Divyanshu67/squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
Tucson,_Arizona

At the airport, where records have been kept since 1930, the record maximum temperature was 117 °F (47 °C) on June 26, 1990, and the record minimum temperature was 16 °F (−9 °C) on January 4, 1949. There is an average of 145.0 days annually with highs of 90 °F (32 °C) or higher and an average of 16.9 days with lows reaching or below the freezing mark. Measurable precipitation falls on an average of 53 days. The wettest year was 1983 with 21.86 in (555 mm) of precipitation, and the driest year was 1953 with 5.34 in (136 mm). The most rainfall in one month was 7.93 in (201 mm) in August 1955. The most rainfall in 24 hours was 3.93 in (100 mm) on July 29, 1958. Snow at the airport averages only 1.1 in (2.8 cm) annually. The most snow received in one year was 8.3 in (21 cm) and the most snow in one month was 6.8 in (17 cm) in December 1971.

Question: In what month did Tucson get the most rain?
Answer: August 1955

Question: When did Tucson get the most rain in 24 hours?
Answer: July 29, 1958

Question: In what month did Tucson get the most snow?
Answer: December 1971

Question: In what year did Tucson get the most rain?
Answer: 1983

Question: In what year did Tucson get the least rain?
Answer: 1953
Tucson,_Arizona

As of the census of 2010, there were 520,116 people, 229,762 households, and 112,455 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,500.1 inhabitants per square mile (965.3/km²). There were 209,609 housing units at an average density of 1,076.7 per square mile (415.7/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 69.7% White (down from 94.8% in 1970), 5.0% Black or African-American, 2.7% Native American, 2.9% Asian, 0.2% Pacific Islander, 16.9% from other races, and 3.8% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 41.6% of the population. Non-Hispanic Whites were 47.2% of the population in 2010, down from 72.8% in 1970.

Question: How many households are there in Tucson as of 2010?
Answer: 229,762

Question: How many families are there in Tucson as of 2010?
Answer: 112,455

Question: How many residents are there in Tucson as of 2010?
Answer: 520,116

Question: How many people per square mile are there in Tucson?
Answer: 2,500.1

Question: How much of Tucson was non-Hispanic Whites in 1970?
Answer: 72.8%
Tucson,_Arizona

Much of Tucson's economic development has been centered on the development of the University of Arizona, which is currently the second largest employer in the city. Davis-Monthan Air Force Base, located on the southeastern edge of the city, also provides many jobs for Tucson residents. Its presence, as well as the presence of the US Army Intelligence Center (Fort Huachuca, the largest employer in the region in nearby Sierra Vista), has led to the development of a significant number of high-tech industries, including government contractors, in the area. The city of Tucson is also a major hub for the Union Pacific Railroad's Sunset Route that links the Los Angeles ports with the South/Southeast regions of the country.

Question: What is the second-largest employer in Tucson?
Answer: University of Arizona

Question: Where is the US Army Intelligence Center?
Answer: Sierra Vista

Question: What railroad route passes through Tucson?
Answer: Union Pacific Railroad's Sunset Route

Question: Where does the Sunset Route connect to the west coast?
Answer: Los Angeles ports
Tucson,_Arizona

Since 2009, the Tucson Festival of Books has been held annually over a two-day period in March at the University of Arizona. By 2010 it had become the fourth largest book festival in the United States, with 450 authors and 80,000 attendees. In addition to readings and lectures, it features a science fair, varied entertainment, food, and exhibitors ranging from local retailers and publishers to regional and national nonprofit organizations. In 2011, the Festival began presenting a Founder's Award; recipients include Elmore Leonard and R.L. Stine.

Question: When did the Tucson Festival of Books begin?
Answer: 2009

Question: When is the Tucson Festival of Books held?
Answer: a two-day period in March

Question: How many people came to the Tucson Festival of Books in 2010?
Answer: 80,000

Question: What award did the Tucson Festival of Books give to R. L. Stine?
Answer: Founder's Award
Tucson,_Arizona

For the past 25 years, the Tucson Folk Festival has taken place the first Saturday and Sunday of May in downtown Tucson's El Presidio Park. In addition to nationally known headline acts each evening, the Festival highlights over 100 local and regional musicians on five stages is one of the largest free festivals in the country. All stages are within easy walking distance. Organized by the Tucson Kitchen Musicians Association, volunteers make this festival possible. KXCI 91.3-FM, Arizona's only community radio station, is a major partner, broadcasting from the Plaza Stage throughout the weekend. In addition, there are numerous workshops, events for children, sing-alongs, and a popular singer/songwriter contest. Musicians typically play 30-minute sets, supported by professional audio staff volunteers. A variety of food and crafts are available at the festival, as well as local micro-brews. All proceeds from sales go to fund future festivals.

Question: When is the Tucson Folk Festival held?
Answer: the first Saturday and Sunday of May

Question: Where is the Tucson Folk Festival held?
Answer: El Presidio Park

Question: How many performers are in the Tucson Folk Festival?
Answer: over 100

Question: How much does the Tucson Folk Festival cost to get in?
Answer: free

Question: Who runs the Tucson Folk Festival?
Answer: Tucson Kitchen Musicians Association
Tucson,_Arizona

Another popular event held in February, which is early spring in Tucson, is the Fiesta de los Vaqueros, or rodeo week, founded by winter visitor, Leighton Kramer. While at its heart the Fiesta is a sporting event, it includes what is billed as "the world's largest non-mechanized parade". The Rodeo Parade is a popular event as most schools give two rodeo days off instead of Presidents Day. The exception to this is Presidio High (a non-public charter school), which doesn't get either. Western wear is seen throughout the city as corporate dress codes are cast aside during the Fiesta. The Fiesta de los Vaqueros marks the beginning of the rodeo season in the United States.

