Divyanshu67/squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
Near_East

The Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs, a division of the United States Department of State, is perhaps the most influential agency to still use the term Near East. Under the Secretary of State, it implements the official diplomacy of the United States, called also statecraft by Secretary Clinton. The name of the bureau is traditional and historic. There is, however, no distinct Middle East. All official Middle Eastern affairs are referred to this bureau.

Question: The Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs is a division of what?
Answer: the United States Department of State

Question: What is perhaps the most influential agency to still use the term Near East?
Answer: The Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs

Question: Secretary Clinton also calls the implementation of official diplomacy of the United States what?
Answer: statecraft
Near_East

Working closely in conjunction with the definition of the Near East provided by the State Department is the Near East South Asia Center for Strategic Studies (NESA), an educational institution of the United States Department of Defense. It teaches courses and holds seminars and workshops for government officials and military officers who will work or are working within its region. As the name indicates, that region is a combination of State Department regions; however, NESA is careful to identify the State Department region. As its Near East is not different from the State Department's it does not appear in the table. Its name, however, is not entirely accurate. For example, its region includes Mauritania, a member of the State Department's Africa (Sub-Sahara).

Question: Who works closely with the definition of the Near East?
Answer: the Near East South Asia Center for Strategic Studies (NESA)

Question: What is NESA?
Answer: an educational institution of the United States Department of Defense

Question: What does NESA Teach?
Answer: It teaches courses and holds seminars and workshops
Near_East

The Library of Congress (LoC) is an institution established by Congress to provide a research library for the government of the United States and serve as a national library. It is under the supervision of the United States Congress Joint Committee on the Library and the Librarian of Congress. The Near East is a separate topic and subdivision of the African and Middle Eastern division. The Middle East contains a Hebraic section consisting of only Israel for a country, but including eleven modern and ancient languages relating to Judaism, such as Yiddish, a European pidgin language. The Near East is otherwise nearly identical to the Middle East, except that it extends partly into Central Asia and the Caucasus, regions that the State Department considers to be in Asia.

Question: What does LoC stand for?
Answer: The Library of Congress

Question: What is the Library of Congress?
Answer: an institution established by Congress to provide a research library for the government

Question: The Library of Congress is under whose supervision?
Answer: the United States Congress Joint Committee on the Library
Near_East

The United Nations formulates multiple regional divisions as is convenient for its various operations. But few of them include a Near East, and that poorly defined. UNICEF recognizes the "Middle East and North Africa" region, where the Middle East is bounded by the Red Sea on the west and includes Iran on the east. UNESCO recognizes neither a Near East nor a Middle East, dividing the countries instead among three regions: Arab States, Asia and the Pacific, and Africa. Its division "does not forcibly reflect geography" but "refers to the execution of regional activities." The United Nations Statistics Division defines Western Asia to contain the countries included elsewhere in the Middle East. The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) describes its entire theatre of operations as the Near East, but then assigns many of its members to other regions as well; for example, Cyprus, Malta and Turkey are in both the European and the Near Eastern regions. Its total area extends further into Central Asia than that of most agencies.

Question: Who formulates multiple regional divisions as is convenient for its various operations?
Answer: The United Nations

Question: Who recognizes the "Middle East and North Africa" region?
Answer: UNICEF

Question: The United Nations Statistics Division defines Western Asia to contain what?
Answer: the countries included elsewhere in the Middle East

Question: The Food and Agriculture Organization describes its entire theater of operations as what?
Answer: the Near East
Near_East

The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) is a quasi-independent agency of the United States Government. It appears to have multiple leadership. On the one hand its director is appointed by the president. It plays a significant role in providing the president with intelligence. On the other hand, Congress oversees its operations through a committee. The CIA was first formed under the National Security Act of 1947 from the army's Office of Strategic Services (OSS), which furnished both military intelligence and clandestine military operations to the army during the crisis of World War II. Many revisions and redefinitions have taken place since then. Although the name of the CIA reflects the original advised intent of Presidents Franklin D. Roosevelt and Harry S. Truman, the government's needs for strategic services have frustrated that intent from the beginning. The press received by the agency in countless articles, novels and other media have tended to create various popular myths; for example, that this agency replaced any intelligence effort other than that of the OSS, or that it contains the central intelligence capability of the United States. Strategic services are officially provided by some 17 agencies called the Intelligence Community. Army intelligence did not come to an end; in fact, all the branches of the Armed Forces retained their intelligence services. This community is currently under the leadership (in addition to all its other leadership) of the Office of the Director of National Intelligence.

Question: What is a quasi-independent agency of the United States Government?
Answer: The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)

Question: The CIA appears to have what?
Answer: multiple leadership

Question: Who appoints the director of the CIA?
Answer: the president

Question: Who oversees the operations of the CIA?
Answer: Congress
Near_East

Under these complex circumstances regional names are less useful. They are more historical than an accurate gauge of operations. The Directorate of Intelligence, one of four directorates into which the CIA is divided, includes the Office of Near Eastern and South Asian Analysis (NESA). Its duties are defined as "support on Middle Eastern and North African countries, as well as on the South Asian nations of India, Pakistan, and Afghanistan." The total range of countries is in fact the same as the State Department's Near East, but the names do not correspond. The Near East of the NESA is the same as the Middle East defined in the CIA-published on-line resource, The World Factbook. Its list of countries is limited by the Red Sea, comprises the entire eastern coast of the Mediterranean, including Israel, Turkey, the small nations of the Caucasus, Iran and the states of the Arabian Peninsula.

