Divyanshu67/squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
Green

Lasers emitting in the green part of the spectrum are widely available to the general public in a wide range of output powers. Green laser pointers outputting at 532 nm (563.5 THz) are relatively inexpensive compared to other wavelengths of the same power, and are very popular due to their good beam quality and very high apparent brightness. The most common green lasers use diode pumped solid state (DPSS) technology to create the green light. An infrared laser diode at 808 nm is used to pump a crystal of neodymium-doped yttrium vanadium oxide (Nd:YVO4) or neodymium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet (Nd:YAG) and induces it to emit 281.76 THz (1064 nm). This deeper infrared light is then passed through another crystal containing potassium, titanium and phosphorus (KTP), whose non-linear properties generate light at a frequency that is twice that of the incident beam (563.5 THz); in this case corresponding to the wavelength of 532 nm ("green"). Other green wavelengths are also available using DPSS technology ranging from 501 nm to 543 nm. Green wavelengths are also available from gas lasers, including the helium–neon laser (543 nm), the Argon-ion laser (514 nm) and the Krypton-ion laser (521 nm and 531 nm), as well as liquid dye lasers. Green lasers have a wide variety of applications, including pointing, illumination, surgery, laser light shows, spectroscopy, interferometry, fluorescence, holography, machine vision, non-lethal weapons and bird control.

Question: Which color of lasers are widely available to the general public?
Answer: green

Question: What is the wavelength of inexpensive green lasers?
Answer: 532 nm

Question: What type of technology is used in the most common green lasers?
Answer: diode pumped solid state

Question: What is the range of green wavelengths available when using DPSS technology?
Answer: 501 nm to 543 nm

Question: What is the range of the Argon-ion laser?

Question: What is the nm of liquid dye lasers?

Question: What color laser is the hardest for the public to gain access to?

Question: What is the THz of the helium-neon laser?

Question: What has linear properties?
Green

Many minerals provide pigments which have been used in green paints and dyes over the centuries. Pigments, in this case, are minerals which reflect the color green, rather that emitting it through luminescent or phosphorescent qualities. The large number of green pigments makes it impossible to mention them all. Among the more notable green minerals, however is the emerald, which is colored green by trace amounts of chromium and sometimes vanadium. Chromium(III) oxide (Cr2O3), is called chrome green, also called viridian or institutional green when used as a pigment. For many years, the source of amazonite's color was a mystery. Widely thought to have been due to copper because copper compounds often have blue and green colors, the blue-green color is likely to be derived from small quantities of lead and water in the feldspar. Copper is the source of the green color in malachite pigments, chemically known as basic copper(II) carbonate.

Question: What do pigments do with the color green?
Answer: reflect

Question: What are green paints and dyes usually made of?
Answer: minerals

Question: What is the main chemical that causes emeralds to be green?
Answer: chromium

Question: What is the source of the green color in malachite pigments?
Answer: Copper

Question: What is the source of amazonite's color?
Answer: small quantities of lead and water in the feldspar

Question: What is the name of minerals that emit green through their luminescence?

Question: What is another name for amazonite?

Question: What is the symbol for Copper?

Question: What does Chromium oxide have trace amounts of?

Question: What is the name of amazonite-based pigments?
Green

Verdigris is made by placing a plate or blade of copper, brass or bronze, slightly warmed, into a vat of fermenting wine, leaving it there for several weeks, and then scraping off and drying the green powder that forms on the metal. The process of making verdigris was described in ancient times by Pliny. It was used by the Romans in the murals of Pompeii, and in Celtic medieval manuscripts as early as the 5th century AD. It produced a blue-green which no other pigment could imitate, but it had drawbacks; it was unstable, it could not resist dampness, it did not mix well with other colors, it could ruin other colors with which it came into contact., and it was toxic. Leonardo da Vinci, in his treatise on painting, warned artists not to use it. It was widely used in miniature paintings in Europe and Persia in the 16th and 17th centuries. Its use largely ended in the late 19th century, when it was replaced by the safer and more stable chrome green. Viridian, also called chrome green, is a pigment made with chromium oxide dihydrate, was patented in 1859. It became popular with painters, since, unlike other synthetic greens, it was stable and not toxic. Vincent van Gogh used it, along with Prussian blue, to create a dark blue sky with a greenish tint in his painting Cafe terrace at night.

Question: What is made by placing a plate of blade of copper, brass, or bronze into vat of fermenting wine for several weeks, then scraping off and drying the green powder?
Answer: Verdigris

Question: Who described the process of making verdigris in ancient times?
Answer: Pliny

Question: In what city did the Romans use verdigris in murals?
Answer: Pompeii

Question: What would verdigris do to other colors that it came in contact with?
Answer: ruin

Question: Which famous artist warned other artists not to use verdigris?
Answer: Leonardo da Vinci

Question: What century did Pliny describe the process of making Verdigris?

Question: What city did Pliny live in?

Question: What paint did Leonardo da Vinci recommend?

Question: Where was chrome green popular in the 16th century?

Question: When was Prussian blue patented?
Green

There is no natural source for green food colorings which has been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration. Chlorophyll, the E numbers E140 and E141, is the most common green chemical found in nature, and only allowed in certain medicines and cosmetic materials. Quinoline Yellow (E104) is a commonly used coloring in the United Kingdom but is banned in Australia, Japan, Norway and the United States. Green S (E142) is prohibited in many countries, for it is known to cause hyperactivity, asthma, urticaria, and insomnia.

