Divyanshu67/squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
Zinc

Zinc metal is produced using extractive metallurgy. After grinding the ore, froth flotation, which selectively separates minerals from gangue by taking advantage of differences in their hydrophobicity, is used to get an ore concentrate. This concentrate consists of about 50% zinc with the rest being sulfur (32%), iron (13%), and SiO
2 (5%). The composition of this is normally zinc sulfide (80% to 85%), iron sulfide (7.0% to 12%), lead sulfide (3.0% to 5.0%) silica (2.5% to 3.5%), and cadmium sulfide (0.35% to 0.41%).

Question: What is used to produce the metal zinc?
Answer: extractive metallurgy.

Question: What is froth flotation used for?
Answer: get an ore concentrate

Question: What is the first step in zinc metal production?
Answer: grinding the ore

Question: What percentage of the ore concentrate is zinc?
Answer: 50%

Question: What is used to eliminate the metal zinc?

Question: What is froth flotation no longer used for?

Question: What is the only step in zinc metal production?

Question: What percentage of the s'more concentrate is zinc?
Zinc

The production for sulfidic zinc ores produces large amounts of sulfur dioxide and cadmium vapor. Smelter slag and other residues of process also contain significant amounts of heavy metals. About 1.1 million tonnes of metallic zinc and 130 thousand tonnes of lead were mined and smelted in the Belgian towns of La Calamine and Plombières between 1806 and 1882. The dumps of the past mining operations leach significant amounts of zinc and cadmium, and, as a result, the sediments of the Geul River contain significant amounts of heavy metals. About two thousand years ago emissions of zinc from mining and smelting totaled 10 thousand tonnes a year. After increasing 10-fold from 1850, zinc emissions peaked at 3.4 million tonnes per year in the 1980s and declined to 2.7 million tonnes in the 1990s, although a 2005 study of the Arctic troposphere found that the concentrations there did not reflect the decline. Anthropogenic and natural emissions occur at a ratio of 20 to 1.

Question: Large amounts of sulfur dioxide and cadmium vapor are produced due to what?
Answer: The production for sulfidic zinc ores

Question: Smelter slag contains a significant amount of what?
Answer: heavy metals

Question: Why does the Geul River contain heavy metals in a significant amount?
Answer: mining operations leach significant amounts of zinc and cadmium

Question: What is the ratio that anthropogenic and natural emissions occur at?
Answer: 20 to 1

Question: What produces tiny amounts of sulfur dioxide and cadmium vapor?

Question: What does smelter slag contain a trivial amount of?

Question: Why does the Geul River contain no heavy metals?

Question: What is the ratio that anthropogenic and unnatural emissions occur at?
Zinc

Zinc is more reactive than iron or steel and thus will attract almost all local oxidation until it completely corrodes away. A protective surface layer of oxide and carbonate (Zn
5(OH)
6(CO
3)
2) forms as the zinc corrodes. This protection lasts even after the zinc layer is scratched but degrades through time as the zinc corrodes away. The zinc is applied electrochemically or as molten zinc by hot-dip galvanizing or spraying. Galvanization is used on chain-link fencing, guard rails, suspension bridges, lightposts, metal roofs, heat exchangers, and car bodies.

Question: What two compounds is zinc more reactive than?
Answer: iron or steel

Question: What forms as zinc corrodes?
Answer: protective surface layer of oxide and carbonate

Question: How is zinc applied?
Answer: electrochemically or as molten zinc

Question: What is used on many common items, such as chain link fences?
Answer: Galvanization

Question: What is the only compound zinc is more reactive than?

Question: What explodes as zinc corrodes?

Question: How is zinc applied to wounds?

Question: What is used on many rare items, such as chain link fences?
Zinc

The relative reactivity of zinc and its ability to attract oxidation to itself makes it an efficient sacrificial anode in cathodic protection (CP). For example, cathodic protection of a buried pipeline can be achieved by connecting anodes made from zinc to the pipe. Zinc acts as the anode (negative terminus) by slowly corroding away as it passes electric current to the steel pipeline.[note 2] Zinc is also used to cathodically protect metals that are exposed to sea water from corrosion. A zinc disc attached to a ship's iron rudder will slowly corrode, whereas the rudder stays unattacked. Other similar uses include a plug of zinc attached to a propeller or the metal protective guard for the keel of the ship.

Question: What makes zinc an efficient sacrificial anode?
Answer: relative reactivity of zinc and its ability to attract oxidation

Question: Connecting anodes made from zinc to buried pipe creates what?
Answer: cathodic protection

Question: What does attaching a zinc disc to a ships iron rudder do?
Answer: protect metals that are exposed to sea water from corrosion

Question: Why does zinc protect metals exposed to sea water from corroding?
Answer: will slowly corrode, whereas the rudder stays unattacked

Question: What makes zinc an inefficient sacrificial anode?

Question: What does attaching a zinc sphere to a ship's iron rudder not help with?

Question: Why is zinc not able to ever corrode?

Question: Why does zinc harm metals exposed to sea water?
Zinc

Other widely used alloys that contain zinc include nickel silver, typewriter metal, soft and aluminium solder, and commercial bronze. Zinc is also used in contemporary pipe organs as a substitute for the traditional lead/tin alloy in pipes. Alloys of 85–88% zinc, 4–10% copper, and 2–8% aluminium find limited use in certain types of machine bearings. Zinc is the primary metal used in making American one cent coins since 1982. The zinc core is coated with a thin layer of copper to give the impression of a copper coin. In 1994, 33,200 tonnes (36,600 short tons) of zinc were used to produce 13.6 billion pennies in the United States.

