Divyanshu67/squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution

Executive power is vested, with exceptions and qualifications, in the President. By law (Section 2.) the president becomes the Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy, Militia of several states when called into service, has power to make treaties and appointments to office "with the Advice and Consent of the Senate," receive Ambassadors and Public Ministers, and "take care that the laws be faithfully executed" (Section 3.) By using these words, the Constitution does not require the president to personally enforce the law; rather, officers subordinate to the president may perform such duties. The Constitution empowers the president to ensure the faithful execution of the laws made by Congress and approved by the President. Congress may itself terminate such appointments, by impeachment, and restrict the president. Bodies such as the War Claims Commission, the Interstate Commerce Commission and the Federal Trade Commission—all quasi-judicial—often have direct Congressional oversight.

Question: Which branches of the national military does the U.S. president command?
Answer: Army and Navy

Question: Whose approval is required for the president's appointees to take office?
Answer: Senate

Question: What is a Congressional means of removing presidential appointees?
Answer: impeachment

Question: What term can characterize the status of bodies like the War Claims Commission and the Interstate Commerce Commission?
Answer: quasi-judicial

Question: Which of the three branches has the duty of Commander and Chief?
Answer: Executive

Question: Who has the authority to make treaties?
Answer: the President

Question: What is it called when congress terminates an appointment of the President?
Answer: impeachment

Question: Who has over-sight of the Federal Trade Commission?
Answer: Congress

Question: In whom is Congressional power vested?

Question: What does the Vice President become Commander in Chief of?

Question: By the words it uses, what does the Constitution require the President to do regarding laws?

Question: Laws are made by the President and approved by which body?

Question: Who may the President restrict through impeachment?
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution

Congress often writes legislation to restrain executive officials to the performance of their duties, as laid out by the laws Congress passes. In INS v. Chadha (1983), the Supreme Court decided (a) The prescription for legislative action in Art. I, § 1—requiring all legislative powers to be vested in a Congress consisting of a Senate and a House of Representatives—and § 7—requiring every bill passed by the House and Senate, before becoming law, to be presented to the president, and, if he disapproves, to be repassed by two-thirds of the Senate and House—represents the Framers' decision that the legislative power of the Federal Government be exercised in accord with a single, finely wrought and exhaustively considered procedure. This procedure is an integral part of the constitutional design for the separation of powers. Further rulings clarified the case; even both Houses acting together cannot override Executive vetos without a 2⁄3 majority. Legislation may always prescribe regulations governing executive officers.

Question: To what does congress attempt to limit executive officials?
Answer: the performance of their duties

Question: What court case affirmed the mandates of the first and seventh sections of Article I of the Constitution?
Answer: INS v. Chadha

Question: When was INS v Chadha tried before the Supreme Court?
Answer: 1983

Question: By what margin can congress over ride a Presidential veto?
Answer: two-thirds

Question: Who often writes laws to restrain Congress to the performance of their duties?

Question: In which case did Congress decide that all powers would be vested in the Supreme Court consisting of a Senate and House of Representatives?

Question:  Congress decide that all powers would be vested in the Supreme Court consisting of a which two bodies?

Question: In what year did Congress decide that all powers would be vested in the Supreme Court consisting of a Senate and House of Representatives?

Question: Who must be presented with every bill passed by the President?
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution

Judicial power—the power to decide cases and controversies—is vested in the Supreme Court and inferior courts established by Congress. The judges must be appointed by the president with the advice and consent of the Senate, hold office during good behavior and receive compensations that may not be diminished during their continuance in office. If a court's judges do not have such attributes, the court may not exercise the judicial power of the United States. Courts exercising the judicial power are called "constitutional courts."

Question: In what branch is the ability to try legal cases placed?
Answer: Judicial

Question: Who nominates justices for the U.S. Supreme Court?
Answer: president

Question: Who must approve presidential appointees to the Supreme Court?
Answer: Senate

Question: What is the term for judicial institutions exercising their power?
Answer: constitutional courts

Question: What is the power given to the supreme court and lower courts called?
Answer: Judicial power

Question: Who appoints a judge?
Answer: the president

Question: Who gives the President advice and consent for a judge appointment?
Answer: the Senate

Question: Which type of power is vested in Congress?

Question: Who must be appointed by Supreme Court judges?

Question: What are courts exercising presidential power referred to?

Question: Who appoints judges to the presidency?

Question: What type of power gives the power to decided controversies to the president?
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution

Congress may establish "legislative courts," which do not take the form of judicial agencies or commissions, whose members do not have the same security of tenure or compensation as the constitutional court judges. Legislative courts may not exercise the judicial power of the United States. In Murray's Lessee v. Hoboken Land & Improvement Co. (1856), the Supreme Court held that a legislative court may not decide "a suit at the common law, or in equity, or admiralty," as such a suit is inherently judicial. Legislative courts may only adjudicate "public rights" questions (cases between the government and an individual and political determinations).