Question: What season is February in Tucson?
Answer: spring

Question: What is the Fiesta de los Vaqueros?
Answer: rodeo week

Question: What month is the Fiesta de los Vaqueros held in?
Answer: February

Question: Who started the Fiesta de los Vaqueros?
Answer: Leighton Kramer

Question: How much time do Tucson schools give students off to attend the Fiesta de los Vaqueros?
Answer: two rodeo days off
Tucson,_Arizona

The accomplished and awarded writers (poets, novelists, dramatists, nonfiction writers) who have lived in Tucson include Edward Abbey, Erskine Caldwell, Barbara Kingsolver and David Foster Wallace. Some were associated with the University of Arizona, but many were independent writers who chose to make Tucson their home. The city is particularly active in publishing and presenting contemporary innovative poetry in various ways. Examples are the Chax Press, a publisher of poetry books in trade and book arts editions, and the University of Arizona Poetry Center, which has a sizable poetry library and presents readings, conferences, and workshops.

Question: What famous writers have lived in Tucson?
Answer: Edward Abbey, Erskine Caldwell, Barbara Kingsolver and David Foster Wallace

Question: What is the Chax Press?
Answer: a publisher of poetry books in trade and book arts editions

Question: What does the University of Arizona Poetry Center offer?
Answer: a sizable poetry library and presents readings, conferences, and workshops

Question: What university were some of Tucson's famous writers associated with?
Answer: University of Arizona
Tucson,_Arizona

Tucson is commonly known as "The Old Pueblo". While the exact origin of this nickname is uncertain, it is commonly traced back to Mayor R. N. "Bob" Leatherwood. When rail service was established to the city on March 20, 1880, Leatherwood celebrated the fact by sending telegrams to various leaders, including the President of the United States and the Pope, announcing that the "ancient and honorable pueblo" of Tucson was now connected by rail to the outside world. The term became popular with newspaper writers who often abbreviated it as "A. and H. Pueblo". This in turn transformed into the current form of "The Old Pueblo".

Question: Who is thought to have led to calling Tucson 'The Old Pueblo'?
Answer: Mayor R. N. "Bob" Leatherwood

Question: When did Tucson get a railroad?
Answer: March 20, 1880

Question: What did Leatherwood call Tucson in a telegram?
Answer: "ancient and honorable pueblo"

Question: How did newspapers abbreviate Leatherwood's phrase?
Answer: "A. and H. Pueblo"

Question: Who were among the recipients of Leatherwood's telegram?
Answer: the President of the United States and the Pope
Tucson,_Arizona

The University of Arizona Wildcats sports teams, most notably the men's basketball and women's softball teams have strong local interest. The men's basketball team, formerly coached by Hall of Fame head coach Lute Olson and currently coached by Sean Miller, has made 25 straight NCAA Tournaments and won the 1997 National Championship. Arizona's Softball team has reached the NCAA National Championship game 12 times and has won 8 times, most recently in 2007. The university's swim teams have gained international recognition, with swimmers coming from as far as Japan and Africa to train with the coach Frank Busch who has also worked with the U.S. Olympic swim team for a number of years. Both men and women's swim teams recently[when?] won the NCAA National Championships.

Question: How many times has the University of Arizona men's basketball team won NCAA tournaments?
Answer: 25

Question: How many times has the University of Arizona women's softball team gone to NCAA National Championships?
Answer: 12

Question: How many times has the University of Arizona women's softball team won NCAA National Championships?
Answer: 8

Question: Who coaches the University of Arizona's swim team?
Answer: Frank Busch

Question: Who coaches the University of Arizona men's basketball team?
Answer: Sean Miller
Tucson,_Arizona

The Tucson Padres played at Kino Veterans Memorial Stadium from 2011 to 2013. They served as the AAA affiliate of the San Diego Padres. The team, formerly known as the Portland Beavers, was temporarily relocated to Tucson from Portland while awaiting the building of a new stadium in Escondido. Legal issues derailed the plans to build the Escondido stadium, so they moved to El Paso, Texas for the 2014 season. Previously, the Tucson Sidewinders, a triple-A affiliate of the Arizona Diamondbacks, won the Pacific Coast League championship and unofficial AAA championship in 2006. The Sidewinders played in Tucson Electric Park and were in the Pacific Conference South of the PCL. The Sidewinders were sold in 2007 and moved to Reno, Nevada after the 2008 season. They now compete as the Reno Aces.

Question: Where did the Tucson Sidewinders move to?
Answer: Reno, Nevada

Question: What team played at Kino Veterans Memorial Stadium in 2011-2013?
Answer: Tucson Padres

Question: Why were the Tucson Padres temporarily in Tucson?
Answer: awaiting the building of a new stadium in Escondido

Question: Where did the Padres move when the Escondido stadium fell through?
Answer: El Paso, Texas

Question: What is the new name of the Tucson Sidewinders?
Answer: Reno Aces
Tucson,_Arizona

Tracks include Tucson Raceway Park and Rillito Downs. Tucson Raceway Park hosts NASCAR-sanctioned auto racing events and is one of only two asphalt short tracks in Arizona. Rillito Downs is an in-town destination on weekends in January and February each year. This historic track held the first organized quarter horse races in the world, and they are still racing there. The racetrack is threatened by development. The Moltacqua racetrack, was another historic horse racetrack located on what is now Sabino Canyon Road and Vactor Ranch Trail, but it no longer exists.

