Divyanshu67/squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
Himachal_Pradesh

A district of Himachal Pradesh is an administrative geographical unit, headed by a Deputy Commissioner or District Magistrate, an officer belonging to the Indian Administrative Service. The district magistrate or the deputy commissioner is assisted by a number of officers belonging to Himachal Administrative Service and other Himachal state services. Each district is subdivided into Sub-Divisions, governed by a sub-divisional magistrate, and again into Blocks. Blocks consists of panchayats (village councils) and town municipalities. A Superintendent of Police, an officer belonging to the Indian Police Service is entrusted with the responsibility of maintaining law and order and related issues of the district. He is assisted by the officers of the Himachal Police Service and other Himachal Police officials.

Question: Who heads the Himachal Pradesh?
Answer: Deputy Commissioner or District Magistrate

Question: Who maintains law and order?
Answer: Superintendent of Police

Question: Who assists the Superintendent of Police?
Answer: the officers of the Himachal Police Service and other Himachal Police officials.

Question: Who is in charge of the Indian Administrative Service?

Question: Who maintains town municipalities of the district?

Question: What is the Indian Administrative Service comprised of?

Question: What group does a panchayat officer belong to?

Question: What is each geographical unit divided into and governed by a district?
Himachal_Pradesh

The era of planning in Himachal Pradesh started 1948 along with the rest of India. The first five-year plan allocated ₹ 52.7 million to Himachal. More than 50% of this expenditure was incurred on road construction since it was felt that without proper transport facilities, the process of planning and development could not be carried to the people, who mostly lived an isolated existence in far away areas. Himachal now ranks fourth in respect of per capita income among the states of the Indian Union.

Question: When did the era of planning start in Himachal Pradesh?
Answer: 1948

Question: How much was allocated?
Answer: ₹ 52.7 million

Question: What kind of plan was it?
Answer: five-year plan

Question: Where does Himachal Pradesh rank in per capita?
Answer: fourth

Question: What was more than 50% used on?
Answer: road construction

Question: When did the era of road construction start in India?

Question: How much was allocated for developing far away areas?

Question: How much of the expense was for the planning process?

Question: Where does India rank regarding per capita income?

Question: What would happen without a proper five-year plan?
Himachal_Pradesh

Census-wise, the state is placed 21st on the population chart, followed by Tripura at 22nd place. Kangra district was top ranked with a population strength of 1,507,223 (21.98%), Mandi district 999,518 (14.58%), Shimla district 813,384 (11.86%), Solan district 576,670 (8.41%), Sirmaur district 530,164 (7.73%), Una district 521,057 (7.60%), Chamba district 518,844 (7.57%), Hamirpur district 454,293 (6.63%), Kullu district 437,474 (6.38%), Bilaspur district 382,056 (5.57%), Kinnaur district 84,298 (1.23%) and Lahaul Spiti 31,528 (0.46%).

Question: Where did the state place on population chart?
Answer: 21st

Question: Who was 22nd of chart?
Answer: Tripura

Question: Who was top ranked in population strength?
Answer: Kangra district

Question: Who was last in population strength?
Answer: Lahaul Spiti

Question: Where on the population chart is the Shimla district census wise, after being followed by Tripura?

Question: What place was Sirmaur district, that followed the state?

Question: Was place is Lahaul Spiti on the population chart, even though it came first?

Question: What percentage of the population does Kullu district have, being top ranked?

Question: If Hamirpur district is top ranked, what is its population?
Himachal_Pradesh

Other religions that form a small percentage are Buddhism and Sikhism. The Lahaulis of Lahaul and Spiti region are mainly Buddhists. Sikhs mostly live in towns and cities and constitute 1.16% of the state population. For example, they form 10% of the population in Una District adjoining the state of Punjab and 17% in Shimla, the state capital. The Buddhists constitute 1.15% are mainly natives and tribals from Lahaul and Spiti, where they form majority of 60% and Kinnaur where they form 40%, however the bulk are refugees from Tibet. The Muslims constitute slightly 2.18% of the population of Himachal Pradesh.

Question: What other religions form a small percentage?
Answer: Buddhism and Sikhism

Question: Who are mainly Buddhists?
Answer: Lahaulis of Lahaul and Spiti

Question: What is the Muslim population in Himachal Pradesh?
Answer: slightly 2.18%

Question: Where do Sikhs mostly live?
Answer: towns and cities

Question: HOw much of the population do Sikh's make up?
Answer: 1.16%

Question: What percentage of the Una District is Buddhist?

Question: What is the Sikh population of Himachal Pradesh?

Question: Where are most Sikh refugees from?

Question: Where do Muslims mainly live in?