Question: What kind of courts did congress establish?
Answer: legislative courts

Question: What power are legislative courts not allowed to exercise?
Answer: judicial power of the United States

Question: Which type of courts are established by Hoboken Land & Improvement CO.?

Question: Which form do legislative courts take?

Question: Which power of the United States may legislative courts exercise?

Question: Which questions are legislative courts not able to adjudicate?

Question: Which type of courts do legislative courts create in the form of judicial agencies?
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution

The president exercises a check over Congress through his power to veto bills, but Congress may override any veto (excluding the so-called "pocket veto") by a two-thirds majority in each house. When the two houses of Congress cannot agree on a date for adjournment, the president may settle the dispute. Either house or both houses may be called into emergency session by the president. The Vice President serves as president of the Senate, but he may only vote to break a tie.

Question: Who can determine a date of adjournment if congress cannot agree?
Answer: President

Question: Who can call congress into emergency session?
Answer: The president

Question: Who serves as president of the Senate?
Answer: The Vice President

Question: How does Congress exercise a check over the President?

Question: Who has the ability to override any veto made by Congress?

Question: Which veto is the only one Congress is able to override with a two thirds majority?

Question: Who settles the dispute when the President and Vice President cannot come to an agreement for a date of adjournment?

Question: Who serves as President of the Senate and is the only member with voting rights?
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution

The president, as noted above, appoints judges with the Senate's advice and consent. He also has the power to issue pardons and reprieves. Such pardons are not subject to confirmation by either the House of Representatives or the Senate, or even to acceptance by the recipient.

Question: Who has the power to issue a pardon?
Answer: The president

Question: Who has the power to issue a reprieve? 
Answer: The president

Question: Who appoints the President with the approval of judges?

Question: Who appoints the Senate with the approval of judges?

Question: Who appoints judges with the President's approval?

Question: The president does not have the power to issue pardons or what else?

Question: Other than reprieves, what is the Senate able to issue?
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution

The president is the civilian Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States. He has the authority to command them to take appropriate military action in the event of a sudden crisis. However, only the Congress is explicitly granted the power to declare war per se, as well as to raise, fund and maintain the armed forces. Congress also has the duty and authority to prescribe the laws and regulations under which the armed forces operate, such as the Uniform Code of Military Justice, and requires that all Generals and Admirals appointed by the president be confirmed by a majority vote of the Senate before they can assume their office.

Question: Who is the commander and chief of the Army?
Answer: The president

Question: Who has the power to declare ware?
Answer: Congress

Question: Who has the responsibility to confirm Generals and Admirals?
Answer: the Senate

Question: Who is the Commander in Chief of Congress?

Question: Who is the Commander in Chief of laws and regulations?

Question: Who lacks power to command the miliary take action during crises?

Question: Who lacks authority to make laws to govern the armed forces?

Question: Who is the only body with authority to declare majority vote?
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution

Courts check both the executive branch and the legislative branch through judicial review. This concept is not written into the Constitution, but was envisioned by many of the Constitution's Framers (for example, The Federalist Papers mention it). The Supreme Court established a precedent for judicial review in Marbury v. Madison. There were protests by some at this decision, born chiefly of political expediency, but political realities in the particular case paradoxically restrained opposing views from asserting themselves. For this reason, precedent alone established the principle that a court may strike down a law it deems unconstitutional.

Question: Who is responsible for judicial review?
Answer: Courts

Question: What is the court case that established judicial review?
Answer: Marbury v. Madison

Question: Through which type of review does the Constitution check the executive and legislative branches?

Question: In which case did the Constitution establish a precedent for judicial review?

Question: Through which type of review does the President check the executive and legislative branches?

Question: In which case did the Supreme Court establish a precedent for Federalist Papers?

Question: What abolished the principle that a court could strike down unconstitutional laws?
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution

A common misperception is that the Supreme Court is the only court that may determine constitutionality; the power is exercised even by the inferior courts. But only Supreme Court decisions are binding across the nation. Decisions of a Court of Appeals, for instance, are binding only in the circuit over which the court has jurisdiction.

Question: Which courts decisions are binding across the entire United States?
Answer: the Supreme Court

Question: Which court is the only one able to determine constitutionality?

Question: Which power are inferior courts unable to exercise?

Question: Which courts' decisions, other than Supreme Court, are binding across the country?

