Divyanshu67/squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
Hellenistic_period

Hellenistic warfare was a continuation of the military developments of Iphicrates and Philip II of Macedon, particularly his use of the Macedonian Phalanx, a dense formation of pikemen, in conjunction with heavy companion cavalry. Armies of the Hellenistic period differed from those of the classical period in being largely made up of professional soldiers and also in their greater specialization and technical proficiency in siege warfare. Hellenistic armies were significantly larger than those of classical Greece relying increasingly on Greek mercenaries (misthophoroi; men-for-pay) and also on non-Greek soldiery such as Thracians, Galatians, Egyptians and Iranians. Some ethnic groups were known for their martial skill in a particular mode of combat and were highly sought after, including Tarantine cavalry, Cretan archers, Rhodian slingers and Thracian peltasts. This period also saw the adoption of new weapons and troop types such as Thureophoroi and the Thorakitai who used the oval Thureos shield and fought with javelins and the machaira sword. The use of heavily armored cataphracts and also horse archers was adopted by the Seleucids, Greco-Bactrians, Armenians and Pontus. The use of war elephants also became common. Seleucus received Indian war elephants from the Mauryan empire, and used them to good effect at the battle of Ipsus. He kept a core of 500 of them at Apameia. The Ptolemies used the smaller African elephant.

Question: Philip II used a dense military formation called what?
Answer: Macedonian Phalanx

Question: Were Hellenistic armies smaller or larger than traditional Greek armies?
Answer: larger

Question: The Thorakitai used what type of oval shield?
Answer: Thureos

Question: From whom did Seleucus receive war elephants?
Answer: Mauryan empire

Question: What kind of elephant did the Ptolemies use?
Answer: African elephant
Hellenistic_period

Hellenistic military equipment was generally characterized by an increase in size. Hellenistic-era warships grew from the trireme to include more banks of oars and larger numbers of rowers and soldiers as in the Quadrireme and Quinquereme. The Ptolemaic Tessarakonteres was the largest ship constructed in Antiquity. New siege engines were developed during this period. An unknown engineer developed the torsion-spring catapult (ca. 360) and Dionysios of Alexandria designed a repeating ballista, the Polybolos. Preserved examples of ball projectiles range from 4.4 kg to 78 kg (or over 170 lbs). Demetrius Poliorcetes was notorious for the large siege engines employed in his campaigns, especially during the 12-month siege of Rhodes when he had Epimachos of Athens build a massive 160 ton siege tower named Helepolis, filled with artillery.

Question: What was the largest ship constructed in Antiquity?
Answer: Ptolemaic Tessarakonteres

Question: Who invented the Polybolos?
Answer: Dionysios of Alexandria

Question: What type of weapon is the Polybolos?
Answer: ballista

Question: Who heavy was the Helepolis siege tower?
Answer: 160 ton

Question: How long was Demetrius Poliorcetes siege of Rhodes?
Answer: 12-month
Hellenistic_period

People of all ages and social statuses were depicted in the art of the Hellenistic age. Artists such as Peiraikos chose mundane and lower class subjects for his paintings. According to Pliny, "He painted barbers' shops, cobblers' stalls, asses, eatables and similar subjects, earning for himself the name of rhyparographos [painter of dirt/low things]. In these subjects he could give consummate pleasure, selling them for more than other artists received for their large pictures" (Natural History, Book XXXV.112). Even barbarians, such as the Galatians, were depicted in heroic form, prefiguring the artistic theme of the noble savage. The image of Alexander the Great was also an important artistic theme, and all of the diadochi had themselves depicted imitating Alexander's youthful look. A number of the best-known works of Greek sculpture belong to the Hellenistic period, including Laocoön and his Sons, Venus de Milo, and the Winged Victory of Samothrace.

Question: Which artist chose mundane and low class subjects?
Answer: Peiraikos

Question: Which barbarians were depicted in heroic form?
Answer: Galatians

Question: All of the diadochi painted themselves to look like what leader?
Answer: Alexander the Great

Question: Venus de Milo belongs to which period?
Answer: Hellenistic
Hellenistic_period

Developments in painting included experiments in chiaroscuro by Zeuxis and the development of landscape painting and still life painting. Greek temples built during the Hellenistic period were generally larger than classical ones, such as the temple of Artemis at Ephesus, the temple of Artemis at Sardis, and the temple of Apollo at Didyma (rebuilt by Seleucus in 300 BCE). The royal palace (basileion) also came into its own during the Hellenistic period, the first extant example being the massive fourth-century villa of Cassander at Vergina.

