Divyanshu67/squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
Avicenna

In the Al-Burhan (On Demonstration) section of The Book of Healing, Avicenna discussed the philosophy of science and described an early scientific method of inquiry. He discusses Aristotle's Posterior Analytics and significantly diverged from it on several points. Avicenna discussed the issue of a proper methodology for scientific inquiry and the question of "How does one acquire the first principles of a science?" He asked how a scientist would arrive at "the initial axioms or hypotheses of a deductive science without inferring them from some more basic premises?" He explains that the ideal situation is when one grasps that a "relation holds between the terms, which would allow for absolute, universal certainty." Avicenna then adds two further methods for arriving at the first principles: the ancient Aristotelian method of induction (istiqra), and the method of examination and experimentation (tajriba). Avicenna criticized Aristotelian induction, arguing that "it does not lead to the absolute, universal, and certain premises that it purports to provide." In its place, he develops a "method of experimentation as a means for scientific inquiry."

Question: What philosopher did Avicenna discuss in his The Book of Healing text?
Answer: Aristotle

Question: What work of Aristotle's does Avicenna focus on?
Answer: Posterior Analytics

Question: What method did Avicenna criticize as not leading to absolute certainty?
Answer: Aristotelian induction

Question: What kind of inquiry did Avicenna discover?

Question: What work of Aristotle's did Avicenna closely follow?

Question: What method did Avucenna claim led to absolute certainty?

Question: What method was replaced by Aristotelian method of induction?

Question: What philosopher did Avicenna not discuss in his The Book of Healing text?

Question: What work of Aristotle's does Avicenna not focus on?

Question: What method did Avicenna support as leading to absolute certainty?

Question: What method didn't Avicenna criticize as not leading to absolute certainty?

Question: What work of Socrate's does Avicenna focus on?
Avicenna

An early formal system of temporal logic was studied by Avicenna. Although he did not develop a real theory of temporal propositions, he did study the relationship between temporalis and the implication. Avicenna's work was further developed by Najm al-Dīn al-Qazwīnī al-Kātibī and became the dominant system of Islamic logic until modern times. Avicennian logic also influenced several early European logicians such as Albertus Magnus and William of Ockham. Avicenna endorsed the law of noncontradiction proposed by Aristotle, that a fact could not be both true and false at the same time and in the same sense of the terminology used. He stated, "Anyone who denies the law of noncontradiction should be beaten and burned until he admits that to be beaten is not the same as not to be beaten, and to be burned is not the same as not to be burned."

Question: What was a subject that Avicenna studied, but did not develop a theory on?
Answer: temporal logic

Question: Who expanded on Avicenna's work in temporal logic?
Answer: Najm al-Dīn al-Qazwīnī al-Kātibī

Question: What became the dominant system of Islamic logic?
Answer: Avicennian logic

Question: What European logician was greatly influenced by Avicenna?
Answer: Albertus Magnus

Question: Whose law of noncontradiction did Avicenna endorse?
Answer: Aristotle

Question: who studied and developed theories on temporal logic?

Question: Who's system of logic did Avicenna further develop?

Question: Who's system of logic is dominant in modern times?

Question: What European logicians did Avicennian logic borrow from?

Question: Whorefuted the law of noncontradiction?

Question: What was a subject that Avicenna studied, and developed a theory on?

Question: Who expanded on Avicenna's work in permanent logic?

Question: What became the nondominant system of Islamic logic?

Question: What European magician was greatly influenced by Avicenna?

Question: Whose law of contradiction did Avicenna endorse?
Avicenna

Avicenna's legacy in classical psychology is primarily embodied in the Kitab al-nafs parts of his Kitab al-shifa (The Book of Healing) and Kitab al-najat (The Book of Deliverance). These were known in Latin under the title De Anima (treatises "on the soul").[dubious – discuss] Notably, Avicenna develops what is called the "flying man" argument in the Psychology of The Cure I.1.7 as defense of the argument that the soul is without quantitative extension, which has an affinity with Descartes's cogito argument (or what phenomenology designates as a form of an "epoche").

Question: What is Avicenna's Book of Healing referred to in Arabic?
Answer: Kitab al-shifa

Question: What subject is seen throughout Avicenna's Book of Healing?
Answer: classical psychology

Question: In an argument by Avicenna, the soul is without what?
Answer: quantitative extension

Question: Whose argument is similar to Avicenna's that the soul is without quantitative extension?
Answer: Descartes

Question: What is the Latin for Avicenna's psychology parts in his Book of Healing?
Answer: De Anima

Question: What text embodies Avicenna's legacy in philosophy?

Question: What kind of extension does Avicenna say the soul has?

Question: Who's agrument disagrees with Avicenna's argument on the soul?

Question: What is Avicenna's Book of Healing referred to in Muslim?

Question: What subject is never seen throughout Avicenna's Book of Healing?

Question: In an argument by Avicenna, the soul is with what?

Question: Whose argument is similar to Avicenna's that the soul is with quantitative extension?

