Divyanshu67/squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
Law_of_the_United_States

The fifty American states are separate sovereigns, with their own state constitutions, state governments, and state courts. All states have a legislative branch which enacts state statutes, an executive branch that promulgates state regulations pursuant to statutory authorization, and a judicial branch that applies, interprets, and occasionally overturns both state statutes and regulations, as well as local ordinances. They retain plenary power to make laws covering anything not preempted by the federal Constitution, federal statutes, or international treaties ratified by the federal Senate. Normally, state supreme courts are the final interpreters of state constitutions and state law, unless their interpretation itself presents a federal issue, in which case a decision may be appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court by way of a petition for writ of certiorari. State laws have dramatically diverged in the centuries since independence, to the extent that the United States cannot be regarded as one legal system as to the majority of types of law traditionally under state control, but must be regarded as 50 separate systems of tort law, family law, property law, contract law, criminal law, and so on.

Question: What does each state posess?
Answer: state constitutions, state governments, and state courts

Question: What are the 50 states in the Union known as?
Answer: separate sovereigns

Question: Which branch of government promulgates state regulations?
Answer: executive branch

Question: What branch of government enacts state statutes?
Answer: legislative branch

Question: Which ranch applies, interprets, and occasionally overturns both state statutes and regulations?
Answer: judicial branch

Question: What branch applies but cannot overturn statutes?

Question: How many local ordinances are there?

Question: What cannot preempt the states' plenary power?

Question: How are decisions appealed to the state supreme courts?

Question: The US has only one what?
Law_of_the_United_States

Most cases are litigated in state courts and involve claims and defenses under state laws. In a 2012 report, the National Center for State Courts' Court Statistics Project found that state trial courts received 103.5 million newly filed cases in 2010, which consisted of 56.3 million traffic cases, 20.4 million criminal cases, 19.0 million civil cases, 5.9 million domestic relations cases, and 1.9 million juvenile cases. In 2010, state appellate courts received 272,795 new cases. By way of comparison, all federal district courts in 2010 together received only about 282,000 new civil cases, 77,000 new criminal cases, and 1.5 million bankruptcy cases, while federal appellate courts received 56,000 new cases.

Question: Where are cases usually argued?
Answer: state courts

Question: What types of cases are argued in the state courts?
Answer: involve claims and defenses under state laws

Question: How many new cases were filed in 2010?
Answer: 103.5 million

Question: How many cases did appellate courts receice in 2010?
Answer: 272,795

Question: What types of cases did federal district courts receive in 2010?
Answer: 282,000 new civil cases, 77,000 new criminal cases, and 1.5 million bankruptcy cases

Question: How many new cases were filed in 2012?

Question: There were 20.4 million traffic cases in what year?

Question: How many trial courts received domestic relations cases in 2010?

Question: What organization started in 2012?

Question: How many civil cases did the federal district courts close in 2010?
Law_of_the_United_States

The law of criminal procedure in the United States consists of a massive overlay of federal constitutional case law interwoven with the federal and state statutes that actually provide the foundation for the creation and operation of law enforcement agencies and prison systems as well as the proceedings in criminal trials. Due to the perennial inability of legislatures in the U.S. to enact statutes that would actually force law enforcement officers to respect the constitutional rights of criminal suspects and convicts, the federal judiciary gradually developed the exclusionary rule as a method to enforce such rights. In turn, the exclusionary rule spawned a family of judge-made remedies for the abuse of law enforcement powers, of which the most famous is the Miranda warning. The writ of habeas corpus is often used by suspects and convicts to challenge their detention, while the Civil Rights Act of 1871 and Bivens actions are used by suspects to recover tort damages for police brutality.

Question: What makes up the law of criminal procedure?
Answer: federal constitutional case law interwoven with the federal and state statutes

Question: What did the exclusionary rule provide for?
Answer: inability of legislatures in the U.S. to enact statutes that would actually force law enforcement officers to respect the constitutional rights

Question: What might a suspect use to challenge their detention?
Answer: writ of habeas corpus

Question: What must a police officer recite to a suspect upon arrest/
Answer: Miranda warning

Question: What acts cover tort damages from police brutality cases?
Answer: Civil Rights Act of 1871 and Bivens actions

Question: What have US legislatures been able to enact successfully?

Question: What rule did the federal judiciary overturn?

Question: When was the Miranda warning penned?

Question: What do convicts use the Miranda warning for?

Question: What was rescinded in 1871?
Law_of_the_United_States

The law of civil procedure governs process in all judicial proceedings involving lawsuits between private parties. Traditional common law pleading was replaced by code pleading in 24 states after New York enacted the Field Code in 1850 and code pleading in turn was subsequently replaced again in most states by modern notice pleading during the 20th century. The old English division between common law and equity courts was abolished in the federal courts by the adoption of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure in 1938; it has also been independently abolished by legislative acts in nearly all states. The Delaware Court of Chancery is the most prominent of the small number of remaining equity courts.