Question: The Near East of the NESA is the same as the Middle East define in what?
Answer: The World Factbook

Question: What does NESA stand for?
Answer: Near Eastern and South Asian Analysis

Question: Whose duties are defined as "support on Middle Eastern and North African countries?"
Answer: (NESA)
Near_East

The U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID), an independent agency under the Department of State established in place of the Marshall Plan for the purpose of determining and distributing foreign aid, does not use the term Near East. Its definition of Middle East corresponds to that of the State Department, which officially prefers the term Near East.

Question: What does USAID stand for?
Answer: U.S. Agency for International Development

Question: What is the independant agency under the Department of State for the purpose of determining and distributing foreign aid called?
Answer: USAID

Question: What term does USAID not use?
Answer: the term Near East
Near_East

The Ancient Near East is a term of the 20th century intended to stabilize the geographical application of Near East to ancient history.[citation needed] The Near East may acquire varying meanings, but the Ancient Near East always has the same meaning: the ancient nations, people and languages of the enhanced Fertile Crescent, a sweep of land from the Nile Valley through Anatolia and southward to the limits of Mesopotamia.

Question: What is a term of the 20th centrury intended to stabilize the geographical application of Near East to ancient history?
Answer: The Ancient Near East

Question: The ancient nations, people and languages of the enhanced Fertile Crescent will always refer to what?
Answer: the Ancient Near East

Question: What is the sweep of land from the Nile Valley through Anatolia called?
Answer: Fertile Crescent
Near_East

Resorting to this verbal device, however, did not protect the "Ancient Near East" from the inroads of "the Middle East." For example, a high point in the use of "Ancient Near East" was for Biblical scholars the Ancient Near Eastern Texts relating to the Old Testament by James Bennett Pritchard, a textbook of first edition dated 1950. The last great book written by Leonard Woolley, British archaeologist, excavator of ancient Ur and associate of T.E. Lawrence and Arthur Evans, was The Art of the Middle East, Including Persia, Mesopotamia and Palestine, published in 1961. Woolley had completed it in 1960 two weeks before his death. The geographical ranges in each case are identical.

Question: James Bennett Pritchard wrote what?
Answer: Texts relating to the Old Testament

Question: When did James Bennett Pritchard write his textbook?
Answer: 1950

Question: Who was a British archaeologist?
Answer: Leonard Woolley

Question: Who excavated ancient Ur?
Answer: Leonard Woolley
Near_East

Parallel with the growth of specialized agencies for conducting or supporting statescraft in the second half of the 20th century has been the collection of resources for scholarship and research typically in university settings. Most universities teaching the liberal arts have library and museum collections. These are not new; however, the erection of these into "centres" of national and international interest in the second half of the 20th century have created larger databases not available to the scholars of the past. Many of these focus on the Ancient Near East or Near East in the sense of Ancient Near East.

Question: What do most universities teaching liberal arts have? 
Answer: library and museum collections

Question: What has had parallel growth of in the 20th century?
Answer: the collection of resources

Question: What are these resources collected for?
Answer: for scholarship and research
Near_East

A large percentage of experts on the modern Middle East began their training in university departments named for the Near East. Similarly the journals associated with these fields of expertise include the words Near East or Near Eastern. The meaning of Near East in these numerous establishments and publications is Middle East. Expertise on the modern Middle East is almost never mixed or confused with studies of the Ancient Near East, although often "Ancient Near East" is abbreviated to "Near East" without any implication of modern times. For example, "Near Eastern Languages" in the ancient sense includes such languages as Sumerian and Akkadian. In the modern sense, it is likely to mean any or all of the Arabic languages.

Question: Where did a large percentage of experts on the modern Middle East began their training?
Answer: university departments named for the Near East

Question: What is the meaning of Near East in numerous establishments and publications?
Answer: Middle East

Question: What is almost never mixed or confused with studies of the Ancient Near East?
Answer: Expertise on the modern Middle East

Question: What includes such languages as Sumerian and Akkadian?
Answer: Near Eastern Languages
Zhejiang

 Zhejiang (help·info), formerly romanized as Chekiang, is an eastern coastal province of China. Zhejiang is bordered by Jiangsu province and Shanghai municipality to the north, Anhui province to the northwest, Jiangxi province to the west, and Fujian province to the south; to the east is the East China Sea, beyond which lie the Ryukyu Islands of Japan.

Question: What was Zhejiang formerly romanized as?
Answer: Chekiang

Question: Which province is Zhejiang bordered by to the northwest?
Answer: Anhui

Question: Which province is Zhejiang bordered by to the west?
Answer: Jiangxi

Question: Which province is Zhejiang bordered by to the south?
Answer: Fujian

Question: Which body of water is to the east of Zhejiang?
Answer: East China Sea

Question: What was Zhejiang never romanized as?

Question:  Which province is Zhejiang bordered by to the southwest?

Question:  Which province is Zhejiang bordered by to the southeast?

Question:  Which province is Zhejiang bordered by to the northeast?

