Divyanshu67/squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
Orthodox_Judaism

According to the New Jersey Press Association, several media entities refrain from using the term "ultra-Orthodox", including the Religion Newswriters Association; JTA, the global Jewish news service; and the Star-Ledger, New Jersey’s largest daily newspaper. The Star-Ledger was the first mainstream newspaper to drop the term. Several local Jewish papers, including New York's Jewish Week and Philadelphia's Jewish Exponent have also dropped use of the term. According to Rabbi Shammai Engelmayer, spiritual leader of Temple Israel Community Center in Cliffside Park and former executive editor of Jewish Week, this leaves "Orthodox" as "an umbrella term that designates a very widely disparate group of people very loosely tied together by some core beliefs."

Question: What is the global Jewish news service known as?
Answer: JTA

Question: What is New Jersey's largest daily paper?
Answer: the Star-Ledger

Question: What term do media entities refrain from using?
Answer: "ultra-Orthodox

Question: Who is the spiritual leader of Temple Israel Community Center?
Answer: Rabbi Shammai Engelmayer

Question: Where is the Temple Israel Community Center located?
Answer: Cliffside Park

Question: What did the New England press association claim?

Question: How large is the global Jewish news service?

Question: The Religion Newswriters Association was the first news source to drop what name?

Question: What is a New York paper still using the term ultra-orthodox?

Question: Who was the executive editor of the Star-Ledger?
Orthodox_Judaism

Modern Orthodoxy comprises a fairly broad spectrum of movements, each drawing on several distinct though related philosophies, which in some combination have provided the basis for all variations of the movement today. In general, Modern Orthodoxy holds that Jewish law is normative and binding, while simultaneously attaching a positive value to interaction with contemporary society. In this view, Orthodox Judaism can "be enriched" by its intersection with modernity; further, "modern society creates opportunities to be productive citizens engaged in the Divine work of transforming the world to benefit humanity". At the same time, in order to preserve the integrity of halakha, any area of "powerful inconsistency and conflict" between Torah and modern culture must be avoided. Modern Orthodoxy, additionally, assigns a central role to the "People of Israel".

Question: What is the name  of the movement that comporises a fairly broad spectrum of distinct but related philosophies? 
Answer: Modern Orthodoxy

Question: What integrity is orthodox judaism trying to preserve?
Answer: halakha

Question: Who does Modern Orthodoxy assign a central role to?
Answer: People of Israel

Question: What kind of work does orthodox Judiasm seek to transform the world with?
Answer: Divine work

Question: What is modern cutlture in conflict with?
Answer: Torah

Question: What comprises a fairly narrow spectrum of movements?

Question: What are distinct and non-related in Modern Orthodoxy?

Question: What does Classical Orthodoxy hold to be true?

Question: What can Orthodox Judaism be harmed by it's interaction with?

Question: Who do Modern Orthodoxy assign a non-central role to?
Orthodox_Judaism

Externally, Orthodox Jews can be identified by their manner of dress and family lifestyle. Orthodox women dress modestly by keeping most of their skin covered. Additionally, married women cover their hair, most commonly in the form of a scarf, also in the form of hats, bandanas, berets, snoods or, sometimes, wigs. Orthodox men wear a skullcap known as a kipa and often fringes called "tzitzit". Haredi men often grow beards and always wear black hats and suits, indoors and outdoors. However, Modern Orthodox Jews are commonly indistinguishable in their dress from those around them.

Question: How do orthodox women dress mosly?
Answer: covered

Question: what part of their body do married women cover with a scarf?
Answer: hair

Question: What is the Skullcap that orthodox men wear known as?
Answer: kipa

Question: What are the fringes Orthodox men wear called?
Answer: tzitzit

Question: What type of orthox men often grow beards and always wear black?
Answer: Haredi

Question: What do Orthodox Jews keep in common with the society's they live in?

Question: Who tend to wear clothing that exposes a lot of skin?

Question: What do most Jewish women refuse to wear to cover their head?

Question: What do Orthodox men refuse to wear on their heads?

Question: What do Orthodox men avoid wearing when they are indoors?
Orthodox_Judaism

Orthodox Judaism holds that the words of the Torah, including both the Written Law (Pentateuch) and those parts of the Oral Law which are "halacha leMoshe m'Sinai", were dictated by God to Moses essentially as they exist today. The laws contained in the Written Torah were given along with detailed explanations as how to apply and interpret them, the Oral Law. Although Orthodox Jews believe that many elements of current religious law were decreed or added as "fences" around the law by the rabbis, all Orthodox Jews believe that there is an underlying core of Sinaitic law and that this core of the religious laws Orthodox Jews know today is thus directly derived from Sinai and directly reflects the Divine will. As such, Orthodox Jews believe that one must be extremely careful in interpreting Jewish law. Orthodox Judaism holds that, given Jewish law's Divine origin, no underlying principle may be compromised in accounting for changing political, social or economic conditions; in this sense, "creativity" and development in Jewish law is limited.

Question: What is the written law of the Torah known as?
Answer: Pentateuch

Question: Who dictated the oral law to Moses?
Answer: God

Question: What are the detailed explanations of how to apply and interpret the laws of the written Torah called?
Answer: Oral Law

Question: What is the law that is considered the core of religious laws Orthodox Jews know today?
Answer: Sinaitic law

Question: What is the origin of Jewish Law?
Answer: Divine

Question: Which single part of the Law do Orthodox Jews hold to be dictated by God?

