Divyanshu67/squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
Seven_Years%27_War

The carefully coded word in the agreement proved no less catalytic for the other European powers. The results were absolute chaos. Empress Elizabeth of Russia was outraged at the duplicity of Britain's position. Not only that France was so enraged, and terrified, by the sudden betrayal of its only ally. Austria, particularly Kaunitz, used this situation to their utmost advantage. The now-isolated France was forced to accede to the Austro-Russian alliance or face ruin. Thereafter, on May 1, 1756, the First Treaty of Versailles was signed, in which both nations pledged 24.000 troops to defend each other in the case of an attack. This diplomatic revolution proved to be an important cause of the war; although both treaties were self-defensive in nature, the actions of both coalitions made the war virtually inevitable.

Question: What was the response of Empress Elizabeth of Russia to the English-Prussian agreement?
Answer: Empress Elizabeth of Russia was outraged

Question: Why was France mad at the British-Prussian agreement?
Answer: France was so enraged, and terrified, by the sudden betrayal of its only ally. Austria,

Question: France was now in a desperate position, what did they do?
Answer: France was forced to accede to the Austro-Russian alliance

Question: Who were the parties to the treaty of Versailles?
Answer: Austria, particularly Kaunitz, used this situation to their utmost advantage. The now-isolated France

Question: How many troops did Austria and France pledge to defend each other?
Answer: 24.000 troops
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The most important French fort planned was intended to occupy a position at "the Forks" where the Allegheny and Monongahela Rivers meet to form the Ohio River (present day Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania). Peaceful British attempts to halt this fort construction were unsuccessful, and the French proceeded to build the fort they named Fort Duquesne. British colonial militia from Virginia were then sent to drive them out. Led by George Washington, they ambushed a small French force at Jumonville Glen on 28 May 1754 killing ten, including commander Jumonville. The French retaliated by attacking Washington's army at Fort Necessity on 3 July 1754 and forced Washington to surrender.

Question: Where did the French build Fort Duquesne?
Answer: the Forks" where the Allegheny and Monongahela Rivers meet to form the Ohio River

Question: What city is now located where Fort Duquesne was built?
Answer: Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

Question: Were the British successful in stopping the building of Fort Duquesne?
Answer: British attempts to halt this fort construction were unsuccessful

Question: Who led the British militia to drive the French out of Fort Duquesne?
Answer: Led by George Washington

Question: Where did the French for General George Washington's surrender?
Answer: Fort Necessity
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News of this arrived in Europe, where Britain and France unsuccessfully attempted to negotiate a solution. The two nations eventually dispatched regular troops to North America to enforce their claims. The first British action was the assault on Acadia on 16 June 1755 in the Battle of Fort Beauséjour, which was immediately followed by their expulsion of the Acadians. In July British Major General Edward Braddock led about 2,000 army troops and provincial militia on an expedition to retake Fort Duquesne, but the expedition ended in disastrous defeat. In further action, Admiral Edward Boscawen fired on the French ship Alcide on 8 June 1755, capturing it and two troop ships. In September 1755, French and British troops met in the inconclusive Battle of Lake George.

Question: Which country dispatched regular troops to North America?
Answer: Britain and France

Question: What was the result of the British attack on Ft Duquesne?
Answer: the expedition ended in disastrous defeat

Question: Who led the British assault on Ft. Duquesne?
Answer: British Major General Edward Braddock

Question: What was the result of the naval encounter between Britain and France?
Answer: Admiral Edward Boscawen fired on the French ship Alcide on 8 June 1755, capturing it and two troop ships

Question: Who won the Battle of Lake George?
Answer: inconclusive
Seven_Years%27_War

For much of the eighteenth century, France approached its wars in the same way. It would let colonies defend themselves or would offer only minimal help (sending them limited numbers of troops or inexperienced soldiers), anticipating that fights for the colonies would most likely be lost anyway. This strategy was to a degree forced upon France: geography, coupled with the superiority of the British navy, made it difficult for the French navy to provide significant supplies and support to French colonies. Similarly, several long land borders made an effective domestic army imperative for any French ruler. Given these military necessities, the French government, unsurprisingly, based its strategy overwhelmingly on the army in Europe: it would keep most of its army on the continent, hoping for victories closer to home. The plan was to fight to the end of hostilities and then, in treaty negotiations, to trade territorial acquisitions in Europe to regain lost overseas possessions. This approach did not serve France well in the war, as the colonies were indeed lost, but although much of the European war went well, by its end France had few counterbalancing European successes.

Question: How much effort did France put into wars to defend its colonies?
Answer: It would let colonies defend themselves or would offer only minimal help

Question: Identify a major factor in this feckless strategy by France of not defending its colonies with enthusiasm?
Answer: geography, coupled with the superiority of the British navy, made it difficult

Question: Why did the French rulers need a large domestic army?
Answer: several long land borders made an effective domestic army imperative

Question: In treaty negotiations, what trades did France hope to make.
Answer: in treaty negotiations, to trade territorial acquisitions in Europe to regain lost overseas possessions.

