Divyanshu67/squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
Queen_Victoria

Through the 1860s, Victoria relied increasingly on a manservant from Scotland, John Brown. Slanderous rumours of a romantic connection and even a secret marriage appeared in print, and the Queen was referred to as "Mrs. Brown". The story of their relationship was the subject of the 1997 movie Mrs. Brown. A painting by Sir Edwin Henry Landseer depicting the Queen with Brown was exhibited at the Royal Academy, and Victoria published a book, Leaves from the Journal of Our Life in the Highlands, which featured Brown prominently and in which the Queen praised him highly.

Question: What was the name of the manservent that Victoria had in the 1860's?
Answer: John Brown

Question: Where was John brown, Victorias manservant, from?
Answer: Scotland

Question: What kind of a connection was rumored to exist between Victoria and John Brown?
Answer: a romantic connection

Question: What was the nickname given to Queen Victoria when rumors of a relationship with John Brown arose?
Answer: Mrs. Brown

Question: What was the name of the 1997 movie depicting the relationship between Victoria and John brown?
Answer: Mrs. Brown

Question: What country was Queen Victoria's manservant with whom she was rumored to have a romantic interest?
Answer: Scotland

Question: What was the name of the movie that told the story of Queen Victoria's romance with John Brown?
Answer: Mrs. Brown

Question: What artist painted the Queen and Brown which hung in the Royal Academy?
Answer: Sir Edwin Henry Landseer

Question: In what memior written by Queen Victoria was John Brown praised?
Answer: Leaves from the Journal of Our Life in the Highlands

Question: Which manservent was Victoria's most trusted ally?
Answer: John Brown

Question: Which movie was made about the scandalous affair that Victoria was believed to have had with John Brown?
Answer: Mrs. Brown

Question: Which book did Victoria publish that did nothing to take away from the rumors about her and John Brown?
Answer: Leaves from the Journal of Our Life in the Highlands

Question: Who did the Queen feature in her book that drew so much criticism?
Answer: John Brown

Question: What was the name of the manservent that Victoria had in the 1870's?

Question: What kind of a connection was rumored to not  exist between Victoria and John Brown?

Question: Where was John brown, Victorias lover, from?

Question: What was the name of the 1979 movie depicting the relationship between Victoria and John brown?

Question: What was the nickname given to Queen Victoria when rumors of a relationship with John Brown died?
Queen_Victoria

Following a custom she maintained throughout her widowhood, Victoria spent the Christmas of 1900 at Osborne House on the Isle of Wight. Rheumatism in her legs had rendered her lame, and her eyesight was clouded by cataracts. Through early January, she felt "weak and unwell", and by mid-January she was "drowsy ... dazed, [and] confused". She died on Tuesday, 22 January 1901, at half past six in the evening, at the age of 81. Her son and successor King Edward VII, and her eldest grandson, Emperor Wilhelm II of Germany, were at her deathbed. Her favourite pet Pomeranian, Turri, was laid upon her deathbed as a last request.

Question: Where did Victoria spend the Christmas of 1900?
Answer: Osborne House

Question: Where was osborne House that Victoria spent christmas at located?
Answer: on the Isle of Wight

Question: What had caused Victoria to be lame?
Answer: Rheumatism in her legs

Question: Why was Victorias eyesight clouded?
Answer: cataracts

Question: What was the date of Queen Victorias death?
Answer: 22 January 1901

Question: Where was Osborne House located?
Answer: Isle of Wight

Question: When did Queen Victoria die? 
Answer: Tuesday, 22 January 1901

Question: How old was Queen Victoria upon her death? 
Answer: 81

Question: Who was Queen Victoria's successor after her death? 
Answer: King Edward VII

Question: Who did she wish to see on her deathbed, making it her last request? 
Answer: pet Pomeranian, Turri

Question: Where did Victoria usually spend Christmases?
Answer: Osborne House on the Isle of Wight

Question: What caused Victoria limited mobility later in life?
Answer: Rheumatism

Question: Whaen did Queen Victoria die?
Answer: Tuesday, 22 January 1901

Question: How old was Victoria when she died?
Answer: 81

Question: Who was Queen Victoria's successor?
Answer: King Edward VII

Question: Where did Victoria spend the Christmas of 1901?

Question: Where was osborne House that Victoria spent christmas at not located?

Question: What hadn't caused Victoria to be lame?

Question: Why was Victorias eyesight unclouded?

Question: What was the date of Queen Victorias birth?
Queen_Victoria

In the 1874 general election, Disraeli was returned to power. He passed the Public Worship Regulation Act 1874, which removed Catholic rituals from the Anglican liturgy and which Victoria strongly supported. She preferred short, simple services, and personally considered herself more aligned with the presbyterian Church of Scotland than the episcopal Church of England. He also pushed the Royal Titles Act 1876 through Parliament, so that Victoria took the title "Empress of India" from 1 May 1876. The new title was proclaimed at the Delhi Durbar of 1 January 1877.