Question: What is over all judicial proceedings involving private party lawsuits?
Answer: The law of civil procedure

Question: What did New York enact that replaced traditional common law proceeding?
Answer: code pleading

Question: What was code pleading ultimately replaced by?
Answer: modern notice pleading

Question: When did code pleading get replaced by modern notice pleading?
Answer: 20th century

Question: What did the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure abolish?
Answer: The old English division between common law and equity courts

Question: What replaced code pleading in 1850?

Question: How many states enacted Field Code?

Question: What state enacted the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure in 1938?

Question: When did The Delaware Court of Chancery become an equity court?

Question: What was divided in the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure?
Law_of_the_United_States

New York, Illinois, and California are the most significant states that have not adopted the FRCP. Furthermore, all three states continue to maintain most of their civil procedure laws in the form of codified statutes enacted by the state legislature, as opposed to court rules promulgated by the state supreme court, on the ground that the latter are undemocratic. But certain key portions of their civil procedure laws have been modified by their legislatures to bring them closer to federal civil procedure.

Question: Which states have not adopted FRCP?
Answer: New York, Illinois, and California are the most significant

Question: How do New York, Illinois and California maintain civil procedure laws?
Answer: codified statutes enacted by the state legislature

Question: What should New York, Illinois and California be using instead of codified statutes?
Answer: court rules promulgated by the state supreme court

Question: Which three states adopted the FRCP?

Question: How many states no longer have civil procedure laws from state legislature?

Question: What did California claim was wrong with state legislature?

Question: California refuses to use codified statutes instead of what?

Question: Key portions of what were changed to make the legislature more distinct?
Law_of_the_United_States

Generally, American civil procedure has several notable features, including extensive pretrial discovery, heavy reliance on live testimony obtained at deposition or elicited in front of a jury, and aggressive pretrial "law and motion" practice designed to result in a pretrial disposition (that is, summary judgment) or a settlement. U.S. courts pioneered the concept of the opt-out class action, by which the burden falls on class members to notify the court that they do not wish to be bound by the judgment, as opposed to opt-in class actions, where class members must join into the class. Another unique feature is the so-called American Rule under which parties generally bear their own attorneys' fees (as opposed to the English Rule of "loser pays"), though American legislators and courts have carved out numerous exceptions.

Question: What is extensive pretrial discovery a part of?
Answer: American civil procedure

Question: What is a pretrial deposition?
Answer: summary judgment

Question: What is an opt-out class action?
Answer: the burden falls on class members to notify the court that they do not wish to be bound by the judgment

Question: What is an opt-in class action?
Answer: class members must join into the class

Question: What is the American Rule?
Answer: parties generally bear their own attorneys' fees

Question: What does not place much weight on live testimony?

Question: What country's courts have opt-in class actions?

Question: What is the name of the opt-out class action?

Question: What are pretrial dispositions designed to result in?

Question: American legislators do not provide exceptions for what rule?
Law_of_the_United_States

Criminal law involves the prosecution by the state of wrongful acts which are considered to be so serious that they are a breach of the sovereign's peace (and cannot be deterred or remedied by mere lawsuits between private parties). Generally, crimes can result in incarceration, but torts (see below) cannot. The majority of the crimes committed in the United States are prosecuted and punished at the state level. Federal criminal law focuses on areas specifically relevant to the federal government like evading payment of federal income tax, mail theft, or physical attacks on federal officials, as well as interstate crimes like drug trafficking and wire fraud.

Question: What is criminal law?
Answer: prosecution by the state of wrongful acts

Question: What type of wrongful act will the state prosecute?
Answer: acts which are considered to be so serious that they are a breach of the sovereign's peace

Question: What can result in incarceration?
Answer: crimes

Question: Where are the majority of the U.S.'s crimes prosecuted?
Answer: state level

Question: Who focuses on things such as evading payment of federal income tax, mail theft, or physical attacks on federal officials, as well as interstate crimes like drug trafficking and wire fraud?
Answer: Federal criminal law

Question: What is it called when the state is prosecuted?

Question: Criminal law can be fixed by private parties bringing what?

Question: What do torts lead to?

Question: Where are the minority of US crimes prosecuted?

Question: What is an example of a tort?
Law_of_the_United_States

Some states distinguish between two levels: felonies and misdemeanors (minor crimes). Generally, most felony convictions result in lengthy prison sentences as well as subsequent probation, large fines, and orders to pay restitution directly to victims; while misdemeanors may lead to a year or less in jail and a substantial fine. To simplify the prosecution of traffic violations and other relatively minor crimes, some states have added a third level, infractions. These may result in fines and sometimes the loss of one's driver's license, but no jail time.

Question: What two levels of crime are there?
Answer: felonies and misdemeanors

Question: What is a misdemeanor?
Answer: minor crimes

Question: What results in lengthy prison sentences as well as subsequent probation, large fines, and orders to pay restitution directly to victims?
Answer: felony convictions

Question: What usually happens with misdemeanors?
Answer: a year or less in jail and a substantial fine

Question: What is a third level of crime that some states have adopted?
Answer: infractions

Question: How many levels of felonies are there?

