Divyanshu67/squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
Neoclassical_architecture

At the same time the Empire style in France was a more grandiose wave of neoclassicism in architecture and the decorative arts. Mainly based on Imperial Roman styles, it originated in, and took its name from, the rule of Napoleon I in the First French Empire, where it was intended to idealize Napoleon's leadership and the French state. The style corresponds to the more bourgeois Biedermeier style in the German-speaking lands, Federal style in the United States, the Regency style in Britain, and the Napoleonstil in Sweden. According to the art historian Hugh Honour "so far from being, as is sometimes supposed, the culmination of the Neo-classical movement, the Empire marks its rapid decline and transformation back once more into a mere antique revival, drained of all the high-minded ideas and force of conviction that had inspired its masterpieces".

Question: How would the Empire style of France be characterized by comparison?
Answer: more grandiose

Question: What was the origination of the Imperial Roman Style?
Answer: Napoleon I

Question: What was the corresponding style to Empire in Britain?
Answer: Regency

Question: In the US, the style during this time of Neoclassical Empire was known as what?
Answer: Federal style

Question: What neoclassic style in France was less grandiose?

Question: What took its name from the wall of Napoleon the second?

Question: What did the colonial style in the United States correspond to?

Question: What did Hugh Honour see as the culmination of the neoclassical movement?
Neoclassical_architecture

High neoclassicism was an international movement. Though neoclassical architecture employed the same classical vocabulary as Late Baroque architecture, it tended to emphasize its planar qualities, rather than sculptural volumes. Projections and recessions and their effects of light and shade were more flat; sculptural bas-reliefs were flatter and tended to be enframed in friezes, tablets or panels. Its clearly articulated individual features were isolated rather than interpenetrating, autonomous and complete in themselves.

Question: What other architecture style did neoclassical share similarities and vocabulary?
Answer: Late Baroque architecture

Question: What qualities were more emphasized in neoclassical versus Baroque?
Answer: planar qualities, rather than sculptural volumes

Question: In addition to being flatter, how were individual features handled with neoclasic?
Answer: isolated rather than interpenetrating

Question: How broad was the reach of high neoclassicism?
Answer: international movement

Question: What was a national movement?

Question: What used a different vocabulary then late Baroque architecture?

Question: What emphasized its sculptural volumes?

Question: What architectural features had a less flat effect on light and shade?

Question: What architectural style had less isolated features?
Neoclassical_architecture

Neoclassicism also influenced city planning; the ancient Romans had used a consolidated scheme for city planning for both defence and civil convenience, however, the roots of this scheme go back to even older civilizations. At its most basic, the grid system of streets, a central forum with city services, two main slightly wider boulevards, and the occasional diagonal street were characteristic of the very logical and orderly Roman design. Ancient façades and building layouts were oriented to these city design patterns and they tended to work in proportion with the importance of public buildings.

Question: What ancient civilization utilized neoclassicism in city planning?
Answer: ancient Romans

Question: What basic civil planning system for streets is rooted in neoclassicism?
Answer: grid system

Question: What are 2 benefits of leveraging neoclassicism for civil planning?
Answer: very logical and orderly

Question: What kind of planning was influenced by classical architecture?

Question: Why did Roman use and open ordered scheme for city planning?

Question: What kind of city planning began with the Romans?

Question: What type of city design frequently used diagonal streets?

Question: What was oriented towards the importance of public buildings?
Neoclassical_architecture

From the middle of the 18th century, exploration and publication changed the course of British architecture towards a purer vision of the Ancient Greco-Roman ideal. James 'Athenian' Stuart's work The Antiquities of Athens and Other Monuments of Greece was very influential in this regard, as were Robert Wood's Palmyra and Baalbec. A combination of simple forms and high levels of enrichment was adopted by the majority of contemporary British architects and designers. The revolution begun by Stuart was soon to be eclipsed by the work of the Adam Brothers, James Wyatt, Sir William Chambers, George Dance, James Gandon and provincially based architects such as John Carr and Thomas Harrison of Chester.

