Divyanshu67/squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
East_Prussia

The Teutonic Order lost eastern Prussia when Grand Master Albert of Brandenburg-Ansbach converted to Lutheranism and secularized the Prussian branch of the Teutonic Order in 1525. Albert established himself as the first duke of the Duchy of Prussia and a vassal of the Polish crown by the Prussian Homage. Walter von Cronberg, the next Grand Master, was enfeoffed with the title to Prussia after the Diet of Augsburg in 1530, but the Order never regained possession of the territory. In 1569 the Hohenzollern prince-electors of the Margraviate of Brandenburg became co-regents with Albert's son, the feeble-minded Albert Frederick.

Question: Who converted to Lutheranism and secularized the Prussian branch of the Teutonic Order?
Answer: Albert of Brandenburg-Ansbach

Question: In what year did The Teutonic Order lose Eastern Prussia?
Answer: 1525

Question: What did Albert establish himself as?
Answer: first duke of the Duchy of Prussia

Question: Who led the Teutonic Order?

Question: In what year was Albert Frederick born?

Question: In what year was the Teutonic Order established?

Question: Who was the Polish crown?

Question: In what year did the Teutonic Order begin to rule eastern Prussia?
East_Prussia

The Administrator of Prussia, the grandmaster of the Teutonic Order Maximilian III, son of emperor Maximilian II died in 1618. When Maximilian died, Albert's line died out, and the Duchy of Prussia passed to the Electors of Brandenburg, forming Brandenburg-Prussia. Taking advantage of the Swedish invasion of Poland in 1655, and instead of fulfilling his vassal's duties towards the Polish Kingdom, by joining forces with the Swedes and subsequent treaties of Wehlau, Labiau, and Oliva, Elector and Duke Frederick William succeeded in revoking king of Poland's sovereignty over the Duchy of Prussia in 1660. The absolutist elector also subdued the noble estates of Prussia.

Question: In what year did Maximilian III die?
Answer: 1618

Question: What happened as a result of Maximilian's death?
Answer: Albert's line died out

Question: Who revoked the King of Poland's sovereignty over Prussia in 1660?
Answer: Frederick William

Question: In what year was Maximilian III born?

Question: In what year was the treaty of Wehlau signed?

Question: In what year did Poland attain sovereignty over the Duchy of Prussia?

Question: In what year was the treaty of Oliva signed?

Question: Who was the king of Poland?
East_Prussia

Although Brandenburg was a part of the Holy Roman Empire, the Prussian lands were not within the Holy Roman Empire and were with the administration by the Teutonic Order grandmasters under jurisdiction of the Emperor. In return for supporting Emperor Leopold I in the War of the Spanish Succession, Elector Frederick III was allowed to crown himself "King in Prussia" in 1701. The new kingdom ruled by the Hohenzollern dynasty became known as the Kingdom of Prussia. The designation "Kingdom of Prussia" was gradually applied to the various lands of Brandenburg-Prussia. To differentiate from the larger entity, the former Duchy of Prussia became known as Altpreußen ("Old Prussia"), the province of Prussia, or "East Prussia".

Question: Brandenburg was part of what dominating force?
Answer: Holy Roman Empire

Question: What jurisdiction was the Prussian lands under?
Answer: Teutonic Order

Question: Who elected there self as King of Prussia in 1701?
Answer: Frederick III

Question: What did the former Duchy of Prussia become known as?
Answer: Altpreußen ("Old Prussia")

Question: In what year was Emperor Leopold I crowned?

Question: In what year was the War of the Spanish Succession?

Question: Who had been the last leader of the Duchy of Prussia?

Question: In what year did the Duchy of Prussia become known as East Prussia?

Question: Who was one of the Teutonic Order grandmasters?
East_Prussia

Approximately one-third of East Prussia's population died in the plague and famine of 1709–1711, including the last speakers of Old Prussian. The plague, probably brought by foreign troops during the Great Northern War, killed 250,000 East Prussians, especially in the province's eastern regions. Crown Prince Frederick William I led the rebuilding of East Prussia, founding numerous towns. Thousands of Protestants expelled from the Archbishopric of Salzburg were allowed to settle in depleted East Prussia. The province was overrun by Imperial Russian troops during the Seven Years' War.

Question: What wiped out one third of East Prussia's population during the early 1700's?
Answer: the plague and famine

Question: What was lost in Prussia's history during the Plague?
Answer: speakers of Old Prussian

Question: What military overran much of East Prussia?
Answer: Russian troops
East_Prussia

In the 1772 First Partition of Poland, the Prussian king Frederick the Great annexed neighboring Royal Prussia, i.e. the Polish voivodeships of Pomerania (Gdańsk Pomerania or Pomerelia), Malbork, Chełmno and the Prince-Bishopric of Warmia, thereby bridging the "Polish Corridor" between his Prussian and Farther Pomeranian lands and cutting remaining Poland off the Baltic Coast. The territory of Warmia was incorporated into the lands of former Ducal Prussia, which, by administrative deed of 31 January 1773 were named East Prussia. The former Polish Pomerelian lands beyond the Vistula River together with Malbork and Chełmno Land formed the Province of West Prussia with its capital at Marienwerder (Kwidzyn). The Polish Partition Sejm ratified the cession on 30 September 1773, whereafter Frederick officially went on to call himself a King "of" Prussia.