Question: What has zinc replaced in pipe organs?
Answer: lead/tin alloy

Question: Zinc, copper and aluminum alloys have use in what part of machinery?
Answer: machine bearings

Question: Zinc in the main metal used in making which american currency?
Answer: one cent coins

Question: What is zinc coated with to influence the look of pennies?
Answer: thin layer of copper

Question: What has zinc been replaced with in pipe organs?

Question: What is zinc coated with to influence the look of dimes?

Question: What is the only metal used in American currency?

Question: What is the only metal used in pipe organs?
Zinc

Alloys of primarily zinc with small amounts of copper, aluminium, and magnesium are useful in die casting as well as spin casting, especially in the automotive, electrical, and hardware industries. These alloys are marketed under the name Zamak. An example of this is zinc aluminium. The low melting point together with the low viscosity of the alloy makes the production of small and intricate shapes possible. The low working temperature leads to rapid cooling of the cast products and therefore fast assembly is possible. Another alloy, marketed under the brand name Prestal, contains 78% zinc and 22% aluminium and is reported to be nearly as strong as steel but as malleable as plastic. This superplasticity of the alloy allows it to be molded using die casts made of ceramics and cement.

Question: Aside from die casting, what are alloys of zinc mixed with copper, aluminium and magnesium used for?
Answer: spin casting

Question: Alloys of zinc mixed with copper, aluminium and magnesium are marketed as what?
Answer: Zamak

Question: What is possible to produce thanks to the low melting point and low viscosity of zinc aluminium alloy?
Answer: small and intricate shapes

Question: What brand name of alloy is supposed to be as strong as steel while still being malleable as plastic?
Answer: Prestal

Question: What is used to mold Prestal?
Answer: die casts made of ceramics and cement.

Question: What are alloys of zinc mixed with copper, aluminium and plastic used for?

Question: What is possible to produce thanks to the high melting point and high viscosity of zinc aluminium alloy?

Question: What is used to remove Prestal?

Question: What are alloys of zinc mixed with steel and copper marketed as?

Question: What brand name of alloy is supposed to be as strong as silk while still being malleable as butter?
Zinc

Similar alloys with the addition of a small amount of lead can be cold-rolled into sheets. An alloy of 96% zinc and 4% aluminium is used to make stamping dies for low production run applications for which ferrous metal dies would be too expensive. In building facades, roofs or other applications in which zinc is used as sheet metal and for methods such as deep drawing, roll forming or bending, zinc alloys with titanium and copper are used. Unalloyed zinc is too brittle for these kinds of manufacturing processes.

Question: What can be done when small amounts of lead are added to alloys?
Answer: cold-rolled into sheets

Question: What is made with an alloy of 4% aluminium mixed with 96% zinc?
Answer: stamping dies

Question: Why are alloys used to make stamping dies rather than metal?
Answer: too expensive

Question: Why isn't unalloyed zinc used in construction applications?
Answer: too brittle

Question: What can be done when large amounts of lead are added to alloys?

Question: What is made with an alloy of 4% magic mixed with 96% zinc?

Question: Why are alloys used to make metal rather than stamping dies?

Question: Why is unalloyed zinc used in construction applications?
Zinc

Roughly one quarter of all zinc output in the United States (2009), is consumed in the form of zinc compounds; a variety of which are used industrially. Zinc oxide is widely used as a white pigment in paints, and as a catalyst in the manufacture of rubber. It is also used as a heat disperser for the rubber and acts to protect its polymers from ultraviolet radiation (the same UV protection is conferred to plastics containing zinc oxide). The semiconductor properties of zinc oxide make it useful in varistors and photocopying products. The zinc zinc-oxide cycle is a two step thermochemical process based on zinc and zinc oxide for hydrogen production.

Question: In what form is 1/4 of zinc used in the US?
Answer: zinc compounds

Question: What kind of zinc compound is used in manufacturing rubber?
Answer: Zinc oxide

Question: What protects the polymers in rubber from ultraviolet radiation?
Answer: Zinc oxide

Question: Why is zinc oxide useful in photocopying products?
Answer: semiconductor

Question: What kind of process is the zinc zinc-oxide cycle?
Answer: thermochemical

Question: What form is 1/4 of zinc used in the Ukraine?

Question: What kind of zinc compound is used in melting rubber?

Question: What protects the polymers in rubber from nuclear radiation?

Question: Why is zinc oxide unhelpful in photocopying products?

Question: What kind of process is the zinc zinc-dioxide cycle?
Zinc

Zinc chloride is often added to lumber as a fire retardant and can be used as a wood preservative. It is also used to make other chemicals. Zinc methyl (Zn(CH3)
2) is used in a number of organic syntheses. Zinc sulfide (ZnS) is used in luminescent pigments such as on the hands of clocks, X-ray and television screens, and luminous paints. Crystals of ZnS are used in lasers that operate in the mid-infrared part of the spectrum. Zinc sulfate is a chemical in dyes and pigments. Zinc pyrithione is used in antifouling paints.

