Divyanshu67/squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
Digimon

The first Digimon television series, which began airing on March 7, 1999 in Japan on Fuji TV and Kids Station and on August 14, 1999 in the United States on Fox Kids dubbed by Saban Entertainment for the North American English version. Its premise is a group of 7 kids who, while at summer camp, travel to the Digital World, inhabited by creatures known as Digital Monsters, or Digimon, learning they are chosen to be "DigiDestined" ("Chosen Children" in the Japanese version) to save both the Digital and Real World from evil. Each Kid was given a Digivice which selected them to be transported to the DigiWorld and was destined to be paired up with a Digimon Partner, such as Tai being paired up with Agumon and Matt with Gabumon. The children are helped by a mysterious man/digimon named Gennai, who helps them via hologram. The Digivices help their Digimon allies to Digivolve into stronger creatures in times of peril. The Digimon usually reached higher forms when their human partners are placed in dangerous situations, such as fighting the evil forces of Devimon, Etemon and Myotismon in their Champion forms. Later, each character discovered a crest that each belonged to a person; Tai the Crest of Courage, Matt the Crest of Friendship, Sora the Crest of Love, Izzy the Crest of Knowledge, Mimi the Crest of Sincerity, Joe the Crest of Reliability, T.K. the Crest of Hope, and later Kari the Crest of Light which allowed their Digimon to digivolve into their Ultimate forms. The group consisted of seven original characters: Taichi "Tai" Kamiya, Yamato "Matt" Ishida, Sora Takenouchi, Koushiro "Izzy" Izumi, Mimi Tachikawa, Joe Kido, and Takeru "T.K." Takaishi. Later on in the series, an eighth character was introduced: Hikari "Kari" Kamiya (who is Taichi's younger sister).

Question: When did the first digimon series begin airing in japan?
Answer: March 7, 1999 in Japan

Question: When did Digimon begin airing in America?
Answer: August 14, 1999

Question: What was the premise of Digimon?
Answer: travel to the Digital World

Question: How many people are in the original Digimon?
Answer: seven original characters

Question: When did the first Digimon series air in United States?

Question: What aired on Japanese TV in August 1999?

Question: What keeps the Digimon from evolving into stronger creatures?

Question: What did each kid select?
Digimon

The second Digimon series is direct continuation of the first one, and began airing on April 2, 2000. Three years later, with most of the original DigiDestined now in high school at age fourteen, the Digital World was supposedly secure and peaceful. However, a new evil has appeared in the form of the Digimon Emperor (Digimon Kaiser) who as opposed to previous enemies is a human just like the DigiDestined. The Digimon Emperor has been enslaving Digimon with Dark Rings and Control Spires and has somehow made regular Digivolution impossible. However, five set Digi-Eggs with engraved emblems had been appointed to three new DigiDestined along with T.K. and Kari, two of the DigiDestined from the previous series. This new evolutionary process, dubbed Armor Digivolution helps the new DigiDestined to defeat evil lurking in the Digital World. Eventually, the DigiDestined defeat the Digimon Emperor, more commonly known as Ken Ichijouji on Earth, only with the great sacrifice of Ken's own Digimon, Wormmon. Just when things were thought to be settled, new Digimon enemies made from the deactivated Control Spires start to appear and cause trouble in the Digital World. To atone for his past mistakes, Ken joins the DigiDestined, being a DigiDestined himself, with his Partner Wormmon revived to fight against them. They soon save countries including France and Australia from control spires and defeat MaloMyotismon (BelialVamdemon), the digivolved form of Myotismon (Vamdemon) from the previous series. They stop the evil from destroying the two worlds, and at the end, every person on Earth gains their own Digimon partner.

Question: When did the second series of Digimon air?
Answer: April 2, 2000

Question: What age are the original DigiDestined now that they are in High School?
Answer: fourteen

Question: Who is the new evil force that has been enslaving people?
Answer: Digimon Kaiser

Question: What did Ken do in order to atone for his mistakes?
Answer: joins the DigiDestined

Question: What aired in April 2010?

Question: Who is the Digimon Empress?

Question: What has the Emperor been doing with dark spires and control rings?

Question: What do all the people on earth lose in the end?

Question: What countries are lost to the controls spires?
Digimon

The third Digimon series, which began airing on April 1, 2001, is set largely in a "real world" where the Adventure and Adventure 02 series are television shows, and where Digimon game merchandise (based on actual items) become key to providing power boosts to real Digimon which appear in that world. The plot revolves around three Tamers, Takato Matsuki, Rika Nonaka, and Henry Wong. It began with Takato creating his own Digimon partner by sliding a mysterious blue card through his card reader, which then became a D-Power. Guilmon takes form from Takato's sketchings of a new Digimon. (Tamers’ only human connection to the Adventure series is Ryo Akiyama, a character featured in some of the Digimon video games and who made an appearance in some occasions of the Adventure story-line.) Some of the changes in this series include the way the Digimon digivolve with the introduction of Biomerge-Digivolution and the way their "Digivices" work. In this series, the Tamers can slide game cards through their "Digivices" and give their Digimon partners certain advantages, as in the card game. This act is called "Digi-Modify" (Card Slash in the Japanese version). The same process was often used to Digivolve the Digimon, but as usual, emotions play a big part in the digivolving process. Unlike the two seasons before it and most of the seasons that followed, Digimon Tamers takes a darker and more realistic approach to its story featuring Digimon who do not reincarnate after their deaths and more complex character development in the original Japanese. The anime has become controversial over the decade, with debates about how appropriate this show actually is for its "target" audience, especially due to the Lovecraftian nature of the last arc. The English dub is more lighthearted dialogue-wise, though still not as much as previous series.