Question: In what year was Royal Prussia annexed?
Answer: 1772

Question: In what year was the territory of Warmia incorporated? 
Answer: 31 January 1773

Question: What was ratified in 1773 in Prussia?
Answer: The Polish Partition Sejm

Question: In what year was Marienwerder founded?

Question: What was the capital of Royal Prussia?

Question: What was capital of Poland?

Question: Who was the king of Poland?

Question: In what year did Ducal Prussia cease to exist?
East_Prussia

After the disastrous defeat of the Prussian Army at the Battle of Jena-Auerstedt in 1806, Napoleon occupied Berlin and had the officials of the Prussian General Directory swear an oath of allegiance to him, while King Frederick William III and his consort Louise fled via Königsberg and the Curonian Spit to Memel. The French troops immediately took up pursuit but were delayed in the Battle of Eylau on 9 February 1807 by an East Prussian contingent under General Anton Wilhelm von L'Estocq. Napoleon had to stay at the Finckenstein Palace, but in May, after a siege of 75 days, his troops led by Marshal François Joseph Lefebvre were able to capture the city Danzig, which had been tenaciously defended by General Count Friedrich Adolf von Kalkreuth. On 14 June, Napoleon ended the War of the Fourth Coalition with his victory at the Battle of Friedland. Frederick William and Queen Louise met with Napoleon for peace negotiations, and on 9 July the Prussian king signed the Treaty of Tilsit.

Question: What defeat led to Prussia having to swear its allegiance to Napoleon?
Answer: Battle of Jena-Auerstedt

Question: What city did King Frederick William use to flee Prussia?
Answer: Königsberg

Question: What year did Napoleon end of the War of the Fourth Coalition?
Answer: 1807

Question: In what country is Konigsberg?

Question: Who was the leader of the army Napoleon beat at the Battle of Friedland?

Question: What military leader did Napoleon beat at the Battle of Jena-Auerstedt?

Question: In what country was Memel?
East_Prussia

The succeeding Prussian reforms instigated by Heinrich Friedrich Karl vom und zum Stein and Karl August von Hardenberg included the implementation of an Oberlandesgericht appellation court at Königsberg, a municipal corporation, economic freedom as well as emancipation of the serfs and Jews. In the course of the Prussian restoration by the 1815 Congress of Vienna, the East Prussian territories were re-arranged in the Regierungsbezirke of Gumbinnen and Königsberg. From 1905, the southern districts of East Prussia formed the separate Regierungsbezirk of Allenstein. East and West Prussia were first united in personal union in 1824, and then merged in a real union in 1829 to form the Province of Prussia. The united province was again split into separate East and West Prussian provinces in 1878.

Question: Who instigated the Prussian reforms?
Answer: Heinrich Friedrich Karl vom und zum Stein and Karl August von Hardenberg

Question: What was included in the reform?
Answer: emancipation of the serfs and Jews

Question: In what year was East and West Prussia first united?
Answer: 1824

Question: When did East and West Prussia split again?
Answer: 1878

Question: Who was the leader of the Province of Prussia?

Question: Who was the first leader of the Regierungsbezrik of Allenstein?

Question: Who led the East Prussian province in 1878?

Question: Who led the West Prussian province in 1878?

Question: What did the northern districts of East Prussia form in 1905?
East_Prussia

The population of the province in 1900 was 1,996,626 people, with a religious makeup of 1,698,465 Protestants, 269,196 Roman Catholics, and 13,877 Jews. The Low Prussian dialect predominated in East Prussia, although High Prussian was spoken in Warmia. The numbers of Masurians, Kursenieki and Prussian Lithuanians decreased over time due to the process of Germanization. The Polish-speaking population concentrated in the south of the province (Masuria and Warmia) and all German geographic atlases at the start of 20th century showed the southern part of East Prussia as Polish with the number of Poles estimated at the time to be 300,000. Kursenieki inhabited the areas around the Curonian lagoon, while Lithuanian-speaking Prussians concentrated in the northeast in (Lithuania Minor). The Old Prussian ethnic group became completely Germanized over time and the Old Prussian language died out in the 18th century.

Question: Was the population of the Prussian province in 1900?
Answer: 1,996,626 people

Question: Which religious group made up the majority of the population in Prussia?
Answer: Protestants

Question: Due to Germanization which three groups saw a decrease in Prussia?
Answer: Masurians, Kursenieki and Prussian Lithuanians

Question: How many people spoke the Low Prussian dialect in East Prussia?

Question: What religion were most Prussian Lithuanians?

Question: How many Kursenieki were there in the areas around the Curonian lagoon?

Question: What language did most of the Jews speak?

Question: What religion were the Kursenieki?
East_Prussia

At the beginning of World War I, East Prussia became a theatre of war when the Russian Empire invaded the country. The Russian Army encountered at first little resistance because the bulk of the German Army had been directed towards the Western Front according to the Schlieffen Plan. Despite early success and the capture of the towns of Rastenburg and Gumbinnen, in the Battle of Tannenberg in 1914 and the Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes in 1915, the Russians were decisively defeated and forced to retreat. The Russians were followed by the German Army advancing into Russian territory.

Question: Which country invaded east Prussia in World War I?
Answer: Russian Empire

Question: Why did the Russian army face such little resistance when moving through Prussia?
Answer: German Army had been directed towards the Western Front

Question: In what year did the battle of Tannenberg take place?
Answer: 1914

Question: In what year did World War I start?

Question: Who was the German Army fighting on the Western Front?

Question: In what year was the First Battle of the Masurian Lakes?

