Divyanshu67/squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
Baptists

Many Baptist churches choose to affiliate with organizational groups that provide fellowship without control. The largest such group is the Southern Baptist Convention. There also are a substantial number of smaller cooperative groups. Finally, there are Baptist churches that choose to remain autonomous and independent of any denomination, organization, or association. It has been suggested that a primary Baptist principle is that local Baptist Churches are independent and self-governing, and if so the term 'Baptist denomination' may be considered somewhat incongruous.

Question: What is the largest fellowship without control?
Answer: Southern Baptist Convention

Question: It has been suggested that a primary Baptist principle is that local Baptist Churches are what?
Answer: independent and self-governing

Question: What term is considered somewhat incongrous is a self-governing church?
Answer: Baptist denomination

Question: What is the smallest fellowship without control?

Question: What churches never become autonomous?

Question: What has never been suggested as a primary Baptist principle?

Question: What term is not considered to be incongruous?
Baptists

Baptists, like other Christians, are defined by doctrine—some of it common to all orthodox and evangelical groups and a portion of it distinctive to Baptists. Through the years, different Baptist groups have issued confessions of faith—without considering them to be creeds—to express their particular doctrinal distinctions in comparison to other Christians as well as in comparison to other Baptists. Most Baptists are evangelical in doctrine, but Baptist beliefs can vary due to the congregational governance system that gives autonomy to individual local Baptist churches. Historically, Baptists have played a key role in encouraging religious freedom and separation of church and state.

Question: Baptists are defined by what?
Answer: doctrine

Question: Baptists have issued what without considering them to be creeds?
Answer: confessions of faith

Question: Most Baptists are what in doctrine?
Answer: evangelical

Question: Baptists have played a key role in what?
Answer: encouraging religious freedom and separation of church and state.

Question: Which group of Christians are not defined by doctrine?

Question: Baptists have issued what while considering them to be creeds?

Question: Most Baptists exclude what doctrine?

Question: Baptists have played a small role in what?
Baptists

Shared doctrines would include beliefs about one God; the virgin birth; miracles; atonement for sins through the death, burial, and bodily resurrection of Jesus; the Trinity; the need for salvation (through belief in Jesus Christ as the son of God, his death and resurrection, and confession of Christ as Lord); grace; the Kingdom of God; last things (eschatology) (Jesus Christ will return personally and visibly in glory to the earth, the dead will be raised, and Christ will judge everyone in righteousness); and evangelism and missions. Some historically significant Baptist doctrinal documents include the 1689 London Baptist Confession of Faith, 1742 Philadelphia Baptist Confession, the 1833 New Hampshire Baptist Confession of Faith, the Southern Baptist Convention's Baptist Faith and Message, and written church covenants which some individual Baptist churches adopt as a statement of their faith and beliefs.

Question: Beliefs about one God; the virgin birth; miracles; atonement for sins through the death, burial, and bodily resurrection of Jesus are examples of what?
Answer: Shared doctrines

Question: When was the London Baptist Confession of Faith created?
Answer: 1689

Question: When was the Philadelphia Baptist Confession created?
Answer: 1742

Question: When was the New Hampshire Baptist Confession of Faith created?
Answer: 1833

Question: When was the London Baptist Confession of Faith removed?

Question: When was the Philadelphia Baptist Confession removed?

Question: What belief was not shared by doctrines?

Question: Who was seen as the father of God?
Baptists

Baptists have faced many controversies in their 400-year history, controversies of the level of crises. Baptist historian Walter Shurden says the word "crisis" comes from the Greek word meaning "to decide." Shurden writes that contrary to the presumed negative view of crises, some controversies that reach a crisis level may actually be "positive and highly productive." He claims that even schism, though never ideal, has often produced positive results. In his opinion crises among Baptists each have become decision-moments that shaped their future. Some controversies that have shaped Baptists include the "missions crisis", the "slavery crisis", the "landmark crisis", and the "modernist crisis".

Question: "Crisis" comes from a Greek word meaning what?
Answer: to decide

Question: Who wrote that some controversies reach a crisis level may actually be "positive and highly productive?"
Answer: Walter Shurden

Question: What did Shurden claim was never ideal, has often produced positive results?
Answer: controversies that have shaped Baptists

Question: What are some controversies that have shaped Baptists?
Answer: "missions crisis", the "slavery crisis", the "landmark crisis", and the "modernist crisis"

Question: "Crisis" comes from a Latin word meaning what?

Question: Who wrote that some controversies reach a crisis level may actually be "negative and least productive?"

Question: Which group has faced many controversies in their 300-year history?

