Divyanshu67/squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
Alloy

The use of alloys by humans started with the use of meteoric iron, a naturally occurring alloy of nickel and iron. It is the main constituent of iron meteorites which occasionally fall down on Earth from outer space. As no metallurgic processes were used to separate iron from nickel, the alloy was used as it was. Meteoric iron could be forged from a red heat to make objects such as tools, weapons, and nails. In many cultures it was shaped by cold hammering into knives and arrowheads. They were often used as anvils. Meteoric iron was very rare and valuable, and difficult for ancient people to work.

Question: What was one of the first alloys used by humans?
Answer: meteoric iron

Question: What is meteoric iron composed of?
Answer: nickel and iron

Question: What can forged meteoric iron make?
Answer: tools, weapons, and nails

Question: Where does meteoric iron come from?
Answer: iron meteorites

Question: How does meteoric iron come to earth?
Answer: occasionally fall down on Earth from outer space

Question: What was the first man-made alloy used by humans?

Question: What was used to separate the iron and nickelin meteoric iron? And

Question: What was formed from meteoric iron using hot hammering?

Question: What kind of iron was readily available to people?
Alloy

Iron is usually found as iron ore on Earth, except for one deposit of native iron in Greenland, which was used by the Inuit people. Native copper, however, was found worldwide, along with silver, gold and platinum, which were also used to make tools, jewelry, and other objects since Neolithic times. Copper was the hardest of these metals, and the most widely distributed. It became one of the most important metals to the ancients. Eventually, humans learned to smelt metals such as copper and tin from ore, and, around 2500 BC, began alloying the two metals to form bronze, which is much harder than its ingredients. Tin was rare, however, being found mostly in Great Britain. In the Middle East, people began alloying copper with zinc to form brass. Ancient civilizations took into account the mixture and the various properties it produced, such as hardness, toughness and melting point, under various conditions of temperature and work hardening, developing much of the information contained in modern alloy phase diagrams. Arrowheads from the Chinese Qin dynasty (around 200 BC) were often constructed with a hard bronze-head, but a softer bronze-tang, combining the alloys to prevent both dulling and breaking during use.

Question: Where is the only iron deposit on earth?
Answer: Greenland

Question: Around what time did bronze start being formed?
Answer: 2500 BC

Question: What does copper and zinc form to make?
Answer: brass

Question: Where is tin mostly found?
Answer: Great Britain

Question: Which metal important to the ancients is the hardest one?
Answer: Copper

Question: What is usually found his iron ore in Greenland?

Question: What kind of copper is rare on earth?

Question: What was used to make tools in jewelry before Neolithic times?

Question: What did humans began alloying around 2500 A.D.?

Question: What was rare in Great Britain?
Alloy

Mercury has been smelted from cinnabar for thousands of years. Mercury dissolves many metals, such as gold, silver, and tin, to form amalgams (an alloy in a soft paste, or liquid form at ambient temperature). Amalgams have been used since 200 BC in China for plating objects with precious metals, called gilding, such as armor and mirrors. The ancient Romans often used mercury-tin amalgams for gilding their armor. The amalgam was applied as a paste and then heated until the mercury vaporized, leaving the gold, silver, or tin behind. Mercury was often used in mining, to extract precious metals like gold and silver from their ores.

Question: What does mercury make most metals do?
Answer: dissolves

Question: Since when have Amalgams been used?
Answer: 200 BC

Question: What did ancient Romans use to gild their armor?
Answer: mercury-tin amalgams

Question: Gold and silver were extracted from their ores by using?
Answer: Mercury

Question: What is cinnabar smelted from?

Question: Amalgams melt mercury in what metals?

Question: What have been used since 200 A.D. in China?

Question: What is used to plate objects with common metals?

Question: What did the Chinese use for gilding their armor?
Alloy

Many ancient civilizations alloyed metals for purely aesthetic purposes. In ancient Egypt and Mycenae, gold was often alloyed with copper to produce red-gold, or iron to produce a bright burgundy-gold. Gold was often found alloyed with silver or other metals to produce various types of colored gold. These metals were also used to strengthen each other, for more practical purposes. Copper was often added to silver to make sterling silver, increasing its strength for use in dishes, silverware, and other practical items. Quite often, precious metals were alloyed with less valuable substances as a means to deceive buyers. Around 250 BC, Archimedes was commissioned by the king to find a way to check the purity of the gold in a crown, leading to the famous bath-house shouting of "Eureka!" upon the discovery of Archimedes' principle.

Question: Ancient civilizations often alloyed metals for what reason?
Answer: purely aesthetic purposes

Question: Red gold is made by combining gold with?
Answer: copper

Question:  Around what time was the Archimedes' principle discovered?
Answer: 250 BC

Question: Who shouted "Eureka!" while checking the purity of a crown?
Answer: Archimedes

Question: Buyers were often deceived when precious metals were mixed with?
Answer: less valuable substances

Question: Who alloyed metals for utilitarian purposes?

Question: What is produced when gold is alloyed with tin?

Question: Ten is often added to what to make sterling silver?

Question: Softer silver was used for what practical items?

