Divyanshu67/squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
Franco-Prussian_War

With the defeat of the First Army, Prince Frederick Charles ordered a massed artillery attack against Canrobert's position at St. Privat to prevent the Guards attack from failing too. At 19:00 the 3rd Division of Fransecky's II Corps of the Second Army advanced across Ravine while the XII Corps cleared out the nearby town of Roncourt and with the survivors of the 1st Guards Infantry Division launched a fresh attack against the ruins of St. Privat. At 20:00, the arrival of the Prussian 4th Infantry Division of the II Corps and with the Prussian right flank on Mance Ravine, the line stabilised. By then, the Prussians of the 1st Guards Infantry Division and the XII and II Corps captured St. Privat forcing the decimated French forces to withdraw. With the Prussians exhausted from the fighting, the French were now able to mount a counter-attack. General Bourbaki, however, refused to commit the reserves of the French Old Guard to the battle because, by that time, he considered the overall situation a 'defeat'. By 22:00, firing largely died down across the battlefield for the night. The next morning, the French Army of the Rhine, rather than resume the battle with an attack of its own against the battle-weary German armies, retreated to Metz where they were besieged and forced to surrender two months later.

Question: Which prince ordered an artillery attack against Canrobert?
Answer: Prince Frederick Charles

Question: Which army's defeat compelled Prince Charles to attack?
Answer: defeat of the First Army,

Question: As the Second Army pushed into Ravine, the XII Corps cleared out which adjacent town?
Answer: Roncourt

Question: The surving soldiers of the 1st Guards Infantry Division launched a new attack against what?
Answer: ruins of St. Privat

Question: Which army was forced to retreat to Metz and surrender two months later?
Answer: French Army of the Rhine
Franco-Prussian_War

When the war began, the French government ordered a blockade of the North German coasts, which the small North German navy (Norddeutsche Bundesmarine) with only five ironclads could do little to oppose. For most of the war, the three largest German ironclads were out of service with engine troubles; only the turret ship SMS Arminius was available to conduct operations. By the time engine repairs had been completed, the French fleet had already departed. The blockade proved only partially successful due to crucial oversights by the planners in Paris. Reservists that were supposed to be at the ready in case of war, were working in the Newfoundland fisheries or in Scotland. Only part of the 470-ship French Navy put to sea on 24 July. Before long, the French navy ran short of coal, needing 200 short tons (180 t) per day and having a bunker capacity in the fleet of only 250 short tons (230 t). A blockade of Wilhelmshaven failed and conflicting orders about operations in the Baltic Sea or a return to France, made the French naval efforts futile. Spotting a blockade-runner became unwelcome because of the question du charbon; pursuit of Prussian ships quickly depleted the coal reserves of the French ships.

Question: A blockade of what coastline was ordered by the French government at the start of the war?
Answer: North German coasts

Question: The small North German navy had how many ironclads at their disposal?
Answer: only five

Question: What was the name of the only turret ship that was able to conduct operations?
Answer: SMS Arminius

Question: How many ships was the French navy able to dispatch to sea?
Answer: 470

Question: In pursuing Prussian ships, what resource was quickly depleted?
Answer: coal reserves
Franco-Prussian_War

The Battle of Spicheren, on 5 August, was the second of three critical French defeats. Moltke had originally planned to keep Bazaine's army on the Saar River until he could attack it with the 2nd Army in front and the 1st Army on its left flank, while the 3rd Army closed towards the rear. The aging General von Steinmetz made an overzealous, unplanned move, leading the 1st Army south from his position on the Moselle. He moved straight toward the town of Spicheren, cutting off Prince Frederick Charles from his forward cavalry units in the process.

Question: Which battle was the second of three key French losses?
Answer: Battle of Spicheren

Question: On what date did the battle of Spicheren take place?
Answer: 5 August

Question: Moltke had originally planned to kee Bazaine's army on what river?
Answer: the Saar River

Question: Which general's zeal and lack of planning led to cutting off Prince Charles from his calvary?
Answer: General von Steinmetz

Question: Which town was the site of General von Steinmetz's grave error?
Answer: Spicheren
Franco-Prussian_War

The Germans expected to negotiate an end to the war but immediately ordered an advance on Paris; by 15 September Moltke issued the orders for an investment of Paris and on 20 September the encirclement was complete. Bismarck met Favre on 18 September at the Château de Ferrières and demanded a frontier immune to a French war of revenge, which included Strasbourg, Alsace and most the Moselle department in Lorraine of which Metz was the capital. In return for an armistice for the French to elect a National Assembly, Bismarck demanded the surrender of Strasbourg and the fortress city of Toul. To allow supplies into Paris, one of the perimeter forts had to be handed over. Favre was unaware that the real aim of Bismarck in making such extortionate demands was to establish a durable peace on the new western frontier of Germany, preferably by a peace with a friendly government, on terms acceptable to French public opinion. An impregnable military frontier was an inferior alternative to him, favoured only by the militant nationalists on the German side.

