Divyanshu67/squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
Umayyad_Caliphate

The books written later in the Abbasid period in Iran are more anti Umayyad. Iran was Sunni at the time. There was much anti Arab feeling in Iran after the fall of the Persian empire. This anti Arab feeling also influenced the books on Islamic history. Al-Tabri was also written in Iran during that period. Al-Tabri was a huge collection including all the text that he could find, from all the sources. It was a collection preserving everything for future generations to codify and for future generations to judge if it was true or false.

Question: In the later Abbasid era, what branch of Islam did Iran adhere to?
Answer: Sunni

Question: What notable work of Islamic history was written in Iran during the later Abbasid period?
Answer: Al-Tabri

Question: What group was notably disliked in Iran after the Persian Empire fell?
Answer: Arab

Question: What are the books written early in the Abbasid period like?

Question: When was there not much anti Arab feeling in Iran?

Question: What did this anti Arab feeling fail to influence?

Question: What was a small collection of texts?

Question: What was a collection meant only for current generations?
Umayyad_Caliphate

The Diwan of Umar, assigning annuities to all Arabs and to the Muslim soldiers of other races, underwent a change in the hands of the Umayyads. The Umayyads meddled with the register and the recipients regarded pensions as the subsistence allowance even without being in active service. Hisham reformed it and paid only to those who participated in battle. On the pattern of the Byzantine system the Umayyads reformed their army organization in general and divided it into five corps: the centre, two wings, vanguards and rearguards, following the same formation while on march or on a battle field. Marwan II (740–50) abandoned the old division and introduced Kurdus (cohort), a small compact body. The Umayyad troops were divided into three divisions: infantry, cavalry and artillery. Arab troops were dressed and armed in Greek fashion. The Umayyad cavalry used plain and round saddles. The artillery used arradah (ballista), manjaniq (the mangonel) and dabbabah or kabsh (the battering ram). The heavy engines, siege machines and baggage were carried on camels behind the army.

Question: What is the meaning of the term Kurdus in English?
Answer: cohort

Question: What caliph reigned from 740 to 750?
Answer: Marwan II

Question: What style of dress did Arab troops wear under Marwan II?
Answer: Greek

Question: Along with artillery and infantry, what was the third division of Umayyad troops under Marwan II?
Answer: cavalry

Question: What did the Umayyads call the mangonel?
Answer: manjaniq

Question: Who didn't change the Diwan of Umar?

Question: What did the Byzantines pattern their army organization on?

Question: How many corps did the Byzantines have?

Question: Who reintroduced the old division?

Question: In what fashion were Greek troops armed?
Umayyad_Caliphate

Mu'awiyah introduced postal service, Abd al-Malik extended it throughout his empire, and Walid made full use of it. The Umayyad Caliph Abd al-Malik developed a regular postal service. Umar bin Abdul-Aziz developed it further by building caravanserais at stages along the Khurasan highway. Relays of horses were used for the conveyance of dispatches between the caliph and his agents and officials posted in the provinces. The main highways were divided into stages of 12 miles (19 km) each and each stage had horses, donkeys or camels ready to carry the post. Primarily the service met the needs of Government officials, but travellers and their important dispatches were also benefitted by the system. The postal carriages were also used for the swift transport of troops. They were able to carry fifty to a hundred men at a time. Under Governor Yusuf bin Umar, the postal department of Iraq cost 4,000,000 dirhams a year.

Question: Who first brought a postal service into Umayyad lands?
Answer: Mu'awiyah

Question: Along what highway did Umar bin Abdul-Aziz build caravanserais?
Answer: Khurasan

Question: Along with horses and camels, what animals were used by the postal service?
Answer: donkeys

Question: In dirhams, what was the yearly cost of the Iraqi postal service when Yusuf bin Umar was governor?
Answer: 4,000,000

Question: In kilometers, how far apart was each stage of the Umayyad highways?
Answer: 19

Question: Who ended the postal service?

Question: Who shrunk the reach of the postal service throughout his empire?

Question: Who stopped the use of horses in the postal service?

Question: What service primarily met the needs of private citizens?

Question: What did the postal department of Iraq cost per year under Abd al-Malik?
Umayyad_Caliphate

However many early history books like the Islamic Conquest of Syria Fatuhusham by al-Imam al-Waqidi state that after the conversion to Islam Muawiyah's father Abu Sufyan ibn Harb and his brothers Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan were appointed as commanders in the Muslim armies by Muhammad. Muawiyah, Abu Sufyan ibn Harb, Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan and Hind bint Utbah fought in the Battle of Yarmouk. The defeat of the Byzantine Emperor Heraclius at the Battle of Yarmouk opened the way for the Muslim expansion into Jerusalem and Syria.

Question: What nation lost the Battle of Yarmouk?
Answer: Byzantine

Question: Who was the Byzantine leader at the Battle of Yarmouk?
Answer: Heraclius

Question: Along with Syria, where did the Muslims extend their control after the Battle of Yarmouk?
Answer: Jerusalem

Question: Who was the father of Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan?
Answer: Abu Sufyan ibn Harb

Question: Along with Muawiyah, Abu Sufyan ibn Harb and Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan, what notable Muslim participated in the Battle of Yarmouk?
Answer: Hind bint Utbah

Question: What is an example of a late history book?