Question: What parts of the oral law are different than the original dictation?

Question: What was not given a clear explanations on how to apply it?

Question: Who added fences to historical law that are not a part of modern day?

Question: What is considered divine and in no need of interpretation?
Orthodox_Judaism

In reaction to the emergence of Reform Judaism, a group of traditionalist German Jews emerged in support of some of the values of the Haskalah, but also wanted to defend the classic, traditional interpretation of Jewish law and tradition. This group was led by those who opposed the establishment of a new temple in Hamburg , as reflected in the booklet "Ele Divrei HaBerit". As a group of Reform Rabbis convened in Braunschweig, Rabbi Jacob Ettlinger of Altona published a manifesto entitled "Shlomei Emunei Yisrael" in German and Hebrew, having 177 Rabbis sign on. At this time the first Orthodox Jewish periodical, "Der Treue Zions Waechter", was launched with the Hebrew supplement "Shomer Zion HaNe'eman" [1845 - 1855]. In later years it was Rav Ettlinger's students Rabbi Samson Raphael Hirsch and Rabbi Azriel Hildesheimer of Berlin who deepened the awareness and strength of Orthodox Jewry. Rabbi Samson Raphael Hirsch commented in 1854:

Question: Where was Rabbi Azriel Hildesheimer from?
Answer: Berlin

Question: what was the name of the Rabbi of Altona?
Answer: Jacob Ettlinger

Question: What was the name of the manifesto that Rabbi Jacob Ettlinger produced?
Answer: Shlomei Emunei Yisrael

Question: How many rabbi's signed on with the manifesto Jacob Ettlinger published?
Answer: 177

Question: Where was Rabbi Samson Raphael Hirsch from?
Answer: Berlin

Question: What did Roman Jews support?

Question: What group supported a new temple in Hamburg?

Question: Where did a group of orthodox Jews convene?

Question: What was considered the first Reformed Jewish periodical?

Question: Who fought against the strength and awareness of the Orthodox Jewry?
Orthodox_Judaism

Jewish historians also note that certain customs of today's Orthodox are not continuations of past practice, but instead represent innovations that would have been unknown to prior generations. For example, the now-widespread haredi tradition of cutting a boy's hair for the first time on his third birthday (upshirin or upsheerin, Yiddish for "haircut") "originated as an Arab custom that parents cut a newborn boy's hair and burned it in a fire as a sacrifice," and "Jews in Palestine learned this custom from Arabs and adapted it to a special Jewish context." The Ashkenazi prohibition against eating kitniyot (grains and legumes such as rice, corn, beans, and peanuts) during Passover was explicitly rejected in the Talmud, has no known precedent before the 12th century and represented a minority position for hundreds of years thereafter, but nonetheless has remained a mandatory prohibition among Ashkenazi Orthodox Jews due to their historic adherence to the ReMA's rulings in the Shulchan Aruch.

Question: When is a newborn boy's hair first cut?
Answer: third birthday

Question: What is done with the newborn boy's hair once it is cut?
Answer: burned

Question: What are grains and legumes known as?
Answer: kitniyot

Question: What is the name of the prohibition against eating grains and legumes during Passover?
Answer: Ashkenazi

Question: What text rejects the Ashkenazi prohibition against kitniyot?
Answer: Talmud

Question: What do historians note are continuations of past practices?

Question: What do historians claim are practices of prior generations?

Question: Who's tradition is it to cut a boy's hair on his second birthday?

Question: What is the Arabic word for haircut?

Question: Who allows the eating of kitniyot?
Orthodox_Judaism

Haredi Judaism advocates segregation from non-Jewish culture, although not from non-Jewish society entirely. It is characterised by its focus on community-wide Torah study. Haredi Orthodoxy's differences with Modern Orthodoxy usually lie in interpretation of the nature of traditional halakhic concepts and in acceptable application of these concepts. Thus, engaging in the commercial world is a legitimate means to achieving a livelihood, but individuals should participate in modern society as little as possible. The same outlook is applied with regard to obtaining degrees necessary to enter one's intended profession: where tolerated in the Haredi society, attending secular institutions of higher education is viewed as a necessary but inferior activity. Academic interest is instead to be directed toward the religious education found in the yeshiva. Both boys and girls attend school and may proceed to higher Torah study, starting anywhere between the ages of 13 and 18. A significant proportion of students, especially boys, remain in yeshiva until marriage (which is often arranged through facilitated dating – see shiduch), and many study in a kollel (Torah study institute for married men) for many years after marriage. Most Orthodox men (including many Modern Orthodox), even those not in Kollel, will study Torah daily.

Question: What type of Judaism advocated segregation from non-Jewish culture?
Answer: Haredi Judaism

Question: What should individuals participate as little as possible in?
Answer: modern society

Question: Attending secular institution of higher education is viewed as necessary but inferior in what society?
Answer: Haredi

Question: What do a significant portion of boys remain in until marriage?
Answer: yeshiva

Question: What is a Torah study institute for married men called?
Answer: kollel

Question: What does Haredi Judaism refuse to advocate?

