Divyanshu67/squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
Geological_history_of_Earth

A global drop in sea level at the end of the Devonian reversed early in the Carboniferous; this created the widespread epicontinental seas and carbonate deposition of the Mississippian. There was also a drop in south polar temperatures; southern Gondwana was glaciated throughout the period, though it is uncertain if the ice sheets were a holdover from the Devonian or not. These conditions apparently had little effect in the deep tropics, where lush coal swamps flourished within 30 degrees of the northernmost glaciers. A mid-Carboniferous drop in sea-level precipitated a major marine extinction, one that hit crinoids and ammonites especially hard. This sea-level drop and the associated unconformity in North America separate the Mississippian Period from the Pennsylvanian period.

Question: What occurred to the level of the sea when the Devonian period was finished?
Answer: A global drop

Question: During which period were epicontinental seas created?
Answer: Carboniferous

Question: What was on the land at 30 degrees latitude north in the carboniferous period?
Answer: lush coal swamps

Question: What was the result in the decline in sea level in the middle of the Carboniferous period?
Answer: a major marine extinction

Question: The Pennsylvania period is separated by the drop in Carboniferous era sea levels from what other period?
Answer: Mississippian Period

Question: What dropped world wide at the begining of the Devonian?

Question: How widespread was the drop in sea llevel in the Carboniferous?

Question: What temperatures dropped during the Devonian?

Question: What region was deeply impacted by the conditions of the Carboniferous?

Question: What could be found just north of the glacerers
Geological_history_of_Earth

The Carboniferous was a time of active mountain building, as the supercontinent Pangea came together. The southern continents remained tied together in the supercontinent Gondwana, which collided with North America-Europe (Laurussia) along the present line of eastern North America. This continental collision resulted in the Hercynian orogeny in Europe, and the Alleghenian orogeny in North America; it also extended the newly uplifted Appalachians southwestward as the Ouachita Mountains. In the same time frame, much of present eastern Eurasian plate welded itself to Europe along the line of the Ural mountains. There were two major oceans in the Carboniferous the Panthalassa and Paleo-Tethys. Other minor oceans were shrinking and eventually closed the Rheic Ocean (closed by the assembly of South and North America), the small, shallow Ural Ocean (which was closed by the collision of Baltica, and Siberia continents, creating the Ural Mountains) and Proto-Tethys Ocean.

Question: What geologic events took place when Pangea combined during the Carboniferous?
Answer: mountain building

Question: What was the continent that came to be North America and Europe called during the Carboniferous?
Answer: Laurussia

Question: What was the effect of Laurussia impacting Gondwana in North America?
Answer: the Alleghenian orogeny

Question: The mountains forming to the southwest of the Appalachians in the Carboniferous are known as what?
Answer: the Ouachita Mountains

Question: Which two large oceans existed during the Carboniferous period?
Answer: the Panthalassa and Paleo-Tethys

Question: What was formed as the southern coninents came together?

Question: What did Pangea collide with?

Question: What did the collision of Pangea cause to mountains in North America?

Question: What did the collision with Pangea create in Europe?

Question: What major oceans were shrinking in the Carboniferous?
Geological_history_of_Earth

During the Permian all the Earth's major land masses, except portions of East Asia, were collected into a single supercontinent known as Pangaea. Pangaea straddled the equator and extended toward the poles, with a corresponding effect on ocean currents in the single great ocean (Panthalassa, the universal sea), and the Paleo-Tethys Ocean, a large ocean that was between Asia and Gondwana. The Cimmeria continent rifted away from Gondwana and drifted north to Laurasia, causing the Paleo-Tethys to shrink. A new ocean was growing on its southern end, the Tethys Ocean, an ocean that would dominate much of the Mesozoic Era. Large continental landmasses create climates with extreme variations of heat and cold ("continental climate") and monsoon conditions with highly seasonal rainfall patterns. Deserts seem to have been widespread on Pangaea.

Question: What supercontinent prevailed during the Permian era?
Answer: Pangaea

Question: What was the largest ocean during the Permian called?
Answer: Panthalassa

Question: There was an ocean between Gondwana and Asia in the Permian, what was it?
Answer: Paleo-Tethys Ocean

Question: The moving of which continent contributed to the decrease in size of the Paleo-Tethys?
Answer: Cimmeria

Question: During which period was the Tehtys Ocean dominant?
Answer: the Mesozoic Era

Question: What supercontinent did Asia join in the Permian?

Question: Wat continent stradled the south pole and extended towards the equator?

Question: What coninent drifted away from Laurasia and towards Gondwana?