Question: Which green food coloring is known to cause hyperactivity, asthma, urticaria, and insomnia?
Answer: Green S (E142)

Question: What is a commonly used food coloring in the United Kingdom that is banned in Australia, Japan, Norway, and the United States?
Answer: Quinoline Yellow

Question: What is the most common green chemical found in nature?
Answer: Chlorophyll

Question: Which two E numbers have been approved by the FDA?

Question: Green S is used in what country but not the US?

Question: What are the side effects of Quinoline Yellow?

Question: What is the name of the green chemical the UK allows?

Question: What administration approved the use of E140 as a food dye?
Green

To create green sparks, fireworks use barium salts, such as barium chlorate, barium nitrate crystals, or barium chloride, also used for green fireplace logs. Copper salts typically burn blue, but cupric chloride (also known as "campfire blue") can also produce green flames. Green pyrotechnic flares can use a mix ratio 75:25 of boron and potassium nitrate. Smoke can be turned green by a mixture: solvent yellow 33, solvent green 3, lactose, magnesium carbonate plus sodium carbonate added to potassium chlorate.

Question: How do fireworks create green sparks?
Answer: barium salts

Question: Which copper salt can produce green glames?
Answer: cupric chloride

Question: What is the ratio of boron to potassium nitrate in green pyrotechnic flares?
Answer: 75:25

Question: What is the ratio of yellow to green in green smoke?

Question: What is another name for copper salts?

Question: What type of copper salts are used in fireworks?

Question: What else are copper salts used for?

Question: Which two solvents are used in green pyrotechnic flares?
Green

Green is common in nature, as many plants are green because of a complex chemical known as chlorophyll, which is involved in photosynthesis. Chlorophyll absorbs the long wavelengths of light (red) and short wavelengths of light (blue) much more efficiently than the wavelengths that appear green to the human eye, so light reflected by plants is enriched in green. Chlorophyll absorbs green light poorly because it first arose in organisms living in oceans where purple halobacteria were already exploiting photosynthesis. Their purple color arose because they extracted energy in the green portion of the spectrum using bacteriorhodopsin. The new organisms that then later came to dominate the extraction of light were selected to exploit those portions of the spectrum not used by the halobacteria.

Question: Why are many plants green?
Answer: chlorophyll

Question: What does chlorophyll do with long (red) and short (blue) wavelengths of light?
Answer: absorbs

Question: Where did chlorophyll first arise?
Answer: organisms living in oceans

Question: What chemical is found in the human eye that makes plants green?

Question: Chlorophyll reflects the long wavelengths of what?

Question: What type of wavelength does purple have?

Question: Why does Chlorophyll absorb green light so effectively?

Question: What extracts the energy from the purple portion of the spectrum?
Green

Animals typically use the color green as camouflage, blending in with the chlorophyll green of the surrounding environment. Green animals include, especially, amphibians, reptiles, and some fish, birds and insects. Most fish, reptiles, amphibians, and birds appear green because of a reflection of blue light coming through an over-layer of yellow pigment. Perception of color can also be affected by the surrounding environment. For example, broadleaf forests typically have a yellow-green light about them as the trees filter the light. Turacoverdin is one chemical which can cause a green hue in birds, especially. Invertebrates such as insects or mollusks often display green colors because of porphyrin pigments, sometimes caused by diet. This can causes their feces to look green as well. Other chemicals which generally contribute to greenness among organisms are flavins (lychochromes) and hemanovadin. Humans have imitated this by wearing green clothing as a camouflage in military and other fields. Substances that may impart a greenish hue to one's skin include biliverdin, the green pigment in bile, and ceruloplasmin, a protein that carries copper ions in chelation.

Question: How do animals typically use the color green?
Answer: camouflage

Question: Why do most fish, reptiles, amphibians, and birds appear green?
Answer: reflection of blue light coming through an over-layer of yellow pigment

Question: What is a chemical that can cause green hue in birds?
Answer: Turacoverdin

Question: What is a protein that carries copper ions in chelation?
Answer: ceruloplasmin

Question: What is the green pigment in bile called?
Answer: biliverdin

Question: Why do most fish appear blue?

Question: What is the name of the chemical in reptiles that causes them to appear green?

Question: Birds eat what pigment that causes them to look green?

Question: What chemicals have humans used in their camouflage?

Question: What is another name for hemanovadin?
Green

There is no green pigment in green eyes; like the color of blue eyes, it is an optical illusion; its appearance is caused by the combination of an amber or light brown pigmentation of the stroma, given by a low or moderate concentration of melanin, with the blue tone imparted by the Rayleigh scattering of the reflected light. Green eyes are most common in Northern and Central Europe. They can also be found in Southern Europe, West Asia, Central Asia, and South Asia. In Iceland, 89% of women and 87% of men have either blue or green eye color. A study of Icelandic and Dutch adults found green eyes to be much more prevalent in women than in men. Among European Americans, green eyes are most common among those of recent Celtic and Germanic ancestry, about 16%.

Question: What is the appearance of green in th eyes attributed to?
Answer: an optical illusion

Question: Where are green eyes most common?
Answer: Northern and Central Europe

Question: Among Icelandic and Dutch adults, which sex more commonly has green eyes?
Answer: women

Question: Where is the green pigment in eyes located?

