Divyanshu67/squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
Chihuahua_(state)

In the far eastern part of the state the Chihuahuan Desert dominates due to low precipitation and extremely high temperatures; some areas of the eastern part of the state are so dry no vegetation is found like the Sand Dunes of Samalayuca. There are two distinctive climate zones found in the eastern part of the state: Hot Desert (BWh) and Cool Desert (BWk) which are differentiated by average annual temperature due to differences in elevation. There is a transition zone in the middle of the state between the two extremely different climates from the east and west; this zone is the Steppe characterized by a compromise between juxtaposed climate zones.

Question: What type of land dominates in the eastern part of the state?
Answer: Desert

Question: Which city is known for its sand dunes?
Answer: Samalayuca

Question: Both types of climate zones in the eastern part of the state are what?
Answer: Desert

Question: The transition zone between east and west is called what?
Answer: the Steppe
Chihuahua_(state)

The state is also a host to a large population of birds which include endemic species and migratory species: greater roadrunner Geococcyx californianus, cactus wren Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus, Mexican jay Aphelocoma ultramarina, Steller's jay Cyanocitta stelleri, acorn woodpecker Melanerpes formicivorus, canyon towhee Pipilo fuscus, mourning dove Zenaida macroura, broad-billed hummingbird Cynanthus latirostris, Montezuma quail Cyrtonyx montezumae, mountain trogon Trogon mexicanus, turkey vulture Cathartes aura, and golden eagle Aquila chrysaetos. Trogon mexicanus is an endemic species found in the mountains in Mexico; it is considered an endangered species[citation needed] and has symbolic significance to Mexicans.

Question: The state hosts populations of birds of both endemic species and what?
Answer: migratory species

Question: Cynanthus latirostris is what type of bird?
Answer: hummingbird

Question: Aquila chrysaetos is what type of bird?
Answer: golden eagle

Question: Which endemic species has symbolic significance to Mexicans?
Answer: Trogon mexicanus
Chihuahua_(state)

During the Mexican Revolution, Álvaro Obregón invited a group of Canadian German-speaking Mennonites to resettle in Mexico. By the late 1920s, some 7,000 had immigrated to Chihuahua State and Durango State, almost all from Canada, only a few from the U.S. and Russia. Today, Mexico accounts for about 42% of all Mennonites in Latin America. Mennonites in the country stand out because of their light skin, hair, and eyes. They are a largely insular community that speaks a form of German and wear traditional clothing. They own their own businesses in various communities in Chihuahua, and account for about half of the state's farm economy, excelling in cheese production.

Question: Who invited Canadians to resettle in Mexico during the Mexican Revolution?
Answer: Álvaro Obregón

Question: Today, Mexico accounts for what percentage of Mennonites in Latin America?
Answer: 42%

Question: Mennonites speak a form of which language predominantly? 
Answer: German

Question: Which food do Mennonites excel in producing?
Answer: cheese

Question: Mennonites account for about how much of the state's farm economy?
Answer: half
Chihuahua_(state)

Agriculture is a relatively small component of the state's economy and varies greatly due to the varying climate across the state. The state ranked first in Mexico for the production of the following crops: oats, chile verde, cotton, apples, pecans, and membrillo. The state has an important dairy industry with large milk processors throughout the state. Delicias is home to Alpura, the second-largest dairy company in Mexico. The state has a large logging industry ranking second in oak and third in pine in Mexico. The mining industry is a small but continues to produce large amounts of minerals. The state ranked first place in the country for the production of lead with 53,169 metric tons. Chihuahua ranked second in Mexico for zinc at 150,211 metric tons, silver at 580,271 kg, and gold at 15,221.8 kg.

Question: Agriculture varies across the state because of the variation in what?
Answer: climate

Question: Which fruit does the state rank first in production?
Answer: apples

Question: The state produces lots of dairy which large processors of what dairy product?
Answer: milk

Question: The state ranks second in the production of what type of wood?
Answer: oak

Question: The state ranked second with over 150,000 metric tons of what metal?
Answer: zinc
Chihuahua_(state)

Nueva Vizcaya (New Biscay) was the first province of northern New Spain to be explored and settled by the Spanish. Around 1528, a group of Spaniard explorers, led by Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca, first entered the actual territory of what is now Chihuahua. The conquest of the territory lasted nearly one century, and encountered fierce resistance from the Conchos tribe, but the desire of the Spanish Crown to transform the region into a bustling mining center led to a strong strategy to control the area.

Question: What was the first province of northern New Spain to be explored?
Answer: Nueva Vizcaya

Question: Around 1528, a group of Spaniards entered the territory that now makes up what state?
Answer: Chihuahua

Question: The conquest of the territory lasted nearly how long?
Answer: one century

Question: Which tribe resisted fiercely this conquest?
Answer: Conchos tribe

Question: The Spanish crown wanted to turn the region into what type of industry?
Answer: mining center
Chihuahua_(state)

Hidalgo was turned over to the Bishop of Durango, Francisco Gabriel de Olivares, for an official defrocking and excommunication on July 27, 1811. He was then found guilty of treason by a military court and executed by firing squad on July 30 at 7 in the morning. Before his execution, he thanked his jailers, Private Soldiers Ortega and Melchor, in letters for their humane treatment. At his execution, Hidalgo placed his right hand over his heart to show the riflemen where they should aim. He also refused the use of a blindfold. His body, along with the bodies of Allende, Aldama and José Mariano Jiménez were decapitated, and the heads were put on display on the four corners of the Alhóndiga de Granaditas in Guanajuato. The heads remained there for ten years until the end of the Mexican War of Independence to serve as a warning to other insurgents. Hidalgo's headless body was first displayed outside the prison but then buried in the Church of St Francis in Chihuahua. Those remains would later be transferred in 1824 to Mexico City.