Question: Which Greek painter experimented in chiaroscuro?
Answer: Zeuxis

Question: Were Greek temples built in the Hellenistic period larger or smaller than classical temples?
Answer: larger

Question: Who rebuilt the Apollo at Didyma in 300 BCE?
Answer: Seleucus

Question: What is a Greek royal palace called?
Answer: basileion

Question: What is the first example of Hellenistic period royal palace?
Answer: villa of Cassander at Vergina
Hellenistic_period

There has been a trend in writing the history of this period to depict Hellenistic art as a decadent style, following of the Golden Age of Classical Athens. Pliny the Elder, after having described the sculpture of the classical period says: Cessavit deinde ars ("then art disappeared"). The 18th century terms Baroque and Rococo have sometimes been applied, to the art of this complex and individual period. The renewal of the historiographical approach as well as some recent discoveries, such as the tombs of Vergina, allow a better appreciation of this period's artistic richness.

Question: Who said "then art dissapeared"?
Answer: Pliny the Elder

Question: The discovery of what tombs raised the profile of Hellenistic art?
Answer: Vergina

Question: Hellenistic art is describe as decadent mainly due to it following which style  period?
Answer: Golden Age of Classical Athens

Question: What century do the terms Baroque and Rococo come from?
Answer: 18th
Hellenistic_period

The focus on the Hellenistic period over the course of the 19th century by scholars and historians has led to an issue common to the study of historical periods; historians see the period of focus as a mirror of the period in which they are living. Many 19th century scholars contended that the Hellenistic period represented a cultural decline from the brilliance of classical Greece. Though this comparison is now seen as unfair and meaningless, it has been noted that even commentators of the time saw the end of a cultural era which could not be matched again. This may be inextricably linked with the nature of government. It has been noted by Herodotus that after the establishment of the Athenian democracy:

Question: What century of scholars considered the Hellenistic period a decline in culture from classic Greece?
Answer: 19th

Question: How did 19th century scholars view the Hellenistic period?
Answer: a mirror

Question: The viewpoint that the Hellenistic period represented a decline in culture was proven to be meaningless and what?
Answer: unfair
Hellenistic_period

However, William Woodthorpe Tarn, between World War I and World War II and the heyday of the League of Nations, focused on the issues of racial and cultural confrontation and the nature of colonial rule. Michael Rostovtzeff, who fled the Russian Revolution, concentrated predominantly on the rise of the capitalist bourgeoisie in areas of Greek rule. Arnaldo Momigliano, an Italian Jew who wrote before and after the Second World War, studied the problem of mutual understanding between races in the conquered areas. Moses Hadas portrayed an optimistic picture of synthesis of culture from the perspective of the 1950s, while Frank William Walbank in the 1960s and 1970s had a materialistic approach to the Hellenistic period, focusing mainly on class relations. Recently, however, papyrologist C. Préaux has concentrated predominantly on the economic system, interactions between kings and cities and provides a generally pessimistic view on the period. Peter Green, on the other hand, writes from the point of view of late 20th century liberalism, his focus being on individualism, the breakdown of convention, experiments and a postmodern disillusionment with all institutions and political processes.

Question: Who focused on the issue of racial and cultural confrontation?
Answer: William Woodthorpe Tarn

Question: Which organization did Michael Rostovtzeff flee from?
Answer: Russian Revolution

Question: Who studied the problem mutual understanding between races in conquered areas?
Answer: Arnaldo Momigliano

Question: Frank William Walbank mainly focused on which relations in his depictions of Hellinistic culture?
Answer: class

Question: Whish Hellinistic historian focused primarely on the economic system?
Answer: C. Préaux
Bill_%26_Melinda_Gates_Foundation

Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (or the Gates Foundation, abbreviated as BMGF) is the largest private foundation in the world, founded by Bill and Melinda Gates. It was launched in 2000 and is said to be the largest transparently operated private foundation in the world. The primary aims of the foundation are, globally, to enhance healthcare and reduce extreme poverty, and in America, to expand educational opportunities and access to information technology. The foundation, based in Seattle, Washington, is controlled by its three trustees: Bill Gates, Melinda Gates and Warren Buffett. Other principal officers include Co-Chair William H. Gates, Sr. and Chief Executive Officer Susan Desmond-Hellmann.

Question: What is the largest private foundation in the world?
Answer: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (or the Gates Foundation, abbreviated as BMGF) is the largest private foundation in the world

Question: Where is the Bill and Melinda gates foundation based? 
Answer: The foundation, based in Seattle, Washington

Question: What is the largest private foundation in America?

Question: Where is the Susan-Desmond Hellmann foundation based?

Question: What are the names of the trustees for the foundation based in America?

Question: What are the primary goals of the foundation in Seattle?