Question: When did the third Digimon series begin?
Answer: April 1, 2001

Question: What can tamers do in order to give their partners advantages?
Answer: slide game cards through their "Digivices

Question: What is the act called of giving partners advantages in Digimon?
Answer: Digi-Modify

Question: Which series beginning April 2000?

Question: What is not needed to provide power boost to Digimon

Question: Why is the card game controversial?

Question: Howdy Henry create his own Digimon partner?

Question: What did Rika sketch?
Digimon

The fourth Digimon series, which began airing on April 7, 2002, radically departs from the previous three by focusing on a new and very different kind of evolution, Spirit Evolution, in which the human characters use their D-Tectors (this series' Digivice) to transform themselves into special Digimon called Legendary Warriors, detracting from the customary formula of having digital partners. After receiving unusual phone messages from Ophanimon (one of the three ruling Digimon alongside Seraphimon and Cherubimon) Takuya Kanbara, Koji Minamoto, Junpei Shibayama, Zoe Orimoto, Tommy Himi, and Koichi Kimura go to a subway station and take a train to the Digital World. Summoned by Ophanimon, the Digidestined realize that they must find the ten legendary spirits and stop the forces of Cherubimon from physically destroying the Digital World. After finding the ten spirits of the Legendary Warriors and defeating Mercurymon, Grumblemon, Ranamon, and Arbormon, they finally end up fighting Cherubimon hoping to foil his effort to dominate the Digital World. After the defeat of Cherubimon, the Digidestined find they must face an even greater challenge as they try to stop the Royal Knights—Dynasmon and Crusadermon—from destroying the Digital World and using the collected data to revive the original ruler of the Digital World: the tyrannical Lucemon. Ultimately the Digidestined fail in preventing Lucemon from reawakening but they do manage to prevent him from escaping into the Real World. In the final battle, all of the legendary spirits the digidestined have collected thus far merge and create Susanoomon. With this new form, the digidestined are able to effectively defeat Lucemon and save the Digital World. In general, Frontier has a much lighter tone than that of Tamers, yet remains darker than Adventure and Adventure 02.

Question: When did the fourth series of Digimon begin?
Answer: April 7, 2002

Question: What was the main focus surrounding the fourth series?
Answer: Spirit Evolution

Question: What did the characters use to transform themselves into special Digimons?
Answer: D-Tectors

Question: After the characters transformed into special Digimons, what were they called?
Answer: Legendary Warriors

Question: What began in August 2002?

Question: What season spirit power the focus of?

Question: What device transformed regular Digimon into special Digimon?

Question: What were special humans called?

Question: To the Digidestined stop from reawakening?
Digimon

Three and a quarter years after the end of the fifth series, a new sixth series was confirmed by Bandai for the Digimon anime, its official name of the series revealed in the June issue of Shueisha's V Jump magazine being Digimon Xros Wars. It began airing in Japan on TV Asahi from July 6, 2010 onwards. Reverting to the design style of the first four series as well as the plot taking on the younger, lighter tone present in series one, two and four throughout the story. The story follows a boy named Mikey Kudō (Taiki Kudo in Japan) who, along with his friends, ends up in the Digital World where they meet Shoutmon and his Digimon friends. Wielding a digivice known as a Fusion Loader (Xros Loader in Japan), Mikey is able to combine multiple Digimon onto one to enhance his power, Shoutmon being the usual core of the combination, using a technique known as 'DigiFuse' (Digi-Xros in Japan). Forming Team Fusion Fighters (Team Xros Heart in Japan), Mikey, Shoutmon and their friends travel through the Digital World to liberate it from the evil Bagra Army, led by Bagramon(Lord Bagra in English), and Midnight, a shady group led by AxeKnightmon with Nene as a figurehead before joining the Fusion Fighters. The Fusion Fighters also finds themselves at odds with Blue Flare, led by Christopher Aonuma (Kiriha Anouma in Japan). The second arc of Xros Wars was subtitled The Evil Death Generals and the Seven Kingdoms. It saw the main cast reshuffled with a new wardrobe while Angie (Akari in Japan) and Jeremy (Zenjiro in Japan) stay behind in the Human World; thus making Mikey, Christopher and Nene the lead protagonists as they set off to face the Seven Death Generals of the Bagra Army and AxeKnightmon's new pawn: Nene's brother Ewan (Yuu in Japan). A new evolution known as Super Digivolution was introduced at the end of the first arc. The English dub of the series began airing on Nickelodeon on September 7, 2013, which is produced by Saban Brands.

Question: How long after the 5th season did the next one start?
Answer: Three and a quarter years

Question: When did the sixth season of Digimon begin airing?
Answer: July 6, 2010

Question: Who is the main character in the sixth Digimon series?
Answer: Mikey Kudō

Question: Who did the Fusion fighters find themselves in battle with?
Answer: Blue Flare

Question: When did the English dub for the sixth season start airing?
Answer: September 7, 2013

Question: Wendy did a fifth season begin airing in the United States?