Question: Which is the only court unable to determine constitutionality?
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution

The power to review the constitutionality of laws may be limited by Congress, which has the power to set the jurisdiction of the courts. The only constitutional limit on Congress' power to set the jurisdiction of the judiciary relates to the Supreme Court; the Supreme Court may exercise only appellate jurisdiction except in cases involving states and cases affecting foreign ambassadors, ministers or consuls.

Question: Who can limit judicial review of a law?
Answer: Congress

Question: Who's judicial power does congress have the right to limit?
Answer: the Supreme Court

Question: Who lacks the ability to review the constitutionality of laws?

Question: Who lacks the power to set the jurisdiction of courts?

Question: The Supreme court has power to set jurisdiction of what?

Question: Who has the ability to determine whether a Supreme Court is constitutional or not?

Question: The only constitutional limit on the Supreme Court's power to set jurisdiction relates to which body?
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution

The Chief Justice presides in the Senate during a president's impeachment trial. The rules of the Senate, however, generally do not grant much authority to the presiding officer. Thus, the Chief Justice's role in this regard is a limited one.

Question: Who presides over an impeachment trial?
Answer: The Chief Justice

Question: Where does the Chief Justice preside during a Senate impeachment trial?

Question: Which rules grant much authority to the presiding officer?

Question: Who has an unlimited role in this regard?

Question: Where does the president preside during the Chief Justice impeachment trial?

Question: Which rules do not grant authority to the President?
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution

The Constitution does not explicitly indicate the pre-eminence of any particular branch of government. However, James Madison wrote in Federalist 51, regarding the ability of each branch to defend itself from actions by the others, that "it is not possible to give to each department an equal power of self-defense. In republican government, the legislative authority necessarily predominates."

Question: Who wrote that the legislative branch was the predominate branch of government?
Answer: James Madison

Question: In which Federalist paper did James Madison state that the legislative branch of government was predominate?
Answer: Federalist 51

Question: Who wrote in the Constitution that legislative authority is predominate?

Question: Where did the Constitution write that it's not possible to give each department equal power?

Question: Who wrote that it was possible to give equal power of self defense to each department?

Question: Which document explicitly indicates pre-eminence of the judicial branch of government?

Question: Which document explicitly indicates pre-eminence of the executive branch of government?
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution

Throughout America's history dominance of one of the three branches has essentially been a see-saw struggle between Congress and the president. Both have had periods of great power and weakness such as immediately after the Civil War when republicans had a majority in Congress and were able to pass major legislation and shoot down most of the president's vetoes. They also passed acts to essentially make the president subordinate to Congress, such as the Tenure of Office Act. Johnson's later impeachment also cost the presidency much political power. However the president has also exercised greater power largely during the 20th century. Both Roosevelts greatly expanded the powers of the president and wielded great power during their terms.

Question: Immediately following the civil war which branch of government was seen to have the greater amount of power?
Answer: Congress

Question: Between who and the Senate has dominance of one branch of government been a struggle?

Question: After which war did Republicans hold a minority in Congress?

Question: After which war did Democrats hold a majority in Congress?

Question: Which act was passed to make Congress subordinate to the President?

Question: The Tenure of Office Act says Congress is subordinate to who?
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution

The first six presidents of the United States did not make extensive use of the veto power: George Washington only vetoed two bills, James Monroe one, and John Adams, Thomas Jefferson and John Quincy Adams none. James Madison, a firm believer in a strong executive, vetoed seven bills. None of the first six Presidents, however, used the veto to direct national policy. It was Andrew Jackson, the seventh President, who was the first to use the veto as a political weapon. During his two terms in office, he vetoed twelve bills—more than all of his predecessors combined. Furthermore, he defied the Supreme Court in enforcing the policy of ethnically cleansing Native American tribes ("Indian Removal"); he stated (perhaps apocryphally), "John Marshall has made his decision. Now let him enforce it!"

Question: How many bills did George Washington veto?
Answer: two

Question: How many bills did James Monroe veto?
Answer: one

Question: How many bills did Andrew Jackson veto
Answer: twelve

Question: Who was the seventh President of the United States?
Answer: Andrew Jackson

Question: Which president vetoed six bills?

Question: Who was the last president to use veto as a political weapon?

Question: How many bills did Andrew Jackson veto to make him the least likely president to veto a bill?

Question: Who stated "Andrew Jackson has made his decision. Now let him enforce it!"?