Question: What is the Latin for Avicenna's philosophy parts in his Book of Healing?
Avicenna

Avicenna's psychology requires that connection between the body and soul be strong enough to ensure the soul's individuation, but weak enough to allow for its immortality. Avicenna grounds his psychology on physiology, which means his account of the soul is one that deals almost entirely with the natural science of the body and its abilities of perception. Thus, the philosopher's connection between the soul and body is explained almost entirely by his understanding of perception; in this way, bodily perception interrelates with the immaterial human intellect. In sense perception, the perceiver senses the form of the object; first, by perceiving features of the object by our external senses. This sensory information is supplied to the internal senses, which merge all the pieces into a whole, unified conscious experience. This process of perception and abstraction is the nexus of the soul and body, for the material body may only perceive material objects, while the immaterial soul may only receive the immaterial, universal forms. The way the soul and body interact in the final abstraction of the universal from the concrete particular is the key to their relationship and interaction, which takes place in the physical body.

Question: What does Avicenna ground his psychology on?
Answer: physiology

Question: According to Avicenna, the body and soul must be what in order to ensure the soul's individuation?
Answer: strong enough

Question: How does Avicenna  explain the connection between body and soul?
Answer: his understanding of perception

Question: How does man first perceive features of an object?
Answer: external senses

Question: The body and soul's interaction takes place where?
Answer: the physical body

Question: What does Avicenna not ground his psychology on?

Question: According to Avicenna, the body and soul must not be what in order to ensure the soul's individuation?

Question: How does Avicenna explain the disconnection between body and soul?

Question: How does man first perceive features of an subject?

Question: The body and soul's interaction takes place when?
Avicenna

Avicenna's astronomical writings had some influence on later writers, although in general his work could be considered less developed than Alhazen or Al-Biruni. One important feature of his writing is that he considers mathematical astronomy as a separate discipline to astrology. He criticized Aristotle's view of the stars receiving their light from the Sun, stating that the stars are self-luminous, and believed that the planets are also self-luminous. He claimed to have observed Venus as a spot on the Sun. This is possible, as there was a transit on May 24, 1032, but Avicenna did not give the date of his observation, and modern scholars have questioned whether he could have observed the transit from his location at that time; he may have mistaken a sunspot for Venus. He used his transit observation to help establish that Venus was, at least sometimes, below the Sun in Ptolemaic cosmology, i.e. the sphere of Venus comes before the sphere of the Sun when moving out from the Earth in the prevailing geocentric model.

Question: What Muslim astronomer did Avicenna influence?
Answer: Al-Biruni

Question: What subject did Avicenna consider to be a separate discipline from astrology?
Answer: mathematical astronomy

Question: What philosopher thought the stars received their light from the sun?
Answer: Aristotle

Question: What planet did Aristotle think was a spot on the sun?
Answer: Venus

Question: Where did Avicenna think Venus was in relation to the sun?
Answer: below the Sun

Question: What Muslim astrologer did Avicenna influence?

Question: What subject did Avicenna consider to be a separate discipline from astronomy?

Question: What philosopher thought the stars received their light from the moon?

Question: What planet did Aristotle think was a spot on the moon?

Question: Where did Avicenna think Venus was in relation to the moon?
Avicenna

Liber Aboali Abincine de Anima in arte Alchemiae was the most influential, having influenced later medieval chemists and alchemists such as Vincent of Beauvais. However Anawati argues (following Ruska) that the de Anima is a fake by a Spanish author. Similarly the Declaratio is believed not to be actually by Avicenna. The third work (The Book of Minerals) is agreed to be Avicenna's writing, adapted from the Kitab al-Shifa (Book of the Remedy). Ibn Sina classified minerals into stones, fusible substances, sulfurs, and salts, building on the ideas of Aristotle and Jabir. The epistola de Re recta is somewhat less sceptical of alchemy; Anawati argues that it is by Avicenna, but written earlier in his career when he had not yet firmly decided that transmutation was impossible.

Question: What work by Avicenna is thought to be a fake?
Answer: Liber Aboali Abincine de Anima in arte Alchemiae

Question: What is another work of Avicenna that is said to not be his creation?
Answer: the Declaratio

Question: What is definitely seen as being written by Avicenna?
Answer: The Book of Minerals

Question: What is the kitab al-Shifa?
Answer: Book of the Remedy

Question: What did Ibn Sina classify into stones?
Answer: minerals

Question: What work by Avicenna is thought to be a real?

Question: What is another work of Avicenna that is said to be his creation?

Question: What is definitely seen as being read by Avicenna?

Question: What isn't the kitab al-Shifa?

Question: What didn't Ibn Sina classify into stones?
Avicenna

George Sarton, the author of The History of Science, described Ibn Sīnā as "one of the greatest thinkers and medical scholars in history" and called him "the most famous scientist of Islam and one of the most famous of all races, places, and times." He was one of the Islamic world's leading writers in the field of medicine. Along with Rhazes, Abulcasis, Ibn al-Nafis, and al-Ibadi, Ibn Sīnā is considered an important compiler of early Muslim medicine. He is remembered in the Western history of medicine as a major historical figure who made important contributions to medicine and the European Renaissance. His medical texts were unusual in that where controversy existed between Galen and Aristotle's views on medical matters (such as anatomy), he preferred to side with Aristotle, where necessary updating Aristotle's position to take into account post-Aristotelian advances in anatomical knowledge. Aristotle's dominant intellectual influence among medieval European scholars meant that Avicenna's linking of Galen's medical writings with Aristotle's philosophical writings in the Canon of Medicine (along with its comprehensive and logical organisation of knowledge) significantly increased Avicenna's importance in medieval Europe in comparison to other Islamic writers on medicine. His influence following translation of the Canon was such that from the early fourteenth to the mid-sixteenth centuries he was ranked with Hippocrates and Galen as one of the acknowledged authorities, princeps medicorum ("prince of physicians").