Question: What does the principal officer Melinda Gates control?
Bill_%26_Melinda_Gates_Foundation

On June 25, 2006, Warren Buffett (then the world's richest person, estimated worth of US$62 billion as of April 16, 2008) pledged to give the foundation approximately 10 million Berkshire Hathaway Class B shares spread over multiple years through annual contributions, with the first year's donation of 500,000 shares being worth approximately US$1.5 billion. Buffett set conditions so that these contributions do not simply increase the foundation's endowment, but effectively work as a matching contribution, doubling the Foundation's annual giving: "Buffett's gift came with three conditions for the Gates foundation: Bill or Melinda Gates must be alive and active in its administration; it must continue to qualify as a charity; and each year it must give away an amount equal to the previous year's Berkshire gift, plus an additional amount equal to 5 percent of net assets. Buffett gave the foundation two years to abide by the third requirement." The Gates Foundation received 5% (500,000) of the shares in July 2006 and will receive 5% of the remaining earmarked shares in the July of each following year (475,000 in 2007, 451,250 in 2008). In July 2013, Buffet announced another donation of his company's Class B, this time in the amount worth $2 billion, is going to the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation.

Question: What was warren Buffett's estimated net worth in 2008 
Answer: Warren Buffett (then the world's richest person, estimated worth of US$62 billion as of April 16, 2008)

Question: How many shares of berkshire hathway was pledged as a donation 
Answer: pledged to give the foundation approximately 10 million Berkshire Hathaway Class B shares

Question: In 2013 Buffett announced another donation to the foundation for how much 
Answer: In July 2013, Buffet announced another donation of his company's Class B, this time in the amount worth $2 billion

Question: What was Warren Buffet's net worth in 2013?

Question: How many shares did Bill Gates pledge to donate?

Question: What did Melinda Gates set so the contributions work as a matching contribution?

Question: What must Bill and Melinda earmark shares to qualify for?

Question: In 2013 Buffet donated what amount to Class B?
Bill_%26_Melinda_Gates_Foundation

In November 2014, the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation announced that they are adopting an open access (OA) policy for publications and data, "to enable the unrestricted access and reuse of all peer-reviewed published research funded by the foundation, including any underlying data sets". This move has been widely applauded by those who are working in the area of capacity building and knowledge sharing.[citation needed] Its terms have been called the most stringent among similar OA policies. As of January 1, 2015 their Open Access policy is effective for all new agreements.

Question: What did the foundation announce in November 2014
Answer: In November 2014, the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation announced that they are adopting an open access (OA) policy for publications and data

Question: What does the OA policy for publications and data do ?
Answer: open access (OA) policy for publications and data, "to enable the unrestricted access and reuse of all peer-reviewed published research funded by the foundation

Question: What does the OA policy cover ?
Answer: As of January 1, 2015 their Open Access policy is effective for all new agreements.

Question: In what year did Bill and Melinda Gates adopt open access policy for capacity building and knowledge sharing?

Question: What does the new agreement policy cover?

Question: What does the OA policy for data sets do?

Question: What is the most applauded among similar policies?

Question: When is the publication and data policy effective for new agreements?
Bill_%26_Melinda_Gates_Foundation

The foundation explains on its website that its trustees divided the organization into two entities: the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (foundation) and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Trust (trust). The foundation section, based in Seattle, US, "focuses on improving health and alleviating extreme poverty," and its trustees are Bill and Melinda Gates and Warren Buffett. The trust section manages "the investment assets and transfer proceeds to the foundation as necessary to achieve the foundation's charitable goals"—it holds the assets of Bill and Melinda Gates, who are the sole trustees, and receives contributions from Buffett.

Question: What two entities was the foundation divided into 
Answer: trustees divided the organization into two entities: the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (foundation) and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Trust

Question: What does the foundation entity focus on
Answer: The foundation section, based in Seattle, US, "focuses on improving health and alleviating extreme poverty

Question: What does the Trust entity focus on 
Answer: The trust section manages "the investment assets and transfer proceeds to the foundation as necessary to achieve the foundation's charitable goals

Question: What is held in the trust entity 
Answer: it holds the assets of Bill and Melinda Gates, who are the sole trustees, and receives contributions from Buffett

Question: What two sections was the trust divided into?

Question: What is the trust based in Seattle have as its focus?

Question: What does the trust do with Warren Buffett's assets?

Question: What did Warren Buffett divide the foundation into?

Question: How does the foundation manage investment assets and achieve charitable goals?
Bill_%26_Melinda_Gates_Foundation

The foundation trust invests undistributed assets, with the exclusive goal of maximizing the return on investment. As a result, its investments include companies that have been criticized for worsening poverty in the same developing countries where the foundation is attempting to relieve poverty. These include companies that pollute heavily and pharmaceutical companies that do not sell into the developing world. In response to press criticism, the foundation announced in 2007 a review of its investments to assess social responsibility. It subsequently cancelled the review and stood by its policy of investing for maximum return, while using voting rights to influence company practices.