Question: Where does Tucson hold NASCAR races?
Answer: Tucson Raceway Park

Question: What kind of races does Rillito Downs hold?
Answer: quarter horse races

Question: What former Tucson horse racetrack no longer exists?
Answer: Moltacqua racetrack

Question: What is on the former site of the Moltacqua track now?
Answer: Sabino Canyon Road and Vactor Ranch Trail

Question: How many asphalt short tracks are in Arizona?
Answer: two
Tucson,_Arizona

The League of American Bicyclists gave Tucson a gold rating for bicycle friendliness in late April 2007. Tucson hosts the largest perimeter cycling event in the United States. The ride called "El Tour de Tucson" happens in November on the Saturday before Thanksgiving. El Tour de Tucson produced and promoted by Perimeter Bicycling has as many as 10,000 participants from all over the world, annually. Tucson is one of only nine cities in the U.S. to receive a gold rating or higher for cycling friendliness from the League of American Bicyclists. The city is known for its winter cycling opportunities. Both road and mountain biking are popular in and around Tucson with trail areas including Starr Pass and Fantasy Island.

Question: Who said Tucson is bicycle-friendly, in 2007?
Answer: The League of American Bicyclists

Question: When does El Tour de Tucson happen?
Answer: in November on the Saturday before Thanksgiving

Question: Who runs El Tour de Tucson?
Answer: Perimeter Bicycling

Question: How many people participate in El Tour de Tucson?
Answer: as many as 10,000

Question: How many US cities have at least a gold rating for bicycle-friendliness?
Answer: nine
Tucson,_Arizona

In general, Tucson and Pima County support the Democratic Party, as opposed the state's largest metropolitan area, Phoenix, which usually supports the Republican Party. Congressional redistricting in 2013, following the publication of the 2010 Census, divided the Tucson area into three Federal Congressional districts (the first, second and third of Arizona). The city center is in the 3rd District, represented by Raul Grijalva, a Democrat, since 2003, while the more affluent residential areas to the south and east are in the 2nd District, represented by Republican Martha McSally since 2015, and the exurbs north and west between Tucson and Phoenix in the 3rd District are represented by Democrat Ann Kirkpatrick since 2008. The United States Postal Service operates post offices in Tucson. The Tucson Main Post Office is located at 1501 South Cherrybell Stravenue.

Question: Which political party does Tucson usually support?
Answer: Democratic

Question: Which political party does Phoenix usually support?
Answer: Republican

Question: How many Federal Congressional districts was Tucson split into in 2013?
Answer: three

Question: Who represents Tucson's city center in Congress?
Answer: Raul Grijalva

Question: Who represent's Tucson's wealthy areas in Congress?
Answer: Martha McSally
Tucson,_Arizona

Both the council members and the mayor serve four-year terms; none face term limits. Council members are nominated by their wards via a ward-level primary held in September. The top vote-earners from each party then compete at-large for their ward's seat on the November ballot. In other words, on election day the whole city votes on all the council races up for that year. Council elections are severed: Wards 1, 2, and 4 (as well as the mayor) are up for election in the same year (most recently 2011), while Wards 3, 5, and 6 share another year (most recently 2013).

Question: When is Tucson's city council primary?
Answer: September

Question: How long are Tucson's city council terms?
Answer: four-year

Question: When is Tucson's city council general election?
Answer: November

Question: Which wards elect city council members in the same year as the mayor?
Answer: 1, 2, and 4

Question: Which wards elect city council members in the alternate year from the mayor?
Answer: 3, 5, and 6
Tucson,_Arizona

Tucson is known for being a trailblazer in voluntary partial publicly financed campaigns. Since 1985, both mayoral and council candidates have been eligible to receive matching public funds from the city. To become eligible, council candidates must receive 200 donations of $10 or more (300 for a mayoral candidate). Candidates must then agree to spending limits equal to 33¢ for every registered Tucson voter, or $79,222 in 2005 (the corresponding figures for mayor are 64¢ per registered voter, or $142,271 in 2003). In return, candidates receive matching funds from the city at a 1:1 ratio of public money to private donations. The only other limitation is that candidates may not exceed 75% of the limit by the date of the primary. Many cities, such as San Francisco and New York City, have copied this system, albeit with more complex spending and matching formulas.

Question: When did Tucson begin offering city council candidates public funding?
Answer: 1985

Question: What is the spending limit for Tucson city council candidates to get public funding?
Answer: 33¢ for every registered Tucson voter

Question: What is the spending limit for Tucson mayoral candidates to get public funding?
Answer: 64¢ per registered voter

Question: What major cities later adopted Tucson's city council public funding system?
Answer: San Francisco and New York City

Question: How many $10+ donations must Tucson city council candidates receive to get public funding?
Answer: 200
Tucson,_Arizona

Tucson's primary electrical power source is a coal and natural gas power-plant managed by Tucson Electric Power that is situated within the city limits on the south-western boundary of Davis-Monthan Air-force base adjacent to Interstate-10. The air pollution generated has raised some concerns as the Sundt operating station has been online since 1962 as is exempt from many pollution standards and controls due to its age. Solar has been gaining ground in Tucson with its ideal over 300 days of sunshine climate. Federal, state, and even local utility credits and incentives have also enticed residents to equip homes with solar systems. Davis-Monthan AFB has a 3.3 Megawatt (MW) ground-mounted solar photovoltaic (PV) array and a 2.7 MW rooftop-mounted PV array, both of which are located in the Base Housing area. The base will soon have the largest solar-generating capacity in the United States Department of Defense after awarding a contract on September 10, 2010, to SunEdison to construct a 14.5 MW PV field on the northwestern side of the base.