Question: Who said that Ibn Sina was one of the greatest thinkers?
Answer: George Sarton

Question: What did George Sarton write?
Answer: The History of Science

Question: Ibn Sina was described as the most famous scientist in what religion?
Answer: Islam

Question: Who is another leading Islamic figure in medicine?
Answer: Abulcasis

Question: During what centuries was Ibn Sina ranked among such medical greats as Hippocrates?
Answer: early fourteenth to the mid-sixteenth centuries

Question: Who said that Ibn Sina was one of the weakest thinkers?

Question: What did George Sarton read?

Question: Ibn Sina was described as the least famous scientist in what religion?

Question: Who is another unimportant Islamic figure in medicine?

Question: During what centuries was Ibn Sina not ranked among such medical greats as Hippocrates?
Avicenna

In modern Iran, he is considered a national icon, and is often regarded as one of the greatest Persians to have ever lived. A monument was erected outside the Bukhara museum[year needed]. The Avicenna Mausoleum and Museum in Hamadan was built in 1952. Bu-Ali Sina University in Hamadan (Iran), Avicenna Research Institute in Tehran (Iran), the ibn Sīnā Tajik State Medical University in Dushanbe, Ibn Sina Academy of Medieval Medicine and Sciences at Aligarh, India, Avicenna School in Karachi and Avicenna Medical College in Lahore, Pakistan Ibne Sina Balkh Medical School in his native province of Balkh in Afghanistan, Ibni Sina Faculty Of Medicine of Ankara University Ankara, Turkey and Ibn Sina Integrated School in Marawi City (Philippines) are all named in his honour. His portrait hangs in the Hall of the Avicenna Faculty of Medicine in the University of Paris. There is also a crater on the Moon named Avicenna and a plant genus Avicennia.

Question: In what modern country is Avicenna considered an icon?
Answer: Iran

Question: Where is a monument located that honors Avicenna?
Answer: the Bukhara museum

Question: Where is the Avicenna Mausoleum and Museum located?
Answer: Hamadan

Question: In what European school does Avicenna's portrait hang in their hall of medicine?
Answer: the University of Paris

Question: What plant genus is named after Avicenna?
Answer: Avicennia

Question: In what ancient country is Avicenna considered an icon?

Question: Where is a monument located that dishonors Avicenna?

Question: Where is the Avicenna Mausoleum and Museum not located?

Question: In what European hospital does Avicenna's portrait hang in their hall of medicine?

Question: What plant genus is not named after Avicenna?
Avicenna

In 1980, the Soviet Union, which then ruled his birthplace Bukhara, celebrated the thousandth anniversary of Avicenna's birth by circulating various commemorative stamps with artistic illustrations, and by erecting a bust of Avicenna based on anthropological research by Soviet scholars.[citation needed] Near his birthplace in Qishlak Afshona, some 25 km (16 mi) north of Bukhara, a training college for medical staff has been named for him.[year needed] On the grounds is a museum dedicated to his life, times and work.[citation needed]

Question: What superpower in 1980 created a stamp in honor of Avicenna?
Answer: the Soviet Union

Question: What was Avicenna's birthplace?
Answer: Bukhara

Question: A medical staff training college named in his honor is how many miles away from his birthplace?
Answer: 16

Question: In 1980, how many years had it been since Avicenna's birth?
Answer: thousand

Question: Besides stamps, what did the Soviet Union also create in Avicenna's honor?
Answer: a bust

Question: What superpower in 1908 created a stamp in honor of Avicenna?

Question: What was Avicenna's death place?

Question: A medical staff training college named in his honor is how many kilometers away from his birthplace?

Question: In 1980, how many years had it been since Avicenna's death?

Question: Besides stamps, what did the Soviet Union also destroy in Avicenna's honor?
Avicenna

In March 2008, it was announced that Avicenna's name would be used for new Directories of education institutions for health care professionals, worldwide. The Avicenna Directories will list universities and schools where doctors, public health practitioners, pharmacists and others, are educated. The project team stated "Why Avicenna? Avicenna ... was ... noted for his synthesis of knowledge from both east and west. He has had a lasting influence on the development of medicine and health sciences. The use of Avicenna's name symbolises the worldwide partnership that is needed for the promotion of health services of high quality."

Question: When was it announced that Avicenna would have medical directories named after him?
Answer: March 2008

Question: What does the Avicenna Directories contain?
Answer: where doctors, public health practitioners, pharmacists and others, are educated

Question: What was Avicenna known for?
Answer: his synthesis of knowledge from both east and west

Question: What is Avicenna's name needed for?
Answer: worldwide partnership

Question: When was it not announced that Avicenna would have medical directories named after him?

Question: When was it announced that Avicenna would have medical directories named after his father?

Question: What does the Avicenna Directories exclude?

Question: What was Avicenna not known for?

