Divyanshu67/squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

When his father was transferred to Cairo in 1933, Nasser joined him and attended al-Nahda al-Masria school. He took up acting in school plays for a brief period and wrote articles for the school's paper, including a piece on French philosopher Voltaire titled "Voltaire, the Man of Freedom". On 13 November 1935, Nasser led a student demonstration against British rule, protesting against a statement made four days prior by UK foreign minister Samuel Hoare that rejected prospects for the 1923 Constitution's restoration. Two protesters were killed and Nasser received a graze to the head from a policeman's bullet. The incident garnered his first mention in the press: the nationalist newspaper Al Gihad reported that Nasser led the protest and was among the wounded. On 12 December, the new king, Farouk, issued a decree restoring the constitution.

Question: What school did Nasser attend in Cairo?
Answer: al-Nahda al-Masria

Question: What was the title of the article Nasser wrote for his school paper?
Answer: Voltaire, the Man of Freedom

Question: What was the issue Nasser led a protest against?
Answer: British rule

Question: How many protestors were killed in the demonstration?
Answer: Two

Question: What did King Farouk restore after the demonstrations?
Answer: constitution
Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

Nasser's involvement in political activity increased throughout his school years, such that he only attended 45 days of classes during his last year of secondary school. Despite it having the almost unanimous backing of Egypt's political forces, Nasser strongly objected to the 1936 Anglo-Egyptian Treaty because it stipulated the continued presence of British military bases in the country. Nonetheless, political unrest in Egypt declined significantly and Nasser resumed his studies at al-Nahda, where he received his leaving certificate later that year.

Question: How many days did Nasser attend classes in his senior year?
Answer: 45

Question: What treaty did Nasser object to?
Answer: Anglo-Egyptian Treaty

Question: What did Nasser not want to have in Egypt?
Answer: British military bases

Question: What was the trajectory of political unrest after the treaty?
Answer: declined significantly

Question: From where did Nasser graduate?
Answer: al-Nahda
Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

Aburish asserts that Nasser was not distressed by his frequent relocations, which broadened his horizons and showed him Egyptian society's class divisions. His own social status was well below the wealthy Egyptian elite, and his discontent with those born into wealth and power grew throughout his lifetime. Nasser spent most of his spare time reading, particularly in 1933 when he lived near the National Library of Egypt. He read the Qur'an, the sayings of Muhammad, the lives of the Sahaba (Muhammad's companions), and the biographies of nationalist leaders Napoleon, Ataturk, Otto von Bismarck, and Garibaldi and the autobiography of Winston Churchill.

Question: What did Nasser do in his spare time?
Answer: reading

Question: What institution did Nasser live close to in 1933?
Answer: National Library of Egypt

Question: What did Nasser observe from moving around frequently as a youth?
Answer: Egyptian society's class divisions

Question: What was Nasser's position in Egypt's society?
Answer: well below the wealthy Egyptian elite

Question: What kind of biographies did Nasser read?
Answer: nationalist leaders
Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

Nasser was greatly influenced by Egyptian nationalism, as espoused by politician Mustafa Kamel, poet Ahmed Shawqi, and his anti-colonialist instructor at the Royal Military Academy, Aziz al-Masri, to whom Nasser expressed his gratitude in a 1961 newspaper interview. He was especially influenced by Egyptian writer Tawfiq al-Hakim's novel Return of the Spirit, in which al-Hakim wrote that the Egyptian people were only in need of a "man in whom all their feelings and desires will be represented, and who will be for them a symbol of their objective". Nasser later credited the novel as his inspiration to launch the 1952 revolution.

Question: What political theory fascinated Nasser?
Answer: Egyptian nationalism

Question: What politician did Nasser admire?
Answer: Mustafa Kamel

Question: What poet did Nasser read?
Answer: Ahmed Shawqi

Question: What novel influenced Nasser greatly?
Answer: Return of the Spirit

Question: Where did Nasser meet his anti-colonialist teacher?
Answer: Royal Military Academy
Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

In 1937, Nasser applied to the Royal Military Academy for army officer training, but his police record of anti-government protest initially blocked his entry. Disappointed, he enrolled in the law school at King Fuad University, but quit after one semester to reapply to the Military Academy. From his readings, Nasser, who frequently spoke of "dignity, glory, and freedom" in his youth, became enchanted with the stories of national liberators and heroic conquerors; a military career became his chief priority.

Question: What was Nasser's goal?
Answer: a military career

Question: Where did Nasser apply in 1937?
Answer: Royal Military Academy

Question: Why was Nasser rejected from the Academy?
Answer: record of anti-government protest

Question: Where did Nasser attend law school?
Answer: King Fuad University

Question: How long did Nasser attend law school?
Answer: one semester
Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

Convinced that he needed a wasta, or an influential intermediary to promote his application above the others, Nasser managed to secure a meeting with Under-Secretary of War Ibrahim Khairy Pasha, the person responsible for the academy's selection board, and requested his help. Khairy Pasha agreed and sponsored Nasser's second application, which was accepted in late 1937. Nasser focused on his military career from then on, and had little contact with his family. At the academy, he met Abdel Hakim Amer and Anwar Sadat, both of whom became important aides during his presidency. After graduating from the academy in July 1938, he was commissioned a second lieutenant in the infantry, and posted to Mankabad. It was here that Nasser and his closest comrades, including Sadat and Amer, first discussed their dissatisfaction at widespread corruption in the country and their desire to topple the monarchy. Sadat would later write that because of his "energy, clear-thinking, and balanced judgement", Nasser emerged as the group's natural leader.