Question: What is added to wood in order to preserve it?
Answer: Zinc chloride

Question: What is the feature of zinc sufide that makes it useful in television screens?
Answer: luminescent pigments

Question: What kind of lasers are crystals of zinc suflde used in?
Answer: mid-infrared

Question: Where is zinc pyrithion used?
Answer: antifouling paints.

Question: What is removed from wood in order to preserve it?

Question: What is the feature of zinc sulfide that makes it dangerous in television screens?

Question: What kind of robots are crystals of zinc sulfide used in?

Question: What is Zinc pyrithione illegal in?
Zinc

64Zn, the most abundant isotope of zinc, is very susceptible to neutron activation, being transmuted into the highly radioactive 65Zn, which has a half-life of 244 days and produces intense gamma radiation. Because of this, Zinc Oxide used in nuclear reactors as an anti-corrosion agent is depleted of 64Zn before use, this is called depleted zinc oxide. For the same reason, zinc has been proposed as a salting material for nuclear weapons (cobalt is another, better-known salting material). A jacket of isotopically enriched 64Zn would be irradiated by the intense high-energy neutron flux from an exploding thermonuclear weapon, forming a large amount of 65Zn significantly increasing the radioactivity of the weapon's fallout. Such a weapon is not known to have ever been built, tested, or used. 65Zn is also used as a tracer to study how alloys that contain zinc wear out, or the path and the role of zinc in organisms.

Question: What is the most abundant zinc isotope?
Answer: 64Zn

Question: What does 65Zn produce?
Answer: intense gamma radiation

Question: Why is zinc oxide used in nuclear reactors?
Answer: anti-corrosion agent

Question: What is used to study how alloys containing zinc wear out?
Answer: 65Zn

Question: What is the only zinc isotope?

Question: What does 65Zn reduce?

Question: Why is zinc oxide used in atomic reactors?

Question: What is used to study how alloys containing zinc melt?
Zinc

Zinc is included in most single tablet over-the-counter daily vitamin and mineral supplements. Preparations include zinc oxide, zinc acetate, and zinc gluconate. It is believed to possess antioxidant properties, which may protect against accelerated aging of the skin and muscles of the body; studies differ as to its effectiveness. Zinc also helps speed up the healing process after an injury. It is also suspected of being beneficial to the body's immune system. Indeed, zinc deficiency may have effects on virtually all parts of the human immune system.

Question: What consumable product is zinc included in?
Answer: vitamin and mineral supplements

Question: What property of zinc is believed to protect against skin aging?
Answer: antioxidant

Question: What is the benefit of zinc after injury?
Answer: speed up the healing

Question: What consumable product is zinc forbidden in?

Question: What property of zinc is believed to reverse aging?

Question: What is the danger of zinc after injury?

Question: What is the only preparation form that zinc is available in?
Zinc

Although not yet tested as a therapy in humans, a growing body of evidence indicates that zinc may preferentially kill prostate cancer cells. Because zinc naturally homes to the prostate and because the prostate is accessible with relatively non-invasive procedures, its potential as a chemotherapeutic agent in this type of cancer has shown promise. However, other studies have demonstrated that chronic use of zinc supplements in excess of the recommended dosage may actually increase the chance of developing prostate cancer, also likely due to the natural buildup of this heavy metal in the prostate.

Question: What kind of cancer cells may zinc prove to kill?
Answer: prostate

Question: What type of agent is zync useful as against prostate cancer?
Answer: chemotherapeutic

Question: What could overuse of zinc possibly cause?
Answer: prostate cancer

Question: Where does zinc naturally buildup in the body?
Answer: prostate.

Question: What kind of cancer cells may zinc prove to heal?

Question: What type of agent is zinc useless as against prostate cancer?

Question: What could normal use of zinc possibly cause?

Question: Where does zinc mysteriously buildup in the body?
Zinc

There are many important organozinc compounds. Organozinc chemistry is the science of organozinc compounds describing their physical properties, synthesis and reactions. Among important applications is the Frankland-Duppa Reaction in which an oxalate ester(ROCOCOOR) reacts with an alkyl halide R'X, zinc and hydrochloric acid to the α-hydroxycarboxylic esters RR'COHCOOR, the Reformatskii reaction which converts α-halo-esters and aldehydes to β-hydroxy-esters, the Simmons–Smith reaction in which the carbenoid (iodomethyl)zinc iodide reacts with alkene(or alkyne) and converts them to cyclopropane, the Addition reaction of organozinc compounds to carbonyl compounds. The Barbier reaction (1899) is the zinc equivalent of the magnesium Grignard reaction and is better of the two. In presence of just about any water the formation of the organomagnesium halide will fail, whereas the Barbier reaction can even take place in water. On the downside organozincs are much less nucleophilic than Grignards, are expensive and difficult to handle. Commercially available diorganozinc compounds are dimethylzinc, diethylzinc and diphenylzinc. In one study the active organozinc compound is obtained from much cheaper organobromine precursors:

Question: What does organozinc chemisty describe?
Answer: physical properties, synthesis and reactions.

Question: What is the zinc equivalent of the Grinard reaction?
Answer: The Barbier reaction

Question: When will organomagnesium halide formation fail?
Answer: presence of just about any water

Question: What are dimethylzinc, dietylzinc and diphenylzinc?
Answer: Commercially available diorganozinc compounds

Question: What does organozinc chemistry conceal?