Question: What is Avicenna's name not needed for?
Avicenna

The soviet film "Youth of Genius" (1982), filmed and studios Uzbekfilm and Tajikfilm, dedicated to children and youth years Avicenna. The film's director Elyor Ishmuhamedov. Romantic and stormy, performed works, danger and irresistible thirst of knowledge was the youth of Al-Husayn ibn Abdallah ibn al-Hasan ibn Ali ibn Sina, which will be known around the world under the name of Avicenna – a great physician, scientist and educator X-XI centuries. The film is set in the ancient city of Bukhara at the turn of the millennium. In Louis L'Amour's 1985 historical novel The Walking Drum, Kerbouchard studies and discusses Avicenna's The Canon of Medicine. In his book The Physician (1988) Noah Gordon tells the story of a young English medical apprentice who disguises himself as a Jew to travel from England to Persia and learn from Avicenna, the great master of his time. The novel was adapted into a feature film, The Physician, in 2013. Avicenna was played by Ben Kingsley.

Question: What movie was made about Avicenna's younger years?
Answer: Youth of Genius

Question: What movie was made about Avicenna's older years?

Question: What movie was made in 1928?

Question: Who wrote the 1895 novel The Walking Drum?

Question: who wasn't played by Ben Kingsley
Avicenna

Ibn Sīnā wrote at least one treatise on alchemy, but several others have been falsely attributed to him. His Logic, Metaphysics, Physics, and De Caelo, are treatises giving a synoptic view of Aristotelian doctrine, though Metaphysics demonstrates a significant departure from the brand of Neoplatonism known as Aristotelianism in Ibn Sīnā's world; Arabic philosophers[who?][year needed] have hinted at the idea that Ibn Sīnā was attempting to "re-Aristotelianise" Muslim philosophy in its entirety, unlike his predecessors, who accepted the conflation of Platonic, Aristotelian, Neo- and Middle-Platonic works transmitted into the Muslim world.

Question: What is a rare discipline that Avicenna worked on?
Answer: alchemy

Question: On what subject is one of Avicenna's treatise based on?
Answer: Physics

Question: What doctrine is some of Avicenna's works based around?
Answer: Aristotelian doctrine

Question: According to some, what was Ibn Sina trying to do regarding his works?
Answer: "re-Aristotelianise" Muslim philosophy

Question: What is an unrare discipline that Avicenna worked on?

Question: On what object is one of Avicenna's treatise based on?

Question: What doctrine is some of Avicenna's works not based around?

Question: According to all, what was Ibn Sina trying to do regarding his works?

Question: According to some, what was Ibn Sina trying not to do regarding his works?
Avicenna

The Logic and Metaphysics have been extensively reprinted, the latter, e.g., at Venice in 1493, 1495, and 1546. Some of his shorter essays on medicine, logic, etc., take a poetical form (the poem on logic was published by Schmoelders in 1836).[citation needed] Two encyclopaedic treatises, dealing with philosophy, are often mentioned. The larger, Al-Shifa' (Sanatio), exists nearly complete in manuscript in the Bodleian Library and elsewhere; part of it on the De Anima appeared at Pavia (1490) as the Liber Sextus Naturalium, and the long account of Ibn Sina's philosophy given by Muhammad al-Shahrastani seems to be mainly an analysis, and in many places a reproduction, of the Al-Shifa'. A shorter form of the work is known as the An-najat (Liberatio). The Latin editions of part of these works have been modified by the corrections which the monastic editors confess that they applied. There is also a حكمت مشرقيه (hikmat-al-mashriqqiyya, in Latin Philosophia Orientalis), mentioned by Roger Bacon, the majority of which is lost in antiquity, which according to Averroes was pantheistic in tone.

Question: Who published Avicenna's poem on logic?
Answer: Schmoelders

Question: What is the name of Avicenna's larger encyclopedic treatise? 
Answer: Al-Shifa'

Question: Where is Avicenna's Al-Shifa manuscript located?
Answer: the Bodleian Library

Question: What is the shorter form of Al-Shifa called?
Answer: the An-najat

Question: What two subjects of Avicenna's have been reprinted extensively?
Answer: Logic and Metaphysics

Question: Who published Avicenna's song on logic?

Question: What is not the name of Avicenna's larger encyclopedic treatise?

Question: Where is Avicenna's Al-Shifa manuscript not located?

Question: What is the longer form of Al-Shifa called?

Question: What two subjects of Avicenna's have been reprinted a little bit?
Chinese_characters

Chinese characters are logograms used in the writing of Chinese and some other Asian languages. In Standard Chinese they are called Hanzi (simplified Chinese: 汉字; traditional Chinese: 漢字). They have been adapted to write a number of other languages including: Japanese, where they are known as kanji, Korean, where they are known as hanja, and Vietnamese in a system known as chữ Nôm. Collectively, they are known as CJKV characters. In English, they are sometimes called Han characters. Chinese characters constitute the oldest continuously used system of writing in the world. By virtue of their widespread current use in East Asia, and historic use throughout the Sinosphere, Chinese characters are among the most widely adopted writing systems in the world.