Question: What was Archimedes commissioned to do in 250 A.D.?
Alloy

The term pewter covers a variety of alloys consisting primarily of tin. As a pure metal, tin was much too soft to be used for any practical purpose. However, in the Bronze age, tin was a rare metal and, in many parts of Europe and the Mediterranean, was often valued higher than gold. To make jewelry, forks and spoons, or other objects from tin, it was usually alloyed with other metals to increase its strength and hardness. These metals were typically lead, antimony, bismuth or copper. These solutes sometimes were added individually in varying amounts, or added together, making a wide variety of things, ranging from practical items, like dishes, surgical tools, candlesticks or funnels, to decorative items such as ear rings and hair clips.

Question: Pewter is mostly made up of?
Answer: tin

Question: Why was tin was rarely used for everyday use?
Answer: too soft

Question: During the bronze age, which metal was valued higher than gold in Europe and the Mediterranean?
Answer: tin

Question: What was done to tin to make it stronger?
Answer: alloyed with other metals

Question: What metals were alloyed with tin to make it stronger?
Answer: lead, antimony, bismuth or copper

Question: What alloys consist primarily of lead?

Question: What was tend to rare to be used for?

Question: Where was gold the highest valued metal during the Bronze Age?

Question: What practical items were made from tin without solutes
Alloy

The first known smelting of iron began in Anatolia, around 1800 BC. Called the bloomery process, it produced very soft but ductile wrought iron. By 800 BC, iron-making technology had spread to Europe, arriving in Japan around 700 AD. Pig iron, a very hard but brittle alloy of iron and carbon, was being produced in China as early as 1200 BC, but did not arrive in Europe until the Middle Ages. Pig iron has a lower melting point than iron, and was used for making cast-iron. However, these metals found little practical use until the introduction of crucible steel around 300 BC. These steels were of poor quality, and the introduction of pattern welding, around the 1st century AD, sought to balance the extreme properties of the alloys by laminating them, to create a tougher metal. Around 700 AD, the Japanese began folding bloomery-steel and cast-iron in alternating layers to increase the strength of their swords, using clay fluxes to remove slag and impurities. This method of Japanese swordsmithing produced one of the purest steel-alloys of the early Middle Ages.

Question: Where did smelting of iron begin?
Answer: Anatolia

Question: When did the smelting of iron first begin?
Answer: around 1800 BC

Question: When did iron making technology begin in Japan?
Answer: around 700 AD

Question: Pig iron is composed of iron and what else?
Answer: carbon

Question: What makes Pig iron different from regular iron?
Answer: lower melting point

Question: Where was bronze first smelted

Question: What smelting process was developed in 800 A.D.?

Question: What technology arrived in Europe in 1800 BC

Question: Where did iron technology arrived in 700 BC?

Question: What was being produced in China in 1200 A.D.?
Alloy

While the use of iron started to become more widespread around 1200 BC, mainly because of interruptions in the trade routes for tin, the metal is much softer than bronze. However, very small amounts of steel, (an alloy of iron and around 1% carbon), was always a byproduct of the bloomery process. The ability to modify the hardness of steel by heat treatment had been known since 1100 BC, and the rare material was valued for the manufacture of tools and weapons. Because the ancients could not produce temperatures high enough to melt iron fully, the production of steel in decent quantities did not occur until the introduction of blister steel during the Middle Ages. This method introduced carbon by heating wrought iron in charcoal for long periods of time, but the penetration of carbon was not very deep, so the alloy was not homogeneous. In 1740, Benjamin Huntsman began melting blister steel in a crucible to even out the carbon content, creating the first process for the mass production of tool steel. Huntsman's process was used for manufacturing tool steel until the early 1900s.

Question: Heat treatment of steel has been know since what time?
Answer: 1100 BC

Question: When did iron start to become melted by people?
Answer: Middle Ages

Question: Who created the first process for the mass production of tool steel?
Answer: Benjamin Huntsman

Question: When did Benjamin Huntsman begin to melt blister steel in a crucible
Answer: 1740

Question: What became more widespread in 1280 BC?

Question: The softness of what could be modified in 1100 BC?

Question: What common material was valued for the manufacturing of tools and weapons?

Question: What was produced in decent quantities starting in 1100 BC?

Question: What process was used for manufacturing tool steel until the nineteenth century?
Alloy

With the introduction of the blast furnace to Europe in the Middle Ages, pig iron was able to be produced in much higher volumes than wrought iron. Because pig iron could be melted, people began to develop processes of reducing the carbon in the liquid pig iron to create steel. Puddling was introduced during the 1700s, where molten pig iron was stirred while exposed to the air, to remove the carbon by oxidation. In 1858, Sir Henry Bessemer developed a process of steel-making by blowing hot air through liquid pig iron to reduce the carbon content. The Bessemer process was able to produce the first large scale manufacture of steel. Once the Bessemer process began to gain widespread use, other alloys of steel began to follow. Mangalloy, an alloy of steel and manganese exhibiting extreme hardness and toughness, was one of the first alloy steels, and was created by Robert Hadfield in 1882.