Question: Blue and green eyes are caused by a high concentration of what?

Question: What percentage of women in South Asia have blue or green eyes?

Question: Which two ancestries have the least amount of green eyes?

Question: What is the name for the scattering of light that results in the green coloring?
Green

In Ancient Egypt green was the symbol of regeneration and rebirth, and of the crops made possible by the annual flooding of the Nile. For painting on the walls of tombs or on papyrus, Egyptian artists used finely-ground malachite, mined in the west Sinai and the eastern desert- A paintbox with malachite pigment was found inside the tomb of King Tutankhamun. They also used less expensive green earth pigment, or mixed yellow ochre and blue azurite. To dye fabrics green, they first colored them yellow with dye made from saffron and then soaked them in blue dye from the roots of the woad plant.

Question: Which color was the symbol to regeneration and rebirth in Ancient Egypt?
Answer: green

Question: What did Egyptian artists grind to use to paint on the walls of tombs or on papyrus?
Answer: malachite

Question: How did Egyptians dye fabrics yellow?
Answer: saffron

Question: Where was the Nile located in Egypt?

Question: Where was blue azurite found?

Question: The roots of what plant were turned into green dye?

Question: Dye made from saffron was found in a box in whose tomb?

Question: What was blue a symbol of in ancient Egypt?
Green

For the ancient Egyptians, green had very positive associations. The hieroglyph for green represented a growing papyrus sprout, showing the close connection between green, vegetation, vigor and growth. In wall paintings, the ruler of the underworld, Osiris, was typically portrayed with a green face, because green was the symbol of good health and rebirth. Palettes of green facial makeup, made with malachite, were found in tombs. It was worn by both the living and dead, particularly around the eyes, to protect them from evil. Tombs also often contained small green amulets in the shape of scarab beetles made of malachite, which would protect and give vigor to the deceased. It also symbolized the sea, which was called the "Very Green."

Question: What is the ancient Egyptian hieroglyph for green?
Answer: a growing papyrus sprout

Question: Who was the ruler of the underworld in ancient Egypt?
Answer: Osiris

Question: Why was green facial makeup worn by ancient Egyptians?
Answer: to protect them from evil

Question: What was the underworld called?

Question: Who ruled the ancient Egyptians?

Question: What held live scarab beetles?

Question: Where were scarab beetles worn to protect Egyptians from evil?
Green

In Ancient Greece, green and blue were sometimes considered the same color, and the same word sometimes described the color of the sea and the color of trees. The philosopher Democritus described two different greens; cloron, or pale green, and prasinon, or leek green. Aristotle considered that green was located midway between black, symbolizing the earth, and white, symbolizing water. However, green was not counted among of the four classic colors of Greek painting; red, yellow, black and white, and is rarely found in Greek art.

Question: Which ancient greek philosopher considered green to be located midway between black and white?
Answer: Aristotle

Question: Which ancient greek philosopher describe pale green as cloron and leek green as prasinon?
Answer: Democritus

Question: Red, yellow, and black are three of the four classis colors of Greek painting. What is the fourth color?
Answer: white

Question: How many blues did Democritus describe?

Question: What did Democritus say green was located between?

Question: What two greens did Aristotle reference?

Question: Who was a famous Greek painter?

Question: Yellow and what color were considered to be the same?
Green

The Romans had a greater appreciation for the color green; it was the color of Venus, the goddess of gardens, vegetables and vineyards.The Romans made a fine green earth pigment, which was widely used in the wall paintings of Pompeii, Herculaneum, Lyon, Vaison-la-Romaine, and other Roman cities. They also used the pigment verdigris, made by soaking copper plates in fermenting wine. By the Second Century AD, the Romans were using green in paintings, mosaics and glass, and there were ten different words in Latin for varieties of green.

Question: What color did the Romans attribute to Venus, the goddess of gardens, vegetables, and vineyards?
Answer: green

Question: What pigment was made by soaking copper plates in fermenting wine?
Answer: verdigris

Question: How many different words for the varieties of green exist in Latin?
Answer: ten

Question: Glass was soaked in what to make green?

Question: When did Romans begin making the pigment verdigris?

Question: What Roman cities hosted Venus' gardens?

Question: How many words does Latin have for painting?

Question: What did the Romans stop using green for in 2nd century AD?
Green

Unfortunately for those who wanted or were required to wear green, there were no good vegetal green dyes which resisted washing and sunlight. Green dyes were made out of the fern, plantain, buckthorn berries, the juice of nettles and of leeks, the digitalis plant, the broom plant, the leaves of the fraxinus, or ash tree, and the bark of the alder tree, but they rapidly faded or changed color. Only in the 16th century was a good green dye produced, by first dyeing the cloth blue with woad, and then yellow with reseda luteola, also known as yellow-weed.

Question: Why were vegetal green dyes less than ideal?
Answer: they rapidly faded or changed color

Question: When was a good green vegetal dye finally produced?
Answer: 16th century

Question: What was known as yellow-weed?
Answer: reseda luteola

Question: Vegetal dyes were good at resisting what?

Question: What is another name for woad?

Question: When did people begin using the leaves of the fraxinus for green dyes?

