Divyanshu67/squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
Culture

The modern term "culture" is based on a term used by the Ancient Roman orator Cicero in his Tusculanae Disputationes, where he wrote of a cultivation of the soul or "cultura animi", using an agricultural metaphor for the development of a philosophical soul, understood teleologically as the highest possible ideal for human development. Samuel Pufendorf took over this metaphor in a modern context, meaning something similar, but no longer assuming that philosophy was man's natural perfection. His use, and that of many writers after him "refers to all the ways in which human beings overcome their original barbarism, and through artifice, become fully human".

Question: What is the modern term "culture" based on?
Answer: term used by the Ancient Roman orator Cicero

Question: Who took over the metaphor used by Cicero?
Answer: Samuel Pufendorf

Question: Samuel changed something that was in the old meaning of the metaphor, what was it?
Answer: no longer assuming that philosophy was man's natural perfection

Question: What term was used by the Ancient Roman Emperor Cicero in his Tusculanae Disputationes?

Question: What had written in it an agricultural metaphor for the destruction of a philosophical soul?

Question: Who first introduced the metaphor later used by Cicero?

Question: Who assumed that philosophy was man's natural perfection?
Culture

Social conflict and the development of technologies can produce changes within a society by altering social dynamics and promoting new cultural models, and spurring or enabling generative action. These social shifts may accompany ideological shifts and other types of cultural change. For example, the U.S. feminist movement involved new practices that produced a shift in gender relations, altering both gender and economic structures. Environmental conditions may also enter as factors. For example, after tropical forests returned at the end of the last ice age, plants suitable for domestication were available, leading to the invention of agriculture, which in turn brought about many cultural innovations and shifts in social dynamics.

Question: What changes do Social conflicts along with developing of technologies have on culture? 
Answer: social dynamics and promoting new cultural models

Question: What is this cultural movement called that involves a shift in gender relations mainly involving women?
Answer: U.S. feminist movement

Question: Which time period was used in the example of shifts in social dynamics?
Answer: ice age

Question: What never changes due to social conflicts along with developing of technologies?

Question: Which time period was used in the example of shifts in physical dynamics?

Question: What is this cultural movement called that involves a shift in gender relations mainly excluding women?

Question: What structures were not changed due to the U.S. feminist movement?

Question: What conditions are never a factor?
Culture

Cultures are externally affected via contact between societies, which may also produce—or inhibit—social shifts and changes in cultural practices. War or competition over resources may impact technological development or social dynamics. Additionally, cultural ideas may transfer from one society to another, through diffusion or acculturation. In diffusion, the form of something (though not necessarily its meaning) moves from one culture to another. For example, hamburgers, fast food in the United States, seemed exotic when introduced into China. "Stimulus diffusion" (the sharing of ideas) refers to an element of one culture leading to an invention or propagation in another. "Direct Borrowing" on the other hand tends to refer to technological or tangible diffusion from one culture to another. Diffusion of innovations theory presents a research-based model of why and when individuals and cultures adopt new ideas, practices, and products.

Question: What may impact social dynamics and technical development?
Answer: War or competition over resources

Question: In the example given, what seemed exotic when introduced into China but is common in the United States?
Answer: fast food

Question: What does the term Stimulus diffusion mean?
Answer: the sharing of ideas

Question: Which theory consist of cultured adopting new practices,ideas, and products?
Answer: Diffusion of innovations

Question: What is internally affected via contact between societies?

Question: In the example given, what seemed common when introduced into China but is exotic in the United States?

Question: What does the term Stimulus infusion mean?

Question: What refers to technological or tangible infusion from one culture to another?

Question: What theory presents a research-based model of why and when groups and cultures adopt old ideas, practices, and products?
Culture

Immanuel Kant (1724–1804) has formulated an individualist definition of "enlightenment" similar to the concept of bildung: "Enlightenment is man's emergence from his self-incurred immaturity." He argued that this immaturity comes not from a lack of understanding, but from a lack of courage to think independently. Against this intellectual cowardice, Kant urged: Sapere aude, "Dare to be wise!" In reaction to Kant, German scholars such as Johann Gottfried Herder (1744–1803) argued that human creativity, which necessarily takes unpredictable and highly diverse forms, is as important as human rationality. Moreover, Herder proposed a collective form of bildung: "For Herder, Bildung was the totality of experiences that provide a coherent identity, and sense of common destiny, to a people."

Question: Who said the following statement? "Enlightenment is man's emergence from his self-incurred immaturity".
Answer: Immanuel Kant

Question: What does the term Sapere aude mean?
Answer: Dare to be wise

Question: Which German scholar argued that human creativity takes diverse forms and is as important as human rationality?
Answer: Johann Gottfried Herder

Question: Who said the following statement? "Enlightenment is man's emergence from his self-incurred maturity"

Question: Who argued that immaturity comes not from a lack of understanding, but from a lack of courage to think dependently?