Question: What is the glass equivalent of the Grinard reaction?

Question: When will organomagnesium halide formation become permanent?

Question: What are dimethylzinc, dietylzinc and diphenylzinc no longer allowed as?
Zinc

Zinc serves a purely structural role in zinc fingers, twists and clusters. Zinc fingers form parts of some transcription factors, which are proteins that recognize DNA base sequences during the replication and transcription of DNA. Each of the nine or ten Zn2+ ions in a zinc finger helps maintain the finger's structure by coordinately binding to four amino acids in the transcription factor. The transcription factor wraps around the DNA helix and uses its fingers to accurately bind to the DNA sequence.

Question: What role does zinc play in fingers, twists and clusters?
Answer: structural

Question: What are proteins that druing replication and transcription of DNA, recognize base DNA?
Answer: transcription factors,

Question: How many amino acids do the Zn2+ ions bind to?
Answer: four

Question: What does the transcription factor wrap around?
Answer: DNA helix

Question: What role does zinc play in fingers, hands and clusters?

Question: What proteins during replication and transcription of DNA forget base DNA?

Question: How many amino acids do the Zn2+ ions repel from?

Question: What does the transcription factor remain vertical with?
Zinc

Other sources include fortified food and dietary supplements, which come in various forms. A 1998 review concluded that zinc oxide, one of the most common supplements in the United States, and zinc carbonate are nearly insoluble and poorly absorbed in the body. This review cited studies which found low plasma zinc concentrations after zinc oxide and zinc carbonate were consumed compared with those seen after consumption of zinc acetate and sulfate salts. However, harmful excessive supplementation is a problem among the relatively affluent, and should probably not exceed 20 mg/day in healthy people, although the U.S. National Research Council set a Tolerable Upper Intake of 40 mg/day.

Question: What is the most common supplement in the US?
Answer: zinc oxide

Question: Why is zinc carbonate poorly absorbed in the body?
Answer: nearly insoluble

Question: What is the recommended daily dose of zinc supplement in healthy adults?
Answer: 20 mg/day

Question: What is the Tolderable Upper intake of zinc?
Answer: 40 mg/day

Question: What is the only common supplement in the US?

Question: Why is zinc carbonate perfectly absorbed in the body?

Question: What is the recommended daily dose of zinc supplement in unhealthy adults?

Question: What is the Intolerable Upper Intake of zinc?
Zinc

For fortification, however, a 2003 review recommended zinc oxide in cereals as cheap, stable, and as easily absorbed as more expensive forms. A 2005 study found that various compounds of zinc, including oxide and sulfate, did not show statistically significant differences in absorption when added as fortificants to maize tortillas. A 1987 study found that zinc picolinate was better absorbed than zinc gluconate or zinc citrate. However, a study published in 2008 determined that zinc glycinate is the best absorbed of the four dietary supplement types available.

Question: Zinc oxide is used to fortify what product?
Answer: cereals

Question: In what product did  various compounds of zinc show little difference in absorption?
Answer: maize tortillas

Question: What compound is better absorbed than zinc gluconate?
Answer: zinc picolinate

Question: What is the best absorbed dietary zinc compound?
Answer: zinc glycinate

Question: What product is zinc oxide used to taint?

Question: What product did various compounds of zinc show massive differences in absorption?

Question: What compound is the same as zinc gluconate in being absorbed?

Question: What is the only absorbed dietary zinc compound?

Question: What year had the only study regarding zinc compounds?
Zinc

Symptoms of mild zinc deficiency are diverse. Clinical outcomes include depressed growth, diarrhea, impotence and delayed sexual maturation, alopecia, eye and skin lesions, impaired appetite, altered cognition, impaired host defense properties, defects in carbohydrate utilization, and reproductive teratogenesis. Mild zinc deficiency depresses immunity, although excessive zinc does also. Animals with a diet deficient in zinc require twice as much food in order to attain the same weight gain as animals given sufficient zinc.

Question: Symptoms ranging from diarrhea to eye lesions are from what?
Answer: mild zinc deficiency

Question: What is a symptom of both zinc deficiency and excess?
Answer: depresses immunity

Question: What is required for animals with zinc deficiency to gain the same weight as animals with sufficient zinc?
Answer: twice as much food

Question: What prevents symptoms ranging from diarrhea to eye lesions?

Question: What is not required for animals with zinc deficiency to gain the same weight as animals with sufficient zinc?

Question: What is no longer a symptom of both zinc deficiency and excess?

Question: Why do animals not consume zinc in their diet?
Zinc

Despite some concerns, western vegetarians and vegans have not been found to suffer from overt zinc deficiencies any more than meat-eaters. Major plant sources of zinc include cooked dried beans, sea vegetables, fortified cereals, soyfoods, nuts, peas, and seeds. However, phytates in many whole-grains and fiber in many foods may interfere with zinc absorption and marginal zinc intake has poorly understood effects. The zinc chelator phytate, found in seeds and cereal bran, can contribute to zinc malabsorption. There is some evidence to suggest that more than the US RDA (15 mg) of zinc daily may be needed in those whose diet is high in phytates, such as some vegetarians. These considerations must be balanced against the fact that there is a paucity of adequate zinc biomarkers, and the most widely used indicator, plasma zinc, has poor sensitivity and specificity. Diagnosing zinc deficiency is a persistent challenge.