Question: What does the Trust invest
Answer: The foundation trust invests undistributed assets

Question: What is the goal of the Trust investments 
Answer: exclusive goal of maximizing the return on investment

Question: What are some of the negatives of the investments 
Answer: its investments include companies that have been criticized for worsening poverty in the same developing countries

Question: What type of company's are  critiscized
Answer: These include companies that pollute heavily and pharmaceutical companies that do not sell into the developing world

Question: As a result of the critics what did the company announce 
Answer: the foundation announced in 2007 a review of its investments to assess social responsibility. It subsequently cancelled the review

Question: What is the exclusive goal of the developing world trust?

Question: What does the company invest?

Question: When did the company decide to review its lack of sales in the developing world?

Question: What policy did the company cancel after 2007?
Bill_%26_Melinda_Gates_Foundation

In March 2006, the foundation announced a US$5 million grant for the International Justice Mission (IJM), a human rights organization based in Washington, D.C., US to work in the area of sex trafficking. The official announcement explained that the grant would allow the IJM to "create a replicable model for combating sex trafficking and slavery" that would involve the opening of an office in a region with high rates of sex trafficking, following research. The office was opened for three years for the following purposes: "conducting undercover investigations, training law enforcement, rescuing victims, ensuring appropriate aftercare, and seeking perpetrator accountability".

Question: What did the foundation announce in March 2006 
Answer: n March 2006, the foundation announced a US$5 million grant for the International Justice Mission (IJM)

Question: What is the International Justice Mission
Answer: a human rights organization based in Washington, D.C., US to work in the area of sex trafficking.

Question: What would the grant allow the IJM to do 
Answer: the grant would allow the IJM to "create a replicable model for combating sex trafficking and slavery

Question: What did the office that ijm opened do specifically 
Answer: conducting undercover investigations, training law enforcement, rescuing victims, ensuring appropriate aftercare, and seeking perpetrator accountability".

Question: How much was the grant for the IJM for working in the area of training law enforcement?

Question: What is the name of the undercover investigation organization based in Washington DC?

Question: What will the foundation office use the grant for?

Question: What does the area of the foundation organization have high rates of?

Question: Where is the IJM as a law enforcement organization based?
Bill_%26_Melinda_Gates_Foundation

The IJM used the grant money to found "Project Lantern" and established an office in the Philippines city of Cebu. In 2010 the results of the project were published, in which the IJM stated that Project Lantern had led to "an increase in law enforcement activity in sex trafficking cases, an increase in commitment to resolving sex trafficking cases among law enforcement officers trained through the project, and an increase in services – like shelter, counseling and career training – provided to trafficking survivors". At the time that the results were released, the IJM was exploring opportunities to replicate the model in other regions.

Question: What was the name of the project founded by the IJM 
Answer: The IJM used the grant money to found "Project Lantern

Question: Where did project lantern open an office 
Answer: "Project Lantern" and established an office in the Philippines city of Cebu.

Question: What did project lantern announce in 2010
Answer: IJM stated that Project Lantern had led to "an increase in law enforcement activity in sex trafficking cases

Question: What services were also increased by project lantern
Answer: increase in services – like shelter, counseling and career training – provided to trafficking survivors"

Question: What was project Lantern exploring 
Answer: the IJM was exploring opportunities to replicate the model in other regions.

Question: What was the name of the project founded in the Philippines?

Question: What kinds of service increases has the project IJM led to?

Question: What did Project Lantern want to replicate?

Question: What was the IJM committed to resolving as a result of Project Lantern?

Question: What city was chosen by trafficking survivors to found Project Lantern?
Bill_%26_Melinda_Gates_Foundation

The Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WSH) program of the Gates Foundation was launched in mid-2005 as a "Learning Initiative," and became a full-fledged program under the Global Development Division in early 2010. The Foundation has since 2005 undertaken a wide range of efforts in the WASH sector involving research, experimentation, reflection, advocacy, and field implementation. In 2009, the Foundation decided to refocus its WASH effort mainly on sustainable sanitation services for the poor, using non-piped sanitation services (i.e. without the use of sewers), and less on water supply. This was because the sanitation sector was generally receiving less attention from other donors and from governments, and because the Foundation believed it had the potential to make a real difference through strategic investments.