Question: What direction did British architecture go in mid 18th century?
Answer: Ancient Greco-Roman ideal

Question: What were Robert Wood's influential Greek monuments from mid 18th century?
Answer: Palmyra and Baalbec

Question: Who began the revolution of Greek influenced architecture in Britain?
Answer: James 'Athenian' Stuart

Question: What brothers were instrumental in this Greek movement of neoclassicism?
Answer: Adam Brothers

Question: What changed the course of British architecture starting in the mid-1800s?

Question: What move towards a less pure form of Greco-Roman architecture during the eighteenth century?

Question: Who adopted a combination of complex forms and high levels of enrichment?

Question: What revolution was begun by the Adams brothers?

Question: Where were architects like George dance based?
Neoclassical_architecture

In the early 20th century, the writings of Albert Richardson were responsible for a re-awakening of interest in pure neoclassical design. Vincent Harris (compare Harris's colonnaded and domed interior of Manchester Central Reference Library to the colonnaded and domed interior by John Carr and R R Duke), Bradshaw Gass & Hope and Percy Thomas were among those who designed public buildings in the neoclassical style in the interwar period. In the British Raj in India, Sir Edwin Lutyens' monumental city planning for New Delhi marked the sunset of neoclassicism. In Scotland and the north of England, where the Gothic Revival was less strong, architects continued to develop the neoclassical style of William Henry Playfair. The works of Cuthbert Brodrick and Alexander Thomson show that by the end of the 19th century the results could be powerful and eccentric.

Question: What author's 20th century writing caused interest in pure neoclassical design?
Answer: Albert Richardson

Question: In what period did Percy Thomas design public building in neoclassical?
Answer: interwar period

Question: Sir Edwin Lutyens' city planning in what city marked a shift in design?
Answer: New Delhi

Question: What new design was trending after neoclassical?
Answer: Gothic Revival

Question: Who reawakened interest in pure neoclassical design in the 2000's?

Question: What type of building did Vincent Harris design during the interwar period?

Question: Planning for what city marked the rise of neoclassicism?

Question: What other area besides England experienced a strong Gothic revival?

Question: What style was powerful and eccentric by the end of the 1900s?
Neoclassical_architecture

The first phase of neoclassicism in France is expressed in the "Louis XVI style" of architects like Ange-Jacques Gabriel (Petit Trianon, 1762–68); the second phase, in the styles called Directoire and "Empire", might be characterized by Jean Chalgrin's severe astylar Arc de Triomphe (designed in 1806). In England the two phases might be characterized first by the structures of Robert Adam, the second by those of Sir John Soane. The interior style in France was initially a Parisian style, the "Goût grec" ("Greek style") not a court style. Only when the young king acceded to the throne in 1771 did Marie Antoinette, his fashion-loving Queen, bring the "Louis XVI" style to court.

Question: What is the name of the first wave of neoclassicism in France?
Answer: Louis XVI style

Question: France's second phase of neoclassic is known as what?
Answer: Directoire and "Empire"

Question: What architect typifies the first style of neoclassical in England?
Answer: Robert Adam

Question: Structure of whom characterize England's second phase of neoclassical?
Answer: Sir John Soane

Question: Who styled the court in France for more modern design after 1771?
Answer: Marie Antoinette

Question: What style marked the first phase of neoclassicism in continental Europe?

Question: What style replace neoclassicism in 1806?

Question: What style was originally a court style and not a Parisien style?

Question: What King brought the Louis XVI style to court?
Neoclassical_architecture

What little there was, started with Charles de Wailly's crypt in the church of St Leu-St Gilles (1773–80), and Claude Nicolas Ledoux's Barriere des Bonshommes (1785–89). First-hand evidence of Greek architecture was of very little importance to the French, due to the influence of Marc-Antoine Laugier's doctrines that sought to discern the principles of the Greeks instead of their mere practices. It would take until Laboustre's Neo-Grec of the second Empire for the Greek revival to flower briefly in France.

Question: What is the earliest example of Greek architecture in France?
Answer: Charles de Wailly's crypt in the church of St Leu-St Gilles (1773–80

Question: How concerned was France with Greek architecture?
Answer: Greek architecture was of very little importance to the French

Question: Who's influence brought about Greek revival in France?
Answer: Laboustre

Question: In which wave of neoclassical was the greek revival in France?
Answer: second Empire

Question: Who consider first-hand evidence of Greek architecture very important?