Question: What term was considered man's emergence into his self-incurred immaturity?

Question: Who argued that human creativity is not as important as human rationality?

Question: Who proposed an individualistic form of bildung?
Culture

In 1795, the Prussian linguist and philosopher Wilhelm von Humboldt (1767–1835) called for an anthropology that would synthesize Kant's and Herder's interests. During the Romantic era, scholars in Germany, especially those concerned with nationalist movements—such as the nationalist struggle to create a "Germany" out of diverse principalities, and the nationalist struggles by ethnic minorities against the Austro-Hungarian Empire—developed a more inclusive notion of culture as "worldview" (Weltanschauung). According to this school of thought, each ethnic group has a distinct worldview that is incommensurable with the worldviews of other groups. Although more inclusive than earlier views, this approach to culture still allowed for distinctions between "civilized" and "primitive" or "tribal" cultures.

Question: Which Prussian linguist called for an anthropology?
Answer: Wilhelm von Humboldt

Question: During which ere did scholars of Germany developed a more inclusive culture?
Answer: Romantic era

Question: What was the German name given for the creation of this culture during the Romantic era?
Answer: Weltanschauung

Question: Which Prussian linguist called for an ontology?

Question: Which era did scholars of Germany develop a less inclusive culture?

Question: What was the Russian name given for the creation of this culture during the Romantic era?

Question: Which scholars were never concerned with nationalist movements?
Culture

In 1860, Adolf Bastian (1826–1905) argued for "the psychic unity of mankind". He proposed that a scientific comparison of all human societies would reveal that distinct worldviews consisted of the same basic elements. According to Bastian, all human societies share a set of "elementary ideas" (Elementargedanken); different cultures, or different "folk ideas" (Völkergedanken), are local modifications of the elementary ideas. This view paved the way for the modern understanding of culture. Franz Boas (1858–1942) was trained in this tradition, and he brought it with him when he left Germany for the United States.

Question: According to Bastian, what did he believe all human societies shared?
Answer: elementary ideas

Question: What was the name of the person argued for "The psychic unity of mankind"?
Answer: Adolf Bastian

Question: Who trained under Bastian's ideas on culture?
Answer: Franz Boas

Question: What did Adolf Bastian believe all human societies ignored?

Question: Who argued for "The psychic separation of mankind"?

Question: Who first taught Bastian's ideas on culture?

Question: What Hungarian term means "folk ideas"?

Question: What view did not have a paved way for modern understanding?
Culture

In practice, culture referred to an élite ideal and was associated with such activities as art, classical music, and haute cuisine. As these forms were associated with urban life, "culture" was identified with "civilization" (from lat. civitas, city). Another facet of the Romantic movement was an interest in folklore, which led to identifying a "culture" among non-elites. This distinction is often characterized as that between high culture, namely that of the ruling social group, and low culture. In other words, the idea of "culture" that developed in Europe during the 18th and early 19th centuries reflected inequalities within European societies.

Question: What did culture refer to in practice?
Answer: élite ideal

Question: What was associated with culture during this German practice?
Answer: art, classical music, and haute cuisine

Question: Art and music were some of these forms of  cultural related to what type of living?
Answer: urban life

Question: The idea of culture in Europe in the 19th century reflected what during this time period?
Answer: inequalities within European societies.

Question: What did culture never refer to in practice?

Question: What was associated with culture during this American practice?

Question: What movement had little interest in folklore?

Question: When did the idea of "culture" stop in Europe?
Culture

Matthew Arnold contrasted "culture" with anarchy; other Europeans, following philosophers Thomas Hobbes and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, contrasted "culture" with "the state of nature". According to Hobbes and Rousseau, the Native Americans who were being conquered by Europeans from the 16th centuries on were living in a state of nature; this opposition was expressed through the contrast between "civilized" and "uncivilized." According to this way of thinking, one could classify some countries and nations as more civilized than others and some people as more cultured than others. This contrast led to Herbert Spencer's theory of Social Darwinism and Lewis Henry Morgan's theory of cultural evolution. Just as some critics have argued that the distinction between high and low cultures is really an expression of the conflict between European elites and non-elites, some critics have argued that the distinction between civilized and uncivilized people is really an expression of the conflict between European colonial powers and their colonial subjects.

Question: How did Matthew Arnold view "Culture" with?
Answer: anarchy

Question: Which two philosophers contrasted "culture" with the state of nature?
Answer: Thomas Hobbes and Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Question: Which race was considered living "in a state of nature" by the Europeans?
Answer: Native Americans

Question: "In a state of nature" was divided into two groups, what where they?
Answer: "civilized" and "uncivilized."

Question: Matthew Arnold blended "culture" with what?

Question: Who combined "culture" with "the state of nature"?

Question: Which race was considered living "outside of nature" by the Europeans?

Question: What concept contains no contrast between it?