Question: In what interpretation are Haredi and Modern Orthodoxy the same?

Question: What is not a legitimate means of livelihood in Haredi society?

Question: Where is it necessary for a Haredi Jew to attend college?

Question: Who is not allowed to proceed to higher Torah studies?
Orthodox_Judaism

Orthodox Judaism holds that on Mount Sinai, the Written Law was transmitted along with an Oral Law. The words of the Torah (Pentateuch) were spoken to Moses by God; the laws contained in this Written Torah, the "Mitzvot", were given along with detailed explanations in the oral tradition as to how to apply and interpret them. Furthermore, the Oral law includes principles designed to create new rules. The Oral law is held to be transmitted with an extremely high degree of accuracy. Jewish theologians, who choose to emphasize the more evolutionary nature of the Halacha point to a famous story in the Talmud, where Moses is miraculously transported to the House of Study of Rabbi Akiva and is clearly unable to follow the ensuing discussion.

Question: Where was the written law and the oral law transmitted?
Answer: Mount Sinai

Question: Who spoke the words of the Torah to Moses?
Answer: God

Question: What were the laws contained in the written Torah known as?
Answer: Mitzvot

Question: Where is Moses miraculously transported to?
Answer: House of Study of Rabbi Akiva

Question: What law is held to be transmitted with an extremely high degree of accuracy?
Answer: Oral law

Question: Who holds that the Oral Law was not transmitted on Mt. Sinai?

Question: What was given very few explanations on how to use it?

Question: Which law is set so that no new rules are created from it?

Question: Where was Noah transported according to a story in the Talmud?

Question: What law is not considered to have a high degree of accuracy?
Orthodox_Judaism

Orthodox Judaism maintains the historical understanding of Jewish identity. A Jew is someone who was born to a Jewish mother, or who converts to Judaism in accordance with Jewish law and tradition. Orthodoxy thus rejects patrilineal descent as a means of establishing Jewish identity. Similarly, Orthodoxy strongly condemns intermarriage. Intermarriage is seen as a deliberate rejection of Judaism, and an intermarried person is effectively cut off from most of the Orthodox community. However, some Orthodox Jewish organizations do reach out to intermarried Jews.

Question: What maintains a historical understanding of jewish Identity?
Answer: Orthodox Judaism

Question: What does orthodoxy reject as a means of establishing Jewish identiy?
Answer: patrilineal descent

Question: What does Orthodoxy strongly condemn?
Answer: intermarriage

Question: What is intermarriage typically seen as?
Answer: rejection of Judaism

Question: What happens to most intermarried people in the orthodox community?
Answer: cut off

Question: Who maintains the modern understanding of Jewish identity?

Question: What is a person who is born to a Jewish father considered?

Question: What descent by the father does Orthodoxy accept?

Question: What form of marriage is an acceptance of Judaism?

Question: What does the Orthodox Community avoid doing to intermarried couples?
Orthodox_Judaism

However, there is significant disagreement within Orthodox Judaism, particularly between Haredi Judaism and Modern Orthodox Judaism, about the extent and circumstances under which the proper application of Halakha should be re-examined as a result of changing realities. As a general rule, Haredi Jews believe that when at all possible the law should be maintained as it was understood by their authorities at the haskalah, believing that it had never changed. Modern Orthodox authorities are more willing to assume that under scrupulous examination, identical principles may lead to different applications in the context of modern life. To the Orthodox Jew, halakha is a guide, God's Law, governing the structure of daily life from the moment he or she wakes up to the moment he goes to sleep. It includes codes of behaviour applicable to a broad range of circumstances (and many hypothetical ones). There are though a number of halakhic meta-principles that guide the halakhic process and in an instance of opposition between a specific halakha and a meta-principle, the meta-principle often wins out . Examples of Halakhic Meta-Principles are: "Deracheha Darchei Noam" - the ways of Torah are pleasant, "Kavod Habriyot" - basic respect for human beings, "Pikuach Nefesh" - the sanctity of human life.

Question: What do haredi Judaism and modern orthodox Judaism disagree about the application of?
Answer: Halakha

Question: what law is halakha to the Orthodox Jew?
Answer: God's Law,

Question: Basic respect for human beings is known as what?
Answer: "Kavod Habriyot"

Question: The sanctiy of human life is known as what?
Answer: "Pikuach Nefesh"

Question: What does halakha guide?
Answer: structure of daily life

Question: Which groups maintain significant agreement within Orthodox Judaism about Halakha?

Question: Why must the Halakha never be re-examined?

Question: What are Historical Orthodox more willing to assume about changing realities?

Question: What is a guide to the modern day Jew?

Question: What principles are never in opposition with each other?
Orthodox_Judaism

According to Orthodox Judaism, Jewish law today is based on the commandments in the Torah, as viewed through the discussions and debates contained in classical rabbinic literature, especially the Mishnah and the Talmud. Orthodox Judaism thus holds that the halakha represents the "will of God", either directly, or as closely to directly as possible. The laws are from the word of God in the Torah, using a set of rules also revealed by God to Moses on Mount Sinai, and have been derived with the utmost accuracy and care, and thus the Oral Law is considered to be no less the word of God. If some of the details of Jewish law may have been lost over the millennia, they were reconstructed in accordance with internally consistent rules; see The 13 rules by which Jewish law was derived.

