Divyanshu67/squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
Adolescence

Another set of significant physical changes during puberty happen in bodily distribution of fat and muscle. This process is different for females and males. Before puberty, there are nearly no sex differences in fat and muscle distribution; during puberty, boys grow muscle much faster than girls, although both sexes experience rapid muscle development. In contrast, though both sexes experience an increase in body fat, the increase is much more significant for girls. Frequently, the increase in fat for girls happens in their years just before puberty. The ratio between muscle and fat among post-pubertal boys is around three to one, while for girls it is about five to four. This may help explain sex differences in athletic performance.

Question: Is change in bodily distribution of fat and muscle the same or different between males and females during puberty?
Answer: different

Question: Do boys or girls grow muscle faster during puberty?
Answer: boys

Question: Do boys or girls experience a more significant increase in body fat?
Answer: girls

Question: What is the ratio between muscle and fat among post-pubertal boys?
Answer: three to one

Question: What is the ratio between muscle and fat amoung post-pubertal girls?
Answer: five to four
Adolescence

Compared to children, adolescents are more likely to question others' assertions, and less likely to accept facts as absolute truths. Through experience outside the family circle, they learn that rules they were taught as absolute are in fact relativistic. They begin to differentiate between rules instituted out of common sense—not touching a hot stove—and those that are based on culturally-relative standards (codes of etiquette, not dating until a certain age), a delineation that younger children do not make. This can lead to a period of questioning authority in all domains.

Question: Are children or adolescents more likely to question assertions and less likely to accept facts?
Answer: adolescents

Question: Is not dating until a certain age a common sense or culturally-relative standard?
Answer: culturally-relative

Question: Is refraining from touching a hot stoce a common sense or culturally-relative standard?
Answer: common sense
Adolescence

The formal study of adolescent psychology began with the publication of G. Stanley Hall's "Adolescence in 1904." Hall, who was the first president of the American Psychological Association, viewed adolescence primarily as a time of internal turmoil and upheaval (sturm und drang). This understanding of youth was based on two then new ways of understanding human behavior: Darwin's evolutionary theory and Freud's psychodynamic theory. He believed that adolescence was a representation of our human ancestors' phylogenetic shift from being primitive to being civilized. Hall's assertions stood relatively uncontested until the 1950s when psychologists such as Erik Erikson and Anna Freud started to formulate their theories about adolescence. Freud believed that the psychological disturbances associated with youth were biologically based and culturally universal while Erikson focused on the dichotomy between identity formation and role fulfillment. Even with their different theories, these three psychologists agreed that adolescence was inherently a time of disturbance and psychological confusion. The less turbulent aspects of adolescence, such as peer relations and cultural influence, were left largely ignored until the 1980s. From the '50s until the '80s, the focus of the field was mainly on describing patterns of behavior as opposed to explaining them.

Question: Who was the first president of the American Psychological Association?
Answer: G. Stanley Hall

Question: What was the title of the publication that started the formal study of adolescent psychology?
Answer: Adolescence in 1904

Question: From the '50s to the '80s, was the field's focus devoted to describing patterns of behavior or explaining them?
Answer: describing

Question: Which theorist is known for his beliefs on evolution?
Answer: Darwin
Adolescence

The idea of self-concept is known as the ability of a person to have opinions and beliefs that are defined confidently, consistent and stable. Early in adolescence, cognitive developments result in greater self-awareness, greater awareness of others and their thoughts and judgments, the ability to think about abstract, future possibilities, and the ability to consider multiple possibilities at once. As a result, adolescents experience a significant shift from the simple, concrete, and global self-descriptions typical of young children; as children, they defined themselves by physical traits whereas as adolescents, they define themselves based on their values, thoughts, and opinions.

Question: How do children tend to define themselves?
Answer: by physical traits

Question: Do children or adolescents define themselves based on values, thoughts, and opinions?
Answer: adolescents

Question: Which idea is known as the ability of a person to have opinions and beliefs that are defined confidently, consistent, and stable?
Answer: self-concept

Question: Greater self-awareness, greater awareness of others, and the ability to consider multiple possiblities at once are examples of what kind of developments?
Answer: cognitive
Adolescence

Research has generally shown striking uniformity across different cultures in the motives behind teen alcohol use. Social engagement and personal enjoyment appear to play a fairly universal role in adolescents' decision to drink throughout separate cultural contexts. Surveys conducted in Argentina, Hong Kong, and Canada have each indicated the most common reason for drinking among adolescents to relate to pleasure and recreation; 80% of Argentinian teens reported drinking for enjoyment, while only 7% drank to improve a bad mood. The most prevalent answers among Canadian adolescents were to "get in a party mood," 18%; "because I enjoy it," 16%; and "to get drunk," 10%. In Hong Kong, female participants most frequently reported drinking for social enjoyment, while males most frequently reported drinking to feel the effects of alcohol.