Question: What was the WSH program launched in 2005
Answer: The Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WSH) program of the Gates Foundation was launched in mid-2005

Question: When did the WSH become a full fledeged program
Answer: and became a full-fledged program under the Global Development Division in early 2010

Question: What efforts have the WSH taken 
Answer: since 2005 undertaken a wide range of efforts in the WASH sector involving research, experimentation, reflection, advocacy, and field implementation

Question: What did the foundation decide in 2009 
Answer: In 2009, the Foundation decided to refocus its WASH effort mainly on sustainable sanitation services for the poor, using non-piped sanitation services

Question: WHy did the foundation make the switch 
Answer: This was because the sanitation sector was generally receiving less attention from other donors and from governments

Question: What year was the Global Development Division program launched?

Question: What efforts has the Global Development Division taken in the WASH sector?

Question: How did the WASH believe it could make a difference in sanitation?

Question: Why is the Global Development Division focused on sanitation for the poor?

Question: In 2005 what did the foundation focus its WASH effort on?
Bill_%26_Melinda_Gates_Foundation

In mid 2011, the Foundation announced in its new "Water, Sanitation, Hygiene Strategy Overview" that its funding now focuses primarily on sanitation, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, because access to improved sanitation is lowest in those regions. Their grant-making focus has been since 2011 on sanitation science and technology ("transformative technologies"), delivery models at scale, urban sanitation markets, building demand for sanitation, measurement and evaluation as well as policy, advocacy and communications.

Question: What did the foundation announce in 2011
Answer: In mid 2011, the Foundation announced in its new "Water, Sanitation, Hygiene Strategy Overview"

Question: What is the purpose of the new overview
Answer: funding now focuses primarily on sanitation, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, because access to improved sanitation is lowest in those regions

Question: What has been the focus since 2011
Answer: Their grant-making focus has been since 2011 on sanitation science and technology ("transformative technologies")

Question: What models have been delivered
Answer: delivery models at scale, urban sanitation markets, building demand for sanitation, measurement and evaluation as well as policy, advocacy and communications

Question: What did the transformative technologies announce in 2011?

Question: What is the purpose of funding the new technology?

Question: What advocacy policies have been delivered?

Question: Where is communication lowest in the region?

Question: What year has the grant making focus been on funding?
Bill_%26_Melinda_Gates_Foundation

Improved sanitation in the developing world is a global need, but a neglected priority as shown by the data collected by the Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation (JMP) of UNICEF and WHO. This program is tasked to monitor progress towards the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) relating to drinking water and sanitation. About one billion people have no sanitation facility whatsoever and continue to defecate in gutters, behind bushes or in open water bodies, with no dignity or privacy - which is called open defecation and which poses significant health risks. India is the country with the highest number of people practicing open defecation: around 600 million people. India has also become a focus country for the foundation's sanitation activities which has become evident since the "Reinvent the Toilet Fair" in Delhi, India in March 2014.

Question: What is need in the developing world 
Answer: Improved sanitation in the developing world is a global need

Question: What does data collected by unicef and Who show
Answer: Improved sanitation in the developing world is a global need, but a neglected priority as shown by the data collected

Question: How many people have no sanatation facilities
Answer: About one billion people have no sanitation facility whatsoever and continue to defecate in gutters, behind bushes or in open water bodies

Question: What country is the worst violator
Answer: India is the country with the highest number of people practicing open defecation: around 600 million people

Question: India is host to what activity
Answer: "Reinvent the Toilet Fair" in Delhi, India in March 2014.

Question: What is needed for the WHO?

Question: What country has been the focus of the foundation's monitoring activities?

Question: What program monitors progress toward improved sanitation?

Question: How many people are monitored under the JMP?

Question: What fair took place that was hosted by the WHO?
Bill_%26_Melinda_Gates_Foundation

In 2011, the foundation launched a program called "Reinvent the Toilet Challenge" with the aim to promote the development of innovations in toilet design to benefit the 2.5 billion people that do not have access to safe and effective sanitation. This program has generated significant interest of the mainstream media. It was complemented by a program called "Grand Challenges Explorations" (2011 to 2013 with some follow-up grants reaching until 2015) which involved grants of US$100,000 each in the first round. Both funding schemes explicitly excluded project ideas that relied on centralized sewerage systems or are not compatible with development country contexts.

Question: When was reinvent the toilet launched 
Answer: In 2011, the foundation launched a program called "Reinvent the Toilet Challenge

Question: What is the aim of reinvent the toilet 
Answer: to promote the development of innovations in toilet design to benefit the 2.5 billion people that do not have access to safe and effective sanitation

Question: WHat program compliment reinvent the toilet 
Answer: It was complemented by a program called "Grand Challenges Explorations" (2011 to 2013 with some follow-up grants reaching until 2015)

Question: What was excluded by the funding schemes 
Answer: Both funding schemes explicitly excluded project ideas that relied on centralized sewerage systems or are not compatible with development country contexts

Question: In 2011 what program was launched by Grand Challenges Exploration?

Question: What program generated interest by Grand Challenges Explorations?