Question: What color did green-dyed clothes often change to?

Question: Which part of the digitalis plant was used to create green dye?
Green

In the 18th and 19th century, green was associated with the romantic movement in literature and art. The French philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau celebrated the virtues of nature, The German poet and philosopher Goethe declared that green was the most restful color, suitable for decorating bedrooms. Painters such as John Constable and Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot depicted the lush green of rural landscapes and forests. Green was contrasted to the smoky grays and blacks of the Industrial Revolution.

Question: When was green associated with the romantic movement in literature and art?
Answer: 18th and 19th century

Question: Who was a French philospher that celebrated the virtues of nature?
Answer: Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Question: Which German poet and philospher declared green to be the most restful color?
Answer: Goethe

Question: Where was John Constable from?

Question: What philosopher began the industrial Revolution?

Question: What did Goethe call the color gray?

Question: Who painted scenes depicting the Industrial Revolution?

Question: Who decorated bedrooms?
Green

The late nineteenth century also brought the systematic study of color theory, and particularly the study of how complementary colors such as red and green reinforced each other when they were placed next to each other. These studies were avidly followed by artists such as Vincent van Gogh. Describing his painting, The Night Cafe, to his brother Theo in 1888, Van Gogh wrote: "I sought to express with red and green the terrible human passions. The hall is blood red and pale yellow, with a green billiard table in the center, and four lamps of lemon yellow, with rays of orange and green. Everywhere it is a battle and antithesis of the most different reds and greens."

Question: When did the systematic study of color theory begin?
Answer: late nineteenth century

Question: Who painted The Night Cafe?
Answer: Vincent van Gogh

Question: What type of colors are red and green?
Answer: complementary

Question: What artist created color theory?

Question: What did Theo van Gogh paint?

Question: How many rays of orange were there in The Night Cafe?

Question: Van Gogh said The Night Cafe was about the contrast between yellow and what color?

Question: What year did color theory first appear?
Green

Green can communicate safety to proceed, as in traffic lights. Green and red were standardized as the colors of international railroad signals in the 19th century. The first traffic light, using green and red gas lamps, was erected in 1868 in front of the Houses of Parliament in London. It exploded the following year, injuring the policeman who operated it. In 1912, the first modern electric traffic lights were put up in Salt Lake City, Utah. Red was chosen largely because of its high visibility, and its association with danger, while green was chosen largely because it could not be mistaken for red. Today green lights universally signal that a system is turned on and working as it should. In many video games, green signifies both health and completed objectives, opposite red.

Question: When were green and red standardized as the colors of international railroad signs?
Answer: 19th century

Question: When was the first traffic light erected?
Answer: 1868

Question: Where were the first modern electric traffic lights erected in 1912?
Answer: Salt Lake City, Utah

Question: Besides its association with danger, why was red chosen for traffic lights?
Answer: high visibility

Question: What exploded in 1912?

Question: Who was injured by a traffic light in Salt Lake City?

Question: When was the first modern traffic light put up in London?

Question: Who standardized the green and red colors?

Question: What do red lights signal in regards to a system?
Green

Like other common colors, green has several completely opposite associations. While it is the color most associated by Europeans and Americans with good health, it is also the color most often associated with toxicity and poison. There was a solid foundation for this association; in the nineteenth century several popular paints and pigments, notably verdigris, vert de Schweinfurt and vert de Paris, were highly toxic, containing copper or arsenic.[d] The intoxicating drink absinthe was known as "the green fairy".

Question: What was absinthe known as?
Answer: the green fairy

Question: Why were popular paints and pigments in the nineteenth century highly toxic?
Answer: copper or arsenic

Question: What color is most associated with toxicity and poison?
Answer: green

Question: Why do Europeans associate green with health?

Question: What was another name for Schweinfurt?

Question: What toxins did absinthe contain?

Question: The Green Fairy was the name for what notable pigment?
Green

Many flags of the Islamic world are green, as the color is considered sacred in Islam (see below). The flag of Hamas, as well as the flag of Iran, is green, symbolizing their Islamist ideology. The 1977 flag of Libya consisted of a simple green field with no other characteristics. It was the only national flag in the world with just one color and no design, insignia, or other details. Some countries used green in their flags to represent their country's lush vegetation, as in the flag of Jamaica, and hope in the future, as in the flags of Portugal and Nigeria. The green cedar of Lebanon tree on the Flag of Lebanon officially represents steadiness and tolerance.

Question: Which country had a flag in 1977 that was only green?
Answer: Libya

Question: What does the green in Jamaica's flag represent?
Answer: country's lush vegetation

Question: What does the green cedar of Lebanon tree represent on the Flag of Lebanon?
Answer: steadiness and tolerance

Question: Which color is considered sacred in Islam?
Answer: green

Question: When was the flag of Hamas created?

Question: Iran is the only flag in the world with just what?

Question: How many colors does the flag of Iran have?

Question: The Jamaican flag represents hope using what color?

Question: What religion does Lebanon's flag represent?
Green

In the 1980s green became the color of a number of new European political parties organized around an agenda of environmentalism. Green was chosen for its association with nature, health, and growth. The largest green party in Europe is Alliance '90/The Greens (German: Bündnis 90/Die Grünen) in Germany, which was formed in 1993 from the merger of the German Green Party, founded in West Germany in 1980, and Alliance 90, founded during the Revolution of 1989–1990 in East Germany. In the 2009 federal elections, the party won 10.7% of the votes and 68 out of 622 seats in the Bundestag.