Question: In a general election of what year was Disraeli returned to power?
Answer: 1874

Question: What year was the Public Worship Regulation Act passed?
Answer: 1874

Question: What Church did Victoria consider herself aligned with?
Answer: presbyterian Church of Scotland

Question: What Act did Disraeli push through Parliment in 1876?
Answer: Royal Titles Act 1876

Question: In 1876 Victoria held what title?
Answer: Empress of India

Question: What removed Catholic Rituals from Anglican services? 
Answer: Public Worship Regulation Act 1874

Question: Which church did Queen Victoria consider her favorite? 
Answer: presbyterian Church of Scotland

Question: Who published the Royal Titles Act of 1876?
Answer: Disraeli

Question: When was Queen Victoria named the Empress of India? 
Answer: 1 May 1876

Question: Where was the new title of Empress of India proclaimed? 
Answer: Delhi Durbar

Question: When was Disraeli returned to office?
Answer: 1874

Question: What change, supported by Victoria, did Disraeli make to the Anglician liturgy?
Answer: removed Catholic rituals

Question: Where did Victoria really align herself when it came to religion?
Answer: presbyterian Church of Scotland

Question: What allowed Victoria to become the Empress of India?
Answer: Royal Titles Act 1876

Question: Whic act, passed by Disraeli, allowed him to alter the Anglician liturgy?
Answer: Public Worship Regulation Act 1874

Question: In a general election of what year was Disraeli kicked from power?

Question: What year was the Public Worship Regulation Act passed?

Question: What Church did Victoria consider herself unaligned with?

Question: What Act did Disraeli push through Parliment in 1867?

Question: In 1867 Victoria held what title?
Queen_Victoria

Through Victoria's reign, the gradual establishment of a modern constitutional monarchy in Britain continued. Reforms of the voting system increased the power of the House of Commons at the expense of the House of Lords and the monarch. In 1867, Walter Bagehot wrote that the monarch only retained "the right to be consulted, the right to encourage, and the right to warn". As Victoria's monarchy became more symbolic than political, it placed a strong emphasis on morality and family values, in contrast to the sexual, financial and personal scandals that had been associated with previous members of the House of Hanover and which had discredited the monarchy. The concept of the "family monarchy", with which the burgeoning middle classes could identify, was solidified.

Question: What kind of monarchy was formed under Queen Victoria?
Answer: modern constitutional monarchy

Question: Reforms to what system increased the power of the house fo commons?
Answer: the voting system

Question: As Victorias rule became less polital, what values were emphasized?
Answer: morality and family values

Question: What type of monarchy was established as time went on in Victorias rule?
Answer: family monarchy

Question: How did the reforms of Britains voting system affect the House of Commons? 
Answer: increased the power

Question: What was most important as the monarchy under Queen Victoria shifted from political to symbolic? 
Answer: emphasis on morality and family values

Question: What idea was solidified to which the increasing middle classes in Britain could identify with?
Answer: family monarchy

Question: What was Queen Victoria's reign considered? 
Answer: modern constitutional monarchy

Question: What kind of government was Victoria's reign leaning towards?
Answer: modern constitutional monarchy

Question: What increased the power in the House of Commons?
Answer: Reforms of the voting system

Question: Who paid the price for the reforms of the voting system?
Answer: House of Lords and the monarch

Question: Rather than political, what was Victoria's monarchy seen as?
Answer: symbolic

Question: What was a monarchy that the more middle clas could get behind and support?
Answer: family

Question: What kind of monarchy was formed after Queen Victoria?

Question: Reforms to what system increased the power of the house of uncommons?

Question: As Victorias rule became more polical, what values were emphasized?

Question: What type of monarchy was cancelled as time went on in Victorias rule?

Question: How did the reforms of Britains voting system not affect the House of Commons?
Queen_Victoria

Victoria was pleased when Gladstone resigned in 1885 after his budget was defeated. She thought his government was "the worst I have ever had", and blamed him for the death of General Gordon at Khartoum. Gladstone was replaced by Lord Salisbury. Salisbury's government only lasted a few months, however, and Victoria was forced to recall Gladstone, whom she referred to as a "half crazy & really in many ways ridiculous old man". Gladstone attempted to pass a bill granting Ireland home rule, but to Victoria's glee it was defeated. In the ensuing election, Gladstone's party lost to Salisbury's and the government switched hands again.

Question: What year did Gladstone resign?
Answer: 1885

Question: Gladstone resigned after what was defeted?
Answer: his budget

Question: Victoria blamed Gladstone for the death of who?
Answer: General Gordon at Khartoum.

Question: Who replaced Gladstone after he resigned?
Answer: Lord Salisbury

Question: How long did Lord Salisburys government last?
Answer: a few months

Question: What man was Gladstone blamed for after his death at Khartoum?
Answer: General Gordon

Question: Who replaced Gladstone for only a few short months? 
Answer: Lord Salisbury

Question: What did the bill Gladstone failed to pass state, much to Queen Victoria's pleasure? 
Answer: granting Ireland home rule

Question: Who defeated Gladstone yet again in the general elction?
Answer: Salisbury

Question: Why did Gladstone resign in 1885? 
Answer: his budget was defeated

Question: When did Gladstone resign?
Answer: 1885

Question: Why did Gladstone resign?
Answer: his budget was defeated

Question: How did Victoria feel about the resignation of Gladstone?
Answer: pleased

Question: Who's death did Victoria blame on Gladstone?
Answer: General Gordon

Question: Who replaced Gladstone?
Answer: Lord Salisbury

Question: What year didn't Gladstone resign?

Question: Gladstone resigned after what wasn't defeted?

Question: Victoria blamed Gladstone for the life of who?