Question: What percentage of Muslims are in Shimla, the state capital?
Himachal_Pradesh

The Gurkhas, a martial tribe, came to power in Nepal in the year 1768. They consolidated their military power and began to expand their territory. Gradually, the Gorkhas annexed Sirmour and Shimla. With the leadership of Amar Singh Thapa, Gorkhas laid siege to Kangra. They managed to defeat Sansar Chand Katoch, the ruler of Kangra, in 1806 with the help of many provincial chiefs. However, Gurkhas could not capture Kangra fort which came under Maharaja Ranjeet Singh in 1809. After the defeat, the Gurkhas began to expand towards the south of the state. However, Raja Ram Singh, Raja of Siba State managed to capture the fort of Siba from the remnants of Lahore Darbar in Samvat 1846, during the First Anglo-Sikh War. They came into direct conflict with the British along the tarai belt after which the British expelled them from the provinces of the Satluj. The British gradually emerged as the paramount power. In the revolt of 1857, or first Indian war of independence, arising from a number of grievances against the British, the people of the hill states were not as politically active as were those in other parts of the country. They and their rulers, with the exception of Bushahr, remained more or less inactive. Some, including the rulers of Chamba, Bilaspur, Bhagal and Dhami, rendered help to the British government during the revolt.

Question: When did the Gurkhas come into power?
Answer: 1768

Question: Where did the Gurkhas come into power?
Answer: Nepal

Question: Who lead the Gorkas to siege Kangra?
Answer: Amar Singh Thapa

Question: In 1806 who did Gorkas defeat with the help of provincial chiefs?
Answer: Sansar Chand Katoch, the ruler of Kangra,

Question: Who rendered help to the British government during the revolt?
Answer: rulers of Chamba, Bilaspur, Bhagal and Dhami

Question: In what year did Kangra come to power in Nepal?

Question: What were the Chamba doing with territory in Nepal?

Question: Who led the Dhami when they laid siege to Kangra?

Question: Who was in control of Lahore Darbar in 1809?

Question: When was the first Bilaspur war for independence against the British?
Himachal_Pradesh

Due to extreme variation in elevation, great variation occurs in the climatic conditions of Himachal . The climate varies from hot and subhumid tropical in the southern tracts to, with more elevation, cold, alpine, and glacial in the northern and eastern mountain ranges. The state has areas like Dharamsala that receive very heavy rainfall, as well as those like Lahaul and Spiti that are cold and almost rainless. Broadly, Himachal experiences three seasons: summer, winter, and rainy season. Summer lasts from mid-April till the end of June and most parts become very hot (except in the alpine zone which experiences a mild summer) with the average temperature ranging from 28 to 32 °C (82 to 90 °F). Winter lasts from late November till mid March. Snowfall is common in alpine tracts (generally above 2,200 metres (7,218 ft) i.e. in the higher and trans-Himalayan region).

Question: What occurs in the climatic conditions of Himachal?
Answer: great variation

Question: What is the climate like?
Answer: varies from hot and subhumid tropical

Question: What three seasons does Himachal experience?
Answer: summer, winter, and rainy season

Question: How long does summer last?
Answer: mid-April till the end of June

Question: How long does winter last?
Answer: late November till mid March.

Question: Why is there variation in the climate conditions of Lahaul?

Question: What three seasons are in Spiti?

Question: How long does summer last in Dharamsala?

Question: How does the climate vary in the trans-Himalayan region?

Question: How are most parts of Lahaul except in Spiti?
Himachal_Pradesh

Himachal Pradesh is governed through a parliamentary system of representative democracy, a feature the state shares with other Indian states. Universal suffrage is granted to residents. The legislature consists of elected members and special office bearers such as the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker who are elected by the members. Assembly meetings are presided over by the Speaker or the Deputy Speaker in the Speaker's absence. The judiciary is composed of the Himachal Pradesh High Court and a system of lower courts. Executive authority is vested in the Council of Ministers headed by the Chief Minister, although the titular head of government is the Governor. The Governor is the head of state appointed by the President of India. The leader of the party or coalition with a majority in the Legislative Assembly is appointed as the Chief Minister by the Governor, and the Council of Ministers are appointed by the Governor on the advice of the Chief Minister. The Council of Ministers reports to the Legislative Assembly. The Assembly is unicameral with 68 Members of the Legislative Assembly (MLA). Terms of office run for 5 years, unless the Assembly is dissolved prior to the completion of the term. Auxiliary authorities known as panchayats, for which local body elections are regularly held, govern local affairs.

Question: What does the Himachal legislature consist of?
Answer: elected members and special office bearers such as the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker who are elected by the members

Question: Who presides over meetings?
Answer: the Speaker or the Deputy Speaker in the Speaker's absence

Question: Who is the Judiciary system made up of?
Answer: Himachal Pradesh High Court and a system of lower courts.

Question: Who is the head of state appointed by the President of India?
Answer: The Governor

Question: How long are the terms of office?
Answer: 5 years, unless the Assembly is dissolved prior to the completion of the term

Question: How many members are there in the Council of Ministers?

Question: For how many years does a judiciary member serve?

Question: Who is the head of state appointed by the lower courts?