Question: What has never helped shape Baptists?
Baptists

Leading up to the American Civil War, Baptists became embroiled in the controversy over slavery in the United States. Whereas in the First Great Awakening, Methodist and Baptist preachers had opposed slavery and urged manumission, over the decades they made more of an accommodation with the institution. They worked with slaveholders in the South to urge a paternalistic institution. Both denominations made direct appeals to slaves and free blacks for conversion. The Baptists particularly allowed them active roles in congregations. By the mid-19th century, northern Baptists tended to oppose slavery. As tensions increased, in 1844 the Home Mission Society refused to appoint a slaveholder as a missionary who had been proposed by Georgia. It noted that missionaries could not take servants with them, and also that the Board did not want to appear to condone slavery.

Question: When did Baptists become embroiled in the controversy over slavery in the United States?
Answer: Leading up to the American Civil War

Question: When did Methodist and Baptist preachers oppose slavery and urge manumission?
Answer: the First Great Awakening

Question: They worked with slaveholders in the South to urge what?
Answer: paternalistic institution

Question: What denomination allowed blacks active roles in the congregation?
Answer: The Baptists

Question: What refused to appoint a slaveholder as a missionary?
Answer: the Home Mission Society

Question: When did Baptists become excluded from the controversy over slavery in the United States?

Question: When did Methodist and Baptist preachers promote slavery and urge manumission?

Question: What was urged by Baptists working with slaveholders in the North?

Question: What denomination disallowed blacks active roles in the congregation?

Question: In what year did Home Mission Society appoint a slaveholder as a missionary?
Baptists

As early as the late 18th century, black Baptists began to organize separate churches, associations and mission agencies, especially in the northern states. Not only did blacks set up some independent congregations in the South before the American Civil War, freedmen quickly separated from white congregations and associations after the war. They wanted to be free of white supervision. In 1866 the Consolidated American Baptist Convention, formed from black Baptists of the South and West, helped southern associations set up black state conventions, which they did in Alabama, Arkansas, Virginia, North Carolina, and Kentucky. In 1880 black state conventions united in the national Foreign Mission Convention, to support black Baptist missionary work. Two other national black conventions were formed, and in 1895 they united as the National Baptist Convention. This organization later went through its own changes, spinning off other conventions. It is the largest black religious organization and the second largest Baptist organization in the world. Baptists are numerically most dominant in the Southeast. In 2007, the Pew Research Center's Religious Landscape Survey found that 45% of all African-Americans identify with Baptist denominations, with the vast majority of those being within the historically black tradition.

Question: When did black Baptists began to organize separate churches, associations and mission agencies?
Answer: As early as the late 18th century

Question: Who separated from white congregations and associations after the war?
Answer: freedmen

Question: Who wanted to be free from white submission?
Answer: freedmen

Question: What states setup black conventions?
Answer: Alabama, Arkansas, Virginia, North Carolina, and Kentucky

Question: What percentage of all African-Americans identify with Baptist denominations?
Answer: 45%

Question: When did black Baptists began to organize combined churches, associations and mission agencies?

Question: Who separated from black congregations and associations after the war?

Question: Who wanted to be free from black supervision?

Question: What states setup white conventions?

Question: What percentage of all Americans identify with Baptist denominations?
Baptists

Elsewhere in the Americas, in the Caribbean in particular, Baptist missionaries took an active role in the anti-slavery movement. In Jamaica, for example, William Knibb, a prominent British Baptist missionary, worked toward the emancipation of slaves in the British West Indies (which took place in 1838). Knibb also protagonised the creation of "Free Villages"; rural communities centred around a Baptist church where emancipated slaves could farm their own land. Baptists were likewise active in promoting the education of former slaves; for example, Jamaica's Calabar High School, named after the slave port of Calabar, was formed by Baptist missionaries. At the same time, during and after slavery, slaves and free formed their own Spiritual Baptist movements - breakaway spiritual movements which often expressed resistance to oppression.

Question: Where did Baptist missionaries take an active role in the anti-slavery movement?
Answer: the Caribbean

Question: Who was a prominent British Baptist missionary in Jamaica?
Answer: William Knibb

Question: Where did William Knibb work toward the emancipation of slaves?
Answer: the British West Indies

Question: Knibb also protagonised the creation of what?
Answer: Free Villages

Question: What was named after the slave port of Calabar?
Answer: Jamaica's Calabar High School

Question: Where did Baptist missionaries not take a role in the anti-slavery movement?

Question: Who was a prominent British Baptist missionary in America?

Question: What was the slave port of Calabar named after?