Question: In what year did World War I end?
East_Prussia

With the forced abdication of Emperor William II in 1918, Germany became a republic. Most of West Prussia and the former Prussian Province of Posen, territories annexed by Prussia in the 18th century Partitions of Poland, were ceded to the Second Polish Republic according to the Treaty of Versailles. East Prussia became an exclave, being separated from mainland Germany. After the Treaty of Versailles, East Prussia was separated from Germany as an exclave; the Memelland was also separated from the province. Because most of West Prussia became part of the Second Polish Republic as the Polish Corridor, the formerly West Prussian Marienwerder region became part of East Prussia (as Regierungsbezirk Westpreußen). Also Soldau district in Allenstein region was part of Second Polish Republic. The Seedienst Ostpreußen was established to provide an independent transport service to East Prussia.

Question: In what year did Germany become a republic?
Answer: 1918

Question: What was implemented that separated East Prussia from Germany?
Answer: Treaty of Versailles

Question: What was implemented to provide transport to East Prussia?
Answer: The Seedienst Ostpreußen

Question: In what year was William II crowned as Emperor?

Question: In what year was the Second Polish Republic established?

Question: In what year was the Treaty of Versailles signed?

Question: Who was the first leader of the Second Polish Republic?

Question: What was one of the countries that forced Emperor William II to abdicate?
East_Prussia

Erich Koch headed the East Prussian Nazi party from 1928. He led the district from 1932. This period was characterized by efforts to collectivize the local agriculture and ruthlessness in dealing with his critics inside and outside the Party. He also had long-term plans for mass-scale industrialization of the largely agricultural province. These actions made him unpopular among the local peasants. In 1932 the local paramilitary SA had already started to terrorise their political opponents. On the night of 31 July 1932 there was a bomb attack on the headquarters of the Social Democrats in Königsberg, the Otto-Braun-House. The Communist politician Gustav Sauf was killed; the executive editor of the Social Democrat "Königsberger Volkszeitung", Otto Wyrgatsch, and the German People's Party politician Max von Bahrfeldt were severely injured. Members of the Reichsbanner were attacked and the local Reichsbanner Chairman of Lötzen, Kurt Kotzan, was murdered on 6 August 1932.

Question: Who was the leader of the East Prussian Nazi Party?
Answer: Erich Koch

Question: What large plans did Koch have?
Answer: mass-scale industrialization of the largely agricultural province

Question: What even occurred during the summer of 1932 in Konigsberg?
Answer: attack on the headquarters of the Social Democrats

Question: Who was killed in the attack of the Social Democrats?
Answer: Gustav Sauf

Question: In what year did Konigsberger Volkszeitung become an executive editor?

Question: In what year did Kurt Kotzan become the Reichsbanner Chairman of Lotzen?

Question: Who was the local Reichsbanner Chairman of Konigsberg?

Question: In what year did Max von Bahrfeldt become a politician for the German People's Party?

Question: In what year did the East Prussian Nazi party form?
East_Prussia

Through publicly funded emergency relief programs concentrating on agricultural land-improvement projects and road construction, the "Erich Koch Plan" for East Prussia allegedly made the province free of unemployment; on August 16, 1933 Koch reported to Hitler that unemployment had been banished entirely from East Prussia, a feat that gained admiration throughout the Reich. Koch's industrialization plans led him into conflict with R. Walther Darré, who held the office of the Reich Peasant Leader (Reichsbauernführer) and Minister of Agriculture. Darré, a neopaganist rural romantic, wanted to enforce his vision of an agricultural East Prussia. When his "Land" representatives challenged Koch's plans, Koch had them arrested.

Question: How were East Prussians able to pay for land improvements and road construction?
Answer: publicly funded emergency relief programs

Question: What was the name of the initiative to help with the new projects in East Prussia?
Answer: Erich Koch Plan

Question: What did Koch report to Hitler in 1933?
Answer: that unemployment had been banished entirely

Question: On what date did R. Walther Darre become the Reich Peasant Leader?

Question: What religion was Erich Koch?

Question: On what date were Koch's "Land" representative arrested?

Question: What position did Hitler have?

Question: How much unemployment was there throughout the Reich?
East_Prussia

In 1938 the Nazis altered about one-third of the toponyms of the area, eliminating, Germanizing, or simplifying a number of Old Prussian names, as well as those Polish or Lithuanian names originating from colonists and refugees to Prussia during and after the Protestant Reformation. More than 1,500 places were ordered to be renamed by 16 July 1938 following a decree issued by Gauleiter and Oberpräsident Erich Koch and initiated by Adolf Hitler. Many who would not cooperate with the rulers of Nazi Germany were sent to concentration camps and held prisoner there until their death or liberation.

Question: In what year did the Nazi's alter around one-third of the toponyms of the area?
Answer: 1938

Question: Around how many places were renamed when the Nazis entered Prussia?
Answer: 1,500

Question: What would happen if some didn't comply with the Nazi's with their demands?
Answer: sent to concentration camps

Question: In what year was the Protestant Reformation started?

Question: What position did Adolf Hitler have in 1938?

Question: In what year did Adolf Hitler rise to power?

Question: How many Polish places were there ordered to be renamed?