Question: What location is never more civilized than others?
Culture

Other 19th-century critics, following Rousseau have accepted this differentiation between higher and lower culture, but have seen the refinement and sophistication of high culture as corrupting and unnatural developments that obscure and distort people's essential nature. These critics considered folk music (as produced by "the folk", i.e., rural, illiterate, peasants) to honestly express a natural way of life, while classical music seemed superficial and decadent. Equally, this view often portrayed indigenous peoples as "noble savages" living authentic and unblemished lives, uncomplicated and uncorrupted by the highly stratified capitalist systems of the West.

Question: What type of music did critics associate with corrupt high culture?
Answer: folk music

Question: Which type of music seemed superficial and decadent?
Answer: classical music

Question: What was another name used for the corrupted high culture of the indigenous people?
Answer: noble savages

Question: What type of music did critics associate with respected high culture?

Question: Which type of music is always superficial and decadent?

Question: When was there no differentiation between higher and lower culture?

Question: What was another name used for the corrupted high culture of the foreign people?
Culture

Although anthropologists worldwide refer to Tylor's definition of culture, in the 20th century "culture" emerged as the central and unifying concept of American anthropology, where it most commonly refers to the universal human capacity to classify and encode human experiences symbolically, and to communicate symbolically encoded experiences socially.[citation needed] American anthropology is organized into four fields, each of which plays an important role in research on culture: biological anthropology, linguistic anthropology, cultural anthropology, and archaeology.

Question: Who's definition of culture did anthropologist  accept?
Answer: Tylor's

Question: What four fields make up American anthropology which play a vital role on its research of culture?
Answer: biological anthropology, linguistic anthropology, cultural anthropology, and archaeology.

Question: In which century did "culture" as a central concept of American anthropology emerge?
Answer: 20th century

Question: Who's definition of culture did anthropologists reject?

Question: What four fields make up European anthropology which play a vital role on its research of culture?

Question: Which century had "culture" as a secondary concept of European anthropology emerge?

Question: What commonly refers to the universal human capacity to hack human experiences symbolically, and to communicate symbolically decoded experiences socially?
Culture

The sociology of culture concerns culture—usually understood as the ensemble of symbolic codes used by a society—as manifested in society. For Georg Simmel (1858–1918), culture referred to "the cultivation of individuals through the agency of external forms which have been objectified in the course of history". Culture in the sociological field can be defined as the ways of thinking, the ways of acting, and the material objects that together shape a people's way of life. Culture can be any of two types, non-material culture or material culture. Non-material culture refers to the non physical ideas that individuals have about their culture, including values, belief system, rules, norms, morals, language, organizations, and institutions. While Material culture is the physical evidence of a culture in the objects and architecture they make, or have made. The term tends to be relevant only in archeological and anthropological studies, but it specifically means all material evidence which can be attributed to culture past or present.

Question: Who referred to culture as a cultivation of individuals?
Answer: Georg Simmel

Question: What makes up the sociological parts of culture according to Simmel?
Answer: ways of thinking, the ways of acting, and the material objects

Question: What does non-material culture refer to?
Answer: non physical ideas

Question: The term material culture is only relevant to what?
Answer: archeological and anthropological studies

Question: Who referred to culture as a cultivation of groups?

Question: What detracts from the sociological parts of culture according to Simmel?

Question: What does non-material culture ignore?

Question: The term material culture is not relevant to what?
Culture

Cultural sociology first emerged in Weimar Germany (1918–1933), where sociologists such as Alfred Weber used the term Kultursoziologie (cultural sociology). Cultural sociology was then "reinvented" in the English-speaking world as a product of the "cultural turn" of the 1960s, which ushered in structuralist and postmodern approaches to social science. This type of cultural sociology may loosely be regarded as an approach incorporating cultural analysis and critical theory. Cultural sociologists tend to reject scientific methods,[citation needed] instead hermeneutically focusing on words, artifacts and symbols. "Culture" has since become an important concept across many branches of sociology, including resolutely scientific fields like social stratification and social network analysis. As a result, there has been a recent influx of quantitative sociologists to the field. Thus there is now a growing group of sociologists of culture who are, confusingly, not cultural sociologists. These scholars reject the abstracted postmodern aspects of cultural sociology, and instead look for a theoretical backing in the more scientific vein of social psychology and cognitive science. "Cultural sociology" is one of the largest sections of the American Sociological Association. The British establishment of cultural studies means the latter is often taught as a loosely distinct discipline in the UK.

Question: Where did sociology culture stem from?
Answer: Weimar Germany

Question: Who was the first to refer to culture as sociology?
Answer: Alfred Weber

Question: What do cultural  sociologist tend to reject as key attribute of culture?
Answer: scientific methods

Question: Where did sociology culture become rejected?

Question: Who was the last to refer to culture as sociology?

Question: Which sociologists tend to accept scientific methods?

