Divyanshu67/squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
Dutch_Republic

The republic was a confederation of seven provinces, which had their own governments and were very independent, and a number of so-called Generality Lands. The latter were governed directly by the States General (Staten-Generaal in Dutch), the federal government. The States General were seated in The Hague and consisted of representatives of each of the seven provinces. The provinces of the republic were, in official feudal order:

Question: The Dutch Republic consisted of how many provinces?
Answer: seven

Question: Who were the Generality Lands governed by?
Answer: the States General (Staten-Generaal in Dutch), the federal government

Question: The States General was made up of what?
Answer: representatives of each of the seven provinces

Question: In what order was The Hague arranged?

Question: What was a confederation of the federal government?

Question: How many governments did the Dutch Republic consist of?

Question: What was the feudal order made up of?

Question: Where was the federal government seated?
Dutch_Republic

In fact, there was an eighth province, the County of Drenthe, but this area was so poor it was exempt from paying federal taxes and as a consequence was denied representation in the States General. Each province was governed by the Provincial States, the main executive official (though not the official head of state) was a raadspensionaris. In times of war, the stadtholder, who commanded the army, would have more power than the raadspensionaris.

Question: What was the 8th province of the Dutch Republic?
Answer: the County of Drenthe

Question: Why was the County of Drenthe denied representation by the States General?
Answer: this area was so poor it was exempt from paying federal taxes

Question: The main executive official of the Provincial States was called what?
Answer: raadspensionaris

Question: Who had more power during times of war than the raadspensionaris?
Answer: the stadtholder

Question: Who commanded the army?
Answer: the stadtholder

Question: What was the State General exempt from?

Question: What was the stateholder denied by its tax exemption?

Question: What was each raadspensionaris governed by?

Question: In wartime, what type of power did the County of Drenthe have?

Question: Who commanded the representation in the States General?
Dutch_Republic

In theory, the stadtholders were freely appointed by and subordinate to the states of each province. However, in practice the princes of Orange of the House of Orange-Nassau, beginning with William the Silent, were always chosen as stadtholders of most of the provinces. Zeeland and usually Utrecht had the same stadtholder as Holland.

Question: Who appointed the stadtholders?
Answer: the states of each province

Question: Who were always chosen as stadtholders of most of the provinces?
Answer: the princes of Orange of the House of Orange-Nassau, beginning with William the Silent

Question: Which states had the same stadtholder as Holland?
Answer: Zeeland and usually Utrecht

Question: What are two things that define the princes in theory?

Question: Who appointed the princes of Orange?

Question: Who had the same princes as Holland?

Question: Who was subordinate to Zeeland and Utrecht?

Question: What were Zeeland and Utrecht always chosen as?
Dutch_Republic

There was a constant power struggle between the Orangists, who supported the stadtholders and specifically the princes of Orange, and the Republicans, who supported the States General and hoped to replace the semi-hereditary nature of the stadtholdership with a true republican structure.

Question: What group of people supported the stadtholders, particularly the princes of Orange?
Answer: Orangists

Question: Who wanted to replace the stadtholders with a republican structure?
Answer: Republicans

Question: What did the Orangists want to replace in the power struggle?

Question: What conflict was there between the stadtholders and the Orangists?

Question: What currently used system of governance did the Republicans want to protect?

Question: What did the stadtholders hope to replace the current system with?

Question: What was the nature of the true republican structure?
Dutch_Republic

After the Peace of Westphalia, several border territories were assigned to the United Provinces. They were federally-governed Generality Lands (Generaliteitslanden). They were Staats-Brabant (present North Brabant), Staats-Vlaanderen (present Zeeuws-Vlaanderen), Staats-Limburg (around Maastricht) and Staats-Oppergelre (around Venlo, after 1715).

Question: Several border territories were designated to the United Provinces after what?
Answer: the Peace of Westphalia

Question: The border territories assigned to the United Provinces were known as what?
Answer: federally-governed Generality Lands (Generaliteitslanden)

Question: What were the names of the border territories assigned to the United Provinces?
Answer: Staats-Brabant (present North Brabant), Staats-Vlaanderen (present Zeeuws-Vlaanderen), Staats-Limburg (around Maastricht) and Staats-Oppergelre (around Venlo, after 1715)

Question: In 1715 what was assigned to the United Provinces?

Question: What was the Maastricht assigned to the United Provinces known as?

Question: What is one name of a Staats-Brabant assigned to the United Provinces?

Question: When were several border territories assigned to the Staats-Oppergelre?

Question: What was federally-governed Maastricht?
Dutch_Republic

The States General of the United Provinces were in control of the Dutch East India Company (VOC) and the Dutch West India Company (WIC), but some shipping expeditions were initiated by some of the provinces, mostly Holland and/or Zeeland.

Question: Who was in control of the Dutch East India Company (VOC) and the Dutch West India Company (WIC)?
Answer: The States General of the United Provinces

Question: Some shipping expeditions were mostly initiated by which provinces?
Answer: Holland and/or Zeeland

Question: What companies were the shipping expedition in control of?