Question: Hidalgo was turned over by whom?
Answer: Bishop of Durango, Francisco Gabriel de Olivares

Question: In which year was Hidalgo turned over?
Answer: 1811

Question: How was Hidalgo executed after having been found guilty?
Answer: firing squad

Question: Hidalgo refused the use of what during his execution?
Answer: blindfold

Question: In which state was Hidalgo's headless body buried?
Answer: Chihuahua
Chihuahua_(state)

Because of the general instability of the federal government during 1828, the installation of the new legislature did not take place until the middle of the following year. It was quickly dissolved by Governor Santiago de Baca Ortiz, who replaced it with a more pronounced Yorkino type. When Guerrero's liberal administration was overthrown in December, Gaspar de Ochoa aligned with Anastasio Bustamante, and in February 1830, organized an opposition group that arrested the new governor, F. Elorriaga, along with other prominent Yorkinos. He then summoned the legislature, which had been dissolved by Baca. The civil and military authorities were now headed by J. A. Pescador and Simón Ochoa.

Question: During which year was the federal government unstable?
Answer: 1828

Question: Who dissolved the government eventually?
Answer: Governor Santiago de Baca Ortiz

Question: With which type of government did Ortiz replace the old one?
Answer: Yorkino

Question: Which new governor was arrested by Ochoa and Bustamente?
Answer: F. Elorriaga

Question: Who now headed the civil and military authorities?
Answer: J. A. Pescador and Simón Ochoa
Chihuahua_(state)

Comandante general Simón Elías González, was nominated governor and military command was given to Colonel J.J. Calvo, whose firmness had earned well-merited praise. The state was in the midst of a war with the Apaches, which became the focus of all their energy and resources. After a review of the situation, Simón Elías González declared that the interests of the territory would be best served by uniting the civil and military power, at least while the campaign lasted. He resigned under opposition, but was renominated in 1837.

Question: Military command was given to whom based on his firmness?
Answer: Colonel J.J. Calvo

Question: The state was in a war with what group?
Answer: Apaches

Question: Who declared the state's civil and military forces should be combined during the campaign?
Answer: Simón Elías González

Question: In which year did Gonzalez receive renomination?
Answer: 1837
Chihuahua_(state)

During the American occupation of the state, the number of Indian attacks was drastically reduced, but in 1848 the attacks resumed to such a degree that the Mexican officials had no choice but to resume military projects to protect Mexican settlements in the state. Through the next three decades the state faced constant attacks from indigenous on Mexican settlements. After the occupation the people of the state were worried about the potential attack from the hostile indigenous tribes north of the Rio Grande; as a result a decree on July 19, 1848, the state established 18 military colonies along the Rio Grande. The new military colonies were to replace the presidios as population centers to prevent future invasions by indigenous tribes; these policies remained prominent in the state until 1883. Eventually the state replaced the old state security with a state policy to form militias organized with every Mexican in the state capable to serve between the ages of 18 and 55 to fulfill the mandate of having six men defending for every 1000 residents.

Question: What group continuously attacked Mexican settlements?
Answer: indigenous tribes

Question: How many military colonies were established by the state?
Answer: 18

Question: The military colonies replaced what as population centers?
Answer: presidios

Question: How many men per 1000 residents were mandated to defend?
Answer: six men
Chihuahua_(state)

The liberal political forces maintained strong control over the state government until shortly after the French Intervention which turned the tables in favor to the conservative forces once again. The intervention had serious repercussions for the state of Chihuahua. President Juárez, in an effort to organize a strong defense against the French, decreed a list of national guard units that every state had to contribute to the Ministry of War and the Navy; Chihuahua was responsible for inducting 2,000 men. Regaining power, Governor Luis Terrazas assigned the First Battalion of Chihuahua for integration into the national army led by General Jesús González Ortega; the battalion was deployed to Puebla. After the defeat of the army in Puebla, the Juárez administration was forced to abandon Mexico City; the president retreated further north seeking refuge in the state of Chihuahua.

Question: Which political forces maintained strong control over the state until shortly after French intervention?
Answer: liberal

Question: The intervention had serious consequences for which state?
Answer: Chihuahua

Question: Who made an effort to organize a strong defense against the French?
Answer: President Juárez

Question: Who assigned the First Battalion of Chihuahua for integration into the army?
Answer: Governor Luis Terrazas

Question: To where was the battalion first deployed?
Answer: Puebla
Chihuahua_(state)

President Juárez once again based his government in the state of Chihuahua and it served as the center for the resistance against the French invasion throughout Mexico. On March 25, 1866, a battle ensued in the Plaza de Armas in the center of Chihuahua City between the French imperial forces that were guarding the plaza and the Republican forces led by General Terrazas. Being completely caught off guard, the French imperial forces sought refuge by bunkering themselves in the Cathedral of the Holy Cross, Our Lady of Regla, and St Fancis of Assisi and made it almost impossible to penetrate their defenses. General Terrazas then decided to fire a heavy artillery barrage with 8 kg cannonballs. The first cannon fired hit a bell in the tower of the church, instantly breaking it in half; soon after, 200 men of the imperial army forces surrendered. The republican forces had recovered control over the state capital. The bell in the church was declared a historical monument and can be seen today in the Cathedral. By April 1866, the state government had established a vital trading route from Chihuahua City to San Antonio, Texas; the government began to replenish their supplies and reinforce their fight against the Imperial forces.

