Divyanshu67/squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
Dwight_D._Eisenhower

Operation Torch also served as a valuable training ground for Eisenhower's combat command skills; during the initial phase of Generalfeldmarschall Erwin Rommel's move into the Kasserine Pass, Eisenhower created some confusion in the ranks by some interference with the execution of battle plans by his subordinates. He also was initially indecisive in his removal of Lloyd Fredendall, commanding U.S. II Corps. He became more adroit in such matters in later campaigns. In February 1943, his authority was extended as commander of AFHQ across the Mediterranean basin to include the British Eighth Army, commanded by General Sir Bernard Montgomery. The Eighth Army had advanced across the Western Desert from the east and was ready for the start of the Tunisia Campaign. Eisenhower gained his fourth star and gave up command of ETOUSA to become commander of NATOUSA.

Question: What was Rommel's rank?
Answer: Generalfeldmarschall

Question: Who commanded II Corps before being removed by Eisenhower?
Answer: Lloyd Fredendall

Question: Who commanded the UK's Eighth Army?
Answer: Bernard Montgomery

Question: When did Eisenhower receive authority over the British Eighth Army?
Answer: February 1943

Question: What did Eisenhower command after he commanded ETOUSA?
Answer: NATOUSA
Dwight_D._Eisenhower

After the capitulation of Axis forces in North Africa, Eisenhower oversaw the highly successful invasion of Sicily. Once Mussolini, the Italian leader, had fallen in Italy, the Allies switched their attention to the mainland with Operation Avalanche. But while Eisenhower argued with President Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Churchill, who both insisted on unconditional terms of surrender in exchange for helping the Italians, the Germans pursued an aggressive buildup of forces in the country – making the job more difficult, by adding 19 divisions and initially outnumbering the Allied forces 2 to 1; nevertheless, the invasion of Italy was highly successful.

Question: What did the Allies invade after they conquered North Africa?
Answer: Sicily

Question: What was the invasion of mainland Italy called?
Answer: Operation Avalanche

Question: What was the initial ratio of Axis to Allied divisions in Italy?
Answer: 2 to 1

Question: How many divisions did the Germans add to Italy?
Answer: 19

Question: Until he was deposed, who was the leader of Italy?
Answer: Mussolini
Dwight_D._Eisenhower

In December 1943, President Roosevelt decided that Eisenhower – not Marshall – would be Supreme Allied Commander in Europe. The following month, he resumed command of ETOUSA and the following month was officially designated as the Supreme Allied Commander of the Allied Expeditionary Force (SHAEF), serving in a dual role until the end of hostilities in Europe in May 1945. He was charged in these positions with planning and carrying out the Allied assault on the coast of Normandy in June 1944 under the code name Operation Overlord, the liberation of Western Europe and the invasion of Germany.

Question: Other than Eisenhower, who was considered for the appointment of Supreme Allied Commander in Europe?
Answer: Marshall

Question: What did SHAEF stand for?
Answer: Supreme Allied Commander of the Allied Expeditionary Force

Question: Who appointed Eisenhower as Supreme Allied Commander in Europe?
Answer: Roosevelt

Question: What was the Allied invasion of Normandy called?
Answer: Operation Overlord

Question: When did Operation Overlord take place?
Answer: June 1944
Dwight_D._Eisenhower

Eisenhower, as well as the officers and troops under him, had learned valuable lessons in their previous operations, and their skills had all strengthened in preparation for the next most difficult campaign against the Germans—a beach landing assault. His first struggles, however, were with Allied leaders and officers on matters vital to the success of the Normandy invasion; he argued with Roosevelt over an essential agreement with De Gaulle to use French resistance forces in covert and sabotage operations against the Germans in advance of Overlord. Admiral Ernest J. King fought with Eisenhower over King's refusal to provide additional landing craft from the Pacific. He also insisted that the British give him exclusive command over all strategic air forces to facilitate Overlord, to the point of threatening to resign unless Churchill relented, as he did. Eisenhower then designed a bombing plan in France in advance of Overlord and argued with Churchill over the latter's concern with civilian casualties; de Gaulle interjected that the casualties were justified in shedding the yoke of the Germans, and Eisenhower prevailed. He also had to skillfully manage to retain the services of the often unruly George S. Patton, by severely reprimanding him when Patton earlier had slapped a subordinate, and then when Patton gave a speech in which he made improper comments about postwar policy.

Question: Who refused to provide Eisenhower with landing craft?
Answer: Ernest J. King

Question: What concern did Churchill have in regard to Eisenhower's pre-invasion bombing plan?
Answer: civilian casualties

Question: What did Patton do that first caused Eisenhower to reprimand him?
Answer: slapped a subordinate

Question: What were the French resistance to be used for in advance of the invasion of France?
Answer: covert and sabotage operations

Question: Who was the leader of French forces in this period?
Answer: de Gaulle
Dwight_D._Eisenhower