Question: What are felonies?

Question: Who do misdemeanors pay fines to?

Question: Misdemeanors may lead to a loss of what?

Question: What third level do many states remove?
Law_of_the_United_States

Contract law covers obligations established by agreement (express or implied) between private parties. Generally, contract law in transactions involving the sale of goods has become highly standardized nationwide as a result of the widespread adoption of the Uniform Commercial Code. However, there is still significant diversity in the interpretation of other kinds of contracts, depending upon the extent to which a given state has codified its common law of contracts or adopted portions of the Restatement (Second) of Contracts.

Question: What is contract law?
Answer: obligations established by agreement (express or implied) between private parties

Question: What standardized contract law?
Answer: Uniform Commercial Code

Question: What kinds of agreements do contract law cover?
Answer: express or implied

Question: What does contract law not cover?

Question: What non-standardized contract law?

Question: What did the Restatement (Second) of Contracts standardize?

Question: The Uniform Commercial Code limited the diversity of what?

Question: What types of agreements does the Restatement of Contracts cover?
Myanmar

For most of its independent years, the country has been engrossed in rampant ethnic strife and Burma's myriad ethnic groups have been involved in one of the world's longest-running ongoing civil wars. During this time, the United Nations and several other organisations have reported consistent and systematic human rights violations in the country. In 2011, the military junta was officially dissolved following a 2010 general election, and a nominally civilian government was installed. While former military leaders still wield enormous power in the country, Burmese Military have taken steps toward relinquishing control of the government. This, along with the release of Aung San Suu Kyi and political prisoners, has improved the country's human rights record and foreign relations, and has led to the easing of trade and other economic sanctions. There is, however, continuing criticism of the government's treatment of the Muslim Rohingya minority and its poor response to the religious clashes. In the landmark 2015 election, Aung San Suu Kyi's party won a majority in both houses, ending military rule.

Question: What major conflict is Myanmar known for?
Answer: one of the world's longest-running ongoing civil wars.

Question: What portion of the government was eventually separated from government participation? 
Answer: the military junta

Question: What type of government is now established in Myanmar?
Answer: a nominally civilian government

Question: Are previous leaders a hendrence to the current government?
Answer: former military leaders still wield enormous power in the country

Question: Has the country been able to overcome the problems of government with the previous regime?
Answer: Aung San Suu Kyi's party won a majority in both houses, ending military rule.
Myanmar

Pagan's collapse was followed by 250 years of political fragmentation that lasted well into the 16th century. Like the Burmans four centuries earlier, Shan migrants who arrived with the Mongol invasions stayed behind. Several competing Shan States came to dominate the entire northwestern to eastern arc surrounding the Irrawaddy valley. The valley too was beset with petty states until the late 14th century when two sizeable powers, Ava Kingdom and Hanthawaddy Kingdom, emerged. In the west, a politically fragmented Arakan was under competing influences of its stronger neighbours until the Kingdom of Mrauk U unified the Arakan coastline for the first time in 1437.

Question: How long did it take for Myanmar to recover from the collapse of it's first kingdom ?
Answer: 250 years

Question: Did the Mongol invasions of Burma leave any lasting signs?
Answer: Shan migrants who arrived with the Mongol invasions stayed behind

Question: Who was involved merger of the smaller states into the two largest factions of Myanmar ?
Answer: Ava Kingdom and Hanthawaddy Kingdom

Question: What is the name of the kingdom that became dominant along the coastline of Myanmar? 
Answer: Kingdom of Mrauk U
Myanmar

In 1 April 2012 by-elections the NLD won 43 of the 45 available seats; previously an illegal organisation, the NLD had never won a Burmese election until this time. The 2012 by-elections were also the first time that international representatives were allowed to monitor the voting process in Myanmar. Following announcement of the by-elections, the Freedom House organisation raised concerns about "reports of fraud and harassment in the lead up to elections, including the March 23 deportation of Somsri Hananuntasuk, executive director of the Asian Network for Free Elections (ANFREL), a regional network of civil society organisations promoting democratization." However, uncertainties exist as some other political prisoners have not been released and clashes between Burmese troops and local insurgent groups continue.