Question: Who is appointed as the Chief Minister by the President of India?

Question: Who are appointed by the MLA with advice from the President of India?
Himachal_Pradesh

Railway Himachal is famous for its narrow gauge tracks railways, one is UNESCO World Heritage Kalka-Shimla Railway and another one is Pathankot–Jogindernagar. Total length of these two tracks is 259 kilometres (161 mi). Kalka-Shimla Railway track passes through many tunnels, while Pathankot–Jogindernagar gently meanders through a maze of hills and valleys. It also has standard gauge railway track which connect Amb (Una district) to Delhi. A survey is being conducted to extend this railway line to Kangra (via Nadaun). Other proposed railways in the state are Baddi-Bilaspur, Dharamsala-Palampur and Bilaspur-Manali-Leh.

Question: What is Railway Himachal famous for?
Answer: its narrow gauge tracks railways

Question: What are the 2 narrow gauge railways in the Railway Himachal?
Answer: UNESCO World Heritage Kalka-Shimla Railway and another one is Pathankot–Jogindernagar

Question: What are the other railways being proposed in the state?
Answer: Baddi-Bilaspur, Dharamsala-Palampur and Bilaspur-Manali-Leh.

Question: What is being conducted to extend the railway?
Answer: survey

Question: What is the total length of the railways?
Answer: 259 kilometres (161 mi)

Question: What is Bilaspur-Manali-Leh railway famous for?

Question: What are the two tunnels in Railway Himachal?

Question: What other railways are being proposed by UNESCO?

Question: What is the total length of the Una district railway?

Question: What is being done to extend the railway line to Delhi?
Himachal_Pradesh

Himachal Pradesh is famous for its abundant natural beauty. After the war between Nepal and Britain, also known as the Anglo-Gorkha War (1814–1816), the British colonial government came into power and the land now comprising Himachal Pradesh became part of the Punjab Province of British India. In 1950, Himachal was declared a union territory, but after the State of Himachal Pradesh Act 1971, Himachal emerged as the 18th state of the Republic of India. Hima means snow in Sanskrit, and the literal meaning of the state's name is "In the lap of Himalayas". It was named by Acharya Diwakar Datt Sharma, one of the great Sanskrit scholars of Himachal Pradesh.

Question: Who is famous for natural beauty?
Answer: Himachal Pradesh

Question: What years was the Anglo-Gorkha War?
Answer: 1814–1816

Question: What does HIma mean in Sanskirt?
Answer: snow

Question: What is the literal meaning of Himachal Pradesh?
Answer: In the lap of Himalayas

Question: Who was one of the great sanskirt scholars of Himachal Pradesh?
Answer: Acharya Diwakar Datt Sharma

Question: What was Pradesh declared in 1950?

Question: What is  one thing Britain is famous for?

Question: What came into power after the war between Himachal and Sanskrit?

Question: When did the Himalayas become part of the Punjab Province of British India?

Question: Who was responsible for naming the Punjab Province of British India?
Himachal_Pradesh

Though situated in a remote part of the country, Himachal Pradesh has an active community of journalists and publishers. Several newspapers and magazines are published in more than one language, and their reach extends to almost all the Hindi-speaking states. Radio and TV have permeated significantly. Judging by the number of people writing to these media, there is a very large media-aware population in the state. All major English daily newspapers are available in Shimla and district headquarters. Aapka Faisla, Amar Ujala, Panjab Kesari, Divya Himachal are Hindi daily newspaper with local editions are read widely.

Question: Who has an active community of journalists and publishers?
Answer: Himachal Pradesh

Question: What are the newspapers famous for?
Answer: published in more than one language, and their reach extends to almost all the Hindi-speaking states

Question: What is available in Shimla and district headquarters?
Answer: All major English daily newspapers

Question: What are the newspapers that are in Hindi and read widely?
Answer: Aapka Faisla, Amar Ujala, Panjab Kesari, Divya Himachal

Question: What has grown significantly?
Answer: Radio and TV

Question: What has an active community that reads the Ujala daily newspaper?

Question: What are Divya's accomplishments?

Question: What is available in Faisla and Aapka?

Question: What has grown in a remote part of the country?

Question: What are the names of newspapers read widely in English?
Himachal_Pradesh

Governments have seen alternates between Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) and Indian National Congress (INC), no third front ever has become significant. In 2003, the state legislative assembly was won by the Indian National Congress and Virbhadra Singh was elected as the chief minister of the state. In the assembly elections held in December 2007, the BJP secured a landslide victory. The BJP won 41 of the 68 seats while the Congress won only 23 of the 68 seats. BJP's Prem Kumar Dhumal was sworn in as Chief Minister of Himachal Pradesh on 30 December 2007.

Question: Who was elected as chief minister of the state of India?
Answer: Virbhadra Singh

Question: How many seats did the BJP win?
Answer: 41 of the 68 seats

Question: Who is BJP's Chief MInister of Himachal Pradesh?
Answer: Prem Kumar Dhumal

Question: When was he sworn in?
Answer: 30 December 2007

Question: When did the BJP secure a landslide victory?
Answer: December 2007

Question: In 2003, what did the Bharatiya Party win?