Question: What did the Germans expect to negotiate?
Answer: an end to the war

Question: On what date was the encirclement of Paris complete?
Answer: 20 September

Question: Bismarck and Favre met on what date?
Answer: 18 September

Question: What was the location of Bismarck and Favre's meeting?
Answer: the Château de Ferrières

Question: Bismarck demanded the surrender of Strasbourg and what fortress city?
Answer: Toul
Franco-Prussian_War

By 16:50, with the Prussian southern attacks in danger of breaking up, the Prussian 3rd Guards Infantry Brigade of the Second Army opened an attack against the French positions at St. Privat which were commanded by General Canrobert. At 17:15, the Prussian 4th Guards Infantry Brigade joined the advance followed at 17:45 by the Prussian 1st Guards Infantry Brigade. All of the Prussian Guard attacks were pinned down by lethal French gunfire from the rifle pits and trenches. At 18:15 the Prussian 2nd Guards Infantry Brigade, the last of the 1st Guards Infantry Division, was committed to the attack on St. Privat while Steinmetz committed the last of the reserves of the First Army across the Mance Ravine. By 18:30, a considerable portion of the VII and VIII Corps disengaged from the fighting and withdrew towards the Prussian positions at Rezonville.

Question: By late afternoon, what were the Prussian southern attacks at risk of?
Answer: breaking up

Question: Which Prussian general commanded the attack against the French at St. Privat?
Answer: General Canrobert

Question: What factor immobilised the Prussian Guard?
Answer: lethal French gunfire

Question: By nightfall a major component of the VII and VII Corps withdrew towards what Prussian position?
Answer: Rezonville
Franco-Prussian_War

The Prussian Army, under the terms of the armistice, held a brief victory parade in Paris on 17 February; the city was silent and draped with black and the Germans quickly withdrew. Bismarck honoured the armistice, by allowing train loads of food into Paris and withdrawing Prussian forces to the east of the city, prior to a full withdrawal once France agreed to pay a five billion franc war indemnity. At the same time, Prussian forces were concentrated in the provinces of Alsace and Lorraine. An exodus occurred from Paris as some 200,000 people, predominantly middle-class, went to the countryside.

Question: What did the Prussian Army hold in Paris on 17 February?
Answer: a brief victory parade

Question: Under what provision was the Prussian Army permitted to have a victory parade?
Answer: the terms of the armistice

Question: To hounour the armistice, Bismarck allowed train loads of what into Paris?
Answer: food

Question: France had to consent to pay how much in war indemnity?
Answer: five billion franc

Question: An ensuing mass exodus from Paris saw how many people head for the countryside?
Answer: 200,000
Franco-Prussian_War

When the news arrived at Paris of the surrender at Sedan of Napoleon III and 80,000 men, the Second Empire was overthrown by a popular uprising in Paris, which forced the proclamation of a Provisional Government and a Third Republic by general Trochu, Favre and Gambetta at Paris on 4 September, the new government calling itself the Government of National Defence. After the German victory at Sedan, most of the French standing army was either besieged in Metz or prisoner of the Germans, who hoped for an armistice and an end to the war. Bismarck wanted an early peace but had difficulty in finding a legitimate French authority with which to negotiate. The Government of National Defence had no electoral mandate, the Emperor was a captive and the Empress in exile but there had been no abdication de jure and the army was still bound by an oath of allegiance to the defunct imperial régime.

Question: Whose surrender hit Paris as big news?
Answer: Napoleon III

Question: Which empire was overthrown by a popular uprising in Paris?
Answer: the Second Empire

Question: The uprising forced a proclamation of what?
Answer: Provisional Government and a Third Republic

Question: How did the new government refer to itself?
Answer: Government of National Defence

Question: Bismarck desired an early piece but lacked what in the negotiation process?
Answer: a legitimate French authority
Franco-Prussian_War

A series of swift Prussian and German victories in eastern France, culminating in the Siege of Metz and the Battle of Sedan, saw the army of the Second Empire decisively defeated (Napoleon III had been captured at Sedan on 2 September). A Government of National Defence declared the Third Republic in Paris on 4 September and continued the war and for another five months, the German forces fought and defeated new French armies in northern France. Following the Siege of Paris, the capital fell on 28 January 1871 and then a revolutionary uprising called the Paris Commune seized power in the capital and held it for two months, until it was bloodily suppressed by the regular French army at the end of May 1871.

Question: A series of Prussian and German victories took place in what part of France?
Answer: eastern France

Question: What seige did these victories lead to?
Answer: Siege of Metz

Question: What battle was a result of the Prussian and German victories in eastern France?
Answer: Battle of Sedan

Question: Which army definitively defeated Napolean III?
Answer: the army of the Second Empire

Question: On what date did the Government of National Defence declare the the Third Republic in Paris?
Answer: 4 September
Franco-Prussian_War

Some historians argue that Napoleon III also sought war, particularly for the diplomatic defeat in 1866 in leveraging any benefits from the Austro-Prussian War, and he believed he would win a conflict with Prussia. They also argue that he wanted a war to resolve growing domestic political problems. Other historians, notably French historian Pierre Milza, dispute this. On 8 May 1870, shortly before the war, French voters had overwhelmingly supported Napoleon III's program in a national plebiscite, with 7,358,000 votes yes against 1,582,000 votes no, an increase of support of two million votes since the legislative elections in 1869. According to Milza, the Emperor had no need for a war to increase his popularity.