Question: What sought to discern the practices of the Greeks?

Question: What revival flourished in France?

Question: What started with the crypt of Claude Nicholas Ludoux?
Neoclassical_architecture

The earliest examples of neoclassical architecture in Hungary may be found in Vác. In this town the triumphal arch and the neoclassical façade of the baroque Cathedral were designed by the French architect Isidor Marcellus Amandus Ganneval (Isidore Canevale) in the 1760s. Also the work of a French architect Charles Moreau is the garden façade of the Esterházy Palace (1797–1805) in Kismarton (today Eisenstadt in Austria). The two principal architect of Neoclassicism in Hungary was Mihály Pollack and József Hild. Pollack's major work is the Hungarian National Museum (1837–1844). Hild is famous for his designs for the Cathedral of Eger and Esztergom.

Question: In what town is the oldest neoclassical architecture in Hungary?
Answer: Vác

Question: What French architect designed important neoclassical structures in 1760s?
Answer: Isidor Marcellus Amandus Ganneval

Question: Who designed the Esterhazy Palace?
Answer: Charles Moreau

Question: Who is famous for Cathedral Eger and Esztergom?
Answer: József Hild

Question: What is one of the last examples of neoclassical architecture and hungry

Question: What French architect designed Hungarian Cathedral in the seventeenth century?

Question: Charles Moreau was a chief architect of what you hungry?

Question: What two cathedrals did Pollack design and hungry
Neoclassical_architecture

Neoclassical architecture was introduced in Malta in the late 18th century, during the final years of Hospitaller rule. Early examples include the Bibliotheca (1786), the De Rohan Arch (1798) and the Hompesch Gate (1801). However, neoclassical architecture only became popular in Malta following the establishment of British rule in the early 19th century. In 1814, a neoclassical portico decorated with the British coat of arms was added to the Main Guard building so as to serve as a symbol of British Malta. Other 19th century neoclassical buildings include RNH Bighi (1832), St Paul's Pro-Cathedral (1844), the Rotunda of Mosta (1860) and the now destroyed Royal Opera House (1866).

Question: When was Malta introduced to neoclassical architecture?
Answer: late 18th century

Question: What was the ruler at the time of neoclassical introduction?
Answer: Hospitaller

Question: When was RNH Bighi built?
Answer: 1832

Question: In what year did the St Paul's Pro-Cathedral get built? 
Answer: 1844

Question: What was introduced in Malta in the late 1800s?

Question: What became unpopular in Malta following the establishment of British rule?

Question: Who was the ruler of Malta following the neoclassical period?

Question: Who ruled Malta in the 1900s?
Neoclassical_architecture

As of the first decade of the 21st century, contemporary neoclassical architecture is usually classed under the umbrella term of New Classical Architecture. Sometimes it is also referred to as Neo-Historicism/Revivalism, Traditionalism or simply neoclassical architecture like the historical style. For sincere traditional-style architecture that sticks to regional architecture, materials and craftsmanship, the term Traditional Architecture (or vernacular) is mostly used. The Driehaus Architecture Prize is awarded to major contributors in the field of 21st century traditional or classical architecture, and comes with a prize money twice as high as that of the modernist Pritzker Prize.

Question: In what are of architecture is neoclassical currently classed?
Answer: New Classical Architecture

Question: What is the term for sincere traditional-style architecture that sticks to regional architecture?
Answer: Traditional Architecture

Question: What is the award for major contributions to traditional of classical architecture in 21st century?
Answer: The Driehaus Architecture Prize

Question: What is another name for New Classical Architecture?
Answer: Neo-Historicism/Revivalism, Traditionalism

Question: What was neoclassicism classified under starting in the twentieth century?

Question: What is new classical architecture also referred to as

Question: What refers to architecture that uses a wide variety of materials and craftsmanship from different regions?