Question: How many Lithuanian places were ordered to be renamed?
East_Prussia

In 1939 East Prussia had 2.49 million inhabitants, 85% of them ethnic Germans, the others Poles in the south who, according to Polish estimates numbered in the interwar period around 300,000-350,000, the Latvian speaking Kursenieki, and Lietuvininkai who spoke Lithuanian in the northeast. Most German East Prussians, Masurians, Kursieniki, and Lietuvininkai were Lutheran, while the population of Ermland was mainly Roman Catholic due to the history of its bishopric. The East Prussian Jewish Congregation declined from about 9,000 in 1933 to 3,000 in 1939, as most fled from Nazi rule. Those who remained were later deported and killed in the Holocaust.

Question: How many people lived in Easy Prussia in 1939?
Answer: 2.49 million

Question: Of the population in East Prussia, what percentage of those were German?
Answer: 85%

Question: How many East Prussian Jews were around in 1939?
Answer: 3,000

Question: What happened to those Jews who remained?
Answer: deported and killed in the Holocaust.

Question: How many Latvian speaking Kursenieki were there?

Question: How many Lietuvininkai were there?

Question: Where did the Kursenieki live?

Question: What language did ethnic Germans mostly speak?

Question: How many Masurians were there?
East_Prussia

In 1939 the Regierungsbezirk Zichenau was annexed by Germany and incorporated into East Prussia. Parts of it were transferred to other regions, e.g. Suwałki to Regierungsbezirk Gumbinnen and Soldau to Regierungsbezirk Allenstein. Despite Nazi propaganda presenting all of the regions annexed as possessing significant German populations that wanted reunification with Germany, the Reich's statistics of late 1939 show that only 31,000 out of 994,092 people in this territory were ethnic Germans.[citation needed]

Question: In what year was the Regierungsbezirk Zichenau annexed?
Answer: 1939

Question: What other parts of East Prussia were transferred after the annexation of Zichenau?
Answer: Suwałki to Regierungsbezirk Gumbinnen and Soldau to Regierungsbezirk Allenstein

Question: Despite all the propaganda that ws presented to the East Prussians what did German populations want within the country?
Answer: reunification with Germany

Question: In what year was the Regierungsbezirk Zichenau established?

Question: What ethnicity were most people in East Prussia in late 1939?

Question: What did most people in East Prussia want in regards to Germany in 1939?

Question: How many Germans were Nazis in 1939?
East_Prussia

Following Nazi Germany's defeat in World War II in 1945, East Prussia was partitioned between Poland and the Soviet Union according to the Potsdam Conference. Southern East Prussia was placed under Polish administration, while northern East Prussia was divided between the Soviet republics of Russia (the Kaliningrad Oblast) and Lithuania (the constituent counties of the Klaipėda Region). The city of Königsberg was renamed Kaliningrad in 1946. The German population of the province largely evacuated during the war, but several hundreds of thousands died during the years 1944–46 and the remainder were subsequently expelled.

Question: What two countries were East Prussia partitioned into after World Was II?
Answer: Poland and the Soviet Union

Question: What was the city of Konigsberg renamed in to in 1946?
Answer: Kaliningrad

Question: What happened to most of the German population during the war in what is current day Kaliningrad?
Answer: evacuated during the war

Question: In what year did the Potsdam Conference occur?

Question: In what country was Kaliningrad in 1946?

Question: In what year did World War II start?

Question: What was one of the countries that defeated Nazi Germany?

Question: To what country were the German population expelled?
East_Prussia

Shortly after the end of the war in May 1945, Germans who had fled in early 1945 tried to return to their homes in East Prussia. An estimated number of 800,000 Germans were living in East Prussia during the summer of 1945. Many more were prevented from returning,[citation needed] and the German population of East Prussia was almost completely expelled by the communist regimes. During the war and for some time thereafter 45 camps were established for about 200,000-250,000 forced labourers, the vast majority of whom were deported to the Soviet Union, including the Gulag camp system. The largest camp with about 48,000 inmates was established at Deutsch Eylau (Iława). Orphaned children who were left behind in the zone occupied by the Soviet Union were referred to as Wolf children.

Question: How many Germans were living in East Prussia in 1945?
Answer: 800,000

Question: Around how many camps were set up by the Germans during the way?
Answer: 45 camps

Question: How many forced labourers were in the largest camp?
Answer: 48,000

Question: What were the children that were left behind in East Prussia that was occupied by the Russians referred to as?
Answer: Wolf children

Question: How many Germans were prevented from returning to East Prussia?

Question: How many Wolf children were there?

Question: How many forced labourers were there in the smallest camp?

Question: Where was the smallest camp established?

Question: In what year was the first forced labour camp established?
East_Prussia

Representatives of the Polish government officially took over the civilian administration of the southern part of East Prussia on 23 May 1945. Subsequently Polish expatriates from Polish lands annexed by the Soviet Union as well as Ukrainians and Lemkos from southern Poland, expelled in Operation Vistula in 1947, were settled in the southern part of East Prussia, now the Polish Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship. In 1950 the Olsztyn Voivodeship counted 689,000 inhabitants, 22.6% of them coming from areas annexed by the Soviet Union, 10% Ukrainians, and 18.5% of them pre-war inhabitants. The remaining pre-war population was treated as Germanized Poles and a policy of re-Polonization was pursued throughout the country Most of these "Autochthones" chose to emigrate to West Germany from the 1950s through 1970s (between 1970 and 1988 55,227 persons from Warmia and Masuria moved to Western Germany). Local toponyms were Polonised by the Polish Commission for the Determination of Place Names.