Question: Does the political party of Aung San Suu Ky hold any positions among the ruling faction ?
Answer: 43 of the 45 available seats

Question: Are international monitors used in the elections of Burma ?
Answer: The 2012 by-elections were also the first time that international representatives were allowed to monitor the voting process in Myanmar

Question: Who raised concerns of fraud in the elections held in the Burma 2012 elections ?
Answer: the Freedom House organisation raised concerns

Question: Who was expelled from Myanmar before the elections of 2012 and what position did they hold ?
Answer: Somsri Hananuntasuk, executive director of the Asian Network for Free Elections (ANFREL)

Question: Did all of the political prisoners obtain freedom due to the election in Burma of 2012 ? 
Answer: some other political prisoners have not been released
Myanmar

Typical jungle animals, particularly tigers and leopards, occur sparsely in Myanmar. In upper Myanmar, there are rhinoceros, wild buffalo, wild boars, deer, antelope, and elephants, which are also tamed or bred in captivity for use as work animals, particularly in the lumber industry. Smaller mammals are also numerous, ranging from gibbons and monkeys to flying foxes and tapirs. The abundance of birds is notable with over 800 species, including parrots, peafowl, pheasants, crows, herons, and paddybirds. Among reptile species there are crocodiles, geckos, cobras, Burmese pythons, and turtles. Hundreds of species of freshwater fish are wide-ranging, plentiful and are very important food sources. For a list of protected areas, see List of protected areas of Myanmar.

Question: What industry is supported by animal labor in Burma ?
Answer: the lumber industry

Question: What animals where domesticated in Burma for industry use ?
Answer: elephants, which are also tamed or bred in captivity for use as work animals

Question: What is note worthy about the bird population of Burma ?
Answer: The abundance of birds is notable with over 800 species

Question: What is an important protein source  in the Burmese diet?
Answer: Hundreds of species of freshwater fish

Question: Are large jungle cats part of the animal population of Burma ? 
Answer: Typical jungle animals, particularly tigers and leopards, occur sparsely in Myanmar
Myanmar

The government has responded by imposing curfews and by deploying troops in the regions. On 10 June 2012, a state of emergency was declared in Rakhine, allowing the military to participate in administration of the region. The Burmese army and police have been accused of targeting Rohingya Muslims through mass arrests and arbitrary violence. A number of monks' organisations that played a vital role in Myanmar's struggle for democracy have taken measures to block any humanitarian assistance to the Rohingya community.

Question: How did the Burmese government respond to the unrest in 2012 ?
Answer: The government has responded by imposing curfews and by deploying troops in the regions

Question: What happened in Rakhine in the summer of 2012 that had severe implications on the running of the location?
Answer: On 10 June 2012, a state of emergency was declared in Rakhine, allowing the military to participate in administration of the region

Question: What have the military and law enforcement been denounced for in the matter of  summer of 2012 ?
Answer: The Burmese army and police have been accused of targeting Rohingya Muslims through mass arrests and arbitrary violence

Question: How have the friar organizations contributed to the struggle in Burma?
Answer: monks' organisations that played a vital role in Myanmar's struggle for democracy have taken measures to block any humanitarian assistance to the Rohingya
Myanmar

According to the Crisis Group, since Myanmar transitioned to a new government in August 2011, the country's human rights record has been improving. Previously giving Myanmar its lowest rating of 7, the 2012 Freedom in the World report also notes improvement, giving Myanmar a 6 for improvements in civil liberties and political rights, the release of political prisoners, and a loosening of restrictions. In 2013, Myanmar improved yet again, receiving a score of five in civil liberties and a six in political freedoms

Question: What is the name of the individuals who gave relevant information on the recent events in Burma ?
Answer: the Crisis Group

Question: Have there been any advances in the human rights situation in Myanmar?
Answer: the country's human rights record has been improving

Question: What is the current rating of for Burma from the  Freedom in the World report and what caused the current standing ?
Answer: Myanmar improved yet again, receiving a score of five in civil liberties and a six in political freedom

Question: What was the previous rating for Burma?
Answer: lowest rating of 7

Question: What caused Myanmar to receive a rating of 6?
Answer: improvements in civil liberties and political rights, the release of political prisoners, and a loosening of restrictions.
Myanmar

The Bamar form an estimated 68% of the population. 10% of the population are Shan. The Kayin make up 7% of the population. The Rakhine people constitute 4% of the population. Overseas Chinese form approximately 3% of the population. Myanmar's ethnic minority groups prefer the term "ethnic nationality" over "ethnic minority" as the term "minority" furthers their sense of insecurity in the face of what is often described as "Burmanisation"—the proliferation and domination of the dominant Bamar culture over minority cultures.

Question: What is the largest percentage of  the Burmese populace ?
Answer: Bamar form an estimated 68% of the population

Question: What is the smallest percentage of the Burmese populace ?
Answer: Overseas Chinese form approximately 3% of the population

Question: What is the preferential term for those in Burma that are not a part of the racial majority ?
Answer: ethnic nationality

Question: What does the term Burmanisation make people feel ?
Answer: the proliferation and domination of the dominant Bamar culture over minority cultures.