Question: Who runs Tucson's main power plant?
Answer: Tucson Electric Power

Question: What highway is Tucson's main power plant near?
Answer: Interstate-10

Question: What does Tucson's main power plant use for fuel?
Answer: coal and natural gas

Question: When did Tucson's main power plant begin operation?
Answer: 1962

Question: How many days of sunshine does Tucson get each year?
Answer: over 300
Tucson,_Arizona

Perhaps the biggest sustainability problem in Tucson, with its high desert climate, is potable water supply. The state manages all water in Arizona through its Arizona Department of Water Resources (ADWR). The primary consumer of water is Agriculture (including golf courses), which consumes about 69% of all water. Municipal (which includes residential use) accounts for about 25% of use. Energy consumption and availability is another sustainability issue. However, with over 300 days of full sun a year, Tucson has demonstrated its potential to be an ideal solar energy producer.

Question: How is most of Tucson's water used?
Answer: Agriculture (including golf courses)

Question: How much of Tucson's water is used on agriculture?
Answer: 69%

Question: How much of Tucson's water is used on residential/city use?
Answer: 25%

Question: How many days of full sun does Tucson get each year?
Answer: over 300

Question: What agency manages Tucson's water?
Answer: Arizona Department of Water Resources
Tucson,_Arizona

In an effort to conserve water, Tucson is recharging groundwater supplies by running part of its share of CAP water into various open portions of local rivers to seep into their aquifer. Additional study is scheduled to determine the amount of water that is lost through evaporation from the open areas, especially during the summer. The City of Tucson already provides reclaimed water to its inhabitants, but it is only used for "applications such as irrigation, dust control, and industrial uses." These resources have been in place for more than 27 years, and deliver to over 900 locations.

Question: How is Tucson replenishing its groundwater?
Answer: running part of its share of CAP water into various open portions of local rivers to seep into their aquifer

Question: What does Tucson use reclaimed water for?
Answer: irrigation, dust control, and industrial uses

Question: How long has Tucson's water conservation efforts been underway?
Answer: more than 27 years
Tucson,_Arizona

To prevent further loss of groundwater, Tucson has been involved in water conservation and groundwater preservation efforts, shifting away from its reliance on a series of Tucson area wells in favor of conservation, consumption-based pricing for residential and commercial water use, and new wells in the more sustainable Avra Valley aquifer, northwest of the city. An allocation from the Central Arizona Project Aqueduct (CAP), which passes more than 300 mi (480 km) across the desert from the Colorado River, has been incorporated into the city's water supply, annually providing over 20 million gallons of "recharged" water which is pumped into the ground to replenish water pumped out. Since 2001, CAP water has allowed the city to remove or turn off over 80 wells.

Question: What is the CAP?
Answer: Central Arizona Project Aqueduct

Question: How long is the CAP?
Answer: more than 300 mi (480 km)

Question: What water source feeds the CAP?
Answer: Colorado River

Question: What aquifer is Tucson starting new wells in?
Answer: Avra Valley aquifer

Question: How many wells has Tucson stopped using since 2001?
Answer: over 80
Tucson,_Arizona

Tucson's Sun Tran bus system serves greater Tucson with standard, express, regional shuttle, and on-demand shuttle bus service. It was awarded Best Transit System in 1988 and 2005. A 3.9-mile streetcar line, Sun Link, connects the University of Arizona campus with 4th Avenue, downtown, and the Mercado District west of Interstate 10 and the Santa Cruz River. Ten-minute headway passenger service began July 25, 2014. The streetcar utilizes Sun Tran's card payment and transfer system, connecting with the University of Arizona's CatTran shuttles, Amtrak, and Greyhound intercity bus service.

Question: How long is the Sun Link?
Answer: 3.9-mile

Question: What is Tucson's bus system called?
Answer: Sun Tran

Question: What transit systems does Sun Link connect to?
Answer: the University of Arizona's CatTran shuttles, Amtrak, and Greyhound intercity bus service

Question: When did Tucson get a 'Best Transit System' award?
Answer: 1988 and 2005

Question: What kind of vehicles operate on the Sun Link?
Answer: streetcar
Tucson,_Arizona

Cycling is popular in Tucson due to its flat terrain and dry climate. Tucson and Pima County maintain an extensive network of marked bike routes, signal crossings, on-street bike lanes, mountain-biking trails, and dedicated shared-use paths. The Loop is a network of seven linear parks comprising over 100 mi (160 km) of paved, vehicle-free trails that encircles the majority of the city with links to Marana and Oro Valley. The Tucson-Pima County Bicycle Advisory Committee (TPCBAC) serves in an advisory capacity to local governments on issues relating to bicycle recreation, transportation, and safety. Tucson was awarded a gold rating for bicycle-friendliness by the League of American Bicyclists in 2006.