Question: How much success did France have in adding European territory with this approach?
Answer: France had few counterbalancing European successes.
Seven_Years%27_War

The British—by inclination as well as for practical reasons—had tended to avoid large-scale commitments of troops on the Continent. They sought to offset the disadvantage of this in Europe by allying themselves with one or more Continental powers whose interests were antithetical to those of their enemies, particularly France.:15–16 By subsidising the armies of continental allies, Britain could turn London's enormous financial power to military advantage. In the Seven Years' War, the British chose as their principal partner the greatest general of the day, Frederick the Great of Prussia, then the rising power in central Europe, and paid Frederick substantial subsidies for his campaigns.:106 This was accomplished in the Diplomatic Revolution of 1756, in which Britain ended its long-standing alliance with Austria in favor of Prussia, leaving Austria to side with France. In marked contrast to France, Britain strove to prosecute the war actively in the colonies, taking full advantage of its naval power. :64–66 The British pursued a dual strategy – naval blockade and bombardment of enemy ports, and rapid movement of troops by sea. They harassed enemy shipping and attacked enemy colonies, frequently using colonists from nearby British colonies in the effort.

Question: How did the British avoid having large contingents of troops in continental Europe?
Answer: allying themselves with one or more Continental powers whose interests were antithetical to those of their enemies,

Question: Identify an advantage that Britain had during the Seven Year's War.
Answer: Britain could turn London's enormous financial power to military advantage

Question: Who led the armies supporting British interests in central Europe?
Answer: Frederick the Great of Prussia

Question: What country was driven into an alliance with France by the British pairing with Prussia?
Answer: leaving Austria to side with France

Question: How did the British behave in defending their colonies compared to the French approach?
Answer: In marked contrast to France, Britain strove to prosecute the war actively in the colonies
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William Pitt, who entered the cabinet in 1756, had a grand vision for the war that made it entirely different from previous wars with France. As prime minister Pitt committed Britain to a grand strategy of seizing the entire French Empire, especially its possessions in North America and India. Britain's main weapon was the Royal Navy, which could control the seas and bring as many invasion troops as were needed. He also planned to use colonial forces from the Thirteen American colonies, working under the command of British regulars, to invade new France. In order to tie the French army down he subsidized his European allies. Pitt Head of the government from 1756 to 1761, and even after that the British continued his strategy. It proved completely successful. Pitt had a clear appreciation of the enormous value of imperial possessions, and realized how vulnerable was the French Empire.

Question: What was the grand strategy of prime minister William Pitt?
Answer: a grand strategy of seizing the entire French Empire

Question: What locations did Pitt want from France?
Answer: North America and India

Question: What was Pitt's primary military advantage?
Answer: Britain's main weapon was the Royal Navy

Question: How did Pitt plan to augment the British regular troops?
Answer: He also planned to use colonial forces from the Thirteen American colonies

Question: How did Pitt's strategy affect Britain's future plans?
Answer: even after that the British continued his strategy
Seven_Years%27_War

The British Prime Minister, the Duke of Newcastle, was optimistic that the new series of alliances could prevent war from breaking out in Europe. However, a large French force was assembled at Toulon, and the French opened the campaign against the British by an attack on Minorca in the Mediterranean. A British attempt at relief was foiled at the Battle of Minorca, and the island was captured on 28 June (for which Admiral Byng was court-martialed and executed). War between Britain and France had been formally declared on 18 May nearly two years after fighting had broken out in the Ohio Country.

Question: What was the reason that the British Prime Minister thought that ware in Europe could be prevented?
Answer: the new series of alliances could prevent war from breaking out in Europe

Question: What country initiated conflict?
Answer: the French opened the campaign against the British by an attack on Minorca

Question: What was the result for Admiral Byng?
Answer: Admiral Byng was court-martialed and executed

Question: When was war declared between Britain and France?
Answer: War between Britain and France had been formally declared on 18 May

Question: How did the timing of the declaration of war compare to the conflicts in North America between Britain and France?
Answer: nearly two years after fighting had broken out in the Ohio Country.
Seven_Years%27_War

Frederick II of Prussia had received reports of the clashes in North America and had formed an alliance with Great Britain. On 29 August 1756, he led Prussian troops across the border of Saxony, one of the small German states in league with Austria. He intended this as a bold pre-emption of an anticipated Austro-French invasion of Silesia. He had three goals in his new war on Austria. First, he would seize Saxony and eliminate it as a threat to Prussia, then using the Saxon army and treasury to aid the Prussian war effort. His second goal was to advance into Bohemia where he might set up winter quarters at Austria's expense. Thirdly, he wanted to invade Moravia from Silesia, seize the fortress at Olmütz, and advance on Vienna to force an end to the war.

Question: How did Frederick II of Prussia respond to news of British and French clashes in North America?
Answer: he led Prussian troops across the border of Saxony

Question: What country was Saxony aligned with?
Answer: Saxony, one of the small German states in league with Austria

Question: Fpr what possession of Prussia was the Saxony invasion a distraction?
Answer: pre-emption of an anticipated Austro-French invasion of Silesia

Question: What was one goal of the invasion of Saxony?
Answer: he would seize Saxony and eliminate it as a threat to Prussia

Question: What was another goal of the invasion of Saxony?
Answer: to advance into Bohemia where he might set up winter quarters at Austria's expense
Seven_Years%27_War

Accordingly, leaving Field Marshal Count Kurt von Schwerin in Silesia with 25,000 soldiers to guard against incursions from Moravia or Hungary, and leaving Field Marshal Hans von Lehwaldt in East Prussia to guard against Russian invasion from the east, Frederick set off with his army for Saxony. The Prussian army marched in three columns. On the right was a column of about 15,000 men under the command of Prince Ferdinand of Brunswick. On the left was a column of 18,000 men under the command of the Duke of Brunswick-Bevern. In the centre was Frederick II, himself with Field Marshal James Keith commanding a corps of 30,000 troops. Ferdinand of Brunswick was to close in on the town of Chemnitz. The Duke of Brunswick-Bevern was to traverse Lusatia to close in on Bautzen. Meanwhile, Frederick and Field Marshal Keith would make for Dresden.

