Divyanshu67/squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
Time

Psychoactive drugs can impair the judgment of time. Stimulants can lead both humans and rats to overestimate time intervals, while depressants can have the opposite effect. The level of activity in the brain of neurotransmitters such as dopamine and norepinephrine may be the reason for this. Such chemicals will either excite or inhibit the firing of neurons in the brain, with a greater firing rate allowing the brain to register the occurrence of more events within a given interval (speed up time) and a decreased firing rate reducing the brain's capacity to distinguish events occurring within a given interval (slow down time).

Question: What type of drugs can impair the judgement of time?
Answer: Psychoactive drugs

Question: Stimulants lead humans to overestimate what?
Answer: time intervals

Question: What causes humans to underestimate time intervals?
Answer: depressants

Question: The level of what is the reason stimulants and depressants change human perceptions of time?
Answer: The level of activity in the brain of neurotransmitters

Question: Such chemicals do what to the firing of the brain's neurons?
Answer: either excite or inhibit the firing of neurons

Question: What do rats not understand?

Question: What does a decreased firing rate allow more of in the brain?

Question: What does the presence of neurons impair the judgement of in rats?

Question: What can neurons lead humans and rats to overestimate?

Question: What causes rats to underestimate dopamine levels?

Question: What type of drugs can impair the judgement of events?

Question: Stimulants lead humans to underestimate what?

Question: What causes humans to estimate time intervals?

Question: The level of what is the reason stimulants and depressants change human perceptions of neurons?

Question: Such events do what to the firing of the brain's neurons?
Time

The use of time is an important issue in understanding human behavior, education, and travel behavior. Time-use research is a developing field of study. The question concerns how time is allocated across a number of activities (such as time spent at home, at work, shopping, etc.). Time use changes with technology, as the television or the Internet created new opportunities to use time in different ways. However, some aspects of time use are relatively stable over long periods of time, such as the amount of time spent traveling to work, which despite major changes in transport, has been observed to be about 20–30 minutes one-way for a large number of cities over a long period.

Question: The use of time is important in understanding what?
Answer: human behavior, education, and travel behavior

Question: What is a developing field of time related study?
Answer: Time-use research

Question: Time use is always changing with advances in what?
Answer: technology

Question: Travelling to work has been observed to be about how long for a large number of cities over a long period?
Answer: 20–30 minutes one-way

Question: The use of technology is important in understanding what?

Question: What is a developing field of technology related study?

Question: Time use is always changing with long periods of what?

Question: Traveling home has been observed to be about how long for a large number of cities over a long period?

Question: What changes with education?
Time

A sequence of events, or series of events, is a sequence of items, facts, events, actions, changes, or procedural steps, arranged in time order (chronological order), often with causality relationships among the items. Because of causality, cause precedes effect, or cause and effect may appear together in a single item, but effect never precedes cause. A sequence of events can be presented in text, tables, charts, or timelines. The description of the items or events may include a timestamp. A sequence of events that includes the time along with place or location information to describe a sequential path may be referred to as a world line.

Question: What is another way of phrasing "time order"?
Answer: chronological order

Question: What never precedes cause because of causality?
Answer: effect

Question: In what ways can a sequence of events be presented?
Answer: in text, tables, charts, or timelines

Question: What may the description of events include?
Answer: a timestamp

Question: A sequence of events used to describe a sequential path can be referred to as what?
Answer: a world line

Question: What is another way of phrasing "sequence of events"?

Question: What never precedes cause because of timelines?

Question: In what ways can a sequence of relationships be presented?

Question: What may the description of relationships include?

Question: What can a sequence of relationships used to describe a sequential path be referred to as?
Time

Uses of a sequence of events include stories, historical events (chronology), directions and steps in procedures, and timetables for scheduling activities. A sequence of events may also be used to help describe processes in science, technology, and medicine. A sequence of events may be focused on past events (e.g., stories, history, chronology), on future events that must be in a predetermined order (e.g., plans, schedules, procedures, timetables), or focused on the observation of past events with the expectation that the events will occur in the future (e.g., processes). The use of a sequence of events occurs in fields as diverse as machines (cam timer), documentaries (Seconds From Disaster), law (choice of law), computer simulation (discrete event simulation), and electric power transmission (sequence of events recorder). A specific example of a sequence of events is the timeline of the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster.

Question: Uses of sequences of events include what?
Answer: stories, historical events (chronology), directions and steps in procedures, and timetables

Question: What may a sequence of events be used to describe?
Answer: processes in science, technology, and medicine

Question: The use of what occurs in fields as diverse as machines, documentaries, or computer simulation?
Answer: a sequence of events

Question: What is a specific example of a sequence of events?
Answer: the timeline of the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster

Question: Uses of sequences of order include what?