Question: What was Prem Kumar Dhumal elected as in 2003?

Question: When were the Indian National Congress elections held?

Question: When did the Indian National Congress win by a landslide?

Question: When was Virbhadra Singh sworn in as Chief Minister of Himachal Pradesh?
Himachal_Pradesh

Though the state is deficient in food grains, it has gained a lot in other spheres of agricultural production such as seed potato, ginger, vegetables, vegetable seeds, mushrooms, chicory seeds, hops, olives and fig. Seed potato is mostly grown in the Shimla, Kullu and Lahaul areas. Special efforts are being made to promote cultivation of crops like olives, figs, hops, mushrooms, flowers, pistachio nuts, sarda melon and saffron. Solan is the largest vegetable producing district in the state. The district of Sirmaur is also famous for growing flowers, and is the largest producer of flowers in the state.

Question: What type of agriculture is in the state?
Answer: seed potato, ginger, vegetables, vegetable seeds, mushrooms, chicory seeds, hops, olives and fig

Question: Where is seed potato mostly grown?
Answer: Shimla, Kullu and Lahaul areas

Question: Who is the largest vegetable producing district in the state?
Answer: Solan

Question: What is the district of Sirmaur famous for?
Answer: growing flowers, and is the largest producer of flowers in the state

Question: What is the state deficient in?
Answer: food grains

Question: What is Shimla deficient in?

Question: In what areas is ginger mostly grown?

Question: What is the largest fig producing district in the state?

Question: What is the Kullu district also famous for producing?

Question: What is Solan making a special effort to produce?
Himachal_Pradesh

Himachal was one of the few states that had remained largely untouched by external customs, largely due to its difficult terrain. With the technological advancements the state has changed very rapidly. It is a multireligional, multicultural as well as multilingual state like other Indian states. Some of the most commonly spoken languages includes Hindi, Pahari, Dogri, Mandeali Kangri, Mandyali, Gojri and Kinnauri. The caste communities residing in Himachal include the Khatri, Brahmins of the Hindu Faith and the Sikh Brahmin Caste Bhatra, Rajputs, Gujjars, Gaddis, Ghirth (choudhary), Kannets, Rathis and Kolis, Sood There are tribal populations in the state which mainly comprise Kinnars, Pangawals, Sulehria, and Lahaulis.The people Of Himachal Pradesh are very simple and live a traditional ´Pahari' lifestyle.

Question: Who was largely untouched by external customs?
Answer: Himachal

Question: What has made the state change very rapidly?
Answer: technological advancements

Question: Himachal is?
Answer: multireligional, multicultural as well as multilingual state like other Indian states

Question: What are the common languages spoken?
Answer: Hindi, Pahari, Dogri, Mandeali Kangri, Mandyali, Gojri and Kinnauri

Question: Who makes up the tribal populations?
Answer: Kinnars, Pangawals, Sulehria, and Lahaulis

Question: Why was Dogri untouched by external customs?

Question: What has caused rapid changes in Gojri?

Question: What aspects does Mandeali have like other Indian states?

Question: What are some languages spoken in Gaddis?

Question: What groups comprise the tribal populations in Dogri?
Himachal_Pradesh

The Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Himachal Pradesh University Shimla, Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (IHBT, CSIR Lab), Palampur, the National Institute of Technology, Hamirpur, Indian Institute of Information Technology, Una the Central University Dharamshala, AP Goyal (Alakh Prakash Goyal) Shimla University, The Bahra University (Waknaghat, Solan) the Baddi University of Emerging Sciences and Technologies Baddi, IEC University, Shoolini University Of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, Manav Bharti University Solan, the Jaypee University of Information Technology Waknaghat, Eternal University, Sirmaur & Chitkara University Solan are some of the pioneer universities in the state. CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishwavidyalya Palampur is one of the most renowned hill agriculture institutes in world. Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry has earned a unique distinction in India for imparting teaching, research and extension education in horticulture, forestry and allied disciplines. Further, state-run Jawaharlal Nehru Government Engineering College started in 2006 at Sundernagar.

Question: When was the state run Nehru Government Engineering College started?
Answer: 2006 at Sundernagar

Question: What are a few pioneer universities in the state?
Answer: The Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Himachal Pradesh University Shimla, Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (IHBT, CSIR Lab)

Question: What is the most renowned argricultural institues?
Answer: CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishwavidyalya Palampur

Question: What is Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar University earned?
Answer: unique distinction in India for imparting teaching, research and extension education in horticulture, forestry and allied disciplines

Question: What is the Indian Institute of Technology Mandi known for in the world?

Question: What recognition has IEC University earned?

Question: Why has IEC University earned distinction?

Question: When did IEC University start in Sundernagar?