The D-Day Normandy landings on June 6, 1944, were costly but successful. A month later, the invasion of Southern France took place, and control of forces in the southern invasion passed from the AFHQ to the SHAEF. Many prematurely considered that victory in Europe would come by summer's end—however the Germans did not capitulate for almost a year. From then until the end of the war in Europe on May 8, 1945, Eisenhower, through SHAEF, commanded all Allied forces, and through his command of ETOUSA had administrative command of all U.S. forces on the Western Front north of the Alps. He was ever mindful of the inevitable loss of life and suffering that would be experienced on an individual level by the troops under his command and their families. This prompted him to make a point of visiting every division involved in the invasion. Eisenhower's sense of responsibility was underscored by his draft of a statement to be issued if the invasion failed. It has been called one of the great speeches of history:

Question: When did the Normandy invasion occur?
Answer: June 6, 1944

Question: How long after the Normandy invasion did the landings in Southern France occur?
Answer: month

Question: When did the war in Europe end?
Answer: May 8, 1945

Question: How many divisions involved in the Allied invasion of Europe did Eisenhower visit?
Answer: every

Question: After what possible event would the speech called one of the greatest in history have been delivered?
Answer: if the invasion failed
Dwight_D._Eisenhower

Once the coastal assault had succeeded, Eisenhower insisted on retaining personal control over the land battle strategy, and was immersed in the command and supply of multiple assaults through France on Germany. Field Marshal Montgomery insisted priority be given to his 21st Army Group's attack being made in the north, while Generals Bradley (12th U.S. Army Group) and Devers (Sixth U.S. Army Group) insisted they be given priority in the center and south of the front (respectively). Eisenhower worked tirelessly to address the demands of the rival commanders to optimize Allied forces, often by giving them tactical, though sometimes ineffective, latitude; many historians conclude this delayed the Allied victory in Europe. However, due to Eisenhower's persistence, the pivotal supply port at Antwerp was successfully, albeit belatedly, opened in late 1944, and victory became a more distinct probability.

Question: What unit did Montgomery command?
Answer: 21st Army Group

Question: What general commanded the 12th US Army Group?
Answer: Bradley

Question: Who was the Sixth US Army Group's commander?
Answer: Devers

Question: What geographic portion of the front did the Sixth US Army Group operate on?
Answer: south

Question: What supply port was opened late in 1944?
Answer: Antwerp
Dwight_D._Eisenhower

In recognition of his senior position in the Allied command, on December 20, 1944, he was promoted to General of the Army, equivalent to the rank of Field Marshal in most European armies. In this and the previous high commands he held, Eisenhower showed his great talents for leadership and diplomacy. Although he had never seen action himself, he won the respect of front-line commanders. He interacted adeptly with allies such as Winston Churchill, Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery and General Charles de Gaulle. He had serious disagreements with Churchill and Montgomery over questions of strategy, but these rarely upset his relationships with them. He dealt with Soviet Marshal Zhukov, his Russian counterpart, and they became good friends.

Question: What European rank was equivalent to that of General of the Army?
Answer: Field Marshal

Question: On what date did Eisenhower receive his General of the Army appointment?
Answer: December 20, 1944

Question: Along with Montgomery, with whom did Eisenhower disagree on strategy?
Answer: Churchill

Question: What Soviet military leader was a counterpart of Eisenhower?
Answer: Zhukov

Question: What rank was held by de Gaulle?
Answer: General
Dwight_D._Eisenhower

The Germans launched a surprise counter offensive, in the Battle of the Bulge in December 1944, which the Allies turned back in early 1945 after Eisenhower repositioned his armies and improved weather allowed the Air Force to engage. German defenses continued to deteriorate on both the eastern front with the Soviets and the western front with the Allies. The British wanted Berlin, but Eisenhower decided it would be a military mistake for him to attack Berlin, and said orders to that effect would have to be explicit. The British backed down, but then wanted Eisenhower to move into Czechoslovakia for political reasons. Washington refused to support Churchill's plan to use Eisenhower's army for political maneuvers against Moscow. The actual division of Germany followed the lines that Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin had previously agreed upon. The Soviet Red Army captured Berlin in a very large-scale bloody battle, and the Germans finally surrendered on May 7, 1945.

Question: When did the Battle of the Bulge begin?
Answer: December 1944

Question: What German city did the British wish to conquer?
Answer: Berlin

Question: Along with Roosevelt and Churchill, what political leader decided upon the division of Germany?
Answer: Stalin

Question: What nation's military conquered Berlin?
Answer: Soviet

Question: What date saw the surrender of Nazi Germany?
Answer: May 7, 1945
Dwight_D._Eisenhower

Following the German unconditional surrender, Eisenhower was appointed Military Governor of the U.S. Occupation Zone, based at the IG Farben Building in Frankfurt am Main. He had no responsibility for the other three zones, controlled by Britain, France and the Soviet Union, except for the city of Berlin, which was managed by the Four-Power Authorities through the Allied Kommandatura as the governing body. Upon discovery of the Nazi concentration camps, he ordered camera crews to document evidence of the atrocities in them for use in the Nuremberg Trials. He reclassified German prisoners of war (POWs) in U.S. custody as Disarmed Enemy Forces (DEFs), who were no longer subject to the Geneva Convention. Eisenhower followed the orders laid down by the Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS) in directive JCS 1067, but softened them by bringing in 400,000 tons of food for civilians and allowing more fraternization. In response to the devastation in Germany, including food shortages and an influx of refugees, he arranged distribution of American food and medical equipment. His actions reflected the new American attitudes of the German people as Nazi victims not villains, while aggressively purging the ex-Nazis.