Question: What group was in control of Holland and Zeeland?

Question: What did the VOC and WIC initiate?

Question: What were Holland and Zeeland in control of?

Question: What endeavor was started by the VOC and the WIC?
Dutch_Republic

The framers of the US Constitution were influenced by the Constitution of the Republic of the United Provinces, as Federalist No. 20, by James Madison, shows. Such influence appears, however, to have been of a negative nature, as Madison describes the Dutch confederacy as exhibiting "Imbecility in the government; discord among the provinces; foreign influence and indignities; a precarious existence in peace, and peculiar calamities from war." Apart from this, the American Declaration of Independence is similar to the Act of Abjuration, essentially the declaration of independence of the United Provinces, but concrete evidence that the former directly influenced the latter is absent.

Question: Who was influenced by the Constitution of the Republic of the United Provinces?
Answer: The framers of the US Constitution

Question: Who described the Dutch confederacy as exhibiting "Imbecility in the government; discord among the provinces; foreign influence and indignities; a precarious existence in peace, and peculiar calamities from war."
Answer: James Madison

Question: The American Declaration of Independence is similar to what?
Answer: the Act of Abjuration, essentially the declaration of independence of the United Provinces

Question: Who was influenced by the Act of Abjuration?

Question: What shows the framers of the US Constitution were influenced by the Dutch confederacy?

Question: What is one trait James Madison mentions the United Provinces show?

Question: What is similar to the Federalist No. 20?

Question: What type of influence did peculiar calamities of war have on the framers of the US constitution?
Dutch_Republic

In the Union of Utrecht of 20 January 1579, Holland and Zeeland were granted the right to accept only one religion (in practice, Calvinism). Every other province had the freedom to regulate the religious question as it wished, although the Union stated every person should be free in the choice of personal religion and that no person should be prosecuted based on religious choice. William of Orange had been a strong supporter of public and personal freedom of religion and hoped to unite Protestants and Catholics in the new union, and, for him, the Union was a defeat. In practice, Catholic services in all provinces were quickly forbidden, and the Reformed Church became the "public" or "privileged" church in the Republic.

Question: What granted Holland and Zeeland the right to accept only one religion?
Answer: the Union of Utrecht of 20 January 1579

Question: What did the Union state that every person should be free to choose?
Answer: personal religion

Question: Who was a strong supporter of freedom of religion and wanted to unite Protestants and Catholics in the new union?
Answer: William of Orange

Question: What was forbidden in all provinces?
Answer: Catholic services

Question: When was every other province only permitted to accept Calvinism in practice?

Question: How did William of Orange hope to unite Holland and Zeeland?

Question: What religious questions were forbidden under the union?

Question: What did Calvinism state that everyone should be free to choose?

Question: What group became the strong supporter in the republic?
Dutch_Republic

During the Republic, any person who wished to hold public office had to conform to the Reformed Church and take an oath to this effect. The extent to which different religions or denominations were persecuted depended much on the time period and regional or city leaders. In the beginning, this was especially focused on Roman Catholics, being the religion of the enemy. In 17th-century Leiden, for instance, people opening their homes to services could be fined 200 guilders (a year's wage for a skilled tradesman) and banned from the city. Throughout this, however, personal freedom of religion existed and was one factor – along with economic reasons – in causing large immigration of religious refugees from other parts of Europe.

Question: What did any person who wanted to hold public office need to conform to during the Republic?
Answer: the Reformed Church

Question: The degree to which different religions were persecuted depended on what?
Answer: the time period and regional or city leaders

Question: What was the punishment for people who opened their homes to Catholic services during 17th-century Leiden?
Answer: fined 200 guilders (a year's wage for a skilled tradesman) and banned from the city

Question: What was one reason for the large amounts of immigration of religious refugees from other parts of Europe?
Answer: personal freedom of religion

Question: What did religious refugees have to conform to when holding public office?

Question: What were Reformed Church members considered as in the 17th century?

Question: What could religious refugees be fined when opening their homes to services?

Question: What factors led to immigration of religious refugees from Leiden?

Question: Who did most services put the focus on in the beginning?
Dutch_Republic

In the first years of the Republic, controversy arose within the Reformed Church, mainly around the subject of predestination. This has become known as the struggle between Arminianism and Gomarism, or between Remonstrants and Contra-Remonstrants. In 1618 the Synod of Dort tackled this issue, which led to the banning of the Remonstrant faith.

Question: What was the main subject of controversy that arose within the Reformed Church during the beginning of the Republic?
Answer: predestination

Question: The controversy surrounding the subject of predestination is known as what?
Answer: the struggle between Arminianism and Gomarism, or between Remonstrants and Contra-Remonstrants

Question: What led to the banning of the Remonstrant faith in 1618?
Answer: the Synod of Dort

Question: When was there controversy within the Synod of Dort?

Question: Where did controversy appear around banning of the Remonstrat faith?