Question: How did Frederick protect Silesia when he went to invade Saxony?
Answer: leaving Field Marshal Count Kurt von Schwerin in Silesia with 25,000 soldiers to guard against incursions from Moravia or Hungary

Question: How did Frederick protect East Prussia when he went to invade Saxony?
Answer: leaving Field Marshal Hans von Lehwaldt in East Prussia to guard against Russian invasion from the east

Question: Describe the command of Prince Ferdinand of Brunswick.
Answer: a column of about 15,000 men

Question: Describe the command of the Duke ofBrunswich-Bevern.
Answer: a column of 18,000 men

Question: Describe the command of Field Marshall James Keith 
Answer: a corps of 30,000 troops.
Seven_Years%27_War

The Saxon and Austrian armies were unprepared, and their forces were scattered. Frederick occupied Dresden with little or no opposition from the Saxons. At the Battle of Lobositz on 1 October 1756, Frederick prevented the isolated Saxon army from being reinforced by an Austrian army under General Browne. The Prussians then occupied Saxony; after the Siege of Pirna, the Saxon army surrendered in October 1756, and was forcibly incorporated into the Prussian army. The attack on neutral Saxony caused outrage across Europe and led to the strengthening of the anti-Prussian coalition. The only significant Austrian success was the partial occupation of Silesia. Far from being easy, Frederick's early successes proved indecisive and very costly for Prussia's smaller army. This led him to remark that he did not fight the same Austrians as he had during the previous war.

Question: How much resistance did Frederick encounter in Saxon?
Answer: Saxon and Austrian armies were unprepared, and their forces were scattered.

Question: What reinforcements were the Saxons expecting?
Answer: Frederick prevented the isolated Saxon army from being reinforced by an Austrian army under General Browne

Question: What happened to the Saxon army?
Answer: Saxon army surrendered in October 1756, and was forcibly incorporated into the Prussian army

Question: What characteristic of Saxony caused Europe to be mad?
Answer: attack on neutral Saxony caused outrage

Question: What was the result of the fury of Europe?
Answer: led to the strengthening of the anti-Prussian coalition
Seven_Years%27_War

Britain had been surprised by the sudden Prussian offensive but now began shipping supplies and ₤670,000 (equivalent to ₤89.9 million in 2015) to its new ally. A combined force of allied German states was organised by the British to protect Hanover from French invasion, under the command of the Duke of Cumberland. The British attempted to persuade the Dutch Republic to join the alliance, but the request was rejected, as the Dutch wished to remain fully neutral. Despite the huge disparity in numbers, the year had been successful for the Prussian-led forces on the continent, in contrast to disappointing British campaigns in North America.

Question: How did Britain Protect Hanover?
Answer: combined force of allied German states was organised by the British to protect Hanover

Question: How did the British support Prussia?
Answer: shipping supplies and ₤670,000

Question: Why did the Dutch reject Britain's offer to join the alliance?
Answer: the Dutch wished to remain fully neutral

Question: Who had done better, the Prussians in Europe or the Brits in North America?
Answer: successful for the Prussian-led forces on the continent, in contrast to disappointing British campaigns in North America.

Question: Who led the force to defend Hanover?
Answer: under the command of the Duke of Cumberland
Seven_Years%27_War

In early 1757, Frederick II again took the initiative by marching into the Kingdom of Bohemia, hoping to inflict a decisive defeat on Austrian forces. After winning the bloody Battle of Prague on 6 May 1757, in which both forces suffered major casualties, the Prussians forced the Austrians back into the fortifications of Prague. The Prussian army then laid siege to the city. Following the battle at Prague, Frederick took 5,000 troops from the siege at Prague and sent them to reinforce the 19,000-man army under the Duke of Brunswick-Bevern at Kolin in Bohemia. Austrian Marshal Daun arrived too late to participate in the battle of Prague, but picked up 16,000 men who had escaped from the battle. With this army he slowly moved to relieve Prague. The Prussian army was too weak to simultaneously besiege Prague and keep Daun away, and Frederick was forced to attack prepared positions. The resulting Battle of Kolin was a sharp defeat for Frederick, his first military defeat. His losses further forced him to lift the siege and withdraw from Bohemia altogether.