Question: How did the six season differ from the first four seasons?

Question: What was Shotmon able to combine

Question: What did Nickelodeon refuse to air?
Digimon

On August 17, 2011, Shueisha's V-Jump magazine announced a sequel set one year later, a third arc of Xros Wars subtitled The Young Hunters Who Leapt Through Time, which aired from October 2, 2011 to March 25, 2012, following on from the previous arc. It focuses on a new protagonist, Tagiru Akashi and his partner Gumdramon who embark on a new journey with an older Mikey, Shoutmon, an older Ewan and the revived Damemon, along with other new comrades as they deal with a hidden dimension that lies between the Human World and the Digital World called DigiQuartz. The series finale reintroduces the heroes of the previous five seasons as they all come together and help the current heroes in the final battle due to the fact that the DigiQuartz is essentially a tear in Space and Time, allowing all of the Digimon universes to converge.

Question: When was the sequel announcement for the third arc?
Answer: August 17, 2011

Question: What was the original run of the third arc of Digimon?
Answer: October 2, 2011 to March 25, 2012

Question: Who was the main character in the third arc series?
Answer: Tagiru Akashi and his partner Gumdramon

Question: What is the dimension called between the human world and digital world?
Answer: DigiQuartz

Question: What was announced in October 2011

Question: When was the third season aired?

Question: What lies between the digital world?

Question: What causes all the Digimon universe to scatter?
Digimon

A new Digimon series was announced 30 months after the end of Digimon Fusion at a 15th anniversary concert and theater event for the franchise in August 2014. The series announced the return of the protagonists from the original Digimon Adventure series, most of them now as high school students. A countdown clicking game was posted on the show's official website, offering news when specific clicks were met. On December 13, 2014 the series title and a key visual featuring character designs by Atsuya Uki were revealed with Keitaro Motonaga announced as director with a tentative premiere date of Spring, 2015. However, on May 6, 2015, it was announced that tri. would not be a television series, but rather a 6-part theatrical film series. The films are being streamed in episodic format outside Japan by Crunchyroll and Hulu from the same day they premiere on Japanese theaters.

Question: How long after Digimon Fusion was a new series announced?
Answer: 30 months

Question: When was the 15th year anniversary held for Digimon?
Answer: August 2014

Question: Rather than a TV series, What kind of series would the Digimon become?
Answer: 6-part theatrical film series

Question: Where are you able to watch the new series when it is released?
Answer: Crunchyroll and Hulu

Question: When was it announced a tri would be a television series?

Question: Is streaming the television series the same day that premieres

Question: What was announced thirty months after the franchises fifteenth anniversary?

Question: Who were now in middle school?
Digimon

There have been nine Digimon movies released in Japan. The first seven were directly connected to their respective anime series; Digital Monster X-Evolution originated from the Digimon Chronicle merchandise line. All movies except X-Evolution and Ultimate Power! Activate Burst Mode have been released and distributed internationally. Digimon: The Movie, released in the U.S. and Canada territory by Fox Kids through 20th Century Fox on October 6, 2000, consists of the union of the first three Japanese movies.

Question: How many Digimon movies have been released in Japan?
Answer: nine Digimon movies

Question: How many movies were directly connected to the anime series?
Answer: seven

Question: What year was Digimon: The movie released in the US/Canada?
Answer: October 6, 2000

Question: How many Digimon movies have been released in the United States?

Question: What were the first seven not connected to?

Question: What were the first three Japanese movies released in the United States and Canada?

Question: What were the only two movies distributed internationally?
Digimon

The European publishing company, Panini, approached Digimon in different ways in different countries. While Germany created their own adaptations of episodes, the United Kingdom (UK) reprinted the Dark Horse titles, then translated some of the German adaptations of Adventure 02 episodes. Eventually the UK comics were given their own original stories, which appeared in both the UK's official Digimon Magazine and the official UK Fox Kids companion magazine, Wickid. These original stories only roughly followed the continuity of Adventure 02. When the comic switched to the Tamers series the storylines adhered to continuity more strictly; sometimes it would expand on subject matter not covered by the original Japanese anime (such as Mitsuo Yamaki's past) or the English adaptations of the television shows and movies (such as Ryo's story or the movies that remained undubbed until 2005). In a money saving venture, the original stories were later removed from Digimon Magazine, which returned to printing translated German adaptations of Tamers episodes. Eventually, both magazines were cancelled.

Question: What magazine were given their own original stories of Digimon?
Answer: UK comics

Question: What series did the UK magazine storyline follow?
Answer: Adventure 02

Question: What happened to the magazines after their run of Digimon?
Answer: both magazines were cancelled

Question: What did the UK create the adaptations of?

Question: What did Germany retreat?

Question: What words that replicas of adventure 02?

Question: What remains unloved until 2008?
Digimon

The Digimon series has a large number of video games which usually have their own independent storylines with a few sometimes tying into the stories of the anime series or manga series. The games consists of a number of genres including life simulation, adventure, video card game, strategy and racing games, though they are mainly action role-playing games. The games released in North America are: Digimon World, Digimon World 2, Digimon World 3, Digimon World 4, Digimon Digital Card Battle, Digimon Rumble Arena, Digimon Rumble Arena 2, Digimon Battle Spirit, Digimon Battle Spirit 2, Digimon Racing, Digimon World DS, Digimon World Data Squad, Digimon World Dawn and Dusk, Digimon World Championship, and Digimon Masters.