Question: What are logograms used in the writing of Chinese?
Answer: Chinese characters

Question: What are Chinese characters called in standard Chinese?
Answer: Hanzi

Question: What have been adapted to write in a number of other languages?
Answer: Chinese characters
Chinese_characters

Chinese characters number in the tens of thousands, though most of them are minor graphic variants encountered only in historical texts. Studies in China have shown that functional literacy in written Chinese requires a knowledge of between three and four thousand characters. In Japan, 2,136 are taught through secondary school (the Jōyō kanji); hundreds more are in everyday use. There are various national standard lists of characters, forms, and pronunciations. Simplified forms of certain characters are used in China, Singapore, and Malaysia; the corresponding traditional characters are used in Taiwan, Hong Kong, Macau, and to a limited extent in South Korea. In Japan, common characters are written in post-WWII Japan-specific simplified forms (shinjitai), which are closer to traditional forms than Chinese simplifications, while uncommon characters are written in Japanese traditional forms (kyūjitai), which are virtually identical to Chinese traditional forms. In South Korea, when Chinese characters are used they are of the traditional variant and are almost identical to those used in places like Taiwan and Hong Kong. Teaching of Chinese characters in South Korea starts in the 7th grade and continues until the 12th grade where 1,800 total characters are taught albeit these characters are only used in certain cases (on signs, academic papers, historical writings, etc.) and are slowly declining in use.

Question: What number in the tens of thousands?
Answer: Chinese characters

Question: What requires a knowledge of three to four thousand characters?
Answer: literacy in written Chinese

Question: Which are identical to Chinese forms?
Answer: kyūjitai
Chinese_characters

Most modern Chinese dictionaries and Chinese dictionaries sold to English speakers use the traditional radical-based character index in a section at the front, while the main body of the dictionary arranges the main character entries alphabetically according to their pinyin spelling. To find a character with unknown sound using one of these dictionaries, the reader finds the radical and stroke number of the character, as before, and locates the character in the radical index. The character's entry will have the character's pronunciation in pinyin written down; the reader then turns to the main dictionary section and looks up the pinyin spelling alphabetically.

Question: What use the traditional radical-based character index?
Answer: modern Chinese dictionaries

Question: What will have the character's pronunciation in pinyin?
Answer: character's entry

Question: What is at the front of most modern Chinese dictionaries?
Answer: traditional radical-based character index
Chinese_characters

In Old Chinese, (e.g. Classical Chinese) most words were monosyllabic and there was a close correspondence between characters and words. In modern Chinese (esp. Mandarin Chinese), characters do not necessarily correspond to words; indeed the majority of Chinese words today consist of two or more characters due to the merging and loss of sounds in the Chinese language over time. Rather, a character almost always corresponds to a single syllable that is also a morpheme. However, there are a few exceptions to this general correspondence, including bisyllabic morphemes (written with two characters), bimorphemic syllables (written with two characters) and cases where a single character represents a polysyllabic word or phrase.

Question: What are most words in Old Chinese?
Answer: monosyllabic

Question: What almost always corresponds to a single syllable?
Answer: character

Question: What is written with two characters?
Answer: bisyllabic morphemes
Chinese_characters

Modern Chinese has many homophones; thus the same spoken syllable may be represented by many characters, depending on meaning. A single character may also have a range of meanings, or sometimes quite distinct meanings; occasionally these correspond to different pronunciations. Cognates in the several varieties of Chinese are generally written with the same character. They typically have similar meanings, but often quite different pronunciations. In other languages, most significantly today in Japanese and sometimes in Korean, characters are used to represent Chinese loanwords, to represent native words independent of the Chinese pronunciation, and as purely phonetic elements based on their pronunciation in the historical variety of Chinese from which they were acquired. These foreign adaptations of Chinese pronunciation are known as Sino-Xenic pronunciations, and have been useful in the reconstruction of Middle Chinese.

Question: What has many homophones?
Answer: Modern Chinese

Question: What may have a wide range of meanings?
Answer: single character

Question: What have been beneficial in the reconstruction of Middle Chinese?
Answer: Sino-Xenic pronunciations
Chinese_characters

Chinese characters represent words of the language using several strategies. A few characters, including some of the most commonly used, were originally pictograms, which depicted the objects denoted, or simple ideograms, in which meaning was expressed iconically. Some other words were expressed by compound ideograms, but the vast majority were written using the rebus principle, in which a character for a similarly sounding word was either simply borrowed or (more commonly) extended with a disambiguating semantic marker to form a phono-semantic compound character.

Question: What represent words of the language using several strategies?
Answer: Chinese characters

Question: What are some words expressed in?
Answer: compound ideograms

Question: What were most words written in?
Answer: rebus principle
Chinese_characters

Semantic-phonetic compounds or pictophonetic compounds are by far the most numerous characters. These characters are composed of two parts: one of a limited set of characters (the semantic indicator, often graphically simplified) which suggests the general meaning of the compound character, and another character (the phonetic indicator) whose pronunciation suggests the pronunciation of the compound character. In most cases the semantic indicator is also the radical under which the character is listed in dictionaries.