Question: What was Eisenhower's title after Germany's surrender?
Answer: Military Governor of the U.S. Occupation Zone

Question: In what structure was Eisenhower's headquarters in the US Occupation Zone?
Answer: IG Farben Building

Question: In what city was the headquarters of the US Occupation Zone located?
Answer: Frankfurt am Main

Question: Aside from the US, what other countries had occupation zones in Germany?
Answer: Britain, France and the Soviet Union

Question: What agreement was not applicable to Disarmed Enemy Forces?
Answer: Geneva Convention
Dwight_D._Eisenhower

In November 1945, Eisenhower returned to Washington to replace Marshall as Chief of Staff of the Army. His main role was rapid demobilization of millions of soldiers, a slow job that was delayed by lack of shipping. Eisenhower was convinced in 1946 that the Soviet Union did not want war and that friendly relations could be maintained; he strongly supported the new United Nations and favored its involvement in the control of atomic bombs. However, in formulating policies regarding the atomic bomb and relations with the Soviets, Truman was guided by the U.S. State Department and ignored Eisenhower and the Pentagon. Indeed, Eisenhower had opposed the use of the atomic bomb against the Japanese, writing, "First, the Japanese were ready to surrender and it wasn't necessary to hit them with that awful thing. Second, I hated to see our country be the first to use such a weapon." Initially, Eisenhower was characterized by hopes for cooperation with the Soviets. He even visited Warsaw in 1945. Invited by Bolesław Bierut and decorated with the highest military decoration, he was shocked by the scale of destruction in the city. However, by mid-1947, as East–West tensions over economic recovery in Germany and the Greek Civil War escalated, Eisenhower gave up and agreed with a containment policy to stop Soviet expansion.

Question: Who was Chief of Staff of the Army before Eisenhower?
Answer: Marshall

Question: About how many soldiers demobilized after the war ended?
Answer: millions

Question: What president ignored Eisenhower's recommendations in regard to atomic weapons?
Answer: Truman

Question: What was Eisenhower's position on the use of nuclear weapons against Japan?
Answer: opposed

Question: What city did Eisenhower notably visit in 1945?
Answer: Warsaw
Dwight_D._Eisenhower

In June 1943 a visiting politician had suggested to Eisenhower that he might become President of the United States after the war. Believing that a general should not participate in politics, one author later wrote that "figuratively speaking, [Eisenhower] kicked his political-minded visitor out of his office". As others asked him about his political future, Eisenhower told one that he could not imagine wanting to be considered for any political job "from dogcatcher to Grand High Supreme King of the Universe", and another that he could not serve as Army Chief of Staff if others believed he had political ambitions. In 1945 Truman told Eisenhower during the Potsdam Conference that if desired, the president would help the general win the 1948 election, and in 1947 he offered to run as Eisenhower's running mate on the Democratic ticket if MacArthur won the Republican nomination.

Question: When was it suggested to Eisenhower that he might one day become president?
Answer: June 1943

Question: Along with dogcatcher, what political job did Eisenhower specifically not want to be considered for?
Answer: Grand High Supreme King of the Universe

Question: What role did Eisenhower believe he could not fulfill if he was believed to want to become involved in politics?
Answer: Army Chief of Staff

Question: What general was considered a potential Republican presidential candidate in 1948?
Answer: MacArthur

Question: At what meeting did Truman tell Eisenhower that he would assist him in running for president?
Answer: Potsdam Conference
Dwight_D._Eisenhower

As the election approached, other prominent citizens and politicians from both parties urged Eisenhower to run for president. In January 1948, after learning of plans in New Hampshire to elect delegates supporting him for the forthcoming Republican National Convention, Eisenhower stated through the Army that he was "not available for and could not accept nomination to high political office"; "life-long professional soldiers", he wrote, "in the absence of some obvious and overriding reason, [should] abstain from seeking high political office". Eisenhower maintained no political party affiliation during this time. Many believed he was forgoing his only opportunity to be president; Republican Thomas E. Dewey was considered the other probable winner, would presumably serve two terms, and Eisenhower, at age 66 in 1956, would then be too old.

Question: What state's delegates were considering supporting Eisenhower in 1948?
Answer: New Hampshire

Question: How old would Eisenhower be in 1956?
Answer: 66

Question: Why was it unlikely that Eisenhower would run for president in 1956?
Answer: too old

Question: Who was it assumed would win the election of 1948?
Answer: Thomas E. Dewey
Dwight_D._Eisenhower

In 1948, Eisenhower became President of Columbia University, an Ivy League university in New York City. The assignment was described as not being a good fit in either direction. During that year Eisenhower's memoir, Crusade in Europe, was published. Critics regarded it as one of the finest U.S. military memoirs, and it was a major financial success as well. Eisenhower's profit on the book was substantially aided by an unprecedented ruling by the U.S. Department of the Treasury that Eisenhower was not a professional writer, but rather, marketing the lifetime asset of his experiences, and thus he only had to pay capital gains tax on his $635,000 advance instead of the much higher personal tax rate. This ruling saved Eisenhower about $400,000.