Question: What did the Digimon series end up having lots of during the series?
Answer: video games

Question: What were the first two North American games released?
Answer: Digimon World, Digimon World 2

Question: Name one of the genres from any of the Digimon video games?
Answer: strategy

Question: What did the Digimon series only have a few of?

Question: What usually follows the anime storyline?

Question: Over the first two Japanese games released?

Question: The card games included what genre
Digimon

In 2011, Bandai posted a countdown on a teaser site. Once the countdown was finished, it revealed a reboot of the Digimon World series titled Digimon World Re:Digitize. An enhanced version of the game released on Nintendo 3DS as Digimon World Re:Digitize Decode in 2013. Another role-playing game by the name Digimon Story: Cyber Sleuth is set for release in 2015 for PlayStation Vita. It is part of the Digimon Story sub-series, originally on Nintendo DS and has also been released with English subtitles in North America.

Question: In what year did Bandai post information about a reboot on his website?
Answer: 2011

Question: What year is the video game Digimon Story: Cyber Sleuth set to be released?
Answer: 2015

Question: When was the Nintendo 3DS Digimon World Re:Digitize released?
Answer: 2013

Question: What did bandai do in 2012?

Question: What revealed a real release of the Digimon series?

Question: What did Sony release enhanced version of

Question: What release was canceled for 2015

Question: What's been released in North America with Japanese subtitles?
Glacier

A glacier (US /ˈɡleɪʃər/ or UK /ˈɡlæsiə/) is a persistent body of dense ice that is constantly moving under its own weight; it forms where the accumulation of snow exceeds its ablation (melting and sublimation) over many years, often centuries. Glaciers slowly deform and flow due to stresses induced by their weight, creating crevasses, seracs, and other distinguishing features. They also abrade rock and debris from their substrate to create landforms such as cirques and moraines. Glaciers form only on land and are distinct from the much thinner sea ice and lake ice that form on the surface of bodies of water.

Question: How long does it take glaciers to form?
Answer: many years, often centuries

Question: Do glaciers form on land, in the sea, or a combination of both?
Answer: only on land

Question: Which types of ice form on a body of water's surface?
Answer: sea ice and lake ice

Question: What causes glaciers to deform and flow?
Answer: stresses induced by their weight

Question: What are some distinguishing glacial features?
Answer: crevasses, seracs

Question: What is a semi-permanent body of ice that moves under its own weight?

Question: What forms were ice accumulates?

Question: What causes glaciers to remain smooth in uniform?

Question: What other kinds of ice are thicker than glaciers?
Glacier

On Earth, 99% of glacial ice is contained within vast ice sheets in the polar regions, but glaciers may be found in mountain ranges on every continent except Australia, and on a few high-latitude oceanic islands. Between 35°N and 35°S, glaciers occur only in the Himalayas, Andes, Rocky Mountains, a few high mountains in East Africa, Mexico, New Guinea and on Zard Kuh in Iran. Glaciers cover about 10 percent of Earth's land surface. Continental glaciers cover nearly 13,000,000 km2 (5×10^6 sq mi) or about 98 percent of Antarctica's 13,200,000 km2 (5.1×10^6 sq mi), with an average thickness of 2,100 m (7,000 ft). Greenland and Patagonia also have huge expanses of continental glaciers.

Question: How much glacial ice is found surrounding the poles?
Answer: 99%

Question: Glaciers are found in mountain ranges on every continent except for which outlier?
Answer: Australia

Question: How much of Earth's land surface do glaciers cover?
Answer: about 10 percent

Question: What is the average thickness of an Antartican glacier?
Answer: 2,100 m (7,000 ft)

Question: What percent of Antartica's land is covered by glaciers?
Answer: 98 percent

Question: Where is 99% of the world snow contained?

Question: What can be found on every continent of the world?

Question: What percentage of the polar regions land surface is covered with glaciers?

Question: What Connie Is Covered by 13,000,000 mi.² of glaciers?

Question: Between what one want to latitudes or glaciers only found in valleys?
Glacier

Glacial ice is the largest reservoir of freshwater on Earth. Many glaciers from temperate, alpine and seasonal polar climates store water as ice during the colder seasons and release it later in the form of meltwater as warmer summer temperatures cause the glacier to melt, creating a water source that is especially important for plants, animals and human uses when other sources may be scant. Within high altitude and Antarctic environments, the seasonal temperature difference is often not sufficient to release meltwater.

Question: Do Earth's lakes or glaciers hold the most freshwater?
Answer: glaciers

Question: What causes glaciers to release meltwater?
Answer: warmer summer temperatures

Question: In which area are summer temperatures not high enough to release meltwater from glaciers?
Answer: Antarctic environments

Question: Under what circumstances would humans require water from a glacier?
Answer: when other sources may be scant

Question: Where is all the fresh water on earth contained?

Question: What glaciers often release place during warm periods?

Question: What creates in important water source for many plants and animals but not humans?