Question: What are the most numerous characters?
Answer: Semantic-phonetic compounds

Question: What is the radical under which the character is listed in dictionaries?
Answer: semantic indicator

Question: What suggests the general meaning of a compound character? 
Answer: semantic indicator
Chinese_characters

Examples are 河 hé "river", 湖 hú "lake", 流 liú "stream", 沖 chōng "riptide" (or "flush"), 滑 huá "slippery". All these characters have on the left a radical of three short strokes (氵), which is a reduced form of the character 水 shuǐ meaning "water", indicating that the character has a semantic connection with water. The right-hand side in each case is a phonetic indicator. For example, in the case of 沖 chōng (Old Chinese *ɡ-ljuŋ), the phonetic indicator is 中 zhōng (Old Chinese *k-ljuŋ), which by itself means "middle". In this case it can be seen that the pronunciation of the character is slightly different from that of its phonetic indicator; the process of historical phonetic change means that the composition of such characters can sometimes seem arbitrary today.

Question: What side is a phonetic indicator located on?
Answer: right-hand side

Question: What is the process of historical phonetic change?
Answer: phonetic indicator

Question: What process can sometimes seem arbitrary today?
Answer: phonetic change
Chinese_characters

Occasionally a bisyllabic word is written with two characters that contain the same radical, as in 蝴蝶 húdié "butterfly", where both characters have the insect radical 虫. A notable example is pipa (a Chinese lute, also a fruit, the loquat, of similar shape) – originally written as 批把 with the hand radical, referring to the down and up strokes when playing this instrument, which was then changed to 枇杷 (tree radical), which is still used for the fruit, while the character was changed to 琵琶 when referring to the instrument. In other cases a compound word may coincidentally share a radical without this being meaningful.

Question: What is occasionally written with two characters that contain the same radical?
Answer: bisyllabic word

Question: What is also a fruit?
Answer: pipa

Question: What may share a radical without being meaningful?
Answer: compound word
Chinese_characters

In recent decades, a series of inscribed graphs and pictures have been found at Neolithic sites in China, including Jiahu (c. 6500 BC), Dadiwan and Damaidi from the 6th millennium BC, and Banpo (5th millennium BC). Often these finds are accompanied by media reports that push back the purported beginnings of Chinese writing by thousands of years. However, because these marks occur singly, without any implied context, and are made crudely and simply, Qiu Xigui concluded that "we do not have any basis for stating that these constituted writing nor is there reason to conclude that they were ancestral to Shang dynasty Chinese characters." They do however demonstrate a history of sign use in the Yellow River valley during the Neolithic through to the Shang period.

Question: What may have been found at Neolithic sites in China in recent decades? 
Answer: series of inscribed graphs and pictures

Question: What has demonstrated a history of sign use in the Yellow River valley?
Answer: Chinese characters

Question: What color was the famous valley during the Neolithic through to the Shang period?
Answer: Yellow
Chinese_characters

The earliest confirmed evidence of the Chinese script yet discovered is the body of inscriptions on oracle bones from the late Shang dynasty (c. 1200–1050 BC). These symbols, carved on pieces of bone and turtle shell being sold as "dragon bones" for medicinal purposes, were identified as Chinese writing by scholars in 1899. By 1928, the source of the oracle bones had been traced to a village near Anyang in Henan Province, which was excavated by the Academia Sinica between 1928 and 1937. Over 150,000 fragments have been found.

Question: What was the earliest confirmed evidence of the Chinese script?
Answer: oracle bones

Question: Where were the symbols carved on?
Answer: pieces of bone and turtle shell

Question: Where was the source of Oracle bones traced to?
Answer: village near Anyang in Henan Province
Chinese_characters

The traditional picture of an orderly series of scripts, each one invented suddenly and then completely displacing the previous one, has been conclusively demonstrated to be fiction by the archaeological finds and scholarly research of the later 20th and early 21st centuries. Gradual evolution and the coexistence of two or more scripts was more often the case. As early as the Shang dynasty, oracle-bone script coexisted as a simplified form alongside the normal script of bamboo books (preserved in typical bronze inscriptions), as well as the extra-elaborate pictorial forms (often clan emblems) found on many bronzes.

Question: What existed as early as the Shang dynasty?
Answer: oracle-bone script

Question: What did the oracle-bone script coexist alongside?
Answer: bamboo books

Question: What were preserved in typical bronze inscriptions?
Answer: bamboo books
Chinese_characters

Based on studies of these bronze inscriptions, it is clear that, from the Shang dynasty writing to that of the Western Zhou and early Eastern Zhou, the mainstream script evolved in a slow, unbroken fashion, until assuming the form that is now known as seal script in the late Eastern Zhou in the state of Qin, without any clear line of division. Meanwhile, other scripts had evolved, especially in the eastern and southern areas during the late Zhou dynasty, including regional forms, such as the gǔwén ("ancient forms") of the eastern Warring States preserved as variant forms in the Han dynasty character dictionary Shuowen Jiezi, as well as decorative forms such as bird and insect scripts.

Question: What has evolved over time?
Answer: scripts

Question: What type of forms are bird and insect scripts considered?
Answer: decorative

Question: What is guwen considered as?
Answer: ancient forms
Chinese_characters

Contrary to the popular belief of there being only one script per period, there were in fact multiple scripts in use during the Han period. Although mature clerical script, also called 八分 (bāfēn) script, was dominant at that time, an early type of cursive script was also in use by the Han by at least as early as 24 BC (during the very late Western Han period),[b] incorporating cursive forms popular at the time, well as many elements from the vulgar writing of the Warring State of Qin. By around the time of the Eastern Jin dynasty, this Han cursive became known as 章草 zhāngcǎo (also known as 隶草 / 隸草 lìcǎo today), or in English sometimes clerical cursive, ancient cursive, or draft cursive. Some believe that the name, based on 章 zhāng meaning "orderly", arose because the script was a more orderly form of cursive than the modern form, which emerged during the Eastern Jin dynasty and is still in use today, called 今草 jīncǎo or "modern cursive".