Question: What is the largest green party in Europe?
Answer: Alliance '90/The Greens

Question: Why was green chosen for a number of new European political parties in the 1980s?
Answer: environmentalism

Question: When was the German green party founded in West Germany?
Answer: 1980

Question: What party merged with the German Green Party in 2009?

Question: What percentage of the votes did The Greens win in 1993?

Question: How many seats did Alliance 90 win in 1980?

Question: When was the West Germany revolution?

Question: How many members does the Alliance 90 have?
Green

Roman Catholic and more traditional Protestant clergy wear green vestments at liturgical celebrations during Ordinary Time. In the Eastern Catholic Church, green is the color of Pentecost. Green is one of the Christmas colors as well, possibly dating back to pre-Christian times, when evergreens were worshiped for their ability to maintain their color through the winter season. Romans used green holly and evergreen as decorations for their winter solstice celebration called Saturnalia, which eventually evolved into a Christmas celebration. In Ireland and Scotland especially, green is used to represent Catholics, while orange is used to represent Protestantism. This is shown on the national flag of Ireland.

Question: What color vestments do Roman Catholic and traditional Protestant clergy wear at liturgical celebrations during Ordinary time?
Answer: green

Question: What is green the color of in the Eastern Catholic Church?
Answer: Pentecost

Question: What was worshipped for their ability to maintain their color through the winter season?
Answer: evergreens

Question: What did Romans use as decorations for their winter solstice celebration called Saturnalia?
Answer: green holly and evergreen

Question: What does green represent in Ireland and Scotland?
Answer: Catholics

Question: When do clergymen wear orange vestments?

Question: What does the Eastern Catholic Church use orange to represent?

Question: Pentecost was originally what holiday celebrated by the Romans?

Question: Green and what color are represented on the flag of Scotland?

Question: What color is used to represent Romans?
Zinc

Zinc is a chemical element with symbol Zn and atomic number 30. It is the first element of group 12 of the periodic table. In some respects zinc is chemically similar to magnesium: its ion is of similar size and its only common oxidation state is +2. Zinc is the 24th most abundant element in Earth's crust and has five stable isotopes. The most common zinc ore is sphalerite (zinc blende), a zinc sulfide mineral. The largest mineable amounts are found in Australia, Asia, and the United States. Zinc production includes froth flotation of the ore, roasting, and final extraction using electricity (electrowinning).

Question: What is the symbol for Zinc?
Answer: Zn

Question: What is the atomic number for Zinc?
Answer: 30

Question: What is zinc chemically close to?
Answer: magnesium

Question: What is the oxidation state for zinc?
Answer: +2

Question: How many stable isotopes does zinc have?
Answer: five

Question: What is the symbol for zinc?
Answer: Zn

Question: What is zinc's atomic number?
Answer: 30

Question: What other element on the periodic table is zinc similar to?
Answer: magnesium

Question: What is the most common zinc ore?
Answer: sphalerite

Question: What is used to extract zinc during the production process?
Answer: electricity

Question: What is no longer the symbol for Zinc?

Question: What is the automatic number for Zinc?

Question: What is zinc chemically identical to?

Question: What is the only zinc ore?

Question: What is used to explode zinc during the production process?
Zinc

Brass, which is an alloy of copper and zinc, has been used since at least the 10th century BC in Judea and by the 7th century BC in Ancient Greece. Zinc metal was not produced on a large scale until the 12th century in India and was unknown to Europe until the end of the 16th century. The mines of Rajasthan have given definite evidence of zinc production going back to the 6th century BC. To date, the oldest evidence of pure zinc comes from Zawar, in Rajasthan, as early as the 9th century AD when a distillation process was employed to make pure zinc. Alchemists burned zinc in air to form what they called "philosopher's wool" or "white snow".

Question: What two metals are mixed to create Brass?
Answer: copper and zinc

Question: When was brass first used?
Answer: 10th

Question: Where was zinc first produced on a large scale?
Answer: India

Question: When was zinc introduced to Europe?
Answer: end of the 16th century

Question: Where is the oldest evidence of pure zinc?
Answer: Zawar

Question: Brass is an alloy of what two elements?
Answer: copper and zinc

Question: The earliest uses of brass has been attributed to what ancient location?
Answer: Judea

Question: We have evidence of zinc production dating back to the 6th century thanks to what mine?
Answer: Rajasthan

Question: What early process was used to make zinc?
Answer: distillation process

Question: What were the names given to zinc by early alchemists?
Answer: "philosopher's wool" or "white snow"

Question: What three metals are mixed to create brass?

Question: When was brass forbidden from use?

Question: When was zinc outlawed in Europe?

Question: Where is the only evidence of pure zinc?

Question: What early process was used to dissolve zinc?
Zinc

The element was probably named by the alchemist Paracelsus after the German word Zinke (prong, tooth). German chemist Andreas Sigismund Marggraf is credited with discovering pure metallic zinc in 1746. Work by Luigi Galvani and Alessandro Volta uncovered the electrochemical properties of zinc by 1800. Corrosion-resistant zinc plating of iron (hot-dip galvanizing) is the major application for zinc. Other applications are in batteries, small non-structural castings, and alloys, such as brass. A variety of zinc compounds are commonly used, such as zinc carbonate and zinc gluconate (as dietary supplements), zinc chloride (in deodorants), zinc pyrithione (anti-dandruff shampoos), zinc sulfide (in luminescent paints), and zinc methyl or zinc diethyl in the organic laboratory.