Question: What's another term for influential intermediary?
Answer: wasta

Question: Who sponsored Nasser's second application to the Military Academy?
Answer: Khairy Pasha

Question: What allies did Nasser meet at the Academy?
Answer: Sadat and Amer

Question: What were the students dissatisfied by in Egypt?
Answer: widespread corruption

Question: What Egyptian institution did Nasser and his friends want to end?
Answer: monarchy
Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

In 1941, Nasser was posted to Khartoum, Sudan, which was part of Egypt at the time. Nasser returned to Sudan in September 1942 after a brief stay in Egypt, then secured a position as an instructor in the Cairo Royal Military Academy in May 1943. In 1942, the British Ambassador Miles Lampson marched into King Farouk's palace and ordered him to dismiss Prime Minister Hussein Sirri Pasha for having pro-Axis sympathies. Nasser saw the incident as a blatant violation of Egyptian sovereignty and wrote, "I am ashamed that our army has not reacted against this attack", and wished for "calamity" to overtake the British. Nasser was accepted into the General Staff College later that year. He began to form a group of young military officers with strong nationalist sentiments who supported some form of revolution. Nasser stayed in touch with the group's members primarily through Amer, who continued to seek out interested officers within the Egyptian Armed Force's various branches and presented Nasser with a complete file on each of them.

Question: In what year was Nasser posted to Sudan?
Answer: 1941

Question: Whas was Nasser's position at the military academy in 1943?
Answer: instructor

Question: Who ordered the King to dismiss the Prime Minister?
Answer: British Ambassador Miles Lampson

Question: What political group was Nasser associated with?
Answer: nationalist

Question: Who was Nasser's contact in the armed forces, giving Nasser dossiers?
Answer: Amer
Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

In May 1948, following the British withdrawal, King Farouk sent the Egyptian army into Palestine, with Nasser serving in the 6th Infantry Battalion. During the war, he wrote of the Egyptian army's unpreparedness, saying "our soldiers were dashed against fortifications". Nasser was deputy commander of the Egyptian forces that secured the Faluja pocket. On 12 July, he was lightly wounded in the fighting. By August, his brigade was surrounded by the Israeli Army. Appeals for help from Jordan's Arab Legion went unheeded, but the brigade refused to surrender. Negotiations between Israel and Egypt finally resulted in the ceding of Faluja to Israel. According to veteran journalist Eric Margolis, the defenders of Faluja, "including young army officer Gamal Abdel Nasser, became national heroes" for enduring Israeli bombardment while isolated from their command.

Question: Where was the Egyptian army sent in 1948?
Answer: Palestine

Question: In what unit did Nasser serve?
Answer: 6th Infantry Battalion

Question: How badly was Nasser wounded?
Answer: lightly

Question: What army surrounded Nasser's brigade?
Answer: Israeli

Question: What territory was given to Israel?
Answer: Faluja
Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

The Egyptian singer Umm Kulthum hosted a public celebration for the officers' return despite reservations from the royal government, which had been pressured by the British to prevent the reception. The apparent difference in attitude between the government and the general public increased Nasser's determination to topple the monarchy. Nasser had also felt bitter that his brigade had not been relieved despite the resilience it displayed. He started writing his book Philosophy of the Revolution during the siege.

Question: What Egyptian singer performed at the return of Nasser's brigade?
Answer: Umm Kulthum

Question: What book did Nasser start writing?
Answer: Philosophy of the Revolution

Question: What group opposed the celebration of Nasser's brigade's return?
Answer: royal government

Question: Who has pressured the government to cancel the reception?
Answer: British

Question: What was Nasser increasingly convinced he should topple?
Answer: monarchy
Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

After the war, Nasser returned to his role as an instructor at the Royal Military Academy. He sent emissaries to forge an alliance with the Muslim Brotherhood in October 1948, but soon concluded that the religious agenda of the Brotherhood was not compatible with his nationalism. From then on, Nasser prevented the Brotherhood's influence over his cadres' activities without severing ties with the organization. Nasser was sent as a member of the Egyptian delegation to Rhodes in February 1949 to negotiate a formal armistice with Israel, and reportedly considered the terms to be humiliating, particularly because the Israelis were able to easily occupy the Eilat region while negotiating with the Arabs in March.

Question: What did Nasser do after the war ended?
Answer: instructor at the Royal Military Academy

Question: What group did Nasser try to allign himself with?
Answer: Muslim Brotherhood

Question: What was the reason Nasser rejected the Muslim Brotherhood?
Answer: religious agenda

Question: How did Nasser view the terms of the armisitce with Israel?
Answer: humiliating

Question: What region did the Israelis occupy during the talks?
Answer: Eilat
Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

Nasser's return to Egypt coincided with Husni al-Za'im's Syrian coup d'état. Its success and evident popular support among the Syrian people encouraged Nasser's revolutionary pursuits. Soon after his return, he was summoned and interrogated by Prime Minister Ibrahim Abdel Hadi regarding suspicions that he was forming a secret group of dissenting officers. According to secondhand reports, Nasser convincingly denied the allegations. Abdel Hadi was also hesitant to take drastic measures against the army, especially in front of its chief of staff, who was present during the interrogation, and subsequently released Nasser. The interrogation pushed Nasser to speed up his group's activities.