Question: Why is cycling popular in Tucson?
Answer: its flat terrain and dry climate

Question: What is The Loop?
Answer: a network of seven linear parks

Question: How many miles of trails are in The Loop?
Answer: over 100

Question: What organization advises the Tucson government on bike concerns?
Answer: Tucson-Pima County Bicycle Advisory Committee

Question: What kind of places to ride bikes does Tucson have?
Answer: marked bike routes, signal crossings, on-street bike lanes, mountain-biking trails, and dedicated shared-use paths
Armenia

Armenia is a unitary, multi-party, democratic nation-state with an ancient cultural heritage. Urartu was established in 860 BC and by the 6th century BC it was replaced by the Satrapy of Armenia. In the 1st century BC the Kingdom of Armenia reached its height under Tigranes the Great. Armenia became the first state in the world to adopt Christianity as its official religion. In between the late 3rd century to early years of the 4th century, the state became the first Christian nation. The official date of state adoption of Christianity is 301 AD. The ancient Armenian kingdom was split between the Byzantine and Sasanian Empires around the early 5th century.

Question: What kind of government does Armenia have?
Answer: democratic

Question: Who brought Armenia to success in the 1st century BC?
Answer: Tigranes the Great

Question: What religion did Armenia support?
Answer: Christianity

Question: What two empires did Armenia belong to in the beginning of the 5th century?
Answer: Byzantine and Sasanian

Question: When was Urartu created?
Answer: 860 BC
Armenia

Several bronze-era states flourished in the area of Greater Armenia, including the Hittite Empire (at the height of its power), Mitanni (South-Western historical Armenia), and Hayasa-Azzi (1500–1200 BC). The Nairi people (12th to 9th centuries BC) and the Kingdom of Urartu (1000–600 BC) successively established their sovereignty over the Armenian Highland. Each of the aforementioned nations and tribes participated in the ethnogenesis of the Armenian people. A large cuneiform lapidary inscription found in Yerevan established that the modern capital of Armenia was founded in the summer of 782 BC by King Argishti I. Yerevan is the world's oldest city to have documented the exact date of its foundation.

Question: When was the capital of Armenia established?
Answer: 782 BC

Question: What is the capital of Armenia?
Answer: Yerevan

Question: Who ruled Armenia in 782 BC?
Answer: King Argishti I

Question: The founding of which city was the first to be ever recorded?
Answer: Yerevan
Armenia

After the Marzpanate period (428–636), Armenia emerged as the Emirate of Armenia, an autonomous principality within the Arabic Empire, reuniting Armenian lands previously taken by the Byzantine Empire as well. The principality was ruled by the Prince of Armenia, and recognized by the Caliph and the Byzantine Emperor. It was part of the administrative division/emirate Arminiya created by the Arabs, which also included parts of Georgia and Caucasian Albania, and had its center in the Armenian city, Dvin. The Principality of Armenia lasted until 884, when it regained its independence from the weakened Arab Empire under King Ashot I Bagratuni.

Question: When was the Marzpanate era?
Answer: 428–636

Question: Who ruled the Emirate of Armenia?
Answer: Prince of Armenia

Question: When did the Principality of Armenia end?
Answer: 884

Question: Under which ruler did the Principality of Armenia gain its independence?
Answer: King Ashot I Bagratuni

Question: Where was the Principality of Armenia centered?
Answer: Dvin
Armenia

During the 1890s, the Armenian Revolutionary Federation, commonly known as Dashnaktsutyun, became active within the Ottoman Empire with the aim of unifying the various small groups in the empire that were advocating for reform and defending Armenian villages from massacres that were widespread in some of the Armenian-populated areas of the empire. Dashnaktsutyun members also formed fedayi groups that defended Armenian civilians through armed resistance. The Dashnaks also worked for the wider goal of creating a "free, independent and unified" Armenia, although they sometimes set aside this goal in favor of a more realistic approach, such as advocating autonomy.

Question: What is another name for the Armenian Revolutionary Federation?
Answer: Dashnaktsutyun

Question: What was the Dashnaks objective?
Answer: creating a "free, independent and unified" Armenia

Question: When did the Dashnaktsutyun originate?
Answer: 1890s

Question: Which Dashnak groups helped protect Armenian citizens?
Answer: fedayi
Armenia

The Ottoman Empire began to collapse, and in 1908, the Young Turk Revolution overthrew the government of Sultan Hamid. In April 1909, the Adana massacre occurred in the Adana Vilayet of the Ottoman Empire resulting in the deaths of as many as 20,000–30,000 Armenians. The Armenians living in the empire hoped that the Committee of Union and Progress would change their second-class status. Armenian reform package (1914) was presented as a solution by appointing an inspector general over Armenian issues.

Question: When did the Adana massacre take place?
Answer: April 1909

Question: How many Armenians died in the Adana Massacre?
Answer: 20,000–30,000

Question: When was the Armenian Reform package introduced?
Answer: 1914

Question: When was Sultan Hamid unseated?
Answer: 1908

Question: Who unseated Sultan Hamid?
Answer: Young Turk Revolution
Armenia

When World War I broke out leading to confrontation between the Ottoman Empire and the Russian Empire in the Caucasus and Persian Campaigns, the new government in Istanbul began to look on the Armenians with distrust and suspicion. This was because the Imperial Russian Army contained a contingent of Armenian volunteers. On 24 April 1915, Armenian intellectuals were arrested by Ottoman authorities and, with the Tehcir Law (29 May 1915), eventually a large proportion of Armenians living in Anatolia perished in what has become known as the Armenian Genocide.