Question: Are motives behind teen alcohol use varied or uniform across different cultures?
Answer: uniform

Question: What two reasons for adolescent drinking are shared across cultural contexts?
Answer: Social engagement and personal enjoyment

Question: What is the most common reason for drinking among adolescents according to surveys in Argentina, Hong Kong, and Canada?
Answer: pleasure and recreation

Question: What percentage of Argentenian teens reported drinking to improve a bad mood?
Answer: 7%

Question: In Hong Kong, did males or females most frequently report drinking to feel the effects of the alcohol?
Answer: males
Adolescence

The end of adolescence and the beginning of adulthood varies by country and by function. Furthermore, even within a single nation state or culture there can be different ages at which an individual is considered (chronologically and legally) mature enough for society to entrust them with certain privileges and responsibilities. Such milestones include driving a vehicle, having legal sexual relations, serving in the armed forces or on a jury, purchasing and drinking alcohol, voting, entering into contracts, finishing certain levels of education, and marriage. Adolescence is usually accompanied by an increased independence allowed by the parents or legal guardians, including less supervision as compared to preadolescence.

Question: Is adolescence usually accompanied by increased parental supervision or increased independence?
Answer: independence

Question: Is the end of adolescence and beginning of adulthood easily agreed upon or does it vary by country?
Answer: varies by country

Question: Do milestones such as driving a vechile, serving on a jury, voting, and marriage all have a common age of responsibility?
Answer: different ages
Adolescence

Because most injuries sustained by adolescents are related to risky behavior (car crashes, alcohol, unprotected sex), a great deal of research has been done on the cognitive and emotional processes underlying adolescent risk-taking. In addressing this question, it is important to distinguish whether adolescents are more likely to engage in risky behaviors (prevalence), whether they make risk-related decisions similarly or differently than adults (cognitive processing perspective), or whether they use the same processes but value different things and thus arrive at different conclusions. The behavioral decision-making theory proposes that adolescents and adults both weigh the potential rewards and consequences of an action. However, research has shown that adolescents seem to give more weight to rewards, particularly social rewards, than do adults.

Question: Most injuries sustained by adolescents are related to what?
Answer: risky behavior

Question: Do adolescents or adults seem to give more weight to rewards?
Answer: adolescents

Question: Do adolescents, adults, or both weight the potential rewards and consequences of an action?
Answer: both

Question: Which theory proposes that adults and adolescents both weigh the potential rewards and consequences of an action?
Answer: behavioral decision-making theory
Adolescence

Further distinctions in self-concept, called "differentiation," occur as the adolescent recognizes the contextual influences on their own behavior and the perceptions of others, and begin to qualify their traits when asked to describe themselves. Differentiation appears fully developed by mid-adolescence. Peaking in the 7th-9th grades, the personality traits adolescents use to describe themselves refer to specific contexts, and therefore may contradict one another. The recognition of inconsistent content in the self-concept is a common source of distress in these years (see Cognitive dissonance), but this distress may benefit adolescents by encouraging structural development.

Question: When does differentiation appear fully developed?
Answer: by mid-adolescence

Question: When adolescents begin to qualify their traits, what are they demonstrating?
Answer: differentiation

Question: Does the recognition of inconsistent content in one's self-concept typically bring distress or peace to an adolescent?
Answer: distress
Adolescence

In 1989, Troiden proposed a four-stage model for the development of homosexual sexual identity. The first stage, known as sensitization, usually starts in childhood, and is marked by the child's becoming aware of same-sex attractions. The second stage, identity confusion, tends to occur a few years later. In this stage, the youth is overwhelmed by feelings of inner turmoil regarding their sexual orientation, and begins to engage sexual experiences with same-sex partners. In the third stage of identity assumption, which usually takes place a few years after the adolescent has left home, adolescents begin to come out to their family and close friends, and assumes a self-definition as gay, lesbian, or bisexual. In the final stage, known as commitment, the young adult adopts their sexual identity as a lifestyle. Therefore, this model estimates that the process of coming out begins in childhood, and continues through the early to mid 20s. This model has been contested, and alternate ideas have been explored in recent years.

Question: In what year did Troiden propose a four-stage model for the development of homosexual sexual identity?
Answer: 1989

Question: What is Troiden's first stage of development known as?
Answer: sensitization

Question: When does sensitization usually start?
Answer: childhood

Question: Troiden's second stage is referred to as what?
Answer: identity confusion

Question: In what stage is youth overwhelmed by feelings of inner turmoil regarding their sexual orientation?
Answer: identity confusion
Adolescence

Adolescents tend to associate with "cliques" on a small scale and "crowds" on a larger scale. During early adolescence, adolescents often associate in cliques, exclusive, single-sex groups of peers with whom they are particularly close. Despite the common notion that cliques are an inherently negative influence, they may help adolescents become socially acclimated and form a stronger sense of identity. Within a clique of highly athletic male-peers, for example, the clique may create a stronger sense of fidelity and competition. Cliques also have become somewhat a "collective parent," i.e. telling the adolescents what to do and not to do. Towards late adolescence, cliques often merge into mixed-sex groups as teenagers begin romantically engaging with one another. These small friend groups then break down further as socialization becomes more couple-oriented. On a larger scale, adolescents often associate with crowds, groups of individuals who share a common interest or activity. Often, crowd identities may be the basis for stereotyping young people, such as jocks or nerds. In large, multi-ethnic high schools, there are often ethnically-determined crowds. While crowds are very influential during early and middle adolescence, they lose salience during high school as students identify more individually.