Question:  Which body of water is to the west of Zhejiang?
Zhejiang

The province's name derives from the Zhe River (浙江, Zhè Jiāng), the former name of the Qiantang River which flows past Hangzhou and whose mouth forms Hangzhou Bay. It is usually glossed as meaning "Crooked" or "Bent River", from the meaning of Chinese 折, but is more likely a phono-semantic compound formed from adding 氵 (the "water" radical used for river names) to phonetic 折 (pinyin zhé but reconstructed Old Chinese *tet), preserving a proto-Wu name of the local Yue, similar to Yuhang, Kuaiji, and Jiang.

Question: What is the former name of the Qiantang River?
Answer: Zhe River

Question: What does the mouth of the Qiantang River form?
Answer: Hangzhou Bay

Question: What does Zhe mean in Chinese?
Answer: Crooked

Question: Which river does the province of Zhejiang derive its name from?
Answer: Zhe River

Question: What does the Qiantang River flow past?
Answer: Hangzhou

Question: What is the current name of the Qiantang River?

Question: What is the former name of the Zhe River?

Question:  What does Zhe mean in Japanese?

Question:  Which lake does the province of Zhejiang derive its name from?

Question:  What does the Qiantang Ocean flow past?
Zhejiang

Zhejiang was the site of the Neolithic cultures of the Hemudu and Liangzhu. A 2007 analysis of the DNA recovered from human remains in the archeological sites of prehistoric peoples along the Yangtze River shows high frequencies of haplogroup O1 in the Liangzhu culture, linking them to Austronesian and Tai-Kadai peoples.

Question: What kind of cultures were the Hemudu and Liangzhu?
Answer: Neolithic

Question: Where was the site of the Hemudu and LIangzhu cultures?
Answer: Zhejiang

Question: What year was there an analysis of the DNA recovered from human remains in Liangzhu culture?
Answer: 2007

Question: Which culture were the Austronesian and Tai-Kadai peoples linked to in the DNA analysis?
Answer: Liangzhu

Question: What haplogroup did a DNA analysis of the Liangzhu culture reveal?
Answer: O1

Question:  What kind of culture are the Hemudu and Liangzhu?

Question:  Where was the site of the Hemudu and LIangzhu cultures relocated to?

Question: What happened in 2006?

Question: Which culture were the Austronesian and Tai-Kadai peoples not linked to in the DNA analysis?

Question: What haplogroup did a DNA analysis of the Liangzhu culture not reveal?
Zhejiang

The area of modern Zhejiang was outside the major sphere of influence of the Shang civilization during the second millennium BC. Instead, this area was populated by peoples collectively known as the Hundred Yue, including the Dongyue and the Ouyue. The kingdom of Yue began to appear in the chronicles and records written during the Spring and Autumn Period. According to the chronicles, the kingdom of Yue was located in northern Zhejiang. Shiji claims that its leaders were descended from the Shang founder Yu the Great. Evidence suggests that Baiyue and the kingdom of Yue possessed their own culture and history that are different from those kingdoms in north and central China, whose cultures and histories were carefully recorded in chronicles and histories during the Spring and Autumn Period and into the Qin dynasty. The Song of the Yue Boatman (Chinese: 越人歌, p Yuèrén Gē, lit. "Song of the man of Yue") was transliterated into Chinese and recorded by authors in north China or inland China of Hebei and Henan around 528 BC. The song shows that the Yue people spoke a language that was mutually unintelligible with the dialects spoken in north and inland China. The Yue peoples seem to have had their own written script. The Sword of Goujian bears bird-worm seal script. Yuenü (Chinese: 越女; pinyin: Yuènǚ; Wade–Giles: Yüeh-nü; literally: "the Lady of Yue") was a swordswoman from the state of Yue. In order to check the growth of the kingdom of Wu, Chu pursued a policy of strengthening Yue. Under King Goujian, Yue recovered from its early reverses and fully annexed the lands of its rival in 473 BC. The Yue kings then moved their capital center from their original home around Mount Kuaiji in present-day Shaoxing to the former Wu capital at present-day Suzhou. With no southern power to turn against Yue, Chu opposed it directly and, in 333 BC, succeeded in destroying it. Yue's former lands were annexed by the Qin Empire in 222 BC and organized into a commandery named for Kuaiji in Zhejiang but initially headquartered in Wu in Jiangsu.

Question: Who populated the areas of Zhejiang in the 2nd millennium BC?
Answer: Hundred Yue

Question: When did the kingdom of Yue begin to appear?
Answer: Spring and Autumn Period

Question: Where was the kingdom of Yue located according to chronicles?
Answer: northern Zhejiang

Question: Who does Shiji claim that its leaders were descended from?
Answer: Yu the Great

Question: What does the Sword of Goujian bear?
Answer: bird-worm seal script

Question: Who populated the areas of Zhejiang in the 1st millennium BC?

Question:  When did the kingdom of Yue end?

Question:  Where was the kingdom of Yue located according to new chronicles?

Question:  Who does Shiji reject that its leaders were descended from?

Question:  What does the Sword of Goujian not have on it?
Zhejiang

Kuaiji Commandery was the initial power base for Xiang Liang and Xiang Yu's rebellion against the Qin Empire which initially succeeded in restoring the kingdom of Chu but eventually fell to the Han. Under the Later Han, control of the area returned to the settlement below Mount Kuaiji but authority over the Minyue hinterland was nominal at best and its Yue inhabitants largely retained their own political and social structures.