Question: What has never been an important concept across many branches of sociology?
Culture

The sociology of culture grew from the intersection between sociology (as shaped by early theorists like Marx, Durkheim, and Weber) with the growing discipline of anthropology, where in researchers pioneered ethnographic strategies for describing and analyzing a variety of cultures around the world. Part of the legacy of the early development of the field lingers in the methods (much of cultural sociological research is qualitative), in the theories (a variety of critical approaches to sociology are central to current research communities), and in the substantive focus of the field. For instance, relationships between popular culture, political control, and social class were early and lasting concerns in the field.

Question: Which three early theorist helped shape sociology of culture?
Answer: Marx, Durkheim, and Weber

Question: What were the early concerns for the field of Sociology culture?
Answer: popular culture, political control, and social class

Question: What is most of the research into sociological culture ?
Answer: qualitative

Question: Which three early theorists helped eliminate the sociology of culture?

Question: What were the main elements for the field of Sociology culture?

Question: What is the least of the research into sociological culture ?

Question: What were never concerns in the field?
Culture

In the United Kingdom, sociologists and other scholars influenced by Marxism, such as Stuart Hall (1932–2014) and Raymond Williams (1921–1988), developed cultural studies. Following nineteenth-century Romantics, they identified "culture" with consumption goods and leisure activities (such as art, music, film, food, sports, and clothing). Nevertheless, they saw patterns of consumption and leisure as determined by relations of production, which led them to focus on class relations and the organization of production.

Question: Which scientist was influenced by Marxism in the United Kingdom?
Answer: Stuart Hall (1932–2014) and Raymond Williams (1921–1988)

Question: What did Marxist like Stuart Hall and Raymond Williams  they identify culture as?
Answer: consumption goods and leisure activities

Question: What made up Leisure activities and goods as viewed by Marxist?
Answer: art, music, film, food, sports, and clothing

Question: What led sociologist like Stuart and Raymond to focus on class relations and the organization of production?
Answer: saw patterns of consumption and leisure

Question: Which scientist created Marxism in the United Kingdom?

Question: What did Marxist like Stuart Hall and Raymond Williams discount culture as?

Question: What led sociologist like Stuart and Raymond to focus on individuals and the organization of destruction?

Question: Where did Marxism begin?
Culture

In the United States, "Cultural Studies" focuses largely on the study of popular culture, that is, on the social meanings of mass-produced consumer and leisure goods. Richard Hoggart coined the term in 1964 when he founded the Birmingham Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies or CCCS. It has since become strongly associated with Stuart Hall, who succeeded Hoggart as Director. Cultural studies in this sense, then, can be viewed as a limited concentration scoped on the intricacies of consumerism, which belongs to a wider culture sometimes referred to as "Western Civilization" or as "Globalism."

Question: In the U.S what does "Cultural Studies" focus largely on in this field?
Answer: popular culture

Question: Who first coined the term "Cultural Studies" in the United States?
Answer: Richard Hoggart

Question: What was the name of the company founded by Hoggart in 1964?
Answer: Birmingham Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies or CCCS

Question: The CCCS has since been associated with who?
Answer: Stuart Hall

Question: In the UK what does "Cultural Studies" focus little on in this field?

Question: Who first coined the term "Cultural Studies" in the United Kingdom?

Question: What was the name of the company founded by Hoggart in 1954?

Question: The CCCS has since been disassociated with who?
Culture

From the 1970s onward, Stuart Hall's pioneering work, along with that of his colleagues Paul Willis, Dick Hebdige, Tony Jefferson, and Angela McRobbie, created an international intellectual movement. As the field developed it began to combine political economy, communication, sociology, social theory, literary theory, media theory, film/video studies, cultural anthropology, philosophy, museum studies and art history to study cultural phenomena or cultural texts. In this field researchers often concentrate on how particular phenomena relate to matters of ideology, nationality, ethnicity, social class, and/or gender.[citation needed] Cultural studies has a concern with the meaning and practices of everyday life. These practices comprise the ways people do particular things (such as watching television, or eating out) in a given culture. This field studies the meanings and uses people attribute to various objects and practices. Specifically, culture involves those meanings and practices held independently of reason. Watching television in order to view a public perspective on a historical event should not be thought of as culture, unless referring to the medium of television itself, which may have been selected culturally; however, schoolchildren watching television after school with their friends in order to "fit in" certainly qualifies, since there is no grounded reason for one's participation in this practice. Recently, as capitalism has spread throughout the world (a process called globalization), cultural studies has begun[when?] to analyze local and global forms of resistance to Western hegemony.[citation needed] Globalization in this context can be defined as western civilization in other ways, it undermines the cultural integrity of other culture and it is therefore repressive, exploitative and harmful to most people in different places.

Question: Who did Stuart Hall work along side with?
Answer: Paul Willis, Dick Hebdige, Tony Jefferson, and Angela McRobbie

Question: What did Stuart and his colleagues create?
Answer: international intellectual movement.