Question: What percentage of the population is of the  Rakhine descendant line ?
Answer: Rakhine people constitute 4% of the population
Jews

Jews originated as a national and religious group in the Middle East during the second millennium BCE, in the part of the Levant known as the Land of Israel. The Merneptah Stele appears to confirm the existence of a people of Israel, associated with the god El, somewhere in Canaan as far back as the 13th century BCE. The Israelites, as an outgrowth of the Canaanite population, consolidated their hold with the emergence of the Kingdom of Israel, and the Kingdom of Judah. Some consider that these Canaanite sedentary Israelites melded with incoming nomadic groups known as 'Hebrews'. Though few sources in the Bible mention the exilic periods in detail, the experience of diaspora life, from the Ancient Egyptian rule over the Levant, to Assyrian Captivity and Exile, to Babylonian Captivity and Exile, to Seleucid Imperial rule, to the Roman occupation, and the historical relations between Israelites and the homeland, became a major feature of Jewish history, identity and memory.

Question: Which group originated as a national and religious group in the Middle East during the second millennium BCE, in the part of the Levant known as the Land of Israel?
Answer: Jews

Question: Who consolidated their hold with the emergence of the Kingdom of Israel, and the kingdom of Judah?
Answer: Israelites

Question: What were incoming nomadic groups known as?
Answer: Hebrews

Question: When did Jews originate as a national and religious group in the Middle East?
Answer: during the second millennium BCE, in the part of the Levant known as the Land of Israel

Question: What appears to confirm the existence of a people of Israel?
Answer: The Merneptah Stele

Question: What national and religious group originated in the first millennium BCE?

Question: What confirms the existence of the Ancient Egyptians?

Question: Who was an outgrowth of the Israelite population?

Question: What was a major feature of the Babylonian history, identity, and memory?

Question: When did the people of Israel cease to be associated with the god El?
Jews

According to a report published in 2014, about 43% of all Jews reside in Israel (6.1 million), and 40% in the United States (5.7 million), with most of the remainder living in Europe (1.4 million) and Canada (0.4 million). These numbers include all those who self-identified as Jews in a socio-demographic study or were identified as such by a respondent in the same household. The exact world Jewish population, however, is difficult to measure. In addition to issues with census methodology, disputes among proponents of halakhic, secular, political, and ancestral identification factors regarding who is a Jew may affect the figure considerably depending on the source.

Question: What percentage of Jews reside in Israel?
Answer: 43%

Question: What percentage of Jews reside in the U.S.?
Answer: 40%

Question: How many Jews live in Europe?
Answer: 1.4 million

Question: What is one reason the world population of Jews difficult to determine?
Answer: issues with census methodology

Question: How many non Jewish people live in Israel?

Question: How many non Jewish people live in the United States?

Question: Why is the world population of Jews easy to measure?

Question: What percentage of non Jews live in the United States?

Question: What is not a factor in who is a Jew?
Jews

The etymological equivalent is in use in other languages, e.g., يَهُودِيّ yahūdī (sg.), al-yahūd (pl.), and بَنُو اِسرَائِيل banū isrāʼīl in Arabic, "Jude" in German, "judeu" in Portuguese, "juif" in French, "jøde" in Danish and Norwegian, "judío" in Spanish, "jood" in Dutch, etc., but derivations of the word "Hebrew" are also in use to describe a Jew, e.g., in Italian (Ebreo), in Persian ("Ebri/Ebrani" (Persian: عبری/عبرانی‎‎)) and Russian (Еврей, Yevrey). The German word "Jude" is pronounced [ˈjuːdə], the corresponding adjective "jüdisch" [ˈjyːdɪʃ] (Jewish) is the origin of the word "Yiddish". (See Jewish ethnonyms for a full overview.)

Question: What is the origin of the word Yiddish?
Answer: Jude

Question: What is another word to describe a Jew?
Answer: Ebreo

Question: What is a Russian word used to describe a Jew?
Answer: Еврей, Yevrey

Question: Ebreo is an Italian word derivation of what word?
Answer: Hebrew

Question: How do you say Hebrew in German?

Question: How do you say Hebrew in Portuguese?

Question: How do you say Hebrew in French?

Question: What German word is the origin of the word "Hebrew"?

Question: How do you say Yiddish in Italian?
Jews

According to the Hebrew Bible narrative, Jewish ancestry is traced back to the Biblical patriarchs such as Abraham, Isaac and Jacob, and the Biblical matriarchs Sarah, Rebecca, Leah, and Rachel, who lived in Canaan around the 18th century BCE. Jacob and his family migrated to Ancient Egypt after being invited to live with Jacob's son Joseph by the Pharaoh himself. The patriarchs' descendants were later enslaved until the Exodus led by Moses, traditionally dated to the 13th century BCE, after which the Israelites conquered Canaan.[citation needed]

Question: Name one person that Jewish ancestry traced back to?
Answer: Abraham

Question: Where did Jacob and his family migrate to?
Answer: Ancient Egypt

Question: Who led the Exodus?
Answer: Moses

Question: Who was Jacob's son?
Answer: Joseph

Question: Who was Joseph's father?
Answer: Jacob

Question: Who lived in Canaan before the 18th century BCE?

Question: Who invited the Pharaoh to live in Egypt?

Question: When did Canaan conquer the Israelites?

Question: Who invited Joseph to live in Egypt?