Question: What is one way that vegetarians and vegans obtain zinc?
Answer: plant sources

Question: What is found in whole grains that can interfere with zinc absorption?
Answer: phytates

Question: Where is zinc chelator phytate found?
Answer: seeds and cereal bran,

Question: What kind of diet may require more than 15mg of zinc daily?
Answer: diet is high in phytates,

Question: What is the only way that vegetarians and vegans obtain zinc?

Question: What is found in whole grains that can help with zinc absorption?

Question: Where is zinc chelator phytate forbidden?

Question: What kind of diet may require more than 150mg of zinc daily?
Zinc

Nearly two billion people in the developing world are deficient in zinc. In children it causes an increase in infection and diarrhea, contributing to the death of about 800,000 children worldwide per year. The World Health Organization advocates zinc supplementation for severe malnutrition and diarrhea. Zinc supplements help prevent disease and reduce mortality, especially among children with low birth weight or stunted growth. However, zinc supplements should not be administered alone, because many in the developing world have several deficiencies, and zinc interacts with other micronutrients.

Question: What are two billion people in the world deficient in?
Answer: zinc

Question: 800,000 children worldwide die each year due to what?
Answer: deficient in zinc

Question: What is recommended by the WHO for malnutrition and diarrhea?
Answer: zinc supplementation

Question: Why shouldn't zinc be given alone to those with several deficiencies?
Answer: zinc interacts with other micronutrients.

Question: What are five billion people in the world deficient in?

Question: How many children are born each year due to zinc?

Question: What is recommended by the WHO for malnutrition and fever?

Question: Why shouldn't zinc be given alone to those with no deficiencies?
Zinc

Zinc deficiency is crop plants' most common micronutrient deficiency; it is particularly common in high-pH soils. Zinc-deficient soil is cultivated in the cropland of about half of Turkey and India, a third of China, and most of Western Australia, and substantial responses to zinc fertilization have been reported in these areas. Plants that grow in soils that are zinc-deficient are more susceptible to disease. Zinc is primarily added to the soil through the weathering of rocks, but humans have added zinc through fossil fuel combustion, mine waste, phosphate fertilizers, pesticide (zinc phosphide), limestone, manure, sewage sludge, and particles from galvanized surfaces. Excess zinc is toxic to plants, although zinc toxicity is far less widespread.

Question: In what type of soil is zinc deficiency most common?
Answer: high-pH soils

Question: Growing plants in zinc deficient soil makes them more susceptible to what?
Answer: disease.

Question: Excess zinc has what effect on plants?
Answer: toxic

Question: How is zinc primarily added to soil?
Answer: weathering of rocks

Question: What is the only type of soil with zinc deficiency?

Question: What does any level of zinc cause to plants?

Question: How is zinc primarily removed from soil?

Question: What are plants immune to when in zinc deficient soil?
Zinc

There is evidence of induced copper deficiency in those taking 100–300 mg of zinc daily. A 2007 trial observed that elderly men taking 80 mg daily were hospitalized for urinary complications more often than those taking a placebo. The USDA RDA is 11 and 8 mg Zn/day for men and women, respectively. Levels of 100–300 mg may interfere with the utilization of copper and iron or adversely affect cholesterol. Levels of zinc in excess of 500 ppm in soil interfere with the ability of plants to absorb other essential metals, such as iron and manganese. There is also a condition called the zinc shakes or "zinc chills" that can be induced by the inhalation of freshly formed zinc oxide formed during the welding of galvanized materials. Zinc is a common ingredient of denture cream which may contain between 17 and 38 mg of zinc per gram. There have been claims of disability, and even death, due to excessive use of these products.

Question: What kind of deficiency is common from taking 100-300mg of zinc daily?
Answer: copper

Question: What kind of complications were seen in men taking 80mg zinc a day?
Answer: urinary

Question: Having an excess of 500ppm of zinc in soil interferes with what?
Answer: ability of plants to absorb other essential metals

Question: What is caused by inhaling freshly formed zinc oxide?
Answer: zinc shakes or "zinc chills"

Question: People have claimed that the excessive use of what common product has caused disability and death?
Answer: denture cream

Question: What kind of deficiency is common from taking 1000-3000mg of zinc daily?

Question: What kind of superpowers were seen in men taking 80mg zinc a day?

Question: Having an excess of 500ppm of zinc in soil helps with what?

Question: What is caused by inhaling freshly formed zinc hydroxide?

Question: What have people claimed excessive use of caused psychic powers?
Zinc

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has stated that zinc damages nerve receptors in the nose, which can cause anosmia. Reports of anosmia were also observed in the 1930s when zinc preparations were used in a failed attempt to prevent polio infections. On June 16, 2009, the FDA said that consumers should stop using zinc-based intranasal cold products and ordered their removal from store shelves. The FDA said the loss of smell can be life-threatening because people with impaired smell cannot detect leaking gas or smoke and cannot tell if food has spoiled before they eat it. Recent research suggests that the topical antimicrobial zinc pyrithione is a potent heat shock response inducer that may impair genomic integrity with induction of PARP-dependent energy crisis in cultured human keratinocytes and melanocytes.