Question: Some historians counter that Napolean III sought what?
Answer: war

Question: Napoleon III belived he would win the Astro-Prussian war and win a conflict with what country?
Answer: Prussia

Question: It is also argued that Napoleon III thought a war would resolve the growing issue of what?
Answer: domestic political problems

Question: Before the war, French voters overwhelming supported what program of Napoleon III?
Answer: a national plebiscite

Question: Who proposed that Emperor needed no war to increase his public appeal?
Answer: Milza
Franco-Prussian_War

To relieve pressure from the expected German attack into Alsace-Lorraine, Napoleon III and the French high command planned a seaborne invasion of northern Germany as soon as war began. The French expected the invasion to divert German troops and to encourage Denmark to join in the war, with its 50,000-strong army and the Royal Danish Navy. It was discovered that Prussia had recently built defences around the big North German ports, including coastal artillery batteries with Krupp heavy artillery, which with a range of 4,000 yards (3,700 m), had double the range of French naval guns. The French Navy lacked the heavy guns to engage the coastal defences and the topography of the Prussian coast made a seaborne invasion of northern Germany impossible.

Question: What did Napoleon III plan to relieve pressure from an expected German attack?
Answer: invasion of northern Germany

Question: What country were the French hoping to be allied with?
Answer: Denmark

Question: What military strength could Denmark to France in a war?
Answer: the Royal Danish Navy

Question: What had Prussia been discovered building around big north German ports?
Answer: defences

Question: What did the French navy lack in engaging coastal defenses?
Answer: heavy guns
Franco-Prussian_War

The Prussian Army was composed not of regulars but conscripts. Service was compulsory for all of men of military age, and thus Prussia and its North and South German allies could mobilise and field some 1,000,000 soldiers in time of war. German tactics emphasised encirclement battles like Cannae and using artillery offensively whenever possible. Rather than advancing in a column or line formation, Prussian infantry moved in small groups that were harder to target by artillery or French defensive fire. The sheer number of soldiers available made encirclement en masse and destruction of French formations relatively easy.

Question: What was the Prussian Army composed of, instead of regulars?
Answer: conscripts

Question: Service was mandatory for all men sharing which feature?
Answer: of military age

Question: Together, Prussia and Germany expected to amass how many soldiers?
Answer: 1,000,000

Question: German tactics relied on what type of battle strategy?
Answer: encirclement battles

Question: What is an example of a German encirclement battle?
Answer: Cannae
Franco-Prussian_War

In addition, the Prussian military education system was superior to the French model; Prussian staff officers were trained to exhibit initiative and independent thinking. Indeed, this was Moltke's expectation. The French, meanwhile, suffered from an education and promotion system that stifled intellectual development. According to the military historian Dallas Irvine, the system "was almost completely effective in excluding the army's brain power from the staff and high command. To the resulting lack of intelligence at the top can be ascribed all the inexcusable defects of French military policy."

Question: What Prussian system was superior to the French example?
Answer: military education

Question: Prussian military officers were trained to exude what type thinking?
Answer: independent thinking

Question: What commander of the General Staff held the expectaion of independent thinking in his officers?
Answer: Moltke

Question: What did the French dearth of an education and promotion system stifle?
Answer: intellectual development

Question: Which military historian criticized the French system as being defective?
Answer: Dallas Irvine
Franco-Prussian_War

The French breech-loading rifle, the Chassepot, had a far longer range than the German needle gun; 1,500 yards (1,400 m) compared to 600 yd (550 m). The French also had an early machine-gun type weapon, the mitrailleuse, which could fire its thirty-seven barrels at a range of around 1,200 yd (1,100 m). It was developed in such secrecy, that little training with the weapon had occurred, leaving French gunners with no experience; the gun was treated like artillery and in this role it was ineffective. Worse still, once the small number of soldiers who had been trained how to use the new weapon became casualties, there were no replacements who knew how to operate the mitrailleuse.

Question: What aspect of the Chassepot was superior to the German needle gun?
Answer: longer range

Question: What French weapon was considered a rough prototype of the first machine gun? 
Answer: the mitrailleuse

Question: How many barrels did the mitrailleuse feature?
Answer: thirty-seven barrels

Question: What was the range of the mitrailleuse?
Answer: 1,200 yd (1,100 m)

Question: Treating the mitrailleuse like what rendered it far less effective
Answer: artillery
Franco-Prussian_War

The French Marines and naval infantry intended for the invasion of northern Germany were dispatched to reinforce the French Army of Châlons and fell into captivity at Sedan along with Napoleon III. A shortage of officers, following the capture of most of the professional French army at the Siege of Metz and at the Battle of Sedan, led naval officers to be sent from their ships to command hastily assembled reservists of the Garde Mobile. As the autumn storms of the North Sea forced the return of more of the French ships, the blockade of the north German ports diminished and in September 1870 the French navy abandoned the blockade for the winter. The rest of the navy retired to ports along the English Channel and remained in port for the rest of the war.