Question: What position did Eisenhower occupy in 1948?
Answer: President of Columbia University

Question: Where is Columbia University located?
Answer: New York City

Question: What was the title of Eisenhower's memoir?
Answer: Crusade in Europe

Question: What group of schools did Columbia University belong to?
Answer: Ivy League

Question: What body ruled the Eisenhower was not a professional writer?
Answer: Department of the Treasury
Dwight_D._Eisenhower

Eisenhower's stint as the president of Columbia University was punctuated by his activity within the Council on Foreign Relations, a study group he led as president concerning the political and military implications of the Marshall Plan, and The American Assembly, Eisenhower's "vision of a great cultural center where business, professional and governmental leaders could meet from time to time to discuss and reach conclusions concerning problems of a social and political nature". His biographer Blanche Wiesen Cook suggested that this period served as "the political education of General Eisenhower", since he had to prioritize wide-ranging educational, administrative, and financial demands for the university. Through his involvement in the Council on Foreign Relations, he also gained exposure to economic analysis, which would become the bedrock of his understanding in economic policy. "Whatever General Eisenhower knows about economics, he has learned at the study group meetings," one Aid to Europe member claimed.

Question: While Eisenhower was president of Columbia, what group did he also work with?
Answer: Council on Foreign Relations

Question: What was Blanche Wiesen Cook in relation to Eisenhower?
Answer: biographer

Question: Along with business and government, what leaders did Eisenhower see meeting at the Council on Foreign Relations?
Answer: professional

Question: What sort of analysis did Eisenhower first experience with the Council on Foreign Relations?
Answer: economic
Dwight_D._Eisenhower

Within months of beginning his tenure as the president of the university, Eisenhower was requested to advise U.S. Secretary of Defense James Forrestal on the unification of the armed services. About six months after his appointment, he became the informal Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff in Washington. Two months later he fell ill, and he spent over a month in recovery at the Augusta National Golf Club. He returned to his post in New York in mid-May, and in July 1949 took a two-month vacation out-of-state. Because the American Assembly had begun to take shape, he traveled around the country during mid-to-late 1950, building financial support from Columbia Associates, an alumni association.

Question: What position was held by James Forrestal?
Answer: Secretary of Defense

Question: What position did Eisenhower informally hold?
Answer: Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff

Question: After becoming sick, where did Eisenhower recover?
Answer: Augusta National Golf Club

Question: What was the name of Columbia University's alumni association?
Answer: Columbia Associates

Question: When did Eisenhower vacation for two months outside New York?
Answer: July 1949
Dwight_D._Eisenhower

The contacts gained through university and American Assembly fund-raising activities would later become important supporters in Eisenhower's bid for the Republican party nomination and the presidency. Meanwhile, Columbia University's liberal faculty members became disenchanted with the university president's ties to oilmen and businessmen, including Leonard McCollum, the president of Continental Oil; Frank Abrams, the chairman of Standard Oil of New Jersey; Bob Kleberg, the president of the King Ranch; H. J. Porter, a Texas oil executive; Bob Woodruff, the president of the Coca-Cola Corporation; and Clarence Francis, the chairman of General Foods.

Question: Aside from his university work, where did Eisenhower gain useful contacts?
Answer: American Assembly

Question: What Continental Oil leader was Eisenhower tied to?
Answer: Leonard McCollum

Question: What was the political orientation of Columbia's teachers?
Answer: liberal

Question: What state was Frank Abrams' oil company located in?
Answer: New Jersey

Question: From where did H.J. Porter hale?
Answer: Texas
Dwight_D._Eisenhower

The trustees of Columbia University refused to accept Eisenhower's resignation in December 1950, when he took an extended leave from the university to become the Supreme Commander of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), and he was given operational command of NATO forces in Europe. Eisenhower retired from active service as an Army general on May 31, 1952, and he resumed his presidency of Columbia. He held this position until January 20, 1953, when he became the President of the United States.

Question: When was Eisenhower's resignation of Columbia turned down?
Answer: December 1950

Question: What role did Eisenhower fill after leaving Columbia?
Answer: Supreme Commander of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization

Question: On what date did Eisenhower leave active duty in the military?
Answer: May 31, 1952

Question: What job did Eisenhower hold after his second tenure as president of Columbia?
Answer: President of the United States

Question: When did Eisenhower become President of the United States?
Answer: January 20, 1953
Dwight_D._Eisenhower

President Truman, symbolizing a broad-based desire for an Eisenhower candidacy for president, again in 1951 pressed him to run for the office as a Democrat. It was at this time that Eisenhower voiced his disagreements with the Democratic party and declared himself and his family to be Republicans. A "Draft Eisenhower" movement in the Republican Party persuaded him to declare his candidacy in the 1952 presidential election to counter the candidacy of non-interventionist Senator Robert A. Taft. The effort was a long struggle; Eisenhower had to be convinced that political circumstances had created a genuine duty for him to offer himself as a candidate, and that there was a mandate from the populace for him to be their President. Henry Cabot Lodge, who served as his campaign manager, and others succeeded in convincing him, and in June 1952 he resigned his command at NATO to campaign full-time. Eisenhower defeated Taft for the nomination, having won critical delegate votes from Texas. Eisenhower's campaign was noted for the simple but effective slogan, "I Like Ike". It was essential to his success that Eisenhower express opposition to Roosevelt's policy at Yalta and against Truman's policies in Korea and China—matters in which he had once participated. In defeating Taft for the nomination, it became necessary for Eisenhower to appease the right wing Old Guard of the Republican Party; his selection of Richard M. Nixon as the Vice-President on the ticket was designed in part for that purpose. Nixon also provided a strong anti-communist presence as well as some youth to counter Ike's more advanced age.