Question: What people had a coup around the time Nasser returned to Egypt?
Answer: Syrian

Question: Who questioned Nasser?
Answer: Prime Minister Ibrahim Abdel

Question: What was Nasser's reaction to the questions he was asked?
Answer: convincingly denied the allegations

Question: What did the interrogation provoke Nasser to do?
Answer: speed up his group's activities
Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

In the 1950 parliamentary elections, the Wafd Party of el-Nahhas gained a victory—mostly due to the absence of the Muslim Brotherhood, which boycotted the elections—and was perceived as a threat by the Free Officers as the Wafd had campaigned on demands similar to their own. Accusations of corruption against Wafd politicians began to surface, however, breeding an atmosphere of rumor and suspicion that consequently brought the Free Officers to the forefront of Egyptian politics. By then, the organization had expanded to around ninety members; according to Khaled Mohieddin, "nobody knew all of them and where they belonged in the hierarchy except Nasser". Nasser felt that the Free Officers were not ready to move against the government and, for nearly two years, he did little beyond officer recruitment and underground news bulletins.

Question: What group boycotted the 1950 elections?
Answer: Muslim Brotherhood

Question: What party advanced in the 1950 elections?
Answer: Wafd

Question: What were Wafd members accused of?
Answer: corruption

Question: What group became prominent in Egyptian politics?
Answer: Free Officers

Question: How long did Nasser swell the ranks of his Free Officers?
Answer: nearly two years
Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

On 11 October 1951, the Wafd government abrogated the 1936 Anglo-Egyptian Treaty, which had given the British control over the Suez Canal until 1956. The popularity of this move, as well as that of government-sponsored guerrilla attacks against the British, put pressure on Nasser to act. According to Sadat, Nasser decided to wage "a large scale assassination campaign". In January 1952, he and Hassan Ibrahim attempted to kill the royalist general Hussein Sirri Amer by firing their submachine guns at his car as he drove through the streets of Cairo. Instead of killing the general, the attackers wounded an innocent female passerby. Nasser recalled that her wails "haunted" him and firmly dissuaded him from undertaking similar actions in the future.

Question: What treaty did the Wafd government abrogate?
Answer: Anglo-Egyptian Treaty

Question: Who did Nasser's group try to assassinate?
Answer: Hussein Sirri Amer

Question: Who helped Nasser with the assassination attempt?
Answer: Hassan Ibrahim

Question: What was general Amer's political affiliation?
Answer: royalist

Question: Who was wounded in the assassination attempt?
Answer: an innocent female passerby
Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

Sirri Amer was close to King Farouk, and was nominated for the presidency of the Officer's Club—normally a ceremonial office—with the king's backing. Nasser was determined to establish the independence of the army from the monarchy, and with Amer as the intercessor, resolved to field a nominee for the Free Officers. They selected Muhammad Naguib, a popular general who had offered his resignation to Farouk in 1942 over British high-handedness and was wounded three times in the Palestine War. Naguib won overwhelmingly and the Free Officers, through their connection with a leading Egyptian daily, al-Misri, publicized his victory while praising the nationalistic spirit of the army.

Question: Who was nominated to the presidency of the Officer's Club?
Answer: Sirri Amer

Question: Who was Nassir's choice to represent the Free Officers?
Answer: Muhammad Naguib

Question: How many times was Naguib wounded?
Answer: three

Question: What media outlet advanced the Free Officer's agenda?
Answer: al-Misri

Question: In what war was Naguib wounded?
Answer: Palestine War
Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

On 25 January 1952, a confrontation between British forces and police at Ismailia resulted in the deaths of 40 Egyptian policemen, provoking riots in Cairo the next day which left 76 people dead. Afterwards, Nasser published a simple six-point program in Rose al-Yūsuf to dismantle feudalism and British influence in Egypt. In May, Nasser received word that Farouk knew the names of the Free Officers and intended to arrest them; he immediately entrusted Free Officer Zakaria Mohieddin with the task of planning the government takeover by army units loyal to the association.

Question: In what year did riots cause the political situation in Egypt to rapidly deteriorate? 
Answer: 1952

Question: Where did British forces and Egyptian police clash?
Answer: Ismailia

Question: How many people were killed in the Cairo riots?
Answer: 76

Question: Who did Nasser enlist to plan the Free Officer's coup?
Answer: Zakaria Mohieddin

Question: What did Nasser want to end in Egypt?
Answer: feudalism
Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

The Free Officers' intention was not to install themselves in government, but to re-establish a parliamentary democracy. Nasser did not believe that a low-ranking officer like himself (a lieutenant colonel) would be accepted by the Egyptian people, and so selected General Naguib to be his "boss" and lead the coup in name. The revolution they had long sought was launched on 22 July and was declared a success the next day. The Free Officers seized control of all government buildings, radio stations, and police stations, as well as army headquarters in Cairo. While many of the rebel officers were leading their units, Nasser donned civilian clothing to avoid detection by royalists and moved around Cairo monitoring the situation. In a move to stave off foreign intervention two days before the revolution, Nasser had notified the American and British governments of his intentions, and both had agreed not to aid Farouk. Under pressure from the Americans, Nasser had agreed to exile the deposed king with an honorary ceremony.