Question: What may a sequence of order be used to describe?

Question: The use of what occurs in history as diverse as machines, documentaries, or computer simulation?

Question: What is a specific example of a sequence of history?

Question: What may a sequence of history be focused on?
European_Central_Bank

The European Central Bank (ECB) is the central bank for the euro and administers monetary policy of the Eurozone, which consists of 19 EU member states and is one of the largest currency areas in the world. It is one of the world's most important central banks and is one of the seven institutions of the European Union (EU) listed in the Treaty on European Union (TEU). The capital stock of the bank is owned by the central banks of all 28 EU member states.[dated info] The Treaty of Amsterdam established the bank in 1998, and it is headquartered in Frankfurt, Germany. As of 2015[update] the President of the ECB is Mario Draghi, former governor of the Bank of Italy, former member of the World Bank, and former managing director of the Goldman Sachs international division (2002–2005). The bank primarily occupied the Eurotower prior to, and during, the construction of the new headquarters.

Question: What former managing director od Goldman Sachs international division is president of The European Central Bank?
Answer: Mario Draghi

Question: What is the official, central bank for the euro?
Answer: The European Central Bank

Question: What is the Eurozone?
Answer: consists of 19 EU member states and is one of the largest currency areas in the world

Question: Who owns the capital stock of The European Central Bank?
Answer: the central banks of all 28 EU member states

Question: What established The European Central Bank?
Answer: The Treaty of Amsterdam

Question: What former managing director of Goldman Sachs international division is no longer president of The European Central Bank?

Question: What is the unofficial, central bank for the euro?

Question: What is falsely considered the Eurozone?

Question: Who owns none of the capital stock of The European Central Bank?

Question: What destroyed The European Central Bank?
European_Central_Bank

The primary objective of the European Central Bank, as mandated in Article 2 of the Statute of the ECB, is to maintain price stability within the Eurozone. The basic tasks, as defined in Article 3 of the Statute, are to define and implement the monetary policy for the Eurozone, to conduct foreign exchange operations, to take care of the foreign reserves of the European System of Central Banks and operation of the financial market infrastructure under the TARGET2 payments system and the technical platform (currently being developed) for settlement of securities in Europe (TARGET2 Securities). The ECB has, under Article 16 of its Statute, the exclusive right to authorise the issuance of euro banknotes. Member states can issue euro coins, but the amount must be authorised by the ECB beforehand.

Question: What is the main mission of the ECB?
Answer: maintain price stability within the Eurozone

Question: What gives the ECB the right to authorise the issuance of euro banknotes?
Answer: Article 16 of its Statute

Question: How can a member state use euro coins?
Answer: the amount must be authorised by the ECB beforehand

Question: Where is the mission for the European Central Bank found?
Answer: Article 2 of the Statute of the ECB

Question: Where can the basic tasks of the European Central Bank be found?
Answer: Article 3 of the Statute

Question: What is the secondary mission of the ECB?

Question: What restricts ECB the right to authorise the issuance of euro banknotes?

Question: How can a member state avoid euro coins?

Question: Where is the mission for the European Central Bank banned?

Question: Where can the advanced tasks of the European Central Bank be found?
European_Central_Bank

The first President of the Bank was Wim Duisenberg, the former president of the Dutch central bank and the European Monetary Institute. While Duisenberg had been the head of the EMI (taking over from Alexandre Lamfalussy of Belgium) just before the ECB came into existence, the French government wanted Jean-Claude Trichet, former head of the French central bank, to be the ECB's first president. The French argued that since the ECB was to be located in Germany, its president should be French. This was opposed by the German, Dutch and Belgian governments who saw Duisenberg as a guarantor of a strong euro. Tensions were abated by a gentleman's agreement in which Duisenberg would stand down before the end of his mandate, to be replaced by Trichet.

Question: Who was the first president of the ECB?
Answer: Wim Duisenberg

Question: What was Duisenberg's previous business experience?
Answer: former president of the Dutch central bank and the European Monetary Institute

Question: Who did the French government think was best candidate for President of the ECB?
Answer: Jean-Claude Trichet

Question: Why did the French want a French bank president?
Answer: since the ECB was to be located in Germany, its president should be French

Question: What did the French, German, Dutch and Belgian governments finally compromise on with regards to managing the ECB?
Answer: Duisenberg would stand down before the end of his mandate, to be replaced by Trichet

Question: Who was the first president to be lost from the ECB?

Question: What was Duisenberg's criminal business experience?

Question: Who did the French government think was worst candidate for President of the ECB?

Question: Why did the French want a Swiss bank president?