Question: What continents movement decreased the size of the Paleo-Tethys
Geological_history_of_Earth

The remainder was the world-ocean known as Panthalassa ("all the sea"). All the deep-ocean sediments laid down during the Triassic have disappeared through subduction of oceanic plates; thus, very little is known of the Triassic open ocean. The supercontinent Pangaea was rifting during the Triassic—especially late in the period—but had not yet separated. The first nonmarine sediments in the rift that marks the initial break-up of Pangea—which separated New Jersey from Morocco—are of Late Triassic age; in the U.S., these thick sediments comprise the Newark Supergroup. Because of the limited shoreline of one super-continental mass, Triassic marine deposits are globally relatively rare; despite their prominence in Western Europe, where the Triassic was first studied. In North America, for example, marine deposits are limited to a few exposures in the west. Thus Triassic stratigraphy is mostly based on organisms living in lagoons and hypersaline environments, such as Estheria crustaceans and terrestrial vertebrates.

Question: Which ocean name is translated to mean "all the sea?"
Answer: Panthalassa

Question: What process obscures information aboutt he ocean during the Triassic period from inspection?
Answer: subduction of oceanic plates

Question: What was occurring to Pangaea in the late Triassic?
Answer: Pangaea was rifting

Question: Which sediements in the US are an indication of the break up of Pangaea?
Answer: Newark Supergroup

Question: What type of terrestrial animals are found from the Triassic period?
Answer: terrestrial vertebrates

Question: What can still be found in the deep-sea from the Trissic?

Question: What continent ripped apart during the Triassic?

Question: What indicates when New Jersy seperated from Rhode Island?

Question: What stratigraphy is mostly based on non-saline organisms?
Geological_history_of_Earth

The Jurassic Period extends from about 201.3 ± 0.2 to 145.0 Ma. During the early Jurassic, the supercontinent Pangaea broke up into the northern supercontinent Laurasia and the southern supercontinent Gondwana; the Gulf of Mexico opened in the new rift between North America and what is now Mexico's Yucatan Peninsula. The Jurassic North Atlantic Ocean was relatively narrow, while the South Atlantic did not open until the following Cretaceous Period, when Gondwana itself rifted apart. The Tethys Sea closed, and the Neotethys basin appeared. Climates were warm, with no evidence of glaciation. As in the Triassic, there was apparently no land near either pole, and no extensive ice caps existed. The Jurassic geological record is good in western Europe, where extensive marine sequences indicate a time when much of the continent was submerged under shallow tropical seas; famous locales include the Jurassic Coast World Heritage Site and the renowned late Jurassic lagerstätten of Holzmaden and Solnhofen. In contrast, the North American Jurassic record is the poorest of the Mesozoic, with few outcrops at the surface. Though the epicontinental Sundance Sea left marine deposits in parts of the northern plains of the United States and Canada during the late Jurassic, most exposed sediments from this period are continental, such as the alluvial deposits of the Morrison Formation. The first of several massive batholiths were emplaced in the northern Cordillera beginning in the mid-Jurassic, marking the Nevadan orogeny. Important Jurassic exposures are also found in Russia, India, South America, Japan, Australasia and the United Kingdom.

Question: During what years was the Jurassic period?
Answer: 201.3 ± 0.2 to 145.0 Ma.

Question: Which supercontinent came apart in the Jurassic period?
Answer: Pangaea

Question: The Gulf of Mexico formed in the rift between North America and what other land mass?
Answer: Mexico's Yucatan Peninsula

Question: At what point did the South Atlantic ocean begin to open?
Answer: Cretaceous Period

Question: Which late Jurassic cultural sites are famous in Europe?
Answer: lagerstätten of Holzmaden and Solnhofen

Question: What did Laurasia and Gondwana  form during the Jurassic Period?

Question: What North Ocean was broad in the Jurassic Period?

Question: What ocean closed during the Cretaceous?

Question: What left marine deposits in the plains of south America?

Question: What geological record is poot in Europe?
Geological_history_of_Earth

During the Cretaceous, the late Paleozoic-early Mesozoic supercontinent of Pangaea completed its breakup into present day continents, although their positions were substantially different at the time. As the Atlantic Ocean widened, the convergent-margin orogenies that had begun during the Jurassic continued in the North American Cordillera, as the Nevadan orogeny was followed by the Sevier and Laramide orogenies. Though Gondwana was still intact in the beginning of the Cretaceous, Gondwana itself broke up as South America, Antarctica and Australia rifted away from Africa (though India and Madagascar remained attached to each other); thus, the South Atlantic and Indian Oceans were newly formed. Such active rifting lifted great undersea mountain chains along the welts, raising eustatic sea levels worldwide.

Question: The current continents were formerly known as what continent?
Answer: Pangaea

Question: Which oregenies followed the Nevadan in the Cretaceous?
Answer: Sevier and Laramide

Question: South America was formerly which continent?
Answer: Gondwana

Question: The rifting in the Cretaceous had what result on the oceans?
Answer: raising eustatic sea levels

Question: Antarctica was a part of what supercontinent?
Answer: Gondwana

Question: During what periods did Pangaea come together?

Question: Which oregenies followed the Nevaden in the early Mesozoic?

Question: What supercontinent stayed intact during the Cretaceous?