Question: Where did the Austrians retreat in May of 1757?
Answer: the fortifications of Prague

Question: Who led the Prussian assault on Prague in 1757
Answer: Frederick II

Question: What were casualties like in the 1757 battle in Prague?
Answer: both forces suffered major casualties

Question: Why did Frederick reduce his manpower at Prague?
Answer: Frederick took 5,000 troops from the siege at Prague and sent them to reinforce the 19,000-man army under the Duke of Brunswick-Bevern at Kolin in Bohemia

Question: How did Austrian Marshall Daun reverse the situation at Prague?
Answer: picked up 16,000 men who had escaped from the battle. With this army he slowly moved to relieve Prague.
Seven_Years%27_War

Later that summer, the Russians invaded Memel with 75,000 troops. Memel had one of the strongest fortresses in Prussia. However, after five days of artillery bombardment the Russian army was able to storm it. The Russians then used Memel as a base to invade East Prussia and defeated a smaller Prussian force in the fiercely contested Battle of Gross-Jägersdorf on 30 August 1757. However, it was not yet able to take Königsberg and retreated soon afterward. Still, it was a new threat to Prussia. Not only was Frederick forced to break off his invasion of Bohemia, he was now forced to withdraw further into Prussian-controlled territory. His defeats on the battlefield brought still more opportunist nations into the war. Sweden declared war on Prussia and invaded Pomerania with 17,000 men. Sweden felt this small army was all that was needed to occupy Pomerania and felt the Swedish army would not need to engage with the Prussians because the Prussians were occupied on so many other fronts.

Question: What led to the defeat of the Prussians at Memel?
Answer: five days of artillery bombardment

Question: How did the Russians used the captured Memel?
Answer: used Memel as a base to invade East Prussia

Question: What caused the Russians based in Memel to be successful deeper into Prussia?
Answer: defeated a smaller Prussian force

Question: What was Frederick's response to the Russian invasion?
Answer: he was now forced to withdraw further into Prussian-controlled territory

Question: What additional country felt emboldened to invade Prussia?
Answer: Sweden
Seven_Years%27_War

Things were looking grim for Prussia now, with the Austrians mobilising to attack Prussian-controlled soil and a French army under Soubise approaching from the west. However, in November and December of 1757, the whole situation in Germany was reversed. First, Frederick devastated Prince Soubise's French force at the Battle of Rossbach on 5 November 1757 and then routed a vastly superior Austrian force at the Battle of Leuthen on 5 December 1757 With these victories, Frederick once again established himself as Europe's premier general and his men as Europe's most accomplished soldiers. In spite of this, the Prussians were now facing the prospect of four major powers attacking on four fronts (France from the West, Austria from the South, Russia from the East and Sweden from the North). Meanwhile, a combined force from a number of smaller German states such as Bavaria had been established under Austrian leadership, thus threatening Prussian control of Saxony.

Question: What were reasons that the late 1757 time frame looked bad for Prussia?
Answer: the Austrians mobilising to attack Prussian-controlled soil and a French army under Soubise approaching from the west

Question: What was the initial result of the French invasion?
Answer: Frederick devastated Prince Soubise's French force at the Battle of Rossbach on 5 November 1757

Question: What was the result of the Austrian invasion?
Answer: then routed a vastly superior Austrian force at the Battle of Leuthen on 5 December 1757

Question: Name the four opponents of Prussia.
Answer: (France from the West, Austria from the South, Russia from the East and Sweden from the North)

Question: What German areas were beginning to oppose Prussia?
Answer: a number of smaller German states such as Bavaria had been established under Austrian leadership
Seven_Years%27_War

Calculating that no further Russian advance was likely until 1758, Frederick moved the bulk of his eastern forces to Pomerania under the command of Marshal Lehwaldt where they were to repel the Swedish invasion. In short order, the Prussian army drove the Swedes back, occupied most of Swedish Pomerania, and blockaded its capital Stralsund. George II of Great Britain, on the advice of his British ministers, revoked the Convention of Klosterzeven, and Hanover reentered the war. Over the winter the new commander of the Hanoverian forces, Duke Ferdinand of Brunswick, regrouped his army and launched a series of offensives that drove the French back across the River Rhine. The British had suffered further defeats in North America, particularly at Fort William Henry. At home, however, stability had been established. Since 1756, successive governments led by Newcastle and Pitt had fallen. In August 1757, the two men agreed to a political partnership and formed a coalition government that gave new, firmer direction to the war effort. The new strategy emphasised both Newcastle's commitment to British involvement on the Continent, particularly in defence of Germany, and William Pitt's determination to use naval power to seize French colonies around the globe. This "dual strategy" would dominate British policy for the next five years.

Question: Why did Ferdinand feel comfortable withdrawing troops from the eastern front?
Answer: Calculating that no further Russian advance was likely until 1758

Question: What was the result of Prussian resistance to Sweden?
Answer: the Prussian army drove the Swedes back, occupied most of Swedish Pomerania

Question: What area of Sweden was occupied by Prussia?
Answer: occupied most of Swedish Pomerania

Question: What favorable developments occurred for Prussia in Hanover?
Answer: Duke Ferdinand of Brunswick, regrouped his army and launched a series of offensives that drove the French back across the River Rhine.