Question: What is awarded to architects who contribute to 21st-century classical architecture?
Neoclassical_architecture

After a lull during the period of modern architectural dominance (roughly post-World War II until the mid-1980s), neoclassicism has seen somewhat of a resurgence. This rebirth can be traced to the movement of New Urbanism and postmodern architecture's embrace of classical elements as ironic, especially in light of the dominance of Modernism. While some continued to work with classicism as ironic, some architects such as Thomas Gordon Smith, began to consider classicism seriously. While some schools had interest in classical architecture, such as the University of Virginia, no school was purely dedicated to classical architecture. In the early 1990s a program in classical architecture was started by Smith and Duncan Stroik at the University of Notre Dame that continues successfully. Programs at the University of Miami, Andrews University, Judson University and The Prince's Foundation for Building Community have trained a number of new classical architects since this resurgence. Today one can find numerous buildings embracing neoclassical style, since a generation of architects trained in this discipline shapes urban planning.

Question: When was the lull in neoclassical architecture?
Answer: roughly post-World War II until the mid-1980s

Question: What is the movement that caused resurgence of neoclassicism?
Answer: New Urbanism

Question: Many post modern designs feature classic elements in what way?
Answer: ironic

Question: What recent architect began to take elements of classicism seriously?
Answer: Thomas Gordon Smith

Question: What type of architecture flourished from post-World War I until the big 1980s?

Question: What two types of architecture saw a rebirth due to neoclassicism?

Question: What did Thomas Gordon Smith treat as ironic?

Question: What university was purely dedicated to classical architecture?

Question: Why does modernism shape urban planning?
Neoclassical_architecture

In Britain a number of architects are active in the neoclassical style. Two new university Libraries, Quinlan Terry's Maitland Robinson Library at Downing College and ADAM Architecture's Sackler Library illustrate that the approach taken can range from the traditional, in the former case, to the unconventional, in the latter case. Recently, Prince Charles came under controversy for promoting a classically designed development on the land of the former Chelsea Barracks in London. Writing to the Qatari Royal family (who were funding the development through the property development company Qatari Diar) he condemned the accepted modernist plans, instead advocating a classical approach. His appeal was met with success and the plans were withdrawn. A new design by architecture house Dixon Jones is currently being drafted.

Question: Who has stirred controversy for development and design of Chelsea Barracks?
Answer: Prince Charles

Question: What family was funding the development of former Chelsea Barracks?
Answer: Qatari Royal family

Question: What new library illustrates the traditional style of neoclassicism?
Answer: Quinlan Terry's Maitland Robinson Library at Downing College

Question: What is the name of the library that illustrates the unconventional style of neoclassical?
Answer: ADAM Architecture's Sackler Library

Question: Is neoclassical design current in Britain?
Answer: a number of architects are active in the neoclassical

Question: What country has a number of architects active in the Roman Greco style?

Question: What architectural style is always traditional?

Question: Who promoted a modern design for development on the former Chelsea barracks?

Question: What building project was being funded by the British Royal family?
Serbo-Croatian

South Slavic dialects historically formed a continuum. The turbulent history of the area, particularly due to expansion of the Ottoman Empire, resulted in a patchwork of dialectal and religious differences. Due to population migrations, Shtokavian became the most widespread in the western Balkans, intruding westwards into the area previously occupied by Chakavian and Kajkavian (which further blend into Slovenian in the northwest). Bosniaks, Croats and Serbs differ in religion and were historically often part of different cultural circles, although a large part of the nations have lived side by side under foreign overlords. During that period, the language was referred to under a variety of names, such as "Slavic", "Illyrian", or according to region, "Bosnian", "Serbian" and "Croatian", the latter often in combination with "Slavonian" or "Dalmatian".

Question: What were some of the names given to language during period of foreign control?
Answer: "Slavic", "Illyrian", or according to region, "Bosnian", "Serbian" and "Croatian"

Question: What specific historical event caused a group of religious and verbal differences in South Slavic dialect?
Answer: expansion of the Ottoman Empire

Question: Why was Shtokavian the most widespread culture in the western Balkans? 
Answer: population migrations

Question: What was historically formed by the Ottoman Empire?

Question: What happened due to expansion of Shtokavian?

Question: Due to population change, what became widespread in Kajkavian?

Question: What dialect went into the area previously occupied by Bosniaks and Croats?