Question: What lowered eustatic sea levels?
Geological_history_of_Earth

To the north of Africa the Tethys Sea continued to narrow. Broad shallow seas advanced across central North America (the Western Interior Seaway) and Europe, then receded late in the period, leaving thick marine deposits sandwiched between coal beds. At the peak of the Cretaceous transgression, one-third of Earth's present land area was submerged. The Cretaceous is justly famous for its chalk; indeed, more chalk formed in the Cretaceous than in any other period in the Phanerozoic. Mid-ocean ridge activity—or rather, the circulation of seawater through the enlarged ridges—enriched the oceans in calcium; this made the oceans more saturated, as well as increased the bioavailability of the element for calcareous nanoplankton. These widespread carbonates and other sedimentary deposits make the Cretaceous rock record especially fine. Famous formations from North America include the rich marine fossils of Kansas's Smoky Hill Chalk Member and the terrestrial fauna of the late Cretaceous Hell Creek Formation. Other important Cretaceous exposures occur in Europe and China. In the area that is now India, massive lava beds called the Deccan Traps were laid down in the very late Cretaceous and early Paleocene.

Question: During the height of the Cretaceous transgression how much of the earths land mass was under water?
Answer: one-third

Question: What type of rock was the Cretaceous notable for forming the most amount of?
Answer: Phanerozoic

Question: The Cretaceous is a part of which geologic era?
Answer: Phanerozoic

Question: Where can one find the Smoky Hill Chalk Member?
Answer: North America

Question: Where are the Deccan Traps?
Answer: India

Question: What sea north of Africa coninued to broaden?

Question: Early in what period did the sea recede across central North America?

Question: The Phanerozoic is part of what geological era?

Question: What famouse lava beds are found in Europe?
Geological_history_of_Earth

The Cenozoic Era covers the 66 million years since the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event up to and including the present day. By the end of the Mesozoic era, the continents had rifted into nearly their present form. Laurasia became North America and Eurasia, while Gondwana split into South America, Africa, Australia, Antarctica and the Indian subcontinent, which collided with the Asian plate. This impact gave rise to the Himalayas. The Tethys Sea, which had separated the northern continents from Africa and India, began to close up, forming the Mediterranean sea.

Question: How many years long was the Cenozoic Era?
Answer: 66 million years

Question: Which extinction marked the beginning of the Cenozoic Era?
Answer: Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event

Question: What geologic period are we in currently?
Answer: Cenozoic Era

Question: At the end of which era had the continents taken roughly their current shape?
Answer: Mesozoic

Question: The collision of the Indian sub continent and the Asian plate created which mountain range?
Answer: the Himalayas

Question: What Era precedes the Cretaceous-paleogene extinction event?

Question: What extinction event ended the Cenozoic Era?

Question: What were still grouped together by the end of the Mesozoic?

Question: What sea opened near Africa?
Geological_history_of_Earth

In many ways, the Paleocene continued processes that had begun during the late Cretaceous Period. During the Paleocene, the continents continued to drift toward their present positions. Supercontinent Laurasia had not yet separated into three continents. Europe and Greenland were still connected. North America and Asia were still intermittently joined by a land bridge, while Greenland and North America were beginning to separate. The Laramide orogeny of the late Cretaceous continued to uplift the Rocky Mountains in the American west, which ended in the succeeding epoch. South and North America remained separated by equatorial seas (they joined during the Neogene); the components of the former southern supercontinent Gondwana continued to split apart, with Africa, South America, Antarctica and Australia pulling away from each other. Africa was heading north toward Europe, slowly closing the Tethys Ocean, and India began its migration to Asia that would lead to a tectonic collision and the formation of the Himalayas.

Question: How many continents did Laurasia break into?
Answer: three

Question: In the Paleocene period Greenland was joined to which continent?
Answer: North America

Question: What mountain chain in the Cretaceous was lifted as a result of the Laramide oregeny?
Answer: the Rocky Mountains

Question: In which period did North and South america join?
Answer: Neogene

Question: Which ocean was closed when Africa moved northward during the Paleocene?
Answer: Tethys

Question: When did the Cretaceous processes begin?

Question: What stopped drifting during the Paleocene?

Question: What Supercontinent seperated into three during the Paleocene?

Question: What connected Europe and Greenland?

Question: What did Asia migrate towards?
Geological_history_of_Earth

During the Eocene (56 million years ago - 33.9 million years ago), the continents continued to drift toward their present positions. At the beginning of the period, Australia and Antarctica remained connected, and warm equatorial currents mixed with colder Antarctic waters, distributing the heat around the world and keeping global temperatures high. But when Australia split from the southern continent around 45 Ma, the warm equatorial currents were deflected away from Antarctica, and an isolated cold water channel developed between the two continents. The Antarctic region cooled down, and the ocean surrounding Antarctica began to freeze, sending cold water and ice floes north, reinforcing the cooling. The present pattern of ice ages began about 40 million years ago.[citation needed]

Question: During what years did the Eocene period take place?
Answer: 56 million years ago - 33.9 million years ago

Question: Australia was connected to which other continent at the start of the Eocene?
Answer: Antarctica

Question: How long ago did Antarctica and Australia split?
Answer: around 45 Ma

Question: Around how many years ago is the current ice age pattern believed to have begun?
Answer: 40 million years

Question: The mixing of equatorial currents with Antarctic waters in the Eocene resulted in what?
Answer: keeping global temperatures high

Question: What reached their final positions during the Eocene?