Question: What did the French, German, Dutch and Belgian governments never compromise on with regards to managing the ECB?
European_Central_Bank

The primary objective of the European Central Bank, as laid down in Article 127(1) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, is to maintain price stability within the Eurozone. The Governing Council in October 1998 defined price stability as inflation of under 2%, “a year-on-year increase in the Harmonised Index of Consumer Prices (HICP) for the euro area of below 2%” and added that price stability ”was to be maintained over the medium term”. (Harmonised Index of Consumer Prices) Unlike for example the United States Federal Reserve Bank, the ECB has only one primary objective but this objective has never been defined in statutory law, and the HICP target can be termed ad-hoc.

Question: What is price stability defined as?
Answer: inflation of under 2%

Question: What did the Harmonised Index of Consumer Prices state that price stability had to be maintained at?
Answer: over the medium term

Question: When did the Governing Council define price stability?
Answer: October 1998

Question: What is the primary goal of the ECB?
Answer: maintain price stability within the Eurozone

Question: Where is the primary mission of the European Central Bank listed?
Answer: Article 127(1) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union

Question: What is price stability incorrectly defined as?

Question: What did the Harmonised Index of Consumer Prices state that price stability had to be decreased from?

Question: When did the Governing Council forbid price stability?

Question: What is the third goal of the ECB?

Question: Where is the secondary mission of the European Central Bank banned?
European_Central_Bank

The banks in effect borrow cash and must pay it back; the short durations allow interest rates to be adjusted continually. When the repo notes come due the participating banks bid again. An increase in the quantity of notes offered at auction allows an increase in liquidity in the economy. A decrease has the contrary effect. The contracts are carried on the asset side of the European Central Bank's balance sheet and the resulting deposits in member banks are carried as a liability. In layman terms, the liability of the central bank is money, and an increase in deposits in member banks, carried as a liability by the central bank, means that more money has been put into the economy.[a]

Question: What happens when a lot of repo notes come due?
Answer: increase in liquidity in the economy

Question: What happens whe not as many repo notes are coming due?
Answer: contrary effect

Question: What happens when members increase their deposits?
Answer: more money has been put into the economy

Question: What is a good way to boost the economy?
Answer: increase in deposits in member banks

Question: Where are contracts recorded?
Answer: on the asset side of the European Central Bank's balance sheet

Question: What happens when a lot of repo notes are past due?

Question: What happens when members reject their deposits?

Question: What is a good way to undermine the economy?

Question: Where are contracts hacked?

Question: Who never needs to borrow cash?
European_Central_Bank

To qualify for participation in the auctions, banks must be able to offer proof of appropriate collateral in the form of loans to other entities. These can be the public debt of member states, but a fairly wide range of private banking securities are also accepted. The fairly stringent membership requirements for the European Union, especially with regard to sovereign debt as a percentage of each member state's gross domestic product, are designed to insure that assets offered to the bank as collateral are, at least in theory, all equally good, and all equally protected from the risk of inflation.

Question: How does a bank make sure that they can participate in auctions?
Answer: must be able to offer proof of appropriate collateral in the form of loans to other entities

Question: What kind of proof is acceptable for participation in auctions?
Answer: public debt of member states, but a fairly wide range of private banking securities are also accepted

Question: What should all assets offered up as collateral be?
Answer: all equally good, and all equally protected from the risk of inflation

Question: What must be a part of a states Gross Domestic Product in order for them to be considered for particpation in auctions?
Answer: sovereign debt

Question: How does a bank make sure that they can't participate in auctions?

Question: What kind of proof is unacceptable for participation in auctions?

Question: What should no assets offered up as collateral be?

Question: What must never be a part of a states Gross Domestic Product in order for them to be considered for particpation in auctions?
European_Central_Bank

The Executive Board is responsible for the implementation of monetary policy (defined by the Governing Council) and the day-to-day running of the bank. It can issue decisions to national central banks and may also exercise powers delegated to it by the Governing Council. It is composed of the President of the Bank (currently Mario Draghi), the Vice-President (currently Vitor Constâncio) and four other members. They are all appointed for non-renewable terms of eight years. They are appointed "from among persons of recognised standing and professional experience in monetary or banking matters by common accord of the governments of the Member States at the level of Heads of State or Government, on a recommendation from the Council, after it has consulted the European Parliament and the Governing Council of the ECB". The Executive Board normally meets every Tuesday.

Question: Who is responsible for overseeing all monetary policy?
Answer: The Executive Board

Question: Who is the current president of the ECB?
Answer: Mario Draghi

Question: Who is the Vice-President of The European Central Bank?
Answer: Vitor Constâncio

Question: Along with the President and Vice President, how many other members make up the Executive Board?
Answer: four

Question: For how long are the other members of the Executive Board appointed?
Answer: non-renewable terms of eight years

Question: Who is sabotaging all monetary policy?

Question: Who is the current emperor of the ECB?