Question: Juarez again based his government in which state?
Answer: Chihuahua

Question: The base served as the center for the resistance against whose invasion?
Answer: the French invasion

Question: On March 25, 1866, a battle ensued where in Chihuahua City?
Answer: Plaza de Armas

Question: Who decided to fire a heavy artillery barrage with 8 kg cannonballs?
Answer: General Terrazas

Question: Which structure in the church became a historical monument?
Answer: The bell
Chihuahua_(state)

The officials in Mexico City reduced the price of corn from six cents to two cents a pound. The northern portion of the state continued to decline economically which led to another revolt led by G. Casavantes in August 1879; Governor Trías was accused of misappropriation of funds and inefficient administration of the state. Casavantes took the state capital and occupied it briefly; he was also successful in forcing Governor Trías to exile. Shortly afterwards, the federal government sent an entourage led by Treviño; Casavantes was immediately ordered to resign his position. Casavantes declared political victory as he was able to publicly accuse and depose Governor Trías. At the same time the states of Durango and Coahuila had a military confrontation over territorial claims and water rights; this altercation between the state required additional federal troops to stabilize the area. Later a dispute ensued again among the states of Coahuila, Durango, and Chihuahua over the mountain range area known as Sierra Mojada, when large deposits of gold ore was discovered. The state of Chihuahua officially submitted a declaration of protest in May 1880 that shortly after was amicably settled. Despite the difficulties at the beginning, Díaz was able to secure and stabilize the state, which earned the confidence and support of the people.

Question: The officials in Mexico reduced the price of what food from six cents to two cents per pound?
Answer: corn

Question: Who led the revolt for the northern portion of the state?
Answer: G. Casavantes

Question: Casavantes was successful in getting which Governor to exile?
Answer: Governor Trías

Question: Durango and Coahuila had a military confrontation over what natural resource?
Answer: water

Question: Who was able to secure and stabilize the state eventually and gain the support of the people?
Answer: Díaz
Chihuahua_(state)

A handful of families owned large estates (known as haciendas) and controlled the greater part of the land across the state while the vast majority of Chihuahuans were landless. The state economy was largely defined by ranching and mining. At the expense of the working class, the Díaz administration promoted economic growth by encouraging investment from foreign companies from the United Kingdom, France, Imperial Germany and the United States. The proletariat was often exploited, and found no legal protection or political recourse to redress injustices.

Question: The state's economy was largely defined by these two industries.
Answer: ranching and mining

Question: Diaz promoted economic growth by encouraging investment from foreign companies at the expense of what group?
Answer: working class

Question: What was the name of the large estates owned by wealthy families?
Answer: haciendas

Question: This group was often exploited and had no legal protection or recourse.
Answer: proletariat
Chihuahua_(state)

On March 26, 1913, Venustiano Carranza issued the Plan de Guadalupe, which refused to recognize Huerta as president and called for war between the two factions. Soon after the assassination of President Madero, Carranza returned to Mexico to fight Huerta, but with only a handful of comrades. However, by 1913 his forces had swelled into an army of thousands, called the División del Norte (Northern Division). Villa and his army, along with Emiliano Zapata and Álvaro Obregón, united with Carranza to fight against Huerta. In March 1914 Carranza traveled to Ciudad Juárez, which served as rebellion's capital for the remainder of the struggle with Huerta. In April 1914 U.S. opposition to Huerta had reached its peak, blockading the regime's ability to resupply from abroad. Carranza trying to keep his nationalistic credentials threatened war with the United States. In his spontaneous response to U.S. President Woodrow Wilson Carranza asked "that the president withdraw American troops from Mexico.”

Question: Who issued the Plan de Guadalupe?
Answer: Venustiano Carranza

Question: The Plan de Guadalupe refused to recognize who as the president?
Answer: Huerta

Question: Who returned to Mexico to fight Huerta?
Answer: Carranza

Question: Which city was the rebellion's capital for most of the struggle?
Answer: Ciudad Juárez

Question: Carranza threatened war with what country in order to maintain credibility nationally?
Answer: United States
Chihuahua_(state)

The desert zone also accounts for about a third of the state's surface area. The Chihuahuan Desert is an international biome that also extends into the neighboring Mexican state of Coahuila and into the U.S. states of Texas and New Mexico. The desert zone is mainly of flat topography with some small mountain ranges that run north to south. The desert in the state varies slightly with a small variant in climate. The lower elevations of the desert zone are found in the north along the Rio Grande which experience hotter temperatures in the summer and winter while the southern portion of the desert zone experiences cooler temperatures due to its higher elevation. The Samalayuca dunes cover an area of about 150 km2; it is an impressive site of the Chihuahuan Desert and is a protected area by the state due to unique species of plants and animals.