Question: What type of government did the Free Officer's want to establish?
Answer: parliamentary democracy

Question: Who did Nasser choose to lead his coup?
Answer: General Naguib

Question: What was teh fate of King Farouk after the coup?
Answer: exile

Question: What did Nasser wear during the coup?
Answer: civilian clothing

Question: What day did the revolution begin?
Answer: 22 July
Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

On 18 June 1953, the monarchy was abolished and the Republic of Egypt declared, with Naguib as its first president. According to Aburish, after assuming power, Nasser and the Free Officers expected to become the "guardians of the people's interests" against the monarchy and the pasha class while leaving the day-to-day tasks of government to civilians. They asked former prime minister Ali Maher to accept reappointment to his previous position, and to form an all-civilian cabinet. The Free Officers then governed as the Revolutionary Command Council (RCC) with Naguib as chairman and Nasser as vice-chairman. Relations between the RCC and Maher grew tense, however, as the latter viewed many of Nasser's schemes—agrarian reform, abolition of the monarchy, reorganization of political parties—as too radical, culminating in Maher's resignation on 7 September. Naguib assumed the additional role of prime minister, and Nasser that of deputy prime minister. In September, the Agrarian Reform Law was put into effect. In Nasser's eyes, this law gave the RCC its own identity and transformed the coup into a revolution.

Question: Who was the first president of the Republic of Egypt?
Answer: Naguib

Question: Who did Nasser want to handle the day-to-day operations of the government?
Answer: civilians

Question: Who did Nasser recruit to be Prime Minister?
Answer: Ali Maher

Question: What new name did the Free Officers take?
Answer: Revolutionary Command Council

Question: What law did Nasser view as the culmination of his revolutionary efforts?
Answer: Agrarian Reform Law
Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

Preceding the reform law, in August 1952, communist-led riots broke out at textile factories in Kafr el-Dawwar, leading to a clash with the army that left nine people dead. While most of the RCC insisted on executing the riot's two ringleaders, Nasser opposed this. Nonetheless, the sentences were carried out. The Muslim Brotherhood supported the RCC, and after Naguib's assumption of power, demanded four ministerial portfolios in the new cabinet. Nasser turned down their demands and instead hoped to co-opt the Brotherhood by giving two of its members, who were willing to serve officially as independents, minor ministerial posts.

Question: What group rioted at the textile factories?
Answer: communist

Question: How many people died in the textile factory riots?
Answer: nine

Question: What group supported the RCC?
Answer: Muslim Brotherhood

Question: How many posts did the Muslim Brotherhood get in Naguib's cabinet?
Answer: two

Question: What was Nasser's position on executing the rioter's leaders?
Answer: opposed
Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

In January 1953, Nasser overcame opposition from Naguib and banned all political parties, creating a one-party system under the Liberation Rally, a loosely structured movement whose chief task was to organize pro-RCC rallies and lectures, with Nasser its secretary-general. Despite the dissolution order, Nasser was the only RCC member who still favored holding parliamentary elections, according to his fellow officer Abdel Latif Boghdadi. Although outvoted, he still advocated holding elections by 1956. In March 1953, Nasser led the Egyptian delegation negotiating a British withdrawal from the Suez Canal.

Question: What was Nasser's first title in the Liberation Rally?
Answer: secretary-general

Question: What did Nasser and naguib ban in 1953?
Answer: all political parties

Question: What was Nasser alone in supporting?
Answer: parliamentary elections

Question: What was Nasser negotiating in 1953?
Answer: British withdrawal from the Suez Canal
Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

On 25 February 1954, Naguib announced his resignation after the RCC held an official meeting without his presence two days prior. On 26 February, Nasser accepted the resignation, put Naguib under house arrest, and the RCC proclaimed Nasser as both RCC chairman and prime minister. As Naguib intended, a mutiny immediately followed, demanding Naguib's reinstatement and the RCC's dissolution. While visiting the striking officers at Military Headquarters (GHQ) to call for the mutiny's end, Nasser was initially intimidated into accepting their demands. However, on 27 February, Nasser's supporters in the army launched a raid on the GHQ, ending the mutiny. Later that day, hundreds of thousands of protesters, mainly belonging to the Brotherhood, called for Naguib's return and Nasser's imprisonment. In response, a sizable group within the RCC, led by Khaled Mohieddin, demanded Naguib's release and return to the presidency. Nasser was forced to acquiesce, but delayed Naguib's reinstatement until 4 March, allowing him to promote Amer to Commander of the Armed Forces—a position formerly occupied by Naguib.