Question: What was Australia seperated from at the begining of the Eocene?

Question: What pattern ended 45 million years ago

Question: What steared warm waters towards the Artic?
Geological_history_of_Earth

The northern supercontinent of Laurasia began to break up, as Europe, Greenland and North America drifted apart. In western North America, mountain building started in the Eocene, and huge lakes formed in the high flat basins among uplifts. In Europe, the Tethys Sea finally vanished, while the uplift of the Alps isolated its final remnant, the Mediterranean, and created another shallow sea with island archipelagos to the north. Though the North Atlantic was opening, a land connection appears to have remained between North America and Europe since the faunas of the two regions are very similar. India continued its journey away from Africa and began its collision with Asia, creating the Himalayan orogeny.

Question: during which period did mountains form in the western part of North America?
Answer: Eocene

Question: What began to form in the flat basins in North America during the Eocene?
Answer: huge lakes

Question: In the Eocene, in Europe, which sea ceased to be?
Answer: Tethys Sea

Question: The Mediterranean sea is a remaining part of which sea from the Eocene?
Answer: Tethys Sea

Question: Which oregeny was created when India collided with Asia?
Answer: the Himalayan orogeny

Question: What three continent drifted together forming Laurasia during then Eocene?

Question: What formed in the low basins of Europe?

Question: What sea opened up?

Question: What sea was created by the Alps?

Question: What two coninents developed vastly differen fauna?
Geological_history_of_Earth

Antarctica continued to become more isolated and finally developed a permanent ice cap. Mountain building in western North America continued, and the Alps started to rise in Europe as the African plate continued to push north into the Eurasian plate, isolating the remnants of Tethys Sea. A brief marine incursion marks the early Oligocene in Europe. There appears to have been a land bridge in the early Oligocene between North America and Europe since the faunas of the two regions are very similar. During the Oligocene, South America was finally detached from Antarctica and drifted north toward North America. It also allowed the Antarctic Circumpolar Current to flow, rapidly cooling the continent.

Question: What permanent structure formed on Antarctica?
Answer: ice cap

Question: The lift of which mountain range in Europe was the result of the African plate moving north into the Eurasian?
Answer: the Alps

Question: During what period was there a land bridge joining Europe and North America?
Answer: Oligocene

Question: In the Oligocene period South America broke free from what other continent?
Answer: Antarctica

Question: Which current resulted in the cooling of Antarctica?
Answer: the Antarctic Circumpolar Current

Question: What semi-perminant feature developed in Antarctica?

Question: Where did mountain building stop?

Question: What plate was pushing south creating the Alps?

Question: What incursion marked the end of Oligocene?

Question: What slowed down the Antarctic Circumpolar Current?
Geological_history_of_Earth

During the Miocene continents continued to drift toward their present positions. Of the modern geologic features, only the land bridge between South America and North America was absent, the subduction zone along the Pacific Ocean margin of South America caused the rise of the Andes and the southward extension of the Meso-American peninsula. India continued to collide with Asia. The Tethys Seaway continued to shrink and then disappeared as Africa collided with Eurasia in the Turkish-Arabian region between 19 and 12 Ma (ICS 2004). Subsequent uplift of mountains in the western Mediterranean region and a global fall in sea levels combined to cause a temporary drying up of the Mediterranean Sea resulting in the Messinian salinity crisis near the end of the Miocene.

Question: The formation of which mountain range was the result of of what zone along the Pacific Ocean side of South America?
Answer: the Andes

Question: Which continent was India colliding with in the Miocene?
Answer: Asia

Question: When Africa was colliding with Eurasia which seaway ceased to be during the Miocene?
Answer: The Tethys Seaway

Question: Between what period of time did the Tethys disappear?
Answer: 19 and 12 Ma

Question: Which crisis occured towards the end of the Miocene period?
Answer: Messinian salinity crisis

Question: What bridge was present during the Miocene?

Question: What seaway opened as Africa collided with Eurasia?

Question: When did the Tethys Seaway open?

Question: What caused rain to increase in the Mediterranean
Geological_history_of_Earth

South America became linked to North America through the Isthmus of Panama during the Pliocene, bringing a nearly complete end to South America's distinctive marsupial faunas. The formation of the Isthmus had major consequences on global temperatures, since warm equatorial ocean currents were cut off and an Atlantic cooling cycle began, with cold Arctic and Antarctic waters dropping temperatures in the now-isolated Atlantic Ocean. Africa's collision with Europe formed the Mediterranean Sea, cutting off the remnants of the Tethys Ocean. Sea level changes exposed the land-bridge between Alaska and Asia. Near the end of the Pliocene, about 2.58 million years ago (the start of the Quaternary Period), the current ice age began. The polar regions have since undergone repeated cycles of glaciation and thaw, repeating every 40,000–100,000 years.