Question: What is jewish law today based on?
Answer: Torah

Question: what does the halakha represent to orthodox judiasm?
Answer: will of God

Question: Where were the rules about the Torah revealed to Moses by God?
Answer: Mount Sinai

Question: How many rules are jewish law derived from?
Answer: 13

Question: What law is considered to be no less the word of god?
Answer: Oral Law

Question: What is the commandments in the Torah based on according to Modern day Judaism?

Question: Which literature debated the accuracy of the commandments in the Torah?

Question: What does modern Judaism hold about the halakha?

Question: What was given to Noah on Mt. Sinai?

Question: Which kind of law is consider less because there is no written account?
Orthodox_Judaism

Hasidic or Chasidic Judaism overlaps significantly with Haredi Judaism in its engagement with the secular and commercial world, and in regard to social issues. It precedes the later and differs in its genesis and emerged focus. The movement originated in Eastern Europe (what is now Belarus and Ukraine) in the 18th century. Founded by Israel ben Eliezer, known as the Baal Shem Tov (1698–1760), it emerged in an age of persecution of the Jewish people, when a schism existed between scholarly and common European Jews. In addition to bridging this class gap, Hasidic teachings sought to reintroduce joy in the performance of the commandments and in prayer through the popularisation of Jewish mysticism (this joy had been suppressed in the intense intellectual study of the Talmud). The Ba'al Shem Tov sought to combine rigorous scholarship with more emotional mitzvah observance. In a practical sense, what distinguishes Hasidic Judaism from other forms of Haredi Judaism is the close-knit organization of Hasidic communities centered on a Rebbe (sometimes translated as "Grand Rabbi"), and various customs and modes of dress particular to each community. In some cases, there are religious ideological distinctions between Hasidic groups, as well. Another phenomenon that sets Hasidic Judaism apart from general Haredi Judaism is the strong emphasis placed on speaking Yiddish; in (many) Hasidic households and communities, Yiddish is spoken exclusively.

Question: What overlaps significantly with Hasidic Judiasm?
Answer: Haredi Judaism

Question: What overlaps significantly with Haredi Judiasm?
Answer: Chasidic Judaism

Question: Who founded what is known as the Baal Shem Tov?
Answer: Israel ben Eliezer

Question: What sought to combine rigourous scholarship with more emotional mitzvah observance?
Answer: Ba'al Shem Tov

Question: What is the spoken word known as in Hasidic Judiasm?
Answer: Yiddish

Question: What two forms of Judaism have very little overlaps of beliefs?

Question: Which form of Judaism came before Haredi Judaism?

Question: What tried to separate scholarship with emotional mitzvah?

Question: What is the spoken word of Chasidic Judiasm?

Question: Who was concerned that there was too much joy in the performance of the commandments?
Orthodox_Judaism

In contrast to the general American Jewish community, which is dwindling due to low fertility and high intermarriage and assimilation rates, the Orthodox Jewish community of the United States is growing rapidly. Among Orthodox Jews, the fertility rate stands at about 4.1 children per family, as compared to 1.9 children per family among non-Orthodox Jews, and intermarriage among Orthodox Jews is practically non-existent, standing at about 2%, in contrast to a 71% intermarriage rate among non-Orthodox Jews. In addition, Orthodox Judaism has a growing retention rate; while about half of those raised in Orthodox homes previously abandoned Orthodox Judaism, that number is declining. According to The New York Times, the high growth rate of Orthodox Jews will eventually render them the dominant demographic force in New York Jewry.

Question: What is the fertility rate among non-orthodox Jewish families??
Answer: 1.9 children

Question: What is the fertility rate among orthodox Jewish families?
Answer: 4.1 children

Question: What is the rate of intermarriage among orthodox Jews?
Answer: 2%

Question: What is the intermarriage rate among non-orthodox jews?
Answer: 71%

Question: how many raised on orthodox Jewish homes abandon orthodox Judaism typically?
Answer: half

Question: What is happening to Orthodox Jewish communities because of intermarriage?

Question: What is the fertility rate of American Jewish communities?

Question: Who are non-Orthodox Jews allowed to marry in order to increase fertility rates?

Question: What is decreasing among Orthodox jews, according to the NY Times?

Question: What does the NY Times claim that the rate of growth for non-Orthodox Jews will eventually mean?
Orthodox_Judaism

On the other hand, Orthodox Jews subscribing to Modern Orthodoxy in its American and UK incarnations, tend to be far more right-wing than both non-orthodox and other orthodox Jews. While the overwhelming majority of non-Orthodox American Jews are on average strongly liberal and supporters of the Democratic Party, the Modern Orthodox subgroup of Orthodox Judaism tends to be far more conservative, with roughly half describing themselves as political conservatives, and are mostly Republican Party supporters. Modern Orthodox Jews, compared to both the non-Orthodox American Jewry and the Haredi and Hasidic Jewry, also tend to have a stronger connection to Israel due to their attachment to Zionism.