Question: In what year did the Polish government officially take over the administration in East Prussia?
Answer: 1945

Question: How was the pre-war population in East Prussia referred to as?
Answer: Germanized Poles

Question: How much did the Ukrainians make up in population as a percentage in East Prussia?
Answer: 18.5%

Question: How many were expelled in Operation Vistula in 1947?

Question: How many chose to emigrate to West Germany in the 1950s?

Question: In what year was the Polish Commission for the Determination of Place Names established?

Question: How many Lemkos were expelled in Operation Vistula?

Question: How many Ukrainians were expelled in Operation Vistula?
East_Prussia

In April 1946, northern East Prussia became an official province of the Russian SFSR as the "Kyonigsbergskaya Oblast", with the Memel Territory becoming part of the Lithuanian SSR. In June 1946 114,070 German and 41,029 Soviet citizens were registered in the Oblast, with an unknown number of disregarded unregistered persons. In July of that year, the historic city of Königsberg was renamed Kaliningrad to honour Mikhail Kalinin and the area named the Kaliningrad Oblast. Between 24 August and 26 October 1948 21 transports with in total 42,094 Germans left the Oblast to the Soviet Occupation Zone (which became East Germany). The last remaining Germans left in November 1949 (1,401 persons) and January 1950 (7 persons).

Question: What year did East Prussia become an official province of Russia?
Answer: 1946

Question: In who's honor was the city named Kaliningrad from  Konigsberg? 
Answer: Mikhail Kalinin

Question: Between August 24th and October 26th how many German's left the Oblast to the Soviet Occupation zone?
Answer: 42,094

Question: How many unregistered persons were there in the Oblast?

Question: How many people lived in Kaliningrad?

Question: In what year was the Memel Territory established?

Question: What had Konigsberg been named after?

Question: How many people had lived in the Memel Territory?
East_Prussia

A similar fate befell the Curonians who lived in the area around the Curonian Lagoon. While many fled from the Red Army during the evacuation of East Prussia, Curonians that remained behind were subsequently expelled by the Soviet Union. Only 219 lived along the Curonian Spit in 1955. Many had German names such as Fritz or Hans, a cause for anti-German discrimination. The Soviet authorities considered the Curonians fascists. Because of this discrimination, many immigrated to West Germany in 1958, where the majority of Curonians now live.

Question: What happened to the Curonians who lived in the area in East Prussia?
Answer: expelled by the Soviet Union

Question: What did the Russians consider Curonians?
Answer: fascists

Question: Where did most of the Curonians flee to in 1958?
Answer: West Germany

Question: In what year did the evacuation of East Prussia occur?

Question: How many Curonians immigrated to West Germany in 1958?

Question: How many Curonians had German names?

Question: How many Curonians fled from the Red Army?

Question: How many Curonians were left behind after many immigrated to West Germany in 1958?
East_Prussia

After the expulsion of the German population ethnic Russians, Belarusians, and Ukrainians were settled in the northern part. In the Soviet part of the region, a policy of eliminating all remnants of German history was pursued. All German place names were replaced by new Russian names. The exclave was a military zone, which was closed to foreigners; Soviet citizens could only enter with special permission. In 1967 the remnants of Königsberg Castle were demolished on the orders of Leonid Brezhnev to make way for a new "House of the Soviets".

Question: Once the German populations was removed, what three groups  settled into the nothern area?
Answer: ethnic Russians, Belarusians, and Ukrainians

Question: In the Soviet section to the north, what did they want to expel from their land?
Answer: eliminating all remnants of German history

Question: What else happened in the northern part of East Prussia in the now Russian area?
Answer: names were replaced by new Russian names

Question: In what year was the military zone created?

Question: In what year did Leonid Brezhnev come to power?

Question: In what year did Russia star settling ethnic Russians in the northern part?

Question: In what year was the new "House of the Soviets" completed?
East_Prussia

Although the 1945–1949 expulsion of Germans from the northern part of former East Prussia was often conducted in a violent and aggressive way by Soviet officials, the present Russian inhabitants of the Kaliningrad Oblast have much less animosity towards Germans. German names have been revived in commercial Russian trade and there is sometimes talk of reverting Kaliningrad's name to its historic name of Königsberg. The city centre of Kaliningrad was completely rebuilt, as British bombs in 1944 and the Soviet siege in 1945 had left it in nothing but ruins.

Question: What has since been considered in Kalinigrad?
Answer: reverting Kaliningrad's name to its historic name of Königsberg

Question: What city was completely rebuilt after the Russians and Germans had bombed it?
Answer: Kaliningrad

Question: How was the removal of the Germans in East Prussia usually handled by the Russians?
Answer: violent and aggressive

Question: In what year was Konigsberg renamed as Kaliningrad?

Question: What are examples of how the present Russian inhabitants of the Kaliningrad Oblast treatment of Germans?

Question: In what year did the city centre of Kaliningrad start to be rebuilt?

Question: In which year did  the present Russian inhabitants of the Kaliningrad Oblast start to emigrate there?
East_Prussia

Since 1875, with the strengthening of self-rule, the urban and rural districts (Kreise) within each province (sometimes within each governorate) formed a corporation with common tasks and assets (schools, traffic installations, hospitals, cultural institutions, jails etc.) called the Provinzialverband (provincial association). Initially the assemblies of the urban and rural districts elected representatives for the provincial diets (Provinziallandtage), which were thus indirectly elected. As of 1919 the provincial diets (or as to governorate diets, the so-called Kommunallandtage) were directly elected by the citizens of the provinces (or governorates, respectively). These parliaments legislated within the competences transferred to the provincial associations. The provincial diet of East Prussia elected a provincial executive body (government), the provincial committee (Provinzialausschuss), and a head of province, the Landeshauptmann ("Land Captain"; till the 1880s titled Landdirektor, land director).