Question: What can zinc cause damage to in the nose?
Answer: nerve receptors

Question: Why was zinc being used in the 1930's?
Answer: polio infections

Question: What did the FDA order removed from stores in 2009?
Answer: zinc-based intranasal cold products

Question: What product is suggest as a potent heat shock response inducer?
Answer: antimicrobial zinc pyrithione

Question: What can zinc cause evolution to in the nose?

Question: Why was zinc outlawed in the 1930's?

Question: What did the FDA order remove from stores in 1709?

Question: What product is suggested as a potent cold shock response inducer?
Zinc

In 1982, the US Mint began minting pennies coated in copper but made primarily of zinc. With the new zinc pennies, there is the potential for zinc toxicosis, which can be fatal. One reported case of chronic ingestion of 425 pennies (over 1 kg of zinc) resulted in death due to gastrointestinal bacterial and fungal sepsis, whereas another patient, who ingested 12 grams of zinc, only showed lethargy and ataxia (gross lack of coordination of muscle movements). Several other cases have been reported of humans suffering zinc intoxication by the ingestion of zinc coins.

Question: What coin, as of 1982, is now primarily made of zinc?
Answer: pennies

Question: What is a concern with the new zinc pennies?
Answer: zinc toxicosis

Question: Ingesting zinc can cause lack of muscle movement and coordination called what?
Answer: ataxia

Question: Why have people reported zinc intoxication?
Answer: ingestion of zinc coins

Question: What coin as of 1983 is now only made of zinc?

Question: What is a requirement with the new zinc pennies?

Question: Why have people never reported zinc intoxication?

Question: What did one reported case of ingestion of 4250 pennies result in?

Question: What metal is no longer found in pennies?
Zinc

Pennies and other small coins are sometimes ingested by dogs, resulting in the need for medical treatment to remove the foreign body. The zinc content of some coins can cause zinc toxicity, which is commonly fatal in dogs, where it causes a severe hemolytic anemia, and also liver or kidney damage; vomiting and diarrhea are possible symptoms. Zinc is highly toxic in parrots and poisoning can often be fatal. The consumption of fruit juices stored in galvanized cans has resulted in mass parrot poisonings with zinc.

Question: What are dogs known to ingest?
Answer: Pennies

Question: What does the zinc coins ingested by dogs cause?
Answer: zinc toxicity

Question: In what animal is zinc toxic to the point of poisonous?
Answer: parrots

Question: What has been a cause of mass parrot poisonings attributed to zinc?
Answer: juices stored in galvanized cans

Question: What are dogs unknown to ingest?

Question: What does the chocolate coins ingested by dogs cause?

Question: What animal is zinc beneficial to the point of miracles?

Question: What has been a cause of mass rat poisonings attributed to zinc?

Question: Why do pennies and other small coins help to heal when ingested by dogs?
Neoclassical_architecture

Many early 19th-century neoclassical architects were influenced by the drawings and projects of Étienne-Louis Boullée and Claude Nicolas Ledoux. The many graphite drawings of Boullée and his students depict spare geometrical architecture that emulates the eternality of the universe. There are links between Boullée's ideas and Edmund Burke's conception of the sublime. Ledoux addressed the concept of architectural character, maintaining that a building should immediately communicate its function to the viewer: taken literally such ideas give rise to "architecture parlante".

Question: Who influenced many 19th century neoclassical architects?
Answer: Étienne-Louis Boullée and Claude Nicolas Ledoux

Question: What do geometric architecture emulate of the universe?
Answer: eternality

Question: What Edmund Burke concept is linked to Boullee's ideas?
Answer: sublime

Question: What concept did Ledoux address?
Answer: architectural character

Question: As a concept of neoclassical architecture, what should be immediately communicated to viewer?
Answer: building should immediately communicate its function

Question: What influence neoclassical architecture in the 1900s?

Question: What did the drawings of Claude Nicholas Lediux depicts?

Question: Whose ideas are linked to Boullee's ideas of the sublime?

Question: What did Burke say about the concept of architectural character?
Neoclassical_architecture

The baroque style had never truly been to the English taste. Four influential books were published in the first quarter of the 18th century which highlighted the simplicity and purity of classical architecture: Vitruvius Britannicus (Colen Campbell 1715), Palladio's Four Books of Architecture (1715), De Re Aedificatoria (1726) and The Designs of Inigo Jones... with Some Additional Designs (1727). The most popular was the four-volume Vitruvius Britannicus by Colen Campbell. The book contained architectural prints of famous British buildings that had been inspired by the great architects from Vitruvius to Palladio. At first the book mainly featured the work of Inigo Jones, but the later tomes contained drawings and plans by Campbell and other 18th-century architects. Palladian architecture became well established in 18th-century Britain.

Question: What century were most four influential books published?
Answer: 18th century

Question: Who wrote Vitruvius Britannicus?
Answer: Colen Campbell

Question: In what century did Palladian architecture become well established?
Answer: 18th-century

Question: When was "The Designs of Inigo Jones" book published?
Answer: 1727

Question: What style was popular among the English?

Question: What the books published in the 1800s highlight about classical architecture?

Question: What was the name of the four volumes of books written by Inigo Jones?