Question: Who benefits from the Antarctic's meltwater?
Glacier

Glacial bodies larger than 50,000 km2 (19,000 sq mi) are called ice sheets or continental glaciers. Several kilometers deep, they obscure the underlying topography. Only nunataks protrude from their surfaces. The only extant ice sheets are the two that cover most of Antarctica and Greenland. They contain vast quantities of fresh water, enough that if both melted, global sea levels would rise by over 70 m (230 ft). Portions of an ice sheet or cap that extend into water are called ice shelves; they tend to be thin with limited slopes and reduced velocities. Narrow, fast-moving sections of an ice sheet are called ice streams. In Antarctica, many ice streams drain into large ice shelves. Some drain directly into the sea, often with an ice tongue, like Mertz Glacier.

Question: At what dimensions are glaciers called ice sheets or continental glaciers?
Answer: 50,000 km2 (19,000 sq mi)

Question: How many extant ice sheets exist?
Answer: two

Question: How much would global sea levels rise if Greenland and Antartica's glaciers were to melt?
Answer: 70 m (230 ft)

Question: What is the term for ice that protrude's from a glacier's surface?
Answer: nunataks

Question: Narrow, fast-moving pathways on an ice sheet are called what?
Answer: ice streams

Question: What are glaciers smaller it in 50,000 km² called?

Question: What can often be seen beneath the sheets?

Question: Where a sheets now extinct?

Question: What are ice sheets that cover the sea called?

Question: What you shelves become is a melt?
Glacier

Tidewater glaciers are glaciers that terminate in the sea, including most glaciers flowing from Greenland, Antarctica, Baffin and Ellesmere Islands in Canada, Southeast Alaska, and the Northern and Southern Patagonian Ice Fields. As the ice reaches the sea, pieces break off, or calve, forming icebergs. Most tidewater glaciers calve above sea level, which often results in a tremendous impact as the iceberg strikes the water. Tidewater glaciers undergo centuries-long cycles of advance and retreat that are much less affected by the climate change than those of other glaciers.

Question: What are glaciers called that end in the sea?
Answer: Tidewater glaciers

Question: Most glaciers from Greenland, Antarctica, and Southeast Alaska are of which type?
Answer: Tidewater glaciers

Question: Are tidewater glaciers more or less affected by climate change than other glaciers?
Answer: much less

Question: Do tidewater glaciers calve above or below sea level?
Answer: above

Question: How are icebergs formed?
Answer: As the ice reaches the sea, pieces break off, or calve

Question: What are tidal glaciers?

Question: Hetero icebergs form glaciers?

Question: What affects tidewater glaciers more than others?

Question: What type of glaciers have been retreating for centuries?
Glacier

Glaciers form where the accumulation of snow and ice exceeds ablation. The area in which a glacier forms is called a cirque (corrie or cwm) - a typically armchair-shaped geological feature (such as a depression between mountains enclosed by arêtes) - which collects and compresses through gravity the snow which falls into it. This snow collects and is compacted by the weight of the snow falling above it forming névé. Further crushing of the individual snowflakes and squeezing the air from the snow turns it into 'glacial ice'. This glacial ice will fill the cirque until it 'overflows' through a geological weakness or vacancy, such as the gap between two mountains. When the mass of snow and ice is sufficiently thick, it begins to move due to a combination of surface slope, gravity and pressure. On steeper slopes, this can occur with as little as 15 m (50 ft) of snow-ice.

Question: Under what circumstances do glaciers form?
Answer: where the accumulation of snow and ice exceeds ablation

Question: What is a cirque?
Answer: The area in which a glacier forms

Question: What shape is a cirque, generally?
Answer: armchair-shaped

Question: How much ice and snow is minimally necessary to begin to slide on steep glaciers?
Answer: 15 m (50 ft)

Question: What forms were snow and ice accumulation is equal to its melting

Question: What geological features formed by glaciers?

Question: What happens in a minimum of 15 feet of snow?

Question: What causes a glaciers stop moving?
Glacier

Glaciers are broken into zones based on surface snowpack and melt conditions. The ablation zone is the region where there is a net loss in glacier mass. The equilibrium line separates the ablation zone and the accumulation zone; it is the altitude where the amount of new snow gained by accumulation is equal to the amount of ice lost through ablation. The upper part of a glacier, where accumulation exceeds ablation, is called the accumulation zone. In general, the accumulation zone accounts for 60–70% of the glacier's surface area, more if the glacier calves icebergs. Ice in the accumulation zone is deep enough to exert a downward force that erodes underlying rock. After a glacier melts, it often leaves behind a bowl- or amphitheater-shaped depression that ranges in size from large basins like the Great Lakes to smaller mountain depressions known as cirques.

Question: What characteristics determine glacial zones?
Answer: surface snowpack and melt conditions

Question: Which glacial zone area reports a net-loss in glacial mass?
Answer: ablation zone

Question: What is the name of the line seperating the ablation zone from the accumulation zone?
Answer: equilibrium line

Question: How much glacial surface area is typically considered accumulation zone?
Answer: 60–70%

Question: What is based on suface ice and melt conditions?

Question: Wht line marks the center of the glacier?

Question: What does the abilation zone cover 60-70% of?

Question: What forces underlying rock upward?