Question: What group lead to the banning of the subject of predestination?

Question: What did disagreement about the Synod of Dort become known as?

Question: In 1618 How did the Reformed Church help solve the controversy?
Dutch_Republic

Beginning in the 18th century, the situation changed from more or less active persecution of religious services to a state of restricted toleration of other religions, as long as their services took place secretly in private churches.

Question: When did the active persecution of religious services become more of a restricted tolerance?
Answer: in the 18th century

Question: Religious services for other religions were tolerated as long as they adhered to what rule?
Answer: as long as their services took place secretly in private churches

Question: When did persecution of religious services take place secretly in private churches?

Question: During what period did services move to a state of tolerance?

Question: What changed from religious services to private churches?

Question: What was actively persecuted when taking place in private churches?

Question: Where was active persecution taking place?
Symbiosis

Symbiosis (from Greek σύν "together" and βίωσις "living") is close and often long-term interaction between two different biological species. In 1877 Albert Bernhard Frank used the word symbiosis (which previously had been used to depict people living together in community) to describe the mutualistic relationship in lichens. In 1879, the German mycologist Heinrich Anton de Bary defined it as "the living together of unlike organisms."

Question: What language does the word "symbiosis" come from?
Answer: Greek

Question: What type of organism did Frank apply the term "symbiosis" to?
Answer: lichens

Question: What nationality was Heinrich Anton de Bary?
Answer: German

Question: What nationality was Albert Bernhard Frank?

Question: When did Heinrich Anton de Bary discover lichens?

Question: When was the the word "symbiosis" discovered?

Question: What year did Heinrich Anton de Bary become a mycologist?

Question: What year did Albert Bernhard Frank agree to define "symbiosis" as "the living together of unlike organisms."?
Symbiosis

The definition of symbiosis has varied among scientists. Some believe symbiosis should only refer to persistent mutualisms, while others believe it should apply to any type of persistent biological interaction (in other words mutualistic, commensalistic, or parasitic). After 130 years of debate, current biology and ecology textbooks now use the latter "de Bary" definition or an even broader definition (where symbiosis means all species interactions), with the restrictive definition no longer used (in other words, symbiosis means mutualism).

Question: How long did it take for scientists to stop using the narrow definition of symbiosis?
Answer: 130 years

Question: How long did it take for scientists to discover symbiosis?

Question: How many scientists believe that symbiosis should only refer to persistent mutualisms?

Question: What textbooks describe the parasitic relationships as the only way to define symbiosis?

Question: What three words did de Bary use to define symbiosis?
Symbiosis

Some symbiotic relationships are obligate, meaning that both symbionts entirely depend on each other for survival. For example, many lichens consist of fungal and photosynthetic symbionts that cannot live on their own. Others are facultative (optional): they can, but do not have to live with the other organism.

Question: What is the type of symbiotic relationship where two organisms can't survive without each other?
Answer: obligate

Question: What is the type of symbiotic relationship where the symbionts can live together but can also survive alone?
Answer: facultative

Question: What is an example of an obligate relationship?
Answer: lichens

Question: What is the type of symbiotic relationship where two organisms can survive without photosynthetic symbionts?

Question: What organism demonstrates only the facultative symbiotic relationship?

Question: What organism demonstrates only the obligate symbiotic relationship?

Question: What is the type of symbiotic relationship where two organisms can survive without fungal symbionts?

Question: What is the type of symbiotic relationship where many organisms must depend on photosynthetic symbionts?
Symbiosis

Symbiotic relationships include those associations in which one organism lives on another (ectosymbiosis, such as mistletoe), or where one partner lives inside the other (endosymbiosis, such as lactobacilli and other bacteria in humans or Symbiodinium in corals). Symbiosis is also classified by physical attachment of the organisms; symbiosis in which the organisms have bodily union is called conjunctive symbiosis, and symbiosis in which they are not in union is called disjunctive symbiosis.

Question: What is an example of ectosymbiosis?
Answer: mistletoe

Question: What is it called when the organisms are not physically joined?
Answer: disjunctive symbiosis

Question: What is it called when one symbiont lives within its partner?
Answer: endosymbiosis

Question: What organism lives in a state of both ectosymbiosis and endosymbiosis?

Question: What organism demonstrates disjunctive symbiosis?

Question: What organism demonstrates conjunctive symbiosis?

Question: What is it called when one symbiont lives within and has a bodily union with its partner?

Question: What is it when an organism was once in a state of conjunctive symbiosis and is now no longer in union?
Symbiosis

Endosymbiosis is any symbiotic relationship in which one symbiont lives within the tissues of the other, either within the cells or extracellularly. Examples include diverse microbiomes, rhizobia, nitrogen-fixing bacteria that live in root nodules on legume roots; actinomycete nitrogen-fixing bacteria called Frankia, which live in alder tree root nodules; single-celled algae inside reef-building corals; and bacterial endosymbionts that provide essential nutrients to about 10%–15% of insects.