Question: What book contain prints of famous British buildings inspired by Vitruvius andAedifacatoria

Question: What book featured the work of an Inigo Jones and other architects from the 1800s?
Neoclassical_architecture

At the forefront of the new school of design was the aristocratic "architect earl", Richard Boyle, 3rd Earl of Burlington; in 1729, he and William Kent, designed Chiswick House. This House was a reinterpretation of Palladio's Villa Capra, but purified of 16th century elements and ornament. This severe lack of ornamentation was to be a feature of the Palladianism. In 1734 William Kent and Lord Burlington designed one of England's finest examples of Palladian architecture with Holkham Hall in Norfolk. The main block of this house followed Palladio's dictates quite closely, but Palladio's low, often detached, wings of farm buildings were elevated in significance.

Question: Who was the "architect earl"?
Answer: Richard Boyle, 3rd Earl of Burlington

Question: When was Chiswick House designed?
Answer: 1729

Question: What was the original building that Chiswick House design was reinterpretation?
Answer: Palladio's Villa Capra

Question: What is 1734 design is considered one of the finest example of Palladian architecture in England, built in Norfolk?
Answer: Holkham Hall

Question: Who was inspired by the archite Earl when building Chiswick House?

Question: What was a reinterpretation of Richard Boyles Chiswick House?

Question: What was the Villa Capra purified up?

Question: What architectural style feature ornamentation?

Question: Whose dictate did the wings of farm houses follow?
Neoclassical_architecture

By the mid 18th century, the movement broadened to incorporate a greater range of Classical influences, including those from Ancient Greece. The shift to neoclassical architecture is conventionally dated to the 1750s. It first gained influence in England and France; in England, Sir William Hamilton's excavations at Pompeii and other sites, the influence of the Grand Tour and the work of William Chambers and Robert Adam, was pivotal in this regard. In France, the movement was propelled by a generation of French art students trained in Rome, and was influenced by the writings of Johann Joachim Winckelmann. The style was also adopted by progressive circles in other countries such as Sweden and Russia.

Question: What additional influences were incorporated into neoclassical architecture by mid 18th century?
Answer: Ancient Greece

Question: What englishman excavated pompeii?
Answer: Sir William Hamilton

Question: In what city did a generation of French art students study that propelled neoclassical architecture and incorporation broader styles?
Answer: Rome

Question: What other countries adopted the style of neoclassical?
Answer: Sweden and Russia.

Question: What did movement incorporate by the mid-1800s?

Question: When was the shift to classical architecture dated?

Question: What archaeological dig influence the classical period?

Question: What was influenced by Roman art students trained in France?

Question: Where was neoclassical architecture adopted in conventional circles?
Neoclassical_architecture

A second neoclassic wave, more severe, more studied and more consciously archaeological, is associated with the height of the Napoleonic Empire. In France, the first phase of neoclassicism was expressed in the "Louis XVI style", and the second in the styles called "Directoire" or Empire. The Rococo style remained popular in Italy until the Napoleonic regimes brought the new archaeological classicism, which was embraced as a political statement by young, progressive, urban Italians with republican leanings.[according to whom?]

Question: When was the second wave of neoclassical architecture?
Answer: Napoleonic Empire

Question: What term is used to express the first wave of neoclassicism in France?
Answer: Louis XVI style

Question: What is the second wave of neoclassicism in France called?
Answer: "Directoire" or Empire

Question: Up until Napoleaoic regimes, what style remained popular in Italy?
Answer: The Rococo style

Question: What is associated with the fall of the Napoleonic Empire?

Question: What King was a style of architecture named after during the first wave of neoclassicism?

Question: What was a famous style of first wave neoclassicism in Italy?

Question: Who oppose the archaeological classism brought by the Napoleonic regimes?

Question: The Louis XVI style was popular up until what regime?
Neoclassical_architecture

Indoors, neoclassicism made a discovery of the genuine classic interior, inspired by the rediscoveries at Pompeii and Herculaneum. These had begun in the late 1740s, but only achieved a wide audience in the 1760s, with the first luxurious volumes of tightly controlled distribution of Le Antichità di Ercolano (The Antiquities of Herculaneum). The antiquities of Herculaneum showed that even the most classicising interiors of the Baroque, or the most "Roman" rooms of William Kent were based on basilica and temple exterior architecture turned outside in, hence their often bombastic appearance to modern eyes: pedimented window frames turned into gilded mirrors, fireplaces topped with temple fronts.

Question: What rediscoveries inspired interior designs of neoclassicism?
Answer: Pompeii and Herculaneum.

Question: What tightly controlled book brought appeal for classic interior to masses?
Answer: Le Antichità di Ercolano (The Antiquities of Herculaneum).

Question: What are some examples of the changes of interior of neoclassicism from ancient rediscoveries?
Answer: pedimented window frames turned into gilded mirrors, fireplaces topped with temple fronts

Question: What were William Kent's interior designs based from?
Answer: basilica and temple exterior architecture turned outside in

Question: What re-discoveries inspired exterior design of neoclassicism

Question: What gained a wider audience in 1740s?

Question: What were classic exteriors of the Baroque based on?

Question: What are examples of classic interior design?
Neoclassical_architecture

The new interiors sought to recreate an authentically Roman and genuinely interior vocabulary. Techniques employed in the style included flatter, lighter motifs, sculpted in low frieze-like relief or painted in monotones en camaïeu ("like cameos"), isolated medallions or vases or busts or bucrania or other motifs, suspended on swags of laurel or ribbon, with slender arabesques against backgrounds, perhaps, of "Pompeiian red" or pale tints, or stone colours. The style in France was initially a Parisian style, the Goût grec ("Greek style"), not a court style; when Louis XVI acceded to the throne in 1774, Marie Antoinette, his fashion-loving Queen, brought the "Louis XVI" style to court.