Question: Who replaced Gladstone after he was fired?

Question: How long did Lord Salisburys government not last?
Queen_Victoria

According to one of her biographers, Giles St Aubyn, Victoria wrote an average of 2,500 words a day during her adult life. From July 1832 until just before her death, she kept a detailed journal, which eventually encompassed 122 volumes. After Victoria's death, her youngest daughter, Princess Beatrice, was appointed her literary executor. Beatrice transcribed and edited the diaries covering Victoria's accession onwards, and burned the originals in the process. Despite this destruction, much of the diaries still exist. In addition to Beatrice's edited copy, Lord Esher transcribed the volumes from 1832 to 1861 before Beatrice destroyed them. Part of Victoria's extensive correspondence has been published in volumes edited by A. C. Benson, Hector Bolitho, George Earle Buckle, Lord Esher, Roger Fulford, and Richard Hough among others.

Question: How many words a day did Victoria write?
Answer: average of 2,500

Question: What year did Victoria begin keeping a journal?
Answer: 1832

Question: How many volumes was Queen Victorias journal?
Answer: 122

Question: Who was Victorias youngest daughter?
Answer: Princess Beatrice

Question: What did Beatrice do to her mothers diaries after her death?
Answer: transcribed and edited

Question: How many journals did Queen Victoria write in her lifetime?
Answer: 122

Question: Who was appointed as Queen Victoria's literary executor upon her death? 
Answer: Princess Beatrice

Question: What did Beatrice do with the journals after she transcribed and edited them? 
Answer: burned the originals

Question: Who transcribed Queen Victoria's journals from 1832 to 1861? 
Answer: Lord Esher

Question: What biographer said Queen Victoria wrote an average of 2500 words a day in her journals?
Answer: Giles St Aubyn

Question: How avid of a writer was the Queen?
Answer: Victoria wrote an average of 2,500 words a day

Question: How many volumes did her journal span?
Answer: 122 volumes

Question: Who was Victoria's literary executer?
Answer: her youngest daughter, Princess Beatrice

Question: What did Beatrice do with her mother's journals?
Answer: transcribed and edited

Question: What did Beatrice do with the origional volumes of her mother's diaries?
Answer: burned

Question: How many words a day did Victoria read?

Question: What year did Victoria stop keeping a journal?

Question: How many volumes was not in Queen Victorias journal?

Question: Who was Victorias oldest daughter?

Question: What did Beatrice do to her mothers diaries before her death?
Freemasonry

Relations between Grand Lodges are determined by the concept of Recognition. Each Grand Lodge maintains a list of other Grand Lodges that it recognises. When two Grand Lodges recognise and are in Masonic communication with each other, they are said to be in amity, and the brethren of each may visit each other's Lodges and interact Masonically. When two Grand Lodges are not in amity, inter-visitation is not allowed. There are many reasons why one Grand Lodge will withhold or withdraw recognition from another, but the two most common are Exclusive Jurisdiction and Regularity.

Question: What concept determines relationships between Grand Lodges?
Answer: Recognition

Question: What must two lodges be in, in order to inter-visit?
Answer: amity

Question: What, besides Recognition, must happen between two Grand Lodges in order for them to be considered in amity? 
Answer: Masonic communication

Question: What can be causes of one Grand Lodge withdrawing Recognition from another?
Answer: Exclusive Jurisdiction and Regularity

Question: What are the members of a Grand Lodge called?
Answer: brethren

Question: Gran Lodges are in what when they are in Masonic Communication with each other?
Answer: amity

Question: What concept is used to determine relations between Grand Lodges?
Answer: Recognition

Question: What does each Grand Lodge maintain?
Answer: a list

Question: What is not allowed when Grand Lodges are not in amity? 
Answer: inter-visitation

Question: What are the two most common reasons one Grand Lodge will withhold recognition from another?
Answer: Exclusive Jurisdiction and Regularity

Question: What concept determines conflicts between Grand Lodges?

Question: What must only one lodge be in, in order to inter-visit?

Question: What, besides Recognition, must never happen between two Grand Lodges in order for them to be considered in amity?

Question: What are the enemies of a Grand Lodge called?

Question: What is not allowed when Grand Lodges are empty?
Freemasonry

Since the middle of the 19th century, Masonic historians have sought the origins of the movement in a series of similar documents known as the Old Charges, dating from the Regius Poem in about 1425 to the beginning of the 18th century. Alluding to the membership of a lodge of operative masons, they relate a mythologised history of the craft, the duties of its grades, and the manner in which oaths of fidelity are to be taken on joining. The fifteenth century also sees the first evidence of ceremonial regalia.

Question: When did ceremonial regalia first appear in the Masonic culture?
Answer: The fifteenth century

Question: How long have historians been seeking information about the Masonic movement?
Answer: middle of the 19th century

Question: What kind of an oath do Masons take when they join?
Answer: fidelity

Question: What is the oldest written document about Freemasonary?
Answer: Regius Poem

Question: When was the Regius Poem written?
Answer: 1425

Question: When did Masonic historians star seeking the origins of the Masonic Movement?
Answer: middle of the 19th century

Question: What are the old Masonic document referred as?
Answer: Old Charges

Question: The Old Charges are dated from when to when?
Answer: about 1425 to the beginning of the 18th century

Question: The fifteenth century also shows evidence of what in Masonic history?
Answer: ceremonial regalia.