Question: What were Muawiyah's father and brothers appointed as before they converted to Islam?

Question: Who appointed Muhammad as a commander?

Question: Who never fought at the battle of Yarmouk?

Question: What battle did the Byzantines win?
Umayyad_Caliphate

Non-Muslim groups in the Umayyad Caliphate, which included Christians, Jews, Zoroastrians, and pagan Berbers, were called dhimmis. They were given a legally protected status as second-class citizens as long as they accepted and acknowledged the political supremacy of the ruling Muslims. They were allowed to have their own courts, and were given freedom of their religion within the empire.[citation needed] Although they could not hold the highest public offices in the empire, they had many bureaucratic positions within the government. Christians and Jews still continued to produce great theological thinkers within their communities, but as time wore on, many of the intellectuals converted to Islam, leading to a lack of great thinkers in the non-Muslim communities.

Question: What were non-Muslim groups under the Umayyads called?
Answer: dhimmis

Question: Along with Berbers, Zoroastrians and Christians, what notable non-Muslim group existed in the Umayyad Caliphate?
Answer: Jews

Question: Along with Jews, what non-Muslim religion produced notable theological works under the Umayyads?
Answer: Christians

Question: What were Muslim groups in the Umayyad Caliphate called?

Question: Who was given a legally protected status as first class citizens?

Question: What were Muslims banned from holding in the empire?

Question: What led to a lack of great thinkers in Muslim communities?

Question: What were non-Muslims not required to acknowledge?
Umayyad_Caliphate

The Umayyad caliphate was marked both by territorial expansion and by the administrative and cultural problems that such expansion created. Despite some notable exceptions, the Umayyads tended to favor the rights of the old Arab families, and in particular their own, over those of newly converted Muslims (mawali). Therefore, they held to a less universalist conception of Islam than did many of their rivals. As G.R. Hawting has written, "Islam was in fact regarded as the property of the conquering aristocracy."

Question: What is another name for people who recently converted to Islam?
Answer: mawali

Question: Who argued that the Umayyads regarded Islam as a particularly aristocratic faith?
Answer: G.R. Hawting

Question: What sorts of families did the Umayyads show favor to?
Answer: old Arab

Question: Which caliphate was not marked by territorial expansion?

Question: Who favored the rights of newly converted Muslims?

Question: Who did the mawali show favor to?

Question: Who had a more universalist conception of Islam than their rivals?
Umayyad_Caliphate

Many Muslims criticized the Umayyads for having too many non-Muslim, former Roman administrators in their government. St John of Damascus was also a high administrator in the Umayyad administration. As the Muslims took over cities, they left the peoples political representatives and the Roman tax collectors and the administrators. The taxes to the central government were calculated and negotiated by the peoples political representatives. The Central government got paid for the services it provided and the local government got the money for the services it provided. Many Christian cities also used some of the taxes on maintain their churches and run their own organizations. Later the Umayyads were criticized by some Muslims for not reducing the taxes of the people who converted to Islam. These new converts continues to pay the same taxes that were previously negotiated.

Question: What Christian saint was also an Umayyad administrator?
Answer: John of Damascus

Question: What tax collectors did the Umayyads often leave in place after they conquered regions?
Answer: Roman

Question: In addition to criticism received for employing non-Muslims, for what notable reason did some Muslims criticize the Umayyads?
Answer: not reducing the taxes of the people who converted to Islam

Question: What did many Muslims praise the Umayyads for?

Question: Who removed the people's political representatives as they took over?

Question: What was the Central government not paid for?

Question: What did many Muslim cities use some of their taxes for?

Question: Who reduced the taxes of the people who converted to Islam?
Umayyad_Caliphate

The Umayyads have met with a largely negative reception from later Islamic historians, who have accused them of promoting a kingship (mulk, a term with connotations of tyranny) instead of a true caliphate (khilafa). In this respect it is notable that the Umayyad caliphs referred to themselves not as khalifat rasul Allah ("successor of the messenger of God", the title preferred by the tradition), but rather as khalifat Allah ("deputy of God"). The distinction seems to indicate that the Umayyads "regarded themselves as God's representatives at the head of the community and saw no need to share their religious power with, or delegate it to, the emergent class of religious scholars." In fact, it was precisely this class of scholars, based largely in Iraq, that was responsible for collecting and recording the traditions that form the primary source material for the history of the Umayyad period. In reconstructing this history, therefore, it is necessary to rely mainly on sources, such as the histories of Tabari and Baladhuri, that were written in the Abbasid court at Baghdad.

Question: What Arabic term did the Umayyad caliphs use to refer to themselves?
Answer: khalifat Allah

Question: Where was the Abbasid court based?
Answer: Baghdad

Question: What is the Arabic term for kingship?
Answer: mulk

Question: What was the tradition Arabic title used by caliphs?
Answer: khalifat rasul Allah

Question: What does khalifat Allah translate to in English?
Answer: deputy of God

Question: Who has a positive reception from later Islamic historians?

Question: What is a term for kingship that has connotations of freedom?

Question: Who calls the Umayyads a true caliphate?

Question: Who saw a need to share religious power with the religious scholars?