Question: What were interiors seeking to recreate?
Answer: authentically Roman

Question: What colors were utilized for interiors?
Answer: "Pompeiian red" or pale tints, or stone colours

Question: Who brought Louis XVI style to the court?
Answer: Marie Antoinette

Question: What types of techniques were used to style motifs?
Answer: flatter, lighter motifs, sculpted in low frieze-like relief or painted in monotones

Question: What were styles in France initially?
Answer: Parisian

Question: What did new exteriors try to re-create?

Question: What techniques were excluded from the style?

Question: What was initially a Parisien style in Greece?

Question: What we brought the Gout grec style to court?
Neoclassical_architecture

A new phase in neoclassical design was inaugurated by Robert and James Adam, who travelled in Italy and Dalmatia in the 1750s, observing the ruins of the classical world. On their return to Britain, they published a book entitled The Works in Architecture in installments between 1773 and 1779. This book of engraved designs made the Adam repertory available throughout Europe. The Adam brothers aimed to simplify the rococo and baroque styles which had been fashionable in the preceding decades, to bring what they felt to be a lighter and more elegant feel to Georgian houses. The Works in Architecture illustrated the main buildings the Adam brothers had worked on and crucially documented the interiors, furniture and fittings, designed by the Adams.

Question: Who began the new phase of neoclassical design?
Answer: Robert and James Adam

Question: Where were the inspirations for the new phase of neoclassicism centered?
Answer: Italy and Dalmatia

Question: What book outlines the new trends of neoclassicism in this phase?
Answer: The Works in Architecture

Question: During the later 18th century the trend of neoclassic design attempted to simplify what styles?
Answer: rococo and baroque styles

Question: This new style was an attempt to give what different feel to design?
Answer: lighter and more elegant feel

Question: What architects traveled Italy and Dalmatia in the mid-seventeenth century?

Question: What did Robert and James Adam start in the seventeenth century?

Question: Who was trying to simplify the neoclassical design?

Question: What book outlines the trends of the baroque style?

Question: How did the old-style feel compared to the new style?
Neoclassical_architecture

From about 1800 a fresh influx of Greek architectural examples, seen through the medium of etchings and engravings, gave a new impetus to neoclassicism, the Greek Revival. There was little to no direct knowledge of Greek civilization before the middle of the 18th century in Western Europe, when an expedition funded by the Society of Dilettanti in 1751 and led by James Stuart and Nicholas Revett began serious archaeological enquiry. Stuart was commissioned after his return from Greece by George Lyttelton to produce the first Greek building in England, the garden temple at Hagley Hall (1758–59). A number of British architects in the second half of the century took up the expressive challenge of the Doric from their aristocratic patrons, including Joseph Bonomi and John Soane, but it was to remain the private enthusiasm of connoisseurs up to the first decade of the 19th century.

Question: From around 1800 an influx of etchings and engravings came from where?
Answer: Greek architectural

Question: What was this new phase of neoclassicism?
Answer: Greek Revival

Question: Prior to what century had there been little contact between western europe and greek civilization?
Answer: 18th century

Question: Who led an expedition to Greece in 1751?
Answer: James Stuart and Nicholas Revett

Question: What was the first Greek building in England?
Answer: garden temple at Hagley Hall (1758–59)

Question: What influenced neoclassicism during the eighteenth century?

Question: What had there been very little of in Western Europe prior to the 1800s?

Question: I don't know: what was George Lyttelton commission to produce?

Question: What was the final phase of neoclassicism

Question: What was the first Greek building in Western Europe?
Neoclassical_architecture

Seen in its wider social context, Greek Revival architecture sounded a new note of sobriety and restraint in public buildings in Britain around 1800 as an assertion of nationalism attendant on the Act of Union, the Napoleonic Wars, and the clamour for political reform. It was to be William Wilkins's winning design for the public competition for Downing College, Cambridge that announced the Greek style was to be the dominant idiom in architecture. Wilkins and Robert Smirke went on to build some of the most important buildings of the era, including the Theatre Royal, Covent Garden (1808–09), the General Post Office (1824–29) and the British Museum (1823–48), Wilkins University College London (1826–30) and the National Gallery (1832–38). In Scotland, Thomas Hamilton (1784–1858), in collaboration with the artists Andrew Wilson (1780–1848) and Hugh William Williams (1773–1829) created monuments and buildings of international significance; the Burns Monument at Alloway (1818) and the (Royal) High School in Edinburgh (1823–29).

Question: Whose winning design for public competition began the dominance of Greek style architecture?
Answer: William Wilkins

Question: What monument was created in 1818?
Answer: Burns Monument at Alloway

Question: When was the General Post Office built?
Answer: 1824–29

Question: In what year was the British Museum built?
Answer: 1823–48

Question: When was the National Gallery constructed?
Answer: 1832–38

Question: What do Greek revival and in architecture?

Question: The design of what college marked the end of Greek revival?

Question: What monument was built in 1823?

Question: What high school was built in 1818?