Question: The French Marines and naval infantry were dispatched to reinforce what?
Answer: French Army of Châlons

Question: The French navy fell captive where?
Answer: at Sedan

Question: Who also was captured at Sedan?
Answer: Napoleon III

Question: The autumn storms of what sea forced the return of yet more French ships?
Answer: the North Sea

Question: On which rough date did the French navy abandon their blockade?
Answer: September 1870
Franco-Prussian_War

Marshal MacMahon, now closest to Wissembourg, spread his four divisions over 20 miles (32 km) to react to any Prussian invasion. This organization of forces was due to a lack of supplies, forcing each division to seek out basic provisions along with the representatives of the army supply arm that was supposed to aid them. What made a bad situation much worse was the conduct of General Auguste-Alexandre Ducrot, commander of the 1st Division. He told General Abel Douay, commander of the 2nd Division, on 1 August that "The information I have received makes me suppose that the enemy has no considerable forces very near his advance posts, and has no desire to take the offensive". Two days later, he told MacMahon that he had not found "a single enemy post ... it looks to me as if the menace of the Bavarians is simply bluff". Even though Ducrot shrugged off the possibility of an attack by the Germans, MacMahon tried to warn the other divisions of his army, without success.

Question: Which marshal was closest to Wissembourg?
Answer: Marshal MacMahon

Question: How many divisions did MacMahon command?
Answer: four divisions

Question: Over how many miles did MacMahon's divisions cover?
Answer: 20 miles

Question: Whose conduct made a bad situation worse?
Answer: General Auguste-Alexandre Ducrot

Question: What group did General Ducrot command?
Answer: the 1st Division
Franco-Prussian_War

During the war, the Paris National Guard, particularly in the working-class neighbourhoods of Paris, had become highly politicised and units elected officers; many refused to wear uniforms or obey commands from the national government. National guard units tried to seize power in Paris on 31 October 1870 and 22 January 1871. On 18 March 1871, when the regular army tried to remove cannons from an artillery park on Montmartre, National Guard units resisted and killed two army generals. The national government and regular army forces retreated to Versailles and a revolutionary government was proclaimed in Paris. A Commune was elected, which was dominated by socialists, anarchists and revolutionaries. The red flag replaced the French tricolour and a civil war began between the Commune and the regular army, which attacked and recaptured Paris from 21–28 May in La Semaine Sanglante (Bloody week).

Question: What became highly politicised during the war?
Answer: Paris National Guard

Question: In what type of neighborhoods did the occur especially?
Answer: working-class neighbourhoods

Question: What did the National Guard refuse to wear?
Answer: uniforms

Question: What did the National Guard refuse to obey?
Answer: commands from the national government

Question: On which dates did La Semaine Sanglante occur in Paris?
Answer: 21–28 May
Franco-Prussian_War

While the French army under General MacMahon engaged the German 3rd Army at the Battle of Wörth, the German 1st Army under Steinmetz finished their advance west from Saarbrücken. A patrol from the German 2nd Army under Prince Friedrich Karl of Prussia spotted decoy fires close and Frossard's army farther off on a distant plateau south of the town of Spicheren, and took this as a sign of Frossard's retreat. Ignoring Moltke's plan again, both German armies attacked Frossard's French 2nd Corps, fortified between Spicheren and Forbach.

Question: Who commanded the French army at the battle of Worth?
Answer: General MacMahon

Question: Which German divisison did MacMahon engage?
Answer: German 3rd Army

Question: Who commanded the German 1st Army?
Answer: Steinmetz

Question: What did a German patrol spot that led them to believe that Frossard had retreated?
Answer: decoy fires

Question: Whose plan did German armies ignore in attacking Frossard?
Answer: Moltke's
Franco-Prussian_War

The casualties were horrible, especially for the attacking Prussian forces. A grand total of 20,163 German troops were killed, wounded or missing in action during the August 18 battle. The French losses were 7,855 killed and wounded along with 4,420 prisoners of war (half of them were wounded) for a total of 12,275. While most of the Prussians fell under the French Chassepot rifles, most French fell under the Prussian Krupp shells. In a breakdown of the casualties, Frossard's II Corps of the Army of the Rhine suffered 621 casualties while inflicting 4,300 casualties on the Prussian First Army under Steinmetz before the Pointe du Jour. The Prussian Guards Infantry Divisions losses were even more staggering with 8,000 casualties out of 18,000 men. The Special Guards Jäger lost 19 officers, a surgeon and 431 men out of a total of 700. The 2nd Guards Infantry Brigade lost 39 officers and 1,076 men. The 3rd Guards Infantry Brigade lost 36 officers and 1,060 men. On the French side, the units holding St. Privat lost more than half their number in the village.