Question: What was the initial power base for Xiang Liang and Xiang Yu's rebellion?
Answer: Kuaiji Commandery

Question: Who did the kingdom of Chu eventually fall to?
Answer: the Han

Question: In Later Han, which Mount did control of the area return to the settlement below?
Answer: Kuaiji

Question: Who led a rebellion with Xiang Liang against the Qin Empire?
Answer: Xiang Yu

Question: Which empire did Xiang Liang and Xiang Yu rebel against?
Answer: the Qin Empire

Question: What wasn't the initial power base for Xiang Liang and Xiang Yu's rebellion?

Question:  Who did the kingdom of Chu never fall to?

Question: In early Han, which Mount did control of the area return to the settlement below?

Question:  Who led a rebellion with Xiang Liang with the Qin Empire?

Question:  Which empire did Xiang Liang and Xiang Yu team up with?
Zhejiang

At the beginning of the Three Kingdoms era (220–280 CE), Zhejiang was home to the warlords Yan Baihu and Wang Lang prior to their defeat by Sun Ce and Sun Quan, who eventually established the Kingdom of Wu. Despite the removal of their court from Kuaiji to Jianye (present-day Nanjing), they continued development of the region and benefitted from influxes of refugees fleeing the turmoil in northern China. Industrial kilns were established and trade reached as far as Manchuria and Funan (south Vietnam).

Question: When was the beginning of the Three Kingdoms era?
Answer: 220–280 CE

Question: What was home to the warlord Yan Baihu?
Answer: Zhejiang

Question: What kingdom did Sun Ce and Sun Quan eventually establish?
Answer: the Kingdom of Wu

Question: Where was their court in Kuaiji removed to?
Answer: Jianye

Question: Along with Manchuria, where did trade reach as far as?
Answer: Funan

Question:  When was the end of the Three Kingdoms era?

Question:  What wasn't home to the warlord Yan Baihu?

Question:  What kingdom did Sun Ce and Sun Quan never establish?

Question: Where was their court in Kuaiji demolished?

Question: Along with Manchuria, where did trade never go to?
Zhejiang

Zhejiang was part of the Wu during the Three Kingdoms. Wu (229–280), commonly known as Eastern Wu or Sun Wu, had been the economically most developed state among the Three Kingdoms (220–280 CE). The historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms records that Zhejiang had the best-equipped, strong navy force. The story depicts how the states of Wei (魏) and Shu (蜀), lack of material resources, avoided direct confrontation with the Wu. In armed military conflicts with Wu, the two states relied intensively on tactics of camouflage and deception to steal Wu's military resources including arrows and bows.

Question: When was Zhejiang part of the Wu?
Answer: during the Three Kingdoms

Question: What is another name for Wu or Eastern Wu?
Answer: Sun Wu

Question: What was the most developed state among the Three Kingdoms?
Answer: Wu

Question: Which historical novel records that Zhejiang had the best-equipped, strong navy force?
Answer: Romance of the Three Kingdoms

Question: Along with Wei, which state avoided direct conflict with Wu?
Answer: Shu

Question: When was Zhejiang part of the Lu?

Question:  What is another name for Western Wu?

Question:  What was the least developed state among the Three Kingdoms?

Question: Which historical novel records that Zhejiang had the worst-equipped, weak navy force?

Question:  Along with Wei, which state did not avoid direct conflict with Wu?
Zhejiang

Despite the continuing prominence of Nanjing (then known as Jiankang), the settlement of Qiantang, the former name of Hangzhou, remained one of the three major metropolitan centers in the south to provide major tax revenue to the imperial centers in the north China. The other two centers in the south were Jiankang and Chengdu. In 589, Qiangtang was raised in status and renamed Hangzhou.

Question: What was Nanjing formerly known as?
Answer: Jiankang

Question: What was the former name of Hangzhou?
Answer: Qiantang

Question: Besides Qiantang and Jiankang, what was the other major metropolitan center in the south?
Answer: Chengdu

Question: What year was Qiantang raised in status and renamed Hangzhou?
Answer: 589

Question: How many major metropolitan centers were there in the south at the time?
Answer: three

Question:  What is Nanjing currently known as?

Question:  What is Jiankang formerly known as?

Question:  What is the current name of Hangzhou?

Question: What happened in 578?
Zhejiang

Following the fall of Wu and the turmoil of the Wu Hu uprising against the Jin dynasty (265–420), most of elite Chinese families had collaborated with the non-Chinese rulers and military conquerors in the north. Some may have lost social privilege, and took refugee in areas south to Yangtze River. Some of the Chinese refugees from north China might have resided in areas near Hangzhou. For example, the clan of Zhuge Liang (181–234), a chancellor of the state of Shu Han from Central Plain in north China during the Three Kingdoms period, gathered together at the suburb of Hangzhou, forming an exclusive, closed village Zhuge Village (Zhege Cun), consisting of villagers all with family name "Zhuge". The village has intentionally isolated itself from the surrounding communities for centuries to this day, and only recently came to be known in public. It suggests that a small number of powerful, elite Chinese refugees from the Central Plain might have taken refugee in south of the Yangtze River. However, considering the mountainous geography and relative lack of agrarian lands in Zhejiang, most of these refugees might have resided in some areas in south China beyond Zhejiang, where fertile agrarian lands and metropolitan resources were available, mainly north Jiangsu, west Fujian, Jiangxi, Hunan, Anhui,and provinces where less cohesive, organized regional governments had been in place. Metropolitan areas of Sichuan was another hub for refugees, given that the state of Shu had long been founded and ruled by political and military elites from the Central Plain and north China. Some refugees from the north China might have found residence in south China depending on their social status and military power in the north. The rump Jin state or the Southern Dynasties vied against some elite Chinese from the Central Plain and south of the Yangtze River.