Question: Were multiple scripts used during the Han period?
Answer: there were in fact multiple scripts in use

Question: What was one of the more dominant scripts during the time?
Answer: bāfēn

Question: What name stood for "orderly"?
Answer: zhāng
Chinese_characters

Regular script has been attributed to Zhong Yao, of the Eastern Han to Cao Wei period (c. 151–230 AD), who has been called the "father of regular script". However, some scholars postulate that one person alone could not have developed a new script which was universally adopted, but could only have been a contributor to its gradual formation. The earliest surviving pieces written in regular script are copies of Yao's works, including at least one copied by Wang Xizhi. This new script, which is the dominant modern Chinese script, developed out of a neatly written form of early semi-cursive, with addition of the pause (頓/顿 dùn) technique to end horizontal strokes, plus heavy tails on strokes which are written to the downward-right diagonal. Thus, early regular script emerged from a neat, formal form of semi-cursive, which had itself emerged from neo-clerical (a simplified, convenient form of clerical script). It then matured further in the Eastern Jin dynasty in the hands of the "Sage of Calligraphy", Wang Xizhi, and his son Wang Xianzhi. It was not, however, in widespread use at that time, and most writers continued using neo-clerical, or a somewhat semi-cursive form of it, for daily writing, while the conservative bafen clerical script remained in use on some stelae, alongside some semi-cursive, but primarily neo-clerical.

Question: What had been linked to Zhong Yao?
Answer: Regular script

Question: What was Zhong Yao known for?
Answer: father of regular script

Question: Who was the son of Wang Zishi?
Answer: Wang Xianzhi
Chinese_characters

It was not until the Northern and Southern dynasties that regular script rose to dominant status. During that period, regular script continued evolving stylistically, reaching full maturity in the early Tang dynasty. Some call the writing of the early Tang calligrapher Ouyang Xun (557–641) the first mature regular script. After this point, although developments in the art of calligraphy and in character simplification still lay ahead, there were no more major stages of evolution for the mainstream script.

Question: What were the North and South considered as?
Answer: dynasties

Question: What continued to evolve stylistically?
Answer: regular script

Question: What script saw no more stages of evolution?
Answer: mainstream
Chinese_characters

For instance, to look up the character where the sound is not known, e.g., 松 (pine tree), the user first determines which part of the character is the radical (here 木), then counts the number of strokes in the radical (four), and turns to the radical index (usually located on the inside front or back cover of the dictionary). Under the number "4" for radical stroke count, the user locates 木, then turns to the page number listed, which is the start of the listing of all the characters containing this radical. This page will have a sub-index giving remainder stroke numbers (for the non-radical portions of characters) and page numbers. The right half of the character also contains four strokes, so the user locates the number 4, and turns to the page number given. From there, the user must scan the entries to locate the character he or she is seeking. Some dictionaries have a sub-index which lists every character containing each radical, and if the user knows the number of strokes in the non-radical portion of the character, he or she can locate the correct page directly.

Question: What contains four strokes?
Answer: right half of the character

Question: What do some dictionaries have?
Answer: sub-index

Question: What gives remaining stroke numbers?
Answer: sub-index
Chinese_characters

Chinese character dictionaries often allow users to locate entries in several ways. Many Chinese, Japanese, and Korean dictionaries of Chinese characters list characters in radical order: characters are grouped together by radical, and radicals containing fewer strokes come before radicals containing more strokes (radical-and-stroke sorting). Under each radical, characters are listed by their total number of strokes. It is often also possible to search for characters by sound, using pinyin (in Chinese dictionaries), zhuyin (in Taiwanese dictionaries), kana (in Japanese dictionaries) or hangul (in Korean dictionaries). Most dictionaries also allow searches by total number of strokes, and individual dictionaries often allow other search methods as well.

Question: What often allow users to locate entries in several ways?
Answer: Chinese character dictionaries

Question: What lists Chinese characters in radical order?
Answer: Korean dictionaries

Question: What is grouped together by radicals?
Answer: characters
Chinese_characters

While new characters can be easily coined by writing on paper, they are difficult to represent on a computer – they must generally be represented as a picture, rather than as text – which presents a significant barrier to their use or widespread adoption. Compare this with the use of symbols as names in 20th century musical albums such as Led Zeppelin IV (1971) and Love Symbol Album (1993); an album cover may potentially contain any graphics, but in writing and other computation these symbols are difficult to use.

Question: What can be easily coined by writing on paper?
Answer: characters

Question: What can be difficult to represent on a computer?
Answer: characters

Question: What has their been a prominent supply of in the 20th century?
Answer: symbols
Chinese_characters

New characters can in principle be coined at any time, just as new words can be, but they may not be adopted. Significant historically recent coinages date to scientific terms of the 19th century. Specifically, Chinese coined new characters for chemical elements – see chemical elements in East Asian languages – which continue to be used and taught in schools in China and Taiwan. In Japan, in the Meiji era (specifically, late 19th century), new characters were coined for some (but not all) SI units, such as 粁 (米 "meter" + 千 "thousand, kilo-") for kilometer. These kokuji (Japanese-coinages) have found use in China as well – see Chinese characters for SI units for details.