Question: Do adolescents associate with "cliques" on a large or small scale?
Answer: small

Question: How are cliques defined?
Answer: exclusive, single-sex groups of peers with whom they are particularly close

Question: What are the positive effects that cliques may have on an adolescent?
Answer: help adolescents become socially acclimated and form a stronger sense of identity

Question: Do adolescents associate with "crowds" on a large or small scale?
Answer: larger
Adolescence

The lifestyle of an adolescent in a given culture is profoundly shaped by the roles and responsibilities he or she is expected to assume. The extent to which an adolescent is expected to share family responsibilities is one large determining factor in normative adolescent behavior. For instance, adolescents in certain cultures are expected to contribute significantly to household chores and responsibilities. Household chores are frequently divided into self-care tasks and family-care tasks. However, specific household responsibilities for adolescents may vary by culture, family type, and adolescent age. Some research has shown that adolescent participation in family work and routines has a positive influence on the development of an adolescent's feelings of self-worth, care, and concern for others.

Question: Does adolescent participation in family work and routines have a positive or negative influence on feelings of self-worth, care, and concern for others?
Answer: positive

Question: What is one large determining factor in normative adolescent behavior?
Answer: The extent to which an adolescent is expected to share family responsibilities

Question: How are household chores frequently divided?
Answer: self-care tasks and family-care tasks
Antarctica

Antarctica, on average, is the coldest, driest, and windiest continent, and has the highest average elevation of all the continents. Antarctica is considered a desert, with annual precipitation of only 200 mm (8 in) along the coast and far less inland. The temperature in Antarctica has reached −89.2 °C (−128.6 °F), though the average for the third quarter (the coldest part of the year) is −63 °C (−81 °F). There are no permanent human residents, but anywhere from 1,000 to 5,000 people reside throughout the year at the research stations scattered across the continent. Organisms native to Antarctica include many types of algae, bacteria, fungi, plants, protista, and certain animals, such as mites, nematodes, penguins, seals and tardigrades. Vegetation, where it occurs, is tundra.

Question: Which continent is the highest in elevation?
Answer: Antarctica

Question: What is the annual precipitation rate of coastal Antarctica?
Answer: 200 mm

Question: What is the average coldest temperature?
Answer: −63 °C

Question: What is the coldest recorded temperature?
Answer: −89.2 °C

Question: Ehat is the vegetation type on Antarctica? 
Answer: tundra

Question: What is on average is the coldest, wetest, and windiest continent?

Question: What coninent has lowest average elevation?

Question: Where has the temperature reached 89.2 degress Celsius

Question: How many humans live in Antarctica?

Question: What type of organism can not be found in Antarctica?

Question: What continent has only 200 in of annual precipitation?

Question: Where has the temperature reached -89.2°F?

Question: How many permanent residents are living in research stations?

Question: What is the yearly average temperature in Antarctica?
Antarctica

Geologically, West Antarctica closely resembles the Andes mountain range of South America. The Antarctic Peninsula was formed by uplift and metamorphism of sea bed sediments during the late Paleozoic and the early Mesozoic eras. This sediment uplift was accompanied by igneous intrusions and volcanism. The most common rocks in West Antarctica are andesite and rhyolite volcanics formed during the Jurassic period. There is also evidence of volcanic activity, even after the ice sheet had formed, in Marie Byrd Land and Alexander Island. The only anomalous area of West Antarctica is the Ellsworth Mountains region, where the stratigraphy is more similar to East Antarctica.

Question: To what mountainous area is Antarctica geologically similar?
Answer: Andes

Question: An uplift of what formed Antarctica?
Answer: sea bed sediments

Question: Starting from the late Paleozoic era, when did Antarctica finish forming?
Answer: early Mesozoic

Question: What are the most often found rocks in Antarctica?
Answer: andesite and rhyolite

Question: What type of geologic activity occurred even after the formation of the ice sheets?
Answer: volcanic

Question: What was once part of the Andes mountains of South America?

Question: What caused the Antarctic Peninsula to for prior to the Paleozoic era?

Question: What caused volcanism on the Antarctic Peninsula?

Question: What are the rarest rocks in Western Antarctica?

Question: What activity stopped after the ice sheet formed?

Question: What closely resembles the Andes mountain range of Antarctica?

Question: What was formed during the early Paleozoic and the late Mesozoic eras?

Question: What are the most common rocks in Antarctica?

Question: When were the andesite and rhyolite formed in West Antarctica?

Question: What is there evidence of in Alexander Byrd Land and Marie Island?
Antarctica

A census of sea life carried out during the International Polar Year and which involved some 500 researchers was released in 2010. The research is part of the global Census of Marine Life (CoML) and has disclosed some remarkable findings. More than 235 marine organisms live in both polar regions, having bridged the gap of 12,000 km (7,456 mi). Large animals such as some cetaceans and birds make the round trip annually. More surprising are small forms of life such as mudworms, sea cucumbers and free-swimming snails found in both polar oceans. Various factors may aid in their distribution – fairly uniform temperatures of the deep ocean at the poles and the equator which differ by no more than 5 °C, and the major current systems or marine conveyor belt which transport eggs and larval stages.