Question: In the field that Stuart was working, what did he and his colleagues often concentrate on?
Answer: matters of ideology, nationality, ethnicity, social class, and/or gender

Question: Capitalism can be referred to as what process?
Answer: a process called globalization

Question: Who did Stuart Hall never work with?

Question: What did Stuart and his colleagues eliminate?

Question: Capitalism can never be referred to as what process?

Question: In the field that Stuart was working, what did he and his colleagues often ignore?
Culture

In the context of cultural studies, the idea of a text includes not only written language, but also films, photographs, fashion or hairstyles: the texts of cultural studies comprise all the meaningful artifacts of culture.[citation needed] Similarly, the discipline widens the concept of "culture". "Culture" for a cultural-studies researcher not only includes traditional high culture (the culture of ruling social groups) and popular culture, but also everyday meanings and practices. The last two, in fact, have become the main focus of cultural studies. A further and recent approach is comparative cultural studies, based on the disciplines of comparative literature and cultural studies.[citation needed]

Question: The idea of text in cultural studies can include what forms other than written language?
Answer: films, photographs, fashion or hairstyles

Question: Which two practices have become the main focus in cultural studies?
Answer: high culture (the culture of ruling social groups) and popular culture

Question: What makes up cooperative cultural studies? 
Answer: based on the disciplines of comparative literature and cultural studies

Question: The idea of text in cultural studies can never include what forms other than written language?

Question: Which two practices have become the least focused on in cultural studies?

Question: What disregards cooperative cultural studies?

Question: What has never been studied by researchers?
Culture

Scholars in the United Kingdom and the United States developed somewhat different versions of cultural studies after the late 1970s. The British version of cultural studies had originated in the 1950s and 1960s, mainly under the influence first of Richard Hoggart, E. P. Thompson, and Raymond Williams, and later that of Stuart Hall and others at the Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies at the University of Birmingham. This included overtly political, left-wing views, and criticisms of popular culture as "capitalist" mass culture; it absorbed some of the ideas of the Frankfurt School critique of the "culture industry" (i.e. mass culture). This emerges in the writings of early British cultural-studies scholars and their influences: see the work of (for example) Raymond Williams, Stuart Hall, Paul Willis, and Paul Gilroy.

Question: Around when did the United States and United Kingdom began to develop different versions of cultural studies?
Answer: late 1970s

Question: When did the British version of cultural studies emerge?
Answer: 1950s and 1960s

Question: Who had influenced cultural studies in the U.K?
Answer: Richard Hoggart, E. P. Thompson, and Raymond Williams, and later that of Stuart Hall

Question: Which University did research of cultural studies take place under CCCS?
Answer: the University of Birmingham

Question: When did the United States and United Kingdom began to develop similar versions of cultural studies?

Question: When did the British version of cultural studies end?

Question: Who had influenced cultural studies in the United States?

Question: Which University was not allowed to do research of cultural studies?
Culture

In the United States, Lindlof and Taylor write, "Cultural studies [were] grounded in a pragmatic, liberal-pluralist tradition". The American version of cultural studies initially concerned itself more with understanding the subjective and appropriative side of audience reactions to, and uses of, mass culture; for example, American cultural-studies advocates wrote about the liberatory aspects of fandom.[citation needed] The distinction between American and British strands, however, has faded.[citation needed] Some researchers, especially in early British cultural studies, apply a Marxist model to the field. This strain of thinking has some influence from the Frankfurt School, but especially from the structuralist Marxism of Louis Althusser and others. The main focus of an orthodox Marxist approach concentrates on the production of meaning. This model assumes a mass production of culture and identifies power as residing with those producing cultural artifacts. In a Marxist view, those who control the means of production (the economic base) essentially control a culture.[citation needed] Other approaches to cultural studies, such as feminist cultural studies and later American developments of the field, distance themselves from this view. They criticize the Marxist assumption of a single, dominant meaning, shared by all, for any cultural product. The non-Marxist approaches suggest that different ways of consuming cultural artifacts affect the meaning of the product. This view comes through in the book Doing Cultural Studies: The Story of the Sony Walkman (by Paul du Gay et al.), which seeks to challenge the notion that those who produce commodities control the meanings that people attribute to them. Feminist cultural analyst, theorist and art historian Griselda Pollock contributed to cultural studies from viewpoints of art history and psychoanalysis. The writer Julia Kristeva is among influential voices at the turn of the century, contributing to cultural studies from the field of art and psychoanalytical French feminism.[citation needed]

Question: Which two wrote Cultural studies [were] grounded in a pragmatic, liberal-pluralist tradition?
Answer: Lindlof and Taylor

Question: From a Marxist view, what did they believe had to be controlled  to essentially control a culture?
Answer: the economic base

Question: Which two wrote Cultural studies are grounded in a rationalist, conservative-pluralist tradition?

Question: What did they believe was unnecessary to control a culture from a Marxist view?

Question: Who contributed to cultural studies from viewpoints of art news and philosophy?

Question: Which writer contributed to cultural studies from the field of science and French modernism?