Question: Who resigned in 1954?
Answer: Naguib

Question: What two positions did Nasser assume?
Answer: RCC chairman and prime minister

Question: What group protested for Naguib's reinstatement?
Answer: Brotherhood

Question: What did the Muslim Brotherhood want to happen to Nasser?
Answer: imprisonment

Question: Who did Nasser promote to armed forces commander?
Answer: Amer
Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

On 5 March, Nasser's security coterie arrested thousands of participants in the uprising. As a ruse to rally opposition against a return to the pre-1952 order, the RCC decreed an end to restrictions on monarchy-era parties and the Free Officers' withdrawal from politics. The RCC succeeded in provoking the beneficiaries of the revolution, namely the workers, peasants, and petty bourgeois, to oppose the decrees, with one million transport workers launching a strike and thousands of peasants entering Cairo in protest in late March. Naguib sought to crackdown on the protesters, but his requests were rebuffed by the heads of the security forces. On 29 March, Nasser announced the decrees' revocation in response to the "impulse of the street." Between April and June, hundreds of Naguib's supporters in the military were either arrested or dismissed, and Mohieddin was informally exiled to Switzerland to represent the RCC abroad. King Saud of Saudi Arabia attempted to mend relations between Nasser and Naguib, but to no avail.

Question: What group went on strike as a result of the turmoil?
Answer: transport workers

Question: What group claimed to be leaving the political scene?
Answer: Free Officers

Question: Who was sent to Switzerland?
Answer: Mohieddin

Question: What nation tried to mediate between Nasser and Naguib?
Answer: Saudi Arabia
Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

Nasser's street following was still too small to sustain his plans for reform and to secure him in office. To promote himself and the Liberation Rally, he gave speeches in a cross-country tour, and imposed controls over the country's press by decreeing that all publications had to be approved by the party to prevent "sedition". Both Umm Kulthum and Abdel Halim Hafez, the leading Arab singers of the era, performed songs praising Nasser's nationalism. Others produced plays denigrating his political opponents. According to his associates, Nasser orchestrated the campaign himself. Arab nationalist terms such "Arab homeland" and "Arab nation" frequently began appearing in his speeches in 1954–55, whereas prior he would refer to the Arab "peoples" or the "Arab region". In January 1955, the RCC appointed him as their president, pending national elections.

Question: What was too small to keep Nasser in power?
Answer: street following

Question: What institution did Nasser closely control to prevent sedition?
Answer: press

Question: Who were Umm Kulthum and Abdel Hafez?
Answer: singers

Question: What phrases did Nasser use in many of his speeches?
Answer: "Arab homeland" and "Arab nation"

Question: In what year did the RCC appoint Nasser as president?
Answer: 1955
Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

Nasser made secret contacts with Israel in 1954–55, but determined that peace with Israel would be impossible, considering it an "expansionist state that viewed the Arabs with disdain". On 28 February 1955, Israeli troops attacked the Egyptian-held Gaza Strip with the stated aim of suppressing Palestinian fedayeen raids. Nasser did not feel that the Egyptian Army was ready for a confrontation and did not retaliate militarily. His failure to respond to Israeli military action demonstrated the ineffectiveness of his armed forces and constituted a blow to his growing popularity. Nasser subsequently ordered the tightening of the blockade on Israeli shipping through the Straits of Tiran and restricted the use of airspace over the Gulf of Aqaba by Israeli aircraft in early September. The Israelis re-militarized the al-Auja Demilitarized Zone on the Egyptian border on 21 September.

Question: What country did Nasser make secret agreements with?
Answer: Israel

Question: What territory did Israel attack in 1955?
Answer: Gaza Strip

Question: What was Nasser's reaction to the attack?
Answer: did not retaliate militarily

Question: How did the Egyptian people feel about Nasser's response to the attack?
Answer: a blow to his growing popularity

Question: What did Nasser eventually do in the Straights of Titan?
Answer: blockade on Israeli shipping
Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

Simultaneous with Israel's February raid, the Baghdad Pact was formed between some regional allies of the UK. Nasser considered the Baghdad Pact a threat to his efforts to eliminate British military influence in the Middle East, and a mechanism to undermine the Arab League and "perpetuate [Arab] subservience to Zionism and [Western] imperialism". Nasser felt that if he was to maintain Egypt's regional leadership position he needed to acquire modern weaponry to arm his military. When it became apparent to him that Western countries would not supply Egypt under acceptable financial and military terms, Nasser turned to the Eastern Bloc and concluded a US$320,000,000 armaments agreement with Czechoslovakia on 27 September. Through the Czechoslovakian arms deal, the balance of power between Egypt and Israel was more or less equalized and Nasser's role as the Arab leader defying the West was enhanced.

Question: What agreement ran contrary to Nasser's efforts?
Answer: Baghdad Pact

Question: What did Nasser feel his military needed to oppose the West?
Answer: modern weaponry

Question: From what country did Nasser buy arms?
Answer: Czechoslovakia

Question: How much money did Nasser spend on weapons?
Answer: US$320,000,000

Question: How did the military relationship between Egypt and Israel change?
Answer: equalized
Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

Nasser mediated discussions between the pro-Western, pro-Soviet, and neutralist conference factions over the composition of the "Final Communique" addressing colonialism in Africa and Asia and the fostering of global peace amid the Cold War between the West and the Soviet Union. At Bandung Nasser sought a proclamation for the avoidance of international defense alliances, support for the independence of Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco from French rule, support for the Palestinian right of return, and the implementation of UN resolutions regarding the Arab–Israeli conflict. He succeeded in lobbying the attendees to pass resolutions on each of these issues, notably securing the strong support of China and India.