Question: What did both innovations exclude?

Question: What program complimented innovations in toilet design?

Question: What was the aim of Grand Challenges Explorations?
Bill_%26_Melinda_Gates_Foundation

Since the launch of the "Reinvent the Toilet Challenge", more than a dozen research teams, mainly at universities in the U.S., Europe, India, China and South Africa, have received grants to develop innovative on-site and off-site waste treatment solutions for the urban poor. The grants were in the order of 400,000 USD for their first phase, followed by typically 1-3 million USD for their second phase; many of them investigated resource recovery or processing technologies for excreta or fecal sludge.

Question: What countries have received grants 
Answer: universities in the U.S., Europe, India, China and South Africa, have received grants to develop innovative on-site and off-site waste treatment solutions

Question: How much were the grants for 
Answer: The grants were in the order of 400,000 USD for their first phase, followed by typically 1-3 million USD for their second phase

Question: What did many investigate 
Answer: many of them investigated resource recovery or processing technologies for excreta or fecal sludge.

Question: What did the Reinvent the Toilet Challenge investigate?

Question: What off-site treatment solutions received grants?

Question: After receiving 1-3 million for the first phase how much were the grants for the second phase?

Question: How many teams received grants to help universities?

Question: Since the launch of investigating resource recovery what did the grants develop?
Bill_%26_Melinda_Gates_Foundation

The Reinvent the Toilet Challenge is a long-term research and development effort to develop a hygienic, stand-alone toilet. This challenge is being complemented by another investment program to develop new technologies for improved pit latrine emptying (called by the foundation the "Omni-Ingestor") and fecal sludge processing (called "Omni-Processor"). The aim of the "Omni Processor" is to convert excreta (for example fecal sludge) into beneficial products such as energy and soil nutrients with the potential to develop local business and revenue.

Question: What is reinvent the toilet trying to develop
Answer: The Reinvent the Toilet Challenge is a long-term research and development effort to develop a hygienic, stand-alone toilet

Question: What compliments the challenge 
Answer: This challenge is being complemented by another investment program to develop new technologies for improved pit latrine emptying

Question: What does the Omni processor do
Answer: The aim of the "Omni Processor" is to convert excreta (for example fecal sludge) into beneficial products such as energy and soil nutrients

Question: What does Reinvent the Toilet Challenge convert into beneficial products?

Question: What does the stand alone toilet do to develop local business and revenue?

Question: What compliments the research and development effort to develop a hygenic toilet?

Question: What does another investment program use to convert sludge?

Question: What is another investment program trying to develop?
Bill_%26_Melinda_Gates_Foundation

The foundation has donated billions of dollars to help sufferers of AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria, protecting millions of children from death at the hands of preventable diseases. However, a 2007 investigation by The Los Angeles Times claimed there are three major unintended consequences with the foundation's allocation of aid. First, sub-Saharan Africa already suffered from a shortage of primary doctors before the arrival of the Gates Foundation, but "by pouring most contributions into the fight against such high-profile killers as AIDS, Gates grantees have increased the demand for specially trained, higher-paid clinicians, diverting staff from basic care" in sub-Saharan Africa. This "brain drain" adds to the existing doctor shortage and pulls away additional trained staff from children and those suffering from other common killers. Second, "the focus on a few diseases has shortchanged basic needs such as nutrition and transportation". Third, "Gates-funded vaccination programs have instructed caregivers to ignore – even discourage patients from discussing – ailments that the vaccinations cannot prevent".

Question: The foundation has donated billions to sufferers of 
Answer: The foundation has donated billions of dollars to help sufferers of AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria

Question: How many children were protected from death 
Answer: protecting millions of children from death at the hands of preventable diseases

Question: What are some consequences of the investments 
Answer: Gates grantees have increased the demand for specially trained, higher-paid clinicians, diverting staff from basic care" in sub-Saharan Africa

Question: What has the focus on a few diseases caused 
Answer: "the focus on a few diseases has shortchanged basic needs such as nutrition and transportation

Question: Vaccinations programs encouraged what 
Answer: discourage patients from discussing – ailments that the vaccinations cannot prevent".

Question: What has the Los Angeles Times donated billions for?

Question: What has the focus on allocation of aid shortchanged in Africa?

Question: What have higher-paid clinicians instructed caregivers to ignore?

Question: How did discussing ailments add to the doctor shortage?

Question: What did the Gates-funded AIDS program want to ignore?
Bill_%26_Melinda_Gates_Foundation

Melinda Gates has stated that the foundation "has decided not to fund abortion". In response to questions about this decision, Gates stated in a June 2014 blog post that she "struggle[s] with the issue" and that "the emotional and personal debate about abortion is threatening to get in the way of the lifesaving consensus regarding basic family planning". Up to 2013, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation provided $71 million to Planned Parenthood, the primary U.S. abortion provider, and affiliated organizations.