Question: What is one of the most renowned IT institutes?
Himachal_Pradesh

Doordarshan is the state-owned television broadcaster. Doordarshan Shimla also provides programs in Pahari language.Multi system operators provide a mix of Nepali, Hindi, English, and international channels via cable. All India Radio is a public radio station. Private FM stations are also available in few cities like Shimla. BSNL, Reliance Infocomm, Tata Indicom, Tata Docomo, Aircel, Vodafone, Idea Cellular and Airtel are available cellular phone operators. Broadband internet is available in select towns and cities and is provided by the state-run BSNL and by other private companies. Dial-up access is provided throughout the state by BSNL and other providers.

Question: What is Doordarshan?
Answer: state-owned television broadcaster

Question: What is provided by BSNL and others throughout the state?
Answer: Dial-up access

Question: What is available in few cities?
Answer: Private FM stations

Question: Who are the cellular phone operators available?
Answer: BSNL, Reliance Infocomm, Tata Indicom, Tata Docomo, Aircel, Vodafone, Idea Cellular and Airtel

Question: What is All India Radio?
Answer: public radio station

Question: What is the name of the state-owned radio station?

Question: What language does BSNL provide programs in?

Question: What are some of the available dial-up providers?

Question: What is available in a few cities like Nepal?

Question: What do Reliance Infocomm and Tata Indicom provide only to certain cities and towns?
Himachal_Pradesh

Himachal Pradesh is spread across valleys, and 90% of the population lives in villages and towns. However, the state has achieved 100% hygiene and practically no single house is without a toilet. The villages are well connected to roads, public health centers, and now with Lokmitra kendra using high-speed broadband. Shimla district has maximum urban population of 25%. According to a 2005 Transparency International survey, Himachal Pradesh is ranked the second-least corrupt state in the country after Kerala. The hill stations of the state are among the most visited places in the country. The government has successfully imposed environmental protection and tourism development, meeting European standards, and it is the only state which forbids the use of polyethylene and tobacco products.[citation needed]

Question: Where do 90% of the population live in Himachal Pradesh?
Answer: villages and towns

Question: No single house is without?
Answer: a toilet

Question: What are the villages well connected to?
Answer: roads, public health centers, and now with Lokmitra kendra using high-speed broadband

Question: What is Himachal Pradesh rank according to the 2005 Transparency international survey?
Answer: second-least corrupt state in the country after Kerala

Question: What are the most visited places in the country?
Answer: The hill stations

Question: How is Lokmitra kendra ranked after the government regarding corruption?

Question: What are the most visited places in Shimla?

Question: What has the government done to meet maximum urban population standards?

Question: What products does Shimla forbid the use of?

Question: What is no health center without in Himachal Pradesh?
Communication

Nonverbal communication describes the process of conveying meaning in the form of non-word messages. Examples of nonverbal communication include haptic communication, chronemic communication, gestures, body language, facial expression, eye contact, and how one dresses. Nonverbal communication also relates to intent of a message. Examples of intent are voluntary, intentional movements like shaking a hand or winking, as well as involuntary, such as sweating. Speech also contains nonverbal elements known as paralanguage, e.g. rhythm, intonation, tempo, and stress. There may even be a pheromone component. Research has shown that up to 55% of human communication may occur through non-verbal facial expressions, and a further 38% through paralanguage. It affects communication most at the subconscious level and establishes trust. Likewise, written texts include nonverbal elements such as handwriting style, spatial arrangement of words and the use of emoticons to convey emotion.

Question: What is nonverbal communication?
Answer: conveying meaning in the form of non-word messages

Question: What is one example of nonverbal communication?
Answer: body language

Question: What is an example of a voluntary intent of a message related to nonverbal communication?
Answer: shaking a hand

Question: What is an example of an involuntary intent of a message related to nonverbal communication?
Answer: sweating

Question: What percentage of human communication occurs through nonverbal facial expressions?
Answer: 55%

Question: What is an example of paralanguage?

Question: Dopamine levels can show what type of communication?

Question: Improper communication establishes what?

Question: What percentage of human communication occurs through foot tapping?

Question: What is verbal communication?
Communication

Fungi communicate to coordinate and organize their growth and development such as the formation of Marcelia and fruiting bodies. Fungi communicate with their own and related species as well as with non fungal organisms in a great variety of symbiotic interactions, especially with bacteria, unicellular eukaryote, plants and insects through biochemicals of biotic origin. The biochemicals trigger the fungal organism to react in a specific manner, while if the same chemical molecules are not part of biotic messages, they do not trigger the fungal organism to react. This implies that fungal organisms can differentiate between molecules taking part in biotic messages and similar molecules being irrelevant in the situation. So far five different primary signalling molecules are known to coordinate different behavioral patterns such as filamentation, mating, growth, and pathogenicity. Behavioral coordination and production of signaling substances is achieved through interpretation processes that enables the organism to differ between self or non-self, a biotic indicator, biotic message from similar, related, or non-related species, and even filter out "noise", i.e. similar molecules without biotic content.