Question: What do bacterial endosymbionts give necessary nutrition to?
Answer: insects

Question: What is the name of a bacteria inside of tree roots?
Answer: Frankia

Question: What endosymbionts live in coral? 
Answer: algae

Question: What percent of alder tree root nodules provide essential nutrients to insects?

Question: What organism includes diverse microbiomes, rhizobia, nitrogen-fixing bacteria, and single-celled algae?

Question: What percent of Frankia bacteria provide essential nutrients to insects?

Question: What are the bacterial endosymbionts that provide essential nutrients to about 10%–15% of insects called?

Question: What percent of rhizobia and nitrogen-fixing bacteria live in alder tree root nodules?
Symbiosis

Ectosymbiosis, also referred to as exosymbiosis, is any symbiotic relationship in which the symbiont lives on the body surface of the host, including the inner surface of the digestive tract or the ducts of exocrine glands. Examples of this include ectoparasites such as lice, commensal ectosymbionts such as the barnacles that attach themselves to the jaw of baleen whales, and mutualist ectosymbionts such as cleaner fish.

Question: What organisms are described as living on the surface of whales?
Answer: barnacles

Question: Name a parasitic ectosymbiont.
Answer: lice

Question: What is another name for ectosymbiosis?
Answer: exosymbiosis

Question: What mutualist ectosymbionts clean the barnacles that attach themselves to the jaw of baleen whales?

Question: What ectoparasites are also considered commensal ectosymbionts and mutualist ectosymbionts?

Question: What is the name of the animal in which barnacles join to the jaw and inner surface of the digestive tract?

Question: What ectoparasites live on the body surface of cleaner fish?
Symbiosis

Mutualism or interspecies reciprocal altruism is a relationship between individuals of different species where both individuals benefit. In general, only lifelong interactions involving close physical and biochemical contact can properly be considered symbiotic. Mutualistic relationships may be either obligate for both species, obligate for one but facultative for the other, or facultative for both. Many biologists restrict the definition of symbiosis to close mutualist relationships.

Question: What is another term for mutualism?
Answer: interspecies reciprocal altruism

Question: Of what duration are symbiotic relationships?
Answer: lifelong

Question: What is a term for a relationship between individuals of the same species where both individuals benefit?

Question: Who restricts the definition of symbiosis to indicate both obligate and facultative concurrently?

Question: What time span involving gradual biochemical contact can properly be considered symbiotic?

Question: What must interspecies reciprocal altruism be considered to fit the the definition of symbiosis?

Question: What mutualistic relationships fit the the definition of symbiosis?
Symbiosis

A large percentage of herbivores have mutualistic gut flora that help them digest plant matter, which is more difficult to digest than animal prey. This gut flora is made up of cellulose-digesting protozoans or bacteria living in the herbivores' intestines. Coral reefs are the result of mutualisms between coral organisms and various types of algae that live inside them. Most land plants and land ecosystems rely on mutualisms between the plants, which fix carbon from the air, and mycorrhyzal fungi, which help in extracting water and minerals from the ground.

Question: What type of relationship do herbivores have with the bacteria in their intestines?
Answer: mutualistic

Question: What do coral and algae produce together?
Answer: Coral reefs

Question: How do plants contribute to terrestrial ecosystems?
Answer: fix carbon from the air

Question: What type of fungus draws liquid and minerals out of the earth?
Answer: mycorrhyzal

Question: What do herbivores have to digest animal prey?

Question: Where do the mycorrhyzal fungi go to after extracting water and minerals from the ground?

Question: Where do the mycorrhyzal fungi go back to after extracting carbon from the air?

Question: What organism has both cellulose-digesting protozoans and and mycorrhyzal fungi living in their intestines?

Question: What kind of fungi do coral reef depend on?
Symbiosis

An example of mutual symbiosis is the relationship between the ocellaris clownfish that dwell among the tentacles of Ritteri sea anemones. The territorial fish protects the anemone from anemone-eating fish, and in turn the stinging tentacles of the anemone protect the clownfish from its predators. A special mucus on the clownfish protects it from the stinging tentacles.

Question: What lives with Ritteri sea anemones?
Answer: ocellaris clownfish

Question: What prevents the clownfish from being stung?
Answer: A special mucus

Question: What type of relationship do the clownfish and anemone have?
Answer: mutual symbiosis

Question: What kind of clownfish eat the Ritteri sea anemones?

Question: What kind of sea anemone has special mucus to protect the clownfish?

Question: What organism do the clownfish use their stinging tentacles to protect?

Question: What type of relationship do Ritteri sea anemones have with anemone-eating fish?

Question: What do Ritteri sea anemones produce to evade predators?
Symbiosis

A further example is the goby fish, which sometimes lives together with a shrimp. The shrimp digs and cleans up a burrow in the sand in which both the shrimp and the goby fish live. The shrimp is almost blind, leaving it vulnerable to predators when outside its burrow. In case of danger the goby fish touches the shrimp with its tail to warn it. When that happens both the shrimp and goby fish quickly retreat into the burrow. Different species of gobies (Elacatinus spp.) also exhibit mutualistic behavior through cleaning up ectoparasites in other fish.