Question: What did the foundation decide not to fund
Answer: has decided not to fund abortion"

Question: WHy did they decide not to fund abortion
Answer: the emotional and personal debate about abortion is threatening to get in the way of the lifesaving consensus regarding basic family planning

Question: Before 2013 the foundation gave how how much to planned parenthood
Answer: Up to 2013, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation provided $71 million to Planned Parenthood

Question: Who decided not to fund basic family planning?

Question: In 2013 what debate did Bill Gates say is in the way of family planning?

Question: How much did Bill & Melinda Gates donate for family planning up to 2013?

Question: What affiliated organization is the primary US abortion provider?

Question: What issue did Bill Gates say he struggled with in 2014?
Bill_%26_Melinda_Gates_Foundation

In 1997, the charity introduced a U.S. Libraries initiative with a goal of "ensuring that if you can get to a public library, you can reach the internet". Only 35% of the world's population has access to the Internet. The foundation has given grants, installed computers and software, and provided training and technical support in partnership with public libraries nationwide in an effort to increase access and knowledge. Helping provide access and training for these resources, this foundation helps move public libraries into the digital age.

Question: what is the US libraries initiative 
Answer: U.S. Libraries initiative with a goal of "ensuring that if you can get to a public library, you can reach the internet

Question: How much of the worlds population can reach the internet
Answer: Only 35% of the world's population has access to the Internet

Question: what have the grants provided public libraries
Answer: The foundation has given grants, installed computers and software, and provided training and technical support in partnership with public libraries nationwide

Question: What has the grant enabled 
Answer: this foundation helps move public libraries into the digital age.

Question: How much of the world's population has access to libraries?

Question: What has the library given to increase access and knowledge?

Question: What is the digital age initiative?

Question: What has reaching the internet enabled?

Question: What has the world's population installed?
Bill_%26_Melinda_Gates_Foundation

A key aspect of the Gates Foundation's U.S. efforts involves an overhaul of the country's education policies at both the K-12 and college levels, including support for teacher evaluations and charter schools and opposition to seniority-based layoffs and other aspects of the education system that are typically backed by teachers' unions. It spent $373 million on education in 2009. It has also donated to the two largest national teachers' unions. The foundation was the biggest early backer of the Common Core State Standards Initiative.

Question: what is a key aspect of the gates foundation in the US
Answer: A key aspect of the Gates Foundation's U.S. efforts involves an overhaul of the country's education policies at both the K-12 and college levels

Question: What do these efforts include
Answer: including support for teacher evaluations and charter schools and opposition to seniority-based layoffs

Question: how much did it spend in 2009
Answer: It spent $373 million on education in 2009.

Question: It was an early backer of what 
Answer: The foundation was the biggest early backer of the Common Core State Standards Initiative.

Question: How much did teachers' unions spend on education in 2009?

Question: What is a key aspect of the Common Core State Standards U.S. efforts?

Question: What group has donated to the two largest national charter schools?

Question: What did the Gates foundation spend on support for teacher evaluations in 2009?

Question: What were teachers' unions the biggest early backer of?
Bill_%26_Melinda_Gates_Foundation

One of the foundation's goals is to lower poverty by increasing the number of college graduates in the United States, and the organization has funded "Reimagining Aid Design and Delivery" grants to think tanks and advocacy organizations to produce white papers on ideas for changing the current system of federal financial aid for college students, with a goal of increasing graduation rates. One of the ways the foundation has sought to increase the number of college graduates is to get them through college faster, but that idea has received some pushback from organizations of universities and colleges.

Question: What is 1 foundation goal 
Answer: One of the foundation's goals is to lower poverty by increasing the number of college graduates in the United States

Question: One way to increase college graduation by the foundation is 
Answer: One of the ways the foundation has sought to increase the number of college graduates is to get them through college faster

Question: how did they work on college financing 
Answer: Reimagining Aid Design and Delivery" grants to think tanks and advocacy organizations

Question: What has the United States tried to do to increase the number of college graduates?

Question: What is the goal of think tanks to lower poverty in the United States?

Question: What groups will produce grants for changing the financial aid system?

Question: What did the foundation fund to change the poverty rate?

Question: What does the foundation want to lower by changing financial aid?
Bill_%26_Melinda_Gates_Foundation

As part of its education-related initiatives, the foundation has funded journalists, think tanks, lobbying organizations and governments. Millions of dollars of grants to news organizations have funded reporting on education and higher education, including more than $1.4 million to the Education Writers Association to fund training for journalists who cover education. While some critics have feared the foundation for directing the conversation on education or pushing its point of view through news coverage, the foundation has said it lists all its grants publicly and does not enforce any rules for content among its grantees, who have editorial independence. Union activists in Chicago have accused Gates Foundation grantee Teach Plus, which was founded by new teachers and advocates against seniority-based layoffs, of "astroturfing".