Question: Who were the casualties especially terrible for?
Answer: the attacking Prussian forces

Question: What was the grand total of German casualties and those missing in action?
Answer: 20,163

Question: What were the number of French killed and wounded?
Answer: 7,855

Question: What was the number of French prisoners?
Answer: 4,420

Question: What did most Prussians fall under?
Answer: French Chassepot rifles
Franco-Prussian_War

While the republican government was amenable to war reparations or ceding colonial territories in Africa or in South East Asia to Prussia, Favre on behalf of the Government of National Defense, declared on 6 September that France would not "yield an inch of its territory nor a stone of its fortresses." The republic then renewed the declaration of war, called for recruits in all parts of the country and pledged to drive the German troops out of France by a guerre à outrance. Under these circumstances, the Germans had to continue the war, yet could not pin down any proper military opposition in their vicinity. As the bulk of the remaining French armies were digging-in near Paris, the German leaders decided to put pressure upon the enemy by attacking Paris. By September 15, German troops reached the outskirts of the fortified city. On September 19, the Germans surrounded it and erected a blockade, as already established at Metz.

Question: What was the republican government amenable to?
Answer: war reparations

Question: Who declared that France would not yield "an inch of its territory?"
Answer: Favre

Question: Who was Favre speaking on behalf of?
Answer: Government of National Defense

Question: When did Favre make the declaration concerning colonial territories?
Answer: 6 September

Question: What did this cause the Republic to renew?
Answer: declaration of war
Franco-Prussian_War

Albrecht von Roon, the Prussian Minister of War from 1859 to 1873, put into effect a series of reforms of the Prussian military system in the 1860s. Among these were two major reforms that substantially increased the military power of Germany. The first was a reorganization of the army that integrated the regular army and the Landwehr reserves. The second was the provision for the conscription of every male Prussian of military age in the event of mobilization. Thus, despite the population of France being greater than the population of all of the German states that participated in the war, the Germans mobilized more soldiers for battle.

Question: Who was the Prussian Minister of War?
Answer: Albrecht von Roon

Question: What was the time span that von Roon acted as minister?
Answer: 1859 to 1873

Question: He instituted a series of what regarding the Prussian military?
Answer: reforms

Question: What was the first step in the reforms?
Answer: a reorganization of the army

Question: What was the second reform?
Answer: the conscription of every male
Franco-Prussian_War

The French were equipped with bronze, rifled muzzle-loading artillery, while the Prussians used new steel breech-loading guns, which had a far longer range and a faster rate of fire. Prussian gunners strove for a high rate of fire, which was discouraged in the French army in the belief that it wasted ammunition. In addition, the Prussian artillery batteries had 30% more guns than their French counterparts. The Prussian guns typically opened fire at a range of 2–3 kilometres (1.2–1.9 mi), beyond the range of French artillery or the Chassepot rifle. The Prussian batteries could thus destroy French artillery with impunity, before being moved forward to directly support infantry attacks.

Question: What type of artillery were the French equipped with?
Answer: bronze, rifled muzzle-loading

Question: What newer artillery were Prussians using?
Answer: steel breech-loading guns

Question: What did the French believe was overly wasted in artillery with a higher rate of fire?
Answer: ammunition

Question: The Prussian artillery batteries had what percentage more of guns than the French?
Answer: 30% more

Question: What was the typical range that Prussian guns could fire?
Answer: 2–3 kilometres
Franco-Prussian_War

On 28 January 1871 the Government of National Defence based in Paris negotiated an armistice with the Prussians. With Paris starving, and Gambetta's provincial armies reeling from one disaster after another, French foreign minister Favre went to Versailles on 24 January to discuss peace terms with Bismarck. Bismarck agreed to end the siege and allow food convoys to immediately enter Paris (including trains carrying millions of German army rations), on condition that the Government of National Defence surrender several key fortresses outside Paris to the Prussians. Without the forts, the French Army would no longer be able to defend Paris.

Question: On what date did the Government of National Defence negotiate an armistice?
Answer: 28 January 1871

Question: With whom did the French government negotiate?
Answer: the Prussians

Question: What consequence of war were Parisians suffering?
Answer: starving

Question: Which French minister traveled to Versailles to discuss peace?
Answer: Favre

Question: What was the date on which jFarve and Bismarck met?
Answer: 24 January
Franco-Prussian_War

During the fighting, the Communards killed c. 500 people, including the Archbishop of Paris, and burned down many government buildings, including the Tuileries Palace and the Hotel de Ville. Communards captured with weapons were routinely shot by the army and Government troops killed from 7,000–30,000 Communards in the fighting and in massacres of men, women, and children during and after the Commune. More recent histories, based on studies of the number buried in Paris cemeteries and in mass graves after the fall of the Commune, put the number killed at between 6,000 and 10,000. Twenty-six courts were established to try more than 40,000 people who had been arrested, which took until 1875 and imposed 95 death sentences, of which 23 were inflicted. Forced labour for life was imposed on 251 people, 1,160 people were transported to "a fortified place" and 3,417 people were transported. About 20,000 Communards were held in prison hulks until released in 1872 and a great many Communards fled abroad to England, Switzerland, Belgium or the United States. The survivors were amnestied by a bill introduced by Gambetta in 1880 and allowed to return.