Question: Orthodox Jews subsciribing to modern orthodoxy tend to be what political alignment typically?
Answer: right-wing

Question: half of orthodox judiasm tends to lean to what political ideaology?
Answer: conservative

Question: What political party is mostly supported by orthodox jews?
Answer: Republican

Question: Haredi and Hasidic Jewry have a stronger connection to what country?
Answer: Israel

Question: Haredi and Hasidic Jewry have an attachment to what movement?
Answer: Zionism

Question: Which group that subscribes to modern orthodoxy are seen to be far more left-wing than non-orthodox Jews?

Question: Which group of Jews are neither conservative or liberal?

Question: Which group of Jews show no supporter of either political party?

Question: Which country have the Haredi and the Hasidic Jewry disowned?

Question: Which movement have the Haredi and Hasidic Jewry severed ties with?
Orthodox_Judaism

Modern Orthodoxy, as a stream of Orthodox Judaism represented by institutions such as the U.S. National Council for Young Israel, is pro-Zionist and thus places a high national, as well as religious, significance on the State of Israel, and its affiliates are, typically, Zionist in orientation. It also practices involvement with non-Orthodox Jews that extends beyond "outreach (Kiruv)" to continued institutional relations and cooperation; see further under Torah Umadda. Other "core beliefs" are a recognition of the value and importance of secular studies, a commitment to equality of education for both men and women, and a full acceptance of the importance of being able to financially support oneself and one's family.

Question: What does the US national council for Young Isreal represent?
Answer: Modern Orthodoxy

Question: What is involvement with non-orthodox Jews known as?
Answer: "outreach (Kiruv)"

Question: What is a core beliefe that was recognized as important by orthodox Jews?
Answer: secular studies

Question: what is it important for both men and women orthodox jews to be able to do?
Answer: support oneself

Question: What council is considered to be anti-Zionist?

Question: What are affiliates of the State of Israel typically not?

Question: Who avoids any practices with non-Orthodox Jews?

Question: What is not considered to be a core belief of Zionists?

Question: Who do the Jews consider to be more worthy of a higher education?
Orthodox_Judaism

However, the Orthodox claim to absolute fidelity to past tradition has been challenged by scholars who contend that the Judaism of the Middle Ages bore little resemblance to that practiced by today's Orthodox. Rather, the Orthodox community, as a counterreaction to the liberalism of the Haskalah movement, began to embrace far more stringent halachic practices than their predecessors, most notably in matters of Kashrut and Passover dietary laws, where the strictest possible interpretation becomes a religious requirement, even where the Talmud explicitly prefers a more lenient position, and even where a more lenient position was practiced by prior generations.

Question: what is the name of the movement of liberalism?
Answer: Haskalah

Question: what sometimes prefers a more lenient position on Dietray laws?
Answer: Talmud

Question: previous generations typically praciced a more lenient position in regard to what?
Answer: dietary laws

Question: What are dietary laws known as?
Answer: halachic practices

Question: What has not been challenged by scholars?

Question: What has a lot of resemblance today as it did in the middle ages?

Question: What happened as a reaction to the conservatism movement?

Question: What is not a religious requirement regarding dietary laws?

Question: What explicitly prefers a more stricter position regarding Passover dietary laws?
Orthodox_Judaism

The roots of Orthodox Judaism can be traced to the late 18th or early 19th century, when elements within German Jewry sought to reform Jewish belief and practice in the early 19th century in response to the Age of Enlightenment, Jewish Emancipation, and Haskalah. They sought to modernize education in light of contemporary scholarship. They rejected claims of the absolute divine authorship of the Torah, declaring only biblical laws concerning ethics to be binding, and stated that the rest of halakha (Jewish law) need not be viewed as normative for Jews in wider society. (see Reform Judaism).

Question: When can the roots of orthodox judaism be traced to?
Answer: 19th century

Question: When did the German Jewry seek to reform Jewish belief?
Answer: early 19th century

Question: what did orthodox jews seek to modernize?
Answer: education

Question: what did the German Jewry reject about the Torah?
Answer: absolute divine authorship

Question: Which century can the roots of Orthodox Judaism trace back to?

Question: When did the Roman Jewry attempt to reform Jewish beliefs?

Question: What did the German Jewry attempt in response to the middle ages?

Question: Who made the claim that the Torah had divine authorship?

Question: What part of the Torah was considered non-binding?
Orthodox_Judaism

Politically, Orthodox Jews, given their variety of movements and affiliations, tend not to conform easily to the standard left-right political spectrum, with one of the key differences between the movements stemming from the groups' attitudes to Zionism. Generally speaking, of the three key strands of Orthodox Judaism, Haredi Orthodox and Hasidic Orthodox Jews are at best ambivalent towards the ideology of Zionism and the creation of the State of Israel, and there are many groups and organisations who are outspokenly anti-Zionistic, seeing the ideology of Zionism as diametrically opposed to the teaching of the Torah, and the Zionist administration of the State of Israel, with its emphasis on militarism and nationalism, as destructive of the Judaic way of life.

Question: What do orthodox Jews express ambivalence towards?
Answer: Zionism

Question: What is the administration of the state of Isreal seen as?
Answer: Zionist

Question: What does the State of Isreal place emphasis on besides Militarism?
Answer: nationalism

Question: What does the State of Isreal place emphasis on in addition to Nationalism?
Answer: militarism

Question: what is the Zionist administrartion of the state of Israel seen as according to the judaic way of life?
Answer: destructive

Question: Who is not ambivalent toward Zionism?