Question: The duties of its grades is an example of what historic documents?
Answer: Old Charges

Question: When did ceremonial regalia last appear in the Masonic culture?

Question: How long have historians been hiding information about the Masonic movement?

Question: What kind of an oath do Masons refuse to take when they join?

Question: When was the Regius Poem stolen?

Question: What are the new Masonic documents referred as?
Freemasonry

A dispute during the Lausanne Congress of Supreme Councils of 1875 prompted the Grand Orient de France to commission a report by a Protestant pastor which concluded that, as Freemasonry was not a religion, it should not require a religious belief. The new constitutions read, "Its principles are absolute liberty of conscience and human solidarity", the existence of God and the immortality of the soul being struck out. It is possible that the immediate objections of the United Grand Lodge of England were at least partly motivated by the political tension between France and Britain at the time. The result was the withdrawal of recognition of the Grand Orient of France by the United Grand Lodge of England, a situation that continues today.

Question: Why did the Grand Orient de France conclude that Freemasonry shouldn't require religious belief?
Answer: Freemasonry was not a religion

Question: What was removed from the Freemasonry constitution?
Answer: existence of God and the immortality of the soul

Question: Who withdrew recognition from the Grand Orient de France?
Answer: United Grand Lodge of England

Question: What was a possible condition that made the United Grand Lodge of England withdraw it's recognition of the Grand Orient de France?
Answer: political tension between France and Britain

Question: How was the belief of the existance of God and the immortal soul replaced in the constitution?
Answer: Its principles are absolute liberty of conscience and human solidarity

Question: What year was it ruled that Freemasonry was not a religion?
Answer: 1875

Question: What Grand Lodge had a withdrawal of recognition by the United Grand Lodge of England?
Answer: Grand Orient of France

Question: What was a motivation of the Grand Lodge of England's objection?
Answer: political tension between France and Britain

Question: Who disputed the Lausanne Congress of Supreme Councils?
Answer: Grand Orient de France

Question: Why did the Grand Orient de France conclude that Freemasonry should require religious belief?

Question: What was added to the Freemasonry constitution?

Question: Who maintained permanent recognition with the Grand Orient de France?

Question: How was the belief of the existence of God and the immortal soul explained in the constitution?

Question: What year was it ruled that Freemasonry was a religion?
Freemasonry

At the dawn of the Grand Lodge era, during the 1720s, James Anderson composed the first printed constitutions for Freemasons, the basis for most subsequent constitutions, which specifically excluded women from Freemasonry. As Freemasonry spread, continental masons began to include their ladies in Lodges of Adoption, which worked three degrees with the same names as the men's but different content. The French officially abandoned the experiment in the early 19th century. Later organisations with a similar aim emerged in the United States, but distinguished the names of the degrees from those of male masonry.

Question: When were the first constitutions for Freemasonry printed?
Answer: during the 1720s

Question: Who composed the first printed constitutions for Freemasonry?
Answer: James Anderson

Question: Which group was specifically excluded from Freemasonry in the printed constitutions?
Answer: women

Question: What was created for women as Freemasonry began to spread?
Answer: Lodges of Adoption

Question: When was the idea of the Lodges for Adoption abandoned?
Answer: early 19th century

Question: When was the dawn of the Grand Lodge era?
Answer: during the 1720s

Question: Who composed the first printed constitutions for Freemasons?
Answer: James Anderson

Question: Who is excluded from Freemasonry?
Answer: women

Question: What were lodges called that included women?
Answer: Lodges of Adoption

Question: Who abandoned the including of women in Freemasonry experiment in the early 19'th century?
Answer: The French

Question: When were the only constitutions for Freemasonry printed?

Question: Who decomposed the first printed constitutions for Freemasonry?

Question: Which group was specifically unknown in Freemasonry in the printed constitutions?

Question: What was banned for women as Freemasonry began to spread?

Question: What were lodges called that included cats?
Freemasonry

In contrast to Catholic allegations of rationalism and naturalism, Protestant objections are more likely to be based on allegations of mysticism, occultism, and even Satanism. Masonic scholar Albert Pike is often quoted (in some cases misquoted) by Protestant anti-Masons as an authority for the position of Masonry on these issues. However, Pike, although undoubtedly learned, was not a spokesman for Freemasonry and was also controversial among Freemasons in general. His writings represented his personal opinion only, and furthermore an opinion grounded in the attitudes and understandings of late 19th century Southern Freemasonry of the USA. Notably, his book carries in the preface a form of disclaimer from his own Grand Lodge. No one voice has ever spoken for the whole of Freemasonry.

Question: What are some Protestant objections to Freemasonry?
Answer: mysticism, occultism, and even Satanism

Question: What are Catholic objections to Freemasonry?
Answer: rationalism and naturalism

Question: Who is generally accepted as the voice of Freemasonry?
Answer: No one voice

Question: Who do the Protestant anti-Masons believe is the absolute authority on the use of mysticism, Satanism and occultism in Freemasonry?
Answer: Albert Pike

Question: What was Albert Pike actually more of an expert in?
Answer: late 19th century Southern Freemasonry of the USA

Question: What religion alleged Freemasons as Satanic?
Answer: Protestant

Question: What religion alleged Freemasons as unnatural and irrational? 
Answer: Catholic

Question: Who was controversial among Freemasons?
Answer: Albert Pike

Question: Who has spoke for all Freemasons?
Answer: No one

Question: Albert Pike's opinions were grounded in what?
Answer: late 19th century Southern Freemasonry of the USA

Question: What are some Protestant rewards to Freemasonry?