Question: What did the blast furnace help do to pig iron in the middle ages?
Answer: produced in much higher volumes than wrought iron

Question: By reducing carbon in liquid pig iron, what was created?
Answer: steel

Question: When did puddling start occurring?
Answer: 1700s

Question: When was the Bessemer process developed?
Answer: 1858

Question: Steel and manganese combines form to make what?
Answer: Mangalloy

Question: What allowed wrought iron to be produced in larger quantities than pig iron during the Middle Ages?

Question: What was created by reducing carbon in liquid wrought iron?

Question: What was introduced during the seventeenth century?

Question: In what year did Henry Bessemer create Mangalloy?

Question: What steel alloy was created by Henry Bessemer?
Alloy

In 1906, precipitation hardening alloys were discovered by Alfred Wilm. Precipitation hardening alloys, such as certain alloys of aluminium, titanium, and copper, are heat-treatable alloys that soften when quenched (cooled quickly), and then harden over time. After quenching a ternary alloy of aluminium, copper, and magnesium, Wilm discovered that the alloy increased in hardness when left to age at room temperature. Although an explanation for the phenomenon was not provided until 1919, duralumin was one of the first "age hardening" alloys to be used, and was soon followed by many others. Because they often exhibit a combination of high strength and low weight, these alloys became widely used in many forms of industry, including the construction of modern aircraft.

Question: Who discovered precipitation hardening alloys?
Answer: Alfred Wilm

Question: When were precipitation hardening alloys discovered?
Answer: 1906

Question: What happens to precipitation hardening alloys after they quenched?
Answer: harden over time

Question: One of the first "age hardening" alloys used were called?
Answer: duralumin

Question: What was used in the construction of modern aircraft?
Answer: duralumin

Question: What is done to make precipitation hardening alloys hardened immediately?

Question: What term refers to cooling over time?

Question: Who discovered precipitation hardening alloys in 1919?

Question: What phenomenon was explained in 1906?

Question: What was used in the construction of early aircraft's?
Norfolk_Island

Norfolk Island (i/ˈnɔːrfək ˈaɪlənd/; Norfuk: Norf'k Ailen) is a small island in the Pacific Ocean located between Australia, New Zealand and New Caledonia, 1,412 kilometres (877 mi) directly east of mainland Australia's Evans Head, and about 900 kilometres (560 mi) from Lord Howe Island. The island is part of the Commonwealth of Australia. Together with two neighbouring islands, it forms one of Australia's external territories. It has 1,796 inhabitants living on a total area of about 35 km2 (14 sq mi). Its capital is Kingston.

Question: In what ocean is Norfolk Island found?
Answer: Pacific Ocean

Question: How far away is the nearest land mass to Norfolk Island?
Answer: about 900 kilometres (560 mi)

Question: What is the capital city of Norfolk Island?
Answer: Kingston

Question: How many people live on Norfolk Island?
Answer: 1,796

Question: How far away is Evans Head from Norfolk Island?
Answer: 1,412 kilometres (877 mi)

Question: What ocean is Norfolk Island relocated from?

Question: How far away is the furthest land mass to Norfolk Island?

Question: What is the only city of Norfolk Island?

Question: How many people have left Norfolk Island?

Question: Which island has no capital city?
Norfolk_Island

Norfolk Island was colonised by East Polynesians but was long unpeopled when it was settled by Great Britain as part of its settlement of Australia from 1788. The island served as a convict penal settlement from 6 March 1788 until 5 May 1855, except for an 11-year hiatus between 15 February 1814 and 6 June 1825, when it lay abandoned. On 8 June 1856, permanent civilian residence on the island began when it was settled from Pitcairn Island. In 1913, the UK handed Norfolk over to Australia to administer as an external territory.

Question: Who was Norfolk Island colonised by?
Answer: East Polynesians

Question: What purpose did Norfolk Island serve for the majority of the time from 1788 until 1855?
Answer: a convict penal settlement

Question: What date did civilians begin to permanently reside in Norfolk Island?
Answer: 8 June 1856

Question: Where did the first permanent civilians of Norfolk Island settle from in 1856?
Answer: Pitcairn Island

Question: In what year did the UK hand Norfolk Island over to Australia to administrate?
Answer: 1913

Question: Who was Norfolk Island destroyed by?

Question: What purpose did Norfolk Island avoid for the majority of the time from 1788 until 1855?

Question: What date did civilians begin to permanently leave Norfolk Island?

Question: Where were the first permanent civilians of Norfolk Island banned from in 1856?

Question: What year did the UK hand Norfolk Island over to America to administrate?
Norfolk_Island

Sir John Call argued the advantages of Norfolk Island in that it was uninhabited and that New Zealand flax grew there. In 1786 the British government included Norfolk Island as an auxiliary settlement, as proposed by John Call, in its plan for colonisation of New South Wales. The decision to settle Norfolk Island was taken due to Empress Catherine II of Russia's decision to restrict sales of hemp. Practically all the hemp and flax required by the Royal Navy for cordage and sailcloth was imported from Russia.