Question: Which groups of Orthodox Jews are outspokenly pro-Zionistic?

Question: What ideology do many Orthodox Jews see as in support of the Torah?

Question: What do Orthodox Jews see as a benefit to the Judaic way of life?

Question: Who is in charge of the Zionist administration?
Orthodox_Judaism

In practice, the emphasis on strictness has resulted in the rise of "homogeneous enclaves" with other haredi Jews that are less likely to be threatened by assimilation and intermarriage, or even to interact with other Jews who do not share their doctrines. Nevertheless, this strategy has proved successful and the number of adherents to Orthodox Judaism, especially Haredi and Chassidic communities, has grown rapidly. Some scholars estimate more Jewish men are studying in yeshivot (Talmudic schools) and Kollelim (post-graduate Talmudical colleges for married (male) students) than at any other time in history.[citation needed]

Question: Tamudic schools are known as what?
Answer: yeshivot

Question: what are the colleges married men study in called?
Answer: Talmudical colleges

Question: Haredi and Chassidic communities are threatened by assimilation and intermarriage so they do not do what with non-orthodox populaions?
Answer: interact

Question: Haredi Jews do not share what with other jewish sects?
Answer: doctrines

Question: What resulted in the rise of heterogeneous enclaves?

Question: Who refused to practice assimilation and intermarriage in enclaves?

Question: What practice proved unsuccessful to the adherents of Orthodox Judaism?

Question: Which communities have grown slowly?

Question: Who estimate that less Jewish men are studying in Talmudic schools?
Orthodox_Judaism

Orthodox Judaism collectively considers itself the only true heir to the Jewish tradition. The Orthodox Jewish movements consider all non-Orthodox Jewish movements to be unacceptable deviations from authentic Judaism; both because of other denominations' doubt concerning the verbal revelation of Written and Oral Torah, and because of their rejection of Halakhic precedent as binding. As such, Orthodox Jewish groups characterize non-Orthodox forms of Judaism as heretical; see the article on Relationships between Jewish religious movements.

Question: What considers itself the only true heir to the Jewish tradition?
Answer: Orthodox Judaism

Question: What do Orthodox Jewish movements consider all other non-orthodox moments?
Answer: unacceptable

Question: What do Orthodox jewish groups characterize non-orthodox form of Judiasm as?
Answer: heretical

Question: Orthodox Jewish groups reject what precedent?
Answer: Halakhic

Question: What does Orthodox Judaism consider itself along with several other groups in the Jewish tradition?

Question: Who do the Orthodox Jews consider to be acceptable deviations of Judaism?

Question: What do the non-Orthodox Jews consider the Orthodox Jewish movement to be?

Question: What is the acceptance of the Witten and Oral Torah considered to be?

Question: What do Non-Orthodox Jews characterize Orthodox Jewish groups to be?
Orthodox_Judaism

Although sizable Orthodox Jewish communities are located throughout the United States, many American Orthodox Jews live in New York State, particularly in the New York City Metropolitan Area. Two of the main Orthodox communities in the United States are located in New York City and Rockland County. In New York City, the neighborhoods of Borough Park, Midwood, Williamsburg, and Crown Heights, located in the borough of Brooklyn, have particularly large Orthodox communities. The most rapidly growing community of American Orthodox Jews is located in Rockland County and the Hudson Valley of New York, including the communities of Monsey, Monroe, New Square, and Kiryas Joel. There are also sizable and rapidly growing Orthodox communities throughout New Jersey, particularly in Lakewood, Teaneck, Englewood, Passaic, and Fair Lawn.

Question: Where do many American Orthodox Jews live?
Answer: New York State

Question: Borough Park, Midwood, Williamsburg and Crown heights have particularly large communities of what?
Answer: American Orthodox Jews

Question: Where is a sizeable and rapidly growing Orthodox community currently located besides New York State?
Answer: New Jersey

Question: Where is the most rapidly growing community of American orthodox jews located?
Answer: Rockland County

Question: Which country contains only a few small Jewish communities?

Question: What area have many American Orthodox Jews left?

Question: Which NY borough have very small Jewish communities?

Question: Where is an increasingly shrinking community of American Orthodox Jews located?

Question: What area besides New York are the Orthodox communities in decline?
Orthodox_Judaism

Some scholars believe that Modern Orthodoxy arose from the religious and social realities of Western European Jewry. While most Jews consider Modern Orthodoxy traditional today, some (the hareidi and hasidic groups) within the Orthodox community consider some elements to be of questionable validity. The neo-Orthodox movement holds that Hirsch's views are not accurately followed by Modern Orthodoxy. [See Torah im Derech Eretz and Torah Umadda "Relationship with Torah im Derech Eretz" for a more extensive listing.]

Question: Who did the modern orthodoxy arise from?
Answer: Western European Jewry

Question: What do most Jews consider modern orthodoxy today?
Answer: traditional

Question: the neo-orthodox movement holds that who's views are not accurately followed by the mordern orthodoxy?
Answer: Hirsch's

Question: Who believe that Modern Orthodoxy arose from Eastern European Jewry?