Question: Who was President of the United States prior to Eisenhower?
Answer: Truman

Question: Truman wanted Eisenhower to run for the presidency as a member of what party?
Answer: Democratic

Question: Who did the Republicans want to block with an Eisenhower candidacy in 1952?
Answer: Robert A. Taft

Question: What was Taft's political office?
Answer: Senator

Question: Who was Eisenhower's campaign manager in 1952?
Answer: Henry Cabot Lodge
Dwight_D._Eisenhower

In the general election, against the advice of his advisors, Eisenhower insisted on campaigning in the South, refusing to surrender the region to the Democratic Party. The campaign strategy, dubbed "K1C2", was to focus on attacking the Truman and Roosevelt administrations on three issues: Korea, Communism and corruption. In an effort to accommodate the right, he stressed that the liberation of Eastern Europe should be by peaceful means only; he also distanced himself from his former boss President Truman.

Question: In what part of the country, previously neglected by Republican presidential candidates, did Eisenhower campaign?
Answer: South

Question: Along with Korea and Communism, what issue did Eisenhower attack Truman on?
Answer: corruption

Question: What was the strategy called that was used by Eisenhower's campaign?
Answer: K1C2

Question: How did Eisenhower claim Eastern Europe should be liberated?
Answer: peaceful means
Dwight_D._Eisenhower

Two controversies during the campaign tested him and his staff, but did not affect the campaign. One involved a report that Nixon had improperly received funds from a secret trust. Nixon spoke out adroitly to avoid potential damage, but the matter permanently alienated the two candidates. The second issue centered on Eisenhower's relented decision to confront the controversial methods of Joseph McCarthy on his home turf in a Wisconsin appearance. Just two weeks prior to the election, Eisenhower vowed to go to Korea and end the war there. He promised to maintain a strong commitment against Communism while avoiding the topic of NATO; finally, he stressed a corruption-free, frugal administration at home.

Question: What was the home state of Joseph McCarthy?
Answer: Wisconsin

Question: Where did Eisenhower claim he would end the war?
Answer: Korea

Question: During the campaign, from where was it claimed Nixon had received money improperly?
Answer: a secret trust

Question: What topic did Eisenhower not discuss during the campaign?
Answer: NATO
Dwight_D._Eisenhower

Eisenhower was the last president born in the 19th century, and at age 62, was the oldest man elected President since James Buchanan in 1856 (President Truman stood at 64 in 1948 as the incumbent president at the time of his election four years earlier). Eisenhower was the only general to serve as President in the 20th century and the most recent President to have never held elected office prior to the Presidency (The other Presidents who did not have prior elected office were Zachary Taylor, Ulysses S. Grant, William Howard Taft and Herbert Hoover).

Question: How old was Truman in 1948?
Answer: 64

Question: In what century was Eisenhower born?
Answer: 19th

Question: Who was the oldest man to become President prior to Eisenhower?
Answer: James Buchanan

Question: How many times had Eisenhower been elected to office prior to becoming president?
Answer: never

Question: What did Eisenhower have in common with presidents Taylor, Grant, Taft and Hoover?
Answer: did not have prior elected office
Dwight_D._Eisenhower

Due to a complete estrangement between the two as a result of campaigning, Truman and Eisenhower had minimal discussions about the transition of administrations. After selecting his budget director, Joseph M. Dodge, Eisenhower asked Herbert Brownell and Lucius Clay to make recommendations for his cabinet appointments. He accepted their recommendations without exception; they included John Foster Dulles and George M. Humphrey with whom he developed his closest relationships, and one woman, Oveta Culp Hobby. Eisenhower's cabinet, consisting of several corporate executives and one labor leader, was dubbed by one journalist, "Eight millionaires and a plumber." The cabinet was notable for its lack of personal friends, office seekers, or experienced government administrators. He also upgraded the role of the National Security Council in planning all phases of the Cold War.

Question: What woman was a member of Eisenhower's cabinet?
Answer: Oveta Culp Hobby

Question: Who was Eisenhower's budget director?
Answer: Joseph M. Dodge

Question: Along with Lucius Clay, who advised Eisenhower on cabinet appointments?
Answer: Herbert Brownell

Question: Along with George Humphrey, what cabinet official did Eisenhower have a close relationship with?
Answer: John Foster Dulles

Question: What quip was used to describe Eisenhower's cabinet?
Answer: Eight millionaires and a plumber
Dwight_D._Eisenhower

Prior to his inauguration, Eisenhower led a meeting of advisors at Pearl Harbor addressing foremost issues; agreed objectives were to balance the budget during his term, to bring the Korean War to an end, to defend vital interests at lower cost through nuclear deterrent, and to end price and wage controls. Eisenhower also conducted the first pre-inaugural cabinet meeting in history in late 1952; he used this meeting to articulate his anti-communist Russia policy. His inaugural address, as well, was exclusively devoted to foreign policy and included this same philosophy, as well as a commitment to foreign trade and the United Nations.