Question: Who named the element zinc?
Answer: Paracelsus

Question: What was zinc named after?
Answer: Zinke

Question: Who is credited with discovering zinc?
Answer: Andreas Sigismund Marggraf

Question: What two people discovered the electrochemical properties of zinc?
Answer: Luigi Galvani and Alessandro Volta

Question: Where can you find zinc chloride?
Answer: deodorants

Question: Who is credited as giving zinc its name?
Answer: Paracelsus

Question: What does the name zinc or zinke mean?
Answer: (prong, tooth)

Question: Who discovered pure metallic zinc?
Answer: Andreas Sigismund Marggraf

Question: What is the most common use for zinc?
Answer: (hot-dip galvanizing

Question: What is a common use for zinc chloride?
Answer: deodorants

Question: Who ruined the element zinc?

Question: Who is credited with hiding zinc?

Question: What single person discovered the electrochemical properties of zinc?

Question: Where can you lose zinc chloride?

Question: What is the most rare use for zinc?
Zinc

Zinc is an essential mineral perceived by the public today as being of "exceptional biologic and public health importance", especially regarding prenatal and postnatal development. Zinc deficiency affects about two billion people in the developing world and is associated with many diseases. In children it causes growth retardation, delayed sexual maturation, infection susceptibility, and diarrhea. Enzymes with a zinc atom in the reactive center are widespread in biochemistry, such as alcohol dehydrogenase in humans. Consumption of excess zinc can cause ataxia, lethargy and copper deficiency.

Question: How many people are affected by zinc deficiency?
Answer: two billion

Question: What can consumption of excess zinc cause?
Answer: ataxia, lethargy and copper deficiency

Question: Where can you find enzymes with a zinc atom in the reactive center?
Answer: biochemistry,

Question: What can a lack of zinc cause in children?
Answer: growth retardation, delayed sexual maturation, infection susceptibility, and diarrhea

Question: What is extremely important to prenatal and postnatal development?
Answer: Zinc

Question: What can cause symptoms in children ranging from diarrhea to retarded growth?
Answer: Zinc deficiency

Question: In what substance can you find a zinc atom within its reactive center?
Answer: alcohol dehydrogenase

Question: What causes symptoms such as lethargy and copper deficiency?
Answer: excess zinc

Question: How many people are affected by zinc immunity?

Question: What can consumption of normal zinc cause?

Question: What can cause symptoms in plants ranging from diarrhea to retarded growth?

Question: What substance can you find a zinc atom without a center?

Question: What causes symptoms such as leprosy and copper deficiency?
Zinc

Zinc is a bluish-white, lustrous, diamagnetic metal, though most common commercial grades of the metal have a dull finish. It is somewhat less dense than iron and has a hexagonal crystal structure, with a distorted form of hexagonal close packing, in which each atom has six nearest neighbors (at 265.9 pm) in its own plane and six others at a greater distance of 290.6 pm. The metal is hard and brittle at most temperatures but becomes malleable between 100 and 150 °C. Above 210 °C, the metal becomes brittle again and can be pulverized by beating. Zinc is a fair conductor of electricity. For a metal, zinc has relatively low melting (419.5 °C) and boiling points (907 °C). Its melting point is the lowest of all the transition metals aside from mercury and cadmium.

Question: What color is zinc?
Answer: bluish-white

Question: Is iron more dense than zinc?
Answer: It is somewhat less dense than iron

Question: At what temperature does the metal become malleable?
Answer: 100 and 150 °C

Question: At what temperature to zinc become brittle?
Answer: 210 °C

Question: What is the boiling point of zinc?
Answer: 907 °C

Question: In it's pre commercial state, what color is zinc?
Answer: bluish-white

Question: What is the crystalline structure of sync?
Answer: hexagonal

Question: What happens to zinc when it is manipulated to the temperatures between 100 and 150 Celsius?
Answer: becomes malleable

Question: At what temperature can zinc be pulverized?
Answer: 210 °C

Question: What color is rotten zinc?

Question: What temperature does the metal become liquid?

Question: What temperature does zinc become unbreakable?

Question: What is the cooking temperature of zinc?

Question: What is the impossible structure of zinc?
Zinc

Several dozen radioisotopes have been characterized. 65Zn, which has a half-life of 243.66 days, is the most long-lived radioisotope, followed by 72Zn with a half-life of 46.5 hours. Zinc has 10 nuclear isomers. 69mZn has the longest half-life, 13.76 h. The superscript m indicates a metastable isotope. The nucleus of a metastable isotope is in an excited state and will return to the ground state by emitting a photon in the form of a gamma ray. 61Zn has three excited states and 73Zn has two. The isotopes 65Zn, 71Zn, 77Zn and 78Zn each have only one excited state.