Question: What histories were written outside the Abbasid court?
Asphalt

Asphalt/bitumen also occurs in unconsolidated sandstones known as "oil sands" in Alberta, Canada, and the similar "tar sands" in Utah, US. The Canadian province of Alberta has most of the world's reserves of natural bitumen, in three huge deposits covering 142,000 square kilometres (55,000 sq mi), an area larger than England or New York state. These bituminous sands contain 166 billion barrels (26.4×10^9 m3) of commercially established oil reserves, giving Canada the third largest oil reserves in the world. and produce over 2.3 million barrels per day (370×10^3 m3/d) of heavy crude oil and synthetic crude oil. Although historically it was used without refining to pave roads, nearly all of the bitumen is now used as raw material for oil refineries in Canada and the United States.

Question: What is another term for asphalt?
Answer: bitumen

Question: Besides occurrences in Canada, where in the US is asphalt found?
Answer: Utah

Question: How much of the planet's asphalt is located in Canada?
Answer: most

Question: What is the area amount of the Canadian asphalt deposits?
Answer: 142,000 square kilometres

Question: Where does most of Canada's asphalt end up these days?
Answer: oil refineries

Question: Along with the state of Iowa, where else does asphalt occur in unconsolidated sandstones?

Question: Comprised of four large deposits, in which province are most of the world's natural bitumen reserves located?

Question: Where does most of the Canadian oil supply end up?

Question: What is the total area of the Cambodian asphalt deposits?
Asphalt

The first use of asphalt/bitumen in the New World was by indigenous peoples. On the west coast, as early as the 13th century, the Tongva, Luiseño and Chumash peoples collected the naturally occurring asphalt/bitumen that seeped to the surface above underlying petroleum deposits. All three used the substance as an adhesive. It is found on many different artifacts of tools and ceremonial items. For example, it was used on rattles to adhere gourds or turtle shells to rattle handles. It was also used in decorations. Small round shell beads were often set in asphaltum to provide decorations. It was used as a sealant on baskets to make them watertight for carrying water. Asphaltum was used also to seal the planks on ocean-going canoes.

Question: What group initially made use of asphalt?
Answer: indigenous peoples

Question: For what purpose did American Indians use asphalt? 
Answer: adhesive

Question: What sort of deposits does asphalt overlay?
Answer: petroleum

Question: What would early users of asphalt want to achieve by putting it on baskets?
Answer: watertight

Question: On what type of boat was asphalt used to seal planks?
Answer: canoes

Question: The foreign people were the first to use what in the New World?

Question: What group was the first to use shell beads?

Question: What was used on shell beads to adhere gourds?

Question: What was used on turtle shells to provide decorations?

Question: What was used on turtle shells as a sealant?
Asphalt

When maintenance is performed on asphalt pavements, such as milling to remove a worn or damaged surface, the removed material can be returned to a facility for processing into new pavement mixtures. The asphalt/bitumen in the removed material can be reactivated and put back to use in new pavement mixes. With some 95% of paved roads being constructed of or surfaced with asphalt, a substantial amount of asphalt pavement material is reclaimed each year. According to industry surveys conducted annually by the Federal Highway Administration and the National Asphalt Pavement Association, more than 99% of the asphalt removed each year from road surfaces during widening and resurfacing projects is reused as part of new pavements, roadbeds, shoulders and embankments.

Question: What is used asphalt turned back into?
Answer: new pavement mixtures

Question: How much of yearly acquired asphalt is reclaimed?
Answer: 99%

Question: What percentage of new roadways are surfaced with asphalt?
Answer: 95%

Question: During what action is asphalt often reclaimed?
Answer: maintenance

Question: For what reason is asphalt removed from a road? 
Answer: worn or damaged

Question: Where can the removed surveys be returned for processing into new mixtures?

Question: Where is the deactivated asphalt put back to use?

Question: 99% percent of what are constructed by using asphalt?

Question: How often does the Federal Asphalt Administration conduct surveys?

Question: 99% of asphalt that is removed from road surfaces during what type of projects is reused for conducting industry surveys?
Asphalt

In Alberta, five bitumen upgraders produce synthetic crude oil and a variety of other products: The Suncor Energy upgrader near Fort McMurray, Alberta produces synthetic crude oil plus diesel fuel; the Syncrude Canada, Canadian Natural Resources, and Nexen upgraders near Fort McMurray produce synthetic crude oil; and the Shell Scotford Upgrader near Edmonton produces synthetic crude oil plus an intermediate feedstock for the nearby Shell Oil Refinery. A sixth upgrader, under construction in 2015 near Redwater, Alberta, will upgrade half of its crude bitumen directly to diesel fuel, with the remainder of the output being sold as feedstock to nearby oil refineries and petrochemical plants.

Question: How many asphalt upgraders operate in Alberta?
Answer: five

Question: What synthetic product is produced by upgraders?
Answer: crude oil

Question: Besides crude oil, what does the Suncor Energy plant produce?
Answer: diesel fuel

Question: Where is a sixth upgrader being built in Alberta?
Answer: Redwater, Alberta

Question: How much of the production of the Redwater plant will into diesel fuel?
Answer: half

Question: How many bitumen upgraders produce synthetic crude oil in Edmonton?

Question: When is the seventh upgrader scheduled to be under construction?

Question: The sixth upgrader will upgrade two thirds of what?