Question: What war did Eisenhower want to end as president?
Answer: Korean

Question: What type of cabinet meeting did Eisenhower hold for the first time ever?
Answer: pre-inaugural

Question: Policy in regard to what country was discussed at Eisenhower's first cabinet meeting?
Answer: Russia

Question: What type of policy was the focus of Eisenhower's inaugural address?
Answer: foreign
Dwight_D._Eisenhower

Throughout his presidency, Eisenhower adhered to a political philosophy of dynamic conservatism. A self-described "progressive conservative," he continued all the major New Deal programs still in operation, especially Social Security. He expanded its programs and rolled them into a new cabinet-level agency, the Department of Health, Education and Welfare, while extending benefits to an additional ten million workers. He implemented integration in the Armed Services in two years, which had not been completed under Truman.

Question: How did Eisenhower describe his political views?
Answer: progressive conservative

Question: What New deal program did Eisenhower particularly support?
Answer: Social Security

Question: What cabinet agency did Eisenhower make Social Security a part of?
Answer: Department of Health, Education and Welfare

Question: How many people were added to the Social Security rolls by Eisenhower?
Answer: ten million

Question: What policy in regard to the military did Eisenhower see to completion?
Answer: integration
Dwight_D._Eisenhower

As the 1954 congressional elections approached, and it became evident that the Republicans were in danger of losing their thin majority in both houses, Eisenhower was among those blaming the Old Guard for the losses, and took up the charge to stop suspected efforts by the right wing to take control of the GOP. Eisenhower then articulated his position as a moderate, progressive Republican: "I have just one purpose ... and that is to build up a strong progressive Republican Party in this country. If the right wing wants a fight, they are going to get it ... before I end up, either this Republican Party will reflect progressivism or I won't be with them anymore."

Question: What wing of the GOP was Eisenhower opposed to?
Answer: right

Question: In what year were the first federal elections after Eisenhower became president?
Answer: 1954

Question: Prior to the 1954 elections, who had majorities in Congress?
Answer: Republicans

Question: What type of Republican did Eisenhower characterize himself as?
Answer: moderate, progressive
Dwight_D._Eisenhower

Initially Eisenhower planned on serving only one term, but as with other decisions, he maintained a position of maximum flexibility in case leading Republicans wanted him to run again. During his recovery from a heart attack late in 1955, he huddled with his closest advisors to evaluate the GOP's potential candidates; the group, in addition to his doctor, concluded a second term was well advised, and he announced in February 1956 he would run again. Eisenhower was publicly noncommittal about Nixon's repeating as the Vice President on his ticket; the question was an especially important one in light of his heart condition. He personally favored Robert B. Anderson, a Democrat, who rejected his offer; Eisenhower then resolved to leave the matter in the hands of the party. In 1956, Eisenhower faced Adlai Stevenson again and won by an even larger landslide, with 457 of 531 electoral votes and 57.6% of the popular vote. The level of campaigning was curtailed out of health considerations.

Question: Upon election, how many terms did Eisenhower believe he would serve?
Answer: one

Question: In what year did Eisenhower have a heart attack?
Answer: 1955

Question: When did Eisenhower make an announcement stating that he would run for a second term?
Answer: February 1956

Question: Who did Eisenhower want as his 1956 running mate?
Answer: Robert B. Anderson

Question: Who did Eisenhower defeat in the 1956 presidential election?
Answer: Adlai Stevenson
Dwight_D._Eisenhower

Eisenhower's goal to create improved highways was influenced by difficulties encountered during his involvement in the U.S. Army's 1919 Transcontinental Motor Convoy. He was assigned as an observer for the mission, which involved sending a convoy of U.S. Army vehicles coast to coast. His subsequent experience with encountering German autobahn limited-access road systems during the concluding stages of World War II convinced him of the benefits of an Interstate Highway System. Noticing the improved ability to move logistics throughout the country, he thought an Interstate Highway System in the U.S. would not only be beneficial for military operations, but provide a measure of continued economic growth. The legislation initially stalled in the Congress over the issuance of bonds to finance the project, but the legislative effort was renewed and the law was signed by Eisenhower in June 1956.

Question: What event led Eisenhower to want to improve highways in the US?
Answer: the U.S. Army's 1919 Transcontinental Motor Convoy

Question: What German transportation project influenced Eisenhower on highways?
Answer: autobahn

Question: When did Eisenhower sign the law to create the Interstate Highway System?
Answer: June 1956

Question: Along with military benefits, what did Eisenhower see as the benefit of the highway project?
Answer: economic growth

Question: Why did Congress hold up the highway bill?
Answer: issuance of bonds to finance the project
Dwight_D._Eisenhower

In 1953, the Republican Party's Old Guard presented Eisenhower with a dilemma by insisting he disavow the Yalta Agreements as beyond the constitutional authority of the Executive Branch; however, the death of Joseph Stalin in March 1953 made the matter a practical moot point. At this time Eisenhower gave his Chance for Peace speech in which he attempted, unsuccessfully, to forestall the nuclear arms race with the Soviet Union by suggesting multiple opportunities presented by peaceful uses of nuclear materials. Biographer Stephen Ambrose opined that this was the best speech of Eisenhower's presidency.