Question: Part of what study is the census of Antarctic marine life?
Answer: Census of Marine Life

Question: When was the census of sea life carried out in Antarctica?
Answer: International Polar Year

Question: How many sea animals live in Earth's polar regions?
Answer: 235

Question: Besides birds, what large animals travel from one pole to the other?
Answer: cetaceans

Question: What is the amount of difference in temperature  in the deep ocean?
Answer: 5 °C

Question: Who conducted a censuslife on Antarctica in 2010?

Question: How many marine organism live in the South Pole region?

Question: What animals live at the South Pole all year?

Question: Where is there a large variatio in temperatures of the deep ocean?

Question: What was conducted during the Polar Year International?

Question: How many researchers were involved in the Polar Year International census?

Question: What was released in 2001?

Question: How many marine organisms were found in the 12,000 miles studied?

Question: How many marine species were found within the 7,456 km studied?
Antarctica

During the Nimrod Expedition led by Ernest Shackleton in 1907, parties led by Edgeworth David became the first to climb Mount Erebus and to reach the South Magnetic Pole. Douglas Mawson, who assumed the leadership of the Magnetic Pole party on their perilous return, went on to lead several expeditions until retiring in 1931. In addition, Shackleton himself and three other members of his expedition made several firsts in December 1908 – February 1909: they were the first humans to traverse the Ross Ice Shelf, the first to traverse the Transantarctic Mountains (via the Beardmore Glacier), and the first to set foot on the South Polar Plateau. An expedition led by Norwegian polar explorer Roald Amundsen from the ship Fram became the first to reach the geographic South Pole on 14 December 1911, using a route from the Bay of Whales and up the Axel Heiberg Glacier. One month later, the doomed Scott Expedition reached the pole.

Question: What explorer led the Nimrod Expedition into Antarctica?
Answer: Ernest Shackleton

Question: Who led the party to first climb Mount Erebus?
Answer: Edgeworth David

Question: Who led the return expedition to find the Magnetic pole?
Answer: Douglas Mawson

Question: When did Mawson retire after leading several expeditions?
Answer: 1931

Question: When did Roald Amundsen reach the geographic south pole?
Answer: 14 December 1911

Question: What expitition was led by Shackleton in the 19th century?

Question: What did the party led by Shckleton climb?

Question: What expedition reached the North Magnetic Pole?

Question: What did Edgeworth David traverse?

Question: What ship did Shackelton use to reach the geographic South Pole?

Question: What expedition was led by Edgeworth Shackleton?

Question: Who led Nimrod Expedition to Antarctica?

Question: Who led the Magnetic Pole party in 1931?

Question: Who led the expedition that would first reach the geographic South Pole on 11 December 1914?

Question: When was the South Polar Plateau first traversed?
Antarctica

The passing of the Antarctic Conservation Act (1978) in the U.S. brought several restrictions to U.S. activity on Antarctica. The introduction of alien plants or animals can bring a criminal penalty, as can the extraction of any indigenous species. The overfishing of krill, which plays a large role in the Antarctic ecosystem, led officials to enact regulations on fishing. The Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR), a treaty that came into force in 1980, requires that regulations managing all Southern Ocean fisheries consider potential effects on the entire Antarctic ecosystem. Despite these new acts, unregulated and illegal fishing, particularly of Patagonian toothfish (marketed as Chilean Sea Bass in the U.S.), remains a serious problem. The illegal fishing of toothfish has been increasing, with estimates of 32,000 tonnes (35,300 short tons) in 2000.

Question: When was the Antarctic Conservation Act passed by the U.S.?
Answer: 1978

Question: What type of penalty can importing plants and animals into Antarctica bring?
Answer: criminal

Question: Over fishing of which species of fish helped promote regulations on fishing?
Answer: krill

Question: How many tonnes of Patagonian toothfish were illegally fished in 2000?
Answer: 32,000

Question: When did the Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources  come into force?
Answer: 1980

Question: What passed in 1987?

Question: Where was the 1987 Antarctic Conservation Act passed?

Question: What does CMACLR stand for?

Question: What year did the CMACLR come into force?

Question: What year saw illegal fishing of toothfish measure 32,000 short tons?
Antarctica

Small-scale "expedition tourism" has existed since 1957 and is currently subject to Antarctic Treaty and Environmental Protocol provisions, but in effect self-regulated by the International Association of Antarctica Tour Operators (IAATO). Not all vessels associated with Antarctic tourism are members of IAATO, but IAATO members account for 95% of the tourist activity. Travel is largely by small or medium ship, focusing on specific scenic locations with accessible concentrations of iconic wildlife. A total of 37,506 tourists visited during the 2006–07 Austral summer with nearly all of them coming from commercial ships. The number was predicted to increase to over 80,000 by 2010.

Question: Since what year has tourism been ongoing to Antarctica?
Answer: 1957

Question: What is expedition tourism to Antarctica subject to?
Answer: Antarctic Treaty and Environmental Protocol

Question: How many of the Antarctic tour operators belong to IAATO?
Answer: 95%

Question: What is the mode of travel for Antarctic tours?
Answer: small or medium ship

Question: How many tourists went to Antarctica during the 2006-07 season?
Answer: 37,506

Question: What has existed since 1975?