Question: What is not considered traditional today by most Jews?

Question: Who considers modern orthodoxy to have completely valid elements?

Question: Who holds that Hirsch's views are accurate?

Question: What is classical Orthodoxy considered by the Western European Jewry?
Orthodox_Judaism

For guidance in practical application of Jewish law, the majority of Orthodox Jews appeal to the Shulchan Aruch ("Code of Jewish Law" composed in the 16th century by Rabbi Joseph Caro) together with its surrounding commentaries. Thus, at a general level, there is a large degree of uniformity amongst all Orthodox Jews. Concerning the details, however, there is often variance: decisions may be based on various of the standardized codes of Jewish Law that have been developed over the centuries, as well as on the various responsa. These codes and responsa may differ from each other as regards detail (and reflecting the above philosophical differences, as regards the weight assigned to these). By and large, however, the differences result from the historic dispersal of the Jews and the consequent development of differences among regions in their practices (see minhag).

Question: What do Orthodox Jews turn to for guidance and practical application of jewish law?
Answer: Shulchan Aruch

Question: there is a large degree of what amongst all orthodox jews?
Answer: uniformity

Question: What is the differences among regions in practices known as?
Answer: minhag

Question: Why are the codes and responsa different in regards to details?
Answer: philosophical differences

Question: Who do the Orthodox Jews avoid for guidance in practical application of Jewish law?

Question: Who created the code of Jewish law in the 12th century?

Question: What causes a large degree of differences regarding all Orthodox Jews?

Question: What is responsible for the common philosophy's of all Orthodox Jews?

Question: What was developed recently to standardize codes?
Orthodox_Judaism

Hirsch held the opinion that Judaism demands an application of Torah thought to the entire realm of human experience, including the secular disciplines. His approach was termed the Torah im Derech Eretz approach, or "neo-Orthodoxy". While insisting on strict adherence to Jewish beliefs and practices, he held that Jews should attempt to engage and influence the modern world, and encouraged those secular studies compatible with Torah thought. This pattern of religious and secular involvement has been evident at many times in Jewish history. Scholars[who?] believe it was characteristic of the Jews in Babylon during the Amoraic and Geonic periods, and likewise in early medieval Spain, shown by their engagement with both Muslim and Christian society. It appeared as the traditional response to cultural and scientific innovation.

Question: Who held the opinion that judiasm demands and application of torah thought to the entire realm of human experience?
Answer: Hirsch

Question: What was Hirsch's approach called?
Answer: Torah im Derech Eretz

Question: What was the Torah im Dereche Eretz aslo known as?
Answer: neo-Orthodoxy

Question: The Torah im Derech Eretz insisted that Jews should attempt to engage and influence what?
Answer: modern world

Question: Who held that Judaism demands an application of the bible through human experience?

Question: What discipline is not included in Hirsch's opinion?

Question: Where did Hirsch believe that Jewish beliefs had no influence?

Question: What studies were not encouraged by Hirsch?

Question: What two societies did the Jews refuse to engage with?
Animal

All animals have eukaryotic cells, surrounded by a characteristic extracellular matrix composed of collagen and elastic glycoproteins. This may be calcified to form structures like shells, bones, and spicules. During development, it forms a relatively flexible framework upon which cells can move about and be reorganized, making complex structures possible. In contrast, other multicellular organisms, like plants and fungi, have cells held in place by cell walls, and so develop by progressive growth. Also, unique to animal cells are the following intercellular junctions: tight junctions, gap junctions, and desmosomes.

Question: What type of cells do all animals have?
Answer: eukaryotic

Question: What is the extracellular matrix surrounding eukaryotic cells made of?
Answer: collagen and elastic glycoproteins

Question: What is formed when the collagen and elastic glycoproteins surrounding eukaryotic cells are calcified? 
Answer: shells, bones, and spicules

Question: How are cells held in place in plants and fungi?
Answer: cell walls

Question: What are the intercellular junctions unique to animal cells?
Answer: tight junctions, gap junctions, and desmosomes
Beer

The process of making beer is known as brewing. A dedicated building for the making of beer is called a brewery, though beer can be made in the home and has been for much of its history. A company that makes beer is called either a brewery or a brewing company. Beer made on a domestic scale for non-commercial reasons is classified as homebrewing regardless of where it is made, though most homebrewed beer is made in the home. Brewing beer is subject to legislation and taxation in developed countries, which from the late 19th century largely restricted brewing to a commercial operation only. However, the UK government relaxed legislation in 1963, followed by Australia in 1972 and the US in 1978, allowing homebrewing to become a popular hobby.

Question: What is the process of making beer called?
Answer: brewing

Question: What is a building called that is used for making beer?
Answer: a brewery

Question: What is company that makes beer typically known as? 
Answer: a brewing company

Question: What is beer classified as when it is made for non-commerical consumption? 
Answer: homebrewing

Question: In what year was home brewing first allowed in the UK?
Answer: 1963

Question: In 1973 what did Australia allow?

Question: The US was the last contry to allow homebrewing in which year?

Question: A commercial building for brewing beer is called what?

Question: Brewing beer is subject to what in all countries?

Question: What country relaxed brewing legislation in 1936?

Question: What country relaxed brewing legislation in 1927?