Question: What species does this shrimp have a relationship with?
Answer: the goby fish

Question: What part of the fish is used to signal danger?
Answer: its tail

Question: What organism digs a burrow in the sand then touches the goby fish with its tail?

Question: What is the species of goby that both lives with a shrimp and cleans up ectoparasites on other fish?

Question: What behavior does the goby exhibit when it does not live with the shrimp?

Question: What behavior does the shrimp exhibit when it does not live with the goby?

Question: When a goby fish goes blind what does it become vulnerable to?
Symbiosis

Another non-obligate symbiosis is known from encrusting bryozoans and hermit crabs that live in a close relationship. The bryozoan colony (Acanthodesia commensale) develops a cirumrotatory growth and offers the crab (Pseudopagurus granulimanus) a helicospiral-tubular extension of its living chamber that initially was situated within a gastropod shell.

Question: What type of symbiosis seen between bryozoans and hermit crabs?
Answer: non-obligate

Question: What species of crab has a helicospiral-tubular extension of its living chamber?

Question: What species of crab develops a cirumrotatory growth?

Question: What relationship is it considered when the bryozoans and hermit crabs do not live in a close relationship?

Question: Where is the cirumrotatory growth in the crab located?
Symbiosis

One of the most spectacular examples of obligate mutualism is between the siboglinid tube worms and symbiotic bacteria that live at hydrothermal vents and cold seeps. The worm has no digestive tract and is wholly reliant on its internal symbionts for nutrition. The bacteria oxidize either hydrogen sulfide or methane, which the host supplies to them. These worms were discovered in the late 1980s at the hydrothermal vents near the Galapagos Islands and have since been found at deep-sea hydrothermal vents and cold seeps in all of the world's oceans.

Question: When were the worms found?
Answer: the late 1980s

Question: What does the bacteria give the worm?
Answer: nutrition

Question: What land is near the worms' first known location?
Answer: the Galapagos Islands

Question: From where do the host obtain the hydrogen sulfide or methane?

Question: When were the Galapagos Islands discovered?

Question: What is the relationship between the siboglinid tube worms and the hydrothermal vents?

Question: When were the symbiotic bacteria discovered?

Question: Where does the symbiotic bacteria get nutrition from?
Symbiosis

During mutualistic symbioses, the host cell lacks some of the nutrients, which are provided by the endosymbiont. As a result, the host favors endosymbiont's growth processes within itself by producing some specialized cells. These cells affect the genetic composition of the host in order to regulate the increasing population of the endosymbionts and ensuring that these genetic changes are passed onto the offspring via vertical transmission (heredity).

Question: What is given to the host cell?
Answer: nutrients

Question: What does the host make that affect its genes?
Answer: specialized cells

Question: In what manner are the described genetic alternations given to future generations?
Answer: vertical transmission

Question: From where does the endosymbiont gain nutrition?

Question: Who offers a location for the host cell to vertically transmit nutrition?

Question: When the offspring passes the genetic changes via vertical transmission what does the host cell obtain?

Question: When the the host favors the endosymbiont's growth process what takes place?

Question: Where can the specialized cells be found?
Symbiosis

Adaptation of the endosymbiont to the host's lifestyle leads to many changes in the endosymbiont–the foremost being drastic reduction in its genome size. This is due to many genes being lost during the process of metabolism, and DNA repair and recombination. While important genes participating in the DNA to RNA transcription, protein translation and DNA/RNA replication are retained. That is, a decrease in genome size is due to loss of protein coding genes and not due to lessening of inter-genic regions or open reading frame (ORF) size. Thus, species that are naturally evolving and contain reduced sizes of genes can be accounted for an increased number of noticeable differences between them, thereby leading to changes in their evolutionary rates. As the endosymbiotic bacteria related with these insects are passed on to the offspring strictly via vertical genetic transmission, intracellular bacteria goes through many hurdles during the process, resulting in the decrease in effective population sizes when compared to the free living bacteria. This incapability of the endosymbiotic bacteria to reinstate its wild type phenotype via a recombination process is called as Muller's ratchet phenomenon. Muller's ratchet phenomenon together with less effective population sizes has led to an accretion of deleterious mutations in the non-essential genes of the intracellular bacteria. This could have been due to lack of selection mechanisms prevailing in the rich environment of the host.

Question: What is the main alteration in an endosymbiont when it adapts to a host?
Answer: drastic reduction in its genome size

Question: What is the term that describes the way the endosymbiont can't go back to its original phenotype?
Answer: Muller's ratchet phenomenon

Question: What does the article say could be the reason for the buildup of harmful mutations?
Answer: lack of selection mechanisms

Question: What takes place when the host's lifestyle reduces the endosymbiont's genome size?

Question: What do the insects need for vertical transmission?

Question: What happens when there is an increase in the effective population sizes for free living bacteria?