Question: When was the Jin Dynasty?
Answer: 265–420

Question: Where did the clan of Zhuge Liang gather together?
Answer: Zhuge Village (Zhege Cun)

Question: When did Zhuge Village isolate itself until?
Answer: this day

Question: What kind of geography is in Zhejiang?
Answer: mountainous

Question: When did Zhuge Liang live from?
Answer: 181–234

Question: What dynasty ended in 265?

Question: What dynasty started in 420?

Question:  What kind of geography is not in Zhejiang?

Question:  When did Zhuge Village expose itself until?

Question: Who died in 181?
Zhejiang

Zhejiang, as the heartland of the Jiangnan (Yangtze River Delta), remained the wealthiest area during the Six Dynasties (220 or 222–589), Sui, and Tang. After being incorporated into the Sui dynasty, its economic richness was used for the Sui dynasty's ambitions to expand north and south, particularly into Korea and Vietnam. The plan led the Sui dynasty to restore and expand the network which became the Grand Canal of China. The Canal regularly transported grains and resources from Zhejiang, through its metropolitan center Hangzhou (and its hinterland along both the Zhe River and the shores of Hangzhou Bay), and from Suzhou, and thence to the North China Plain. The débâcle of the Korean war led to Sui's overthrow by the Tang, who then presided over a centuries-long golden age for the country. Zhejiang was an important economic center of the empire's Jiangnan East Circuit and was considered particularly prosperous. Throughout the Tang dynasty, The Grand Canal had remained effective, transporting grains and material resources to North China plain and metropolitan centers of the empire. As the Tang Dynasty disintegrated, Zhejiang constituted most of the territory of the regional kingdom of Wuyue.

Question: When did the Six Dynasties end?
Answer: 589

Question: What was the wealthiest area during the Six Dynasties?
Answer: Zhejiang

Question: Which dynasty restored and expanded the network that became the Grand Canal of China?
Answer: the Sui dynasty

Question: What river was one of the Grand Canal of China's hinterlands?
Answer: the Zhe River

Question: When did the Five Dynasties end?

Question: What ended in 220?

Question: What started in 579?

Question:  What ocean was one of the Grand Canal of China's hinterlands?
Zhejiang

The Song dynasty reëstablished unity around 960. Under the Song, the prosperity of South China began to overtake that of North China. After the north was lost to the Jurchen Jin dynasty in 1127 following the Jingkang Incident, Hangzhou became the capital of the Southern Song under the name Lin'an. Renowned for its prosperity and beauty, it may have been the largest city in the world at the time. From then on, north Zhejiang and neighboring south Jiangsu have been synonymous with luxury and opulence in Chinese culture. The Mongol conquest and the establishment of the Yuan dynasty in 1279 ended Hangzhou's political clout, but its economy continued to prosper. Marco Polo visited the city, which he called "Kinsay" (after the Chinese Jingshi, meaning "Capital City") claiming it was "the finest and noblest city in the world".

Question: When did the Song dynasty reestablish unity around?
Answer: 960

Question: When was the North lost to the Jurchen Jin dynasty?
Answer: 1127

Question: What was Hangzhou known as while the capitol of the Southern Song?
Answer: Lin'an

Question: When was the Yuan dynasty established?
Answer: Lin'an

Question: What did Marco Polo call Lin'an when he visited it?
Answer: Kinsay

Question: What happened in 950?

Question: Who dissolved in 960?

Question: What happened in 1126?

Question: When was the south lost to the Jurchen Jin dynasty?
Zhejiang

Greenware ceramics made from celadon had been made in the area since the 3rd-century Jin dynasty, but it returned to prominence—particularly in Longquan—during the Southern Song and Yuan. Longquan greenware is characterized by a thick unctuous glaze of a particular bluish-green tint over an otherwise undecorated light-grey porcellaneous body that is delicately potted. Yuan Longquan celadons feature a thinner, greener glaze on increasingly large vessels with decoration and shapes derived from Middle Eastern ceramic and metalwares. These were produced in large quantities for the Chinese export trade to Southeast Asia, the Middle East, and (during the Ming) Europe. By the Ming, however, production was notably deficient in quality. It is in this period that the Longquan kilns declined, to be eventually replaced in popularity and ceramic production by the kilns of Jingdezhen in Jiangxi.

Question: What were greenware ceramics made from?
Answer: celadon

Question: What color tint is Longquan greenware characterized by?
Answer: bluish-green

Question: What period did Longquan ceramics decline?
Answer: the Ming

Question: What kilns were Longquan kilns replaced by in popularity and production?
Answer: Jingdezhen in Jiangxi

Question: What decorations are Yuan Longquan celadons derived from?
Answer: Middle Eastern

Question: What were blueware ceramics made from?