Question: William Knibb protagonised the destruction of what?
Baptists

On 20 June 1995, the Southern Baptist Convention voted to adopt a resolution renouncing its racist roots and apologizing for its past defense of slavery. More than 20,000 Southern Baptists registered for the meeting in Atlanta. The resolution declared that messengers, as SBC delegates are called, "unwaveringly denounce racism, in all its forms, as deplorable sin" and "lament and repudiate historic acts of evil such as slavery from which we continue to reap a bitter harvest." It offered an apology to all African-Americans for "condoning and/or perpetuating individual and systemic racism in our lifetime" and repentance for "racism of which we have been guilty, whether consciously or unconsciously." Although Southern Baptists have condemned racism in the past, this was the first time the predominantly white convention had dealt specifically with the issue of slavery.

Question: When did the Southern Baptist Convention vote to adopt a resolution renouncing its racist roots?
Answer: 20 June 1995

Question: How many Baptists registered for the meeting in Atlanta?
Answer: More than 20,000

Question: SBC delegates are called what?
Answer: messengers

Question: When did the Southern Baptist Convention vote to adopt a resolution announcing its racist roots?

Question: How many Baptists unregistered for the meeting in Atlanta?

Question: SBC delegates are never called what?

Question: Who had not condemned racism in the past?
Baptists

Southern Baptist Landmarkism sought to reset the ecclesiastical separation which had characterized the old Baptist churches, in an era when inter-denominational union meetings were the order of the day. James Robinson Graves was an influential Baptist of the 19th century and the primary leader of this movement. While some Landmarkers eventually separated from the Southern Baptist Convention, the influence of the movement on the Convention continued into the 20th century. Its influence continues to affect convention policies. In 2005, the Southern Baptist International Mission Board forbade its missionaries to receive alien immersions for baptism.

Question: What sought to reset the ecclesiastical separation which had characterized the old Baptist churches?
Answer: Southern Baptist Landmarkism

Question: Who was an influential Baptist of the 19th century and the primary leader of this movement?
Answer: James Robinson Graves

Question: When did the Southern Baptist International Mission Board forbade its missionaries to receive alien immersions for baptism?
Answer: In 2005

Question: What sought to include the ecclesiastical separation which had characterized the old Baptist churches?

Question: Who was an influential Baptist of the 18th century and the primary leader of this movement?

Question: When did the Southern Baptist International Mission Board encourage its missionaries to receive alien immersions for baptism?

Question: What influence no longer continues to affect convention policies?
Baptists

Following similar conflicts over modernism, the Southern Baptist Convention adhered to conservative theology as its official position. Two new Baptist groups were formed by moderate Southern Baptists who disagreed with the direction in which the Southern Baptist Convention was heading: the Alliance of Baptists in 1987 and the Cooperative Baptist Fellowship in 1991. Members of both groups originally identified as Southern Baptist, but over time the groups "became permanent new families of Baptists."

Question: The Southern Baptist Convention adhered to what as its official position?
Answer: conservative theology

Question: What groups were formed by moderate Southern Baptists?
Answer: the Alliance of Baptists in 1987 and the Cooperative Baptist Fellowship in 1991

Question: When was the Alliance of Baptists formed?
Answer: 1987

Question: When was the Cooperative Baptist Fellowship formed?
Answer: 1991

Question: Conservative theology was the official position of what?
Answer: Southern Baptist Convention

Question: The Southern Baptist Convention never adhered to what as its official position?

Question: When did the Alliance of Baptists end?

Question: When was the Cooperative Baptist Fellowship destroyed?

Question: Conservative theology was never the official position of what?

Question: Which Baptist group embraced modernism?
Child_labour

Child labour refers to the employment of children in any work that deprives children of their childhood, interferes with their ability to attend regular school, and that is mentally, physically, socially or morally dangerous and harmful. This practice is considered exploitative by many international organisations. Legislation across the world prohibit child labour. These laws do not consider all work by children as child labour; exceptions include work by child artists, family duties, supervised training, certain categories of work such as those by Amish children, some forms of child work common among indigenous American children, and others.

Question: What does child labour deprive children of?
Answer: deprives children of their childhood

Question: Are child artists an exception to the laws with regards to child labour?
Answer: exceptions include work by child artists

Question: Is work done by Amish children an exception?
Answer: work such as those by Amish children

Question: Where is there legislation that prohibits child labour?
Answer: Legislation across the world

Question: Is all work done by children considered to be child labour?
Answer: These laws do not consider all work by children as child labour
Child_labour

In developing countries, with high poverty and poor schooling opportunities, child labour is still prevalent. In 2010, sub-saharan Africa had the highest incidence rates of child labour, with several African nations witnessing over 50 percent of children aged 5–14 working. Worldwide agriculture is the largest employer of child labour. Vast majority of child labour is found in rural settings and informal urban economy; children are predominantly employed by their parents, rather than factories. Poverty and lack of schools are considered as the primary cause of child labour.