Question: What happens when the DNA/RNA replications are retained?
Symbiosis

Commensalism describes a relationship between two living organisms where one benefits and the other is not significantly harmed or helped. It is derived from the English word commensal used of human social interaction. The word derives from the medieval Latin word, formed from com- and mensa, meaning "sharing a table".

Question: What language do the roots of "commensal" come from?
Answer: Latin

Question: What type of symbiotic relationship helps one organism and doesn't have a major affect on the other?
Answer: Commensalism

Question: What type of symbiotic relationship happens when there is a major affect on the other organism?

Question: What takes place when the organisms are neither significantly harmed or helped?

Question: Commensalism explains a relationship between how many organisms when one gains most of the benefits?

Question: What word is derived from the medieval English word?

Question: Who is actually sharing a table?
Symbiosis

Commensal relationships may involve one organism using another for transportation (phoresy) or for housing (inquilinism), or it may also involve one organism using something another created, after its death (metabiosis). Examples of metabiosis are hermit crabs using gastropod shells to protect their bodies and spiders building their webs on plants.

Question: What is the term for a relationship where one organism provides a dwelling for the other?
Answer: inquilinism

Question: What type of relationship is it when arachnids attach webs to dead plants?
Answer: metabiosis

Question: In what type of relationship does an organism travel by means of another?
Answer: phoresy

Question: Where do the spiders build their webs on the hermit crabs?

Question: What is the term for a relationship where one organism refuses to provide a dwelling for the other?

Question: What occurs when the spider utilizes phoresy with the hermit crab?

Question: What can commensal relationships between plants and hermit crabs be considered?

Question: When one organism gives away something another created what is it called?
Symbiosis

A parasitic relationship is one in which one member of the association benefits while the other is harmed. This is also known as antagonistic or antipathetic symbiosis. Parasitic symbioses take many forms, from endoparasites that live within the host's body to ectoparasites that live on its surface. In addition, parasites may be necrotrophic, which is to say they kill their host, or biotrophic, meaning they rely on their host's surviving. Biotrophic parasitism is an extremely successful mode of life. Depending on the definition used, as many as half of all animals have at least one parasitic phase in their life cycles, and it is also frequent in plants and fungi. Moreover, almost all free-living animals are host to one or more parasite taxa. An example of a biotrophic relationship would be a tick feeding on the blood of its host.

Question: Antagonistic or antipathetic symbiosis are alternate names for what?
Answer: A parasitic relationship

Question: What is it called when organisms are lethal to their host?
Answer: necrotrophic

Question: What is it called when parasites need their host to live?
Answer: biotrophic

Question: What proportion of animals go through a parasitic stage?
Answer: as many as half

Question: Name a biotrophic organism.
Answer: a tick

Question: What is the relationship termed if both organisms benefit?

Question: What relationship happens after a biotrophic relationship occurs from a tick feeding on the blood of its host?

Question: When both organisms benefit in an antipathetic symbiosis it is known as a?

Question: What is an extremely unsuccessful mode of life?

Question: How many fungi have at least one parasitic phase in their life cycles?
Symbiosis

Amensalism is the type of relationship that exists where one species is inhibited or completely obliterated and one is unaffected. This type of symbiosis is relatively uncommon in rudimentary reference texts, but is omnipresent in the natural world.[citation needed] There are two types of amensalism, competition and antibiosis. Competition is where a larger or stronger organisms deprives a smaller or weaker one from a resource. Antibiosis occurs when one organism is damaged or killed by another through a chemical secretion. An example of competition is a sapling growing under the shadow of a mature tree. The mature tree can begin to rob the sapling of necessary sunlight and, if the mature tree is very large, it can take up rainwater and deplete soil nutrients. Throughout the process the mature tree is unaffected. Indeed, if the sapling dies, the mature tree gains nutrients from the decaying sapling. Note that these nutrients become available because of the sapling's decomposition, rather than from the living sapling, which would be a case of parasitism.[citation needed] An example of antibiosis is Juglans nigra (black walnut), secreting juglone, a substance which destroys many herbaceous plants within its root zone.

Question: What is the name for the kind of symbiosis in which one organism is seriously harmed and there is no affect on the other?
Answer: Amensalism

Question: What kinds of amensalism are there?
Answer: competition and antibiosis

Question: When a large tree takes the resources a young tree needs, what type of amensalism is it?
Answer: competition

Question: What does the black walnut give out that kills plants?
Answer: juglone

Question: What happens when a larger or stronger organism shares a resource with a smaller or weaker organism?

Question: What happens when the sapling can take up rainwater and deplete some soil nutrients?

Question: What happens when one organism is helped by another through a chemical secretion?

Question: What secrets juglone, a substance which enhances many herbaceous plants within its root zone?