Question: In what year did the British government include Norfolk Island as a auxiliary settlement?
Answer: 1786

Question: Who proposed the idea to include Norfolk Island as a British auxiliary settlement in 1786?
Answer: John Call

Question: In including Norfolk Island as an auxiliary settlement, what Australian state did the British government plan to colonise?
Answer: New South Wales

Question: What woman influenced the decision by the British to settle Norfolk Island?
Answer: Empress Catherine II of Russia

Question: Where was the majority of the hemp and flax used by the Royal Navy imported from?
Answer: Russia

Question: What year did the German government include Norfolk Island as a auxiliary settlement?

Question: Who rejected the idea to include Norfolk Island as a British auxiliary settlement in 1786?

Question: What German state did the British government plan to colonise while including Norfolk Island as an auxiliary settlement?

Question: What woman influenced the decision by the Russians to settle Norfolk Island?

Question: Where was the majority of the cheese and wine used by the Royal Navy imported from?
Norfolk_Island

As early as 1794, Lieutenant-Governor of New South Wales Francis Grose suggested its closure as a penal settlement, as it was too remote and difficult for shipping and too costly to maintain. The first group of people left in February 1805, and by 1808 only about 200 remained, forming a small settlement until the remnants were removed in 1813. A small party remained to slaughter stock and destroy all buildings, so that there would be no inducement for anyone, especially from other European powers, to visit and lay claim to the place. From 15 February 1814 to 6 June 1825 the island was abandoned.

Question: When did Lieutenant-Governor of New South Wales Francis Grose start suggesting Norfolk Island be closed as a penal settlement?
Answer: 1794

Question: Why did Francis Grose think that Norfolk Island should be closed as a penal settlement?
Answer: it was too remote and difficult for shipping and too costly to maintain

Question: When did the first group of people leave Norfolk Island?
Answer: February 1805

Question: By 1808, how many people remained on Norfolk Island?
Answer: 200

Question: Why did a small group of people remain on Norfolk Island, after others had already left?
Answer: to slaughter stock and destroy all buildings

Question: When did Lieutenant-Governor of New South Wales Francis Grose start suggesting Norfolk Island be permanently opened as a penal settlement?

Question: Why did Francis Grose think that Norfolk Island should be kept as a penal settlement?

Question: When did the first group of people save Norfolk Island?

Question: How many people died on Norfolk Island by 1808?

Question: Why did one person remain on Norfolk Island, after others had already left?
Norfolk_Island

In 1824 the British government instructed the Governor of New South Wales Thomas Brisbane to occupy Norfolk Island as a place to send "the worst description of convicts". Its remoteness, previously seen as a disadvantage, was now viewed as an asset for the detention of recalcitrant male prisoners. The convicts detained have long been assumed to be a hardcore of recidivists, or 'doubly-convicted capital respites' – that is, men transported to Australia who committed fresh colonial crimes for which they were sentenced to death, and were spared the gallows on condition of life at Norfolk Island. However, a recent study has demonstrated, utilising a database of 6,458 Norfolk Island convicts, that the reality was somewhat different: more than half were detained at Norfolk Island without ever receiving a colonial conviction, and only 15% had been reprieved from a death sentence. Furthermore, the overwhelming majority of convicts sent to Norfolk Island had committed non-violent property sentences, and the average length of detention was three years.

Question: Who instructed the Governor of New South Wales Thomas Brisbane to send the worst convicts to Norfolk Island?
Answer: the British government

Question: What previous disadvantage of Norfolk Island was seen as an advantage for holding male convicts?
Answer: Its remoteness

Question: What were the prisoners on Norfolk Island spared from on the the mainland?
Answer: the gallows

Question: How many convicts are listed in the database at Norfolk Island?
Answer: 6,458

Question: What was the average length of a prisoner's detention at Norfolk Island?
Answer: three years

Question: Who blocked the Governor of New South Wales Thomas Brisbane from sending the worst convicts to Norfolk Island?

Question: What previous disadvantage of Norfolk Island was seen as an advantage for holding female convicts?

Question: What were the prisoners on Norfolk Island condemned to on the mainland?

Question: How many convicts are no longer listed in the database at Norfolk Island?

Question: What was the average length of a prisoner's escape at Norfolk Island?
Norfolk_Island

On 8 June 1856, the next settlement began on Norfolk Island. These were the descendants of Tahitians and the HMS Bounty mutineers, including those of Fletcher Christian. They resettled from the Pitcairn Islands, which had become too small for their growing population. On 3 May 1856, 193 persons left Pitcairn Islands aboard the "Morayshire". On 8 June 194 persons arrived, a baby having been born in transit. The Pitcairners occupied many of the buildings remaining from the penal settlements, and gradually established traditional farming and whaling industries on the island. Although some families decided to return to Pitcairn in 1858 and 1863, the island's population continued to grow. They accepted additional settlers, who often arrived with whaling fleets.

Question: Who were the next settlement of people on Norfolk Island descended from?
Answer: Tahitians and the HMS Bounty mutineers

Question: Where did the next settlement of people on Norfolk Island settle from?
Answer: the Pitcairn Islands

Question: On May 3, 1856, how many Pitcairners left for Norfolk Island?
Answer: 193

Question: What was the name of the ship the Pitcairners traveled on to Norfolk Island?
Answer: Morayshire

Question: What trades did the Pitcairners establish while on Norfolk Island?
Answer: farming and whaling industries

Question: Who were the next settlement of people on Norfolk Island restricted from?