Question: What never criticized the Marxist assumption of a single, dominant meaning, shared by all, for any cultural product?
Culture

Raimon Panikkar pointed out 29 ways in which cultural change can be brought about. Some of these are: growth, development, evolution, involution, renovation, reconception, reform, innovation, revivalism, revolution, mutation, progress, diffusion, osmosis, borrowing, eclecticism, syncretism, modernization, indigenization, and transformation. Hence Modernization could be similar or related to the enlightenment but a 'looser' term set to ideal and values that flourish. a belief in objectivity progress. Also seen as a belief in a secular society (free from religious influences) example objective and rational, science vs religion and finally been modern means not being religious.

Question: How many ways did Raimon Panikkar believed cultural change can be based on?
Answer: 29 ways

Question: What is the term used to describe what Modernization could be similar or related to?
Answer: enlightenment

Question: What type of society was seen that came from Raimon's 29 ways?
Answer: secular society

Question: How many ways did Raimon Panikkar believe cultural consistency can be based on?

Question: What is the term used to describe what Modernization could be opposite of?

Question: What type of society was not seen from Raimon's 29 ways?

Question: What kind of society is very religious?

Question: Who pointed out there are 26 ways in which cultural change can be brought about?
Sahara

The Sahara (Arabic: الصحراء الكبرى‎, aṣ-ṣaḥrāʾ al-kubrā , 'the Greatest Desert') is the largest hot desert in the world. It is the third largest desert after Antarctica and the Arctic. Its surface area of 9,400,000 square kilometres (3,600,000 sq mi)[citation needed]—including the Libyan Desert—is comparable to the respective land areas of China or the United States. The desert comprises much of the land found within North Africa, excluding the fertile coastal region situated against the Mediterranean Sea, the Atlas Mountains of the Maghreb, and the Nile Valley of Egypt and Sudan. The Sahara stretches from the Red Sea in the east and the Mediterranean in the north, to the Atlantic Ocean in the west, where the landscape gradually transitions to a coastal plain. To the south, it is delimited by the Sahel, a belt of semi-arid tropical savanna around the Niger River valley and Sudan Region of Sub-Saharan Africa. The Sahara can be divided into several regions, including the western Sahara, the central Ahaggar Mountains, the Tibesti Mountains, the Aïr Mountains, the Ténéré desert, and the Libyan Desert. Its name is derived from the plural Arabic language word for desert (صحارى ṣaḥārā  [ˈsˤɑħɑːrɑː]).

Question: What is the third hottest desert in the world?
Answer: The Sahara

Question: What is the third largest desert in the world?
Answer: The Sahara

Question: What is the surface area of the Sahara Desert?
Answer: 9,400,000 square kilometres (3,600,000 sq mi)

Question: What is the hottest desert in the world?
Answer: Sahara

Question: What is the largest desert in the world?

Question: What desert is larger than the Antarcti and Arctic desert?

Question: What desert is 9,400,000 sq mi?

Question: What continant does the Sahara cover most of?

Question: What is the next largeast African desert?

Question: What is the surface area of the Arctic?

Question: What does Antarctica mean in Arabic?

Question: What desert is part of the United States?

Question: What does the name Sahel come from?

Question: What valley is located in the Sahara?
Sahara

The central part of the Sahara is hyperarid, with little to no vegetation. The northern and southern reaches of the desert, along with the highlands, have areas of sparse grassland and desert shrub, with trees and taller shrubs in wadis where moisture collects. In the central, hyperarid part, there are many subdivisions of the great desert such as the Tanezrouft, the Ténéré, the Libyan Desert, the Eastern Desert, the Nubian Desert and others. These absolute desert regions are characterized by their extreme aridity, and some years can pass without any rainfall.

Question: What is the central part of the Sahara Desert?
Answer: hyperarid

Question: What does the Sahara have little to none of?
Answer: The northern and southern reaches of the desert

Question: The northern and southern reaches of the desert are spare of what items?
Answer: grassland and desert shrub

Question: What does the Sahara have little of?
Answer: The northern and southern reaches of the desert

Question: How often does the Sahara go without rainfall?
Answer: years

Question: What are the conditions in the central Nubian desert?

Question: What desert has a hyperarid northern and southern region?

Question: where are the grasslands in the Libyan Desert?

Question: What region goes months without rain?

Question: What are the subdivisions of the northern and southern reaches?

Question: What areas are characterized by frequent rains?

Question: Which section of the Sahara is filled with vegetation?

Question: Where are grasslands and shrubs frequently found in abundance?

Question: Where are the highlands located?
Sahara

To the north, the Sahara skirts the Mediterranean Sea in Egypt and portions of Libya, but in Cyrenaica and the Maghreb, the Sahara borders the Mediterranean forest, woodland, and scrub ecoregions of northern Africa, all of which have a Mediterranean climate characterized by hot summers and cool and rainy winters. According to the botanical criteria of Frank White and geographer Robert Capot-Rey, the northern limit of the Sahara corresponds to the northern limit of date palm cultivation and the southern limit of the range of esparto, a grass typical of the Mediterranean climate portion of the Maghreb and Iberia. The northern limit also corresponds to the 100 mm (3.9 in) isohyet of annual precipitation.