Question: Who is the Russian President of The European Central Bank?

Question: How long are members of the Executive Board imprisoned?

Question: How many other members are banned from the Executive Board along with the President and Vice President?
European_Central_Bank

José Manuel González-Páramo, a Spanish member of the Executive Board since June 2004, was due to leave the board in early June 2012 and no replacement had been named as of late May 2012. The Spanish had nominated Barcelona-born Antonio Sáinz de Vicuña, an ECB veteran who heads its legal department, as González-Páramo's replacement as early as January 2012 but alternatives from Luxembourg, Finland, and Slovenia were put forward and no decision made by May. After a long political battle, Luxembourg's Yves Mersch, was appointed as González-Páramo's replacement.

Question: Who did the Spanish want to take José Manuel González-Páramo's seat on the board?
Answer: Antonio Sáinz de Vicuña

Question: Who was ulitmately named as González-Páramo's replacement?
Answer: Luxembourg's Yves Mersch

Question: When was González-Páramo's supposed to leave his seat on the board?
Answer: June 2012

Question: When did González-Páramo take his seat on the Executive Board?
Answer: June 2004

Question: Why did the Spanish think that Vicuña would be a suitable replacement for González-Páramo?
Answer: ECB veteran who heads its legal department

Question: Who did the French want to steal José Manuel González-Páramo's seat on the board?

Question: Who was ulitmately named as González-Páramo's assistant?

Question: When was González-Páramo's upgraded from his seat on the board?

Question: When did González-Páramo sabotage his seat on the Executive Board?

Question: Why did the Spanish think that Vicuña would be an awful replacement for González-Páramo?
European_Central_Bank

The Supervisory Board meets twice a month to discuss, plan and carry out the ECB’s supervisory tasks. It proposes draft decisions to the Governing Council under the non-objection procedure. It is composed of Chair (appointed for a non-renewable term of five years), Vice-Chair (chosen from among the members of the ECB's Executive Board) four ECB representatives and representatives of national supervisors. If the national supervisory authority designated by a Member State is not a national central bank (NCB), the representative of the competent authority can be accompanied by a representative from their NCB. In such cases, the representatives are together considered as one member for the purposes of the voting procedure.

Question: What does the Supervisory Board discuss at it's meetings?
Answer: discuss, plan and carry out the ECB’s supervisory tasks

Question: How long is the term for the Chairman of the Supervisory Board?
Answer: appointed for a non-renewable term of five years

Question: How long is the term for Vice-Chair of the Supervisory Board?
Answer: chosen from among the members of the ECB's Executive Board

Question: Besides the Chair and Vice-Chair, who else is on the Supervisory Board?
Answer: four ECB representatives and representatives of national supervisors

Question: What happens if the national supervisory authority designated by a Member State is not a national central bank?
Answer: the representative of the competent authority can be accompanied by a representative from their NCB

Question: What does the Supervisory Board avoid doing at it's meetings?

Question: How long is the prison term for the Chairman of the Supervisory Board?

Question: How long is the culinary term for Vice-Chair of the Supervisory Board?

Question: Who is restricted from being on the supervisory board?

Question: What happens if the national supervisory authority designated by a Member State is not a local bank?
European_Central_Bank

Although the ECB is governed by European law directly and thus not by corporate law applying to private law companies, its set-up resembles that of a corporation in the sense that the ECB has shareholders and stock capital. Its capital is five billion euros which is held by the national central banks of the member states as shareholders. The initial capital allocation key was determined in 1998 on the basis of the states' population and GDP, but the key is adjustable. Shares in the ECB are not transferable and cannot be used as collateral.

Question: What governs the ECB?
Answer: European law

Question: How does the ECB mimic a corporation?
Answer: shareholders and stock capital

Question: How much does the ECB have as capital?
Answer: five billion euros

Question: Who holds the ECB's capital?
Answer: the national central banks of the member states as shareholders

Question: What determined the ECB's initial capital?
Answer: the basis of the states' population and GDP

Question: What undermines the ECB?

Question: How does the ECB show differences from a corporation?

Question: How much does the ECB lose as capital?

Question: Who steals the ECB's capital?

Question: What decreased the ECB's initial capital?
European_Central_Bank

The internal working language of the ECB is generally English, and press conferences are usually held in English. External communications are handled flexibly: English is preferred (though not exclusively) for communication within the ESCB (i.e. with other central banks) and with financial markets; communication with other national bodies and with EU citizens is normally in their respective language, but the ECB website is predominantly English; official documents such as the Annual Report are in the official languages of the EU.

Question: What language does the ECB generally use?
Answer: English

Question: When in communication with other nationalities, what language is generally used?
Answer: normally in their respective language

Question: What language is the ECB website run in?
Answer: English

Question: How are the languages of official documents handled?
Answer: the official languages of the EU

Question: What language does the ECB generally forbid?