Question: What lakes where formed from a mountain depression
Glacier

The top 50 m (160 ft) of a glacier are rigid because they are under low pressure. This upper section is known as the fracture zone and moves mostly as a single unit over the plastically flowing lower section. When a glacier moves through irregular terrain, cracks called crevasses develop in the fracture zone. Crevasses form due to differences in glacier velocity. If two rigid sections of a glacier move at different speeds and directions, shear forces cause them to break apart, opening a crevasse. Crevasses are seldom more than 46 m (150 ft) deep but in some cases can be 300 m (1,000 ft) or even deeper. Beneath this point, the plasticity of the ice is too great for cracks to form. Intersecting crevasses can create isolated peaks in the ice, called seracs.

Question: Why are the tops of glaciers rigid?
Answer: they are under low pressure

Question: Which zone is the top of the glaciers?
Answer: fracture zone

Question: Why are glacial crevices formed?
Answer: differences in glacier velocity

Question: What are seracs?
Answer: isolated peaks in the ice

Question: Most crevices are no deeper than what measure?
Answer: 46 m (150 ft)

Question: Why is the lower 50m of a glacier rigid?

Question: What is the free flowing upper section known as?

Question: what forms where glaciers are unable to move?

Question: What happens when two ridgid sections of a glacier collide?

Question: What point do sercas form above?
Glacier

Crevasses can form in several different ways. Transverse crevasses are transverse to flow and form where steeper slopes cause a glacier to accelerate. Longitudinal crevasses form semi-parallel to flow where a glacier expands laterally. Marginal crevasses form from the edge of the glacier, due to the reduction in speed caused by friction of the valley walls. Marginal crevasses are usually largely transverse to flow. Moving glacier ice can sometimes separate from stagnant ice above, forming a bergschrund. Bergschrunds resemble crevasses but are singular features at a glacier's margins.

Question: Which crevasses form on the edge of the glacier?
Answer: Marginal crevasses

Question: Why do marginal crevasses form on the edge of a glacier?
Answer: reduction in speed caused by friction of the valley walls

Question: What do bergschrunds resemble?
Answer: crevasses

Question: How are bergschrunds different than crevasses?
Answer: singular features at a glacier's margins

Question: Where do transverse crevasses form?
Answer: where steeper slopes cause a glacier to accelerate

Question: What kind of crevasses form where steep slopes cause glaciers to deccelerate?

Question: What kind of crevasses form where glaciers contract laterally?

Question: What kind of crevasses form at the edge of a glacier due to an increase in speed?

Question: What is formed when moving ice seperates from sragnant ice below?

Question: What margins to crevasses form at?
Glacier

Mean speeds vary greatly, but is typically around 1 m (3 ft) per day. There may be no motion in stagnant areas; for example, in parts of Alaska, trees can establish themselves on surface sediment deposits. In other cases, glaciers can move as fast as 20–30 m (70–100 ft) per day, such as in Greenland's Jakobshavn Isbræ (Greenlandic: Sermeq Kujalleq). Velocity increases with increasing slope, increasing thickness, increasing snowfall, increasing longitudinal confinement, increasing basal temperature, increasing meltwater production and reduced bed hardness.

Question: In what area of Greenland can glaciers move 20-30m per day?
Answer: Jakobshavn Isbræ

Question: Increasing slope, thickness, snowfall, longitudinal confinement, basal temperature, and meltwater production result in increased what?
Answer: Velocity

Question: How far do glaciers generally move per day?
Answer: 1 m (3 ft)

Question: Why are some glaciers stagnant in Alaska?
Answer: trees can establish themselves on surface sediment deposits

Question: What typically moves at around 3 meters a day?

Question: What grows on moving glaciers in Alaska?

Question: What makes some glaciers stagnant?

Question: What causes increased thickness?
Glacier

A few glaciers have periods of very rapid advancement called surges. These glaciers exhibit normal movement until suddenly they accelerate, then return to their previous state. During these surges, the glacier may reach velocities far greater than normal speed. These surges may be caused by failure of the underlying bedrock, the pooling of meltwater at the base of the glacier — perhaps delivered from a supraglacial lake — or the simple accumulation of mass beyond a critical "tipping point". Temporary rates up to 90 m (300 ft) per day have occurred when increased temperature or overlying pressure caused bottom ice to melt and water to accumulate beneath a glacier.

Question: What is a glacial surge?
Answer: periods of very rapid advancement

Question: What failure causes surges?
Answer: failure of the underlying bedrock

Question: At what rate have glaciers travelled during surges?
Answer: 90 m (300 ft) per day

Question: What is the term for a gradual increase in a glaciers speed?

Question: What is caused by underground water?

Question: What does accumulaion of rock under the glacier cause?
Glacier

In glaciated areas where the glacier moves faster than one km per year, glacial earthquakes occur. These are large scale temblors that have seismic magnitudes as high as 6.1. The number of glacial earthquakes in Greenland peaks every year in July, August and September and is increasing over time. In a study using data from January 1993 through October 2005, more events were detected every year since 2002, and twice as many events were recorded in 2005 as there were in any other year. This increase in the numbers of glacial earthquakes in Greenland may be a response to global warming.

Question: How far does a glacier have to move to cause glacial earthquakes?
Answer: one km per year

Question: How high can the seismic magnitude be of a glacial earthquake?
Answer: 6.1

Question: Are Greenland's glacial earthquakes increasing or decreasing as time goes on?
Answer: increasing

Question: During which months do glacial earthquakes peak in Greenland?
Answer: July, August and September

Question: In what year were twice as many glacial earthquakes seen than in any other year in Greenland?
Answer: 2005

Question: What occurs where glaciers are moving slower than 1 km per day?