Question: What country relaxed brewing legislation in 1987?

Question: What became a hobby in the US due to relaxed laws in 1987?
Beer

After boiling, the hopped wort is now cooled, ready for the yeast. In some breweries, the hopped wort may pass through a hopback, which is a small vat filled with hops, to add aromatic hop flavouring and to act as a filter; but usually the hopped wort is simply cooled for the fermenter, where the yeast is added. During fermentation, the wort becomes beer in a process which requires a week to months depending on the type of yeast and strength of the beer. In addition to producing ethanol, fine particulate matter suspended in the wort settles during fermentation. Once fermentation is complete, the yeast also settles, leaving the beer clear.

Question: In breweries, what do you call a small vat that is filled with hops?
Answer: a hopback

Question: In what phase of brewing does hopped wort become beer? 
Answer: fermentation

Question: What substance settles and make beer clear after it ferments? 
Answer: yeast

Question: How long does the fermentation process take in brewing beer? 
Answer: a week to months

Question: What substance is added to hopped wort once it cools after boiling? 
Answer: yeast

Question: After what process is the hopped yeast cooled?

Question: What is a backhop?

Question: What is the hopped yeast usually cooled for?

Question: What does fine particulate yeast produce?

Question: What color is the beer after the wort settles?
Beer

Nearly all beer includes barley malt as the majority of the starch. This is because its fibrous hull remains attached to the grain during threshing. After malting, barley is milled, which finally removes the hull, breaking it into large pieces. These pieces remain with the grain during the mash, and act as a filter bed during lautering, when sweet wort is separated from insoluble grain material. Other malted and unmalted grains (including wheat, rice, oats, and rye, and less frequently, corn and sorghum) may be used. Some brewers have produced gluten-free beer, made with sorghum with no barley malt, for those who cannot consume gluten-containing grains like wheat, barley, and rye.

Question: What is the main source of starch and most beer?
Answer: barley malt

Question: At what point does barley have it's hull broken up into pieces?
Answer: After malting

Question: What takes the place of barley malt in gluten-free beer?
Answer: sorghum

Question: When is sweet wort separated during the brewing process?
Answer: during lautering

Question: Aside from barley, what is a another product founded beer that might contain gluten?
Answer: wheat

Question: What does all beer include as the majority of malt?

Question: What is done to the barley after it is milled?

Question: What do the remaining grain pieces act as during lautering?

Question: What is the beer containing wheat, barley, and rye called when made with sorghum as well?
Beer

A microbrewery, or craft brewery, produces a limited amount of beer. The maximum amount of beer a brewery can produce and still be classed as a microbrewery varies by region and by authority, though is usually around 15,000 barrels (1.8 megalitres, 396 thousand imperial gallons or 475 thousand US gallons) a year. A brewpub is a type of microbrewery that incorporates a pub or other eating establishment. The highest density of breweries in the world, most of them microbreweries, exists in the German Region of Franconia, especially in the district of Upper Franconia, which has about 200 breweries. The Benedictine Weihenstephan Brewery in Bavaria, Germany, can trace its roots to the year 768, as a document from that year refers to a hop garden in the area paying a tithe to the monastery. The brewery was licensed by the City of Freising in 1040, and therefore is the oldest working brewery in the world.

Question: What is a brewery called that makes a small amount of beer?
Answer: microbrewery

Question: In general, how much beer can a microbrewery make and still be classified as a microbrewery?
Answer: around 15,000 barrels

Question: What would you call a microbrewery that also has a restaurant or a pub?
Answer: brewpub

Question: What city is home to the oldest known brewery in the world that is still active?
Answer: Freising

Question: What year was The Benedictine Weihenstephan Brewery first licensed as a brewery?
Answer: 1040

Question: How often can a microbrewery produce 396 thousand US gallons?

Question: What exists in the Franconia Region of German?

Question: How many breweries does the Upper German Region have?

Question: What can trace its roots to the year 786?

Question: What brewery was licensed in 1004?
Beer

The alcohol in beer comes primarily from the metabolism of sugars that are produced during fermentation. The quantity of fermentable sugars in the wort and the variety of yeast used to ferment the wort are the primary factors that determine the amount of alcohol in the final beer. Additional fermentable sugars are sometimes added to increase alcohol content, and enzymes are often added to the wort for certain styles of beer (primarily "light" beers) to convert more complex carbohydrates (starches) to fermentable sugars. Alcohol is a by-product of yeast metabolism and is toxic to the yeast; typical brewing yeast cannot survive at alcohol concentrations above 12% by volume. Low temperatures and too little fermentation time decreases the effectiveness of yeasts and consequently decreases the alcohol content.

Question: What is the main source of the alcohol in beer?
Answer: sugars

Question: What is the process during brewing in which sugar is metabolized into alcohol?
Answer: fermentation

Question: At what concentration can yeast no longer survive in alcohol?
Answer: above 12%

Question: What could decrease alcohol content during the brewing process?
Answer: Low temperatures

Question: Why would more fermentable sugars be added to be beer during the brewing process?
Answer: to increase alcohol content

Question: Where do the sugars in beer come from?

Question: What are primary factors that determine the amount of sugars in the final beer?

Question: What is yeast toxic to?

Question: What decreases wort content?