Question: What does IATAO stand for?

Question: What percentage of tourism do members of the IATAO account for?

Question: How many tourists visited in 2006?

Question: What was the number of tourists predicted to increase to in 2007?
Antarctica

The main mineral resource known on the continent is coal. It was first recorded near the Beardmore Glacier by Frank Wild on the Nimrod Expedition, and now low-grade coal is known across many parts of the Transantarctic Mountains. The Prince Charles Mountains contain significant deposits of iron ore. The most valuable resources of Antarctica lie offshore, namely the oil and natural gas fields found in the Ross Sea in 1973. Exploitation of all mineral resources is banned until 2048 by the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty.

Question: What is the main mineral found on Antarctica?
Answer: coal

Question: Where was coal first found on Antarctica?
Answer: Beardmore Glacier

Question: What expedition discovered coal on Antarctica?
Answer: Nimrod Expedition

Question: Where is iron ore found on Antarctica?
Answer: Prince Charles Mountains

Question: Where are oil and gas deposits located near Antarctica?
Answer: Ross Sea

Question: What is the rarest mineral resource on the continent?

Question: Who first discovered coal in the Southern Hemisphere?

Question: What ore was found near the Beardmore Glacier?

Question: What valuable resources did the Nimrod Expodition find in the Ross Sea?

Question: What type od resources can only be explored until 2048?

Question: What is the main mineral resource of the Prince Charles Glacier?

Question: What did Frank Beardmore first record during the Nimrod Expedition?

Question: What significant deposits are found in the Transantarctic Mountains?

Question: What was found in the Ross Sea in 1937?

Question: What is banned until 2084?
Antarctica

On 6 September 2007, Belgian-based International Polar Foundation unveiled the Princess Elisabeth station, the world's first zero-emissions polar science station in Antarctica to research climate change. Costing $16.3 million, the prefabricated station, which is part of the International Polar Year, was shipped to the South Pole from Belgium by the end of 2008 to monitor the health of the polar regions. Belgian polar explorer Alain Hubert stated: "This base will be the first of its kind to produce zero emissions, making it a unique model of how energy should be used in the Antarctic." Johan Berte is the leader of the station design team and manager of the project which conducts research in climatology, glaciology and microbiology.

Question: What type of research was Princess Elizabeth station built to study?
Answer: climate change

Question: How much did the Princess Elizabeth station cost?
Answer: $16.3 million

Question: What unique characteristic does the Princess Elizabeth station feature?
Answer: zero-emissions

Question: From what country was the Princess Elizabeth station shipped?
Answer: Belgium

Question: Who is the leader of the station design team?
Answer: Johan Berte

Question: What happened on 7 September 2006?

Question: What was unveiled on 7 September 2006?

Question: Who unveiled the Princess Elisabeth on 7 September 2006?

Question: What cost $13.6 million?

Question: Who is Alain Berte?
Antarctica

Melting of floating ice shelves (ice that originated on the land) does not in itself contribute much to sea-level rise (since the ice displaces only its own mass of water). However it is the outflow of the ice from the land to form the ice shelf which causes a rise in global sea level. This effect is offset by snow falling back onto the continent. Recent decades have witnessed several dramatic collapses of large ice shelves around the coast of Antarctica, especially along the Antarctic Peninsula. Concerns have been raised that disruption of ice shelves may result in increased glacial outflow from the continental ice mass.

Question: What type of ice originates on land and floats out to sea?
Answer: floating ice shelves

Question: What events have occurred in recent decades to the ice shelves surrounding Antarctica?
Answer: collapses

Question: Along what area has there been more collapsing ice shelves?
Answer: Antarctic Peninsula

Question: What could the displacement of ice cause?
Answer: glacial outflow

Question: What weather event would offset loss of ice shelves?
Answer: snow falling

Question: Where did ice on land originate?

Question: What is the result of floating ice shelves melting from the land?

Question: What does snow offset on the continent shelves?

Question: Where is the concern with regard to disruption of ice melts?
Antarctica

The climate of Antarctica does not allow extensive vegetation to form. A combination of freezing temperatures, poor soil quality, lack of moisture, and lack of sunlight inhibit plant growth. As a result, the diversity of plant life is very low and limited in distribution. The flora of the continent largely consists of bryophytes. There are about 100 species of mosses and 25 species of liverworts, but only three species of flowering plants, all of which are found in the Antarctic Peninsula: Deschampsia antarctica (Antarctic hair grass), Colobanthus quitensis (Antarctic pearlwort) and the non-native Poa annua (annual bluegrass). Growth is restricted to a few weeks in the summer.

Question: What can not grow extensively in Antarctica?
Answer: vegetation

Question: What does the climate of Antarctica inhibit?
Answer: plant growth

Question: hat is low and limited in Antarctica?
Answer: diversity of plant life

Question: How many species of Mosses are there in Antarctica?
Answer: 100

Question: What allows extensive vegitation to occur?

Question: What promotes plant growth?

Question: What is diverse and widely distributed?