Question: The desert zone accounts for how much of the state's surface area?
Answer: about a third

Question: The Chihuahuan Desert also extends into which neighboring Mexican state?
Answer: Coahuila

Question: The desert zone's topography is mostly what shape?
Answer: flat

Question: Lower elevations and higher temperature are found in which region of the state; north, south, east, or west?
Answer: north

Question: Which well-known river runs in the northern part of the state?
Answer: Rio Grande
Chihuahua_(state)

The fauna in the state is just as diverse as the flora and varies greatly due to the large contrast in climates. In the mountain zone of the state the most observed mammals are: Mexican fox squirrel (Sciurus nayaritensis), antelope jackrabbit (Lepus alleni), raccoon (Procyon lotor), hooded skunk (Mephitis macroura), wild boar (Sus scrofa), collared peccary (Pecari tajacu), white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), mule deer Odocoileus hemionus, American bison Bison bison, cougar (Puma concolor), eastern cottontail Sylvilagus floridanus, North American porcupine Erethizon dorsatum, bobcat Lynx rufus, Mexican wolf Canis lupus baileyi, and coyote Canis latrans. American black bear Ursus americanus is also found but in very small numbers. The Mexican wolf, once abundant, has been extirpated. The main cause of degradation has been grazing. Although there are many reptilian species in the mountains the most observed species include: Northern Mexican pine snake, Pituophis deppei jani, Texas horned lizard (Phrynosoma cornutum), rock rattlesnake (Crotalus lepidus), black-tailed rattlesnake (Crotalus molossus), and plateau tiger salamander Ambystoma velasci, one of possibly many amphibians to be found in the mountains.

Question: Canis latrans is what animal?
Answer: coyote

Question: Ursus Americanus is what animal that is found in relatively small numbers?
Answer: American black bear

Question: The main cause of degradation has been what?
Answer: grazing

Question: What type of snake is most popular in the region with many different species?
Answer: rattlesnake
Chihuahua_(state)

The last census in Mexico that asked for an individual's race, which was taken in 1921, indicated that 50.09% of the population identified as Mestizo (mixed Amerindian and European descent). The second-largest group was whites at 36.33% of the population. The third-largest group was the "pure indigenous" population, constituting 12.76% of the population. The remaining 0.82% of the population of Chihuahua was considered "other", i.e., neither Mestizo, indigenous, nor white. The most important indigenous tribes of the state of Chihuahua are:

Question: The last census in Mexico that asked for race was carried out in which year?
Answer: 1921

Question: According to the census of 1921, what percentage of citizens were Mestizo?
Answer: 50.09%

Question: The second largest group of people were whom?
Answer: whites
Chihuahua_(state)

During the 1990s after NAFTA was signed, industrial development grew rapidly with foreign investment. Large factories known as maquiladoras were built to export manufactured goods to the United States and Canada. Today, most of the maquiladoras produce electronics, automobile, and aerospace components. There are more than 406 companies operating under the federal IMMEX or Prosec program in Chihuahua. The large portion of the manufacturing sector of the state is 425 factories divided into 25 industrial parks accounting for 12.47% of the maquiladoras in Mexico, which employ 294,026 people in the state. While export-driven manufacturing is one of the most important components of the state's economy, the industrial sector is quite diverse and can be broken down into several sectors, which are: electronics, agro-industrial, wood base manufacturing, mineral, and biotech. Similar to the rest of the country, small businesses continue to be the foundation of the state’s economy. Small business employs the largest portion of the population.[citation needed]

Question: What agreement sparked industrial development during the 1990s?
Answer: NAFTA

Question: Large factories called what were built to export manufactured goods to the US and Canada?
Answer: maquiladoras

Question: How many in the state are employed by maquiladoras?
Answer: 294,026

Question: What type of business employs the largest portion of the population?
Answer: Small business

Question: Most maquiladoras today produce what?
Answer: electronics, automobile, and aerospace components
Imamah_(Shia_doctrine)

Shias believe that Imamah is of the Principles of Faith (Usul al-Din).As the verse 4:165 of quran expresses the necessity to the appointment of the prophets; so after the demise of the prophet who will play the role of the prophet; till the people have not any plea against Allah.So the same logic that necessitated the assignment of prophets also is applied for Imamah.That is Allah Must assign someone similar to prophet in his attributes and Ismah as his successor to guide the people without any deviation in religion. They refer to the verse (...This day I have perfected for you your religion and completed My favor upon you and have approved for you Islam as religion...) 5:3 of Quran which was revealed to the prophet when he appointed Ali as his successor at the day of Ghadir Khumm.

Question: Who believe that Imamah is of the Principles of Faith?
Answer: Shias

Question: On what day was Ali appointed as the prophet's successor?
Answer: Ghadir Khumm

Question: What verse in the quran expresses the necessity to the appointment of the prophets?
Answer: 4:165

Question: Who must assign a successor after the demise of a prophet?
Answer: Allah

Question: What must a prophet do?
Answer: guide the people
Imamah_(Shia_doctrine)

Imamah (Arabic: إمامة‎) is the Shia Islam doctrine (belief) of religious, spiritual and political leadership of the Ummah. The Shia believe that the Imams are the true Caliphs or rightful successors of Muhammad, and further that Imams are possessed of divine knowledge and authority (Ismah) as well as being part of the Ahl al-Bayt, the family of Muhammad. These Imams have the role of providing commentary and interpretation of the Quran as well as guidance to their tariqa followers as is the case of the living Imams of the Nizari Ismaili tariqah.