Question: How long were the Egyptians enslaved?
Jews

Modern archaeology has largely discarded the historicity of the Patriarchs and of the Exodus story, with it being reframed as constituting the Israelites' inspiring national myth narrative. The Israelites and their culture, according to the modern archaeological account, did not overtake the region by force, but instead branched out of the Canaanite peoples and culture through the development of a distinct monolatristic — and later monotheistic — religion centered on Yahweh, one of the Ancient Canaanite deities. The growth of Yahweh-centric belief, along with a number of cultic practices, gradually gave rise to a distinct Israelite ethnic group, setting them apart from other Canaanites. The Canaanites themselves are archeologically attested in the Middle Bronze Age, while the Hebrew language is the last extant member of the Canaanite languages. In the Iron Age I period (1200–1000 BCE) Israelite culture was largely Canaanite in nature.

Question: Which culture was largely Canaanite in nature?
Answer: Israelite

Question: What is one of the Ancient Canaanite deities?
Answer: Yahweh

Question: The period of time from 1200 to 1000 BCE is known as what?
Answer: Iron Age

Question: How has historical archaeology treated the historicity of the Patriarchs?

Question: How did the Israelites take over the region according to historical archaeology?

Question: What god did the Ancient Canaanites not worship?

Question: The period of time before 1200 BCE is known as what?

Question: What gave rise to a distinct Canaanite ethnic group?
Jews

Although the Israelites were divided into Twelve Tribes, the Jews (being one offshoot of the Israelites, another being the Samaritans) are traditionally said to descend mostly from the Israelite tribes of Judah (from where the Jews derive their ethnonym) and Benjamin, and partially from the tribe of Levi, who had together formed the ancient Kingdom of Judah, and the remnants of the northern Kingdom of Israel who migrated to the Kingdom of Judah and assimilated after the 720s BCE, when the Kingdom of Israel was conquered by the Neo-Assyrian Empire.

Question: What group was divided into Twelve Tribes?
Answer: Israelites

Question: When was the Kingdom of Israel conquered by the Neo-Assyrian Empire?
Answer: after the 720s BCE

Question: From where do the Jews derive their ethonynm?
Answer: Israelite tribes of Judah

Question: How many tribes were the Samaritans split into?

Question: Who do the tribes of Judah descend from?

Question: Where did the Southern Kingdom of Israel migrate to?

Question: Who assimilated before the 720s BCE?

Question: When did the Kingdom of Israel conquer the Neo-Assyrian Empire?
Jews

Israelites enjoyed political independence twice in ancient history, first during the periods of the Biblical judges followed by the United Monarchy.[disputed – discuss] After the fall of the United Monarchy the land was divided into Israel and Judah. The term Jew originated from the Roman "Judean" and denoted someone from the southern kingdom of Judah. The shift of ethnonym from "Israelites" to "Jews" (inhabitant of Judah), although not contained in the Torah, is made explicit in the Book of Esther (4th century BCE), a book in the Ketuvim, the third section of the Jewish Tanakh. In 587 BC Nebuchadnezzar II, King of the Neo-Babylonian Empire, besieged Jerusalem, destroyed the First Temple, and deported the most prominent citizens of Judah. In 586 BC, Judah itself ceased to be an independent kingdom, and its remaining Jews were left stateless. The Babylonian exile ended in 539 BCE when the Achaemenid Empire conquered Babylon and Cyrus the Great allowed the exiled Jews to return to Yehud and rebuild their Temple. The Second Temple was completed in 515 BCE. Yehud province was a peaceful part of the Achaemenid Empire until the fall of the Empire in c. 333 BCE to Alexander the Great. Jews were also politically independent during the Hasmonean dynasty spanning from 140 to 37 BCE and to some degree under the Herodian dynasty from 37 BCE to 6 CE. Since the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 CE, most Jews have lived in diaspora. As an ethnic minority in every country in which they live (except Israel), they have frequently experienced persecution throughout history, resulting in a population that has fluctuated both in numbers and distribution over the centuries.[citation needed]

Question: How many times did Israelites have political independence in ancient history? 
Answer: twice

Question: From where did the term Jews originate?
Answer: Roman "Judean

Question: When was land divided into Israel and Judah?
Answer: After the fall of the United Monarchy

Question: Inhabitants of Judah are known as what?
Answer: Jews

Question: When did the Babylonian exile end?
Answer: 539 BCE

Question: How many times did Israelites enjoy political independence in modern times?

Question: What term denoted someone from the northern kingdom of Judah?

Question: When did Nebuchadnezzar II build the First Temple?

Question: When did Judah first become an independent kingdom?

Question: When did most Jews stop living in diaspora?
Jews

Genetic studies on Jews show that most Jews worldwide bear a common genetic heritage which originates in the Middle East, and that they bear their strongest resemblance to the peoples of the Fertile Crescent. The genetic composition of different Jewish groups shows that Jews share a common genetic pool dating back 4,000 years, as a marker of their common ancestral origin. Despite their long-term separation and beside their shared genetic origin, Jews also maintained a common culture, tradition, and language.