Question: What are two types of antibiosis?
Symbiosis

Amensalism is an interaction where an organism inflicts harm to another organism without any costs or benefits received by the other. A clear case of amensalism is where sheep or cattle trample grass. Whilst the presence of the grass causes negligible detrimental effects to the animal's hoof, the grass suffers from being crushed. Amensalism is often used to describe strongly asymmetrical competitive interactions, such as has been observed between the Spanish ibex and weevils of the genus Timarcha which feed upon the same type of shrub. Whilst the presence of the weevil has almost no influence on food availability, the presence of ibex has an enormous detrimental effect on weevil numbers, as they consume significant quantities of plant matter and incidentally ingest the weevils upon it.

Question: What organisms is the ibex in an amensalistic relationship with?
Answer: weevils

Question: What does the Spanish ibex eat?
Answer: shrub

Question: What type of relationship is it when large animals crush small plants?
Answer: Amensalism

Question: What happens if a weevil eats from an ibex?

Question: What happens when the grass causes damage to an animal's hoof?

Question: What ethnicity are the ibex and the weevils?

Question: What is altered if the presence of ibex has little detrimental effect on the number of weevil?

Question: What genus are the Spanish ibex?
Symbiosis

Synnecrosis is a rare type of symbiosis in which the interaction between species is detrimental to both organisms involved. It is a short-lived condition, as the interaction eventually causes death. Because of this, evolution selects against synnecrosis and it is uncommon in nature. An example of this is the relationship between some species of bees and victims of the bee sting. Species of bees who die after stinging their prey inflict pain on themselves (albeit to protect the hive) as well as on the victim. This term is rarely used.

Question: What type of relationship harms both organisms?
Answer: Synnecrosis

Question: What is the ultimate result of synnecrosis?
Answer: death

Question: How common is synnecrosis in the natural world?
Answer: uncommon

Question: Why do bees sting even though it will kill them?
Answer: to protect the hive

Question: What happens if a bee does not protect the hive?

Question: What is a common type of symbiosis in which the interaction between species is detrimental to both organisms involved?

Question: What does the long enduring condition and the interaction eventually cause?

Question: What always happens to the victims of the bee sting?

Question: What happens if the bee does not die?
Symbiosis

While historically, symbiosis has received less attention than other interactions such as predation or competition, it is increasingly recognized as an important selective force behind evolution, with many species having a long history of interdependent co-evolution. In fact, the evolution of all eukaryotes (plants, animals, fungi, and protists) is believed under the endosymbiotic theory to have resulted from a symbiosis between various sorts of bacteria. This theory is supported by certain organelles dividing independently of the cell, and the observation that some organelles seem to have their own nucleic acid.

Question: What far-reaching result do scientists think has come about from symbiosis with bacteria?
Answer: the evolution of all eukaryotes

Question: What are eukaryotes?
Answer: plants, animals, fungi, and protists

Question: What do all organelles have that is their own?

Question: What has received more attention than other interactions such as predation or competition?

Question: What eukaryotes create various sorts of bacteria?

Question: What always depends on the cell for the process of division?
Symbiosis

The biologist Lynn Margulis, famous for her work on endosymbiosis, contends that symbiosis is a major driving force behind evolution. She considers Darwin's notion of evolution, driven by competition, to be incomplete and claims that evolution is strongly based on co-operation, interaction, and mutual dependence among organisms. According to Margulis and Dorion Sagan, "Life did not take over the globe by combat, but by networking."

Question: What does Margulis think is the main driver of evolution?
Answer: symbiosis

Question: Who agrees with Margulis' cooperative view of evolution?
Answer: Dorion Sagan

Question: What is the biologist Darwin famous for?

Question: What is strongly based only upon uncooperative interaction and independence?

Question: Who was the last to utter this quote "Life did not take over the globe by combat, but by networking."?

Question: What is not considered a driving force behind evolution?

Question: Who currently disagrees with Margulis' cooperative view of evolution?
Symbiosis

Symbiosis played a major role in the co-evolution of flowering plants and the animals that pollinate them. Many plants that are pollinated by insects, bats, or birds have highly specialized flowers modified to promote pollination by a specific pollinator that is also correspondingly adapted. The first flowering plants in the fossil record had relatively simple flowers. Adaptive speciation quickly gave rise to many diverse groups of plants, and, at the same time, corresponding speciation occurred in certain insect groups. Some groups of plants developed nectar and large sticky pollen, while insects evolved more specialized morphologies to access and collect these rich food sources. In some taxa of plants and insects the relationship has become dependent, where the plant species can only be pollinated by one species of insect.

Question: How big a part did symbiosis have in the development of flowering plants and their pollinators?
Answer: a major role

Question: What did some plants produce when flowers became less simple?
Answer: nectar and large sticky pollen

Question: What is the word for the kind of relationship in which a plant depend on a single type of insect?
Answer: dependent

Question: What gave rise to a select group of plants?

Question: What flowering plants in the fossil record had relatively complex flowers?

Question: What did bats develop to access and collect these rich food sources?

Question: What did birds develop to access and collect these rich food sources?