Question: When in communication with other nationalities, what language is never used?

Question: What language is the ECB website banned in?

Question: How are the languages of official documents avoided?
European_Central_Bank

The independence of the ECB is instrumental in maintaining price stability. Not only must the bank not seek influence, but EU institutions and national governments are bound by the treaties to respect the ECB's independence. To offer some accountability, the ECB is bound to publish reports on its activities and has to address its annual report to the European Parliament, the European Commission, the Council of the European Union and the European Council. The European Parliament also gets to question and then issue its opinion on candidates to the executive board.

Question: WHat is the biggest factor in the ECB maintaining price stability?
Answer: independence

Question: Who gets to interview and question prospective board members?
Answer: The European Parliament

Question: Why do EU institutions and national governments have to respect the independence of the ECB?
Answer: bound by the treaties

Question: How is the ECB held accountable for it's actions?
Answer: bound to publish reports on its activities and has to address its annual report to the European Parliament

Question: Who never gets to interview and question prospective board members?

Question: Why do EU institutions and national governments never respect the dependence of the ECB?

Question: How is the ECB not held accountable for it's actions?
European_Central_Bank

From late 2009 a handful of mainly southern eurozone member states started being unable to repay their national Euro-denominated government debt or to finance the bail-out of troubled financial sectors under their national supervision without the assistance of third parties. This so-called European debt crisis began after Greece's new elected government stopped masking its true indebtedness and budget deficit and openly communicated the imminent danger of a Greek sovereign default. Seeing a sovereign default in the eurozone as a shock, the general public, international and European institutions, and the financial community started to intensively reassess the economic situation and creditworthiness of eurozone states. Those eurozone states being assessed as not financially sustainable enough on their current path, faced waves of credit rating downgrades and rising borrowing costs including increasing interest rate spreads. As a consequence, the ability of these states to borrow new money to further finance their budget deficits or to refinance existing unsustainable debt levels was strongly reduced.

Question: When did the European debt Crisis begin?
Answer: 2009

Question: What did the eurozone states that were thought to not be able to repay their debt face as a consequence?
Answer: the ability of these states to borrow new money to further finance their budget deficits or to refinance existing unsustainable debt levels was strongly reduced

Question: Which country was the first to be at risk for soverign default?
Answer: Greece

Question: Who brought Greece's financial crisis to the forefront?
Answer: new elected government

Question: What had Greece's previous government been hiding?
Answer: its true indebtedness and budget deficit

Question: When did the European profit euphoria begin?

Question: Which country was the last to be at risk for sovereign default?

Question: Who ignored Greece's financial crisis the most?

Question: What had Greece's previous government been showcasing?

Question: What is never a shock in the eurozone?
European_Central_Bank

There is also a widespread view[vague][who?] that giving much more financial support to continuously cover the debt crisis or allow even higher budget deficits or debt levels would discourage the crisis states to implement necessary reforms to regain their competitiveness.[citation needed] There has also been a reluctance[citation needed] of financially stable eurozone states like Germany[citation needed] to further circumvent the no-bailout clause in the EU contracts and to generally take on the burden of financing or guaranteeing the debts of financially unstable or defaulting eurozone countries.[citation needed]

Question: Which countries didn't want to go around the bail-out clause and have to shoulder the burden of backing the defaulters debts.
Answer: financially stable eurozone states like Germany

Question: What do most see raising the debt celing as doing?
Answer: discourage the crisis states to implement necessary reforms to regain their competitiveness

Question: What could keep the crisis states from trying to stand on their own?
Answer: giving much more financial support to continuously cover the debt crisis or allow even higher budget deficits or debt levels

Question: Which countries wanted to go around the bail-out clause and have to shoulder the burden of backing the defaulters debts?

Question: What could keep the crisis states independent?

Question: What do most see lowering the debt celing as doing?

Question: What contracts do not contain a no-bailout clause?
European_Central_Bank

This has led to public discussions if Greece, Portugal, and even Italy would be better off leaving the eurozone to regain economical and financial stability if they would not implement reforms to strengthen their competitiveness as part of the eurozone in time. Greece had the greatest need for reforms but also most problems to implement those, so the Greek exit, also called "Grexit", has been widely discussed. Germany, as a large and financially stable state being in the focus to be asked to guarantee or repay other states debt, has never pushed those exits. Their position is to keep Greece within the eurozone, but not at any cost. If the worst comes to the worst, priority should be given to the euro's stability.

Question: What term was coined when Greece left the eurozone?
Answer: Grexit

Question: What is Germany's position on wether or not Greece should be in the eurozone?
Answer: If the worst comes to the worst, priority should be given to the euro's stability.