Question: Who defied the Supreme Court by enforcing Supreme Court Removal?
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution

Some of Jackson's successors made no use of the veto power, while others used it intermittently. It was only after the Civil War that presidents began to use the power to truly counterbalance Congress. Andrew Johnson, a Democrat, vetoed several Reconstruction bills passed by the "Radical Republicans." Congress, however, managed to override fifteen of Johnson's twenty-nine vetoes. Furthermore, it attempted to curb the power of the presidency by passing the Tenure of Office Act. The Act required Senate approval for the dismissal of senior Cabinet officials. When Johnson deliberately violated the Act, which he felt was unconstitutional (Supreme Court decisions later vindicated such a position), the House of Representatives impeached him; he was acquitted in the Senate by one vote.

Question: How many of Andrew Johnson's veto's were over turned by Congress
Answer: fifteen

Question: What act did congress pass that gave the senate the right to approve the dismissal of a cabinet official?
Answer: Tenure of Office Act

Question: After which war did Congress begin using power to counterbalance the President?

Question: Who vetoed several bills passed by the Radical Democrats?

Question: How many of Johnson's fifteen vetoes did Congress override?

Question: How many of Congress' 29 vetoes did Johnson override?

Question: Through which act did Jackson attempt to curb presidential power?
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution

Johnson's impeachment was perceived to have done great damage to the presidency, which came to be almost subordinate to Congress. Some believed that the president would become a mere figurehead, with the Speaker of the House of Representatives becoming a de facto Prime Minister. Grover Cleveland, the first Democratic President following Johnson, attempted to restore the power of his office. During his first term, he vetoed over four hundred bills—twice as many bills as his twenty-one predecessors combined. He also began to suspend bureaucrats who were appointed as a result of the patronage system, replacing them with more "deserving" individuals. The Senate, however, refused to confirm many new nominations, instead demanding that Cleveland turn over the confidential records relating to the suspensions. Cleveland steadfastly refused, asserting, "These suspensions are my executive acts ... I am not responsible to the Senate, and I am unwilling to submit my actions to them for judgment." Cleveland's popular support forced the Senate to back down and confirm the nominees. Furthermore, Congress finally repealed the controversial Tenure of Office Act that had been passed during the Johnson Administration. Overall, this meant that Cleveland's Administration marked the end of presidential subordination.

Question: Who was the first president to veto over 400 bills?
Answer: Grover Cleveland

Question: Under which President was the Tenure of Office Act repealed? 
Answer: Grover Cleveland

Question: What did Cleveland's impeachment do to the presidency?

Question: Who's impeachment was perceived as having helped the presidency?

Question: Which body of government because subordinate to the presidency?

Question: After Grover Cleveland, who was the first Democratic President?

Question: Who was the first Republican President after Johnson?
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution

Several twentieth-century presidents have attempted to greatly expand the power of the presidency. Theodore Roosevelt, for instance, claimed that the president was permitted to do whatever was not explicitly prohibited by the law—in direct contrast to his immediate successor, William Howard Taft. Franklin Delano Roosevelt held considerable power during the Great Depression. Congress had granted Franklin Roosevelt sweeping authority; in Panama Refining v. Ryan, the Court for the first time struck down a Congressional delegation of power as violative of the doctrine of separation of powers. The aforementioned Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States, another separation of powers case, was also decided during Franklin Roosevelt's presidency. In response to many unfavorable Supreme Court decisions, Roosevelt introduced a "Court Packing" plan, under which more seats would be added to the Supreme Court for the president to fill. Such a plan (which was defeated in Congress) would have seriously undermined the judiciary's independence and power.

Question: Which President attempted to pack the supreme court?
Answer: Franklin Roosevelt

Question: Who had granted Franklin Roosevelt sweeping authority during the great depression?
Answer: Congress

Question: Which presidents have tried to decrease the power of the presidential office?

Question: Who claimed the president was not permitted to do whatever wasn't allowed by law?

Question: Who failed to have considerable power during the Great Depression?

Question: Who had considerable power during the Great Recession?

Question: Who introduced a plan to decrease the number of Supreme Court seats for the president to fill?
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution

Richard Nixon used national security as a basis for his expansion of power. He asserted, for example, that "the inherent power of the President to safeguard the security of the nation" authorized him to order a wiretap without a judge's warrant. Nixon also asserted that "executive privilege" shielded him from all legislative oversight; furthermore, he impounded federal funds (that is to say, he refused to spend money that Congress had appropriated for government programs). In the specific cases aforementioned, however, the Supreme Court ruled against Nixon. This was also because of an ongoing criminal investigation into the Watergate tapes, even though they acknowledged the general need for executive privilege. Since then, Nixon's successors have sometimes asserted that they may act in the interests of national security or that executive privilege shields them from Congressional oversight. Though such claims have in general been more limited than Nixon's, one may still conclude that the presidency's power has been greatly augmented since the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.