Question: Where did the next settlement of people on Norfolk Island bomb?

Question: How many of the Pitcairners arrived at Norfolk Island on May 3, 1856?

Question: What was the name of the canoe the Pitcairners traveled on to Norfolk Island?

Question: What trades did the Pitcairners punish while on Norfolk Island?
Norfolk_Island

After the creation of the Commonwealth of Australia in 1901, Norfolk Island was placed under the authority of the new Commonwealth government to be administered as an external territory. During World War II, the island became a key airbase and refuelling depot between Australia and New Zealand, and New Zealand and the Solomon Islands. The airstrip was constructed by Australian, New Zealand and United States servicemen during 1942. Since Norfolk Island fell within New Zealand's area of responsibility it was garrisoned by a New Zealand Army unit known as N Force at a large Army camp which had the capacity to house a 1,500 strong force. N Force relieved a company of the Second Australian Imperial Force. The island proved too remote to come under attack during the war and N Force left the island in February 1944.

Question: When was the Commonwealth of Australia created?
Answer: 1901

Question: During what major event did Norfolk Island become an important airbase and refuelling station?
Answer: World War II

Question: Who contructed the airbase used on Norfolk Island during World War II?
Answer: Australian, New Zealand and United States servicemen

Question: Norfolk Island fell under whose responsibility during World War II?
Answer: New Zealand

Question: When did N Force leave Norfolk Island during the time of World War II?
Answer: February 1944

Question: When was the Commonwealth of Australia hidden?

Question: What minor event did Norfolk Island become an important airbase and refueling station during?

Question: Who removed the airbase used on Norfolk Island during World War II?

Question: Whose responsibility did Norfolk Island avoid during World War II?

Question: When did N Force leave Norfolk Island during the time of World War I?
Norfolk_Island

Financial problems and a reduction in tourism led to Norfolk Island's administration appealing to the Australian federal government for assistance in 2010. In return, the islanders were to pay income tax for the first time but would be eligible for greater welfare benefits. However, by May 2013 agreement had not been reached and islanders were having to leave to find work and welfare. An agreement was finally signed in Canberra on 12 March 2015 to replace self-government with a local council but against the wishes of the Norfolk Island government. A majority of Norfolk Islanders have objected to the Australian plan to make changes to Norfolk Island without first consulting them and allowing their say with 68% of voters against forced changes.

Question:  What lead to Norfolk Island asking for assistance from Australia in 2010?
Answer: Financial problems and a reduction in tourism

Question: What benefit were residents of Norfolk Island told they would receive as a result of Australia's assistance?
Answer: greater welfare benefits

Question: What actually ended up happening after Norfolk Island asked Australia for help?
Answer: islanders were having to leave to find work and welfare

Question: An agreement was finally signed in Canberra on March 12, 2015, to do what for Norfolk Island?
Answer: replace self-government with a local council

Question: What percentage of Norfolk Island voters were against the changes brought by Australia?
Answer: 68%

Question: What lead to Norfolk Island asking for assistance from Russia in 2010?

Question: What benefit were residents of Norfolk Island told they would receive as a result of Russia's assistance?

Question: What actually ended up happening after Norfolk Island asked Russia for help?

Question: What agreement was never signed in Canberra on March 12, 2015?

Question: What percentage of Norfolk Island voters were against the changes brought by Russia?
Norfolk_Island

Norfolk Island is located in the South Pacific Ocean, east of the Australian mainland. Norfolk Island is the main island of the island group the territory encompasses and is located at 29°02′S 167°57′E﻿ / ﻿29.033°S 167.950°E﻿ / -29.033; 167.950. It has an area of 34.6 square kilometres (13.4 sq mi), with no large-scale internal bodies of water and 32 km (20 mi) of coastline. The island's highest point is Mount Bates (319 metres (1,047 feet) above sea level), located in the northwest quadrant of the island. The majority of the terrain is suitable for farming and other agricultural uses. Phillip Island, the second largest island of the territory, is located at 29°07′S 167°57′E﻿ / ﻿29.117°S 167.950°E﻿ / -29.117; 167.950, seven kilometres (4.3 miles) south of the main island.

Question: What part of the Pacific Ocean is Norfolk Island located?
Answer: South

Question: What direction is Norfolk Island in relation to Australia?
Answer: east

Question: What are the coordinates for Norfolk Island?
Answer: 29°02′S 167°57′E﻿ / ﻿29.033°S 167.950°E﻿ / -29.033; 167.950

Question: What is the name of the mountain at Norfolk Island's highest point?
Answer: Mount Bates

Question: What is the name of the second largest island of the territory of Norfolk Island?
Answer: Phillip Island

Question: What part of the Atlantic Ocean is Norfolk Island located?

Question: What direction is Norfolk Island no longer in relation to Australia?

Question: What are the fake coordinates for Norfolk Island?

Question: What is the name of the mountain at Norfolk Island's lowest point?