Question: Who is always accepted as the voice of Freemasonry?

Question: Who do the Protestant anti-Masons believe is the worst authority on the use of mysticism, Satanism and occultism in Freemasonry?

Question: What was Albert Pike actually more of an amateur in?

Question: What religion alleged Freemasons as omniscient?
Freemasonry

In 1799, English Freemasonry almost came to a halt due to Parliamentary proclamation. In the wake of the French Revolution, the Unlawful Societies Act 1799 banned any meetings of groups that required their members to take an oath or obligation. The Grand Masters of both the Moderns and the Antients Grand Lodges called on Prime Minister William Pitt (who was not a Freemason) and explained to him that Freemasonry was a supporter of the law and lawfully constituted authority and was much involved in charitable work. As a result, Freemasonry was specifically exempted from the terms of the Act, provided that each private lodge's Secretary placed with the local "Clerk of the Peace" a list of the members of his lodge once a year. This continued until 1967 when the obligation of the provision was rescinded by Parliament.

Question: What put English Freemasonry at risk?
Answer: Parliamentary proclamation

Question: What did the Unlawful Socities Act ban?
Answer: meetings of groups that required their members to take an oath or obligation

Question: When was the Unlawful Socities Act implemented?
Answer: 1799

Question: What was each private lodge required to provide to the Clerk of Peace every year?
Answer: a list of the members of his lodge

Question: Who did the Grand Masters call upon to explain that Freemasonry was not an unlawful society?
Answer: Prime Minister William Pitt

Question: English Freemasonry almost came to a halt in what year?
Answer: 1799

Question: Why did English Freemasonry almost come to a halt in 1799?
Answer: Parliamentary proclamation

Question: What act was made in 1799 banning any meeting of groups that had to take an oath or obligation?
Answer: the Unlawful Societies Act 1799

Question: Who gave the Freemasons an exemption of the Act of 1799?
Answer: Prime Minister William Pitt

Question: What year did parliament rescind the exemption of 1799 given to the Freemasons?
Answer: 1967

Question: What put Canadian Freemasonry at risk?

Question: What did the Unlawful Societies Act encourage?

Question: When was the Unlawful Societies Act forgotten?

Question: What was each private lodge required to provide to the Clerk of Peace every week?

Question: Why did English Freemasonry almost come to a halt in 1699?
Freemasonry

In some countries anti-Masonry is often related to antisemitism and anti-Zionism. For example, In 1980, the Iraqi legal and penal code was changed by Saddam Hussein's ruling Ba'ath Party, making it a felony to "promote or acclaim Zionist principles, including Freemasonry, or who associate [themselves] with Zionist organisations". Professor Andrew Prescott of the University of Sheffield writes: "Since at least the time of the Protocols of the Elders of Zion, antisemitism has gone hand in hand with anti-masonry, so it is not surprising that allegations that 11 September was a Zionist plot have been accompanied by suggestions that the attacks were inspired by a masonic world order".

Question: What are two things that anit-masonry usually associated with?
Answer: antisemitism and anti-Zionism

Question: What year did the Ba'ath Party make Freemasonry a felony?
Answer: 1980

Question: Who wrote that it was not suprising that the blame for 9/11 was trying to be blamed on a masonic world order?
Answer: Professor Andrew Prescott

Question: According to  Professor Andrew Prescott, how long has antisemitism gone together with anti-masonry?
Answer: Since at least the time of the Protocols of the Elders of Zion

Question: In some countries, anti-Masonry is related to what?
Answer: antisemitism and anti-Zionism

Question: Who change the Iraqi legal and penal code in 1980?
Answer: Saddam Hussein's ruling Ba'ath Party

Question: Who suggested the September 11 attacks on the United States were inspired by a masonic world order?
Answer: Professor Andrew Prescott

Question: What are two things that anti-masonry is always associated with?

Question: What year did the Ba'ath Party make Freemasonry a holiday?

Question: Who wrote that it was shocking that the blame for 9/11 was trying to be blamed on a masonic world order?

Question: Who changed the Iraqi legal and penal code in 1780?

Question: How long has antisemitism been against anti-masonry according to Professor Andrew Prescott?
Freemasonry

The bulk of Masonic ritual consists of degree ceremonies. Candidates for Freemasonry are progressively initiated into Freemasonry, first in the degree of Entered Apprentice. Some time later, in a separate ceremony, they will be passed to the degree of Fellowcraft, and finally they will be raised to the degree of Master Mason. In all of these ceremonies, the candidate is entrusted with passwords, signs and grips peculiar to his new rank. Another ceremony is the annual installation of the Master and officers of the Lodge. In some jurisdictions Installed Master is valued as a separate rank, with its own secrets to distinguish its members. In other jurisdictions, the grade is not recognised, and no inner ceremony conveys new secrets during the installation of a new Master of the Lodge.