Question: What is the Shia Islam doctrine called?
Answer: Imamah

Question: Who do the Shia believe are the true successors of Muhammad?
Answer: Imams

Question: What is the role of Imams?
Answer: providing commentary and interpretation of the Quran

Question: Who do the Shia believe are possessed of divine knowledge and authority?
Answer: Imams
Imamah_(Shia_doctrine)

Within Shia Islam (Shiism), the various sects came into being because they differed over their Imams' successions, just as the Shia - Sunni separation within Islam itself had come into being from the dispute that had arisen over the succession to Muhammad. Each succession dispute brought forth a different tariqah (literal meaning 'path'; extended meaning 'sect') within Shia Islam. Each Shia tariqah followed its own particular Imam's dynasty, thus resulting in different numbers of Imams for each particular Shia tariqah. When the dynastic line of the separating successor Imam ended with no heir to succeed him, then either he (the last Imam) or his unborn successor was believed to have gone into concealment, that is, The Occultation.

Question: Why did different sects come about within Shiism?
Answer: they differed over their Imams' successions

Question: What great separation came to be from a dispute over the succession to Muhammad?
Answer: Shia - Sunni

Question: What is the literal meaning of tariqah?
Answer: path

Question: What does each Shia tariqah follow?
Answer: its own particular Imam's dynasty

Question: What is it called when the last Imam or his unborn successor goes into concealment?
Answer: The Occultation
Imamah_(Shia_doctrine)

It is forbidden for the Divine Leader not to be from the family of Muhammad.[citation needed] According to Ali al-Ridha, since it is obligatory to obey him, there should be a sign to clearly indicate the Divine Leader. That sign is his well-known ties of kinship with Muhammad and his clear appointment so that the people could distinguish him from others, and be clearly guided toward him. Otherwise others are nobler than Muhammad's offspring and they are to be followed and obeyed; and the offspring of Muhammad are obedient and subject to the offspring of Muhammad’s enemies such as Abi Jahl or Ibn Abi Ma’eet.[original research?] However, Muhammad is much nobler than others to be in charge and to be obeyed. Moreover, once the prophethood of Muhammad is testified they would obey him, no one would hesitate to follow his offspring and this would not be hard for anyone. While to follow the offspring of the corrupted families is difficult.[original research?] And that is maybe why the basic characteristic of Muhammad and other prophets was their nobility.[original research?] For none of them, it is said, were originated from a disgraced family.[citation needed] It is believed that all Muhammad's ancestors up to Adam were true Muslims. [a][citation needed] Jesus was also from a pious family, as it is mentioned in Quran that after his birth, people said to Mary: O sister of Aaron, your father was not a man of evil, nor was your mother unchaste."[b][improper synthesis?]

Question: What is the basic characteristis of Muhammad and the prophets?
Answer: their nobility

Question: What religion were all of Muhammad's ancestors?
Answer: Muslims

Question: Who does the Quran say was also from a pious family?
Answer: Jesus

Question: What is forbidden for the Divine Leader?
Answer: not to be from the family of Muhammad

Question: What is the sign that indicates the Divine Leader?
Answer: his well-known ties of kinship with Muhammad
Imamah_(Shia_doctrine)

The word "Imām" denotes a person who stands or walks "in front". For Sunni Islam, the word is commonly used to mean a person who leads the course of prayer in the mosque. It also means the head of a madhhab ("school of thought"). However, from the Shia point of view this is merely the basic understanding of the word in the Arabic language and, for its proper religious usage, the word "Imam" is applicable only to those members of the house of Muhammad designated as infallible by the preceding Imam.

Question: What word literally means a person who stands or walks in front?
Answer: Imām

Question: For Sunni Islam, what does the word Imam commonly mean?
Answer: a person who leads the course of prayer in the mosque

Question: What does the word madhhab mean?
Answer: school of thought

Question: What does Imam mean in its proper religious context?
Answer: members of the house of Muhammad designated as infallible
Imamah_(Shia_doctrine)

Although all these different Shia tariqahs belong to the Shia group (as opposed to the Sunni group) in Islam, there are major doctrinal differences between the main Shia tariqahs. After that there is the complete doctrinal break between all the different Shia tariqahs whose last Imams have gone into Occultation and the Shia Nizari Ismailis who deny the very concept of Occultation. The Shia Nizari Ismailis by definition have to have a present and living Imam until the end of time.[citation needed] Thus if any living Nizari Ismaili Imam fails to leave behind a successor after him then the Nizari Ismailism’s cardinal principle would be broken and it’s very raison d'être would come to an end.