Question: What was the Ottoman Empire often a part of?
Serbo-Croatian

Serbo-Croatian was standardized in the mid-19th-century Vienna Literary Agreement by Croatian and Serbian writers and philologists, decades before a Yugoslav state was established. From the very beginning, there were slightly different literary Serbian and Croatian standards, although both were based on the same Shtokavian subdialect, Eastern Herzegovinian. In the 20th century, Serbo-Croatian served as the official language of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia (when it was called "Serbo-Croato-Slovenian"), and later as one of the official languages of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. The breakup of Yugoslavia affected language attitudes, so that social conceptions of the language separated on ethnic and political lines. Since the breakup of Yugoslavia, Bosnian has likewise been established as an official standard in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and there is an ongoing movement to codify a separate Montenegrin standard. Serbo-Croatian thus generally goes by the ethnic names Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian, and sometimes Montenegrin and Bunjevac.

Question: What were both Serbian and Croation standards based on?
Answer: Shtokavian subdialect, Eastern Herzegovinian

Question: Which language officially served the Kingdom of Yugoslavia?
Answer: Serbo-Croatian

Question: What ethnic names does Serbo-Croatian associate with?
Answer: Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian, and sometimes Montenegrin and Bunjevac

Question: In what year was a Yugoslav state standardized?

Question: What agreement helped standardize Eastern Herzegovinian?

Question: What were Yugoaslav and Bosnian standards based on?

Question: In the mid 19th century what was the official language of Yugoslavia?

Question: How did the break-up of Croatia affect the language?
Serbo-Croatian

Like other South Slavic languages, Serbo-Croatian has a simple phonology, with the common five-vowel system and twenty-five consonants. Its grammar evolved from Common Slavic, with complex inflection, preserving seven grammatical cases in nouns, pronouns, and adjectives. Verbs exhibit imperfective or perfective aspect, with a moderately complex tense system. Serbo-Croatian is a pro-drop language with flexible word order, subject–verb–object being the default. It can be written in Serbian Cyrillic or Gaj's Latin alphabet, whose thirty letters mutually map one-to-one, and the orthography is highly phonemic in all standards.

Question: How many vowels does the Serbo-Croatian language have?
Answer: five

Question: How many consonants does the Serbo-Croatian language have?
Answer: twenty-five

Question: From where does Serbo-Croatian derive its grammar?
Answer: Common Slavic

Question: Which alphabets can be used to express the Serbo-Croatian language?
Answer: Serbian Cyrillic or Gaj's Latin

Question: What kind of phonology does Serbian Cyrillic have?

Question: How many consonants are in Gaj's Latin alphabet?

Question: Where did Serbian Cyrillic evolve from?

Question: What kind of word order does Gaj's latin alphabet have?

Question: Name another language that Common Slavic can be written in besides Serbian Cyrillic?
Serbo-Croatian

Throughout the history of the South Slavs, the vernacular, literary, and written languages (e.g. Chakavian, Kajkavian, Shtokavian) of the various regions and ethnicities developed and diverged independently. Prior to the 19th century, they were collectively called "Illyric", "Slavic", "Slavonian", "Bosnian", "Dalmatian", "Serbian" or "Croatian". As such, the term Serbo-Croatian was first used by Jacob Grimm in 1824, popularized by the Vienna philologist Jernej Kopitar in the following decades, and accepted by Croatian Zagreb grammarians in 1854 and 1859. At that time, Serb and Croat lands were still part of the Ottoman and Austrian Empires. Officially, the language was called variously Serbo-Croat, Croato-Serbian, Serbian and Croatian, Croatian and Serbian, Serbian or Croatian, Croatian or Serbian. Unofficially, Serbs and Croats typically called the language "Serbian" or "Croatian", respectively, without implying a distinction between the two, and again in independent Bosnia and Herzegovina, "Bosnian", "Croatian", and "Serbian" were considered to be three names of a single official language. Croatian linguist Dalibor Brozović advocated the term Serbo-Croatian as late as 1988, claiming that in an analogy with Indo-European, Serbo-Croatian does not only name the two components of the same language, but simply charts the limits of the region in which it is spoken and includes everything between the limits (‘Bosnian’ and ‘Montenegrin’). Today, use of the term "Serbo-Croatian" is controversial due to the prejudice that nation and language must match. It is still used for lack of a succinct alternative, though alternative names have been used, such as Bosnian/Croatian/Serbian (BCS), which is often seen in political contexts such as the Hague War Crimes tribunal.