Question: What were common task of the corporation formed by the urban and rural districts?
Answer: schools, traffic installations, hospitals, cultural institutions, jails

Question: What was the name of the corporation that looked over common task?
Answer: Provinzialverband

Question: What has since happened from 1919 that involve the provincial diets?
Answer: elected by the citizens of the provinces

Question: How many representatives serve in each provincial diet?

Question: How many Landeshauptmann are there in total?

Question: In what specific year in the 1880s did the Landdirektor position get renamed as Landeshauptmann?

Question: How are the assemblies of the urban and rural district positions filled from 1875 to 1919?
Ottoman_Empire

The Ottoman Empire (/ˈɒtəmən/; Ottoman Turkish: دَوْلَتِ عَلِيّهٔ عُثمَانِیّه‎ Devlet-i Aliyye-i Osmâniyye, Modern Turkish: Osmanlı İmparatorluğu or Osmanlı Devleti), also known as the Turkish Empire, Ottoman Turkey or Turkey, was an empire founded in 1299 by Oghuz Turks under Osman I in northwestern Anatolia. After conquests in the Balkans by Murad I between 1362 and 1389, the Ottoman sultanate was transformed into a transcontinental empire and claimant to the caliphate. The Ottomans ended the Byzantine Empire with the 1453 conquest of Constantinople by Mehmed the Conqueror.

Question: The Ottoman Empire is also known as what three other names?
Answer: Turkish Empire, Ottoman Turkey or Turkey

Question: When was the Ottoman empire founded?
Answer: 1299

Question: Who founded the Ottoman empire?
Answer: Oghuz Turks

Question: Where was the Ottoman empire founded?
Answer: northwestern Anatolia

Question: Conquests by who began the transformation of the Ottoman sultanate into an Empire?
Answer: Murad I
Ottoman_Empire

During the 16th and 17th centuries, in particular at the height of its power under the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent, the Ottoman Empire was a multinational, multilingual empire controlling much of Southeast Europe, Western Asia, the Caucasus, North Africa, and the Horn of Africa. At the beginning of the 17th century the empire contained 32 provinces and numerous vassal states. Some of these were later absorbed into the Ottoman Empire, while others were granted various types of autonomy during the course of centuries.[dn 4]

Question: Under the reign of who did the Ottoman empire control much of Southeastern Europe?
Answer: Suleiman the Magnificent

Question: During what centuries was the Ottoman empire in control of much of Southeast Europe?
Answer: 16th and 17th centuries

Question: How many provinces did the Ottoman empire control at the start of the 17th century?
Answer: 32 provinces

Question: Along with provinces what type of states did the Ottoman empire have control over?
Answer: vassal states

Question: What regions of Africa were under control of the Ottoman empire?
Answer: North Africa, and the Horn of Africa
Ottoman_Empire

With Constantinople as its capital and control of lands around the Mediterranean basin, the Ottoman Empire was at the centre of interactions between the Eastern and Western worlds for six centuries. Following a long period of military setbacks against European powers, the Ottoman Empire gradually declined into the late nineteenth century. The empire allied with Germany in the early 20th century, with the imperial ambition of recovering its lost territories, joining in World War I to achieve this ambition on the side of Germany and the Central Powers. While the Empire was able to largely hold its own during the conflict, it was struggling with internal dissent, especially with the Arab Revolt in its Arabian holdings. Starting before the war, but growing increasingly common and violent during it, major atrocities were committed by the Ottoman government against the Armenians, Assyrians and Pontic Greeks. The Empire's defeat and the occupation of part of its territory by the Allied Powers in the aftermath of World War I resulted in the emergence of a new state, Turkey, in the Ottoman Anatolian heartland following the Turkish War of Independence, as well as the founding of modern Balkan and Middle Eastern states and the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire.

Question: What was the capital of the Ottoman empire?
Answer: Constantinople

Question: What Ottoman empire controlled lands contributed to the centre of transactions between East and West ?
Answer: lands around the Mediterranean basin

Question: When did the Ottoman empire decline?
Answer: into the late nineteenth century

Question: What nation did the Ottoman empire align with in the 20th century?
Answer: Germany

Question: What led to the decline of the Ottoman empire?
Answer: military setbacks against European powers
Ottoman_Empire

The word Ottoman is a historical anglicisation of the name of Osman I, the founder of the Empire and of the ruling House of Osman (also known as the Ottoman dynasty). Osman's name in turn was derived from the Persian form of the name ʿUthmān عثمان of ultimately Arabic origin. In Ottoman Turkish, the empire was referred to as Devlet-i ʿAliyye-yi ʿOsmâniyye (دَوْلَتِ عَلِيّهٔ عُثمَانِیّه), (literally "The Supreme State of the Ottomans") or alternatively Osmanlı Devleti (عثمانلى دولتى).[dn 5] In Modern Turkish, it is known as Osmanlı İmparatorluğu ("Ottoman Empire") or Osmanlı Devleti ("The Ottoman State").