Question: What sea is North of the Sahara Desert?
Answer: Mediterranean Sea

Question: What ocean is North of the Sahara?

Question: What forest is to the western Sahara?

Question: What climate has cool and rainy summers?

Question: who claims the northern Sahara corresponds to the southern limit of date palm cultivation

Question: What sea is located in Libya?

Question: Where is Frank White from?

Question: How much rain does northern Africa get?

Question: What grass is typically found in Cyrenaica?

Question: Who discovered esparato?
Sahara

To the south, the Sahara is bounded by the Sahel, a belt of dry tropical savanna with a summer rainy season that extends across Africa from east to west. The southern limit of the Sahara is indicated botanically by the southern limit of Cornulaca monacantha (a drought-tolerant member of the Chenopodiaceae), or northern limit of Cenchrus biflorus, a grass typical of the Sahel. According to climatic criteria, the southern limit of the Sahara corresponds to the 150 mm (5.9 in) isohyet of annual precipitation (this is a long-term average, since precipitation varies annually).

Question: What is to the south of the Sahara?
Answer: Sahel

Question: What kind of climate does the Sahel have?
Answer: dry tropical

Question: What is the long term precipitation average of the Sahara?
Answer: 150 mm

Question: What type of Savanah is north and south of the Sahara

Question: What drought tolerant plant grows south of the Sahara?

Question: What type of grass grows on the northern Shara?

Question: How much rain does the Sahara get?

Question: What is to the north of the Sahara?

Question: What is the Cenchrus biflorus a member of?

Question: What is the short term southern limit of the Sahara's precipitation?

Question: What extends across Africa from north to south?

Question: What type of grass is atypical to the Sahel?
Sahara

The Sahara is the world's largest low-latitude hot desert. The area is located in the horse latitudes under the subtropical ridge, a significant belt of semi-permanent subtropical warm-core high pressure where the air from upper levels of the troposphere tends to sink towards the ground. This steady descending airflow causes a warming and a drying effect in the upper troposphere. The sinking air prevents evaporating water from rising and, therefore, prevents the adiabatic cooling, which makes cloud formation extremely difficult to nearly impossible.

Question: What is the world's largest low latitude hot desert?
Answer: Sahara

Question: What ares is the Sahara located in?
Answer: horse latitudes

Question: What makes it difficult for clouds to form?
Answer: sinking air

Question: What is the largest high-latitude desert?

Question: What desert is located on the subtropical ridge?

Question: What does the rising air do?

Question: What aids cloud formation?

Question: What is the largest high latitude desert?

Question: What does the ascending airflow cause?

Question: Where is the belt of permanent subtropical warm-core pressure located?

Question: What causes adiabatic cooling?

Question: Why is cloud formation so common?
Sahara

The permanent dissolution of clouds allows unhindered light and thermal radiation. The stability of the atmosphere above the desert prevents any convective overturning, thus making rainfall virtually non-existent. As a consequence, the weather tends to be sunny, dry and stable with a minimal risk of rainfall. Subsiding, diverging, dry air masses associated with subtropical high-pressure systems are extremely unfavorable for the development of convectional showers. The subtropical ridge is the predominate factor that explains the hot desert climate (Köppen climate classification BWh) of this vast region. The lowering of air is the strongest and the most effective over the eastern part of the Great Desert, in the Libyan Desert which is the sunniest, the driest and the most nearly rainless place on the planet rivaling the Atacama Desert, lying in Chile and Peru.

Question: What allows unhindered light and thermal radiation?
Answer: dissolution of clouds

Question: What weather is virtually non-existent?
Answer: rainfall

Question: Where is the air the strongest?
Answer: eastern part of the Great Desert

Question: What traps thermal radiation?

Question: What is caused by the atmospheres in-stability?

Question: What combines with converging dry air masses to make conditions for rain unfavorable?

Question: What is strongest over the western desert?

Question: What part of the Sahara is the most rainless part of the planet?

Question: What prevents light and thermal radiation?

Question: Why is there a minimal risk of sunny, dry, or stable weather?

Question: Where was the Koppen climate classification created?

Question: What is strongest over the northern part of the Great Desert?

Question: What desert, located in Chile, is the sunniest, driest, and most rainless place on the planet?
Sahara

The effects of local surface low pressure are extremely limited because upper-level subsidence still continues to block any form of air ascent. Also, to be protected against rain-bearing weather systems by the atmospheric circulation itself, the desert is made even drier by his geographical configuration and location. Indeed, the extreme aridity of the Sahara can't be only explained by the subtropical high pressure. The Atlas Mountains, found in Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia also help to enhance the aridity of the northern part of the desert. These major mountain ranges act as a barrier causing a strong rain shadow effect on the leeward side by dropping much of the humidity brought by atmospheric disturbances along the polar front which affects the surrounding Mediterranean climates.