Question: Genetic studies show that Jews bear their strongest resemblance to the peoples of where?
Answer: Fertile Crescent

Question: How far back does the Jews' shared common genetic pool date?
Answer: 4,000 years

Question: Most Jews share a common genetic heritage that originates from what place?
Answer: Middle East

Question: What people do Jews show the least genetic resemblance to?

Question: How far back does the people of the Fertile Crescent's shared genetic pool date?

Question: Most people of the Fertile Crescent share a common heritage that originates from where?

Question: What do people of the Fertile Crescent share besides genetics?

Question: What is one thing that Jews were not able to maintain?
Jews

The Hebrew Bible, a religious interpretation of the traditions and early national history of the Jews, established the first of the Abrahamic religions, which are now practiced by 54% of the world. Judaism guides its adherents in both practice and belief, and has been called not only a religion, but also a "way of life," which has made drawing a clear distinction between Judaism, Jewish culture, and Jewish identity rather difficult. Throughout history, in eras and places as diverse as the ancient Hellenic world, in Europe before and after The Age of Enlightenment (see Haskalah), in Islamic Spain and Portugal, in North Africa and the Middle East, India, China, or the contemporary United States and Israel, cultural phenomena have developed that are in some sense characteristically Jewish without being at all specifically religious. Some factors in this come from within Judaism, others from the interaction of Jews or specific communities of Jews with their surroundings, others from the inner social and cultural dynamics of the community, as opposed to from the religion itself. This phenomenon has led to considerably different Jewish cultures unique to their own communities, each as authentically Jewish as the next.

Question: What book is considered a religious interpretation of the traditions and early national history of the Jews?
Answer: The Hebrew Bible

Question: What religions are now practiced by 54% of the world?
Answer: Abrahamic religions

Question: What is the Hebrew Bible?
Answer: a religious interpretation of the traditions and early national history of the Jews

Question: What is a religious interpretation of the traditions and history of Europe?

Question: What is not practiced by 54% of the world?

Question: Where have Jewish culture phenomena never developed?

Question: What percentage of the world does not follow an Abrahamic religion?

Question: Where have specifically religious Jewish customs developed?
Jews

Judaism shares some of the characteristics of a nation, an ethnicity, a religion, and a culture, making the definition of who is a Jew vary slightly depending on whether a religious or national approach to identity is used. Generally, in modern secular usage Jews include three groups: people who were born to a Jewish family regardless of whether or not they follow the religion, those who have some Jewish ancestral background or lineage (sometimes including those who do not have strictly matrilineal descent), and people without any Jewish ancestral background or lineage who have formally converted to Judaism and therefore are followers of the religion.

Question: In modern secular usage Jews include how many groups?
Answer: three

Question: What makes the definition of a Jew vary slightly? 
Answer: whether a religious or national approach to identity is used

Question: Which religion shares some characteristics of a nation, an ethnicity, a religion and a culture?
Answer: Judaism

Question: What doesn't share any characteristics with a nation?

Question: How many groups do Jews include in modern religious usage?

Question: How many groups do Jews include in historical secular usage?

Question: Who is not included as a Jew in modern secular usage?

Question: What has no effect on the definition of who is a Jew?
Jews

Historical definitions of Jewish identity have traditionally been based on halakhic definitions of matrilineal descent, and halakhic conversions. Historical definitions of who is a Jew date back to the codification of the Oral Torah into the Babylonian Talmud, around 200 CE. Interpretations of sections of the Tanakh, such as Deuteronomy 7:1–5, by Jewish sages, are used as a warning against intermarriage between Jews and Canaanites because "[the non-Jewish husband] will cause your child to turn away from Me and they will worship the gods (i.e., idols) of others." Leviticus 24:10 says that the son in a marriage between a Hebrew woman and an Egyptian man is "of the community of Israel." This is complemented by Ezra 10:2–3, where Israelites returning from Babylon vow to put aside their gentile wives and their children. Since the anti-religious Haskalah movement of the late 18th and 19th centuries, halakhic interpretations of Jewish identity have been challenged.

Question: What have historical definitions of Jewish identity been based on?
Answer: halakhic definitions of matrilineal descent, and halakhic conversions

Question: Historical definitions of who a Jew is dates back to what year?
Answer: 200 CE

Question: What is used as a warning against intermarriage between Jews and Canaanites?
Answer: Jewish sages

Question: What have historical definitions of Jewish identity never been based on?

Question: When was the Babylonian Talmud codified into the Oral Torah?

Question: What section of the Tanakh encouraged intermarriage?

Question: What movement in the 18th and 19th centuries was pro religious?