Question: What year did sub-saharan Africa have the highest rates of child labour?
Answer: 2010

Question: What is the largest employer of child labour?
Answer: agriculture

Question: Who are children predominantly employed by?
Answer: their parents

Question: Lack of school and this are the primary causes of child labour
Answer: Poverty
Child_labour

The work of children was important in pre-industrial societies, as children needed to provide their labour for their survival and that of their group. Pre-industrial societies were characterised by low productivity and short life expectancy, preventing children from participating in productive work would be more harmful to their welfare and that of their group in the long run. In pre-industrial societies, there was little need for children to attend school. This is especially the case in non literate societies. Most pre-industrial skill and knowledge were amenable to being passed down through direct mentoring or apprenticing by competent adults.

Question: Was there a period when child labour was essential?
Answer: pre-industrial societies

Question: Was there a great need for childhood education in a pre-industrial society?
Answer: little need for children to attend school

Question: Who taught the skills needed for the children to work?
Answer: competent adults

Question: Were peopel in pre-industrial societies considered to have long or short lifespans?
Answer: short life expectancy
Child_labour

The Victorian era in particular became notorious for the conditions under which children were employed. Children as young as four were employed in production factories and mines working long hours in dangerous, often fatal, working conditions. In coal mines, children would crawl through tunnels too narrow and low for adults. Children also worked as errand boys, crossing sweepers, shoe blacks, or selling matches, flowers and other cheap goods. Some children undertook work as apprentices to respectable trades, such as building or as domestic servants (there were over 120,000 domestic servants in London in the mid-18th century). Working hours were long: builders worked 64 hours a week in summer and 52 in winter, while domestic servants worked 80 hour weeks.

Question: On average how many weekly hours did a domestic servant put in?
Answer: 80

Question: Mid-18th century London had how many domestic servants?
Answer: over 120,000

Question: What was the youngest age of a child working in a factory?
Answer: four

Question: How many hours did builders work in the winter?
Answer: 52

Question: Were children able to take on apprenticeships?
Answer: Some children undertook work as apprentices to respectable trades
Child_labour

Child labour played an important role in the Industrial Revolution from its outset, often brought about by economic hardship. The children of the poor were expected to contribute to their family income. In 19th-century Great Britain, one-third of poor families were without a breadwinner, as a result of death or abandonment, obliging many children to work from a young age. In England and Scotland in 1788, two-thirds of the workers in 143 water-powered cotton mills were described as children. A high number of children also worked as prostitutes. The author Charles Dickens worked at the age of 12 in a blacking factory, with his family in debtor's prison.

Question: How many families were without a bread winner?
Answer: one-third

Question: How many water-powered cotton mills used child labour in 1788 England and Scotland?
Answer: 143

Question: Was it a low amount or high amount of children that also worked in prostitution? 
Answer: high number

Question: Where was Charles Dickens employed as a child?
Answer: blacking factory

Question: During the Industrial Revolution what was the main driving force behind child labour?
Answer: economic hardship
Child_labour

Throughout the second half of the 19th century, child labour began to decline in industrialised societies due to regulation and economic factors. The regulation of child labour began from the earliest days of the Industrial revolution. The first act to regulate child labour in Britain was passed in 1803. As early as 1802 and 1819 Factory Acts were passed to regulate the working hours of workhouse children in factories and cotton mills to 12 hours per day. These acts were largely ineffective and after radical agitation, by for example the "Short Time Committees" in 1831, a Royal Commission recommended in 1833 that children aged 11–18 should work a maximum of 12 hours per day, children aged 9–11 a maximum of eight hours, and children under the age of nine were no longer permitted to work. This act however only applied to the textile industry, and further agitation led to another act in 1847 limiting both adults and children to 10-hour working days. Lord Shaftesbury was an outspoken advocate of regulating child labour.

Question: During the 19th century was there any advocates for the working children?
Answer: Lord Shaftesbury

Question: In 1833 at what age was the limit to working in a textile industry factory?
Answer: children under the age of nine

Question: What year were both adults and children only able to work 10 hours a day?
Answer: 1847

Question: In the 19th century was there an increase or decreased need to child labour?
Answer: child labour began to decline

Question: What year did Britain first inact legislation with regards to child labour?
Answer: 1803
Child_labour

In the early 20th century, thousands of boys were employed in glass making industries. Glass making was a dangerous and tough job especially without the current technologies. The process of making glass includes intense heat to melt glass (3133 °F). When the boys are at work, they are exposed to this heat. This could cause eye trouble, lung ailments, heat exhaustion, cut, and burns. Since workers were paid by the piece, they had to work productively for hours without a break. Since furnaces had to be constantly burning, there were night shifts from 5:00 pm to 3:00 am. Many factory owners preferred boys under 16 years of age.