Question: What is blocked due to local surface low pressure?
Answer: air ascent

Question: What mountain helps enhance the aridity of the desert?
Answer: Atlas Mountains

Question: Where are the Atlas Mountains located?
Answer: Algeria

Question: what is blocked buy the surface low pressure?

Question: what contributes to the moisture that is present in the desert?

Question: what is explained by the subtropical low-pressure?

Question: What mountains reduce some of the aridity?

Question: What is the sole cause of extreme aridity in the Sahara?

Question: Where is the Sahara located?

Question: What mountain range is located in the Sahara?

Question: What limits the effects of the mountains?

Question: What is to the north of the Atlas Mountains?
Sahara

The primary source of rain in the Sahara is the equatorial low a continuous belt of low-pressure systems near the equator which bring the brief, short and irregular rainy season to the Sahel and the southern Sahara. The Sahara doesn't lack precipitation because of a lack of moisture, but due to the lack of a precipitation-generating mechanism. Rainfall in this giant desert has to overcome the physical and atmospheric barriers that normally prevent the production of precipitation. The harsh climate of the Sahara is characterized by extremely low, unreliable, highly erratic rainfall; extremely high sunshine duration values; high temperatures year-round; negligible rates of relative humidity, a significant diurnal temperature variation and extremely high levels of potential evaporation which are the highest recorded worldwide.

Question: What is the primary source of rain in the Sahara?
Answer: low-pressure systems

Question: What is the reason the Sahara lacks moisture?
Answer: lack of a precipitation-generating mechanism

Question: What does the desert have to overcome?
Answer: barriers that normally prevent the production of precipitation

Question: What is the temperature like year around in the desert?
Answer: high temperatures year-round

Question: Where is the low-pressure that stops rainfall in the Shara?

Question: Why does the Sahara lack moisture?

Question: What aids the production of percipitation in the Sahara?

Question: What desert has low but regelar rainfall?

Question: What does the lack of moisture in the Sahara cause?

Question: What do physical and atmospheric barriers cause?

Question: What has the highest recorded humidity year round?

Question: When are high temperatures erratic?

Question: What is furthest from the equator in the Sahara?
Sahara

The South Saharan steppe and woodlands ecoregion is a narrow band running east and west between the hyper-arid Sahara and the Sahel savannas to the south. Movements of the equatorial Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) bring summer rains during July and August which average 100 to 200 mm (3.9 to 7.9 in) but vary greatly from year to year. These rains sustain summer pastures of grasses and herbs, with dry woodlands and shrublands along seasonal watercourses. This ecoregion covers 1,101,700 km2 (425,400 mi2) in Algeria, Chad, Mali, Mauritania, and Sudan.

Question: Which directions does the South Saharan run?
Answer: east and west

Question: What months do the summer rains happen?
Answer: July and August

Question: What is the average rainfall between the months of July and   August?
Answer: 100 to 200 mm

Question: How much land does the ecoregion cover?
Answer: 1,101,700 km2 (425,400 mi2)

Question: what ecoregion runs north and south in a norrow band?

Question: Where does it not rain in July and August?

Question: How much land does the Sahara cover?

Question: What sustains the spring pastures and grasslands?

Question: When does less than 100mm of rain fall?

Question: What is the name of the band running from north to south in the Sahara?

Question: How long is the ICZ?

Question: How much rain does Algeria get?

Question: What months are the driest?

Question: What is between the South Saharan steppe and the hyper-arid Sahara?
Sahara

The central Sahara is estimated to include five hundred species of plants, which is extremely low considering the huge extent of the area. Plants such as acacia trees, palms, succulents, spiny shrubs, and grasses have adapted to the arid conditions, by growing lower to avoid water loss by strong winds, by storing water in their thick stems to use it in dry periods, by having long roots that travel horizontally to reach the maximum area of water and to find any surface moisture and by having small thick leaves or needles to prevent water loss by evapo-transpiration. Plant leaves may dry out totally and then recover.

Question: What is the number of plants in the Central Sahara?
Answer: five hundred species

Question: What do plants do in order to avoid water loss?
Answer: growing lower

Question: Where do plants store their water to avoid the conditions?
Answer: thick stems

Question: What helps plants in order to get as much water as   possible?
Answer: long roots that travel horizontally

Question: what desert area  has 500 species of animals?

Question: What type of plants have partially adapted to the arid conditions?

Question: what do plants release through their stem?

Question: What does the central Sahara have an unusually large number of given its area?

Question: How many acacia trees are there in central Sahara?

Question: Why do many plants grow higher than normal in the Sahara?

Question: What in the Sahara grows its roots vertically?

Question: What aspect of the plants' leaves allows them to lose water?