurian period?
Answer: Panthalassa

Question: What continent continued to drift northward during the Silurian?

Question: What was more extensive compared to the Ordovician glaciations?

Question: What lead to a rise in sea levels during the Ordovician?

Question: what was formed from Euramerica breaking up?

Question: What large ocean covered most of the Southern hemisphere?
Geological_history_of_Earth

The Devonian spanned roughly from 419 to 359 Ma. The period was a time of great tectonic activity, as Laurasia and Gondwana drew closer together. The continent Euramerica (or Laurussia) was created in the early Devonian by the collision of Laurentia and Baltica, which rotated into the natural dry zone along the Tropic of Capricorn. In these near-deserts, the Old Red Sandstone sedimentary beds formed, made red by the oxidized iron (hematite) characteristic of drought conditions. Near the equator Pangaea began to consolidate from the plates containing North America and Europe, further raising the northern Appalachian Mountains and forming the Caledonian Mountains in Great Britain and Scandinavia. The southern continents remained tied together in the supercontinent of Gondwana. The remainder of modern Eurasia lay in the Northern Hemisphere. Sea levels were high worldwide, and much of the land lay submerged under shallow seas. The deep, enormous Panthalassa (the "universal ocean") covered the rest of the planet. Other minor oceans were Paleo-Tethys, Proto-Tethys, Rheic Ocean and Ural Ocean (which was closed during the collision with Siberia and Baltica).

Question: During what time period was the Devonian era?
Answer: 419 to 359 Ma.

Question: Which continent was formed from the meeting of Laurentia and Baltica?
Answer: Euramerica (or Laurussia)

Question: Which sedimentary beds were created in the dry areas of Euramerica in the Devonian period?
Answer: Old Red Sandstone

Question: Which mountains associated with the USA were formed near the equator on  Pangaea during the Devonian?
Answer: the northern Appalachian Mountains

Question: What was the largest ocean referred to that existed in the Devonian period?
Answer: Panthalassa

Question: What kind of activity decreased during the Devonian?

Question: What two continents where moving away from each other during Devonian?

Question: What continent was formed when Laurasia and Gondwanna colided?

Question: What type od seimentary beds formed in the desert along the Tropic of Capricorn?

Question: What was shallow arounfd the world?