Question: What can be coined at any time?
Answer: New characters

Question: What may not be adopted?
Answer: new words

Question: What are also known as Japanese-coinages?
Answer: kokuji
Chinese_characters

In addition, there are a number of dialect characters (方言字) that are not used in formal written Chinese but represent colloquial terms in non-Mandarin varieties of Chinese. One such variety is Written Cantonese, in widespread use in Hong Kong even for certain formal documents, due to the former British colonial administration's recognition of Cantonese for use for official purposes. In Taiwan, there is also an informal body of characters used to represent Hokkien Chinese. Many varieties have specific characters for words exclusive to them. For example, the vernacular character 㓾, pronounced cii11 in Hakka, means "to kill". Furthermore, Shanghainese and Sichuanese also have their own series of written text, but these are not widely used in actual texts, Mandarin being the preference for all mainland regions.

Question: What are not used in formal written Chinese?
Answer: dialect characters

Question: What contains a block of characters used to showcase Hokkien Chinese?
Answer: Taiwan

Question: What was the preference for all mainland regions?
Answer: Mandarin
Chinese_characters

In the Republic of China (Taiwan), which uses traditional Chinese characters, the Ministry of Education's Chángyòng Guózì Biāozhǔn Zìtǐ Biǎo (常用國字標準字體表, Chart of Standard Forms of Common National Characters) lists 4,808 characters; the Cì Chángyòng Guózì Biāozhǔn Zìtǐ Biǎo (次常用國字標準字體表, Chart of Standard Forms of Less-Than-Common National Characters) lists another 6,341 characters. The Chinese Standard Interchange Code (CNS11643)—the official national encoding standard—supports 48,027 characters, while the most widely used encoding scheme, BIG-5, supports only 13,053.

Question: What supports 48,027 characters?
Answer: the official national encoding standard

Question: What supports 13,053 characters?
Answer: BIG-5

Question: What area uses traditional Chinese characters?
Answer: Taiwan
Chinese_characters

In China, which uses simplified Chinese characters, the Xiàndài Hànyǔ Chángyòng Zìbiǎo (现代汉语常用字表, Chart of Common Characters of Modern Chinese) lists 2,500 common characters and 1,000 less-than-common characters, while the Xiàndài Hànyǔ Tōngyòng Zìbiǎo (现代汉语通用字表, Chart of Generally Utilized Characters of Modern Chinese) lists 7,000 characters, including the 3,500 characters already listed above. GB2312, an early version of the national encoding standard used in the People's Republic of China, has 6,763 code points. GB18030, the modern, mandatory standard, has a much higher number. The New Hànyǔ Shuǐpíng Kǎoshì (汉语水平考试, Chinese Proficiency Test) covers approximately 2,600 characters at its highest level (level six).

Question: What country uses simplified Chinese characters?
Answer: China

Question: What lists 2,500 common characters?
Answer: Chart of Common Characters of Modern Chinese

Question: What is an early version of the national encoding standard used in the people's public of China?
Answer: GB2312
Chinese_characters

Modified radicals and new variants are two common reasons for the ever-increasing number of characters. There are about 300 radicals and 100 are in common use. Creating a new character by modifying the radical is an easy way to disambiguate homographs among xíngshēngzì pictophonetic compounds. This practice began long before the standardization of Chinese script by Qin Shi Huang and continues to the present day. The traditional 3rd-person pronoun tā (他 "he, she, it"), which is written with the "person radical", illustrates modifying significs to form new characters. In modern usage, there is a graphic distinction between tā (她 "she") with the "woman radical", tā (牠 "it") with the "animal radical", tā (它 "it") with the "roof radical", and tā (祂 "He") with the "deity radical", One consequence of modifying radicals is the fossilization of rare and obscure variant logographs, some of which are not even used in Classical Chinese. For instance, he 和 "harmony, peace", which combines the "grain radical" with the "mouth radical", has infrequent variants 咊 with the radicals reversed and 龢 with the "flute radical".

Question: What is written in modern usage?
Answer: new characters

Question: What is one consequence of modifying radicals?
Answer: fossilization

Question: What combines "grain radical" with the "mouth radical"?
Answer: "harmony, peace"
Chinese_characters

Even the Zhonghua Zihai does not include characters in the Chinese family of scripts created to represent non-Chinese languages. Characters formed by Chinese principles in other languages include the roughly 1,500 Japanese-made kokuji given in the Kokuji no Jiten, the Korean-made gukja, the over 10,000 Sawndip characters still in use in Guangxi, and the almost 20,000 Nôm characters formerly used in Vietnam.[citation needed] More divergent descendents of Chinese script include Tangut script, which created over 5,000 characters with similar strokes but different formation principles to Chinese characters.

Question: What does not include characters in the Chinese family?
Answer: Zhonghua Zihai

Question: What is formed by Chinese principles? 
Answer: Characters

Question: What created over 5,000 characters with similar strokes?
Answer: Tangut script