Question: What were redware ceramics made from?

Question:  What period did Longquan ceramics rise?

Question: What kilns were Longquan kilns not replaced by in popularity and production?

Question:  What decorations are Yuan Longquan non-celadons derived from?
Zhejiang

"In 1727 the to-min or 'idle people' of Cheh Kiang province (a Ningpo name still existing), the yoh-hu or 'music people' of Shanxi province, the si-min or 'small people' of Kiang Su (Jiangsu) province, and the Tanka people or 'egg-people' of Canton (to this day the boat population there), were all freed from their social disabilities, and allowed to count as free men." "Cheh Kiang" is another romanization for Zhejiang. The Duomin (Chinese: 惰民; pinyin: duò mín; Wade–Giles: to-min) are a caste of outcasts in this province.

Question: What do 'to-min' mean?
Answer: idle people

Question: What does 'yoh-hu' mean?
Answer: music people

Question: What does 'si-min' mean?
Answer: small people

Question: What does Tanka mean? 
Answer: egg-people

Question: What is 'Keh Chiang' a romanization for?
Answer: Zhejiang

Question: What do 'mo-min' mean?

Question:  What does 'yoh-hue' mean?

Question:  What does 'se-min' mean?

Question: What does Tonka mean?

Question:  What is 'Keh Chyng' a romanization for?
Zhejiang

During the First Opium War, the British navy defeated Eight Banners forces at Ningbo and Dinghai. Under the terms of the Treaty of Nanking, signed in 1843, Ningbo became one of the five Chinese treaty ports opened to virtually unrestricted foreign trade. Much of Zhejiang came under the control of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom during the Taiping Rebellion, which resulted in a considerable loss of life in the province. In 1876, Wenzhou became Zhejiang's second treaty port.

Question: During which war did the British navy defeat Eight Banners forces at Ningbo and Dinghai?
Answer: the First Opium War

Question: When was the Treaty of Nanking signed?
Answer: 1843

Question: What became one of the five Chinese treaty ports under the terms of the Treaty of Nanking?
Answer: Ningbo

Question: What did much of Zhejiang come under control of during the Taiping Rebellion?
Answer: the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom

Question: When did Wenzhou become Zhejiang's second treaty port?
Answer: 1876

Question: During which war did the British navy get beaten by Eight Banners forces at Ningbo and Dinghai?

Question:  When was the Treaty of Nanking rejected?

Question: What did not become one of the five Chinese treaty ports under the terms of the Treaty of Nanking?

Question: What did much of Zhejiang reject of during the Taiping Rebellion?

Question:  When did Wenzhou become Zhejiang's third treaty port?
Zhejiang

During the Second Sino-Japanese War, which led into World War II, much of Zhejiang was occupied by Japan and placed under the control of the Japanese puppet state known as the Reorganized National Government of China. Following the Doolittle Raid, most of the B-25 American crews that came down in China eventually made it to safety with the help of Chinese civilians and soldiers. The Chinese people who helped them, however, paid dearly for sheltering the Americans. The Imperial Japanese Army began the Zhejiang-Jiangxi Campaign to intimidate the Chinese out of helping downed American airmen. The Japanese killed an estimated 250,000 civilians while searching for Doolittle’s men.

Question: What war did the Second Sino-Japanese War lead into?
Answer: World War II

Question: Who occupied much of Zhejiang during the Second Sino-Japanese War?
Answer: Japan

Question: How many estimated civilians were killed by the Japanese searching for Doolittle's men?
Answer: 250,000

Question: What type of American crews came down in China following the Doolittle raid?
Answer: B-25

Question: The Japanese puppet state that occupied Zhejiang was called what?
Answer: the Reorganized National Government of China

Question:  What war did the Third Sino-Japanese War lead into?

Question: What led into World War I?

Question: Who occupied none of Zhejiang during the Second Sino-Japanese War?

Question:  How many estimated civilians were rescued by the Japanese searching for Doolittle's men?
Zhejiang

After the People's Republic of China took control of Mainland China in 1949, the Republic of China government based in Taiwan continued to control the Dachen Islands off the coast of Zhejiang until 1955, even establishing a rival Zhejiang provincial government there, creating a situation similar to Fujian province today. During the Cultural Revolution (1966–76), Zhejiang was in chaos and disunity, and its economy was stagnant, especially during the high tide (1966–69) of the revolution. The agricultural policy favoring grain production at the expense of industrial and cash crops intensified economic hardships in the province. Mao’s self-reliance policy and the reduction in maritime trade cut off the lifelines of the port cities of Ningbo and Wenzhou. While Mao invested heavily in railroads in interior China, no major railroads were built in South Zhejiang, where transportation remained poor.

Question: When did the People's Republic of China take control of Mainland China?
Answer: 1949

Question: When did the Republic of China control the Dachen Islands until?
Answer: 1955

Question: When was the Cultural Revolution?
Answer: 1966–76

Question: When was the high tide of the Cultural Revolution?
Answer: 1966–69

Question: What production did the agricultural policy favor over industrial and cash crops?
Answer: grain

Question: What happened in 1944?

Question: What happened in 1956?

Question: What happened from 1955-1977?