Question: What agreements did the GOP Old Guard want Eisenhower to abandon?
Answer: Yalta

Question: Why did the Old Guard say Eisenhower should void the Yalta Agreements?
Answer: beyond the constitutional authority of the Executive Branch

Question: What world leader died in March of 1953?
Answer: Joseph Stalin

Question: What speech did Eisenhower give after Stalin died?
Answer: Chance for Peace

Question: Who called the Chance for Peace speech the best one Eisenhower gave as president?
Answer: Stephen Ambrose
Dwight_D._Eisenhower

The U.N. speech was well received but the Soviets never acted upon it, due to an overarching concern for the greater stockpiles of nuclear weapons in the U.S. arsenal. Indeed, Eisenhower embarked upon a greater reliance on the use of nuclear weapons, while reducing conventional forces, and with them the overall defense budget, a policy formulated as a result of Project Solarium and expressed in NSC 162/2. This approach became known as the "New Look", and was initiated with defense cuts in late 1953.

Question: What did Eisenhower reduce as he increased nuclear weapons stockpiles?
Answer: conventional forces

Question: What was the policy of increasing nuclear weapons while decreasing conventional forces called?
Answer: New Look

Question: When did Eisenhower begin to cut the defense budget?
Answer: 1953

Question: Along with NSC 162/2, what influenced the development of the New Look policy?
Answer: Project Solarium
Dwight_D._Eisenhower

In 1955 American nuclear arms policy became one aimed primarily at arms control as opposed to disarmament. The failure of negotiations over arms until 1955 was due mainly to the refusal of the Russians to permit any sort of inspections. In talks located in London that year, they expressed a willingness to discuss inspections; the tables were then turned on Eisenhower, when he responded with an unwillingness on the part of the U.S. to permit inspections. In May of that year the Russians agreed to sign a treaty giving independence to Austria, and paved the way for a Geneva summit with the U.S., U.K. and France. At the Geneva Conference Eisenhower presented a proposal called "Open Skies" to facilitate disarmament, which included plans for Russia and the U.S. to provide mutual access to each other's skies for open surveillance of military infrastructure. Russian leader Nikita Khrushchev dismissed the proposal out of hand.

Question: Why did nuclear arms negotiations with Russia fail prior to 1955?
Answer: refusal of the Russians to permit any sort of inspections

Question: In what city did the US and Russia conduct nuclear talks in 1955?
Answer: London

Question: Who refused to permit nuclear weapons inspections in the wake of the 1955 talks?
Answer: Eisenhower

Question: In May of 1955, a treaty was signed giving independence to what country?
Answer: Austria

Question: What was the plan Eisenhower presented at the Geneva Conference called?
Answer: Open Skies
Dwight_D._Eisenhower

In 1954, Eisenhower articulated the domino theory in his outlook towards communism in Southeast Asia and also in Central America. He believed that if the communists were allowed to prevail in Vietnam, this would cause a succession of countries to fall to communism, from Laos through Malaysia and Indonesia ultimately to India. Likewise, the fall of Guatemala would end with the fall of neighboring Mexico. That year the loss of North Vietnam to the communists and the rejection of his proposed European Defence Community (EDC) were serious defeats, but he remained optimistic in his opposition to the spread of communism, saying "Long faces don't win wars". As he had threatened the French in their rejection of EDC, he afterwards moved to restore West Germany, as a full NATO partner.

Question: What country did Eisenhower believe communists would conquer if they took over Guatemala?
Answer: Mexico

Question: The domino theory was applied to Central America and what other region?
Answer: Southeast Asia

Question: In what year was Eisenhower's EDC rejected?
Answer: 1954

Question: What country was made a full partner in NATO as the result of the failure of EDC?
Answer: West Germany

Question: According to Eisenhower, all of Southeast Asia would become communist if the communist insurgency won in what country?
Answer: Vietnam
Dwight_D._Eisenhower

With Eisenhower's leadership and Dulles' direction, CIA activities increased under the pretense of resisting the spread of communism in poorer countries; the CIA in part deposed the leaders of Iran in Operation Ajax, of Guatemala through Operation Pbsuccess, and possibly the newly independent Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville). In 1954 Eisenhower wanted to increase surveillance inside the Soviet Union. With Dulles' recommendation, he authorized the deployment of thirty Lockheed U-2's at a cost of $35 million. The Eisenhower administration also planned the Bay of Pigs Invasion to overthrow Fidel Castro in Cuba, which John F. Kennedy was left to carry out."

Question: Who was the director of the CIA?
Answer: Dulles

Question: What was the code name of the overthrow of the Iranian government?
Answer: Operation Ajax

Question: What CIA operation toppled the Guatemalan government?
Answer: Pbsuccess

Question: What company made the U-2?
Answer: Lockheed

Question: Under what president did the Bay of Pigs Invasion take place?
Answer: John F. Kennedy
Dwight_D._Eisenhower

Over New York City in 1953, Eastern Airlines Flight 8610, a commercial flight, had a near miss with Air Force Flight 8610, a Lockheed C-121 Constellation known as Columbine II, while the latter was carrying President Eisenhower. This prompted the adoption of the unique call sign Air Force One, to be used whenever the president is on board any US Air Force aircraft. Columbine II is the only presidential aircraft to have ever been sold to the public and is the only remaining presidential aircraft left unrestored and not on public display.