Question: What instigated conflict between the Ottoman and Russian Empire?
Answer: World War I

Question: When did the Tehcir Law come to fruition?
Answer: 29 May 1915

Question: Where did the Armenian Genocide occur?
Answer: Anatolia

Question: Which army had a group of Armenian volunteers fighting for them?
Answer: Russian Army
Armenia

Turkish authorities deny the genocide took place to this day. The Armenian Genocide is acknowledged to have been one of the first modern genocides. According to the research conducted by Arnold J. Toynbee, an estimated 600,000 Armenians died during deportation from 1915–16). This figure, however, accounts for solely the first year of the Genocide and does not take into account those who died or were killed after the report was compiled on the 24th May 1916. The International Association of Genocide Scholars places the death toll at "more than a million". The total number of people killed has been most widely estimated at between 1 and 1.5 million.

Question: How many Armenians died during the second phase of the Armenian Genocide between 1915-1916??
Answer: 600,000

Question: What is the estimated sum of people who died during the Armenian Genocide?
Answer: between 1 and 1.5 million

Question: Who contests the existence of the Armenian Genocide?
Answer: Turkish authorities

Question: Who put together a report about the Armenian Genocide?
Answer: Arnold J. Toynbee

Question: When was Toynbee's report put together?
Answer: 24th May 1916
Armenia

In 1920, Turkish nationalist forces invaded the fledgling Armenian republic from the east. Turkish forces under the command of Kazım Karabekir captured Armenian territories that Russia had annexed in the aftermath of the 1877–1878 Russo-Turkish War and occupied the old city of Alexandropol (present-day Gyumri). The violent conflict finally concluded with the Treaty of Alexandropol on 2 December 1920. The treaty forced Armenia to disarm most of its military forces, cede all former Ottoman territory granted to it by the Treaty of Sèvres, and to give up all the "Wilsonian Armenia" granted to it at the Sèvres treaty. Simultaneously, the Soviet Eleventh Army, under the command of Grigoriy Ordzhonikidze, invaded Armenia at Karavansarai (present-day Ijevan) on 29 November. By 4 December, Ordzhonikidze's forces entered Yerevan and the short-lived Armenian republic collapsed.

Question: When was the Treaty of Alexandropol sanctioned?
Answer: 2 December 1920

Question: What city did current day Gyumri used to be called?
Answer: Alexandropol

Question: Who led the Soviet Eleventh Army?
Answer: Grigoriy Ordzhonikidze

Question: When did the Armenian republic breakdown?
Answer: 4 December

Question: What year did Turkish nationalists seize the Armenian Republic?
Answer: 1920
Armenia

The TSFSR existed from 1922 to 1936, when it was divided up into three separate entities (Armenian SSR, Azerbaijan SSR, and Georgian SSR). Armenians enjoyed a period of relative stability under Soviet rule. They received medicine, food, and other provisions from Moscow, and communist rule proved to be a soothing balm in contrast to the turbulent final years of the Ottoman Empire. The situation was difficult for the church, which struggled under Soviet rule. After the death of Vladimir Lenin, Joseph Stalin took the reins of power and began an era of renewed fear and terror for Armenians.

Question: Who succeeded Vladimir Lenin?
Answer: Joseph Stalin

Question: Which three parts make up the TSFSR?
Answer: Armenian SSR, Azerbaijan SSR, and Georgian SSR

Question: When did the TSFSR break up into three parts?
Answer: 1936

Question: Who provided the Armenians with supplies?
Answer: Moscow
Armenia

Fears decreased when Stalin died in 1953 and Nikita Khruschev emerged as the Soviet Union's new leader. Soon, life in Soviet Armenia began to see rapid improvement. The church, which suffered greatly under Stalin, was revived when Catholicos Vazgen I assumed the duties of his office in 1955. In 1967, a memorial to the victims of the Armenian Genocide was built at the Tsitsernakaberd hill above the Hrazdan gorge in Yerevan. This occurred after mass demonstrations took place on the tragic event's fiftieth anniversary in 1965.

Question: Who succeeded Stalin?
Answer: Nikita Khruschev

Question: When did Stalin pass away?
Answer: 1953

Question: When did Vazgen acquire his position?
Answer: 1955

Question: Where is the memorial for the Armenian Genocide?
Answer: Yerevan

Question: When was the Armenian Genocide Memorial constructed?
Answer: 1967
Armenia

During the Gorbachev era of the 1980s, with the reforms of Glasnost and Perestroika, Armenians began to demand better environmental care for their country, opposing the pollution that Soviet-built factories brought. Tensions also developed between Soviet Azerbaijan and its autonomous district of Nagorno-Karabakh, a majority-Armenian region separated by Stalin from Armenia in 1923. About 484,000 Armenians lived in Azerbaijan in 1970. The Armenians of Karabakh demanded unification with Soviet Armenia. Peaceful protests in Yerevan supporting the Karabakh Armenians were met with anti-Armenian pogroms in the Azerbaijani city of Sumgait. Compounding Armenia's problems was a devastating earthquake in 1988 with a moment magnitude of 7.2.