Question: Where are there 25 species of mosses?

Question: What climate allows extensive vegetation to form?

Question: What are there 105 species of?

Question: What are there 20 species of?

Question: How many species of plants are there?

Question: Where are all of the plants found?
Antarctica

New claims on Antarctica have been suspended since 1959 although Norway in 2015 formally defined Queen Maud Land as including the unclaimed area between it and the South Pole. Antarctica's status is regulated by the 1959 Antarctic Treaty and other related agreements, collectively called the Antarctic Treaty System. Antarctica is defined as all land and ice shelves south of 60° S for the purposes of the Treaty System. The treaty was signed by twelve countries including the Soviet Union (and later Russia), the United Kingdom, Argentina, Chile, Australia, and the United States. It set aside Antarctica as a scientific preserve, established freedom of scientific investigation and environmental protection, and banned military activity on Antarctica. This was the first arms control agreement established during the Cold War.

Question: Since what year have claims been suspended in Antarctica?
Answer: 1959

Question: What document regulates Antarctica's status?
Answer: Antarctic Treaty System

Question: What latitude is defined as being Antarctica's border?
Answer: south of 60° S

Question: How many countries signed the treaty protecting Antarctica from claims?
Answer: twelve

Question: What does the treaty set Antarctica aside as?
Answer: scientific preserve

Question: What has been suspended since 1995?

Question: What year did Norway formally define Maud Queen Land?

Question: What 1995 treaty is Antarctica's status regulated by?

Question: What is defined as all land and ice shelves south of 59° S?
Antarctica

European maps continued to show this hypothesized land until Captain James Cook's ships, HMS Resolution and Adventure, crossed the Antarctic Circle on 17 January 1773, in December 1773 and again in January 1774. Cook came within about 120 km (75 mi) of the Antarctic coast before retreating in the face of field ice in January 1773. The first confirmed sighting of Antarctica can be narrowed down to the crews of ships captained by three individuals. According to various organizations (the National Science Foundation, NASA, the University of California, San Diego, and other sources), ships captained by three men sighted Antarctica or its ice shelf in 1820: von Bellingshausen (a captain in the Imperial Russian Navy), Edward Bransfield (a captain in the Royal Navy), and Nathaniel Palmer (a sealer out of Stonington, Connecticut). The expedition led by von Bellingshausen and Lazarev on the ships Vostok and Mirny reached a point within 32 km (20 mi) from Queen Maud's Land and recorded the sight of an ice shelf at 69°21′28″S 2°14′50″W﻿ / ﻿69.35778°S 2.24722°W﻿ / -69.35778; -2.24722, which became known as the Fimbul ice shelf. This happened three days before Bransfield sighted land, and ten months before Palmer did so in November 1820. The first documented landing on Antarctica was by the American sealer John Davis, apparently at Hughes Bay, near Cape Charles, in West Antarctica on 7 February 1821, although some historians dispute this claim. The first recorded and confirmed landing was at Cape Adair in 1895.

Question: When did Cook's ships cross the Antarctic circle?
Answer: 17 January 1773

Question: What kept Captain Cook from getting too close to Antarctica?
Answer: field ice

Question: How many men sighted Antarctica in 1820?
Answer: three

Question: How close did von Bellingshausen and Lazarev come to Antarctica?
Answer: 32 km

Question: When was the first recorded landing on Antarctica?
Answer: 1895

Question: Who's ship crossed the Antarctic Circle in the 17th century?

Question: What ships did Cook use to circle the Antarctic Circle?

Question: Who sighted Antarctica or its ice shelf in the 18th century?

Question: What ships were captained by Bransfield and Lazarev?

Question: Who sighted land ten months before Bransfield?

Question: What ships crossed the Arctic Circle on 17 January 1773?

Question: What crossed the Antarctic Circle in December 1774?

Question: Who came within 120 mi of the Antarctic coast in 1773?

Question: What did three might sight in 1802?

Question: What ice shelf was spotted within 32 mi from Queen Maud's Land?
Antarctica

Since the 1970s, an important focus of study has been the ozone layer in the atmosphere above Antarctica. In 1985, three British scientists working on data they had gathered at Halley Station on the Brunt Ice Shelf discovered the existence of a hole in this layer. It was eventually determined that the destruction of the ozone was caused by chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) emitted by human products. With the ban of CFCs in the Montreal Protocol of 1989, climate projections indicate that the ozone layer will return to 1980 levels between 2050 and 2070.

Question: What has been an important atmospheric study since the 1970s?
Answer: ozone layer

Question: Where in Antarctica is Halley Station?
Answer: Brunt Ice Shelf

Question: When did scientists discover the hole in the ozone layer?
Answer: 1985

Question: What chemical was discovered to have caused the hole in the ozone?
Answer: chlorofluorocarbons

Question: What agreement banned the use of CFC s?
Answer: Montreal Protocol

Question: What was studied in 1970?

Question: What was discovered in 1985 in the ozone at the Brunt Station on the Halley Ice Shelf?

Question: What does CCF stand for?

Question: What were banned in 1998?