Question: What political development shaped the policy of the British?
Answer: successive governments led by Newcastle and Pitt had fallen. In August 1757, the two men agreed to a political partnership and formed a coalition
Seven_Years%27_War

Between 10 and 17 October 1757, a Hungarian general, Count András Hadik, serving in the Austrian army, executed what may be the most famous hussar action in history. When the Prussian King Frederick was marching south with his powerful armies, the Hungarian general unexpectedly swung his force of 5,000, mostly hussars, around the Prussians and occupied part of their capital, Berlin, for one night. The city was spared for a negotiated ransom of 200,000 thalers. When Frederick heard about this humiliating occupation, he immediately sent a larger force to free the city. Hadik, however, left the city with his Hussars and safely reached the Austrian lines. Subsequently, Hadik was promoted to the rank of Marshal in the Austrian army.

Question: What Hungarian general humiliated the Prussians?
Answer: Count András Hadik

Question: What city did Hadik occupy?
Answer: occupied part of their capital, Berlin, for one night

Question: How was Berlin spared?
Answer: city was spared for a negotiated ransom of 200,000 thalers

Question: What was Frederick's response to the occupation by Hadik?
Answer: he immediately sent a larger force to free the city

Question: How did Hadik respond to the Frederick force?
Answer: Hadik, however, left the city with his Hussars and safely reached the Austrian lines
Seven_Years%27_War

In early 1758, Frederick launched an invasion of Moravia, and laid siege to Olmütz (now Olomouc, Czech Republic). Following an Austrian victory at the Battle of Domstadtl that wiped out a supply convoy destined for Olmütz, Frederick broke off the siege and withdrew from Moravia. It marked the end of his final attempt to launch a major invasion of Austrian territory. East Prussia had been occupied by Russian forces over the winter and would remain under their control until 1762, although Frederick did not see the Russians as an immediate threat and instead entertained hopes of first fighting a decisive battle against Austria that would knock them out of the war.

Question: Where did Frederick invade in 1758
Answer: Frederick launched an invasion of Moravia

Question: What city did Frederick lay siege to?
Answer: Olmütz

Question: What turned the battle for Olmutz against Frederick?
Answer: Austrian victory at the Battle of Domstadtl that wiped out a supply convoy destined for Olmütz,

Question: How did Frederick respond to the loss of a supply convoy?
Answer: Frederick broke off the siege and withdrew from Moravia.
Seven_Years%27_War

In April 1758, the British concluded the Anglo-Prussian Convention with Frederick in which they committed to pay him an annual subsidy of £670,000. Britain also dispatched 9,000 troops to reinforce Ferdinand's Hanoverian army, the first British troop commitment on the continent and a reversal in the policy of Pitt. Ferdinand had succeeded in driving the French from Hanover and Westphalia and re-captured the port of Emden in March 1758 before crossing the Rhine with his own forces, which caused alarm in France. Despite Ferdinand's victory over the French at the Battle of Krefeld and the brief occupation of Düsseldorf, he was compelled by the successful manoeuvering of larger French forces to withdraw across the Rhine.

Question: What was the annual financial commitment by Britain to Frederick?
Answer: an annual subsidy of £670,000

Question: How did Britain assist the defense of Hanover?
Answer: Britain also dispatched 9,000 troops to reinforce Ferdinand's Hanoverian army

Question: Who did Ferdinand repel from Ha nover?
Answer: the French

Question: What caused alarm in France?
Answer: re-captured the port of Emden in March 1758 before crossing the Rhine with his own forces

Question: Did Ferdinand permanently occupy France?
Answer: he was compelled by the successful manoeuvering of larger French forces to withdraw across the Rhine
Seven_Years%27_War

By this point Frederick was increasingly concerned by the Russian advance from the east and marched to counter it. Just east of the Oder in Brandenburg-Neumark, at the Battle of Zorndorf (now Sarbinowo, Poland), a Prussian army of 35,000 men under Frederick on Aug. 25, 1758, fought a Russian army of 43,000 commanded by Count William Fermor. Both sides suffered heavy casualties – the Prussians 12,800, the Russians 18,000 – but the Russians withdrew, and Frederick claimed victory. In the undecided Battle of Tornow on 25 September, a Swedish army repulsed six assaults by a Prussian army but did not push on Berlin following the Battle of Fehrbellin.

Question: How did Frederick respond to the Russian occupation of east Prussia?
Answer: marched to counter it.

Question: How large a force did Frederick send against the occupying Russians?
Answer: 35,000 men

Question: How many Russians were in defense?
Answer: Russian army of 43,000

Question: Which army withdrew?
Answer: the Russians withdrew

Question: What country was Prussia fighting on another front?
Answer: Swedish
Seven_Years%27_War

The war was continuing indecisively when on 14 October Marshal Daun's Austrians surprised the main Prussian army at the Battle of Hochkirch in Saxony. Frederick lost much of his artillery but retreated in good order, helped by dense woods. The Austrians had ultimately made little progress in the campaign in Saxony despite Hochkirch and had failed to achieve a decisive breakthrough. After a thwarted attempt to take Dresden, Daun's troops were forced to withdraw to Austrian territory for the winter, so that Saxony remained under Prussian occupation. At the same time, the Russians failed in an attempt to take Kolberg in Pomerania (now Kołobrzeg, Poland) from the Prussians.