Question: The remainder of the output will be sold to Suncor Energy as what?

Question: Where is the Shell Oil upgrader located?
Asphalt

Asphalt/bitumen is typically stored and transported at temperatures around 150 °C (302 °F). Sometimes diesel oil or kerosene are mixed in before shipping to retain liquidity; upon delivery, these lighter materials are separated out of the mixture. This mixture is often called "bitumen feedstock", or BFS. Some dump trucks route the hot engine exhaust through pipes in the dump body to keep the material warm. The backs of tippers carrying asphalt/bitumen, as well as some handling equipment, are also commonly sprayed with a releasing agent before filling to aid release. Diesel oil is no longer used as a release agent due to environmental concerns.

Question: About what temperature is asphalt shipped?
Answer: 150 °C

Question: To promote what characteristic is diesel oil added to asphalt for shipping?
Answer: liquidity

Question: What is the liquefied mixture called? 
Answer: bitumen feedstock

Question: What truck feature is occasionally used to keep asphalt warm?
Answer: engine exhaust

Question: Due to what concerns is diesel fuel no longer used as a release agent for transporting asphalt?
Answer: environmental

Question: To retain liquidity, what is sometimes mixed in with engine exhaust?

Question: Diesel oil or kerosene is often mixed into what to retain warmth?

Question: Due to what kind of concerns is diesel oil now used as a release agent?

Question: Environmental concerns are the reason engine exhaust is no longer used as what?
Asphalt

The Albanian bitumen extraction has a long history and was practiced in an organized way by the Romans. After centuries of silence, the first mentions of Albanian bitumen appeared only in 1868, when the Frenchman Coquand published the first geological description of the deposits of Albanian bitumen. In 1875, the exploitation rights were granted to the Ottoman government and in 1912, they were transferred to the Italian company Simsa. Since 1945, the mine was exploited by the Albanian government and from 2001 to date, the management passed to a French company, which organized the mining process for the manufacture of the natural bitumen on an industrial scale.

Question: What ancient group used bitumen extraction?
Answer: Romans

Question: When were the first published reports of bitumen extraction in Albania?
Answer: 1868

Question: What government had exploitation rights for bitumen extraction?
Answer: Ottoman

Question: When were the Ottoman rights given to the Simsa company?
Answer: 1912

Question: When was management of Albanian bitumen acquired by the French?
Answer: 2001

Question: The last known mentions of Albanian bitumen appeared in what year?

Question: The Albanian Coquand published the first description of what?

Question: When were the exploitation rights given to the Roman Empire?

Question: When did Simsa receive the industrial scale?

Question: What was transferred to Simsa in 1917?
Asphalt

The word asphalt is derived from the late Middle English, in turn from French asphalte, based on Late Latin asphalton, asphaltum, which is the latinisation of the Greek ἄσφαλτος (ásphaltos, ásphalton), a word meaning "asphalt/bitumen/pitch", which perhaps derives from ἀ-, "without" and σφάλλω (sfallō), "make fall". Note that in French, the term asphalte is used for naturally occurring bitumen-soaked limestone deposits, and for specialised manufactured products with fewer voids or greater bitumen content than the "asphaltic concrete" used to pave roads. It is a significant fact that the first use of asphalt by the ancients was in the nature of a cement for securing or joining together various objects, and it thus seems likely that the name itself was expressive of this application. Specifically Herodotus mentioned that bitumen was brought to Babylon to build its gigantic fortification wall. From the Greek, the word passed into late Latin, and thence into French (asphalte) and English ("asphaltum" and "asphalt").

Question: What is the last origination of the word asphalt?
Answer: late Middle English

Question: From what language does asphalt initially come?
Answer: Greek

Question: What are the meanings of the Greek word for asphalt?
Answer: asphalt/bitumen/pitch

Question: What is the French term for natural asphalt?
Answer: asphalte

Question: To construct what feature was asphalt brought to Babylon?
Answer: wall

Question: From where is the word limestone derived?

Question: In Greek, what is the term asphalte used for?

Question: According to who was bitumen brought to Greece to build a giant wall?

Question: In what language is asphalte used for synthetically occurring bitumen soaked limestones?
Asphalt

The terms asphalt and bitumen are often used interchangeably to mean both natural and manufactured forms of the substance. In American English, asphalt (or asphalt cement) is the carefully refined residue from the distillation process of selected crude oils. Outside the United States, the product is often called bitumen. Geologists often prefer the term bitumen. Common usage often refers to various forms of asphalt/bitumen as "tar", such as at the La Brea Tar Pits. Another archaic term for asphalt/bitumen is "pitch".

Question: How are the words bitumen and asphalt frequently used?
Answer: interchangeably

Question: Where is bitumen the usual term for refined residue from crude oils?
Answer: United States

Question: What is asphalt called outside of the US?
Answer: bitumen

Question: What group likes the term bitumen instead of asphalt?
Answer: Geologists

Question: What is a naming term for asphalt?
Answer: tar

Question: The term asphalt is often preferred by who?

Question: Tar is an archaic term for what?

Question: Pitch and what other term are often used interchangeably?

Question: Another way to say asphalt tar is to simply say what ?