Question: What document was meant to resolve lingering issues of colonialism?
Answer: Final Communique

Question: From what nation did Nasser support the independence of Tunisia, Algeria and Morocco?
Answer: French

Question: What did Nasser pursue for Palestinians?
Answer: right of return

Question: What organization offered possible solutions Arab-Israeli conflict, which Nasser supported?
Answer: UN
Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

Following Bandung, Nasser officially adopted the "positive neutralism" of Yugoslavian president Josip Broz Tito and Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru as a principal theme of Egyptian foreign policy regarding the Cold War. Nasser was welcomed by large crowds of people lining the streets of Cairo on his return to Egypt on 2 May and was widely heralded in the press for his achievements and leadership in the conference. Consequently, Nasser's prestige was greatly boosted as was his self-confidence and image.

Question: What political philosophy did Nasser adopt?
Answer: positive neutralism

Question: What global period was Positive Neutralism meant to deal with?
Answer: Cold War

Question: How did the Egyptian people react to Nasser after the conference?
Answer: welcomed by large crowds

Question: How did the Egyptian press react to Nasser's accomplishments?
Answer: heralded
Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

In January 1956, the new Constitution of Egypt was drafted, entailing the establishment of a single-party system under the National Union (NU), a movement Nasser described as the "cadre through which we will realize our revolution". The NU was a reconfiguration of the Liberation Rally, which Nasser determined had failed in generating mass public participation. In the new movement, Nasser attempted to incorporate more citizens, approved by local-level party committees, in order to solidify popular backing for his government. The NU would select a nominee for the presidential election whose name would be provided for public approval.

Question: In what year did Egypt get a new constitution?
Answer: 1956

Question: What was the political party arrangement of the new constitution?
Answer: single-party system

Question: What was the dominant political party? 
Answer: National Union

Question: From what group did the National Union originate?
Answer: Liberation Rally

Question: Who did Nasser want more involved in his new political order?
Answer: citizens
Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

Nasser's nomination for the post and the new constitution were put to public referendum on 23 June and each was approved by an overwhelming majority. A 350-member National Assembly was established, elections for which were held in July 1957. Nasser had ultimate approval over all the candidates. The constitution granted women's suffrage, prohibited gender-based discrimination, and entailed special protection for women in the workplace. Coinciding with the new constitution and Nasser's presidency, the RCC dissolved itself and its members resigned their military commissions as part of the transition to civilian rule. During the deliberations surrounding the establishment of a new government, Nasser began a process of sidelining his rivals among the original Free Officers, while elevating his closest allies to high-ranking positions in the cabinet.

Question: Who could approve or reject candidates for the National Assembly?
Answer: Nasser

Question: Who received new and special protections in the new constitution?
Answer: women

Question: What group dissolved when the new constitution was enacted?
Answer: RCC

Question: Among the original Free Officers, what did Nasser do to his opponents? 
Answer: sidelining

Question: What did Nasser's allies receive in the new arrangement?
Answer: high-ranking positions in the cabinet
Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

After the three-year transition period ended with Nasser's official assumption of power, his domestic and independent foreign policies increasingly collided with the regional interests of the UK and France. The latter condemned his strong support for Algerian independence, and the UK's Eden government was agitated by Nasser's campaign against the Baghdad Pact. In addition, Nasser's adherence to neutralism regarding the Cold War, recognition of communist China, and arms deal with the Eastern bloc alienated the United States. On 19 July 1956, the US and UK abruptly withdrew their offer to finance construction of the Aswan Dam, citing concerns that Egypt's economy would be overwhelmed by the project.

Question: With what two nations did Nasser's foreign policy clash?
Answer: UK and France

Question: What construction project suffered from foreign political retaliation against Nasser?
Answer: Aswan Dam

Question: What communist country did Nasser and Egypt recognize?
Answer: China

Question: France was angered by Nasser's support of the independence of what people?
Answer: Algerian

Question: The UK was chafed by Nasser's opposition to what agreement?
Answer: Baghdad Pact
Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

Nasser was informed of the British–American withdrawal via a news statement while aboard a plane returning to Cairo from Belgrade, and took great offense. Although ideas for nationalizing the Suez Canal were in the offing after the UK agreed to withdraw its military from Egypt in 1954 (the last British troops left on 13 June 1956), journalist Mohamed Hassanein Heikal asserts that Nasser made the final decision to nationalize the waterway between 19 and 20 July. Nasser himself would later state that he decided on 23 July, after studying the issue and deliberating with some of his advisers from the dissolved RCC, namely Boghdadi and technical specialist Mahmoud Younis, beginning on 21 July. The rest of the RCC's former members were informed of the decision on 24 July, while the bulk of the cabinet was unaware of the nationalization scheme until hours before Nasser publicly announced it. According to Ramadan, Nasser's decision to nationalize the canal was a solitary decision, taken without consultation.