Question: How man Armenians resided in Azerbaijan in 1970?
Answer: 484,000

Question: In what year did Armenia suffer from a catastrophic earthquake?
Answer: 1988

Question: When was Nagorno-Karabakh removed from Armenia?
Answer: 1923

Question: Who partitioned Nagorno-Karabakh from Armenia?
Answer: Stalin
Armenia

The Armenian Army, Air Force, Air Defence, and Border Guard comprise the four branches of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Armenia. The Armenian military was formed after the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 and with the establishment of the Ministry of Defence in 1992. The Commander-in-Chief of the military is the President of Armenia, Serzh Sargsyan. The Ministry of Defence is in charge of political leadership, currently headed by Colonel General Seyran Ohanyan, while military command remains in the hands of the General Staff, headed by the Chief of Staff, who is currently Colonel General Yuri Khatchaturov.

Question: What are the four branches of the Armenian Armed Forces?
Answer: The Armenian Army, Air Force, Air Defence, and Border Guard

Question: When was the Armenian military created?
Answer: 1991

Question: When was the Ministry of Defence founded?
Answer: 1992

Question: Who is in charge of the the Armenian military?
Answer: Colonel General Yuri Khatchaturov

Question: Who is in charge of the Ministry of Defence?
Answer: Colonel General Seyran Ohanyan
Armenia

Agriculture accounted for less than 20% of both net material product and total employment before the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. After independence, the importance of agriculture in the economy increased markedly, its share at the end of the 1990s rising to more than 30% of GDP and more than 40% of total employment. This increase in the importance of agriculture was attributable to food security needs of the population in the face of uncertainty during the first phases of transition and the collapse of the non-agricultural sectors of the economy in the early 1990s. As the economic situation stabilized and growth resumed, the share of agriculture in GDP dropped to slightly over 20% (2006 data), although the share of agriculture in employment remained more than 40%.

Question: Why did agriculture become so significant for Armenia's economy?
Answer: food security needs

Question: Was agriculture more important before or after Armenia left the Soviet Union?
Answer: After

Question: How much of total employment did agriculture account for at the end of the 1990s?
Answer: 40%

Question: How much of the GDP has agriculture accounted for most recently?
Answer: 20%
Armenia

Nevertheless, the government was able to make wide-ranging economic reforms that paid off in dramatically lower inflation and steady growth. The 1994 cease-fire in the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict has also helped the economy. Armenia has had strong economic growth since 1995, building on the turnaround that began the previous year, and inflation has been negligible for the past several years. New sectors, such as precious-stone processing and jewellery making, information and communication technology, and even tourism are beginning to supplement more traditional sectors of the economy, such as agriculture.

Question: What did Armenia declare a cease-fire to in 1994?
Answer: Nagorno-Karabakh conflict

Question: Since when has Armenia experienced a positive growth in their economy?
Answer: 1995

Question: What is one of the newer sectors Armenia has in addition to agriculture?
Answer: precious-stone processing

Question: What helped Armenia decrease inflation and create study growth in the economy?
Answer: economic reforms
Armenia

On the basis of the expansion and development of Yerevan State University a number of higher educational independent Institutions were formed including Medical Institute separated in 1930 which was set up on the basis of medical faculty. In 1980 Yerevan State Medical University was awarded one of the main rewards of the former USSR – the Order of Labor red Banner for training qualified specialists in health care and valuable service in the development of Medical Science. In 1995 YSMI was renamed to YSMU and since 1989 it has been named after Mkhitar Heratsi, the famous medieval doctor. Mkhitar Heratsi was the founder of Armenian Medical school in Cilician Armenia. The great doctor played the same role in Armenian Medical Science as Hippocrates in Western, Galen in Roman, Ibn Sīnā in Arabic medicine.

Question: Who founded the Armenian Medical school in Cilician Armenia?
Answer: Mkhitar Heratsi

Question: When was Yerevan State Medical University awarded the Order of Labor red Banner?
Answer: 1980

Question: When was the Medical Institute formed?
Answer: 1930

Question: When was Yerevan State Medical Institute renamed to Yerevan State Medical University?
Answer: 1995

Question: Which doctor did the YSMU rename itself after?
Answer: Mkhitar Heratsi
Armenia

Richard Hagopian is perhaps the most famous artist of the traditional "kef" style and the Vosbikian Band was notable in the 1940s and 1950s for developing their own style of "kef music" heavily influenced by the popular American Big Band Jazz of the time. Later, stemming from the Middle Eastern Armenian diaspora and influenced by Continental European (especially French) pop music, the Armenian pop music genre grew to fame in the 1960s and 1970s with artists such as Adiss Harmandian and Harout Pamboukjian performing to the Armenian diaspora and Armenia; also with artists such as Sirusho, performing pop music combined with Armenian folk music in today's entertainment industry.

Question: Who is the most well know kef artist?
Answer: Richard Hagopian

Question: What type of music had the biggest impact on the kef of the Vosbikian Band?
Answer: American Big Band Jazz

Question: Who were some Armenian pop artists?
Answer: Adiss Harmandian and Harout Pamboukjian

Question: When did Armenian pop music become popular?
Answer: the 1960s and 1970s
Bacteria

Bacteria display a wide diversity of shapes and sizes, called morphologies. Bacterial cells are about one-tenth the size of eukaryotic cells and are typically 0.5–5.0 micrometres in length. However, a few species are visible to the unaided eye — for example, Thiomargarita namibiensis is up to half a millimetre long and Epulopiscium fishelsoni reaches 0.7 mm. Among the smallest bacteria are members of the genus Mycoplasma, which measure only 0.3 micrometres, as small as the largest viruses. Some bacteria may be even smaller, but these ultramicrobacteria are not well-studied.