Question: Under what basis did Richard Nixon assert an expansion of the power of the President?
Answer: national security

Question: Who used the Supreme Court as a basis for expansion of power?

Question: Who claimed that executive privilege did not shield him from legislative oversight?

Question: Which president refused to spend money that was appropriated by the Supreme Court?

Question: Into which tapes was there an ongoing civil investigation?

Question: Which president followed Congress' plan for appropriated government programs?
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution

It is said[by whom?] on one side of this debate that separation of powers means that powers are shared among different branches; no one branch may act unilaterally on issues (other than perhaps minor questions), but must obtain some form of agreement across branches. That is, it is argued that "checks and balances" apply to the Judicial branch as well as to the other branches.

Question: What term is used when one branch of government must get approval from at least one other branch of government?
Answer: checks and balances

Question: What does combination of powers mean?

Question: What does not apply to the judicial branch?

Question: What does not apply to any branch of government?

Question: Branches are free to act in which way on all issues?

Question: The Judicial branch of government is the only one to which what is applied?
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution

An example of the first view is the regulation of attorneys and judges, and the establishment of rules for the conduct of the courts, by the Congress and in the states the legislatures. Although in practice these matters are delegated to the Supreme Court, the Congress holds these powers and delegates them to the Supreme Court only for convenience in light of the Supreme Court's expertise, but can withdraw that delegation at any time.

Question: Who has congress delegated the responsibility of establishing the rules of conduct for the courts to? 
Answer: the Supreme Court

Question: The regulation of Congress is an example of what?

Question: While Supreme Court holds these powers, who does it delegate them to?

Question: In practice, what is delegated to Congress?

Question: What is Congress unable to withdraw?
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution

An example of the second view at the State level is found in the view of the Florida Supreme Court, that only the Florida Supreme Court may license and regulate attorneys appearing before the courts of Florida, and only the Florida Supreme Court may set rules for procedures in the Florida courts.[citation needed] The State of New Hampshire also follows this system.[citation needed]

Question: Who may license and regulate attorneys in Florida?
Answer: the Florida Supreme Court

Question: Who sets the procedures to be followed in the Florida court system?
Answer: the Florida Supreme Court

Question: In which supreme court is an example of the third view at the State level?

Question: Where is an example of the second view at the National level found?

Question: Which court is the only one able to set rules for procedures in State courts?

Question: Which court is the only one able to regulate attorneys appearing before the Supreme Court?

Question: Which court is the only one able to license attorneys appearing before New Hampshire Supreme Court?
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution

One may claim that the judiciary has historically been the weakest of the three branches. In fact, its power to exercise judicial review—its sole meaningful check on the other two branches—is not explicitly granted by the U.S Constitution. The U.S. Supreme Court exercised its power to strike down congressional acts as unconstitutional only twice prior to the Civil War: in Marbury v. Madison (1803) and Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857). The Supreme Court has since then made more extensive use of judicial review.

Question: Which branch may be historically claimed to be the strongest of the branches of government?

Question: Which power of the judiciary is explicitly granted in the Constitution?

Question: How many times prior to Dred Scott v. Sandford had the Supreme Court exercised its power to strike down congressional acts?

Question: How many times before World War I has the Supreme Court exercised its power to strike down congressional acts?

Question: Before the Civil War, the Marbury had exercised its power to strike down what type of acts only twice?
Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution

Many political scientists believe that separation of powers is a decisive factor in what they see as a limited degree of American exceptionalism. In particular, John W. Kingdon made this argument, claiming that separation of powers contributed to the development of a unique political structure in the United States. He attributes the unusually large number of interest groups active in the United States, in part, to the separation of powers; it gives groups more places to try to influence, and creates more potential group activity. He also cites its complexity as one of the reasons for lower citizen participation.[citation needed]

Question: What do many political scientists think is a factor in an unlimited degree in American exceptionalism?

Question: Who claimed that separation of powers deteriorated the unique political structure in the US?

Question: What do many political scientists attribute the large number of active interest groups in the US to?

Question: What does John W. Kingdon attribute the small number of interest groups in the US to?

Question: Who attributes the small number of active interest groups to the separation of powers?
Architecture

Architecture (Latin architectura, from the Greek ἀρχιτέκτων arkhitekton "architect", from ἀρχι- "chief" and τέκτων "builder") is both the process and the product of planning, designing, and constructing buildings and other physical structures. Architectural works, in the material form of buildings, are often perceived as cultural symbols and as works of art. Historical civilizations are often identified with their surviving architectural achievements.