Question: What is the link between North and South America called?
Answer: the Isthmus of Panama

Question: In which period did North and South America become linked?
Answer: Pliocene

Question: The Pliocene saw the end of what fauna in South America?
Answer: marsupial faunas

Question: The Mediterranean was created by the collision of Europe and what?
Answer: Africa

Question: What period came after the Pliocene?
Answer: the Quaternary Period

Question: What completely ended South America's marsupial faunas?

Question: What formed to linked North and South America in the Quaternary Period?

Question: What began at the with the Pilocene?

Question: How often does the cycle of rising sea levels repeat?
Geological_history_of_Earth

The last glacial period of the current ice age ended about 10,000 years ago. Ice melt caused world sea levels to rise about 35 metres (115 ft) in the early part of the Holocene. In addition, many areas above about 40 degrees north latitude had been depressed by the weight of the Pleistocene glaciers and rose as much as 180 metres (591 ft) over the late Pleistocene and Holocene, and are still rising today. The sea level rise and temporary land depression allowed temporary marine incursions into areas that are now far from the sea. Holocene marine fossils are known from Vermont, Quebec, Ontario and Michigan. Other than higher latitude temporary marine incursions associated with glacial depression, Holocene fossils are found primarily in lakebed, floodplain and cave deposits. Holocene marine deposits along low-latitude coastlines are rare because the rise in sea levels during the period exceeds any likely upthrusting of non-glacial origin. Post-glacial rebound in Scandinavia resulted in the emergence of coastal areas around the Baltic Sea, including much of Finland. The region continues to rise, still causing weak earthquakes across Northern Europe. The equivalent event in North America was the rebound of Hudson Bay, as it shrank from its larger, immediate post-glacial Tyrrell Sea phase, to near its present boundaries.

Question: How long ago did the last glacial period end?
Answer: about 10,000 years ago

Question: By what height did sea levels rise at the end of the last glacial period?
Answer: 35 metres (115 ft)

Question: During what period did sea levels rice 115 feet?
Answer: Holocene

Question: Glaciars from what period depressed the height of northern lands by 591 feet?
Answer: Pleistocene

Question: What sea did the Hudson Bay used to be a part of?
Answer: Tyrrell Sea

Question: When did the last glacial period begin?

Question: What caused sea levelsw to rise 115 meters?

Question: During what period did the height of the northern lands rise 591 feet?

Question: What sea is the Hudson Bay part of?
Police

A police force is a constituted body of persons empowered by the state to enforce the law, protect property, and limit civil disorder. Their powers include the legitimized use of force. The term is most commonly associated with police services of a sovereign state that are authorized to exercise the police power of that state within a defined legal or territorial area of responsibility. Police forces are often defined as being separate from military or other organizations involved in the defense of the state against foreign aggressors; however, gendarmerie are military units charged with civil policing.

Question: What does the state want a police force to do?
Answer: enforce the law, protect property, and limit civil disorder

Question: What are gendarmerie?
Answer: military units charged with civil policing

Question: What are police usually separate from?
Answer: military or other organizations involved in the defense of the state against foreign aggressors

Question: What does the state want a police force not to do?

Question: What does the president want a police force to do?

Question: What aren't gendarmerie?

Question: What are police usually together with?

Question: What are police never separate from?
Police

Law enforcement, however, constitutes only part of policing activity. Policing has included an array of activities in different situations, but the predominant ones are concerned with the preservation of order. In some societies, in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, these developed within the context of maintaining the class system and the protection of private property. Many police forces suffer from police corruption to a greater or lesser degree. The police force is usually a public sector service, meaning they are paid through taxes.

Question: How are police usually paid?
Answer: through taxes

Question: What kind of service are police?
Answer: public sector

Question: When were police used to protect the class system?
Answer: late 18th and early 19th centuries

Question: What problem do many police forces have?
Answer: corruption

Question: How are police never paid?

Question: What kind of service aren't police?

Question: When aren't police used to protect the class system?

Question: What asset do many police forces have?

Question: When were police used to protect the civilian system?
Police

Law enforcement in Ancient China was carried out by "prefects" for thousands of years since it developed in both the Chu and Jin kingdoms of the Spring and Autumn period. In Jin, dozens of prefects were spread across the state, each having limited authority and employment period. They were appointed by local magistrates, who reported to higher authorities such as governors, who in turn were appointed by the emperor, and they oversaw the civil administration of their "prefecture", or jurisdiction. Under each prefect were "subprefects" who helped collectively with law enforcement in the area. Some prefects were responsible for handling investigations, much like modern police detectives. Prefects could also be women. The concept of the "prefecture system" spread to other cultures such as Korea and Japan.