Question: What is the name of the second worst island of the territory of Norfolk Island?
Norfolk_Island

The coastline of Norfolk Island consists, to varying degrees, of cliff faces. A downward slope exists towards Slaughter Bay and Emily Bay, the site of the original colonial settlement of Kingston. There are no safe harbour facilities on Norfolk Island, with loading jetties existing at Kingston and Cascade Bay. All goods not domestically produced are brought in by ship, usually to Cascade Bay. Emily Bay, protected from the Pacific Ocean by a small coral reef, is the only safe area for recreational swimming, although surfing waves can be found at Anson and Ball Bays.

Question: What is the coastline of Norfolk made of?
Answer: cliff faces

Question: Where is the site of the original colonial settlement of Kingston, Norfolk Islands, currently located?
Answer: Slaughter Bay and Emily Bay

Question: How are goods imported to Norfolk Island?
Answer: by ship

Question: Where are imported goods usually sent on Norfolk Island?
Answer: Cascade Bay

Question: Where can you go to surf on Norfolk Island?
Answer: Anson and Ball Bays

Question: What is the center of Norfolk made of?

Question: Where is the site of the original colonial settlement of Kingston, Norfolk Islands, going to be relocated?

Question: How are goods stolen from Norfolk Island?

Question: Where are imported goods usually stolen on Norfolk Island?

Question: Where can you illegally surf on Norfolk Island?
Norfolk_Island

Norfolk Island has 174 native plants; 51 of them are endemic. At least 18 of the endemic species are rare or threatened. The Norfolk Island palm (Rhopalostylis baueri) and the smooth tree-fern (Cyathea brownii), the tallest tree-fern in the world, are common in the Norfolk Island National Park but rare elsewhere on the island. Before European colonization, most of Norfolk Island was covered with subtropical rain forest, the canopy of which was made of Araucaria heterophylla (Norfolk Island pine) in exposed areas, and the palm Rhopalostylis baueri and tree ferns Cyathea brownii and C. australis in moister protected areas. The understory was thick with lianas and ferns covering the forest floor. Only one small tract (5 km2) of rainforest remains, which was declared as the Norfolk Island National Park in 1986.

Question: How many plants can only be found on Norfolk Island?
Answer: 51

Question: How many of the plants that can only be found on Norfolk Island are rare or threatened?
Answer: 18

Question: Where can the tallest tree-fern in the world be found?
Answer: Norfolk Island National Park

Question: What was the majority of Norfolk Island covered with, before European colonization?
Answer: subtropical rain forest

Question: How much of the rainforest remains in Norfolk Island today?
Answer: 5 km2

Question: How many plants can only be eaten on Norfolk Island?

Question: How many of the plants that can only be found on Norfolk Island are extinct?

Question: Where can the smallest tree-fern in the world be found?

Question: What was the majority of Norfolk Island covered with, after European colonization?

Question: How much of the rainforest was lost in Norfolk Island today?
Norfolk_Island

As a relatively small and isolated oceanic island, Norfolk has few land birds but a high degree of endemicity among them. Many of the endemic species and subspecies have become extinct as a result of massive clearance of the island's native vegetation of subtropical rainforest for agriculture, hunting and persecution as agricultural pests. The birds have also suffered from the introduction of mammals such as rats, cats, pigs and goats, as well as from introduced competitors such as common blackbirds and crimson rosellas.

Question: What type of bird does Norfolk Island have few of?
Answer: land

Question: What is one reason that has caused many of the birds of Norfolk Island to become extinct?
Answer: massive clearance of the island's native vegetation

Question: What is the second thing that caused many of the birds of Norfolk Island to become extinct?
Answer: hunting and persecution as agricultural pests

Question: What non-bird animals caused the bird populations of Norfolk Island to suffer?
Answer: mammals

Question: What non-native birds caused the bird populations of Norfolk Island to suffer?
Answer: common blackbirds and crimson rosellas

Question: What type of bird does Norfolk Island have billions of?

Question: What is one reason that has caused many of the birds of Norfolk Island to thrive?

Question: What is the second thing that caused many of the birds of Norfolk Island to thrive?

Question: What non-bird animals caused the bird populations of Norfolk Island to celebrate?

Question: What non-native birds caused the bird populations of Norfolk Island to be happy?
Norfolk_Island

The Norfolk Island Group Nepean Island is also home to breeding seabirds. The providence petrel was hunted to local extinction by the beginning of the 19th century, but has shown signs of returning to breed on Phillip Island. Other seabirds breeding there include the white-necked petrel, Kermadec petrel, wedge-tailed shearwater, Australasian gannet, red-tailed tropicbird and grey ternlet. The sooty tern (known locally as the whale bird) has traditionally been subject to seasonal egg harvesting by Norfolk Islanders.

Question: What island in the Norfolk Island Group is home to breeding seabirds?
Answer: Nepean Island

Question: What near extinct bird of Norfolk Island has shown signs of population increase?
Answer: The providence petrel

Question: Where has the providence petrel been seen breeding on Norfolk Island?
Answer: Phillip Island

Question: What other types of petrels breed on Phillip Island?
Answer: the white-necked petrel, Kermadec petrel

Question: What is the sooty tern known as on Norfolk Island?
Answer: the whale bird

Question: What island in the Norfolk Island Group is home to bioluminescent seabirds?

Question: What near extinct bird of Norfolk Island has shown signs of population decrease?