Question: When were young boys employed in the glass making industries?
Answer: early 20th century

Question: Under glass making conditions were the children exposed to any heating elements?
Answer: they are exposed to this heat

Question: Were the boys in glass making industry paid by the hour?
Answer: paid by the piece

Question: Did the glass industry have a preference for older working boys?
Answer: factory owners preferred boys under 16 years of age
Child_labour

In 1910, over 2 million children in the same age group were employed in the United States. This included children who rolled cigarettes, engaged in factory work, worked as bobbin doffers in textile mills, worked in coal mines and were employed in canneries. Lewis Hine's photographs of child labourers in the 1910s powerfully evoked the plight of working children in the American south. Hines took these photographs between 1908 and 1917 as the staff photographer for the National Child Labor Committee.

Question: Where was photographer Lewis Hine employed?
Answer: National Child Labor Committee

Question: What year were over 2 million children employed in the US?
Answer: 1910

Question: What did children roll in a factory?
Answer: cigarettes

Question: What did child do in textile mills in the US?
Answer: bobbin doffers
Child_labour

Factories and mines were not the only places where child labour was prevalent in the early 20th century. Home-based manufacturing across the United States and Europe employed children as well. Governments and reformers argued that labour in factories must be regulated and the state had an obligation to provide welfare for poor. Legislation that followed had the effect of moving work out of factories into urban homes. Families and women, in particular, preferred it because it allowed them to generate income while taking care of household duties.

Question: Why would families perfer labour done at the home as opposed to the factory?
Answer: because it allowed them to generate income while taking care of household duties.

Question: Early 20th century states began to have a responsiblity to take care of whom?
Answer: poor

Question: Children were employed in the home, factories and were else in the 20th century?
Answer: mines
Child_labour

Home-based manufacturing operations were active year round. Families willingly deployed their children in these income generating home enterprises. In many cases, men worked from home. In France, over 58 percent of garment workers operated out of their homes; in Germany, the number of full-time home operations nearly doubled between 1882 and 1907; and in the United States, millions of families operated out of home seven days a week, year round to produce garments, shoes, artificial flowers, feathers, match boxes, toys, umbrellas and other products. Children aged 5–14 worked alongside the parents. Home-based operations and child labour in Australia, Britain, Austria and other parts of the world was common. Rural areas similarly saw families deploying their children in agriculture. In 1946, Frieda Miller - then Director of United States Department of Labour - told the International Labour Organisation that these home-based operations offered, "low wages, long hours, child labour, unhealthy and insanitary working conditions."

Question: What time were home manufactoring activities for children taking place?
Answer: year round

Question: Who did the children work beside?
Answer: parents

Question: Where were rural children employed?
Answer: agriculture

Question: What were the working conditions described as for the children employed at home?
Answer: unhealthy and insanitary

Question: In 1946 who was the Director of the United States Department of Labour?
Answer: Frieda Miller
Child_labour

Child labour is still common in many parts of the world. Estimates for child labour vary. It ranges between 250 and 304 million, if children aged 5–17 involved in any economic activity are counted. If light occasional work is excluded, ILO estimates there were 153 million child labourers aged 5–14 worldwide in 2008. This is about 20 million less than ILO estimate for child labourers in 2004. Some 60 percent of the child labour was involved in agricultural activities such as farming, dairy, fisheries and forestry. Another 25 percent of child labourers were in service activities such as retail, hawking goods, restaurants, load and transfer of goods, storage, picking and recycling trash, polishing shoes, domestic help, and other services. The remaining 15 percent laboured in assembly and manufacturing in informal economy, home-based enterprises, factories, mines, packaging salt, operating machinery, and such operations. Two out of three child workers work alongside their parents, in unpaid family work situations. Some children work as guides for tourists, sometimes combined with bringing in business for shops and restaurants. Child labour predominantly occurs in the rural areas (70%) and informal urban sector (26%).

Question: Does child labour exist in the 21st century?
Answer: Child labour is still common

Question: Where does child labour currently occur the most?
Answer: rural areas

Question: How many children in today's world work beside their parents?
Answer: Two out of three child

Question: Some child work as guides for whom?
Answer: tourists
Child_labour

Child labour accounts for 22% of the workforce in Asia, 32% in Africa, 17% in Latin America, 1% in the US, Canada, Europe and other wealthy nations. The proportion of child labourers varies greatly among countries and even regions inside those countries. Africa has the highest percentage of children aged 5–17 employed as child labour, and a total of over 65 million. Asia, with its larger population, has the largest number of children employed as child labour at about 114 million. Latin America and Caribbean region have lower overall population density, but at 14 million child labourers has high incidence rates too.