Question: Which Chinese kingdoms developed law enforcement?
Answer: Chu and Jin

Question: What period was the Chu kingdom in?
Answer: Spring

Question: What period was the Jin kingdom in?
Answer: Autumn

Question: Which countries adopted the 'prefecture system' from China?
Answer: Korea and Japan

Question: What did ancient China call its police?
Answer: prefects

Question: Which Japanese kingdoms developed law enforcement?

Question: What period was the Chu kingdom not in?

Question: What period was the Chin kingdom in?

Question: Which countries never adopted the 'prefecture system' from China?

Question: What did modern China call its police?
Police

As one of their first acts after end of the War of the Castilian Succession in 1479, Ferdinand and Isabella established the centrally organized and efficient Holy Brotherhood (Santa Hermandad) as a national police force. They adapted an existing brotherhood to the purpose of a general police acting under officials appointed by themselves, and endowed with great powers of summary jurisdiction even in capital cases. The original brotherhoods continued to serve as modest local police-units until their final suppression in 1835.

Question: What war ended in 1479?
Answer: War of the Castilian Succession

Question: Who formed Spain's first national police force?
Answer: Ferdinand and Isabella

Question: What was Spain's first national police force called, in Spanish?
Answer: Santa Hermandad

Question: What does Santa Hermandad mean?
Answer: Holy Brotherhood

Question: When did Spain suppress local police units?
Answer: 1835

Question: What war ended in 1497?

Question: Who formed Spain's last national police force?

Question: What was Spain's second national police force called, in Spanish?

Question: What doesn't Santa Hermandad mean?

Question: When did Spain empower local police units?
Police

In France during the Middle Ages, there were two Great Officers of the Crown of France with police responsibilities: The Marshal of France and the Constable of France. The military policing responsibilities of the Marshal of France were delegated to the Marshal's provost, whose force was known as the Marshalcy because its authority ultimately derived from the Marshal. The marshalcy dates back to the Hundred Years' 'War, and some historians trace it back to the early 12th century. Another organisation, the Constabulary (French: Connétablie), was under the command of the Constable of France. The constabulary was regularised as a military body in 1337. Under King Francis I (who reigned 1515–1547), the Maréchaussée was merged with the Constabulary. The resulting force was also known as the Maréchaussée, or, formally, the Constabulary and Marshalcy of France.

Question: Which two entities in Medieval France had police duties?
Answer: The Marshal of France and the Constable of France

Question: How were the Marshal and Constable of France formally classified?
Answer: Great Officers of the Crown of France

Question: What was the Marshal's force called?
Answer: the Marshalcy

Question: What was the Constable's force called, in English?
Answer: the Constabulary

Question: What was the Constable's force called, in French?
Answer: Connétablie

Question: Which two entities in Medieval France didn't have police duties?

Question: How were the Marshal and Constable of France informally classified?

Question: What was the Marshal's peace corps called?

Question: What was the Captain's force called, in English?

Question: What was the Constable's force not called, in French?
Police

The first centrally organised police force was created by the government of King Louis XIV in 1667 to police the city of Paris, then the largest city in Europe. The royal edict, registered by the Parlement of Paris on March 15, 1667 created the office of lieutenant général de police ("lieutenant general of police"), who was to be the head of the new Paris police force, and defined the task of the police as "ensuring the peace and quiet of the public and of private individuals, purging the city of what may cause disturbances, procuring abundance, and having each and everyone live according to their station and their duties".

Question: In what year did Paris get a police force?
Answer: 1667

Question: Who created Paris's police force?
Answer: King Louis XIV

Question: What was the largest European city in 1667?
Answer: Paris

Question: What was the title of the head of Paris's police, in English?
Answer: lieutenant general of police

Question: What was the title of the head of Paris's police, in French?
Answer: lieutenant général de police

Question: In what year did Paris not get a police force?

Question: Who never created Paris's police force?

Question: What was the smallest European city in 1667?

Question: What was the largest European city in 1676?

Question: What was the title of the bottom of Paris's police, in English?
Police

This office was first held by Gabriel Nicolas de la Reynie, who had 44 commissaires de police (police commissioners) under his authority. In 1709, these commissioners were assisted by inspecteurs de police (police inspectors). The city of Paris was divided into 16 districts policed by the commissaires, each assigned to a particular district and assisted by a growing bureaucracy. The scheme of the Paris police force was extended to the rest of France by a royal edict of October 1699, resulting in the creation of lieutenants general of police in all large French cities and towns.

Question: Who was Paris's first head of police?
Answer: Gabriel Nicolas de la Reynie

Question: How many commissioners worked under Reynie?
Answer: 44

Question: How many policing districts was Paris divided into?
Answer: 16

Question: When was Paris's police system expanded to the rest of France?
Answer: October 1699

Question: When were police inspectors added to Paris's police?
Answer: 1709

Question: Who was Paris's last head of police?

Question: How many commissioners worked above Reynie?

Question: How many policing districts was France divided into?

Question: When was Paris's police system contracted to disclude rest of France?