Question: What is the substance usually called outside of the La Brea Tar Pits?
Asphalt

The great majority of asphalt used commercially is obtained from petroleum. Nonetheless, large amounts of asphalt occur in concentrated form in nature. Naturally occurring deposits of asphalt/bitumen are formed from the remains of ancient, microscopic algae (diatoms) and other once-living things. These remains were deposited in the mud on the bottom of the ocean or lake where the organisms lived. Under the heat (above 50 °C) and pressure of burial deep in the earth, the remains were transformed into materials such as asphalt/bitumen, kerogen, or petroleum.

Question: From where does most asphalt come?
Answer: petroleum

Question: What are the sources of natural deposits of asphalt?
Answer: once-living things

Question: How much heat is required for the natural production of asphalt?
Answer: above 50 °C

Question: Besides heat, what other requirement is needed to form asphalt?
Answer: pressure

Question: What other product of heat and pressure does the formation of asphalt and petroleum  produce?
Answer: kerogen

Question: Most of the petroleum used for commercial purposes is obtained from what?

Question: Current living things are the source of what?

Question: What product of heat and pressure does the formation of asphalt and microscopic algae produce?

Question: Besides pressure, what is required to form mud?

Question: Besides heat, what is required to form Besides pressure, what is required to form mud??
Asphalt

The world's largest deposit of natural bitumen, known as the Athabasca oil sands is located in the McMurray Formation of Northern Alberta. This formation is from the early Cretaceous, and is composed of numerous lenses of oil-bearing sand with up to 20% oil. Isotopic studies attribute the oil deposits to be about 110 million years old. Two smaller but still very large formations occur in the Peace River oil sands and the Cold Lake oil sands, to the west and southeast of the Athabasca oil sands, respectively. Of the Alberta bitumen deposits, only parts of the Athabasca oil sands are shallow enough to be suitable for surface mining. The other 80% has to be produced by oil wells using enhanced oil recovery techniques like steam-assisted gravity drainage.

Question: What is the name of the world's greatest deposit of bitumen?
Answer: Athabasca oil sands

Question: Where are the Athabasca oil sands located?
Answer: Northern Alberta

Question: What formative period  produced bitumen?
Answer: early Cretaceous

Question: How old are the Athabasca deposits?
Answer: 110 million years

Question: What percentage of recovery of bitumen is by oil wells?
Answer: 80%

Question: Located in the McMurray Formation, what is the smallest deposit of natural bitumen known as?

Question: Located in the Peace River, what is the largest deposit of natural bitumen known as?

Question: The two largest formations occur in the oil sands of which river?

Question: The two largest formations occur in the oil sands of which lake?

Question: What is the other 70% produced by?
Asphalt

Bitumen was used in early photographic technology. In 1826 or 1827, it was used by French scientist Joseph Nicéphore Niépce to make the oldest surviving photograph from nature. The bitumen was thinly coated onto a pewter plate which was then exposed in a camera. Exposure to light hardened the bitumen and made it insoluble, so that when it was subsequently rinsed with a solvent only the sufficiently light-struck areas remained. Many hours of exposure in the camera were required, making bitumen impractical for ordinary photography, but from the 1850s to the 1920s it was in common use as a photoresist in the production of printing plates for various photomechanical printing processes.[not in citation given]

Question: In what early technology was bitumen used?
Answer: photographic

Question: What photographer used bitumen to make the earliest extant nature picture?
Answer: Joseph Nicéphore Niépce

Question: What feature of bitumen use in photography made it impractical?
Answer: hours of exposure

Question: During what period was bitumen used in printing processes?
Answer: 1850s to the 1920s

Question: Exposure to what natural element was necessary for early photographic plates?
Answer: light

Question: What was used in early photomechanical technology?

Question: What did spanish scientist Joseph Nicéphore Niépce use to make the oldest surviving photograph?

Question: Exposure to darkness did what to the bitumen and also made it insoluble?

Question: What did exposure to light harden and make soluble?

Question: When did the Spanish scientist use bitumen to make a photograph from nature?
Asphalt

The first British patent for the use of asphalt/bitumen was 'Cassell's patent asphalte or bitumen' in 1834. Then on 25 November 1837, Richard Tappin Claridge patented the use of Seyssel asphalt (patent #7849), for use in asphalte pavement, having seen it employed in France and Belgium when visiting with Frederick Walter Simms, who worked with him on the introduction of asphalt to Britain. Dr T. Lamb Phipson writes that his father, Samuel Ryland Phipson, a friend of Claridge, was also "instrumental in introducing the asphalte pavement (in 1836)". Indeed, mastic pavements had been previously employed at Vauxhall by a competitor of Claridge, but without success.

Question: When was the first British patent for the use of bitumen?
Answer: 1834

Question: When did Richard Tappin Claridge patent asphalt for use in pavement?
Answer: 25 November 1837

Question: Where had Claridge previously seen asphalt used as pavement?
Answer: France and Belgium

Question: What type of pavement techniques had already been tried by a competitor of Claridge?
Answer: mastic

Question: What friend of Claridge's was helpful in introducing asphalt for use in pavements?
Answer: Samuel Ryland Phipson

Question: In what year was Cassell's patent France or Belgium issued?

Question: The second patent, Cassell's patent, was issued in which year?

Question: On what day did Claridge's patent #5309 patent the use of Seyssel asphalt?