Question: What Austrian General surprised the Prussian at Hochkirch?
Answer: Marshal Daun

Question: What was the major loss for Prussia at Hochkirch?
Answer: lost much of his artillery

Question: Why was Frederick able to retreat successfully?
Answer: retreated in good order, helped by dense woods

Question: What was the result of the victory for the Austrians?
Answer: The Austrians had ultimately made little progress in the campaign in Saxony despite Hochkirch and had failed to achieve a decisive breakthrough

Question: How did the Austrian troops spend the winter?
Answer: , Daun's troops were forced to withdraw to Austrian territory for the winter
Seven_Years%27_War

The year 1759 saw several Prussian defeats. At the Battle of Kay, or Paltzig, the Russian Count Saltykov with 47,000 Russians defeated 26,000 Prussians commanded by General Carl Heinrich von Wedel. Though the Hanoverians defeated an army of 60,000 French at Minden, Austrian general Daun forced the surrender of an entire Prussian corps of 13,000 in the Battle of Maxen. Frederick himself lost half his army in the Battle of Kunersdorf (now Kunowice Poland), the worst defeat in his military career and one that drove him to the brink of abdication and thoughts of suicide. The disaster resulted partly from his misjudgment of the Russians, who had already demonstrated their strength at Zorndorf and at Gross-Jägersdorf (now Motornoye, Russia), and partly from good cooperation between the Russian and Austrian forces.

Question: How did the Prussian army perform in 1759/
Answer: 1759 saw several Prussian defeats

Question: How would one characterize the encounter with the Russian army in 1757?
Answer: 47,000 Russians defeated 26,000 Prussians

Question: What happened at Minden in 1757?
Answer: the Hanoverians defeated an army of 60,000 French

Question: What was the result of the Battle of Maxen?
Answer: Austrian general Daun forced the surrender of an entire Prussian corps of 13,000

Question: What happened to Frederick's army at the Battle at Kunersdorf?
Answer: Frederick himself lost half his army
Seven_Years%27_War

The French planned to invade the British Isles during 1759 by accumulating troops near the mouth of the Loire and concentrating their Brest and Toulon fleets. However, two sea defeats prevented this. In August, the Mediterranean fleet under Jean-François de La Clue-Sabran was scattered by a larger British fleet under Edward Boscawen at the Battle of Lagos. In the Battle of Quiberon Bay on 20 November, the British admiral Edward Hawke with 23 ships of the line caught the French Brest fleet with 21 ships of the line under Marshal de Conflans and sank, captured, or forced many of them aground, putting an end to the French plans.

Question: Where was the planned invasion of Britain by France?
Answer: near the mouth of the Loire

Question: How did the French plan to transport their troops to Britain for the invasion?
Answer: their Brest and Toulon fleets

Question: What happened to the French Mediterranean fleet?
Answer: the Mediterranean fleet under Jean-François de La Clue-Sabran was scattered by a larger British fleet

Question: What happened to the French Brest fleet?
Answer: caught the French Brest fleet with 21 ships of the line under Marshal de Conflans and sank, captured, or forced many of them aground

Question: With the loss of the two fleets, how did the French get their troops to Britain for the invasion?
Answer: putting an end to the French plans.
Seven_Years%27_War

Despite this, the Austrians, under the command of General Laudon, captured Glatz (now Kłodzko, Poland) in Silesia. In the Battle of Liegnitz Frederick scored a strong victory despite being outnumbered three to one. The Russians under General Saltykov and Austrians under General Lacy briefly occupied his capital, Berlin, in October, but could not hold it for long. The end of that year saw Frederick once more victorious, defeating the able Daun in the Battle of Torgau; but he suffered very heavy casualties, and the Austrians retreated in good order.

Question: Identify a success of the Austrians?
Answer: the Austrians, under the command of General Laudon, captured Glatz

Question: Where is Glatz
Answer: Glatz (now Kłodzko, Poland) in Silesia

Question: What was outstanding about Frederick's victory in the Battle of Liegnitz?
Answer: outnumbered three to one

Question: Who led the Russian occupation of Berlin?
Answer: General Saltykov

Question: Why was Frederick's defeat of Daun so costly?
Answer: he suffered very heavy casualties, and the Austrians retreated in good order.
Seven_Years%27_War

1762 brought two new countries into the war. Britain declared war against Spain on 4 January 1762; Spain reacted by issuing their own declaration of war against Britain on 18 January. Portugal followed by joining the war on Britain's side. Spain, aided by the French, launched an invasion of Portugal and succeeded in capturing Almeida. The arrival of British reinforcements stalled a further Spanish advance, and the Battle of Valencia de Alcántara saw British-Portuguese forces overrun a major Spanish supply base. The invaders were stopped on the heights in front of Abrantes (called the pass to Lisbon) where the Anglo-Portuguese were entrenched. Eventually the Anglo-Portuguese army, aided by guerrillas and practicing a scorched earth strategy, chased the greatly reduced Franco-Spanish army back to Spain, recovering almost all the lost towns, among them the Spanish headquarters in Castelo Branco full of wounded and sick that had been left behind.