Question: How many were killed by the Communards?
Answer: 500 people

Question: Which religious official was also killed during the fighting?
Answer: Archbishop of Paris

Question: What type of buildings were especially targeted to be burned down?
Answer: government buildings

Question: What famous palace was also burned down?
Answer: Tuileries Palace

Question: What is the rough estimate of the number of people killed?
Answer: between 6,000 and 10,000
Franco-Prussian_War

At the outset of the Franco-Prussian War, 462,000 German soldiers concentrated on the French frontier while only 270,000 French soldiers could be moved to face them, the French army having lost 100,000 stragglers before a shot was fired through poor planning and administration. This was partly due to the peacetime organisations of the armies. Each Prussian Corps was based within a Kreis (literally "circle") around the chief city in an area. Reservists rarely lived more than a day's travel from their regiment's depot. By contrast, French regiments generally served far from their depots, which in turn were not in the areas of France from which their soldiers were drawn. Reservists often faced several days' journey to report to their depots, and then another long journey to join their regiments. Large numbers of reservists choked railway stations, vainly seeking rations and orders.

Question: At the start of the war, how many German troops were focused on the French frontier?
Answer: 462,000

Question: How many French troops were available to stand again the Germans?
Answer: 270,000

Question: What is the literal meaning of the Prussian word "Kreis?"
Answer: literally "circle"

Question: What did the French military numbers suffer from the most?
Answer: having lost 100,000 stragglers
Franco-Prussian_War

The events of the Franco-Prussian War had great influence on military thinking over the next forty years. Lessons drawn from the war included the need for a general staff system, the scale and duration of future wars and the tactical use of artillery and cavalry. The bold use of artillery by the Prussians, to silence French guns at long range and then to directly support infantry attacks at close range, proved to be superior to the defensive doctrine employed by French gunners. The Prussian tactics were adopted by European armies by 1914, exemplified in the French 75, an artillery piece optimised to provide direct fire support to advancing infantry. Most European armies ignored the evidence of the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–05 which suggested that infantry armed with new smokeless-powder rifles could engage gun crews effectively. This forced gunners to fire at longer range using indirect fire, usually from a position of cover.

Question: The events of the Franco-Prussian War had great influence on what?
Answer: military thinking

Question: Lessons garnered from the war included recognizing the need for what kind of system?
Answer: general staff system

Question: Who adopted the Prussian artillery tactics in 1914?
Answer: European armies

Question: What was the French 75 optimised to directly support?
Answer: advancing infantry

Question: Evidence from what war suggested the increased benefits of smokeless poweder rifles?
Answer: Russo-Japanese War
Franco-Prussian_War

The creation of a unified German Empire ended the balance of power that had been created with the Congress of Vienna after the end of the Napoleonic Wars. Germany had established itself as the main power in continental Europe with the most powerful and professional army in the world.[citation needed] Although Great Britain remained the dominant world power, British involvement in European affairs during the late 19th century was very limited, allowing Germany to exercise great influence over the European mainland.[citation needed] Besides, the Crown Prince's marriage with the daughter of Queen Victoria was only the most prominent of several German–British relationships.

Question: A unified German Empire ended the balance of power in which congress?
Answer: Congress of Vienna

Question: At the end of the Napoleonic wars, Germany had established itself as what, in continental Europe?
Answer: the main power

Question: Who remained the dominant world power at this time?
Answer: Great Britain

Question: British involvement in European matters in the late 19th century was considered what?
Answer: very limited

Question: The Crown Prince's marriage to whom was considered the most prominent of German-British royal liasons?
Answer: the daughter of Queen Victoria
Adolescence

Puberty occurs through a long process and begins with a surge in hormone production, which in turn causes a number of physical changes. It is the stage of life characterized by the appearance and development of secondary sex characteristics (for example, a deeper voice and larger adam's apple in boys, and development of breasts and more curved and prominent hips in girls) and a strong shift in hormonal balance towards an adult state. This is triggered by the pituitary gland, which secretes a surge of hormonal agents into the blood stream, initiating a chain reaction to occur. The male and female gonads are subsequently activated, which puts them into a state of rapid growth and development; the triggered gonads now commence the mass production of the necessary chemicals. The testes primarily release testosterone, and the ovaries predominantly dispense estrogen. The production of these hormones increases gradually until sexual maturation is met. Some boys may develop gynecomastia due to an imbalance of sex hormones, tissue responsiveness or obesity.