Question: In 1845 Richard Tappin Claridge patented the use of what?

Question: When was the second British patent for using bitumen issued?
Asphalt

Roads in the US have been paved with materials that include asphalt/bitumen since at least 1870, when a street in front of the Newark, NJ City Hall was paved. In many cases, these early pavings were made from naturally occurring "bituminous rock", such as at Ritchie Mines in Macfarlan in Ritchie County, West Virginia from 1852 to 1873. In 1876, asphalt-based paving was used to pave Pennsylvania Avenue in Washington, DC, in time for the celebration of the national centennial. Asphalt/bitumen was also used for flooring, paving and waterproofing of baths and swimming pools during the early 20th century, following similar trends in Europe.

Question: Since what date has asphalt been used for road paving in the US?
Answer: 1870

Question: In front of what NJ building was the street paved with asphalt in 1870?
Answer: City Hall

Question: What natural substance was used in early road pavings?
Answer: bituminous rock

Question: From what Virginia  mines was asphalt obtained for early street pavings?
Answer: Ritchie Mines

Question: For what purpose was asphalt used in swimming pools and baths?
Answer: waterproofing

Question: Ever since 1773, roads in the United States have been paved with what?

Question: What have been paved with asphalt since at least 1920?

Question: What was Ritchie Mines used to waterproof during the 20th century?

Question: When was New York's, Pennsylvania Avenue paved?

Question: What was NJ City Hall used for during the early 20th century?
Asphalt

In 1838, there was a flurry of entrepreneurial activity involving asphalt/bitumen, which had uses beyond paving. For example, asphalt could also used for flooring, damp proofing in buildings, and for waterproofing of various types of pools and baths, with these latter themselves proliferating in the 19th century. On the London stockmarket, there were various claims as to the exclusivity of asphalt quality from France, Germany and England. And numerous patents were granted in France, with similar numbers of patent applications being denied in England due to their similarity to each other. In England, "Claridge's was the type most used in the 1840s and 50s"

Question: In what year was asphalt used for uses aside from road paving?
Answer: 1838

Question: In what places were asphalt used as waterproofing?
Answer: pools and baths

Question: For what reason was asphalt used in the flooring of buildings?
Answer: damp proofing

Question: When was Claridge's asphalt the most often used? 
Answer: 1840s and 50s

Question: Many of what were granted in France, but denied in Britain?
Answer: patents

Question: In what year was asphalt used for things other than bathing?

Question: In what places were asphalt used as soundproofing?

Question: Why was asphalt used in the flooring of patents?

Question: What were often granted in Britain, but denied in France?

Question: What were often denied throughout France, Germany and England?
Asphalt

The value of the deposit was obvious from the start, but the means of extracting the bitumen were not. The nearest town, Fort McMurray, Alberta was a small fur trading post, other markets were far away, and transportation costs were too high to ship the raw bituminous sand for paving. In 1915, Sidney Ells of the Federal Mines Branch experimented with separation techniques and used the bitumen to pave 600 feet of road in Edmonton, Alberta. Other roads in Alberta were paved with oil sands, but it was generally not economic. During the 1920s Dr. Karl A. Clark of the Alberta Research Council patented a hot water oil separation process and entrepreneur Robert C. Fitzsimmons built the Bitumount oil separation plant, which between 1925 and 1958 produced up to 300 barrels (50 m3) per day of bitumen using Dr. Clark's method. Most of the bitumen was used for waterproofing roofs, but other uses included fuels, lubrication oils, printers ink, medicines, rust and acid-proof paints, fireproof roofing, street paving, patent leather, and fence post preservatives. Eventually Fitzsimmons ran out of money and the plant was taken over by the Alberta government. Today the Bitumount plant is a Provincial Historic Site.

Question: Who experimented with bitumen extraction techniques to make shipping easier?
Answer: Sidney Ells

Question: When did Ells begin using bitumen as a paving in Alberta?
Answer: 1915

Question: What researcher patented a hot water oil process to separate bitumen?
Answer: Dr. Karl A. Clark

Question: Who constructed the Bitumont oil separation plant?
Answer: Robert C. Fitzsimmons

Question: For what was most of the the Bitumont plant's output was used for waterproofing?
Answer: roofs

Question: From when was the value of Dr. Clark's method obvious?

Question: The means of implanting what were not obvious?

Question: The largest fur trading post was in what town?

Question: In what year did Karl Clark use bitumen to pave 600 feet of road in Edmonton?

Question: In what year did Sidney Ells use bitumen to pave 900 feet of road in Edmonton?
Asphalt

Canadian bitumen does not differ substantially from oils such as Venezuelan extra-heavy and Mexican heavy oil in chemical composition, and the real difficulty is moving the extremely viscous bitumen through oil pipelines to the refinery. Many modern oil refineries are extremely sophisticated and can process non-upgraded bitumen directly into products such as gasoline, diesel fuel, and refined asphalt without any preprocessing. This is particularly common in areas such as the US Gulf coast, where refineries were designed to process Venezuelan and Mexican oil, and in areas such as the US Midwest where refineries were rebuilt to process heavy oil as domestic light oil production declined. Given the choice, such heavy oil refineries usually prefer to buy bitumen rather than synthetic oil because the cost is lower, and in some cases because they prefer to produce more diesel fuel and less gasoline. By 2015 Canadian production and exports of non-upgraded bitumen exceeded that of synthetic crude oil at over 1.3 million barrels (210×10^3 m3) per day, of which about 65% was exported to the United States.