Question: How did Nasser react to the news the the US and UK had blocked construction of th Aswan Dam?
Answer: took great offense

Question: What piece of infrastructure did Nasser propose to nationalize? 
Answer: Suez Canal

Question: What was Nasser's cabinet's knowledge of the nationalization scheme before Nasser announced it?
Answer: unaware

Question: When did the last British troops leave Egypt?
Answer: 1956
Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

On 26 July 1956, Nasser gave a speech in Alexandria announcing the nationalization of the Suez Canal Company as a means to fund the Aswan Dam project in light of the British–American withdrawal. In the speech, he denounced British imperialism in Egypt and British control over the canal company's profits, and upheld that the Egyptian people had a right to sovereignty over the waterway, especially since "120,000 Egyptians had died (sic)" building it. The motion was technically in breach of the international agreement he had signed with the UK on 19 October 1954, although he ensured that all existing stockholders would be paid off.

Question: What did Nasser propose to do with funds from the nationalized Suez Canal?
Answer: fund the Aswan Dam

Question: How many Egyptians did Nasser claim died building the Suez canal?
Answer: 120,000

Question: Who did Nasser claim would still be paid despite nationalization of the canal?
Answer: existing stockholders

Question: What country had signed an agreement with Nasser in 1954?
Answer: UK
Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

The nationalization announcement was greeted very emotionally by the audience and, throughout the Arab world, thousands entered the streets shouting slogans of support. US ambassador Henry A. Byroade stated, "I cannot overemphasize [the] popularity of the Canal Company nationalization within Egypt, even among Nasser's enemies." Egyptian political scientist Mahmoud Hamad wrote that, prior to 1956, Nasser had consolidated control over Egypt's military and civilian bureaucracies, but it was only after the canal's nationalization that he gained near-total popular legitimacy and firmly established himself as the "charismatic leader" and "spokesman for the masses not only in Egypt, but all over the Third World". According to Aburish, this was Nasser's largest pan-Arab triumph at the time and "soon his pictures were to be found in the tents of Yemen, the souks of Marrakesh, and the posh villas of Syria". The official reason given for the nationalization was that funds from the canal would be used for the construction of the dam in Aswan. That same day, Egypt closed the canal to Israeli shipping.

Question: How did the Arab world react to news of the nationalization of the Suez Canal?
Answer: support

Question: What nation's shipping was forbidden from using the Suez Canal?
Answer: Israeli

Question: What US ambassador spoke about the widespread support for Nasser's nationalization of the canal?
Answer: Henry A. Byroade

Question: Where was Nasser believed to be a spokesman for the poor and oppressed?
Answer: not only in Egypt, but all over the Third World
Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

France and the UK, the largest shareholders in the Suez Canal Company, saw its nationalization as yet another hostile measure aimed at them by the Egyptian government. Nasser was aware that the canal's nationalization would instigate an international crisis and believed the prospect of military intervention by the two countries was 80 per cent likely. He believed, however, that the UK would not be able to intervene militarily for at least two months after the announcement, and dismissed Israeli action as "impossible". In early October, the UN Security Council met on the matter of the canal's nationalization and adopted a resolution recognizing Egypt's right to control the canal as long as it continued to allow passage through it for foreign ships. According to Heikal, after this agreement, "Nasser estimated that the danger of invasion had dropped to 10 per cent". Shortly thereafter, however, the UK, France, and Israel made a secret agreement to take over the Suez Canal, occupy the Suez Canal zone, and topple Nasser.

Question: What nations were outraged by the nationalization scheme?
Answer: France and the UK

Question: What nation did Nasser judge impossible to become militarially involved?
Answer: Israel

Question: What entity drew up an agreement that drastically reduced the threat of military action against Egypt?
Answer: UN Security Council

Question: What did the UK, France and Israel intend to do to Nasser?
Answer: topple
Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

On 29 October 1956, Israeli forces crossed the Sinai Peninsula, overwhelmed Egyptian army posts, and quickly advanced to their objectives. Two days later, British and French planes bombarded Egyptian airfields in the canal zone. Nasser ordered the military's high command to withdraw the Egyptian Army from Sinai to bolster the canal's defenses. Moreover, he feared that if the armored corps was dispatched to confront the Israeli invading force and the British and French subsequently landed in the canal city of Port Said, Egyptian armor in the Sinai would be cut off from the canal and destroyed by the combined tripartite forces. Amer strongly disagreed, insisting that Egyptian tanks meet the Israelis in battle. The two had a heated exchange on 3 November, and Amer conceded. Nasser also ordered blockage of the canal by sinking or otherwise disabling forty-nine ships at its entrance.

Question: In what year did battle over the Suez Canal commence?
Answer: 1956

Question: What did the British and French air forces bomb?
Answer: Egyptian airfields in the canal zone

Question: What city did Nasser want to keep the French and British out of?
Answer: Port Said

Question: Who wanted the Egyptian armored units to fight the Israelis?
Answer: Amer

Question: What did Nasser do to the canal?
Answer: blockage
Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

Despite the commanded withdrawal of Egyptian troops, about 2,000 Egyptian soldiers were killed during engagement with Israeli forces, and some 5,000 Egyptian soldiers were captured by the Israeli Army. Amer and Salah Salem proposed requesting a ceasefire, with Salem further recommending that Nasser surrender himself to British forces. Nasser berated Amer and Salem, and vowed, "Nobody is going to surrender." Nasser assumed military command. Despite the relative ease in which Sinai was occupied, Nasser's prestige at home and among Arabs was undamaged. To counterbalance the Egyptian Army's dismal performance, Nasser authorized the distribution of about 400,000 rifles to civilian volunteers and hundreds of militias were formed throughout Egypt, many led by Nasser's political opponents.