Question: As one of the financial powers, has Germany ever tried to force the crisis states into leaving the eurozone?
Answer: never pushed those exits

Question: Which eurozone country has the biggest need for financial reform?
Answer: Greece

Question: What term was forbidden when Greece left the eurozone?

Question: What is Spain's position on whether or not Greece should be outside the eurozone?

Question: Which eurozone country has the smallest need for financial reform?

Question: What country is least financially stable?
European_Central_Bank

However, if the debt rescheduling causes losses on loans held by European banks, it weakens the private banking system, which then puts pressure on the central bank to come to the aid of those banks. Private-sector bond holders are an integral part of the public and private banking system. Another possible response is for wealthy member countries to guarantee or purchase the debt of countries that have defaulted or are likely to default. This alternative requires that the tax revenues and credit of the wealthy member countries be used to refinance the previous borrowing of the weaker member countries, and is politically controversial.

Question: What would cause the private banking system to weaken?
Answer: if the debt rescheduling causes losses on loans held by European banks

Question: Who purchases the debt of countries that cannot repay and are in danger of default?
Answer: wealthy member countries

Question: What happens when the private banking system is weakened?
Answer: pressure on the central bank to come to the aid of those banks

Question: What is to be used to guarantee the debtors repayment, by the banks assuming their debt?
Answer: tax revenues and credit of the wealthy member countries

Question: Is using the tax revenues and credit of the more stable banks to bail out the ones in danger of default an accepted practice?
Answer: is politically controversial

Question: What would cause the private banking system to strengthen?

Question: Who steals the debt of countries that cannot repay and are in danger of default?

Question: What happens when the private banking system is gone?

Question: What is never to be used to guarantee the debtors repayment, by the banks assuming their debt?

Question: Why is using the tax revenues and credit of the more stable banks to bail out the ones in danger of default an accepted practice?
European_Central_Bank

In contrast to the Fed, the ECB normally does not buy bonds outright. The normal procedure used by the ECB for manipulating the money supply has been via the so-called refinancing facilities. In these facilities, bonds are not purchased but used in reverse transactions: repurchase agreements, or collateralised loans. These two transactions are similar, i.e. bonds are used as collaterals for loans, the difference being of legal nature. In the repos the ownership of the collateral changes to the ECB until the loan is repaid.

Question: Who retains ownership of the collateral until the debt is paid?
Answer: ECB

Question: Since the ECB doesn't buy bonds outright, how are they used?
Answer: refinancing facilities

Question: What is the manner in which bonds are used at refinancing facilities?
Answer: repurchase agreements, or collateralised loans

Question: Who buys the bonds instead of using them in reverse transactions?
Answer: the Fed

Question: Who loses ownership of the collateral until the debt is paid?

Question: What is the manner in which bonds are lost at refinancing facilities?

Question: Who steals the bonds instead of using them in reverse transactions?

Question: Who always buys bonds outright?
European_Central_Bank

This changed with the recent sovereign-debt crisis. The ECB always could, and through the late summer of 2011 did, purchase bonds issued by the weaker states even though it assumes, in doing so, the risk of a deteriorating balance sheet. ECB buying focused primarily on Spanish and Italian debt. Certain techniques can minimise the impact. Purchases of Italian bonds by the central bank, for example, were intended to dampen international speculation and strengthen portfolios in the private sector and also the central bank.

Question: What debt did the ECB focus on abtaining?
Answer: Spanish and Italian

Question: What risk is assumed when the ECB purchases bonds from weaker states?
Answer: a deteriorating balance sheet

Question: Why were italian bonds purchased by the ECB?
Answer: intended to dampen international speculation and strengthen portfolios in the private sector and also the central bank

Question: What was something used to minimize the impact of the soverign-debt crisis?
Answer: Purchases of Italian bonds by the central bank

Question: What debt did the ECB forgive?

Question: What risk is mitigated when the ECB purchases bonds from weaker states?

Question: Why were italian bonds lost by the ECB?

Question: What was something used to maximize the impact of the soverign-debt crisis?
European_Central_Bank

On the other hand, certain financial techniques can reduce the impact of such purchases on the currency. One is sterilisation, in which highly valued assets are sold at the same time that the weaker assets are purchased, which keeps the money supply neutral. Another technique is simply to accept the bad assets as long-term collateral (as opposed to short-term repo swaps) to be held until their market value stabilises. This would imply, as a quid pro quo, adjustments in taxation and expenditure in the economies of the weaker states to improve the perceived value of the assets.

Question: How does sterilisation help to keep the money flow even?
Answer: highly valued assets are sold at the same time that the weaker assets are purchased

Question: What can a state do with bad assets, rather than cashing them in directly?
Answer: long-term collateral

Question: How can weaker states improve the surface value of their assets?
Answer: adjustments in taxation and expenditure in the economies

Question: How does sterilisation help to keep the money flow uneven?