Question: Identify a new country that joined the war in 1762?
Answer: Spain

Question: Identify a second new country that joined the war in 1762?
Answer: Portugal

Question: Was Portugal on the side of France or Britain?
Answer: Portugal followed by joining the war on Britain's side

Question: What city was captured in the first Spain-Portugal conflict?
Answer: . Spain, aided by the French, launched an invasion of Portugal and succeeded in capturing Almeida

Question: Britain sent troops to aid Portugal.  What was the result?
Answer: the Anglo-Portuguese army, aided by guerrillas and practicing a scorched earth strategy, chased the greatly reduced Franco-Spanish army back to Spain
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On the eastern front, progress was very slow. The Russian army was heavily dependent upon its main magazines in Poland, and the Prussian army launched several successful raids against them. One of them, led by general Platen in September resulted in the loss of 2,000 Russians, mostly captured, and the destruction of 5,000 wagons. Deprived of men, the Prussians had to resort to this new sort of warfare, raiding, to delay the advance of their enemies. Nonetheless, at the end of the year, they suffered two critical setbacks. The Russians under Zakhar Chernyshev and Pyotr Rumyantsev stormed Kolberg in Pomerania, while the Austrians captured Schweidnitz. The loss of Kolberg cost Prussia its last port on the Baltic Sea. In Britain, it was speculated that a total Prussian collapse was now imminent.

Question: How did the Prussians slow the advance of the Russians?
Answer: the Prussian army launched several successful raids against them

Question: What was the size of one of the Prussian victories against the Russians?
Answer: . One of them, led by general Platen in September resulted in the loss of 2,000 Russians, mostly captured, and the destruction of 5,000 wagons

Question: Identify a major Prussian loss to the Russians
Answer: Russians under Zakhar Chernyshev and Pyotr Rumyantsev stormed Kolberg in Pomerania

Question: identify a major Prussian loss to the Austrians.
Answer: the Austrians captured Schweidnitz.

Question: What was the concern about Prussia in Britain?
Answer: . In Britain, it was speculated that a total Prussian collapse was now imminent.
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Britain now threatened to withdraw its subsidies if Prussia didn't consider offering concessions to secure peace. As the Prussian armies had dwindled to just 60,000 men and with Berlin itself under siege, Frederick's survival was severely threatened. Then on 5 January 1762 the Russian Empress Elizabeth died. Her Prussophile successor, Peter III, at once recalled Russian armies from Berlin (see: the Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1762)) and mediated Frederick's truce with Sweden. He also placed a corps of his own troops under Frederick's command This turn of events has become known as the Miracle of the House of Brandenburg. Frederick was then able to muster a larger army of 120,000 men and concentrate it against Austria. He drove them from much of Saxony, while his brother Henry won a victory in Silesia in the Battle of Freiberg (29 October 1762). At the same time, his Brunswick allies captured the key town of Göttingen and compounded this by taking Cassel.

Question: Britain tried to influence Prussia to take what action?
Answer: offering concessions to secure peace

Question: How many troops did Frederick have left?
Answer: 60,000 men

Question: What development in Russia assisted Prussia?
Answer: Russian Empress Elizabeth died. Her Prussophile successor, Peter III, at once recalled Russian armies from Berlin

Question: What changed the Prussian relationship with Sweden?
Answer: Peter III, at once recalled Russian armies from Berlin (see: the Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1762)) and mediated Frederick's truce with Sweden

Question: What was the unexpected action by Peter III that helped Frederick?
Answer: He also placed a corps of his own troops under Frederick's command
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By 1763, the war in Central Europe was essentially a stalemate. Frederick had retaken most of Silesia and Saxony but not the latter's capital, Dresden. His financial situation was not dire, but his kingdom was devastated and his army severely weakened. His manpower had dramatically decreased, and he had lost so many effective officers and generals that a new offensive was perhaps impossible. British subsidies had been stopped by the new Prime Minister Lord Bute, and the Russian Emperor had been overthrown by his wife, Catherine, who ended Russia's alliance with Prussia and withdrew from the war. Austria, however, like most participants, was facing a severe financial crisis and had to decrease the size of its army, something which greatly affected its offensive power. Indeed, after having effectively sustained a long war, its administration was in disarray. By that time, it still held Dresden, the southeastern parts of Saxony, the county of Glatz, and southern Silesia, but the prospect of victory was dim without Russian support. In 1763 a peace settlement was reached at the Treaty of Hubertusburg, ending the war in central Europe.

Question: In 1763 what was the status of Frederick?
Answer: his kingdom was devastated and his army severely weakened

Question: In 1763 what was the status of Austria?
Answer: facing a severe financial crisis and had to decrease the size of its army

Question: What had happened to Frederick's financial help from Britain?
Answer: British subsidies had been stopped by the new Prime Minister Lord Bute

Question: What had happened to Frederick's extra troops from Russia?
Answer: Catherine, who ended Russia's alliance with Prussia and withdrew from the war

Question: What was the result of the weakening of both Prussia and Austria?
Answer: In 1763 a peace settlement was reached at the Treaty of Hubertusburg, ending the war in central Europe.
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Despite the debatable strategic success and the operational failure of the descent on Rochefort, William Pitt—who saw purpose in this type of asymmetric enterprise—prepared to continue such operations. An army was assembled under the command of Charles Spencer, 3rd Duke of Marlborough; he was aided by Lord George Sackville. The naval squadron and transports for the expedition were commanded by Richard Howe. The army landed on 5 June 1758 at Cancalle Bay, proceeded to St. Malo, and, finding that it would take prolonged siege to capture it, instead attacked the nearby port of St. Servan. It burned shipping in the harbor, roughly 80 French privateers and merchantmen, as well as four warships which were under construction. The force then re-embarked under threat of the arrival of French relief forces. An attack on Havre de Grace was called off, and the fleet sailed on to Cherbourg; the weather being bad and provisions low, that too was abandoned, and the expedition returned having damaged French privateering and provided further strategic demonstration against the French coast.