Question: What is the latin word for architecture?
Answer: Architectural

Question: In what language does the word "architecture" have its origins?
Answer: Greek

Question: What two words is "architecture" a combination of?
Answer: ἀρχι- "chief" and τέκτων "builder"

Question: Architecture involves the creation of what?
Answer: buildings and other physical structures

Question: Aside from symbolizing cultures, what else are architectural works thought of as?
Answer: as works of art

Question: What can extant architectural works be used to identify?
Answer: Historical civilizations

Question: What is the french word for architecture?

Question:  What is the Italian word for architecture?

Question:  What do you call the destruction of buildings?

Question: What structures never be viewed as both works of art and symbols of certain cultures?

Question: Civilizations from the past will never be identified by what surviving structures?
Architecture

The earliest surviving written work on the subject of architecture is De architectura, by the Roman architect Vitruvius in the early 1st century AD. According to Vitruvius, a good building should satisfy the three principles of firmitas, utilitas, venustas, commonly known by the original translation – firmness, commodity and delight. An equivalent in modern English would be:

Question: What is the oldest architecture plans that has survived?
Answer: De architectura

Question: Who created the oldest surviving architecture plans?
Answer: Roman architect Vitruvius

Question: When did Vitruvius create these plans?
Answer: 1st century AD.

Question: What are the three principles every plan should consider?
Answer: firmness, commodity and delight.

Question: What is the first known extant writing about architecture called?
Answer: De architectura

Question: Who was the author of  De architectura?
Answer: Vitruvius

Question: What was Vitruvius' profession?
Answer: architect

Question: What were Vitruvius' three principles for a well made building?
Answer: firmitas, utilitas, venustas

Question: What is the commonly seen English translation of the three principles?
Answer: firmness, commodity and delight

Question: What is the youngest architecture plans that has survived?

Question: Who created the most recent surviving architecture plans?

Question: What was written in the 2nd century AD?

Question:  What was Vitruvius' fourth principles for a well made building?

Question:  What is the commonly seen French translation of the three principles?
Architecture

According to Vitruvius, the architect should strive to fulfill each of these three attributes as well as possible. Leon Battista Alberti, who elaborates on the ideas of Vitruvius in his treatise, De Re Aedificatoria, saw beauty primarily as a matter of proportion, although ornament also played a part. For Alberti, the rules of proportion were those that governed the idealised human figure, the Golden mean. The most important aspect of beauty was therefore an inherent part of an object, rather than something applied superficially; and was based on universal, recognisable truths. The notion of style in the arts was not developed until the 16th century, with the writing of Vasari: by the 18th century, his Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects had been translated into Italian, French, Spanish and English.

Question: When were the styles of arts created?
Answer: 16th century

Question: Who wrote Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects?
Answer: Vasari

Question: By the 18th century which languages was Vasaris book translated in?
Answer: Italian, French, Spanish and English

Question: In Vitruvius's mind, whose responsibility was it to see the principles carried out?
Answer: architect

Question: Who wrote De Re Aedificatoria?
Answer: Leon Battista Alberti

Question: What did Leon Battista Alberti consider most important for beauty?
Answer: proportion

Question: What ideal proportion did Alberti promote?
Answer: the Golden mean

Question: In what century did "style" as an artistic concept arise?
Answer: 16th

Question: What was created in the 17th century?

Question: Who wrote Lives of the Least Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects?

Question: By the 16th century which languages was Vasaris book translated in?

Question: In Vitruvius's mind, whose responsibility was it to see the principles rejected?

Question:  Who wrote Re Re Aedificatoria?
Architecture

In the early 19th century, Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin wrote Contrasts (1836) that, as the titled suggested, contrasted the modern, industrial world, which he disparaged, with an idealized image of neo-medieval world. Gothic architecture, Pugin believed, was the only "true Christian form of architecture."

Question: Who wrote the book Contrasts?
Answer: Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin

Question: What year was Contrasts written in?
Answer: 1836

Question: What was the name of Pugin's book?
Answer: Contrasts

Question: In what year was Contrasts written?
Answer: 1836

Question: What world did Pugin dislike?
Answer: modern, industrial world

Question: What type of architecture did Pugin consider truly Christian?
Answer: Gothic

Question: What book was written in the 18th century?

Question: Who wrote Contrasts in the 17th century?

Question: When did Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin paint the artwork called Contrasts?

Question:  What world did Pugin like?

Question:  What type of architecture did Pugin consider truly non-Christian?
Architecture

The 19th-century English art critic, John Ruskin, in his Seven Lamps of Architecture, published 1849, was much narrower in his view of what constituted architecture. Architecture was the "art which so disposes and adorns the edifices raised by men ... that the sight of them" contributes "to his mental health, power, and pleasure".