Question: Where has the providence petrel never been seen breeding on Norfolk Island?

Question: What other types of petrels are extinct on Phillip Island?
Norfolk_Island

Cetaceans were historically abundant around the island as commercial hunts on the island was operating until 1956. Today, numbers of larger whales have disappeared, but even today many species such humpback whale, minke whale, sei whale, and dolphins can be observed close to shores, and scientific surveys have been conducted regularly. Southern right whales were once regular migrants to the Norfolk hence naming the island as the "Middle ground" by whalers, but had been severely depleted by historical hunts, and further by illegal Soviet and Japan whaling, resulting in none of very few, if remnants still live, right whales in these regions along with Lord Howe Island.

Question: What used to be abundant in the waters around Norfolk Island?
Answer: Cetaceans

Question: When did commercial sea hunts on Norfolk Island stop operating?
Answer: 1956

Question: What are some species of whales that can be seen around Norfolk Island today?
Answer: humpback whale, minke whale, sei whale

Question: What other species can be seen close to the shores of Norfolk Island?
Answer: dolphins

Question: What type of whales were once common in Norfolk Island, but hardly any remain today?
Answer: Southern right whales

Question: What was never abundant in the waters around Norfolk Island?

Question: When did amateur sea hunts on Norfolk Island stop operating?

Question: What are some species of extinct whales that can currently be seen on Norfolk Island today?

Question: What other species can only be seen far away from the shores of Norfolk Island?

Question: What type of whales were once rare near Norfolk Island, but many exist today?
Norfolk_Island

Sixty-two percent of islanders are Christians. After the death of the first chaplain Rev G. H. Nobbs in 1884, a Methodist church was formed and in 1891 a Seventh-day Adventist congregation led by one of Nobbs' sons. Some unhappiness with G. H. Nobbs, the more organised and formal ritual of the Church of England service arising from the influence of the Melanesian Mission, decline in spirituality, the influence of visiting American whalers, literature sent by Christians overseas impressed by the Pitcairn story, and the adoption of Seventh-day Adventism by the descendants of the mutineers still on Pitcairn, all contributed to these developments. The Roman Catholic Church began work in 1957 and in the late 1990s a group left the former Methodist (then Uniting Church) and formed a charismatic fellowship. In 2011, 34 percent of the ordinary residents identified as Anglican, 13 percent as Uniting Church, 12 percent as Roman Catholic and three percent as Seventh-day Adventist. Nine percent were from other religions. Twenty four percent had no religion, and seven percent did not indicate a religion. Typical ordinary congregations in any church do not exceed 30 local residents as of 2010[update]. The three older denominations have good facilities. Ministers are usually short-term visitors.

Question: Christians make up what percentage of the population of Norfolk Island?
Answer: Sixty-two percent

Question: Who was the first chaplain of Norfolk Island?
Answer: Rev G. H. Nobbs

Question: What type of church was formed after Rev G.H. Nobbs' death in 1884?
Answer: a Methodist church

Question: Who led Norfolk Island's first Seventh-day Adventist church? 
Answer: one of Nobbs' sons

Question: Typical church congregations on Norfolk Island as of 2010 don't exceed what number?
Answer: 30

Question: What percentage of the population of Norfolk Island do Christians avoid?

Question: Who was the first chaplain of Norfolk Island to be exiled?

Question: What type of church was forbidden after Rev G.H. Nobbs' death in 1882?

Question: Who led Norfolk Island's first Sixth-day Adventist church?

Question: What number is always exceeded by typical church congregations on Norfolk Island as of 2010?
Norfolk_Island

Islanders speak both English and a creole language known as Norfuk, a blend of 18th-century English and Tahitian. The Norfuk language is decreasing in popularity as more tourists travel to the island and more young people leave for work and study reasons; however, there are efforts to keep it alive via dictionaries and the renaming of some tourist attractions to their Norfuk equivalents. In 2004 an act of the Norfolk Island Assembly made it a co-official language of the island. The act is long-titled: "An Act to recognise the Norfolk Island Language (Norf'k) as an official language of Norfolk Island." The "language known as 'Norf'k'" is described as the language "that is spoken by descendants of the first free settlers of Norfolk Island who were descendants of the settlers of Pitcairn Island". The act recognises and protects use of the language but does not require it; in official use, it must be accompanied by an accurate translation into English. 32% of the total population reported speaking a language other than English in the 2011 census, and just under three-quarters of the ordinarily resident population could speak Norfuk.

Question: What languages do residents of Norfolk Island speak?
Answer: English and a creole language known as Norfuk

Question: What is the Norfuk language a mixture of?
Answer: 18th-century English and Tahitian

Question: The Norfuk language of Norfolk Island was first spoken by whom?
Answer: descendants of the first free settlers of Norfolk Island who were descendants of the settlers of Pitcairn Island

Question: What is the official co-language of Norfolk Island?
Answer: The Norfuk language

Question: What part of the residents of Norfolk Island could speak Norfuk as of 2011?
Answer: under three-quarters

Question: What languages do residents of Norfolk Island restrict?

Question: What is the Norfuk language not influenced by?

Question: What is the unofficial co-language of Norfolk Island?