Question: How many radioisotopes of zinc have been discovered?
Answer: Several dozen

Question: What is the longest half life of the isotopes?
Answer: 243.66

Question: What does the superscript m represent?
Answer: metastable isotope

Question: How many excited states does 61Zn have? 
Answer: three

Question: How many excited states does 73Zn have?
Answer: two

Question: What is the most long lived radio isotope?
Answer: 65Zn

Question: What is the half life of 72Zn?
Answer: 46.5 hours

Question: How many nuclear isomers does zinc have?
Answer: 10

Question: What does the superscript "m" indicate?
Answer: metastable isotope

Question: What does a metastable isotope do to return to ground state from an excited state?
Answer: emitting a photon in the form of a gamma ray

Question: How many radioisotopes of zinc have been hidden?

Question: What is the only half life of the isotopes?

Question: How many boring states does 61Zn have?

Question: How many nuclear isomers does zinc avoid?
Zinc

The chemistry of zinc is dominated by the +2 oxidation state. When compounds in this oxidation state are formed the outer shell s electrons are lost, which yields a bare zinc ion with the electronic configuration [Ar]3d10. In aqueous solution an octahedral complex, [Zn(H
2O)6]2+ is the predominant species. The volatilization of zinc in combination with zinc chloride at temperatures above 285 °C indicates the formation of Zn
2Cl
2, a zinc compound with a +1 oxidation state. No compounds of zinc in oxidation states other than +1 or +2 are known. Calculations indicate that a zinc compound with the oxidation state of +4 is unlikely to exist.

Question: What oxidation state dominates zinc?
Answer: +2

Question: What indicates the formation of ZN2Cl?
Answer: The volatilization of zinc in combination with zinc chloride at temperatures above 285 °C

Question: what are the only two oxidation states known for zinc?
Answer: +1 or +2

Question: What oxidation state dominates the chemistry of zinc?
Answer: +2

Question: What are the only two oxidation states known for zinc compounds?
Answer: +1 or +2

Question: What oxidation state repels zinc?

Question: What indicates the destruction of ZN2Cl?

Question: What is the only oxidation state known for zinc compounds?
Zinc

Zinc chemistry is similar to the chemistry of the late first-row transition metals nickel and copper, though it has a filled d-shell, so its compounds are diamagnetic and mostly colorless. The ionic radii of zinc and magnesium happen to be nearly identical. Because of this some of their salts have the same crystal structure and in circumstances where ionic radius is a determining factor zinc and magnesium chemistries have much in common. Otherwise there is little similarity. Zinc tends to form bonds with a greater degree of covalency and it forms much more stable complexes with N- and S- donors. Complexes of zinc are mostly 4- or 6- coordinate although 5-coordinate complexes are known.

Question: Because zinc has a filled d-shell, its compounds are usually what?
Answer: diamagnetic and mostly colorless.

Question: The ionic radii of what two elements are almost identical?
Answer: zinc and magnesium

Question: What is the determining factor where zinc and magnesium are very similar chemically?
Answer: ionic radius

Question: Whit what donors does zinc form stable complexes?
Answer: N- and S-

Question: What two elements have ionic radii that are exactly identical?

Question: What donors does zinc disrupt stable complexes?

Question: What is the determining factor where zinc and magnesium are very different chemically?

Question: Why are the compounds of zinc very colorful?
Zinc

Zinc(I) compounds are rare, and require bulky ligands to stabilize the low oxidation state. Most zinc(I) compounds contain formally the [Zn2]2+ core, which is analogous to the [Hg2]2+ dimeric cation present in mercury(I) compounds. The diamagnetic nature of the ion confirms its dimeric structure. The first zinc(I) compound containing the Zn—Zn bond, (η5-C5Me5)2Zn2, is also the first dimetallocene. The [Zn2]2+ ion rapidly disproportionates into zinc metal and zinc(II), and has only been obtained as a yellow glass formed by cooling a solution of metallic zinc in molten ZnCl2.

Question: What is necessary to stabilize the low oxidation state of zinc(l) compounds?
Answer: bulky ligands

Question: What core do most zinc(l) compounds contain?
Answer: [Zn2]2+

Question: What confirms the dimeric structure of the compound?
Answer: diamagnetic nature of the ion

Question: When a solution of metallic zinc is cooled in molten ZnCl2, what is formed?
Answer: yellow glass

Question: What is necessary to stabilize the high oxidation state of zinc(l) compounds?

Question: What core do all zinc(l) compounds contain?

Question: What ruins the dimeric structure of the compound?

Question: When a solution of metallic zinc is heated in molten ZnCl2, what is formed?
Zinc

Binary compounds of zinc are known for most of the metalloids and all the nonmetals except the noble gases. The oxide ZnO is a white powder that is nearly insoluble in neutral aqueous solutions, but is amphoteric, dissolving in both strong basic and acidic solutions. The other chalcogenides (ZnS, ZnSe, and ZnTe) have varied applications in electronics and optics. Pnictogenides (Zn
3N
2, Zn
3P
2, Zn
3As
2 and Zn
3Sb
2), the peroxide (ZnO
2), the hydride (ZnH
2), and the carbide (ZnC
2) are also known. Of the four halides, ZnF
2 has the most ionic character, whereas the others (ZnCl
2, ZnBr
2, and ZnI
2) have relatively low melting points and are considered to have more covalent character.

Question: What is not known for binary compounds of zinc?
Answer: noble gases

Question: ZnO can be dissolved in what kind of solutions?
Answer: strong basic and acidic solutions

Question: What applications do chalcogenides have?
Answer: electronics and optics.