Question: When were police inspectors subtracted from Paris's police?
Police

The word "police" was borrowed from French into the English language in the 18th century, but for a long time it applied only to French and continental European police forces. The word, and the concept of police itself, were "disliked as a symbol of foreign oppression" (according to Britannica 1911). Before the 19th century, the first use of the word "police" recorded in government documents in the United Kingdom was the appointment of Commissioners of Police for Scotland in 1714 and the creation of the Marine Police in 1798.

Question: When did the French language adopt the word 'police'?
Answer: in the 18th century

Question: What language did French borrow the word 'police' from?
Answer: English

Question: Which dictionary said police were 'a symbol of foreign oppression'?
Answer: Britannica 1911

Question: When were the Marine Police created in the UK?
Answer: 1798

Question: What was the first use of 'police' in the UK?
Answer: the appointment of Commissioners of Police for Scotland in 1714

Question: When did the English language adopt the word 'police'?

Question: What language did French not borrow the word 'police' from?

Question: Which dictionary said police were 'a symbol of local oppression'?

Question: When were the Marine Police created in France?

Question: What was the last use of 'police' in the UK?
Police

In 1797, Patrick Colquhoun was able to persuade the West Indies merchants who operated at the Pool of London on the River Thames, to establish a police force at the docks to prevent rampant theft that was causing annual estimated losses of £500,000 worth of cargo. The idea of a police, as it then existed in France, was considered as a potentially undesirable foreign import. In building the case for the police in the face of England's firm anti-police sentiment, Colquhoun framed the political rationale on economic indicators to show that a police dedicated to crime prevention was "perfectly congenial to the principle of the British constitution." Moreover, he went so far as to praise the French system, which had reached "the greatest degree of perfection" in his estimation.

Question: Who convinced the West Indies merchants in London to establish police?
Answer: Patrick Colquhoun

Question: When did the West Indies merchants in London create a police force?
Answer: 1797

Question: Where did the West Indies merchants in London create a police force?
Answer: docks

Question: How much cargo had been being stolen from West Indies merchants in London each year?
Answer: £500,000

Question: How did Colquhoun praise the French police?
Answer: "the greatest degree of perfection"

Question: Who convinced the East Indies merchants in London to establish police?

Question: When did the West Indies merchants in London destroy a police force?

Question: Where did the East Indies merchants in London create a police force?

Question: How much cargo had been given from West Indies merchants in London each year?

Question: How did Colquhoun reject the French police?
Police

With the initial investment of £4,200, the new trial force of the Thames River Police began with about 50 men charged with policing 33,000 workers in the river trades, of whom Colquhoun claimed 11,000 were known criminals and "on the game." The force was a success after its first year, and his men had "established their worth by saving £122,000 worth of cargo and by the rescuing of several lives." Word of this success spread quickly, and the government passed the Marine Police Bill on 28 July 1800, transforming it from a private to public police agency; now the oldest police force in the world. Colquhoun published a book on the experiment, The Commerce and Policing of the River Thames. It found receptive audiences far outside London, and inspired similar forces in other cities, notably, New York City, Dublin, and Sydney.

Question: What was the initial size of the Thames River Police force?
Answer: 50

Question: How many dock workers were the Thames River Police policing?
Answer: 33,000

Question: How many dock workers did Colquhoun say were criminals?
Answer: 11,000

Question: How much cargo theft did the Thames River Police prevent in its first year?
Answer: £122,000

Question: When was the Thames River Police made a public service?
Answer: 28 July 180

Question: What was the final size of the Thames River Police force?

Question: How many deck workers were the Thames River Police policing?

Question: How many dock workers did Colquhoun say weren't criminals?

Question: How much cargo theft did the Thames River Police allow in its first year?

Question: When was the Thames River Police made a private service?
Police

Colquhoun's utilitarian approach to the problem – using a cost-benefit argument to obtain support from businesses standing to benefit – allowed him to achieve what Henry and John Fielding failed for their Bow Street detectives. Unlike the stipendiary system at Bow Street, the river police were full-time, salaried officers prohibited from taking private fees. His other contribution was the concept of preventive policing; his police were to act as a highly visible deterrent to crime by their permanent presence on the Thames. Colquhoun's innovations were a critical development leading up to Robert Peel's "new" police three decades later.

Question: Who started the Bow Street detectives?
Answer: Henry and John Fielding

Question: How did the Bow Street group pay their employees?
Answer: stipendiary system

Question: How did the Thames River Police pay their employees?
Answer: full-time, salaried officers prohibited from taking private fees

Question: Who came up with the concept of the 'new' police?
Answer: Robert Peel

Question: What schedule did the Thames River Police employees work?
Answer: full-time

Question: Who fired the Bow Street detectives?

Question: How did the Bow Street group get paid by their employees?

Question: How did the James River Police pay their employees?

Question: Who rejected the concept of the 'new' police?

Question: What schedule did the Thames River Police employees not work?
Police

Meanwhile, the authorities in Glasgow, Scotland successfully petitioned the government to pass the Glasgow Police Act establishing the City of Glasgow Police in 1800. Other Scottish towns soon followed suit and set up their own police forces through acts of parliament. In Ireland, the Irish Constabulary Act of 1822 marked the beginning of the Royal Irish Constabulary. The Act established a force in each barony with chief constables and inspectors general under the control of the civil administration at Dublin Castle. By 1841 this force numbered over 8,600 men.