Question: What property of bitumen makes it difficult to move through pipelines?
Answer: extremely viscous

Question: What industry is capable of refining bitumen directly into gasoline without preprocessing?
Answer: modern oil refineries

Question: Why do refineries like to buy bitumen instead of synthetic oil?
Answer: cost is lower

Question: How much Canadian bitumen was exported to the US by 2015?
Answer: 65%

Question: What type of oils does Canadian bitumen differ substantially from?

Question: Other than Mexican extra-heavy oil, what type of oil does Canadian bitumen not differ greatly from?

Question: Other than Venezuelan-light oil, what type of oil does Canadian bitumen not differ greatly from?

Question: What type of oils does American bitumen not differ substantially from?

Question: In what areas is this uncommon?
Asphalt

A number of technologies allow asphalt/bitumen to be mixed at much lower temperatures. These involve mixing with petroleum solvents to form "cutbacks" with reduced melting point, or mixtures with water to turn the asphalt/bitumen into an emulsion. Asphalt emulsions contain up to 70% asphalt/bitumen and typically less than 1.5% chemical additives. There are two main types of emulsions with different affinity for aggregates, cationic and anionic. Asphalt emulsions are used in a wide variety of applications. Chipseal involves spraying the road surface with asphalt emulsion followed by a layer of crushed rock, gravel or crushed slag. Slurry seal involves the creation of a mixture of asphalt emulsion and fine crushed aggregate that is spread on the surface of a road. Cold-mixed asphalt can also be made from asphalt emulsion to create pavements similar to hot-mixed asphalt, several inches in depth and asphalt emulsions are also blended into recycled hot-mix asphalt to create low-cost pavements.

Question: What does mixing bitumen with water create?
Answer: emulsion

Question: What percentage of bitumen is found in bitumen/water emulsions?
Answer: 70%

Question: What are the two types of bitumen emulsions?
Answer: cationic and anionic

Question: What are some bitumen emulsions blended with to make a low-cost product?
Answer: recycled

Question: What kind of asphalt pavements an cold-mix asphalt resemble?
Answer: hot-mixed

Question: What allows asphalt to be mixed at higher temperatures?

Question: Up to 80% of asphalt emulsions is what?

Question: Less than 5% of asphalt emulsions is comprised of what?

Question: How many types of chipseals with different affinities are there?
Asphalt

Naturally occurring crude asphalt/bitumen impregnated in sedimentary rock is the prime feed stock for petroleum production from "Oil sands", currently under development in Alberta, Canada. Canada has most of the world's supply of natural asphalt/bitumen, covering 140,000 square kilometres (an area larger than England), giving it the second-largest proven oil reserves in the world. The Athabasca oil sands is the largest asphalt/bitumen deposit in Canada and the only one accessible to surface mining, although recent technological breakthroughs have resulted in deeper deposits becoming producible by in situ methods. Because of oil price increases after 2003, producing bitumen became highly profitable, but as a result of the decline after 2014 it became uneconomic to build new plants again. By 2014, Canadian crude asphalt/bitumen production averaged about 2.3 million barrels (370,000 m3) per day and was projected to rise to 4.4 million barrels (700,000 m3) per day by 2020. The total amount of crude asphalt/bitumen in Alberta which could be extracted is estimated to be about 310 billion barrels (50×10^9 m3), which at a rate of 4,400,000 barrels per day (700,000 m3/d) would last about 200 years.

Question: Where is naturally occurring bitumen in rock being developed as a feed stock for petroleum production?
Answer: Alberta, Canada

Question: How much area does Canada's natural bitumen cover?
Answer: 140,000 square kilometres

Question: Where does Canada rank in world's oil supplies?
Answer: second-largest

Question: What is Canada's only surface bitumen mine?
Answer: Athabasca oil sands

Question: What is the amount of bitumen that can be extracted in Alberta?
Answer: 310 billion barrels

Question: How much area does the smallest supply of natural bitumen, in Canada, cover?

Question: Which country has the third-largest known oil preserves in the world?

Question: Oil prices decreased after which year?

Question: By what year did Canadian oil sands production average 2.3 million barrels per day?

Question: By what year did Athabascan crude asphalt/bitumen production average 2.3 million barrels per day?
Asphalt

Roofing shingles account for most of the remaining asphalt/bitumen consumption. Other uses include cattle sprays, fence-post treatments, and waterproofing for fabrics. Asphalt/bitumen is used to make Japan black, a lacquer known especially for its use on iron and steel, and it is also used in paint and marker inks by some graffiti supply companies to increase the weather resistance and permanence of the paint or ink, and to make the color much darker.[citation needed] Asphalt/bitumen is also used to seal some alkaline batteries during the manufacturing process.

Question: Besides fuels and paving, what accounts for most of the other use of bitumen?
Answer: Roofing shingles

Question: What lacquer is bitumen used to make for iron and steel production?
Answer: Japan black

Question: Why is Japan black used for outdoor paint?
Answer: weather resistance

Question: Besides weather resistance, why else is Japan black used in paints?
Answer: permanence

Question: What product is bitumen used in manufacturing as a sealant?
Answer: alkaline batteries

Question: What accounts for nearly all the remaining graffiti consumption?