Question: When was the low tide of the cultural revolution?
Zhejiang

Zhejiang benefited less from central government investment than some other provinces due to its lack of natural resources, a location vulnerable to potential flooding from the sea, and an economic base at the national average. Zhejiang, however, has been an epicenter of capitalist development in China, and has led the nation in the development of a market economy and private enterprises. Northeast Zhejiang, as part of the Yangtze Delta, is flat, more developed, and industrial.

Question: What type of resources does Zhejiang have a lack of?
Answer: natural

Question: What is Zhejiang's location vulnerable to from the sea?
Answer: flooding

Question: What type of development has Zhejiang been an epicenter of?
Answer: capitalist

Question: Which part of Zhejiang is part of the Yangtze Delta?
Answer: Northeast Zhejiang

Question: What type of geography is Northeast Zhejiang?
Answer: flat

Question:  What type of resources does Zhejiang have a lot of?

Question:  What is Zhejiang's location not vulnerable to from the sea?

Question:  What type of development has Zhejiang never been an epicenter of?

Question:  Which part of Zhejiang is not part of the Yangtze Delta?

Question:  What type of geography is Southeast Zhejiang?
Zhejiang

Zhejiang consists mostly of hills, which account for about 70% of its total area. Altitudes tend to be the highest to the south and west and the highest peak of the province, Huangmaojian Peak (1,929 meters or 6,329 feet), is located there. Other prominent mountains include Mounts Yandang, Tianmu, Tiantai, and Mogan, which reach altitudes of 700 to 1,500 meters (2,300 to 4,900 ft).

Question: What does Zhejiang consist mostly of?
Answer: hills

Question: What percent of Zhejiang is hills?
Answer: 70%

Question: What is the highest peak of the province?
Answer: Huangmaojian Peak

Question: How high is Huangmaojian Peak in meters?
Answer: 1,929

Question: How high is Huangmaojian Peak in feet?
Answer: 6,329

Question:  What does Zhejiang not consist mostly of?

Question: What percent of Zhejiang is flat?

Question:  What is the lowest peak of the province?

Question:  How low is Huangmaojian Peak in meters?

Question:  How low is Huangmaojian Peak in feet?
Zhejiang

Valleys and plains are found along the coastline and rivers. The north of the province lies just south of the Yangtze Delta, and consists of plains around the cities of Hangzhou, Jiaxing, and Huzhou, where the Grand Canal of China enters from the northern border to end at Hangzhou. Another relatively flat area is found along the Qu River around the cities of Quzhou and Jinhua. Major rivers include the Qiangtang and Ou Rivers. Most rivers carve out valleys in the highlands, with plenty of rapids and other features associated with such topography. Well-known lakes include the West Lake of Hangzhou and the South Lake of Jiaxing.

Question: What does the north of the province lie just south of?
Answer: the Yangtze Delta

Question: Where does the Grand Canal of China end?
Answer: Hangzhou

Question: What is a major river of the province in addition to the Qiangtang River?
Answer: Ou Rivers

Question: What is a well-known lake of Hangzhou?
Answer: West Lake

Question: What is a well-known lake of Jiaxing?
Answer: South Lake

Question:  What does the north of the province lie just north of?

Question:  Where does the Grand Canal of Japan end?

Question: What is a minor river of the province in addition to the Qiangtang River?

Question:  What is not a well-known lake of Hangzhou?

Question: What is not a well-known lake of Jiaxing?
Zhejiang

There are over three thousand islands along the rugged coastline of Zhejiang. The largest, Zhoushan Island, is Mainland China's third largest island, after Hainan and Chongming. There are also many bays, of which Hangzhou Bay is the largest.  Zhejiang has a humid subtropical climate with four distinct seasons. Spring starts in March and is rainy with changeable weather. Summer, from June to September is long, hot, rainy, and humid. Fall is generally dry, warm and sunny. Winters are short but cold except in the far south. Average annual temperature is around 15 to 19 °C (59 to 66 °F), average January temperature is around 2 to 8 °C (36 to 46 °F) and average July temperature is around 27 to 30 °C (81 to 86 °F). Annual precipitation is about 1,000 to 1,900 mm (39 to 75 in). There is plenty of rainfall in early summer, and by late summer Zhejiang is directly threatened by typhoons forming in the Pacific.

Question: How many islands are along the rugged coastline of Zhejiang?
Answer: over three thousand

Question: What is the largest island near Zhejiang?
Answer: Zhoushan Island

Question: What is the largest bay of Zhejiang?
Answer: Hangzhou Bay

Question: How many distinct seasons does Zhejiang have?
Answer: four

Question: When does Spring start in Zhejiang?
Answer: March

Question:  How many islands are not along the rugged coastline of Zhejiang?

Question:  What is the smallest bay of Zhejiang?

Question:  How many seasons does Zhejiang never have?
Zhejiang

The eleven prefecture-level divisions of Zhejiang are subdivided into 90 county-level divisions (36 districts, 20 county-level cities, 33 counties, and one autonomous county). Those are in turn divided into 1,570 township-level divisions (761 towns, 505 townships, 14 ethnic townships, and 290 subdistricts). Hengdian belongs to Jinhua, which is the largest base of shooting films and TV dramas in China. Hengdian is called "China's Hollywood".