Question: What has been funded as part of the education initiatives
Answer: As part of its education-related initiatives, the foundation has funded journalists, think tanks, lobbying organizations and governments

Question: what do the millions in grants given to news agencies do 
Answer: Millions of dollars of grants to news organizations have funded reporting on education and higher education

Question: Critics don't like the foundations use of media why 
Answer: critics have feared the foundation for directing the conversation on education or pushing its point of view through news coverage

Question: Where does the foundation list grants 
Answer: the foundation has said it lists all its grants publicly

Question: who founded teach plus 
Answer: Teach Plus, which was founded by new teachers and advocates against seniority-based layoffs

Question: What have journalists accused Teach Plus of?

Question: Why have governments feared the foundation?

Question: What has been funded as part of the news-related initiatives?

Question: Where does the foundation list grantees?

Question: Who founded the Education Writers Association?
Bill_%26_Melinda_Gates_Foundation

The K-12 and higher education reform programs of the Gates Foundation have been criticized by some education professionals, parents, and researchers because they have driven the conversation on education reform to such an extent that they may marginalize researchers who do not support Gates' predetermined policy preferences. Several Gates-backed policies such as small schools, charter schools, and increasing class sizes have been expensive and disruptive, but some studies indicate they have not improved educational outcomes and may have caused harm. Peer reviewed scientific studies at Stanford find that Charter Schools do not systematically improve student performance

Question: Why were the gates foundation educational reforms critcized
Answer: they may marginalize researchers who do not support Gates' predetermined policy preferences

Question: What are several of the gates backed policies 
Answer: Several Gates-backed policies such as small schools, charter schools, and increasing class sizes

Question: Have the policies been criticized 
Answer: but some studies indicate they have not improved educational outcomes and may have caused harm

Question: What does 1 specific study of charter schools show 
Answer: Peer reviewed scientific studies at Stanford find that Charter Schools do not systematically improve student performance

Question: What do Stanford studies find that policies don't improve?

Question: Who has criticized charter school reform programs?

Question: Why were the scientific educational reforms criticized?

Question: Which scientific studies have been expensive and disruptive?

Question: What have predetermined policy preferences shown about charter schools?
Bill_%26_Melinda_Gates_Foundation

In October 2006, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation was split into two entities: the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Trust, which manages the endowment assets and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, which "... conducts all operations and grantmaking work, and it is the entity from which all grants are made". Also announced was the decision to "... spend all of [the Trust's] resources within 20 years after Bill's and Melinda's deaths". This would close the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Trust and effectively end the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. In the same announcement it was reiterated that Warren Buffett "... has stipulated that the proceeds from the Berkshire Hathaway shares he still owns at death are to be used for philanthropic purposes within 10 years after his estate has been settled".

Question: What two entities was the foundation split into in october 2016
Answer: the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Trust, which manages the endowment assets and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

Question: When must the trust resources be spent
Answer: spend all of [the Trust's] resources within 20 years after Bill's and Melinda's deaths

Question: What does warren Buffet stipulate his berkshire hathaway  shares be used for in the 10 year period after his death 
Answer: the proceeds from the Berkshire Hathaway shares he still owns at death are to be used for philanthropic purposes within 10 years

Question: When must shares be spent for the foundation?

Question: When do Bill and Melinda Gates say Berkshire Hathaway shares are to be spent?

Question: In 2006 how was Berkshire Hathaway split?

Question: How long after the estate has been settled Will the Bill and Melinda gates foundation shares be used for philanthropy?

Question: What does Berkshire Hathaway manage as part of the Foundation Trust?
Montevideo

In 1860, Montevideo had 57,913 inhabitants including a number of people of African origin who had been brought as slaves and had gained their freedom around the middle of the century. By 1880, the population had quadrupled, mainly because of the great European immigration. In 1908, its population had grown massively to 309,331 inhabitants. In the course of the 20th century the city continued to receive large numbers of European immigrants, especially Spanish and Italian, followed by French, Germans or Dutch, English or Irish, Polish, Greek, Hungarians, Russians, Croats, Lebanese, Armenians, and Jews of various origins. The last wave of immigrants occurred between 1945 and 1955.

Question: How many inhabitants did Montevideo have in 1860?
Answer: 57,913

Question: What happened to the population by the year 1880?
Answer: had quadrupled

Question: The population quadrupled by 1880 due mainly to what?
Answer: the great European immigration

Question: What had the population grown to in 1908?
Answer: 309,331 inhabitants