Question: Who wrote Seven Lamps of Architecture?
Answer: John Ruskin

Question: Who was the author of Seven Lamps of Architecture?
Answer: John Ruskin

Question: What was Ruskin's career? 
Answer: art critic

Question: When was  Seven Lamps of Architecture published?
Answer: 1849

Question: What, according to Ruskin, should looking at architecture contribute to its viewer?
Answer: to his mental health, power, and pleasure

Question:  Who wrote Eight Lamps of Architecture?

Question: When did John Ruskin write the Seven Lamps of Architecture?

Question: What book came out in the 18th century?

Question: What subject did John Ruskin teach in college?

Question: Who said "art which never disposes and adorns the edifices"
Architecture

For Ruskin, the aesthetic was of overriding significance. His work goes on to state that a building is not truly a work of architecture unless it is in some way "adorned". For Ruskin, a well-constructed, well-proportioned, functional building needed string courses or rustication, at the very least.

Question: Does Ruskin believe all buildings are works of architecture?
Answer: not

Question: What was most significant in architecture according to Ruskin?
Answer: the aesthetic

Question: To be true architecture in Ruskin's opinion what should be done to a structure?
Answer: it is in some way "adorned"

Question: What features at minimum did Ruskin insist on for a building to be considered functional?
Answer: string courses or rustication

Question: Who believes all buildings are works of architecture?

Question:  What was least significant in architecture according to Ruskin?

Question: To be true architecture in Ruskin's opinion what should never be done to a structure?

Question: What features at maximum did Ruskin insist on for a building to be considered functional?
Architecture

On the difference between the ideals of architecture and mere construction, the renowned 20th-century architect Le Corbusier wrote: "You employ stone, wood, and concrete, and with these materials you build houses and palaces: that is construction. Ingenuity is at work. But suddenly you touch my heart, you do me good. I am happy and I say: This is beautiful. That is Architecture".

Question: What century was the architect Le Corbusier in?
Answer: 20th-century

Question: Who wrote on the topic of architectural ideals contrasted with simple construction? 
Answer: Le Corbusier

Question: What was Le Corbusier 's profession?
Answer: Architect

Question: When did Le Corbusier live and write?
Answer: 20th-century

Question: What part of him did Le Corbusier say proper architecture touched?
Answer: heart

Question: What state of emotion did Le Corbusier say architecture put him in?
Answer: I am happy

Question: What century was the architect Le Corbusier born?

Question: Who disagreed on the topic of architectural ideals contrasted with simple construction?

Question: What job did Le Corbusier quit?

Question: Who said "You don't employ stone, wood, and concrete"

Question: Who said "I am happy and I say: This is beautiful. That is not Architecture"
Architecture

While the notion that structural and aesthetic considerations should be entirely subject to functionality was met with both popularity and skepticism, it had the effect of introducing the concept of "function" in place of Vitruvius' "utility". "Function" came to be seen as encompassing all criteria of the use, perception and enjoyment of a building, not only practical but also aesthetic, psychological and cultural.

Question: What term replaced Vitruvius' term "utility"?
Answer: Function

Question: In addition to being practically useful what other aspects did a building need in order to be considered functional?
Answer: aesthetic, psychological and cultural

Question: Whose concept of utility did the more modern concept of function replace?
Answer: Vitruvius

Question: What aspects of a building were considered part of the larger concept of function?
Answer: all criteria of the use, perception and enjoyment of a building

Question: What were the reactions to the idea that function should come before other concerns?
Answer: both popularity and skepticism

Question: What term replaced Vitruvius' term "nonutility"?

Question: What was the term "criteria" replaced by?

Question: Whose concept of utility did the more modern concept of function not replace?

Question: What aspects of a building were considered part of the smaller concept of function?

Question: What were the reactions to the idea that function should never come before other concerns?
Architecture

Among the philosophies that have influenced modern architects and their approach to building design are rationalism, empiricism, structuralism, poststructuralism, and phenomenology.

Question: What are some philosophies that modern architects use?
Answer: rationalism, empiricism, structuralism, poststructuralism, and phenomenology.

Question: Rationalism and empiricism are examples of what?
Answer: philosophies

Question: Aside from the architects what did the philosophies influence?
Answer: their approach to building design

Question: Which philosophy followed structuralism?
Answer: poststructuralism

Question: What are some philosophies that ancient architects use?

Question:  Rationalism and empiricism are not examples of what?

Question:  Which philosophy came before structuralism?

Question:  Aside from the architects what did the rationalism influence?
Architecture

In the late 20th century a new concept was added to those included in the compass of both structure and function, the consideration of sustainability, hence sustainable architecture. To satisfy the contemporary ethos a building should be constructed in a manner which is environmentally friendly in terms of the production of its materials, its impact upon the natural and built environment of its surrounding area and the demands that it makes upon non-sustainable power sources for heating, cooling, water and waste management and lighting.