Question: What do most masonic rituals consist of?
Answer: degree ceremonies

Question: What is the first degree of Masonry?
Answer: Entered Apprentice

Question: What is the second degree of Masonry?
Answer: Fellowcraft

Question: What is the final degree of Masonry?
Answer: Master Mason

Question: What things come with each new degree in Freemasonry?
Answer: passwords, signs and grips

Question: The bulk of Masonic rituals consist of what?
Answer: degree ceremonies

Question: What is the first of degree ceremonies?
Answer: the degree of Entered Apprentice

Question: What comes after the degree of Entered Apprentice?
Answer: the degree of Fellowcraft

Question: What is the final degree in the Freemasons?
Answer: the degree of Master Mason

Question: What annual ceremony do Freemasons have?
Answer: the annual installation of the Master and officers of the Lodge

Question: What do no masonic rituals consist of?

Question: What is the ninth degree of Masonry?

Question: What is the eighth degree of Masonry?

Question: What is no longer the final degree of Masonry?

Question: What quarterly ceremony do Freemasons have?
Freemasonry

English Freemasonry spread to France in the 1720s, first as lodges of expatriates and exiled Jacobites, and then as distinctively French lodges which still follow the ritual of the Moderns. From France and England, Freemasonry spread to most of Continental Europe during the course of the 18th century. The Grande Loge de France formed under the Grand Mastership of the Duke of Clermont, who exercised only nominal authority. His successor, the Duke of Orléans, reconstituted the central body as the Grand Orient de France in 1773. Briefly eclipsed during the French Revolution, French Freemasonry continued to grow in the next century.

Question: When did English Freemasonry arrive in France?
Answer: the 1720s

Question: Who were the first English Freemasons in France?
Answer: lodges of expatriates and exiled Jacobites

Question: When did Freemasonry begin to spread to continental Europe?
Answer: 18th century

Question: Who formed the Grand Loge de France?
Answer: Duke of Clermont

Question: Who was the successor to the Duke of Clermont?
Answer: Duke of Orléans

Question: When did English Freemasonry spread to France?
Answer: the 1720s

Question: When did Freemasonry spread to most of the Continental Europe?
Answer: the 18th century

Question: The Grand Loge de France formed under who?
Answer: the Grand Mastership of the Duke of Clermont

Question: Who was the successor to the Grand Mastership of The Duke of Clermont?
Answer: the Duke of Orléans

Question: When was the central body of the Grand Orient de France reconstituted?
Answer: 1773

Question: When did English Freemasonry end in France?

Question: Who were the only English Freemasons in France?

Question: When did Freemasonry begin to spread to continental Antarctica?

Question: Who destroyed the Grand Loge de France?

Question: When was the central body of the Grand Orient de France lost?
Freemasonry

The majority of Freemasonry considers the Liberal (Continental) strand to be Irregular, and thus withhold recognition. For the Continental lodges, however, having a different approach to Freemasonry was not a reason for severing masonic ties. In 1961, an umbrella organisation, Centre de Liaison et d'Information des Puissances maçonniques Signataires de l'Appel de Strasbourg (CLIPSAS) was set up, which today provides a forum for most of these Grand Lodges and Grand Orients worldwide. Included in the list of over 70 Grand Lodges and Grand Orients are representatives of all three of the above categories, including mixed and women's organisations. The United Grand Lodge of England does not communicate with any of these jurisdictions, and expects its allies to follow suit. This creates the distinction between Anglo-American and Continental Freemasonry.

Question: Why was the Centre de Liasion et d'information des Puissances maconniques signataires de l'Appel de Strasbourg set up?
Answer: provides a forum for most of these Grand Lodges and Grand Orients worldwide

Question: When was CLIPSAS set up?
Answer: 1961

Question: What are two major sections of Freemasonry?
Answer: Anglo-American and Continental

Question: What is the Continental Strand consideres to be by most of Freemasonry?
Answer: Irregular

Question: What strand is considered to be irregular by the majority of Freemasons?
Answer: the Liberal (Continental) strand

Question: The CLIPSAS Organization was formed in what year?
Answer: 1961

Question: How many Grand Lodges and Grand Orients are listed in the CLIPSAS list?
Answer: 70

Question: Does the United Grand Lodge of England communicate with any of the 70 lodges on the CLIPSAS list?
Answer: does not communicate

Question: Why was the Centre de Liasion et d'information des Puissances maconniques signataires de l'Appel de Strasbourg removed?

Question: When was CLIPSAS forbidden?

Question: What is the only major section of Freemasonry?

Question: What is the Continental Strand considered to be by all of Freemasonry?

Question: How many Grand Lodges and Grand Orients are unlisted in the CLIPSAS list?
Freemasonry

The denomination with the longest history of objection to Freemasonry is the Roman Catholic Church. The objections raised by the Roman Catholic Church are based on the allegation that Masonry teaches a naturalistic deistic religion which is in conflict with Church doctrine. A number of Papal pronouncements have been issued against Freemasonry. The first was Pope Clement XII's In eminenti apostolatus, 28 April 1738; the most recent was Pope Leo XIII's Ab apostolici, 15 October 1890. The 1917 Code of Canon Law explicitly declared that joining Freemasonry entailed automatic excommunication, and banned books favouring Freemasonry.