Question: A surge in hormone production triggers a number of physical changes during what stage of life?
Answer: Puberty

Question: Which gland secretes a surge of hormonal agents into the blood stream?
Answer: pituitary

Question: Which part of the body releases testosterone in males?
Answer: testes

Question: Which part of the body relesases estrogen in females?
Answer: ovaries

Question: An imbalance in sex hormones, tissue responsiveness, or obesity can cause what in boys?
Answer: gynecomastia
Adolescence

A thorough understanding of adolescence in society depends on information from various perspectives, including psychology, biology, history, sociology, education, and anthropology. Within all of these perspectives, adolescence is viewed as a transitional period between childhood and adulthood, whose cultural purpose is the preparation of children for adult roles. It is a period of multiple transitions involving education, training, employment and unemployment, as well as transitions from one living circumstance to another.

Question: What is the cultural purpose of adolescence?
Answer: preparation of children for adult roles

Question: What is the transitional period between childhood and adulthood viewed as?
Answer: adolescence

Question: Is adolescence a period of one transition or multiple transitions?
Answer: multiple transitions

Question: What transitions occur during puberty in addition to living circumstances?
Answer: education, training, employment and unemployment
Adolescence

The human brain is not fully developed by the time a person reaches puberty. Between the ages of 10 and 25, the brain undergoes changes that have important implications for behavior (see Cognitive development below). The brain reaches 90% of its adult size by the time a person is six years of age. Thus, the brain does not grow in size much during adolescence. However, the creases in the brain continue to become more complex until the late teens. The biggest changes in the folds of the brain during this time occur in the parts of the cortex that process cognitive and emotional information.

Question: Is a person's brain fully developed by the time they reach puberty?
Answer: not

Question: The brain reaches what percentage of its adult size by the time a person is six years old?
Answer: 90%

Question: The biggest changes in the brain during puberty occur in the parts of the cortex that process what kinds of information?
Answer: cognitive and emotional

Question: What parts of the brain continue to become more complex into the late teens?
Answer: creases

Question: The brain reaches 90% of its adult size by the time a person reaches what year of age?
Answer: six
Adolescence

Adolescents' thinking is less bound to concrete events than that of children: they can contemplate possibilities outside the realm of what currently exists. One manifestation of the adolescent's increased facility with thinking about possibilities is the improvement of skill in deductive reasoning, which leads to the development of hypothetical thinking. This provides the ability to plan ahead, see the future consequences of an action and to provide alternative explanations of events. It also makes adolescents more skilled debaters, as they can reason against a friend's or parent's assumptions. Adolescents also develop a more sophisticated understanding of probability.

Question: Are adolescents or children more bound to concrete events?
Answer: children

Question: Deductive reasoning leads to the development of what type of thinking?
Answer: hypothetical

Question: What type of thinking provides the ability to plan ahead and makes adolescents more skilled debaters?
Answer: hypothetical

Question: Adolescents develop a more sophisticated understanding of what mathematical concept thanks to their increased hypothetical thinking abilties?
Answer: probability
Adolescence

In studying adolescent development, adolescence can be defined biologically, as the physical transition marked by the onset of puberty and the termination of physical growth; cognitively, as changes in the ability to think abstractly and multi-dimensionally; or socially, as a period of preparation for adult roles. Major pubertal and biological changes include changes to the sex organs, height, weight, and muscle mass, as well as major changes in brain structure and organization. Cognitive advances encompass both increases in knowledge and in the ability to think abstractly and to reason more effectively. The study of adolescent development often involves interdisciplinary collaborations. For example, researchers in neuroscience or bio-behavioral health might focus on pubertal changes in brain structure and its effects on cognition or social relations. Sociologists interested in adolescence might focus on the acquisition of social roles (e.g., worker or romantic partner) and how this varies across cultures or social conditions. Developmental psychologists might focus on changes in relations with parents and peers as a function of school structure and pubertal status.

Question: How is adolescence defined biologically?
Answer: the physical transition marked by the onset of puberty and the termination of physical growth

Question: How is adolescence defined cognitively?
Answer: changes in the ability to think abstractly and multi-dimensionally

Question: Changes to sex organs, height, weight, and muscle mass are examples of which type of change?
Answer: biological

Question: Increases in knowledge and the ability to think abstractly are examples of which kind of change?
Answer: Cognitive
Adolescence

In females, changes in the primary sex characteristics involve growth of the uterus, vagina, and other aspects of the reproductive system. Menarche, the beginning of menstruation, is a relatively late development which follows a long series of hormonal changes. Generally, a girl is not fully fertile until several years after menarche, as regular ovulation follows menarche by about two years. Unlike males, therefore, females usually appear physically mature before they are capable of becoming pregnant.