Question: What portion of the residents of Norfolk Island don't understand any Norfuk as of 2011?
Norfolk_Island

Norfolk Island is the only non-mainland Australian territory to have achieved self-governance. The Norfolk Island Act 1979, passed by the Parliament of Australia in 1979, is the Act under which the island was governed until the passing of the Norfolk Island Legislation Amendment Act 2015. The Australian government maintains authority on the island through an Administrator, currently Gary Hardgrave. From 1979 to 2015, a Legislative Assembly was elected by popular vote for terms of not more than three years, although legislation passed by the Australian Parliament could extend its laws to the territory at will, including the power to override any laws made by the assembly.

Question: What is the only non-mainland Australian territory that is governed by itself?
Answer: Norfolk Island

Question: What is the name of the Act that formerly governed Norfolk Island?
Answer: The Norfolk Island Act 1979

Question: What is the name of the new Act that governs Norfolk Island, passed in 2015?
Answer: the Norfolk Island Legislation Amendment Act 2015

Question: Who is the current administrator of Norfolk Island?
Answer: Gary Hardgrave

Question: During 1979-2015, Legislative Assembly terms lasted no longer than how many years?
Answer: three years

Question: What is one of only two non-mainland Australian territories that is governed by itself?

Question: What is the name of the Act that will govern Norfolk Island?

Question: What is the name of the new Act that governs Norfolk Island, passed in 2016?

Question: Who is the future administrator of Norfolk Island?
Norfolk_Island

The Assembly consisted of nine seats, with electors casting nine equal votes, of which no more than two could be given to any individual candidate. It is a method of voting called a "weighted first past the post system". Four of the members of the Assembly formed the Executive Council, which devised policy and acted as an advisory body to the Administrator. The last Chief Minister of Norfolk Island was Lisle Snell. Other ministers included: Minister for Tourism, Industry and Development; Minister for Finance; Minister for Cultural Heritage and Community Services; and Minister for Environment.

Question: The Assembly of Norfolk Island is made of how many seats?
Answer: nine

Question: What method of voting does Norfolk Island use for it's Assembly?
Answer: a "weighted first past the post system"

Question: Four members of the Assembly made up what Council, responsible for devising policy for Norfolk Island?
Answer: Executive

Question: Who was the last Chief Minister of Norfolk Island?
Answer: Lisle Snell

Question: What is the official name for the Minister in charge of tourism on Norfolk Island?
Answer: Minister for Tourism, Industry and Development

Question: How many seats does the Assembly of Norfolk Island eliminate?

Question: What method of voting does Norfolk Island forbid for it's Assembly?

Question: What Council do three members of the Assembly consist of that are responsible for devising policy for Norfolk Island?

Question: Who was the only Chief Minister of Norfolk Island?

Question: What is the official name for the King in charge of tourism on Norfolk Island?
Norfolk_Island

Disagreements over the island's relationship with Australia were put in sharper relief by a 2006 review undertaken by the Australian government. Under the more radical of two models proposed in the review, the island's legislative assembly would have been reduced to the status of a local council. However, in December 2006, citing the "significant disruption" that changes to the governance would impose on the island's economy, the Australian government ended the review leaving the existing governance arrangements unaltered.

Question: How many models did Australia propose to Norfolk Island's legislative assembly?
Answer: two

Question: What would the more severe of the proposed plans threaten to reduce Norfolk Island's assembly to?
Answer: a local council

Question: When did the Australian government end their review on Norfolk Island?
Answer: December 2006

Question: The Australian government said that changes to Norfolk Island's government would cause what?
Answer: significant disruption

Question: How many models did Australia end as part of Norfolk Island's legislative assembly?

Question: What would the more severe of the proposed plans threaten to promote Norfolk Island's assembly to?

Question: When did the European government end their review on Norfolk Island?

Question: What did the Australian government say that changes to Norfolk Island's government would not cause?
Norfolk_Island

It was announced on 19 March 2015 that self-governance for the island would be revoked by the Commonwealth and replaced by a local council with the state of New South Wales providing services to the island. A reason given was that the island had never gained self-sufficiency and was being heavily subsidised by the Commonwealth, by $12.5 million in 2015 alone. It meant that residents would have to start paying Australian income tax, but they would also be covered by Australian welfare schemes such as Centrelink and Medicare.

Question: When did the Commonwealth of Australia announce that Norfolk Island would no longer be governed by itself?
Answer: 19 March 2015

Question: What did the Commonwealth want to replace the Norfolk Island government with?
Answer: a local council

Question: From what state did the proposed council come from?
Answer: New South Wales

Question: What benefits would Norfolk Island residents receive as a result of the new council?
Answer: they would also be covered by Australian welfare schemes such as Centrelink and Medicare

Question: What would Norfolk Island residents have to start paying as a result of the new council?
Answer: Australian income tax

Question: When did the Commonwealth of Australia announce that Norfolk Island would always be governed by itself?

Question: What did the Commonwealth want to combine the Norfolk Island government with?

Question: What state did the proposed council dismiss?

Question: What benefits would Norfolk Island residents lose as a result of the new council?

Question: What would Norfolk Island residents have to stop paying as a result of the new council?