Question: What will happen to the ozone by 2050?
Antarctica

During the Cambrian period, Gondwana had a mild climate. West Antarctica was partially in the Northern Hemisphere, and during this period large amounts of sandstones, limestones and shales were deposited. East Antarctica was at the equator, where sea floor invertebrates and trilobites flourished in the tropical seas. By the start of the Devonian period (416 Ma), Gondwana was in more southern latitudes and the climate was cooler, though fossils of land plants are known from this time. Sand and silts were laid down in what is now the Ellsworth, Horlick and Pensacola Mountains. Glaciation began at the end of the Devonian period (360 Ma), as Gondwana became centered on the South Pole and the climate cooled, though flora remained. During the Permian period, the land became dominated by seed plants such as Glossopteris, a pteridosperm which grew in swamps. Over time these swamps became deposits of coal in the Transantarctic Mountains. Towards the end of the Permian period, continued warming led to a dry, hot climate over much of Gondwana.

Question: What type of climate did Gondwana have during the Cambrian period?
Answer: mild

Question: In what hemisphere did west Antarctica share during the Cambrian?
Answer: Northern

Question: Where was east Antarctica during the Cambrian period?
Answer: equator

Question: What was the climate of Gondwana at the beginning of the Devonian period?
Answer: cooler

Question: Where was Gondwana located by the end of the Devonian period?
Answer: South Pole

Question: What part of Antarctica is currently in the Northern Hemispher?

Question: What was deposited in Western Antarctica while it was in the Southern Hemisphere

Question: What life florishes in East Antarctica's tropical seas?

Question: What dominated the land during the Devion period?

Question: When did Antarctica develop a hot dry climate?

Question: What had a mild climate during the Devonian period?

Question: What started 461 Ma?

Question: During the Devonian period, where was East Antarctica?

Question: What began 306 Ma?

Question: What type of plants dominated the Devonian period?
Antarctica

Antarctica (US English i/æntˈɑːrktɪkə/, UK English /ænˈtɑːktɪkə/ or /ænˈtɑːtɪkə/ or /ænˈɑːtɪkə/)[Note 1] is Earth's southernmost continent, containing the geographic South Pole. It is situated in the Antarctic region of the Southern Hemisphere, almost entirely south of the Antarctic Circle, and is surrounded by the Southern Ocean. At 14,000,000 square kilometres (5,400,000 square miles), it is the fifth-largest continent in area after Asia, Africa, North America, and South America. For comparison, Antarctica is nearly twice the size of Australia. About 98% of Antarctica is covered by ice that averages 1.9 km (1.2 mi; 6,200 ft) in thickness, which extends to all but the northernmost reaches of the Antarctic Peninsula.

Question: What is the Earth's most southern continent?
Answer: Antarctica

Question: Which pole is located in Antarctica?
Answer: South Pole

Question: What ocean surrounds Antarctica?
Answer: Southern Ocean

Question: What is the size of Antarctica?
Answer: 14,000,000 square kilometres

Question: How much of Antarctica is ice covered?
Answer: 98%

Question: What is the earths northernmost continent?

Question: What continent is almost entirely south of the Arctic Circle?

Question: What Ocean does Antarctica surround?

Question: What continents is Antarctica larger than?

Question: How thick is the ice at the northernmost reaches of the Antarctic Peninsula?

Question: What continent is 14,000,000 square miles?

Question: What continents are largest after Antarctica?

Question: What continent is Australia twice the size of?

Question: What averages 1.9 mi in thickness?

Question: How much of Australia is covered by ice?
Antarctica

Aristotle wrote in his book Meteorology about an Antarctic region in c. 350 B.C. Marinus of Tyre reportedly used the name in his unpreserved world map from the 2nd century A.D. The Roman authors Hyginus and Apuleius (1–2 centuries A.D.) used for the South Pole the romanized Greek name polus antarcticus, from which derived the Old French pole antartike (modern pôle antarctique) attested in 1270, and from there the Middle English pol antartik in a 1391 technical treatise by Geoffrey Chaucer (modern Antarctic Pole).

Question: Who wrote a book describing a cold region in 350 B.C.?
Answer: Aristotle

Question: What map maker used the name Antarctica in his map of the 2nd century A.D.?
Answer: Marinus of Tyre

Question: What did authors Hyginus and Apuleious call the South Pole?
Answer: polus antarcticus

Question: What did Chaucer call the area in 1391?
Answer: pol antartik

Question: What was the old French words for the Antarctic?
Answer: pole antartike

Question: Who wrote about an Antarctic region in the third century B.C?

Question: Who's map is still preserved from the 2nd century A.D

Question: What Greek authors used the term polus anarcticus?

Question: Who refered to the South Pole as Antarctic Pole in the 13th century?

Question: What book did Aristotle write in the 3rd century B.C.

Question: What did Aristotle write in 530 B.C.?

Question: What is the Roman name for the South Pole?

Question: Who used Meteorology in his preserved world map?

Question: What did Tyre of Marinus produce?
Antarctica

Several governments maintain permanent manned research stations on the continent. The number of people conducting and supporting scientific research and other work on the continent and its nearby islands varies from about 1,000 in winter to about 5,000 in the summer, giving it a population density between 70 and 350 inhabitants per million square kilometres (180 and 900 per million square miles) at these times. Many of the stations are staffed year-round, the winter-over personnel typically arriving from their home countries for a one-year assignment. An Orthodox church—Trinity Church, opened in 2004 at the Russian Bellingshausen Station—is manned year-round by one or two priests, who are similarly rotated every year.