Question: What is the common name for shapes and forms of bacteria?
Answer: morphologies

Question: Are bacteria cells smaller than eukaryotic cells?
Answer: one-tenth the size

Question: How big is Epulopiscium bacteria?
Answer: 0.7 mm

Question: What are one of the smallest bacteria?
Answer: genus Mycoplasma

Question: Is ultramicrobacteria is well examined?
Answer: not well-studied
Bacteria

Many bacterial species exist simply as single cells, others associate in characteristic patterns: Neisseria form diploids (pairs), Streptococcus form chains, and Staphylococcus group together in "bunch of grapes" clusters. Bacteria can also be elongated to form filaments, for example the Actinobacteria. Filamentous bacteria are often surrounded by a sheath that contains many individual cells. Certain types, such as species of the genus Nocardia, even form complex, branched filaments, similar in appearance to fungal mycelia.

Question: What is the usual form for Neiserria bacteria?
Answer: diploids (pairs)

Question: What well known bacteria structure chains?
Answer: Streptococcus

Question: What does typically Staphylococcus look like?
Answer: clusters

Question: What type of bacteria is surrounded by a capsule?
Answer: Filamentous bacteria

Question: Formation of what can be related to fungal mycelia?
Answer: branched filaments
Bacteria

Many important biochemical reactions, such as energy generation, use concentration gradients across membranes. The general lack of internal membranes in bacteria means reactions such as electron transport occur across the cell membrane between the cytoplasm and the periplasmic space. However, in many photosynthetic bacteria the plasma membrane is highly folded and fills most of the cell with layers of light-gathering membrane. These light-gathering complexes may even form lipid-enclosed structures called chlorosomes in green sulfur bacteria. Other proteins import nutrients across the cell membrane, or expel undesired molecules from the cytoplasm.

Question: What is crucial for biochemical reactions?
Answer: concentration gradients across membranes

Question: How does electron transit occur in bacteria?
Answer: between the cytoplasm and the periplasmic space

Question: What kind of membrane do bacteria cells are filled with?
Answer: light-gathering membrane

Question: Can membrane of bacteria create lipid structure?
Answer: light-gathering complexes may even form lipid-enclosed structures
Bacteria

Some bacteria produce intracellular nutrient storage granules for later use, such as glycogen, polyphosphate, sulfur or polyhydroxyalkanoates. Certain bacterial species, such as the photosynthetic Cyanobacteria, produce internal gas vesicles, which they use to regulate their buoyancy – allowing them to move up or down into water layers with different light intensities and nutrient levels. Intracellular membranes called chromatophores are also found in membranes of phototrophic bacteria. Used primarily for photosynthesis, they contain bacteriochlorophyll pigments and carotenoids. An early idea was that bacteria might contain membrane folds termed mesosomes, but these were later shown to be artifacts produced by the chemicals used to prepare the cells for electron microscopy. Inclusions are considered to be nonliving components of the cell that do not possess metabolic activity and are not bounded by membranes. The most common inclusions are glycogen, lipid droplets, crystals, and pigments. Volutin granules are cytoplasmic inclusions of complexed inorganic polyphosphate. These granules are called metachromatic granules due to their displaying the metachromatic effect; they appear red or blue when stained with the blue dyes methylene blue or toluidine blue. Gas vacuoles, which are freely permeable to gas, are membrane-bound vesicles present in some species of Cyanobacteria. They allow the bacteria to control their buoyancy. Microcompartments are widespread, membrane-bound organelles that are made of a protein shell that surrounds and encloses various enzymes. Carboxysomes are bacterial microcompartments that contain enzymes involved in carbon fixation. Magnetosomes are bacterial microcompartments, present in magnetotactic bacteria, that contain magnetic crystals.

Question: What types of intracellar nutrient can bacteria produce?
Answer: glycogen, polyphosphate, sulfur or polyhydroxyalkanoates

Question: How does gas vesicles produced by Cyanobacteria help her to move in water?
Answer: move up or down into water layers with different light intensities

Question: What are chromatophores used for?
Answer: photosynthesis

Question: What are the most common nonliving compositions in bacteria?
Answer: glycogen, lipid droplets, crystals, and pigments

Question: What gas vacuoles are respoonsible for in bacteria?
Answer: to control their buoyancy
Bacteria

In most bacteria, a cell wall is present on the outside of the cell membrane. The cell membrane and cell wall comprise the cell envelope. A common bacterial cell wall material is peptidoglycan (called "murein" in older sources), which is made from polysaccharide chains cross-linked by peptides containing D-amino acids. Bacterial cell walls are different from the cell walls of plants and fungi, which are made of cellulose and chitin, respectively. The cell wall of bacteria is also distinct from that of Archaea, which do not contain peptidoglycan. The cell wall is essential to the survival of many bacteria, and the antibiotic penicillin is able to kill bacteria by inhibiting a step in the synthesis of peptidoglycan.

Question: What composes the cell envelope?
Answer: cell membrane and cell wall

Question: What is most common cell wall material?
Answer: peptidoglycan

Question: Are cell walls of bacteria similar to cell walls of plants and fungi?
Answer: Bacterial cell walls are different

Question: What are the main materials of cell walls of plants and fungi?
Answer: cellulose and chitin

Question: How can antibiotic penicillin destroy bacteria?
Answer: by inhibiting a step in the synthesis of peptidoglycan