Question: What group do the Shia tariqahs belong to?
Answer: Shia

Question: What has happened to some of the Shia tariqahs last Imams?
Answer: Occultation

Question: Who deny the concept of Occulation?
Answer: Shia Nizari Ismailis

Question: What kind of Imam do Shia Nizari Ismailis have?
Answer: present and living

Question: What would happen to the Nizari Ismaili if the Imam fails to leave a successor?
Answer: come to an end
Imamah_(Shia_doctrine)

According to Ismā‘īlīsm, Allah has sent "seven" great prophets known as “Nātıq” (Spoken) in order to disseminate and improve his Dīn of Islam. All of these great prophets has also one assistant known as “Sāmad (Silent) Imām”. At the end of each seven “Sāmad” silsila, one great “Nātıq” (Spoken) has ben sent in order to reimprove the Dīn of Islam. After Adam and his son Seth, and after six “Nātıq” (Spoken) – “Sāmad” (Silent) silsila (Noah–Shem), (Abraham–Ishmael), (Moses–Aaron), (Jesus–Simeon), (Muhammad bin ʿAbd Allāh–Ali ibn Abu Tālib); the silsila of “Nātıqs and Sāmads have been completed with (Muhammad bin Ismā‘īl as-ṣaghīr (Maymûn’ûl-Qaddāh)–ʿAbd Allāh Ibn-i Maymûn and his sons).

Question: How many great prophets has Allah sent?
Answer: seven

Question: What are the seven great prophets known as?
Answer: Nātıq

Question: What are the seven great prophets supposed to do?
Answer: disseminate and improve his Dīn of Islam

Question: What is the great prophets assistant called?
Answer: Sāmad (Silent) Imām
Imamah_(Shia_doctrine)

The Shia tariqah with a majority of adherents are the Twelvers who are commonly known as the "Shia". After that come the Nizari Ismailis commonly known as the Ismailis; and then come the Mustalian Ismailis commonly known as the "Bohras" with further schisms within their Bohri tariqah. The Druze tariqah (very small in number today) initially were of the Fatimid Ismailis and separated from them (the Fatimid Ismailis) after the death of the Fatimid Imam and Caliph Hakim Bi Amrillah. The Shia Sevener tariqah no longer exists. Another small tariqah is the Zaidi Shias, also known as the Fivers and who do not believe in The Occultation of their last Imam.

Question: In Shia tariqah, what are the Twelvers commonly known as?
Answer: the "Shia"

Question: What are the Nizari Ismailis more commonly known as?
Answer: Ismailis

Question: What are the Mustalian Ismailis commonly known as?
Answer: Bohras

Question: Which tariqah no longer exists?
Answer: The Shia Sevener

Question: Which tariah is known as the Fivers?
Answer: Zaidi Shias
Imamah_(Shia_doctrine)

During the Minor Occultation (Ghaybat al-Sughrá), it is believed that al-Mahdi maintained contact with his followers via deputies (Arab. an-nuwāb al-arbaʻa or "the Four Leaders"). They represented him and acted as agents between him and his followers. Whenever the believers faced a problem, they would write their concerns and send them to his deputy. The deputy would ascertain his verdict, endorse it with his seal and signature and return it to the relevant parties. The deputies also collected zakat and khums on his behalf.

Question: How did al-Mahdi maintain contact during his Occultation?
Answer: via deputies

Question: How did deputies represent al-Mahdi?
Answer: acted as agents between him and his followers

Question: What would believers do when they had a problem?
Answer: write their concerns and send them to his deputy

Question: What would the deputy endorse the concerns with?
Answer: seal and signature

Question: What did the deputies collect in the Imam's behalf?
Answer: zakat and khums
Imamah_(Shia_doctrine)

The Ismailis differ from Twelvers because they had living imams for centuries after the last Twelver Imam went into concealment. They followed Isma'il ibn Jafar, elder brother of Musa al-Kadhim, as the rightful Imam after his father Ja'far al-Sadiq. The Ismailis believe that whether Imam Ismail did or did not die before Imam Ja'far, he had passed on the mantle of the imamate to his son Muḥammad ibn Ismail as the next imam. Thus, their line of imams is as follows (the years of their individual imamats during the Common Era are given in brackets):

Question: How do Ismailis differ from Twelvers?
Answer: living imams

Question: Who is the elder brother of Musa al-Kadhim?
Answer: Isma'il ibn Jafar

Question: Who is the father of Isma'il ibn Jafar?
Answer: Ja'far al-Sadiq

Question: What did Imam Ismail pass on to his son?
Answer: mantle of the imamate
Imamah_(Shia_doctrine)

The line of imams of the Mustali Ismaili Shia Muslims (also known as the Bohras/Dawoodi Bohra) continued up to Aamir ibn Mustali. After his death, they believe their 21st Imam Taiyab abi al-Qasim went into a Dawr-e-Satr (period of concealment) that continues to this day. In the absence of an imam they are led by a Dai-al-Mutlaq (absolute missionary) who manages the affairs of the Imam-in-Concealment until re-emergence of the Imam from concealment. Dawoodi Bohra's present 53rd Da'i al-Mutlaq is His Holiness Syedna Mufaddal Saifuddin (TUS) who succeeded his predessor the 52nd Da'i al-Mutlaq His Holiness Syedna Mohammed Burhanuddin (RA). Furthermore, there has been a split in the Dawoodi Bohra sect which has led to the formation of Qutbi Bohra sect which was formed and led by Khuzaima Qutbuddin.