Question: What country has the highest percentage of child labour?
Answer: Africa

Question: In Asia how many millions of children are employed?
Answer: 114

Question: Right now what percentage of children are employed in the US?
Answer: 1%

Question: Caribean and where else is there a low population of child workers?
Answer: Latin America
Child_labour

Accurate present day child labour information is difficult to obtain because of disagreements between data sources as to what constitutes child labour. In some countries, government policy contributes to this difficulty. For example, the overall extent of child labour in China is unclear due to the government categorizing child labour data as “highly secret”. China has enacted regulations to prevent child labour; still, the practice of child labour is reported to be a persistent problem within China, generally in agriculture and low-skill service sectors as well as small workshops and manufacturing enterprises.
In 2014, the U.S. Department of Labor issued a List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor where China was attributed 12 goods the majority of which were produced by both underage children and indentured labourers. The report listed electronics, garments, toys and coal among other goods.

Question: Where is present day child labour stats unclear?
Answer: China

Question: When did the U.S. produce a list of goods primarily made by child labour in China?
Answer: 2014

Question: What is the cause of diagreements in child labour numbers for present day?
Answer: data sources

Question: Chinese children have been known to make electronics, toys and what else?
Answer: garments
Child_labour

Maplecroft Child Labour Index 2012 survey reports 76 countries pose extreme child labour complicity risks for companies operating worldwide. The ten highest risk countries in 2012, ranked in decreasing order, were: Myanmar, North Korea, Somalia, Sudan, DR Congo, Zimbabwe, Afghanistan, Burundi, Pakistan and Ethiopia. Of the major growth economies, Maplecroft ranked Philippines 25th riskiest, India 27th, China 36th, Viet Nam 37th, Indonesia 46th, and Brazil 54th - all of them rated to involve extreme risks of child labour uncertainties, to corporations seeking to invest in developing world and import products from emerging markets.

Question: According to the Maplecroft Child Labour Index how many countries post risks for child labour?
Answer: 76

Question: What country is the second on the list for child labour in accordance to the Maplecroft Child Labour Index?
Answer: North Korea

Question: What was the Phillipines ranked as?
Answer: 25th

Question: Was Brazil on the list?
Answer: Brazil 54th
Child_labour

In European history when child labour was common, as well as in contemporary child labour of modern world, certain cultural beliefs have rationalised child labour and thereby encouraged it. Some view that work is good for the character-building and skill development of children. In many cultures, particular where the informal economy and small household businesses thrive, the cultural tradition is that children follow in their parents' footsteps; child labour then is a means to learn and practice that trade from a very early age. Similarly, in many cultures the education of girls is less valued or girls are simply not expected to need formal schooling, and these girls pushed into child labour such as providing domestic services.

Question: Throughout European history was child labour seen as a positive?
Answer: Some view that work is good for the character-building and skill development of children

Question: Are boys or girls more likely in some cultures to be thrown into child labour?
Answer: girls

Question: For working parents what is the value of having their children work by their side?
Answer: learn and practice that trade from a very early age

Question: Do many cultures place value of the education of a young girl?
Answer: education of girls is less valued
Child_labour

Biggeri and Mehrotra have studied the macroeconomic factors that encourage child labour. They focus their study on five Asian nations including India, Pakistan, Indonesia, Thailand and Philippines. They suggest that child labour is a serious problem in all five, but it is not a new problem. Macroeconomic causes encouraged widespread child labour across the world, over most of human history. They suggest that the causes for child labour include both the demand and the supply side. While poverty and unavailability of good schools explain the child labour supply side, they suggest that the growth of low-paying informal economy rather than higher paying formal economy is amongst the causes of the demand side. Other scholars too suggest that inflexible labour market, sise of informal economy, inability of industries to scale up and lack of modern manufacturing technologies are major macroeconomic factors affecting demand and acceptability of child labour.

Question: Biggeri and Mehrotra studied primarily Asia nations including India, Pakistan, Indonesia, Philippines and what other country?
Answer: Thailand

Question: Is child labour a new issue in these Asian countries?
Answer: not a new problem

Question: Supply and what else causes child labour to still exist today?
Answer: demand

Question: What encourages child labour across the globe?
Answer: Macroeconomic
Child_labour

Systematic use of child labour was common place in the colonies of European powers between 1650 and 1950. In Africa, colonial administrators encouraged traditional kin-ordered modes of production, that is hiring a household for work not just the adults. Millions of children worked in colonial agricultural plantations, mines and domestic service industries. Sophisticated schemes were promulgated where children in these colonies between the ages of 5–14 were hired as an apprentice without pay in exchange for learning a craft. A system of Pauper Apprenticeship came into practice in the 19th century where the colonial master neither needed the native parents' nor child's approval to assign a child to labour, away from parents, at a distant farm owned by a different colonial master. Other schemes included 'earn-and-learn' programs where children would work and thereby learn. Britain for example passed a law, the so-called Masters and Servants Act of 1899, followed by Tax and Pass Law, to encourage child labour in colonies particularly in Africa. These laws offered the native people the legal ownership to some of the native land in exchange for making labour of wife and children available to colonial government's needs such as in farms and as picannins.