Question: Why do fungi communicate?
Answer: to coordinate and organize their growth and development

Question: How do fungi communicate with insects?
Answer: through biochemicals of biotic origin

Question: How many primary signalling molecules are known to organize different behavioral patterns?
Answer: five

Question: What enables an organism to differentiate between self and other?
Answer: interpretation processes

Question: What is an example of "noise" that is filtered out through the interpretation processes?
Answer: similar molecules without biotic content

Question: There are four primary signalling molecules that are known to organize what?

Question: What can't differentiate between molecules taking part in biotic messages or irrelevant messages?

Question: How many secondary signalling molecules are known to coordinate?

Question: What substance always triggers the fungal organism to react the same way every time?

Question: What 'noise' can't be filtered out?
Communication

Communication is usually described along a few major dimensions: Message (what type of things are communicated), source / emisor / sender / encoder (by whom), form (in which form), channel (through which medium), destination / receiver / target / decoder (to whom), and Receiver. Wilbur Schram (1954) also indicated that we should also examine the impact that a message has (both desired and undesired) on the target of the message. Between parties, communication includes acts that confer knowledge and experiences, give advice and commands, and ask questions. These acts may take many forms, in one of the various manners of communication. The form depends on the abilities of the group communicating. Together, communication content and form make messages that are sent towards a destination. The target can be oneself, another person or being, another entity (such as a corporation or group of beings).

Question: What is one dimension that communication is typically described along?
Answer: channel (through which medium)

Question: Who said that we should examine the impact a message has on the recipient of the message?
Answer: Wilbur Schram

Question: What acts are included in communication between parties?
Answer: confer knowledge and experiences, give advice and commands, and ask questions

Question: The forms of the acts included in communication depends on what?
Answer: abilities of the group communicating

Question: What is one target of communication?
Answer: another person or being

Question: What is described as having many major dimensions?

Question: The destination or target is thought to be the medium of what?

Question: Who didn't think a message would have any impact on the receiver?

Question: Together, communication content, intent and form make messages that are sent where?

Question: Transferring knowledge and experiences are the only types of what?
Communication

Effective verbal or spoken communication is dependent on a number of factors and cannot be fully isolated from other important interpersonal skills such as non-verbal communication, listening skills and clarification. Human language can be defined as a system of symbols (sometimes known as lexemes) and the grammars (rules) by which the symbols are manipulated. The word "language" also refers to common properties of languages. Language learning normally occurs most intensively during human childhood. Most of the thousands of human languages use patterns of sound or gesture for symbols which enable communication with others around them. Languages tend to share certain properties, although there are exceptions. There is no defined line between a language and a dialect. Constructed languages such as Esperanto, programming languages, and various mathematical formalism is not necessarily restricted to the properties shared by human languages. Communication is two-way process not merely one-way.

Question: What is human communication defined as?
Answer: a system of symbols

Question: When does language learning primarily occur most intensively?
Answer: during human childhood

Question: How many human languages are there?
Answer: thousands

Question: What do human languages use to communicate with others?
Answer: patterns of sound or gesture for symbols

Question: What is an example of a language that is not restricted to properties of human language?
Answer: programming languages

Question: When does language learning not occur most intensively?

Question: The combination and patterns of letters and gestures are the basis for thousands of what?

Question: An example of a language that is restricted to properties of human language is what?

Question: Listening skills are not a factor of important interpersonal skills in what type of communication?

Question: Grammars are not used in manipulating the symbols of what?
Communication

Family communication study looks at topics such as family rules, family roles or family dialectics and how those factors could affect the communication between family members. Researchers develop theories to understand communication behaviors. Family communication study also digs deep into certain time periods of family life such as marriage, parenthood or divorce and how communication stands in those situations. It is important for family members to understand communication as a trusted way which leads to a well constructed family.

Question: What is some factors in family communication that could affect communication between family members?
Answer: family rules, family roles or family dialectics

Question: What are some time periods that family communication study looks at?
Answer: marriage, parenthood or divorce

Question: What does trusted communication in a family lead to?
Answer: a well constructed family

Question: Family roles were found to have no affect on communication between whom?

Question: The death of a family member was looked at in what?

Question: Family members developed theories to understand what?

Question: It is important for researchers to understand communication as a trusted way which leads to a what?

Question: Family rules was not a topic that was covered in what?
Communication

The broad field of animal communication encompasses most of the issues in ethology. Animal communication can be defined as any behavior of one animal that affects the current or future behavior of another animal. The study of animal communication, called zoo semiotics (distinguishable from anthroposemiotics, the study of human communication) has played an important part in the development of ethology, sociobiology, and the study of animal cognition. Animal communication, and indeed the understanding of the animal world in general, is a rapidly growing field, and even in the 21st century so far, a great share of prior understanding related to diverse fields such as personal symbolic name use, animal emotions, animal culture and learning, and even sexual conduct, long thought to be well understood, has been revolutionized. A special field of animal communication has been investigated in more detail such as vibrational communication.