Question: What make and model aircraft was Air Force Flight 8610?
Answer: Lockheed C-121 Constellation

Question: What aircraft had an incident with Air Force Flight 8610?
Answer: Eastern Airlines Flight 8610

Question: What call sign does an Air Force aircraft have when a president is traveling on it?
Answer: Air Force One

Question: What was the name of the Lockheed C-121 Constellation that carried Eisenhower?
Answer: Columbine II

Question: In what year was Eisenhower involved in an incident while flying?
Answer: 1953
Dwight_D._Eisenhower

On the whole, Eisenhower's support of the nation's fledgling space program was officially modest until the Soviet launch of Sputnik in 1957, gaining the Cold War enemy enormous prestige around the world. He then launched a national campaign that funded not just space exploration but a major strengthening of science and higher education. His Open Skies Policy attempted to legitimize illegal Lockheed U-2 flyovers and Project Genetrix while paving the way for spy satellite technology to orbit over sovereign territory, created NASA as a civilian space agency, signed a landmark science education law, and fostered improved relations with American scientists.

Question: What caused Eisenhower to kickstart the US space program?
Answer: Soviet launch of Sputnik

Question: Along with the U-2 flyovers, what did Eisenhower try to legitimize with the Open Skies Policy?
Answer: Project Genetrix

Question: What was the legal status of the U-2 flyovers?
Answer: illegal

Question: What was the name of the civilian space agency created by Eisenhower?
Answer: NASA

Question: With whom did Eisenhower try to improve relations?
Answer: American scientists
Dwight_D._Eisenhower

In late 1952 Eisenhower went to Korea and discovered a military and political stalemate. Once in office, when the Chinese began a buildup in the Kaesong sanctuary, he threatened to use nuclear force if an armistice was not concluded. His earlier military reputation in Europe was effective with the Chinese. The National Security Council, the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and the Strategic Air Command (SAC) devised detailed plans for nuclear war against China. With the death of Stalin in early March 1953, Russian support for a Chinese hard-line weakened and China decided to compromise on the prisoner issue.

Question: Where did the Chinese begin to increase forces after Eisenhower entered the White House?
Answer: Kaesong sanctuary

Question: What did Eisenhower threaten to do if there was no armistice in Korea?
Answer: use nuclear force

Question: Along with the Joint Chiefs and SAC, what body was involved with formulating plans for nuclear war with China?
Answer: National Security Council

Question: What event led to decreased Russian support for China?
Answer: death of Stalin

Question: What was SAC an abbreviation of?
Answer: Strategic Air Command
Dwight_D._Eisenhower

In July 1953, an armistice took effect with Korea divided along approximately the same boundary as in 1950. The armistice and boundary remain in effect today, with American soldiers stationed there to guarantee it. The armistice, concluded despite opposition from Secretary Dulles, South Korean President Syngman Rhee, and also within Eisenhower's party, has been described by biographer Ambrose as the greatest achievement of the administration. Eisenhower had the insight to realize that unlimited war in the nuclear age was unthinkable, and limited war unwinnable.

Question: The boundary line of what year formed the 1953 armistice line?
Answer: 1950

Question: In what month in 1953 did the armistice come into being?
Answer: July

Question: Who was the President of South Korea at the time of the armistice?
Answer: Syngman Rhee

Question: What American official notably opposed the armistice?
Answer: Secretary Dulles

Question: Who described the armistice as Eisenhower's greatest presidential accomplishment?
Answer: Ambrose
Dwight_D._Eisenhower

In November 1956, Eisenhower forced an end to the combined British, French and Israeli invasion of Egypt in response to the Suez Crisis, receiving praise from Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser. Simultaneously he condemned the brutal Soviet invasion of Hungary in response to the Hungarian Revolution of 1956. He publicly disavowed his allies at the United Nations, and used financial and diplomatic pressure to make them withdraw from Egypt. Eisenhower explicitly defended his strong position against Britain and France in his memoirs, which were published in 1965.

Question: Along with the British and Israelis, what forces invaded Egypt in 1956?
Answer: French

Question: What was the combined Israeli-British-French invasion in response to?
Answer: Suez Crisis

Question: Who was the leader of Egypt at the time of the Suez Crisis?
Answer: Gamal Abdel Nasser

Question: Who invaded Hungary in 1956?
Answer: Soviet

Question: What year saw the publication of Eisenhower's memoirs?
Answer: 1965
Dwight_D._Eisenhower

Early in 1953, the French asked Eisenhower for help in French Indochina against the Communists, supplied from China, who were fighting the First Indochina War. Eisenhower sent Lt. General John W. "Iron Mike" O'Daniel to Vietnam to study and assess the French forces there. Chief of Staff Matthew Ridgway dissuaded the President from intervening by presenting a comprehensive estimate of the massive military deployment that would be necessary. Eisenhower stated prophetically that "this war would absorb our troops by divisions."

Question: What war was being fought by France in 1953?
Answer: First Indochina War

Question: What was John W. O'Daniel's nickname?
Answer: Iron Mike

Question: Who convinced Eisenhower not to intervene in Vietnam?
Answer: Matthew Ridgway

Question: Who was providing supplies to the Vietnamese communists fighting against France?
Answer: China

Question: How large of a military deployment did Ridgway say would be necessary in Vietnam?
Answer: massive