Question: What was the style of William Pitt's warfare?
Answer: saw purpose in this type of asymmetric enterprise

Question: What action did Pitt take against France in 1758?
Answer: The army landed on 5 June 1758 at Cancalle Bay

Question: How did the invading British army do at St. Malo?
Answer: it would take prolonged siege to capture it, instead attacked the nearby port of St. Servan

Question: What damage was done at the alternate site?
Answer: It burned shipping in the harbor, roughly 80 French privateers and merchantmen, as well as four warships which were under construction

Question: How did the British invaders respond to the arrival of French relief forces?
Answer: the expedition returned having damaged French privateering
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Pitt now prepared to send troops into Germany; and both Marlborough and Sackville, disgusted by what they perceived as the futility of the "descents", obtained commissions in that army. The elderly General Bligh was appointed to command a new "descent", escorted by Howe. The campaign began propitiously with the Raid on Cherbourg. Covered by naval bombardment, the army drove off the French force detailed to oppose their landing, captured Cherbourg, and destroyed its fortifications, docks, and shipping.

Question: Who decided to send British troops into Germany?
Answer: Pitt now prepared to send troops into Germany;

Question: Who led the invasion troops?
Answer: The elderly General Bligh

Question: Where did the troops land?
Answer: Cherbourg

Question: Was the landing successful?
Answer: the army drove off the French force detailed to oppose their landing, captured Cherbourg,

Question: How did the British treat Cherbourg?
Answer: destroyed its fortifications, docks, and shipping.
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The troops were reembarked and moved to the Bay of St. Lunaire in Brittany where, on 3 September, they were landed to operate against St. Malo; however, this action proved impractical. Worsening weather forced the two armies to separate: the ships sailed for the safer anchorage of St. Cast, while the army proceeded overland. The tardiness of Bligh in moving his forces allowed a French force of 10,000 from Brest to catch up with him and open fire on the reembarkation troops. A rear-guard of 1,400 under General Dury held off the French while the rest of the army embarked. They could not be saved; 750, including Dury, were killed and the rest captured.

Question: What stopped the planned siege at St. Malo?
Answer: Worsening weather

Question: How did the fleet respond to the bad weather?
Answer: the ships sailed for the safer anchorage of St. Cast

Question: How did the army get to the new anchorage location?
Answer: the army proceeded overland.

Question: What happened to the British army?
Answer: a French force of 10,000 from Brest to catch up with him and open fire on the reembarkation troops

Question: How did the British army escape
Answer: A rear-guard of 1,400 under General Dury held off the French while the rest of the army embarked
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Great Britain lost Minorca in the Mediterranean to the French in 1756 but captured the French colonies in Senegal in 1758. The British Royal Navy took the French sugar colonies of Guadeloupe in 1759 and Martinique in 1762 as well as the Spanish cities of Havana in Cuba, and Manila in the Philippines, both prominent Spanish colonial cities. However, expansion into the hinterlands of both cities met with stiff resistance. In the Philippines, the British were confined to Manila until their agreed upon withdrawal at the war's end.

Question: What island did Great Britain lose in 1756?
Answer: Great Britain lost Minorca in the Mediterranean to the French in 1756

Question: What possession did the French lose to the Brits in 1758
Answer: captured the French colonies in Senegal in 1758

Question: Identify the French colonies lost  to the British in 1759 and 1762.
Answer: The British Royal Navy took the French sugar colonies of Guadeloupe in 1759 and Martinique in 1762

Question: What success did the British have in Cuba?
Answer: Spanish cities of Havana in Cuba

Question: What other colony was taken by the British from Spain?
Answer: Manila in the Philippines
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During the war, the Seven Nations of Canada were allied with the French. These were Native Americans of the Laurentian valley—the Algonquin, the Abenaki, the Huron, and others. Although the Algonquin tribes and the Seven Nations were not directly concerned with the fate of the Ohio River Valley, they had been victims of the Iroquois Confederation. The Iroquois had encroached on Algonquin territory and pushed the Algonquins west beyond Lake Michigan. Therefore, the Algonquin and the Seven Nations were interested in fighting against the Iroquois. Throughout New England, New York, and the North-west Native American tribes formed differing alliances with the major belligerents. The Iroquois, dominant in what is now Upstate New York, sided with the British but did not play a large role in the war.

Question: Who were the Seven Nations of Canada?
Answer: These were Native Americans of the Laurentian valley

Question: Which tribe was the enemy of the Seven Nations of Canada?
Answer: the Seven Nations were interested in fighting against the Iroquois

Question: How much help did the Seven Nations give the French in the Ohio Valley?
Answer: the Seven Nations were not directly concerned with the fate of the Ohio River Valley

Question: Who was the European partner of the Iroquois?
Answer: The Iroquois, dominant in what is now Upstate New York, sided with the British

Question: How valuable was the Iroquois alliance with Britain?
Answer: The Iroquois, dominant in what is now Upstate New York, sided with the British but did not play a large role in the war