Question: What can a state do with good assets, rather than cashing them in directly?

Question: How can weaker states destroy the surface value of their assets?

Question: What kinds of techniques can never reduce the impact of purchases on a currency?
European_Central_Bank

As of 18 June 2012, the ECB in total had spent €212.1bn (equal to 2.2% of the Eurozone GDP) for bond purchases covering outright debt, as part of its Securities Markets Programme (SMP) running since May 2010. On 6 September 2012, the ECB announced a new plan for buying bonds from eurozone countries. The duration of the previous SMP was temporary, while the Outright Monetary Transactions (OMT) programme has no ex-ante time or size limit. On 4 September 2014, the bank went further by announcing it would buy bonds and other debt instruments primarily from banks in a bid to boost the availability of credit for businesses.

Question: By 2012, how much did the ECB spend in covering bad debt?
Answer: €212.1bn

Question: How does the ECB plan to increase the available credit for businesses?
Answer: Outright Monetary Transactions

Question: What is the duration of the Outright Monetary Transactions program?
Answer: no ex-ante time or size limit

Question: When was the new idea for the purchasing of eurozone bonds announced?
Answer: 6 September 2012

Question: How long was the duration of the Securities Markets Programme to last?
Answer: temporary

Question: Wow much did the ECB steal in order to cover bad debt?

Question: How does the ECB plan to decrease the available credit for businesses?

Question: What is the rejected duration of the Outright Monetary Transactions program?

Question: When was the new idea for the purchasing of eurozone bonds declined?

Question: How long was the duration of the Securities Markets Programme that never happened?
European_Central_Bank

Rescue operations involving sovereign debt have included temporarily moving bad or weak assets off the balance sheets of the weak member banks into the balance sheets of the European Central Bank. Such action is viewed as monetisation and can be seen as an inflationary threat, whereby the strong member countries of the ECB shoulder the burden of monetary expansion (and potential inflation) to save the weak member countries. Most central banks prefer to move weak assets off their balance sheets with some kind of agreement as to how the debt will continue to be serviced. This preference has typically led the ECB to argue that the weaker member countries must:

Question: What can be shuffeled around during a soverign debt crisis to mitigate the damage?
Answer: temporarily moving bad or weak assets

Question: Where do bad and weak assets get moved in times of soverign debt crisis?
Answer: the balance sheets of the European Central Bank

Question: What is shuffling around bad or weak debts from a weaker eurozone member to the ECB known as?
Answer: monetisation

Question: What is monetisation usually viewed as?
Answer: inflationary threat

Question: If the central banks can come to an agreement with the eurozone member about the continued repayment of the debt, what happens to the bad or weak debt?
Answer: move weak assets off their balance sheets

Question: What can never be shuffled around during a sovereign debt crisis to mitigate the damage?

Question: Where do bad and weak assets become restricted in times of sovereign debt crisis?

Question: What is shuffling around good or strong debts from a weaker eurozone member to the ECB known as?

Question: What is monetisation rarely viewed as?
European_Central_Bank

The European Central Bank had stepped up the buying of member nations debt. In response to the crisis of 2010, some proposals have surfaced for a collective European bond issue that would allow the central bank to purchase a European version of US Treasury bills. To make European sovereign debt assets more similar to a US Treasury, a collective guarantee of the member states' solvency would be necessary.[b] But the German government has resisted this proposal, and other analyses indicate that "the sickness of the euro" is due to the linkage between sovereign debt and failing national banking systems. If the European central bank were to deal directly with failing banking systems sovereign debt would not look as leveraged relative to national income in the financially weaker member states.

Question: What is being caused by links between soverign debt and failing national banks?
Answer: the sickness of the euro

Question: Which country has been resistant to attempts to make the soverign debt assets more like the U.S. Treasury?
Answer: the German government

Question: Who began to increase their coverage of weaker debts?
Answer: The European Central Bank

Question: What would have to happen to make European sovereign debt assets more like what is found in the U.S. Treasury?
Answer: a collective guarantee of the member states' solvency

Question: Why did propsals about making the European sovereign debt assets more like the US Treasury?
Answer: the crisis of 2010

Question: What is being avoided by links between sovereign debt and failing national banks?

Question: Which country has supported attempts to make the sovereign debt assets more like the U.S. Treasury?

Question: Who began to decrease their coverage of weaker debts?

Question: What would have to happen to make European sovereign debt assets less like what is found in the U.S. Treasury?
European_Central_Bank

The bank must also co-operate within the EU and internationally with third bodies and entities. Finally, it contributes to maintaining a stable financial system and monitoring the banking sector. The latter can be seen, for example, in the bank's intervention during the subprime mortgage crisis when it loaned billions of euros to banks to stabilise the financial system. In December 2007, the ECB decided in conjunction with the Federal Reserve System under a programme called Term auction facility to improve dollar liquidity in the eurozone and to stabilise the money market.