Question: When was the conecept, Sustainable architecture used?
Answer: late 20th century

Question: What novel concept was introduced at the end of the 20th century?
Answer: sustainability

Question: To what should a building be friendly?
Answer: environment

Question: What sort of power sources should a building not overuse if the building is to be considered environmentally friendly?
Answer: non-sustainable power sources

Question: When was the conecept, unsustainable architecture used?

Question: What novel concept was introduced at the end of the 19th century?

Question: To what should a building be not friendly?

Question: What sort of power sources should a building always overuse if the building is to be considered environmentally friendly?
Architecture

Building first evolved out of the dynamics between needs (shelter, security, worship, etc.) and means (available building materials and attendant skills). As human cultures developed and knowledge began to be formalized through oral traditions and practices, building became a craft, and "architecture" is the name given to the most highly formalized and respected versions of that craft.

Question: What dynamic needs were the reason for building to be done?
Answer: shelter, security, worship

Question: Oral traditions allowed what to become formalized in human cultures?
Answer: knowledge

Question: What was building considered?
Answer: a craft

Question: What was the most valued type of building craft called?
Answer: architecture

Question: Aside from skills, what is required in order to have the means for building?
Answer: building materials

Question:  What dynamic needs were the reason for building to be demolished?

Question: Oral traditions disallowed what to become formalized in human cultures?

Question:  What was building never considered?

Question:  What was the least valued type of building craft called?

Question: Aside from skills, what is not required in order to have the means for building?
Architecture

It is widely assumed that architectural success was the product of a process of trial and error, with progressively less trial and more replication as the results of the process proved increasingly satisfactory. What is termed vernacular architecture continues to be produced in many parts of the world. Indeed, vernacular buildings make up most of the built world that people experience every day. Early human settlements were mostly rural. Due to a surplus in production the economy began to expand resulting in urbanization thus creating urban areas which grew and evolved very rapidly in some cases, such as that of Çatal Höyük in Anatolia and Mohenjo Daro of the Indus Valley Civilization in modern-day Pakistan.

Question: What type of buildings are are built mostly through out the world?
Answer: vernacular buildings

Question: Why did the economy begin to expand?
Answer: a surplus in production

Question: Through what process is it thought that the first architectural achievements were made?
Answer: trial and error

Question: What is a popular type of architecture that still exists around the planet?
Answer: vernacular

Question: In what environment were many of the first human settlements?
Answer: rural

Question: What sort of an effect did a growing economy have on human settlements?
Answer: urbanization

Question: At what speed did urban settlements sometimes expand?
Answer: rapidly

Question: What type of buildings are not built mostly through out the world?

Question:  Why did the economy stop expanding?

Question: Through what process is it thought that the first architectural achievements were not made?

Question: What is a popular type of architecture that doesn't exist around the planet?

Question:  In what environment were many of the latest human settlements?
Architecture

In many ancient civilizations, such as those of Egypt and Mesopotamia, architecture and urbanism reflected the constant engagement with the divine and the supernatural, and many ancient cultures resorted to monumentality in architecture to represent symbolically the political power of the ruler, the ruling elite, or the state itself.

Question: What civilizations used the divine and supernatural in their architecture?
Answer: Egypt and Mesopotamia

Question: What are two examples of past civilizations?
Answer: Egypt and Mesopotamia

Question: To what did these civilizations have ties that to were shown off by their architecture?
Answer: the divine and the supernatural

Question: What does architectural monumentality often represent?
Answer: political power

Question: What civilizations didn't use the divine and supernatural in their architecture?

Question:  What are three examples of past civilizations?

Question: To what did these civilizations have ties that to weren't shown off by their architecture?

Question:  What does architectural monumentality never represent?
Architecture

Early Asian writings on architecture include the Kao Gong Ji of China from the 7th–5th centuries BCE; the Shilpa Shastras of ancient India and Manjusri Vasthu Vidya Sastra of Sri Lanka.

Question: Name one Asian architectural writer.
Answer: Kao Gong Ji

Question: What country produced the Kao Gong Ji?
Answer: China

Question: When was the Kao Gong Ji written?
Answer: 7th–5th centuries BCE

Question: What architectural writing came from Sri Lanka?
Answer: Manjusri Vasthu Vidya Sastra

Question: India produced which early architectural text?
Answer: Shilpa Shastras

Question: Who wrote late Asian writings?

Question:  What country rejected the Kao Gong Ji?

Question: What was written in 4th century BCE?

Question:  What religious writing came from Sri Lanka?

Question:  India produced which modern architectural text?