Question: What animals need to be modified in order to be correspondingly adapted?
Canadian_Armed_Forces

The Canadian Armed Forces (CAF; French: Forces armées canadiennes, FAC), or Canadian Forces (CF) (French: les Forces canadiennes, FC), is the unified armed force of Canada, as constituted by the National Defence Act, which states: "The Canadian Forces are the armed forces of Her Majesty raised by Canada and consist of one Service called the Canadian Armed Forces."

Question: What is the French name of the Canadian Armed Forces?
Answer: Forces armées canadiennes

Question: What law constitutes the CAF?
Answer: the National Defence Act

Question: Who are the CAF supposed to protect?
Answer: Her Majesty

Question: What does CF stand for in this context?
Answer: Forces canadiennes

Question: What does CFA stand for?

Question: What does the Canadian Armed Forces Act state?

Question: What act names the leader of the les cnadiennes Forces as Her Majesty?

Question: What is the Italian name of the Canadian Armed Forces?

Question:  What law constitutes the CEF?

Question:  Who aren't the CAF supposed to protect?

Question:  What does COF stand for in this context?
Canadian_Armed_Forces

This unified institution consists of sea, land, and air elements referred to as the Royal Canadian Navy (RCN), Canadian Army, and Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF). Personnel may belong to either the Regular Force or the Reserve Force, which has four sub-components: the Primary Reserve, Supplementary Reserve, Cadet Organizations Administration and Training Service, and the Canadian Rangers. Under the National Defence Act, the Canadian Armed Forces are an entity separate and distinct from the Department of National Defence (the federal government department responsible for administration and formation of defence policy), which also exists as the civilian support system for the Forces.

Question: How many sub components are there?
Answer: four

Question: What act defines the CAF?
Answer: the National Defence Act

Question: What does RNC stand for?

Question: What does RACF stand for?

Question: What four components make up the Force Reserve?

Question: What is the Canadian Armed Forces associated with under the National Defence Act?

Question: How many non-sub components are there?

Question:  What act does not define the CAF?
Canadian_Armed_Forces

The Commander-in-Chief of the Canadian Armed Forces is the reigning Canadian monarch, Queen Elizabeth II, who is represented by the Governor General of Canada. The Canadian Armed Forces is led by the Chief of the Defence Staff, who is advised and assisted by the Armed Forces Council.

Question: Who currently is the Commander-in-Chief of the Canadian Armed Forces?
Answer: Queen Elizabeth II

Question: Who represents Queen Elizabeth II?
Answer: the Governor General of Canada

Question: Who leads the CAF?
Answer: the Chief of the Defence Staff

Question: Who advises the Chief of the Defence?
Answer: the Armed Forces Council.

Question: Who is the Chief Commander of the Canadian Armed Forces?

Question: Who is represented by the Governor General of Canada?

Question: What is led by the Defence Staff Chief?

Question: Who is the Defence Staff Chief advised by?

Question: Who currently is the Assistant-in-Chief of the Canadian Armed Forces?

Question: Who doesn't represent Queen Elizabeth II?

Question:  Who leads the CAEF?

Question:  Who advises the Chief of the Offense?
Canadian_Armed_Forces

During the Cold War, a principal focus of Canadian defence policy was contributing to the security of Europe in the face of the Soviet military threat. Toward that end, Canadian ground and air forces were based in Europe from the early 1950s until the early 1990s.

Question: What war were the CAF involved in?
Answer: Cold War

Question: What was the goal of the CAF during the cold war?
Answer: the security of Europe

Question: What military thread did the CAF protect against in Europe?
Answer: the Soviet military threat

Question: Apprimately since what year was the CAF stationed in Europe?
Answer: the early 1950s

Question: What year did the CAF leave Europe?
Answer: the early 1990s

Question: What were based in Europe in 1950?

Question: Where were Canadian ground and air forces based in 1950?

Question: What years did the Cold War take place?

Question: What war were the CAAF involved in?

Question:  What was the goal of the CAF during the warm war?

Question:  What military thread did the CAF not protect against in Europe?

Question:  Approximately since what year was the CAF not stationed in Europe?

Question: What year did the CAF join Europe?
Canadian_Armed_Forces

However, since the end of the Cold War, as the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) has moved much of its defence focus "out of area", the Canadian military has also become more deeply engaged in international security operations in various other parts of the world – most notably in Afghanistan since 2002.

Question: What Treaty is the CAF part of?
Answer: the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

Question: What type of operation is the Canadian Military involved in?
Answer: international security operations

Question: What country has the Canadian Military worked in the last years?
Answer: Afghanistan

Question: What year did the Canadian Military operation in Afghanistan start?
Answer: 2002

Question: Where is the current focus of the Canadian Military set?
Answer: out of area

Question: What does NTAO stand for?

Question: What year did the Cold War end?

Question: What country began war in 2002?

Question: What Treaty is the CAF not part of?

Question:  What type of operation is the Canadian Military uninvolved in?

Question:  What country has the Canadian Military not worked in the last years?

Question: What year did the Canadian Military operation in Afghanistan end?

Question:  Where is the current focus of the Canadian Military not set?