Question: What did the ECB do to help stabilise the financial system during the subprime mortgage crisis?
Answer: loaned billions of euros to banks

Question: Why did the ECB intervene during the subprime mortgage crisis?
Answer: to stabilise the financial system

Question: Who decided, along with the ECB, to use Term auction to help stabilize the financial crisis and improve dollar liquidity?
Answer: Federal Reserve System

Question: Besides cooperating with other financial institutions, how does the ECB help to maintain stability?
Answer: contributes to maintaining a stable financial system and monitoring the banking sector

Question: When did the ECB and Federal Rserve decide to collaborate on Term auction facility?
Answer: December 2007

Question: What did the ECB avoid to help stabilize the financial system during the subprime mortgage crisis?

Question: Why did the ECB not intervene during the subprime mortgage crisis?

Question: Who rejected, along with the ECB, to use Term auction to help stabilize the financial crisis and improve dollar liquidity?

Question: When did the ECB and Federal Reserve decide to separate on Term auction facility?

Question: How does the ECB help to destroy stability?
European_Central_Bank

In central banking, the privileged status of the central bank is that it can make as much money as it deems needed. In the United States Federal Reserve Bank, the Federal Reserve buys assets: typically, bonds issued by the Federal government. There is no limit on the bonds that it can buy and one of the tools at its disposal in a financial crisis is to take such extraordinary measures as the purchase of large amounts of assets such as commercial paper. The purpose of such operations is to ensure that adequate liquidity is available for functioning of the financial system.

Question: What is a perk of the central bank?
Answer: it can make as much money as it deems needed

Question: What kinds of assets does the US Federal Reserve buy?
Answer: bonds issued by the Federal government

Question: What kind of asset will the Federal Reserve purchase in mass quantities at a time of crisis?
Answer: commercial paper

Question: What is the purpose of buying commercial paper in a time of financial crisis?
Answer: to ensure that adequate liquidity is available for functioning

Question: What is a disadvantage of the central bank?

Question: What kinds of assets does the US Federal Reserve ban?

Question: What kind of asset will the Federal Reserve sell in small quantities at a time of crisis?

Question: What is the purpose of selling commercial paper in a time of financial crisis?
European_Central_Bank

Think-tanks such as the World Pensions Council have also argued that European legislators have pushed somewhat dogmatically for the adoption of the Basel II recommendations, adopted in 2005, transposed in European Union law through the Capital Requirements Directive (CRD), effective since 2008. In essence, they forced European banks, and, more importantly, the European Central Bank itself e.g. when gauging the solvency of financial institutions, to rely more than ever on standardised assessments of credit risk marketed by two non-European private agencies: Moody's and S&P.

Question: Which agencies have became the authority on assessing the risk of financial institutions?
Answer: Moody's and S&P

Question: When was Basel II adopted?
Answer: 2005

Question: What said that agencies had to start using Moody's and S&P to assess financial institutions?
Answer: the Basel II recommendations

Question: Since when have the Basel II recommendations been in effect?
Answer: 2008

Question: Which agencies have lost their authority on assessing the risk of financial institutions?

Question: When was Basel II rejected?

Question: What said that agencies had no option for using Moody's and S&P to assess financial institutions?

Question: When did the Basel II recommendations lose effect?
European_Central_Bank

The bank is based in Frankfurt, the largest financial centre in the Eurozone. Its location in the city is fixed by the Amsterdam Treaty. The bank moved to new purpose-built headquarters in 2014 which were designed a Vienna-based architectural office named Coop Himmelbau. The building is approximately 180 metres (591 ft) tall and will be accompanied with other secondary buildings on a landscaped site on the site of the former wholesale market in the eastern part of Frankfurt am Main. The main construction began in October 2008, and it was expected that the building will become an architectural symbol for Europe. While it was designed to accommodate double the number of staff who operate in the former Eurotower, that building has been retained since the ECB took responsibility for banking supervision and more space was hence required.

Question: Where is the European Central bank located?
Answer: Frankfurt

Question: What decided where the bank was to be located?
Answer: Amsterdam Treaty

Question: When did the bank move to it's new headquarters?
Answer: 2014

Question: What previously stood where the bank is now?
Answer: the former wholesale market

Question: When did construction of the new bank begin?
Answer: October 2008

Question: Where is the European Central bank unknown?

Question: What decided where the bank was to be bombed?

Question: When did the bank close the new headquarters?

Question: What never stood where the bank is now?

Question: When did construction of the new bank stop before completion?