Question: Which law established Glasgow's police?
Answer: Glasgow Police Act

Question: When was Glasgow's police force established?
Answer: 1800

Question: Which law established Ireland's police?
Answer: Irish Constabulary Act

Question: When was Ireland's police force established?
Answer: 1822

Question: What was Ireland's police force called?
Answer: Royal Irish Constabulary

Question: Which law abolished Glasgow's police?

Question: When was Glasgow's police force abolished?

Question: Which law fired Ireland's police?

Question: When was Ireland's police force abolished?

Question: What was Ireland's police force not called?
Police

Peel, widely regarded as the father of modern policing, was heavily influenced by the social and legal philosophy of Jeremy Bentham, who called for a strong and centralized, but politically neutral, police force for the maintenance of social order, for the protection of people from crime and to act as a visible deterrent to urban crime and disorder. Peel decided to standardise the police force as an official paid profession, to organise it in a civilian fashion, and to make it answerable to the public.

Question: Who was the 'father of modern policing'?
Answer: Peel

Question: Whose philosophy influenced Peel?
Answer: Jeremy Bentham

Question: What political position did Bentham think police should have?
Answer: neutral

Question: How did Peel standardize police?
Answer: as an official paid profession

Question: How did Peel organize police?
Answer: in a civilian fashion

Question: Who was the 'mother of modern policing'?

Question: Whose philosophy repelled Peel?

Question: What political position did Bentham think police shouldn't have?

Question: How did Peel specialize police?

Question: How did Peel disorganize police?
Police

The 1829 Metropolitan Police Act created a modern police force by limiting the purview of the force and its powers, and envisioning it as merely an organ of the judicial system. Their job was apolitical; to maintain the peace and apprehend criminals for the courts to process according to the law. This was very different to the 'Continental model' of the police force that had been developed in France, where the police force worked within the parameters of the absolutist state as an extension of the authority of the monarch and functioned as part of the governing state.

Question: When was the Metropolitan Police Act passed?
Answer: 1829

Question: What did the Metropolitan Police Act say police were a subset of?
Answer: the judicial system

Question: Where was the 'Continental model' of police from?
Answer: France

Question: What part of the government did French police work under?
Answer: the authority of the monarch

Question: When was the Metropolitan Police Act rejected?

Question: What did the Metropolitan Police Act say police weren't a subset of?

Question: Where was the 'Intercontinental model' of police from?

Question: Where wasn't the 'Continental model' of police from?

Question: What part of the government did English police work under?
Police

In 1566, the first police investigator of Rio de Janeiro was recruited. By the 17th century, most captaincies already had local units with law enforcement functions. On July 9, 1775 a Cavalry Regiment was created in the state of Minas Gerais for maintaining law and order. In 1808, the Portuguese royal family relocated to Brazil, because of the French invasion of Portugal. King João VI established the "Intendência Geral de Polícia" (General Police Intendancy) for investigations. He also created a Royal Police Guard for Rio de Janeiro in 1809. In 1831, after independence, each province started organizing its local "military police", with order maintenance tasks. The Federal Railroad Police was created in 1852.

Question: When did Rio get its first police investigator?
Answer: 1566

Question: How had the Rio police grown by the 17th century?
Answer: most captaincies already had local units with law enforcement functions

Question: When did Minas Gerais get a cavalry regiment?
Answer: July 9, 1775

Question: Where did the Portuguese royal family move in 1808?
Answer: Brazil

Question: Who invaded Portugal in 1808?
Answer: French

Question: When did Rio get its first police inspector?

Question: How had the Rio police grown by the 16th century?

Question: When didn't Minas Gerais get a cavalry regiment?

Question: Where did the Portuguese royal family move in 1880?

Question: Who supported Portugal in 1808?
Police

In Canada, the Royal Newfoundland Constabulary was founded in 1729, making it the first police force in present-day Canada. It was followed in 1834 by the Toronto Police, and in 1838 by police forces in Montreal and Quebec City. A national force, the Dominion Police, was founded in 1868. Initially the Dominion Police provided security for parliament, but its responsibilities quickly grew. The famous Royal Northwest Mounted Police was founded in 1873. The merger of these two police forces in 1920 formed the world-famous Royal Canadian Mounted Police.

Question: When did Canada get its first police?
Answer: 1729

Question: What was Canada's first police force?
Answer: Royal Newfoundland Constabulary

Question: When was the Toronto police created?
Answer: 1834

Question: When was the Montreal police created?
Answer: 1838

Question: When were the first Mounties created?
Answer: 1873

Question: When did Canada get its last police?

Question: What wasn't Canada's first police force?

Question: When was the Toronto police destroyed?

Question: When was the Montreal police not created?

Question: When were the first Mounties destroyed?