Question: What peaks Every July in Iceland?

Question: What is causing a decrease in Greenlands glacial earthquakes?

Question: What has been decreasing over time?
Glacier

Ogives are alternating wave crests and valleys that appear as dark and light bands of ice on glacier surfaces. They are linked to seasonal motion of glaciers; the width of one dark and one light band generally equals the annual movement of the glacier. Ogives are formed when ice from an icefall is severely broken up, increasing ablation surface area during summer. This creates a swale and space for snow accumulation in the winter, which in turn creates a ridge. Sometimes ogives consist only of undulations or color bands and are described as wave ogives or band ogives.

Question: What are ogives?
Answer: alternating wave crests and valleys that appear as dark and light bands of ice on glacier surfaces

Question: What does the width of one dark and one light band measure?
Answer: annual movement of the glacier

Question: How are ogives formed?
Answer: when ice from an icefall is severely broken up, increasing ablation surface area during summer

Question: Under what conditions are ogives called wave or band ogives?
Answer: consist only of undulations or color bands

Question: what is the term for crests of ice on the glaciers surface?

Question: What is formed when an icefall is covered up?

Question: What do ogives prevent from accumulating?

Question: What is made of both undulations and color bands?
Glacier

Glaciers are present on every continent and approximately fifty countries, excluding those (Australia, South Africa) that have glaciers only on distant subantarctic island territories. Extensive glaciers are found in Antarctica, Chile, Canada, Alaska, Greenland and Iceland. Mountain glaciers are widespread, especially in the Andes, the Himalayas, the Rocky Mountains, the Caucasus, and the Alps. Mainland Australia currently contains no glaciers, although a small glacier on Mount Kosciuszko was present in the last glacial period. In New Guinea, small, rapidly diminishing, glaciers are located on its highest summit massif of Puncak Jaya. Africa has glaciers on Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania, on Mount Kenya and in the Rwenzori Mountains. Oceanic islands with glaciers occur on Iceland, Svalbard, New Zealand, Jan Mayen and the subantarctic islands of Marion, Heard, Grande Terre (Kerguelen) and Bouvet. During glacial periods of the Quaternary, Taiwan, Hawaii on Mauna Kea and Tenerife also had large alpine glaciers, while the Faroe and Crozet Islands were completely glaciated.

Question: How many countries contain glaciers?
Answer: fifty

Question: Which continent contains glaciers?
Answer: every continent

Question: Which mountain ranges contain glaciers?
Answer: Andes, the Himalayas, the Rocky Mountains, the Caucasus, and the Alps

Question: Where are glaciers in Africa located?
Answer: Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania, on Mount Kenya and in the Rwenzori Mountains

Question: Which sub-antarctic islands have glaciers?
Answer: Marion, Heard, Grande Terre (Kerguelen) and Bouvet

Question: What are found on every coninant including Australia?

Question: What sub-arctic islands do not have glaciers?

Question: What Australian mountain has a glacier?

Question: What are spreading rapidly in New Guinea?
Glacier

The permanent snow cover necessary for glacier formation is affected by factors such as the degree of slope on the land, amount of snowfall and the winds. Glaciers can be found in all latitudes except from 20° to 27° north and south of the equator where the presence of the descending limb of the Hadley circulation lowers precipitation so much that with high insolation snow lines reach above 6,500 m (21,330 ft). Between 19˚N and 19˚S, however, precipitation is higher and the mountains above 5,000 m (16,400 ft) usually have permanent snow.

Question: Do glaciers require permanent snow or only temporary coverage?
Answer: permanent snow cover

Question: Between which north latitudes are glaciers not found?
Answer: 20° to 27° north

Question: Between which latitudes to mountains tend to have permanent snow?
Answer: 19˚N and 19˚S

Question: Why do mountains between 19N and 19S tend to have snow?
Answer: precipitation is higher

Question: What affects the perminant ice layer needed for glaciers to form?

Question: What can be found in every country from 20 degrees to 27 degess north and south of the equator?

Question: At what lattitudes does the Hadley circulation rais percipitation?

Question: At what latitudes does low percipitation lead to permanent snow?
Glacier

Even at high latitudes, glacier formation is not inevitable. Areas of the Arctic, such as Banks Island, and the McMurdo Dry Valleys in Antarctica are considered polar deserts where glaciers cannot form because they receive little snowfall despite the bitter cold. Cold air, unlike warm air, is unable to transport much water vapor. Even during glacial periods of the Quaternary, Manchuria, lowland Siberia, and central and northern Alaska, though extraordinarily cold, had such light snowfall that glaciers could not form.

Question: Which areas in Antartica are considered polar deserts?
Answer: Banks Island, and the McMurdo Dry Valleys

Question: Why can't glaciers form in polar deserts?
Answer: they receive little snowfall

Question: Does cold or warm air facilitate the transport of water vapor?
Answer: warm air

Question: What is inevitable at hight latitudes?

Question: What kind of deserts do glaciers form in?

Question: What does cold air transport?