Question: What are the Mustali Ismaili Shia Muslims also known as?
Answer: Bohras/Dawoodi Bohra

Question: What do Bohras believe happened to Taiyab abi al-qasim?
Answer: went into a Dawr-e-Satr

Question: Who are the Bohras led by in the absence of an imam?
Answer: Dai-al-Mutlaq

Question: What does a Dai-al-Mutlaq do?
Answer: manages the affairs of the Imam

Question: Who is Dawoodi Bohra's present 53rd Da'i al-Butlaq?
Answer: Syedna Mufaddal Saifuddin
Imamah_(Shia_doctrine)

All Muslims believe that Muhammad had said: "To whomsoever I am Mawla, Ali is his Mawla." This hadith has been narrated in different ways by many different sources in no less than 45 hadith books[citation needed] of both Sunni and Shia collections. This hadith has also been narrated by the collector of hadiths, al-Tirmidhi, 3713;[citation needed] as well as Ibn Maajah, 121;[citation needed] etc. The major point of conflict between the Sunni and the Shia is in the interpretation of the word 'Mawla'. For the Shia the word means 'Lord and Master' and has the same elevated significance as when the term had been used to address Muhammad himself during his lifetime. Thus, when Muhammad actually (by speech) and physically (by way of having his closest companions including Abu Bakr, Umar and Uthman [the three future Caliphs who had preceded Ali as Caliph] publicly accept Ali as their Lord and Master by taking Ali's hand in both of theirs as token of their allegiance to Ali) transferred this title and manner of addressing Ali as the Mawla for all Muslims at Ghadiri Khum Oasis just a few months before his death, the people that came to look upon Ali as Muhammad's immediate successor even before Muhamamd's death came to be known as the Shia. However, for the Sunnis the word simply means the 'beloved' or the 'revered' and has no other significance at all.

Question: Who do Muslims believe said "To whomsoever I am Mawla, Ali is his Mawla?
Answer: Muhammad

Question: How many books can this quote be found?
Answer: 45

Question: What is the point of conflict between Sunni and Shia?
Answer: the word 'Mawla'

Question: What does the work Mawla mean to Sunnies?
Answer: beloved

Question: What does the word Mawla mean to Shia?
Answer: Lord and Master
Imamah_(Shia_doctrine)

By the verse Quran, 2:124, Shias believe that Imamah is a divine position always Imamah is accompanied by the word guidance, of course a guidance by God's Command.A kind of guidance which brings humanity to the goal. Regarding 17:71, no age can be without an Imam. So, according to the upper verse 1.Imamah is a position which is appointed by God and must be specified by Him 2.Imam is protected by a divine protection and no one exceles him in nobility 3. No age can be without an Imam and finally Imam knows everything which is needed for human being to get to the truth and goal.

Question: By what Quran verse to Shias believe that Imamah is a divine position?
Answer: 2:124

Question: What does the Quran verse 17:71 say?
Answer: no age can be without an Imam

Question: Imamah is a position appointed by who?
Answer: God

Question: What is an Imam protected by?
Answer: divine protection

Question: Who knows everything that is needed to get to the truth and goal?
Answer: Imam
Imamah_(Shia_doctrine)

According to the majority of Shī'a, namely the Twelvers (Ithnā'ashariyya), the following is a listing of the rightful successors to Muḥammad. Each Imam was the son of the previous Imam except for Hussayn ibn 'Alī, who was the brother of Hassan ibn 'Alī.The belief in this succession to Muḥammad stems from various Quranic verses which include: 75:36, 13:7, 35:24, 2:30, 2:124, 36:26, 7:142, 42:23.[citation needed] They support their discussion by citing Genesis 17:19–20 and Sunni hadith:Sahih Muslim, Hadith number 4478, English translation by Abdul Hamid Siddiqui.[original research?]

Question: Who was the brother of Hassan ibn 'Ali?
Answer: Hussayn ibn 'Alī

Question: Usually, how has each Imam been related to the previous Imam?
Answer: son

Question: What bible verse do Shia use to support their belief of succession?
Answer: Genesis 17:19–20
Pitch_(music)

Pitch is an auditory sensation in which a listener assigns musical tones to relative positions on a musical scale based primarily on their perception of the frequency of vibration. Pitch is closely related to frequency, but the two are not equivalent. Frequency is an objective, scientific attribute that can be measured. Pitch is each person's subjective perception of a sound, which cannot be directly measured. However, this does not necessarily mean that most people won't agree on which notes are higher and lower.

Question: What type of sensation is pitch?
Answer: auditory

Question: What is pitch closely related to?
Answer: frequency

Question: Each persons perception of sound is called?
Answer: Pitch
Pitch_(music)

This creates a linear pitch space in which octaves have size 12, semitones (the distance between adjacent keys on the piano keyboard) have size 1, and A440 is assigned the number 69. (See Frequencies of notes.) Distance in this space corresponds to musical intervals as understood by musicians. An equal-tempered semitone is subdivided into 100 cents. The system is flexible enough to include "microtones" not found on standard piano keyboards. For example, the pitch halfway between C (60) and C♯ (61) can be labeled 60.5.