Question: Other uses of paint or ink include cattle sprays, fence- post treatments and what else?

Question: Cattle sprays can be used to seal what type of batteries?

Question: What lacquer is known for its use on paint and ink?

Question: What lacquer is used to make the color lighter?
Asphalt

The expression "bitumen" originated in the Sanskrit, where we find the words jatu, meaning "pitch," and jatu-krit, meaning "pitch creating", "pitch producing" (referring to coniferous or resinous trees). The Latin equivalent is claimed by some to be originally gwitu-men (pertaining to pitch), and by others, pixtumens (exuding or bubbling pitch), which was subsequently shortened to bitumen, thence passing via French into English. From the same root is derived the Anglo Saxon word cwidu (mastix), the German word Kitt (cement or mastic) and the old Norse word kvada.

Question: What language originated the word bitumen?
Answer: Sanskrit

Question: What does the Sanskrit word translate as?
Answer: pitch creating

Question: To what English word does the Latin translate?
Answer: pitch

Question:  Through what language did bitumen pass to reach English?
Answer: French

Question: To what word does the Anglo Saxon translate?
Answer: mastix

Question: Where did the expression "French" originate?

Question: Where did the French expression "bitumen" originate?

Question: What does the Anglo Saxon word Kitt mean?

Question: What does the German word cwidu mean?

Question: What does the Norse word kitt mean?
Asphalt

Asphalt/bitumen can sometimes be confused with "coal tar", which is a visually similar black, thermoplastic material produced by the destructive distillation of coal. During the early and mid-20th century when town gas was produced, coal tar was a readily available byproduct and extensively used as the binder for road aggregates. The addition of tar to macadam roads led to the word tarmac, which is now used in common parlance to refer to road-making materials. However, since the 1970s, when natural gas succeeded town gas, asphalt/bitumen has completely overtaken the use of coal tar in these applications. Other examples of this confusion include the La Brea Tar Pits and the Canadian oil sands, both of which actually contain natural bitumen rather than tar. Pitch is another term sometimes used at times to refer to asphalt/bitumen, as in Pitch Lake.

Question: To what similar substance can asphalt be confused?
Answer: coal tar

Question: For what was coal tar used in road paving?
Answer: binder

Question: What is the common word is used to describe the combination of tar and macadam?
Answer: tarmac

Question: What use has pushed out the need to produce roads with coal tar?
Answer: natural gas

Question: Instead of tar, what does the La Brea Tars Pits contain?
Answer: bitumen

Question: What is a blood orange color and sometimes confused with "coal tar"?

Question: Which similar endothermic material is sometimes confused with asphalt?

Question: Which similar oil can asphalt be confused with?

Question: Coal tar has totally overtaken the use of asphalt since which decade?

Question: What was used as pitch for road aggregates?
Asphalt

One hundred years after the fall of Constantinople in 1453, Pierre Belon described in his work Observations in 1553 that pissasphalto, a mixture of pitch and bitumen, was used in Dubrovnik for tarring of ships from where it was exported to a market place in Venice where it could be bought by anyone. An 1838 edition of Mechanics Magazine cites an early use of asphalt in France. A pamphlet dated 1621, by "a certain Monsieur d'Eyrinys, states that he had discovered the existence (of asphaltum) in large quantities in the vicinity of Neufchatel", and that he proposed to use it in a variety of ways – "principally in the construction of air-proof granaries, and in protecting, by means of the arches, the water-courses in the city of Paris from the intrusion of dirt and filth", which at that time made the water unusable. "He expatiates also on the excellence of this material for forming level and durable terraces" in palaces, "the notion of forming such terraces in the streets not one likely to cross the brain of a Parisian of that generation". But it was generally neglected in France until the revolution of 1830. Then, in the 1830s, there was a surge of interest, and asphalt became widely used "for pavements, flat roofs, and the lining of cisterns, and in England, some use of it had been made of it for similar purposes". Its rise in Europe was "a sudden phenomenon", after natural deposits were found "in France at Osbann (BasRhin), the Parc (l'Ain) and the Puy-de-la-Poix (Puy-de-Dome)", although it could also be made artificially. One of the earliest uses in France was the laying of about 24,000 square yards of Seyssel asphalt at the Place de la Concorde in 1835.

Question: Who described the use of bitumen and pitch to tar ships?
Answer: Pierre Belon

Question: When did Belon make his shipbuilding observations?
Answer: 1553

Question: In what year did a French magazine describe the use of asphalt?
Answer: 1838

Question: After what event in France did  asphalt begin to be used for pavements and assorted other uses?
Answer: revolution of 1830

Question: Where in France in 1835 was asphalt used to lay pavement? 
Answer: Place de la Concorde

Question: In what year was the rise of Constantinople?

Question: In what year was the fall of Observations?

Question: In Observations, Monsieur d'Eyrinys described what?

Question: In which year did an edition of Parisian Magazine cite an early use of asphalt in France?

Question: In which year did an edition of Mechanics Magazine cite an early use of asphalt in Spain?