Question: Who has research stations in Antarctica?
Answer: Several governments

Question: What is the span of population density per million square kilometers of researchers in Antarctica?
Answer: between 70 and 350

Question: About long long do researchers stay when researching in Antarctica?
Answer: one-year

Question: What station has an Orthodox church representative?
Answer: Bellingshausen Station

Question: When did the Trinity Church begin its posting at Bellinshausen station?
Answer: 2004

Question: Who maintains perminent settlements on the continent?

Question: What Antartcic Church closed in 2004?

Question: Where are there 5,000 year round residents?

Question: How many people are conducting research on nearby islands in the winter?

Question: How many people are conducting research on nearby islands in the summer?

Question: What is the population density of the surrounding islands?

Question: What year did Trinity Orthodox open?

Question: What station opened Trinity Orthodox?
Antarctica

Positioned asymmetrically around the South Pole and largely south of the Antarctic Circle, Antarctica is the southernmost continent and is surrounded by the Southern Ocean; alternatively, it may be considered to be surrounded by the southern Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Oceans, or by the southern waters of the World Ocean. It covers more than 14,000,000 km2 (5,400,000 sq mi), making it the fifth-largest continent, about 1.3 times as large as Europe. The coastline measures 17,968 km (11,165 mi) and is mostly characterized by ice formations, as the following table shows:

Question: What is the southern most continent?
Answer: Antarctica

Question: What is the size of Antarctica in square miles?
Answer: 5,400,000

Question: What is Antarctica's ranking among the continents?
Answer: fifth-largest

Question: How many miles long is Antarctica's coast line?
Answer: 11,165

Question: What continent is largely north of the Antarctic Circle?

Question: What ocean does Antarctica surround?

Question: What other oceansbesides the Southern Ocean does Antarctica surround?

Question: What continent is 14,000,000 square miles?

Question: What coninent is 1.3 times smaller than Europe?

Question: What surrounds the Southern Ocean?

Question: What continent covers more than 14,000,000 sq mi?

Question: What continent is 3.1 times as large as Europe?

Question: What measures 17,968 square miles?

Question: What is positioned symmetrically around the South Pole?
Antarctica

Some species of marine animals exist and rely, directly or indirectly, on the phytoplankton. Antarctic sea life includes penguins, blue whales, orcas, colossal squids and fur seals. The emperor penguin is the only penguin that breeds during the winter in Antarctica, while the Adélie penguin breeds farther south than any other penguin. The rockhopper penguin has distinctive feathers around the eyes, giving the appearance of elaborate eyelashes. King penguins, chinstrap penguins, and gentoo penguins also breed in the Antarctic.

Question: What sea plankton doe many sea creatures rely on to live?
Answer: phytoplankton

Question: What breed of penguin lives in Antarctica?
Answer: emperor penguin

Question: During what season does the emperor penguin breed?
Answer: winter

Question: What feature does the rockhopper penguin have around its eyes?
Answer: feathers

Question: Which penguin breeds the furterest south of all the penguin breeds?
Answer: Adélie

Question: What do the phytolankton depend on?

Question: What animals live on the continent of Antarctica?

Question: What is the only penguin that breeds on Antarctica?

Question: What penguin breeds south of Antarctica?

Question: What type of feathers do king penguins have?

Question: What do marine animals directly rely on?

Question: What is the Adelie penguin the only one to do during winter in Antarctica?

Question: What direction does the Emperor penguin go further than any other to breed?
Antarctica

Vinson Massif, the highest peak in Antarctica at 4,892 m (16,050 ft), is located in the Ellsworth Mountains. Antarctica contains many other mountains, on both the main continent and the surrounding islands. Mount Erebus on Ross Island is the world's southernmost active volcano. Another well-known volcano is found on Deception Island, which is famous for a giant eruption in 1970. Minor eruptions are frequent and lava flow has been observed in recent years. Other dormant volcanoes may potentially be active. In 2004, a potentially active underwater volcano was found in the Antarctic Peninsula by American and Canadian researchers.

Question: What is the highest peak in Antarctica?
Answer: Vinson Massif

Question: How high is the Antarctic mountain Vinson Massif?
Answer: 4,892 m

Question: In what mountainous area of Antarctica is Vinson Massif?
Answer: Ellsworth Mountains

Question: What is the Earth's most southern volcano?
Answer: Mount Erebus

Question: What type of volcano was located in 2004 by researchers?
Answer: underwater

Question: What is the highest peak in the world?

Question: What mountains are 4,892 ft high?

Question: What is the worlds most active volcano?

Question: Wha island has the southern most volcano in the world?

Question: Who found the forst underwater volcano?

Question: What is the highest peak in Antarctica at 4,892 ft?

Question: How tall is Massif Vinson?

Question: Where is Massif Vinson located?

Question: What is Mount Ross considered to be?

Question: What island had a volcanic eruption in 1907?