Question: What formed in central and north Alaska during the last ice age due to the extreme cold?
Glacier

Glacial abrasion is commonly characterized by glacial striations. Glaciers produce these when they contain large boulders that carve long scratches in the bedrock. By mapping the direction of the striations, researchers can determine the direction of the glacier's movement. Similar to striations are chatter marks, lines of crescent-shape depressions in the rock underlying a glacier. They are formed by abrasion when boulders in the glacier are repeatedly caught and released as they are dragged along the bedrock.

Question: What cause glacial stiations?
Answer: large boulders that carve long scratches in the bedrock

Question: What can scientists deduct from the direction of the striations?
Answer: direction of the glacier's movement

Question: What are chatter marks?
Answer: lines of crescent-shape depressions in the rock underlying a glacier

Question: How are chatter marks formed?
Answer: abrasion when boulders in the glacier are repeatedly caught and released

Question: What charactrerizes glacial striations?

Question: What is formed when glaciers lack boulders?

Question: What helps scientists determine the speed of a glacier?

Question: What is formed when glaciers crush boulders?
Glacier

Glacial moraines are formed by the deposition of material from a glacier and are exposed after the glacier has retreated. They usually appear as linear mounds of till, a non-sorted mixture of rock, gravel and boulders within a matrix of a fine powdery material. Terminal or end moraines are formed at the foot or terminal end of a glacier. Lateral moraines are formed on the sides of the glacier. Medial moraines are formed when two different glaciers merge and the lateral moraines of each coalesce to form a moraine in the middle of the combined glacier. Less apparent are ground moraines, also called glacial drift, which often blankets the surface underneath the glacier downslope from the equilibrium line.

Question: When are glacial moraines visible?
Answer: after the glacier has retreated

Question: How are glacial moraines formed?
Answer: deposition of material from a glacier

Question: Where are lateral moraines found?
Answer: sides of the glacier

Question: How are medial moraines formed?
Answer: when two different glaciers merge and the lateral moraines of each coalesce to form a moraine in the middle of the combined glacier

Question: What are ground moraines also called?
Answer: glacial drift

Question: What are no longer visable after a glacier retreats?

Question: What type of moraines are formed at the begining of the glacier?

Question: What mraines are formed when two ice sheets meet?

Question: What blankets the surface of a glacier?

Question: What are upslope from the equilibrium line?
Glacier

Before glaciation, mountain valleys have a characteristic "V" shape, produced by eroding water. During glaciation, these valleys are widened, deepened, and smoothed, forming a "U"-shaped glacial valley. The erosion that creates glacial valleys eliminates the spurs of earth that extend across mountain valleys, creating triangular cliffs called truncated spurs. Within glacial valleys, depressions created by plucking and abrasion can be filled by lakes, called paternoster lakes. If a glacial valley runs into a large body of water, it forms a fjord.

Question: What shape do mountain valleys have pre-glacation?
Answer: characteristic "V" shape

Question: What gives mountain vallys their characteristic "V" shape before glacation?
Answer: eroding water

Question: How is a fjord formed?
Answer: a glacial valley runs into a large body of water

Question: What shape do glacial valleys have after being widened by glacation?
Answer: "U"-shaped

Question: What has a V shape after a glacier recedes?

Question: What are U shaped before glaciation?

Question: What fills depressions to form fjord?

Question: What do glacial valleys run into to form paternoster lakes?
Glacier

At the start of a classic valley glacier is a bowl-shaped cirque, which has escarped walls on three sides but is open on the side that descends into the valley. Cirques are where ice begins to accumulate in a glacier. Two glacial cirques may form back to back and erode their backwalls until only a narrow ridge, called an arête is left. This structure may result in a mountain pass. If multiple cirques encircle a single mountain, they create pointed pyramidal peaks; particularly steep examples are called horns.

Question: On which side is a cirque opened?
Answer: the side that descends into the valley

Question: Where does ice start accululating in a glacier?
Answer: Cirques

Question: What is a narrow ridge formed by two cirques eroding back to back called?
Answer: arête

Question: What are extremely steep cirques called?
Answer: horns

Question: How many sides are closed in a typical cirque?
Answer: three sides

Question: What is on the side that ascends out of a valley?

Question: What do cirques gorm in mountains?

Question: What are shallow cirques called?
Glacier

Some rock formations in the path of a glacier are sculpted into small hills called roche moutonnée, or "sheepback" rock. Roche moutonnée are elongated, rounded, and asymmetrical bedrock knobs that can be produced by glacier erosion. They range in length from less than a meter to several hundred meters long. Roche moutonnée have a gentle slope on their up-glacier sides and a steep to vertical face on their down-glacier sides. The glacier abrades the smooth slope on the upstream side as it flows along, but tears loose and carries away rock from the downstream side via plucking.

Question: What is another name for roche moutonnee?
Answer: "sheepback" rock

Question: What are roche moutonnee?
Answer: elongated, rounded, and asymmetrical bedrock knobs that can be produced by glacier erosion

Question: How large are roche moutonnee?
Answer: less than a meter to several hundred meters long

Question: What shape do roche moutonnee have on their "up" side?
Answer: gentle slope

Question: What shape do roche moutonnee have on their "down" side?
Answer: steep to vertical face

Question: what are ice formations made by glaciers called?

Question: What are short round bedrock knobs?

Question: What are steep on their upside and and gentle on their down side?

Question: What is smooth on the downstream side?