Question: What term is the beginning of menstruation given?
Answer: Menarche

Question: How many years does regular ovulation follow menarche?
Answer: two years

Question: Do males or females appear physically mature before they are capable of reproduction?
Answer: females

Question: What are two areas of the reproductive system that experience growth in females during puberty?
Answer: uterus, vagina
Adolescence

In contemporary society, adolescents also face some risks as their sexuality begins to transform. While some of these, such as emotional distress (fear of abuse or exploitation) and sexually transmitted infections/diseases (STIs/STDs), including HIV/AIDS, are not necessarily inherent to adolescence, others such as teenage pregnancy (through non-use or failure of contraceptives) are seen as social problems in most western societies. One in four sexually active teenagers will contract an STI. Adolescents in the United States often chose "anything but intercourse" for sexual activity because they mistakenly believe it reduces the risk of STIs. Across the country, clinicians report rising diagnoses of herpes and human papillomavirus (HPV), which can cause genital warts, and is now thought to affect 15 percent of the teen population. Girls 15 to 19 have higher rates of gonorrhea than any other age group. One-quarter of all new HIV cases occur in those under the age of 21. Multrine also states in her article that according to a March survey by the Kaiser Family Foundation, eighty-one percent of parents want schools to discuss the use of condoms and contraception with their children. They also believe students should be able to be tested for STIs. Furthermore, teachers want to address such topics with their students. But, although 9 in 10 sex education instructors across the country believe that students should be taught about contraceptives in school, over one quarter report receiving explicit instructions from school boards and administrators not to do so. According to anthropologist Margaret Mead, the turmoil found in adolescence in Western society has a cultural rather than a physical cause; they reported that societies where young women engaged in free sexual activity had no such adolescent turmoil.

Question: What percentage of sexually active teenagers will contract an STI?
Answer: One in four

Question: What percent of the teenage population is affected by herpes and HPV?
Answer: 15

Question: Girls ages 15 to 19 have higher rates of what STD than any other age group?
Answer: gonorrhea

Question: What ratio of all new HIV cases occur in those under age 21?
Answer: One-quarter

Question: According to a survey by the Kaiser Family Foundation, what percentage of parents want schools to discuss contraception with their children?
Answer: eighty-one percent
Adolescence

Although research has been inconclusive, some findings have indicated that electronic communication negatively affects adolescents' social development, replaces face-to-face communication, impairs their social skills, and can sometimes lead to unsafe interaction with strangers. A 2015 review reported that “adolescents lack awareness of strategies to cope with cyberbullying, which has been consistently associated with an increased likelihood of depression.” Studies have shown differences in the ways the internet negatively impacts the adolescents' social functioning. Online socializing tends to make girls particularly vulnerable, while socializing in Internet cafés seems only to affect boys academic achievement. However, other research suggests that Internet communication brings friends closer and is beneficial for socially anxious teens, who find it easier to interact socially online. The more conclusive finding has been that Internet use has a negative effect on the physical health of adolescents, as time spent using the Internet replaces time doing physical activities. However, the Internet can be significantly useful in educating teens because of the access they have to information on many various topics.

Question: According to research findings, does Internet use have a positive or negative effect on teen physical health?
Answer: negative

Question: Why do research findings believe the Internet has a negative effect on teen physical health?
Answer: time spent using the Internet replaces time doing physical activities

Question: How can the Internet be beneficial for socially anxious teens?
Answer: easier to interact socially online

Question: Which online activity has been consistently associated with increased liklihood of depression?
Answer: cyberbullying
Adolescence

Following a steady decline, beginning in the late 1990s up through the mid-2000s, illicit drug use among adolescents has been on the rise in the U.S. Aside from alcohol, marijuana is the most commonly indulged drug habit during adolescent years. Data collected by the National Institute on Drug Abuse shows that between the years of 2007 and 2011, marijuana use grew from 5.7% to 7.2% among 8th grade students; among 10th grade students, from 14.2% to 17.6%; and among 12th graders, from 18.8% to 22.6%. Additional, recent years have seen a surge in popularity of MDMA; between 2010 and 2011, the use of MDMA increased from 1.4% to 2.3% among high school seniors. The heightened usage of ecstasy most likely ties in at least to some degree with the rising popularity of rave culture.

Question: What is the most commonly abused substance during adolescent years in the U.S.?
Answer: alcohol

Question: Aside from alcohol, what is the most commonly indulged drug habit during adolescent years?
Answer: marijuana

Question: The heightened usage of what drug is most likely due at least in some part to the rising popularity of rave culture?
Answer: ecstasy

Question: From the late 1990s to mid 2000s, was drug use in teens on the rise or decline?
Answer: decline
Adolescence

Within the past ten years, the amount of social networking sites available to the public has greatly increased as well as the number of adolescents using them. Several sources report a high proportion of adolescents who use social media: 73% of 12–17 year olds reported having at least one social networking profile; two-thirds (68%) of teens text every day, half (51%) visit social networking sites daily, and 11% send or receive tweets at least once every day. In fact, more than a third (34%) of teens visit their main social networking site several times a day. One in four (23%) teens are "heavy" social media users, meaning they use at least two different types of social media each and every day.

Question: In recent years, has the amount of social networking sites available to the public increased or decreased?
Answer: greatly increased

Question: What percentage of 12-17 year olds claim to have at least one social networking profile?
Answer: 73%

Question: What percentage of teens say they text every day?
Answer: 68%

Question: What percentage of teens report visiting social netorking sites daily?
Answer: 51%

Question: What ratio of teens are "heavy" social media users, using two types of media daily?
Answer: One in four (23%)