Question: An anglicization of the name Osman I results in what word?
Answer: Ottoman

Question: What house was the founder of the Ottoman empire?
Answer: House of Osman

Question: What was another name for the Ottoman Dynasty? 
Answer: House of Osman

Question: What is the origin of Osman's name?
Answer: Arabic

Question: In a literal sense what was the Ottoman empire referred to as?
Answer: The Supreme State of the Ottomans
Ottoman_Empire

Ertuğrul, the father of Osman I (founder of the Ottoman Empire), arrived in Anatolia from Merv (Turkmenistan) with 400 horsemen to aid the Seljuks of Rum against the Byzantines. After the demise of the Turkish Seljuk Sultanate of Rum in the 14th century, Anatolia was divided into a patchwork of independent, mostly Turkish states, the so-called Ghazi emirates. One of the emirates was led by Osman I (1258–1326), from whom the name Ottoman is derived. Osman I extended the frontiers of Turkish settlement toward the edge of the Byzantine Empire. It is not well understood how the early Ottomans came to dominate their neighbours, as the history of medieval Anatolia is still little known.

Question: Who was the father of Osman I?
Answer: Ertuğrul

Question: How many horsemen did Osman I's father bring to aid the Seljuks of Rum?
Answer: 400 horsemen

Question: When did the Turkish Seljuk Sultanate of Rum reach its demise?
Answer: 14th century

Question: What did the divided Anatolia end up being referred to as?
Answer: Ghazi emirates

Question: To the edge of what empire did Osman I push Turkish settlements?
Answer: Byzantine Empire
Ottoman_Empire

In the century after the death of Osman I, Ottoman rule began to extend over the Eastern Mediterranean and the Balkans. Osman's son, Orhan, captured the northwestern Anatolian city of Bursa in 1324, and made it the new capital of the Ottoman state. This Ottoman conquest meant the loss of Byzantine control over northwestern Anatolia. The important city of Thessaloniki was captured from the Venetians in 1387. The Ottoman victory at Kosovo in 1389 effectively marked the end of Serbian power in the region, paving the way for Ottoman expansion into Europe. The Battle of Nicopolis in 1396, widely regarded as the last large-scale crusade of the Middle Ages, failed to stop the advance of the victorious Ottoman Turks.

Question: Which city did Osman's son capture?
Answer: Bursa

Question: In what year did Osman's son capture an Anatolian city?
Answer: 1324

Question: What was the name of the son of Osman that captured an Anatolian city?
Answer: Orhan

Question: What city was captured from the Venetians in 1387?
Answer: Thessaloniki

Question: In what year did the Ottoman's have a victory at Kosovo?
Answer: 1389
Ottoman_Empire

With the extension of Turkish dominion into the Balkans, the strategic conquest of Constantinople became a crucial objective. The empire had managed to control nearly all former Byzantine lands surrounding the city, but in 1402 the Byzantines were temporarily relieved when the Turco-Mongol leader Timur, founder of the Timurid Empire, invaded Anatolia from the east. In the Battle of Ankara in 1402, Timur defeated the Ottoman forces and took Sultan Bayezid I as a prisoner, throwing the empire into disorder. The ensuing civil war lasted from 1402 to 1413 as Bayezid's sons fought over succession. It ended when Mehmed I emerged as the sultan and restored Ottoman power, bringing an end to the Interregnum, also known as the Fetret Devri.

Question: What was an objective of Turkey after its expansion into the Balkans?
Answer: conquest of Constantinople

Question: What empire were the controlled lands surrounding Constantinople formerly controlled by?
Answer: Byzantine

Question: What leader invaded Anatolia from the east?
Answer: Timur

Question: Timur was the founder of what?
Answer: Timurid Empire

Question: What battle between Timur and the Ottoman empire took place in 1402?
Answer: Battle of Ankara
Ottoman_Empire

Part of the Ottoman territories in the Balkans (such as Thessaloniki, Macedonia and Kosovo) were temporarily lost after 1402 but were later recovered by Murad II between the 1430s and 1450s. On 10 November 1444, Murad II defeated the Hungarian, Polish, and Wallachian armies under Władysław III of Poland (also King of Hungary) and John Hunyadi at the Battle of Varna, the final battle of the Crusade of Varna, although Albanians under Skanderbeg continued to resist. Four years later, John Hunyadi prepared another army (of Hungarian and Wallachian forces) to attack the Turks but was again defeated by Murad II at the Second Battle of Kosovo in 1448.

Question: Who recovered Ottoman empire territories in the Balkans in the 1430s to the 1450s?
Answer: Murad II

Question: On what date were the armies under Władysław III defeated by Murad II?
Answer: 10 November 1444

Question: Władysław III of Poland was also the king of what?
Answer: Hungary

Question: What battle took place on 10 November 1444?
Answer: Battle of Varna

Question: In what battle did Murad II leave as the victory in 1448?
Answer: Second Battle of Kosovo
Ottoman_Empire

The son of Murad II, Mehmed the Conqueror, reorganized the state and the military, and conquered Constantinople on 29 May 1453. Mehmed allowed the Orthodox Church to maintain its autonomy and land in exchange for accepting Ottoman authority. Because of bad relations between the states of western Europe and the later Byzantine Empire, the majority of the Orthodox population accepted Ottoman rule as preferable to Venetian rule. Albanian resistance was a major obstacle to Ottoman expansion on the Italian peninsula.