Question: Whao has always opposed Freemasonry?
Answer: the Roman Catholic Church

Question: Why does the Catholic Church oppose the Freemasons so strongly?
Answer: teaches a naturalistic deistic religion

Question: Who issued the first Papal prounouncement against Freemasonry?
Answer: Pope Clement XII

Question: When was the first Papal prounouncement against Freemasonry made?
Answer: 28 April 1738

Question: What was the most recent Papal prounouncement agasnst Freemasonry?
Answer: Pope Leo XIII's Ab apostolici, 15 October 1890

Question: Who has the longest history of objection to Freemasonry?
Answer: the Roman Catholic Church

Question: What law banned books favoring Freemasonry?
Answer: The 1917 Code of Canon Law

Question: The Roman Catholic Church objection to Freemasons are based on what?
Answer: Masonry teaches a naturalistic deistic religion

Question: What pope first issued Papal pronouncements against Freemasons?
Answer: Pope Clement XII

Question: What pope most recently issued Papal pronouncements against Freemasons?
Answer: Pope Leo XIII

Question: Who can never oppose Freemasonry?

Question: Why does the Catholic Church approve of the Freemasons so strongly?

Question: Who issued the only Papal pronouncement against Freemasonry?

Question: Who has the shortest history of objection to Freemasonry?

Question: What law required books favoring Freemasonry?
Freemasonry

In 1933, the Orthodox Church of Greece officially declared that being a Freemason constitutes an act of apostasy and thus, until he repents, the person involved with Freemasonry cannot partake of the Eucharist. This has been generally affirmed throughout the whole Eastern Orthodox Church. The Orthodox critique of Freemasonry agrees with both the Roman Catholic and Protestant versions: "Freemasonry cannot be at all compatible with Christianity as far as it is a secret organisation, acting and teaching in mystery and secret and deifying rationalism."

Question: What action is forbid by the Orthodox Greek Church to Freemasons?
Answer: cannot partake of the Eucharist

Question: What is the official stance on Freemasonry by the Greek Orthodox Church?
Answer: cannot be at all compatible with Christianity

Question: What would happen if someone in the Greek Orthodox Church became a Freemason?
Answer: constitutes an act of apostasy

Question: When did the Orthodox Church of Greece proclaim being a Freemason was an act of apostacy?
Answer: 1933

Question: Which other major religions hold the same beliefs, on Freemasonry, as the Orthodox Church of Greece?
Answer: Roman Catholic and Protestant

Question: In what year did the Orthodox Church of Greece declare that being a Freemason constituted an act of apostasy?
Answer: 1933

Question: Freemasonry cannot be compatible with what according to the Orthodox Church?
Answer: Christianity

Question: Freemason cannot partake in what until they repent according to the Orthodox Church of Greece?
Answer: the Eucharist

Question: What action is mandatory by the Orthodox Greek Church to Freemasons?

Question: What is the unofficial stance on Freemasonry by the Greek Orthodox Church?

Question: What would happen if someone in the Greek Orthodox Church saw a Freemason?

Question: What is the only religion that holds the same beliefs, on Freemasonry, as the Orthodox Church of Greece?

Question: What year did the Orthodox Church of Greece declare that not being a Freemason constituted an act of apostasy?
Freemasonry

In addition, most Grand Lodges require the candidate to declare a belief in a Supreme Being. In a few cases, the candidate may be required to be of a specific religion. The form of Freemasonry most common in Scandinavia (known as the Swedish Rite), for example, accepts only Christians. At the other end of the spectrum, "Liberal" or Continental Freemasonry, exemplified by the Grand Orient de France, does not require a declaration of belief in any deity, and accepts atheists (a cause of discord with the rest of Freemasonry).

Question: What belief is required of a candidate by the Grand Lodge?
Answer: belief in a Supreme Being

Question: Are candadites required to express belief in a specific religion?
Answer: few cases

Question: Which branch of Freemasonry does not require a belief in a supreme being?
Answer: Continental Freemasonry

Question: Which branch of Freemasonry accepts atheists?
Answer: "Liberal" or Continental

Question: Which branch of Freemasonry only accepts Christians?
Answer: Swedish Rite

Question: Most Grand Lodges require a candidate to declare a belief in what?
Answer: a Supreme Being

Question: Freemasons most common in Scandinavia only accept who as members?
Answer: Christians

Question: What Freemason group accept atheists?
Answer: the Grand Orient de France

Question: The Grand Orient de France is considered what type of Freemasonry?
Answer: Liberal" or Continental Freemasonry

Question: What belief is optional of a candidate by the Grand Lodge?

Question: Which branch of Freemasonry does not allow a belief in a supreme being?

Question: Which branch of Freemasonry executes atheists?

Question: Which branch of Freemasonry only accepts children?
Freemasonry

Exclusive Jurisdiction is a concept whereby only one Grand Lodge will be recognised in any geographical area. If two Grand Lodges claim jurisdiction over the same area, the other Grand Lodges will have to choose between them, and they may not all decide to recognise the same one. (In 1849, for example, the Grand Lodge of New York split into two rival factions, each claiming to be the legitimate Grand Lodge. Other Grand Lodges had to choose between them until the schism was healed.) Exclusive Jurisdiction can be waived when the two over-lapping Grand Lodges are themselves in Amity and agree to share jurisdiction (for example, since the Grand Lodge of Connecticut is in Amity with the Prince Hall Grand Lodge of Connecticut, the principle of Exclusive Jurisdiction does not apply, and other Grand Lodges may recognise both).