Question: What is unknowable for binary compounds of zinc?

Question: What applications do chalcogenides lack?
Zinc

In weak basic solutions containing Zn2+ ions, the hydroxide Zn(OH)
2 forms as a white precipitate. In stronger alkaline solutions, this hydroxide is dissolved to form zincates ([Zn(OH)4]2−). The nitrate Zn(NO3)
2, chlorate Zn(ClO3)
2, sulfate ZnSO
4, phosphate Zn
3(PO4)
2, molybdate ZnMoO
4, cyanide Zn(CN)
2, arsenite Zn(AsO2)
2, arsenate Zn(AsO4)
2·8H
2O and the chromate ZnCrO
4 (one of the few colored zinc compounds) are a few examples of other common inorganic compounds of zinc. One of the simplest examples of an organic compound of zinc is the acetate (Zn(O
2CCH3)
2).

Question: Zn(OH)2 is dissolved to form what in strong alkaline solutions?
Answer: zincates

Question: What is heated in strong alkaline solutions?
Zinc

The Charaka Samhita, thought to have been written between 300 and 500 AD, mentions a metal which, when oxidized, produces pushpanjan, thought to be zinc oxide. Zinc mines at Zawar, near Udaipur in India, have been active since the Mauryan period. The smelting of metallic zinc here, however, appears to have begun around the 12th century AD. One estimate is that this location produced an estimated million tonnes of metallic zinc and zinc oxide from the 12th to 16th centuries. Another estimate gives a total production of 60,000 tonnes of metallic zinc over this period. The Rasaratna Samuccaya, written in approximately the 13th century AD, mentions two types of zinc-containing ores: one used for metal extraction and another used for medicinal purposes.

Question: Zinc oxide is believed to be mentioned in what ancient text?
Answer: The Charaka Samhita

Question: Active zinc mines in India date back to what period?
Answer: Mauryan period

Question: What process occurred around the 12th century?
Answer: smelting of metallic zinc

Question: When was the Rasaratna Samuccaya written?
Answer: 13th century AD,

Question: What are the two uses of zinc ore mentioned in the Rasaratna Samuccaya?
Answer: metal extraction and another used for medicinal purposes

Question: What ancient text forbids the use of Zinc oxide?

Question: What period do active zinc mines in China date back to?

Question: What process occurred around the 6th century?

Question: When was the Rasaratna Samuccaya destroyed?

Question: What is the only use of zinc ore mentioned in the Rasaratna Samuccaya?
Zinc

The name of the metal was probably first documented by Paracelsus, a Swiss-born German alchemist, who referred to the metal as "zincum" or "zinken" in his book Liber Mineralium II, in the 16th century. The word is probably derived from the German zinke, and supposedly meant "tooth-like, pointed or jagged" (metallic zinc crystals have a needle-like appearance). Zink could also imply "tin-like" because of its relation to German zinn meaning tin. Yet another possibility is that the word is derived from the Persian word سنگ seng meaning stone. The metal was also called Indian tin, tutanego, calamine, and spinter.

Question: Who is attributed as first documenting zinc?
Answer: Paracelsus

Question: Why would zinc possibly be derived from the German word zinke?
Answer: metallic zinc crystals have a needle-like appearance

Question: Why is it possible that the name zinc could be derived from the German zinn?
Answer: imply "tin-like"

Question: What are some of the other terms for zinc?
Answer: Indian tin, tutanego, calamine, and spinter.

Question: Who is attributed as the only person to document zinc?

Question: Why would zinc possibly be derived from the imaginary word zinke?

Question: What are some of the other outlawed words for zinc?

Question: What alchemist that first documented zinc was born in India?
Zinc

William Champion's brother, John, patented a process in 1758 for calcining zinc sulfide into an oxide usable in the retort process. Prior to this, only calamine could be used to produce zinc. In 1798, Johann Christian Ruberg improved on the smelting process by building the first horizontal retort smelter. Jean-Jacques Daniel Dony built a different kind of horizontal zinc smelter in Belgium, which processed even more zinc. Italian doctor Luigi Galvani discovered in 1780 that connecting the spinal cord of a freshly dissected frog to an iron rail attached by a brass hook caused the frog's leg to twitch. He incorrectly thought he had discovered an ability of nerves and muscles to create electricity and called the effect "animal electricity". The galvanic cell and the process of galvanization were both named for Luigi Galvani and these discoveries paved the way for electrical batteries, galvanization and cathodic protection.

Question: Who first patented the process that creates an oxide usable in the retort process?
Answer: William Champion's brother, John,

Question: Before John Champion, what was the only element used to produce zinc?
Answer: calamine

Question: Who built the first horizontal retort smelter?
Answer: Johann Christian Ruberg

Question: What did Galvani name the effect he created of causing the frogs legs to twitch?
Answer: animal electricity

Question: The discoveries made by Galvani lead to what three important things?
Answer: electrical batteries, galvanization and cathodic protection.

Question: Who first banned the process that creates an oxide usable in the retort process?

Question: What is still the only element used to produce zinc?

Question: Who built the only vertical retort smelter?

Question: What did Galvani name the effect he created of causing the frogs legs to fly?

Question: What harmful things did the discoveries made by Galvani lead to?