Question: Octaves in linear pitch are what size?
Answer: 12

Question: Semitones in linear pitch are what size?
Answer: 1

Question: A440 in linear pitch are what size?
Answer: 69

Question: An equal-tempered semitone is subdivided into how many cents?
Answer: 100

Question: The pitch halfway between C (60) and C♯ (61) is labeled what?
Answer: 60.5
Pitch_(music)

The relative pitches of individual notes in a scale may be determined by one of a number of tuning systems. In the west, the twelve-note chromatic scale is the most common method of organization, with equal temperament now the most widely used method of tuning that scale. In it, the pitch ratio between any two successive notes of the scale is exactly the twelfth root of two (or about 1.05946). In well-tempered systems (as used in the time of Johann Sebastian Bach, for example), different methods of musical tuning were used. Almost all of these systems have one interval in common, the octave, where the pitch of one note is double the frequency of another. For example, if the A above middle C is 440 Hz, the A an octave above that is 880 Hz (info).

Question: What is the most common method of organization?
Answer: twelve-note chromatic scale

Question: The pitch ratio between any two successive notes is?
Answer: the twelfth root of two

Question: All these different methods have what in common?
Answer: the octave
Pitch_(music)

According to the American National Standards Institute, pitch is the auditory attribute of sound according to which sounds can be ordered on a scale from low to high. Since pitch is such a close proxy for frequency, it is almost entirely determined by how quickly the sound wave is making the air vibrate and has almost nothing to do with the intensity, or amplitude, of the wave. That is, "high" pitch means very rapid oscillation, and "low" pitch corresponds to slower oscillation. Despite that, the idiom relating vertical height to sound pitch is shared by most languages. At least in English, it is just one of many deep conceptual metaphors that involve up/down. The exact etymological history of the musical sense of high and low pitch is still unclear. There is evidence that humans do actually perceive that the source of a sound is slightly higher or lower in vertical space when the sound frequency is increased or decreased.

Question: Pitch is the auditory attribute to what?
Answer: sound

Question: Pitch is a close proxy for what?
Answer: frequency

Question: High pitch is what type of oscillation?
Answer: rapid

Question: Low pitch is what type of oscillation?
Answer: slower
Pitch_(music)

A sound generated on any instrument produces many modes of vibration that occur simultaneously. A listener hears numerous frequencies at once. The vibration with the lowest frequency is called the fundamental frequency; the other frequencies are overtones. Harmonics are an important class of overtones with frequencies that are integer multiples of the fundamental. Whether or not the higher frequencies are integer multiples, they are collectively called the partials, referring to the different parts that make up the total spectrum.

Question: This produces many modes of vibration that occur simultaneously?
Answer: sound generated

Question: A listener can hear how many frequencies at once?
Answer: numerous

Question: Harmonics are an important class of what?
Answer: overtones

Question: Integer multiples are collectively called? 
Answer: the partials
Pitch_(music)

The pitch of complex tones can be ambiguous, meaning that two or more different pitches can be perceived, depending upon the observer. When the actual fundamental frequency can be precisely determined through physical measurement, it may differ from the perceived pitch because of overtones, also known as upper partials, harmonic or otherwise. A complex tone composed of two sine waves of 1000 and 1200 Hz may sometimes be heard as up to three pitches: two spectral pitches at 1000 and 1200 Hz, derived from the physical frequencies of the pure tones, and the combination tone at 200 Hz, corresponding to the repetition rate of the waveform. In a situation like this, the percept at 200 Hz is commonly referred to as the missing fundamental, which is often the greatest common divisor of the frequencies present.

Question: The pitch of complex tones can be?
Answer: ambiguous

Question: A complex tone is composed of how many waves?
Answer: two

Question:  The percept at 200 Hz is commonly referred to as?
Answer: the missing fundamental

Question: the percept at 200 Hz is commonly referred to as the missing fundamental, which is often?
Answer: divisor of the frequencies present
Pitch_(music)

The just-noticeable difference (jnd) (the threshold at which a change is perceived) depends on the tone's frequency content. Below 500 Hz, the jnd is about 3 Hz for sine waves, and 1 Hz for complex tones; above 1000 Hz, the jnd for sine waves is about 0.6% (about 10 cents). The jnd is typically tested by playing two tones in quick succession with the listener asked if there was a difference in their pitches. The jnd becomes smaller if the two tones are played simultaneously as the listener is then able to discern beat frequencies. The total number of perceptible pitch steps in the range of human hearing is about 1,400; the total number of notes in the equal-tempered scale, from 16 to 16,000 Hz, is 120.

Question: The just-noticeable difference, at which a change is perceived depends on what?
Answer: the tone's frequency content

Question: The jnd is typically tested by?
Answer: playing two tones in quick succession

Question: What is the range of perceptible pitch steps to human hearing?
Answer: 1,400
Pitch_(music)

It is still possible for two sounds of indefinite pitch to clearly be higher or lower than one another. For instance, a snare drum sounds higher pitched than a bass drum though both have indefinite pitch, because its sound contains higher frequencies. In other words, it is possible and often easy to roughly discern the relative pitches of two sounds of indefinite pitch, but sounds of indefinite pitch do not neatly correspond to any specific pitch. A special type of pitch often occurs in free nature when sound reaches the ear of an observer directly from the source, and also after reflecting off a sound-reflecting surface. This phenomenon is called repetition pitch, because the addition of a true repetition of the original sound to itself is the basic prerequisite.

Question: Which drum has a higher perceived pitch even though they both have indefinite pitch?
Answer: snare drum

Question: Repetition pitch is caused by what phenomenon?
Answer: the addition of a true repetition of the original sound

Question: It is possible and often easy to roughly discern the relative pitches of two sounds of what?
Answer: indefinite pitch