Question: Who was the son of Murad II?
Answer: Mehmed the Conqueror

Question: What city was conquered on 29 May 1453?
Answer: Constantinople

Question: What did the Orthodox Church get to keep in exchange for accepting the authority of the Ottoman empire?
Answer: its autonomy and land

Question: The Orthodox population of Constantinople preferred Ottoman rule instead of what?
Answer: Venetian rule

Question: What was the main obstacle to the expansion of the Ottoman empire into the peninsula of Italy??
Answer: Albanian resistance
Ottoman_Empire

Suleiman the Magnificent (1520–1566) captured Belgrade in 1521, conquered the southern and central parts of the Kingdom of Hungary as part of the Ottoman–Hungarian Wars,[not in citation given] and, after his historical victory in the Battle of Mohács in 1526, he established Turkish rule in the territory of present-day Hungary (except the western part) and other Central European territories. He then laid siege to Vienna in 1529, but failed to take the city. In 1532, he made another attack on Vienna, but was repulsed in the Siege of Güns. Transylvania, Wallachia and, intermittently, Moldavia, became tributary principalities of the Ottoman Empire. In the east, the Ottoman Turks took Baghdad from the Persians in 1535, gaining control of Mesopotamia and naval access to the Persian Gulf. In 1555, the Caucasus became officially partitioned for the first time between the Safavids and the Ottomans, a status quo that would remain until the end of the Russo-Turkish War (1768–74). By this partitioning of the Caucasus as signed in the Peace of Amasya, Western Armenia, and Western Georgia fell into Ottoman hands, while Dagestan, Eastern Armenia, Eastern Georgia, and Azerbaijan remained Persian.

Question: During what years was Suleiman the Magnificent alive?
Answer: 1520–1566

Question: In what year did Suleiman the Magnificent capture Belgrade?
Answer: 1521

Question: Suleiman the Magnificent had an important victory in what battle in 1526?
Answer: Battle of Mohács

Question: After a victorious battle in 1526 in what present-day nation was Turkish rule expanded to?
Answer: Hungary

Question: In what siege was Suleiman the Magnificent stopped when attacking Vienna in 1532?
Answer: the Siege of Güns
Ottoman_Empire

France and the Ottoman Empire, united by mutual opposition to Habsburg rule, became strong allies. The French conquests of Nice (1543) and Corsica (1553) occurred as a joint venture between the forces of the French king Francis I and Suleiman, and were commanded by the Ottoman admirals Barbarossa Hayreddin Pasha and Turgut Reis. A month prior to the siege of Nice, France supported the Ottomans with an artillery unit during the 1543 Ottoman conquest of Esztergom in northern Hungary. After further advances by the Turks, the Habsburg ruler Ferdinand officially recognized Ottoman ascendancy in Hungary in 1547.

Question: France and the Ottoman Empire united against what?
Answer: Habsburg rule

Question: Where did the French lay conquest in 1553?
Answer: Corsica

Question: The conquest of Nice was an effort by Suleiman and what French king?
Answer: Francis I

Question: What were the names of the Ottoman admirals who commanded the conquest of Nice?
Answer: Barbarossa Hayreddin Pasha and Turgut Reis

Question: What ruler recognized the Ottomans in 1547?
Answer: Ferdinand
Ottoman_Empire

The stagnation and decline, Stephen Lee argues, was relentless after the death of Suleiman in 1566, interrupted by a few short revivals or reform and recovery. The decline gathered speed so that the Empire in 1699 was, "a mere shadow of that which intimidated East and West alike in 1566." Although there are dissenting scholars, most historians point to "degenerate Sultans, incompetent Grand Viziers, debilitated and ill-equipped armies, corrupt officials, avaricious speculators, grasping enemies, and treacherous friends." The main cause was a failure of leadership, as Lee argues the first 10 sultans from 1292 to 1566, with one exception, had performed admirably. The next 13 sultans from 1566 to 1703, with two exceptions, were lackadaisical or incompetent rulers, says Lee. In a highly centralized system, the failure at the center proved fatal. A direct result was the strengthening of provincial elites who increasingly ignored Constantinople. Secondly the military strength of European enemies grew stronger and stronger, while the Ottoman armies and arms scarcely improved. Finally the Ottoman economic system grew distorted and impoverished, as war caused inflation, world trade moved in other directions, and the deterioration of law and order made economic progress difficult.

Question: Who argues that there was steep decline and stagnation after the death of Suleiman?
Answer: Stephen Lee

Question: In what year did Suleiman die?
Answer: 1566

Question: By what year was it argued that the Ottoman empire was merely "a shadow" of what it was in 1566?
Answer: 1699

Question: Beginning and ending with what years does Lee argue that the rules of the Empire were incompetent?
Answer: 1566 to 1703

Question: What factor caused inflation in the Ottoman empire?
Answer: war
Ottoman_Empire

The effective military and bureaucratic structures of the previous century came under strain during a protracted period of misrule by weak Sultans. The Ottomans gradually fell behind the Europeans in military technology as the innovation that fed the Empire's forceful expansion became stifled by growing religious and intellectual conservatism. But in spite of these difficulties, the Empire remained a major expansionist power until the Battle of Vienna in 1683, which marked the end of Ottoman expansion into Europe.

Question: Poor rule by what class of people strained the empire?
Answer: Sultans

Question: Europeans gained on the Ottoman empire in what type of technology? 
Answer: military technology

Question: What types of conservative beliefs slowed the expansion of the empire?
Answer: religious and intellectual

Question: What battle took place in 1683?
Answer: Battle of Vienna

Question: The empire ceased its expansion into what area after a battle in 1683?
Answer: Europe