Question: What is Exclusive Jurisdiction?
Answer: only one Grand Lodge will be recognised in any geographical area

Question: What happens if two Grand Lodges try to establish themselves in the same area?
Answer: the other Grand Lodges will have to choose between them

Question: What can happen if two over-lapping Grand Lodges are in Amity and decide to share jurisdiction?
Answer: Exclusive Jurisdiction can be waived

Question: If two over-lapping Grand Lodges are in Amity and decide to waive Exclusive Jurisdiction, who must the other Grand Lodges recognize?
Answer: recognise both

Question: What must other Grand Lodges do if two over-lapping Grand Lodges cannot agree to share the territory?
Answer: choose between them

Question: What concept only recognizes one Grand Lodge in a given geographical area?
Answer: Exclusive Jurisdiction

Question: In what year did the Grand Lodge of New York Split into two separate rival factions?
Answer: 1849

Question: When can Exclusive Jurisdiction be waived?
Answer: when the two over-lapping Grand Lodges are themselves in Amity and agree to share jurisdiction

Question: What is Excluded Jurisdiction?

Question: What happens if no Grand Lodges try to establish themselves in the same area?

Question: What can happen if two over-lapping Grand Lodges are in Amity and decide to not share jurisdiction?

Question: What concept only recognizes several Grand Lodges in a given geographical area?

Question: What year did the Grand Lodge of New York Split into three separate rival factions?
Freemasonry

There is no clear mechanism by which these local trade organisations became today's Masonic Lodges, but the earliest rituals and passwords known, from operative lodges around the turn of the 17th–18th centuries, show continuity with the rituals developed in the later 18th century by accepted or speculative Masons, as those members who did not practice the physical craft came to be known. The minutes of the Lodge of Edinburgh (Mary's Chapel) No. 1 in Scotland show a continuity from an operative lodge in 1598 to a modern speculative Lodge. It is reputed to be the oldest Masonic Lodge in the world.

Question: From what centuries are the earliest passwords and rituals of Freemasonry known?
Answer: 17th–18th

Question: What is the oldest Masonic lodge in the world?
Answer: Lodge of Edinburgh (Mary's Chapel) No. 1 in Scotland

Question: What were members who did not practice the physical craft known as?
Answer: accepted or speculative Masons

Question: When compared, how similar are the rituals and passwords from the turn of the 17 - 18 centuries to the ones from the later 18th century?
Answer: show continuity

Question: What is the oldest Masonic Lodge in the world?
Answer: the Lodge of Edinburgh (Mary's Chapel) No. 1

Question: When was the Lodge of Edinburgh started?
Answer: 1598

Question: When did rituals become similar between different Masonic Lodges?
Answer: in the later 18th century

Question: What century is the only one with passwords and rituals of Freemasonry known?

Question: What is the only Masonic lodge in the world?

Question: What were members who practiced the magical craft known as?

Question: When was the Lodge of Edinburgh abandoned?

Question: When did rituals become identical between different Masonic Lodges?
Freemasonry

Prince Hall Freemasonry exists because of the refusal of early American lodges to admit African-Americans. In 1775, an African-American named Prince Hall, along with fourteen other African-Americans, was initiated into a British military lodge with a warrant from the Grand Lodge of Ireland, having failed to obtain admission from the other lodges in Boston. When the military Lodge left North America, those fifteen men were given the authority to meet as a Lodge, but not to initiate Masons. In 1784, these individuals obtained a Warrant from the Premier Grand Lodge of England (GLE) and formed African Lodge, Number 459. When the UGLE was formed in 1813, all U.S.-based Lodges were stricken from their rolls – due largely to the War of 1812. Thus, separated from both UGLE and any concordantly recognised U.S. Grand Lodge, African Lodge re-titled itself as the African Lodge, Number 1 – and became a de facto "Grand Lodge" (this Lodge is not to be confused with the various Grand Lodges on the Continent of Africa). As with the rest of U.S. Freemasonry, Prince Hall Freemasonry soon grew and organised on a Grand Lodge system for each state.

Question: Why was Prince Hall Freemasonry formed?
Answer: refusal of early American lodges to admit African-Americans

Question: When was Prince Hall Freemasonry formed?
Answer: 1775

Question: What happened when the UGLE was formed in 1813?
Answer: U.S.-based Lodges were stricken from their rolls

Question: What did Africian Lodge, Number 459 become after they were removed from the UGLE?
Answer: African Lodge, Number 1

Question: What was Africian Lodge, Number 1 considered after they changed from Africian Lodge, Number 459?
Answer: became a de facto "Grand Lodge"

Question: What exists today because of the refusal of early American lodges to admit African Americans?
Answer: Prince Hall Freemasonry

Question: In what year was Prince Hall admitted into the British military lodge?
Answer: 1775

Question: When was the African Lodge, number 459, formed?
Answer: 1784

Question: When was the UGLE formed?
Answer: 1813

Question: The African Lodge re-titled itself what?
Answer: the African Lodge, Number 1

Question: Why was Prince Hall Freemasonry outlawed?

Question: When was Prince Hall Freemasonry forgotten?

Question: What happened when the UGLE was formed in 1913?

Question: What was African Lodge, Number 3 considered after they changed from African Lodge, Number 456?

Question: What no longer exists today because of the refusal of early American lodges to admit African Americans?