Question: How many children were employed on colonial plantations?
Answer: Millions

Question: Were young apprentices hired for pay?
Answer: without pay

Question: Was child labour common in European colonies?
Answer: child labour was common place in the colonies of European

Question: What was the age range of colonial child workers?
Answer: 5–14

Question: What century did apprenticeships begin to take place?
Answer: 19th
Child_labour

In southeast Asian colonies, such as Hong Kong, child labour such as the Mui Tsai (妹仔), was rationalised as a cultural tradition and ignored by British authorities. The Dutch East India Company officials rationalised their child labour abuses with, "it is a way to save these children from a worse fate." Christian mission schools in regions stretching from Zambia to Nigeria too required work from children, and in exchange provided religious education, not secular education. Elsewhere, the Canadian Dominion Statutes in form of so-called Breaches of Contract Act, stipulated jail terms for uncooperative child workers.

Question: Where did the British turn a blind eye to child labour?
Answer: Hong Kong

Question: What schools required child labour?
Answer: Christian mission schools

Question: Did the child workers receive anything from the christian mission schools?
Answer: provided religious education

Question: What did the Canadians do to children that did not wish to work?
Answer: stipulated jail terms
Child_labour

Children working at a young age has been a consistent theme throughout Africa. Many children began first working in the home to help their parents run the family farm. Children in Africa today are often forced into exploitative labour due to family debt and other financial factors, leading to ongoing poverty. Other types of domestic child labour include working in commercial plantations, begging, and other sales such as boot shining. In total, there is an estimated five million children who are currently working in the field of agriculture which steadily increases during the time of harvest. Along with 30 percent of children who are picking coffee, there are an estimated 25,000 school age children who work year round.

Question: Where do African children find their first jobs?
Answer: home

Question: What do African children do primarily while working at home?
Answer: help their parents run the family farm

Question: How many children in Africa are working in the arigucultural sector?
Answer: estimated five million

Question: How many children in Africa pick coffee?
Answer: 30 percent

Question: How many children work year round in Africa?
Answer: estimated 25,000
Child_labour

What industries children work in depends on if they grew up in a rural area or an urban area. Children who were born in urban areas often found themselves working for street vendors, washing cars, helping in construction sites, weaving clothing, and sometimes even working as exotic dancers. While children who grew up in rural areas would work on farms doing physical labour, working with animals, and selling crops. Of all the child workers, the most serious cases involved street children and trafficked children due to the physical and emotional abuse they endured by their employers. To address the issue of child labour, the United Nations Conventions on the Rights of the Child Act was implemented in 1959. Yet due to poverty, lack of education and ignorance, the legal actions were not/are not wholly enforced or accepted in Africa.

Question: Where did children from urban areas primarily work?
Answer: street vendors, washing cars, helping in construction sites, weaving clothing, and sometimes even working as exotic dancers

Question: Where did children from rural areas work?
Answer: farms

Question: When was the United Nations Conventions on the Rights of the Child Act implemented?
Answer: 1959

Question: What was the most serious aftereffects of child labour?
Answer: physical and emotional abuse
Child_labour

Other legal factors that have been implemented to end and reduce child labour includes the global response that came into force in 1979 by the declaration of the International Year of the Child. Along with the Human Rights Committee of the United Nations, these two declarations worked on many levels to eliminate child labour. Although many actions have been taken to end this epidemic, child labour in Africa is still an issue today due to the unclear definition of adolescence and how much time is needed for children to engage in activities that are crucial for their development. Another issue that often comes into play is the link between what constitutes as child labour within the household due to the cultural acceptance of children helping run the family business. In the end, there is a consistent challenge for the national government to strengthen its grip politically on child labour, and to increase education and awareness on the issue of children working below the legal age limit. With children playing an important role in the African economy, child labour still plays an important role for many in the 20th century.

Question: What country is still an issue today with regards to child labour?
Answer: Africa

Question: What is an issue in Africa with child labour definitions?
Answer: unclear definition of adolescence

Question: In Africa what is a cultural acceptance with regards to child labour?
Answer: children helping run the family business.
Child_labour

From European settlement in 1888, child convicts were occasionally sent to Australia where they were made to work. Child labour was not as excessive in Australia as in Britain. With a low population, agricultural productivity was higher and families did not face starvation as in established industrialised countries. Australia also did not have significant industry until the later part of the 20th century when child labour laws, and compulsory schooling had developed under the influence of Britain. From the 1870s Child labour was restricted by compulsorry schooling.