Question: How is animal communication defined?
Answer: any behavior of one animal that affects the current or future behavior of another animal

Question: What is the study of animal communication called?
Answer: zoo semiotics

Question: What is the study of human communication called?
Answer: anthroposemiotics

Question: What are some fields of knowledge concerning the animal world that have been revolutionizes in the 21st century?
Answer: animal emotions, animal culture and learning

Question: What field of communication has been investigated more thoroughly?
Answer: vibrational communication

Question: Anthroposemiotics is the study of animal what?

Question: Zoo semiotics is the study of human what?

Question: A special field of animal communication that has not been investigated is what?

Question: What is defined as any one behavior of all animals that affects the current or future behavior of another animal?

Question: Human and animal communication is a rapidly growing field of study in what century.
Communication

The first major model for communication was introduced by Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver for Bell Laboratories in 1949 The original model was designed to mirror the functioning of radio and telephone technologies. Their initial model consisted of three primary parts: sender, channel, and receiver. The sender was the part of a telephone a person spoke into, the channel was the telephone itself, and the receiver was the part of the phone where one could hear the other person. Shannon and Weaver also recognized that often there is static that interferes with one listening to a telephone conversation, which they deemed noise.

Question: Who introduced the first major model for communication in 1949?
Answer: Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver

Question: What did the first model for communication consist of?
Answer: sender, channel, and receiver

Question: What was the sender in the initial model?
Answer: the part of a telephone a person spoke into

Question: What was the channel in the initial model?
Answer: the telephone itself

Question: What was the receiver in the initial model?
Answer: the part of the phone where one could hear the other person

Question: In 1945 the first communication model was introduced for what company?

Question: What had two primary parts of a sender and a receiver?

Question: The channel was where one could hear what?

Question: Shannon and Bell recognized that what interfered with listening to a telephone conversation?

Question: Warren Shannon and Claude Weaver worked for whom?
Communication

In a simple model, often referred to as the transmission model or standard view of communication, information or content (e.g. a message in natural language) is sent in some form (as spoken language) from an emisor/ sender/ encoder to a destination/ receiver/ decoder. This common conception of communication simply views communication as a means of sending and receiving information. The strengths of this model are simplicity, generality, and quantifiability. Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver structured this model based on the following elements:

Question: A simple model is also referred to as what?
Answer: transmission model

Question: What kind of message is sent in a simple model?
Answer: a message in natural language

Question: In what form is the information or content sent in a simple model?
Answer: spoken language

Question: How is information sent through a simple model?
Answer: from an emisor/ sender/ encoder

Question: What are the strengths of the simple model?
Answer: simplicity, generality, and quantifiability

Question: What are the weaknesses of this model?

Question: Claude Weaver did what based on those elements?

Question: A complex model is a message sent from an emisor/ sender/ encoder to a what?

Question: What type of message is sent in a complex model?

Question: Who invented this model?
Communication

In a slightly more complex form a sender and a receiver are linked reciprocally. This second attitude of communication, referred to as the constitutive model or constructionist view, focuses on how an individual communicates as the determining factor of the way the message will be interpreted. Communication is viewed as a conduit; a passage in which information travels from one individual to another and this information becomes separate from the communication itself. A particular instance of communication is called a speech act. The sender's personal filters and the receiver's personal filters may vary depending upon different regional traditions, cultures, or gender; which may alter the intended meaning of message contents. In the presence of "communication noise" on the transmission channel (air, in this case), reception and decoding of content may be faulty, and thus the speech act may not achieve the desired effect. One problem with this encode-transmit-receive-decode model is that the processes of encoding and decoding imply that the sender and receiver each possess something that functions as a codebook, and that these two code books are, at the very least, similar if not identical. Although something like code books is implied by the model, they are nowhere represented in the model, which creates many conceptual difficulties.

Question: How are the sender and receiver connected in a slightly more complex form of communication model?
Answer: reciprocally

Question: What is the model of communication in which the sender and receiver are connected reciprocally called?
Answer: constitutive model or constructionist view

Question: What is communication viewed as?
Answer: a conduit

Question: What is something that may alter the intended meaning of a message?
Answer: different regional traditions

Question: What is something that may cause the reception and decoding of the content of a message to be faulty?
Answer: communication noise

Question: Code books are represented in what?

Question: The first attitude of communication is referred to as what?

Question: Occasionally instances of communication are called what?

Question: A sender or receiver's what never varies regardless of culture or gender?