Question: What interpretations of Jewish identity have never been challenged?
Jews

According to historian Shaye J. D. Cohen, the status of the offspring of mixed marriages was determined patrilineally in the Bible. He brings two likely explanations for the change in Mishnaic times: first, the Mishnah may have been applying the same logic to mixed marriages as it had applied to other mixtures (Kil'ayim). Thus, a mixed marriage is forbidden as is the union of a horse and a donkey, and in both unions the offspring are judged matrilineally. Second, the Tannaim may have been influenced by Roman law, which dictated that when a parent could not contract a legal marriage, offspring would follow the mother.

Question: Who believed the status of the offspring of mixed marriages was determined patrilineally in the Bible?
Answer: Shaye J. D. Cohen

Question: What dictated that when a parent could not contract a legal marriage, offspring would follow the mother?
Answer: Roman law

Question: What is one explanation for the change in Mishnaic times?
Answer: the Mishnah may have been applying the same logic to mixed marriages as it had applied to other mixtures

Question: Who believed that the status of offspring of mixed marriages was determined matrilineally in the Bible?

Question: How many explanations were there for the lack of change in Mishnaic times?

Question: What dictated that when a parent could not contract a legal marriage, offspring would follow the father?

Question: What did Roman law dictate if a parent contracted a legal marriage?

Question: What unions were allowed along with mixed marriages?
Jews

By the 1st century, Babylonia, to which Jews migrated to after the Babylonian conquest as well as after the Bar Kokhba revolt in 135 CE, already held a speedily growing population of an estimated 1,000,000 Jews, which increased to an estimated 2 million  between the years 200 CE – 500 CE, both by natural growth and by immigration of more Jews from the Land of Israel, making up about 1/6 of the world Jewish population at that era. At times conversion has accounted for a part of Jewish population growth. Some have claimed that in the 1st century of the Christian era, for example, the population more than doubled, from four to 8–10 million within the confines of the Roman Empire, in good part as a result of a wave of conversion.

Question: Where did Jews migrate to after the Babylonian conquest?
Answer: Babylonia

Question: Between what years did Jews increase to an estimated 2 million?
Answer: 200 CE – 500 CE

Question: Name one thing that has accounted for Jewish population growth?
Answer: conversion

Question: Where did the Jews migrate to before the Babylonian conquest?

Question: How many Jews lived in Babylonia before the 1st century?

Question: How many Jews lived in Babylonia after 500 CE?

Question: How did the Jewish population increase before the 1st century?

Question: How many Jews lived outside of the Roman Empire?
Jews

Other historians believe that conversion during the Roman era was limited in number and did not account for much of the Jewish population growth, due to various factors such as the illegality of male conversion to Judaism in the Roman world from the mid-2nd century. Another factor that would have made conversion difficult in the Roman world was the halakhic requirement of circumcision, a requirement that proselytizing Christianity quickly dropped. The Fiscus Judaicus, a tax imposed on Jews in 70 CE and relaxed to exclude Christians in 96 CE, also limited Judaism's appeal. In addition, historians argue the very figure (4 million) that had been guessed to account for the population of Jews in the ancient Roman Empire is an error that has long been disproven and thus the assumption that conversion impacted Jewish population growth in ancient Rome on a large scale is false. The 8 million figure is also in doubt as it may refer to a census of total Roman citizens.

Question: What is a tax imposed on Jews in 70 CE?
Answer: The Fiscus Judaicus

Question: When did the FIscus Judaicus relax to exclude Christians?
Answer: 96 CE

Question: Name one reason historians believe the conversion during the Roman era was limited in number and did not account for much of the Jewish population growth?
Answer: illegality of male conversion to Judaism

Question: What religion was it legal to convert to in the Roman world from the mid-2nd century?

Question: Where was it legal to convert to Judaism?

Question: What made conversion easy in the Roman world?

Question: When was the Fiscus Judaicus expanded to also include Christians?

Question: What was a tax imposed on non Jewish citizens in 70 CE?
Jews

Within the world's Jewish population there are distinct ethnic divisions, most of which are primarily the result of geographic branching from an originating Israelite population, and subsequent independent evolutions. An array of Jewish communities was established by Jewish settlers in various places around the Old World, often at great distances from one another, resulting in effective and often long-term isolation. During the millennia of the Jewish diaspora the communities would develop under the influence of their local environments: political, cultural, natural, and populational. Today, manifestations of these differences among the Jews can be observed in Jewish cultural expressions of each community, including Jewish linguistic diversity, culinary preferences, liturgical practices, religious interpretations, as well as degrees and sources of genetic admixture.

Question: What resulted in effective and long-term isolation of Jewish communities?
Answer: An array of Jewish communities was established by Jewish settlers in various places around the Old World, often at great distances from one another

Question: Name one way Jewish cultural expressions differ in each community?
Answer: religious interpretations

Question: Name another way Jewish cultural expressions differ in each community?
Answer: culinary preferences

Question: What did not cause ethnic divisions between Jews?

Question: Where did Jewish people not settle?

Question: What is one way Jewish cultural expressions stayed the same in each community?

Question: What is another way Jewish cultural expressions stayed the same in each community?

Question: At what time did Jewish communities not develop under the influence of their local environments?