Question: How many Egyptian soldiers died during the fighting?
Answer: 2,000

Question: How many Egyptian soldiers did the Israeli army capture?
Answer: 5,000

Question: To whom did Nasser authorize distribution of small arms?
Answer: civilian volunteers

Question: Who recommended Nasser surrender himself to the British?
Answer: Salah Salem

Question: What was the consequence to Nassir's admiration among the Arab world for Egypt's military failure?
Answer: undamaged
Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

It was at Port Said that Nasser saw a confrontation with the invading forces as being the strategic and psychological focal point of Egypt's defense. A third infantry battalion and hundreds of national guardsmen were sent to the city as reinforcements, while two regular companies were dispatched to organize popular resistance. Nasser and Boghdadi traveled to the canal zone to boost the morale of the armed volunteers. According to Boghdadi's memoirs, Nasser described the Egyptian Army as "shattered" as he saw the wreckage of Egyptian military equipment en route. When British and French forces landed in Port Said on 5–6 November, its local militia put up a stiff resistance, resulting in street-to-street fighting. The Egyptian Army commander in the city was preparing to request terms for a ceasefire, but Nasser ordered him to desist. The British-French forces managed to largely secure the city by 7 November. Between 750 and 1,000 Egyptians were killed in the battle for Port Said.

Question: How many Egyptians died in the battle for Port Said?
Answer: Between 750 and 1,000

Question: What did Nasser think was the most importatnt location in the battle for the canal?
Answer: Port Said

Question: In what state was the Egyptian army after fighting the French and UK?
Answer: shattered

Question: Who was ultimately able to claim victoy in Port Said?
Answer: British-French forces
Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

The U.S. Eisenhower administration condemned the tripartite invasion, and supported UN resolutions demanding withdrawal and a United Nations Emergency Force (UNEF) to be stationed in Sinai. Nasser commended Eisenhower, stating he played the "greatest and most decisive role" in stopping the "tripartite conspiracy". By the end of December, British and French forces had totally withdrawn from Egyptian territory, while Israel completed its withdrawal in March 1957 and released all Egyptian prisoners of war. As a result of the Suez Crisis, Nasser brought in a set of regulations imposing rigorous requirements for residency and citizenship as well as forced expulsions, mostly affecting British and French nationals and Jews with foreign nationality, as well as some Egyptian Jews.

Question: What country was opposed to the invasion of the canal?
Answer: U.S.

Question: What leader did Nasser applaud?
Answer: Eisenhower

Question: What military force was brought in to calm the situation?
Answer: United Nations Emergency Force

Question: What did Nasser impose as a result of the conflict?
Answer: rigorous requirements for residency
Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

By 1957, pan-Arabism was the dominant ideology of the Arab world, and the average Arab citizen considered Nasser his undisputed leader. Historian Adeed Dawisha credited Nasser's status to his "charisma, bolstered by his perceived victory in the Suez Crisis". The Cairo-based Voice of the Arabs radio station spread Nasser's ideas of united Arab action throughout the Arabic-speaking world and historian Eugene Rogan wrote, "Nasser conquered the Arab world by radio." Lebanese sympathizers of Nasser and the Egyptian embassy in Beirut—the press center of the Arab world—bought out Lebanese media outlets to further disseminate Nasser's ideals. Nasser also enjoyed the support of Arab nationalist organizations, both civilian and paramilitary, throughout the region. His followers were numerous and well-funded, but lacked any permanent structure and organization. They called themselves "Nasserites", despite Nasser's objection to the label (he preferred the term "Arab nationalists").

Question: What radio station furthered Nasser's agenda?
Answer: Voice of the Arabs

Question: What were Arab admirers of Nasser called?
Answer: Nasserites

Question: What did the admirers of Nasser lack?
Answer: structure and organization

Question: Who said that Nasser conquered the Arab workd with radio?
Answer: Eugene Rogan

Question: What would have Nasser prefferred his admirers call themselves?
Answer: Arab nationalists
Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

In January 1957, the US adopted the Eisenhower Doctrine and pledged to prevent the spread of communism and its perceived agents in the Middle East. Although Nasser was an opponent of communism in the region, his promotion of pan-Arabism was viewed as a threat by pro-Western states in the region. Eisenhower tried to isolate Nasser and reduce his regional influence by attempting to transform King Saud into a counterweight. Also in January, the elected Jordanian prime minister and Nasser supporter Sulayman al-Nabulsi brought Jordan into a military pact with Egypt, Syria, and Saudi Arabia.

Question: What was the policy meant to contain communism in the middle east?
Answer: Eisenhower Doctrine

Question: When was the Eisenhower Doctrine adopted?
Answer: 1957

Question: What leader did the US prop up to foil Nasser?
Answer: King Saud

Question: What country joined an alliance with Egypt, Syria and Saudi Arabia?
Answer: Jordan

Question: Although not communist, what about Nasser concerned pro-western groups?
Answer: pan-Arabism