Question: A person's age may change a sender or receiver's what?
Communication

Communication is observed within the plant organism, i.e. within plant cells and between plant cells, between plants of the same or related species, and between plants and non-plant organisms, especially in the root zone. Plant roots communicate with rhizome bacteria, fungi, and insects within the soil. These interactions are governed by syntactic, pragmatic, and semantic rules,[citation needed] and are possible because of the decentralized "nervous system" of plants. The original meaning of the word "neuron" in Greek is "vegetable fiber" and recent research has shown that most of the microorganism plant communication processes are neuron-like. Plants also communicate via volatiles when exposed to herbivory attack behavior, thus warning neighboring plants. In parallel they produce other volatiles to attract parasites which attack these herbivores. In stress situations plants can overwrite the genomes they inherited from their parents and revert to that of their grand- or great-grandparents.[citation needed]

Question: What is a form of communication observed within plants?
Answer: between plant cells

Question: What part of a plant communicates with rhizome bacteria, fungi, and insects within the soil?
Answer: roots

Question: How are the plant roots able to communicate with rhizome bacteria, fungi, and insects within the soil?
Answer: the decentralized "nervous system" of plants

Question: What is the meaning of the word neuron in Greek?
Answer: vegetable fiber

Question: How do plants communicate to warn nearby plants of danger?
Answer: via volatiles

Question: The plants leaves communicates with what in the soil?

Question: This centralized system makes plant interactions possible?

Question: The Hebrew word for 'neuron' is what?

Question: During herbivory attack behavior what doesn't allow plants to communicate?

Question: What can't plants overwrite when they are stressed?
Communication

Theories of coregulation describe communication as a creative and dynamic continuous process, rather than a discrete exchange of information. Canadian media scholar Harold Innis had the theory that people use different types of media to communicate and which one they choose to use will offer different possibilities for the shape and durability of society (Wark, McKenzie 1997). His famous example of this is using ancient Egypt and looking at the ways they built themselves out of media with very different properties stone and papyrus. Papyrus is what he called 'Space Binding'. it made possible the transmission of written orders across space, empires and enables the waging of distant military campaigns and colonial administration. The other is stone and 'Time Binding', through the construction of temples and the pyramids can sustain their authority generation to generation, through this media they can change and shape communication in their society (Wark, McKenzie 1997).

Question: What describes communication as creative and dynamic rather than discrete?
Answer: Theories of coregulation

Question: Who theorized that the types of media people use to communicate will offer different possibilities for the shape of society?
Answer: Harold Innis

Question: What ancient civilization did Harold Innis use as an example of his theory?
Answer: Egypt

Question: What did Harold Innis call papyrus?
Answer: Space Binding

Question: What did Space Binding make possible for the ancient Egyptian civilizations?
Answer: transmission of written orders across space, empires

Question: Wark and McKenzie had a theory that people use different types of what to communicate?

Question: Ancient Rome was the famous example of the theory of whom?

Question: Using the media to water, people can change and shape communication where?

Question: Describing communication as a creative but not a dynamic continuous process is the definition of what?

Question: Using the same media for communication will offer possibilities for what?
Communication

Companies with limited resources may choose to engage in only a few of these activities, while larger organizations may employ a full spectrum of communications. Since it is difficult to develop such a broad range of skills, communications professionals often specialize in one or two of these areas but usually have at least a working knowledge of most of them. By far, the most important qualifications communications professionals can possess are excellent writing ability, good 'people' skills, and the capacity to think critically and strategically.

Question: Why do communications professionals typically specialize in only one or two areas of communication?
Answer: it is difficult to develop such a broad range of skills

Question: What is one of the most important qualifications for a communications professional to have?
Answer: excellent writing ability

Question: What kind of companies may engage in only a few types of communications?
Answer: Companies with limited resources

Question: Good people skills is a qualification that is important to what profession?
Answer: communications

Question: It is not necessary to have critical and strategical thinking abilities to do what job?

Question: All companies or organizations employ a full spectrum of what?

Question: One of the least important qualifications to be a communications professional is what?

Question: Who is always able to master a broad range of skills?

Question: Besides excellent writing abilities and good 'people' skills, all company employees should  have what other skill?
Grape

Anthocyanins tend to be the main polyphenolics in purple grapes whereas flavan-3-ols (i.e. catechins) are the more abundant phenolic in white varieties. Total phenolic content, a laboratory index of antioxidant strength, is higher in purple varieties due almost entirely to anthocyanin density in purple grape skin compared to absence of anthocyanins in white grape skin. It is these anthocyanins that are attracting the efforts of scientists to define their properties for human health. Phenolic content of grape skin varies with cultivar, soil composition, climate, geographic origin, and cultivation practices or exposure to diseases, such as fungal infections.

Question: What are the most abundant polyphenolics in purple grapes?
Answer: Anthocyanins

Question: What is the main phenolic in white grapes?
Answer: flavan-3-ols

Question: What is the laboratory index of antioxidant strength in grapes known as? 
Answer: Total phenolic content

Question: What content of a grapes skin can be affected by soil composition, climate, and cultivation practices? 
Answer: Phenolic content

Question: Why causes antioxidant strength to be higher in purple grapes?
Answer: anthocyanins