Question: How many prefecture-level divisions of Zhejiang are there?
Answer: eleven

Question: How many county-level divisions of Zhejiang are there?
Answer: 90

Question: How many township-level divisions of Zhejiang are there?
Answer: 1,570

Question: What is the largest base of shooting films and TV dramas in China?
Answer: Jinhua

Question: What is called 'China's Hollywood'?
Answer: Hengdian

Question: How many unprefecture-level divisions of Zhejiang are there?

Question:  How many non-county-level divisions of Zhejiang are there?

Question:  How many township-level divisions of Zhejiang are there?

Question:  What is called 'China's New York'?
Zhejiang

The politics of Zhejiang is structured in a dual party-government system like all other governing institutions in Mainland China. The Governor of Zhejiang is the highest-ranking official in the People's Government of Zhejiang. However, in the province's dual party-government governing system, the Governor is subordinate to the Zhejiang Communist Party of China (CPC) Provincial Committee Secretary, colloquially termed the "Zhejiang CPC Party Chief".

Question: How are the politics of Zhejiang structured?
Answer: a dual party-government system

Question: Who is the highest-ranking official in the People's Government of Zhejiang?
Answer: The Governor of Zhejiang

Question: Who is the Governor subordinate to?
Answer: the Zhejiang Communist Party of China (CPC) Provincial Committee Secretary

Question: What is the Zhejiang Communist Party of China (CPC) Provincial Committee Secretary provincially known as?
Answer: Zhejiang CPC Party Chief

Question: What type of party-government system are all governing institutions in Mainland China?
Answer: dual

Question: How are the politics of Zhejiang not structured?

Question: Who is the lowest-ranking official in the People's Government of Zhejiang?

Question:  Who is the Governor not subordinate to?

Question: What is the Zhejiang Communist Party of China (CPC) Provincial Committee Secretary not provincially known as?

Question: What type of party-government system are never governing institutions in Mainland China?
Zhejiang

Several political figures who served as Zhejiang's top political office of Communist Party Secretary have played key roles in various events in PRC history. Tan Zhenlin (term 1949-1952), the inaugural Party Secretary, was one of the leading voices against Mao's Cultural Revolution during the so-called February Countercurrent of 1967. Jiang Hua (term 1956-1968), was the "chief justice" on the Special Court in the case against the Gang of Four in 1980. Three provincial Party Secretaries since the 1990s have gone onto prominence at the national level. They include CPC General Secretary and President Xi Jinping (term 2002-2007), National People's Congress Chairman and former Vice-Premier Zhang Dejiang (term 1998-2002), and Zhao Hongzhu (term 2007-2012), the Deputy Secretary of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, China's top anti-corruption body. Of Zhejiang's fourteen Party Secretaries since 1949, none were native to the province.

Question: When was Tan Zhenlin's term as Zhenjiang's Communist Party Secretary?
Answer: 1949-1952

Question: Who was the inaugural Communist Party Secretary of Zhenjiang?
Answer: Tan Zhenlin

Question: When was the so-called February Countercurrent?
Answer: 1967

Question: When was Jiang Hua's term?
Answer: 1956-1968

Question: When was the case against the Gang of Four?
Answer: 1980

Question: What happened in 1948?

Question: What was the March Countercurrent 1967?

Question: When was the October Countercurrent?

Question:  When was the case against the Gang of Five?
Zhejiang

The province is traditionally known as the "Land of Fish and Rice". True to its name, rice is the main crop, followed by wheat; north Zhejiang is also a center of aquaculture in China, and the Zhoushan fishery is the largest fishery in the country. The main cash crops include jute and cotton, and the province also leads the provinces of China in tea production. (The renowned Longjing tea is a product of Hangzhou.) Zhejiang's towns have been known for handicraft production of goods such as silk, for which it is ranked second among the provinces. Its many market towns connect the cities with the countryside.

Question: What is the province traditionally known as?
Answer: Land of Fish and Rice

Question: What is the main crop of the province?
Answer: rice

Question: What is the second main crop of the province?
Answer: wheat

Question: What part of Zhejiang is a center of aquaculture in China?
Answer: north Zhejiang

Question: What is the largest fishery in the country?
Answer: Zhoushan fishery

Question: What is the province never known as?

Question: What isn't the main crop of the province?

Question:  What is the least main crop of the province?

Question:  What part of Zhejiang is not a center of aquaculture in China?

Question:  What is the smallest fishery in the country?
Zhejiang

Ningbo, Wenzhou, Taizhou and Zhoushan are important commercial ports. The Hangzhou Bay Bridge between Haiyan County and Cixi, is the longest bridge over a continuous body of sea water in the world.

Question: What is an important commercial port along with Ningbo, Wenzhou and Taizhou?
Answer: Zhoushan

Question: What bridge is between Haiyan County and Cixi?
Answer: The Hangzhou Bay Bridge

Question: What is the longest bridge over a continuous body of sea water in the world?
Answer: The Hangzhou Bay Bridge

Question: What kind of ports are Taizhou and Ningbo?
Answer: commercial

Question: The Hangzhou Bay Bridge goes between Haiyan County and where else?
Answer: Cixi

Question: What is not an important commercial port along with Ningbo, Wenzhou and Taizhou?

Question:  What bridge does not go to Haiyan County?

Question:  What bridge does not go to Cixi?

Question: What kind of ports are Taizhou and Ningbo not considered?