Question: In 1888 what country were child convicts sent to the most?
Answer: Australia

Question: What restricted the 1870s Child labour in Australia?
Answer: compulsorry schooling

Question: Was child labour rampagnt in Australia?
Answer: Child labour was not as excessive in Australia

Question: When did industrailization take off in Australia?
Answer: 20th century
Child_labour

Child labour has been a consistent struggle for children in Brazil ever since the country was colonized on April 22, 1550 by Pedro Álvares Cabral. Work that many children took part in was not always visible, legal, or paid. Free or slave labour was a common occurrence for many youths and was a part of their everyday lives as they grew into adulthood. Yet due to there being no clear definition of how to classify what a child or youth is, there has been little historical documentation of child labour during the colonial period. Due to this lack of documentation, it is hard to determine just how many children were used for what kinds of work before the nineteenth century. The first documentation of child labour in Brazil occurred during the time of indigenous societies and slave labour where it was found that children were forcibly working on tasks that exceeded their emotional and physical limits. Armando Dias, for example, died in November 1913 whilst still very young, a victim of an electric shock when entering the textile industry where he worked. Boys and girls were victims of industrial accidents on a daily basis.

Question: When was Brazil colonized?
Answer: April 22, 1550

Question: Who colonized Brazil?
Answer: Pedro Álvares Cabral

Question: Who were the victims of industrial accidents?
Answer: Boys and girls

Question: When was child labour first documented in Brazil?
Answer: during the time of indigenous societies

Question: How did Armando Dias die?
Answer: electric shock
Child_labour

In Brazil, the minimum working age has been identified as fourteen due to continuous constitutional amendments that occurred in 1934, 1937, and 1946. Yet due to a change in the dictatorship by the military in the 80’s, the minimum age restriction was reduced to the age of twelve but was reviewed due to reports of dangerous and hazardous working conditions in 1988. This led to the minimum age being raised once again to 14. Another set of restrictions was passed in 1998 that restricted the kinds of work youth could partake in, such as work that was considered hazardous like running construction equipment, or certain kinds of factory work. Although many steps were taken to reduce the risk and occurrence of child labour, there is still a high number of children and adolescents working under the age of fourteen in Brazil. It was not until recently in the 80’s that it was discovered that almost nine million children in Brazil were working illegally and not partaking in traditional childhood activities that help to develop important life experiences.

Question: What is the min working age in Brazil?
Answer: fourteen

Question: What year was hazardous working conditions limited to children in Brazil?
Answer: 1998

Question: Is there underage children working in Brazil?
Answer: there is still a high number of children and adolescents working under the age of fourteen in Brazil

Question: In the 80's how many children were working illegally in Brazil?
Answer: almost nine million
Child_labour

Brazilian census data (PNAD, 1999) indicate that 2.55 million 10-14 year-olds were illegally holding jobs. They were joined by 3.7 million 15-17 year-olds and about 375,000 5-9 year-olds. Due to the raised age restriction of 14, at least half of the recorded young workers had been employed illegally which lead to many not being protect by important labour laws. Although substantial time has passed since the time of regulated child labour, there is still a large number of children working illegally in Brazil. Many children are used by drug cartels to sell and carry drugs, guns, and other illegal substances because of their perception of innocence. This type of work that youth are taking part in is very dangerous due to the physical and psychological implications that come with these jobs. Yet despite the hazards that come with working with drug dealers, there has been an increase in this area of employment throughout the country.

Question: In 1999 how many children were working illegally in Brazil?
Answer: 2.55 million

Question: What do drug cartels do with child workers?
Answer: sell and carry drugs, guns, and other illegal substances

Question: What are the risks of child labour in drug cartels?
Answer: physical and psychological implications

Question: Has these dangers caused and increase or decrease in child labour with drug cartels?
Answer: an increase
Child_labour

Many factors played a role in Britain’s long-term economic growth, such as the industrial revolution in the late 1700s and the prominent presence of child labour during the industrial age. Children who worked at an early age were often not forced; but did so because they needed to help their family survive financially. Due to poor employment opportunities for many parents, sending their children to work on farms and in factories was a way to help feed and support the family. Child Labour first started to occur in England when household businesses were turned into local labour markets that mass-produced the once homemade goods. Because children often helped produce the goods out of their homes, working in a factory to make those same goods was a simple change for many of these youths. Although there are many counts of children under the age of ten working for factories, the majority of children workers were between the ages of ten and fourteen. This age range was an important time for many youths as they were first helping to provide for their families; while also transitioning to save for their own future families.

Question: If not forced why did children work?
Answer: to help feed and support the family

Question: What was the age of the majority of child workers in Britain?
Answer: between the ages of ten and fourteen

Question: Why was this age range important?
Answer: they were first helping to provide for their families; while also transitioning to save for their own future families

Question: How were the work oppurtunies for parents during this time period?
Answer: poor