Question: Did South Slav languages develop coherently or independently?
Answer: independently

Question: What were the names given to the various dialects predating the 19th century?
Answer: "Illyric", "Slavic", "Slavonian", "Bosnian", "Dalmatian", "Serbian" or "Croatian"

Question: Who first used the term Serbo-Croatian in 1824?
Answer: Jacob Grimm

Question: For what reason is the term "Serbo-Croatian" controversial today?
Answer: prejudice that nation and language must match

Question: In 1854 and 1859 what were slavic languages called?

Question: Prior to the 19th century what term was used by Jacob Grimm?

Question: What was the language unofficialy known as according to the Ottoman emprire?

Question: What were the three names of a single official langugae in independent Montenegrin?

Question: What Croatian linguist supported the term Serbo-Croatian in 1824?
Serbo-Croatian

In the mid-19th century, Serbian (led by self-taught writer and folklorist Vuk Stefanović Karadžić) and most Croatian writers and linguists (represented by the Illyrian movement and led by Ljudevit Gaj and Đuro Daničić), proposed the use of the most widespread dialect, Shtokavian, as the base for their common standard language. Karadžić standardised the Serbian Cyrillic alphabet, and Gaj and Daničić standardized the Croatian Latin alphabet, on the basis of vernacular speech phonemes and the principle of phonological spelling. In 1850 Serbian and Croatian writers and linguists signed the Vienna Literary Agreement, declaring their intention to create a unified standard. Thus a complex bi-variant language appeared, which the Serbs officially called "Serbo-Croatian" or "Serbian or Croatian" and the Croats "Croato-Serbian", or "Croatian or Serbian". Yet, in practice, the variants of the conceived common literary language served as different literary variants, chiefly differing in lexical inventory and stylistic devices. The common phrase describing this situation was that Serbo-Croatian or "Croatian or Serbian" was a single language. During the Austro-Hungarian occupation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the language of all three nations was called "Bosnian" until the death of administrator von Kállay in 1907, at which point the name was changed to "Serbo-Croatian".

Question: Which dialect did writers and linguists of both Serbian and Croatian backgrounds wish to use as their common standard language?
Answer: Shtokavian

Question: Why was Shtokavian suggested as a common language base?
Answer: most widespread dialect

Question: What 1850 document formally declared the intent to create a unified standard?
Answer: Vienna Literary Agreement

Question: After whose death in 1907 was the "Bosnian" name changed to "Serbo-Creation"?
Answer: administrator von Kállay

Question: In 1850 what dialect did Serbian and Croatian writers propose to use as a standard language?

Question: What did Ljudevit Gaj standardize in the Serbian language?

Question: On what basis was Shtokavian standardized?

Question: In the mid 19th century who signed the Vienna Literary Agreement?

Question: What did the signers of the Shtokavian declare?
Serbo-Croatian

West European scientists judge the Yugoslav language policy as an exemplary one: although three-quarters of the population spoke one language, no single language was official on a federal level. Official languages were declared only at the level of constituent republics and provinces, and very generously: Vojvodina had five (among them Slovak and Romanian, spoken by 0.5 per cent of the population), and Kosovo four (Albanian, Turkish, Romany and Serbo-Croatian). Newspapers, radio and television studios used sixteen languages, fourteen were used as languages of tuition in schools, and nine at universities. Only the Yugoslav Army used Serbo-Croatian as the sole language of command, with all other languages represented in the army’s other activities—however, this is not different from other armies of multilingual states, or in other specific institutions, such as international air traffic control where English is used worldwide. All variants of Serbo-Croatian were used in state administration and republican and federal institutions. Both Serbian and Croatian variants were represented in respectively different grammar books, dictionaries, school textbooks and in books known as pravopis (which detail spelling rules). Serbo-Croatian was a kind of soft standardisation. However, legal equality could not dampen the prestige Serbo-Croatian had: since it was the language of three quarters of the population, it functioned as an unofficial lingua franca. And within Serbo-Croatian, the Serbian variant, with twice as many speakers as the Croatian, enjoyed greater prestige, reinforced by the fact that Slovene and Macedonian speakers preferred it to the Croatian variant because their languages are also Ekavian. This is a common situation in other pluricentric languages, e.g. the variants of German differ according to their prestige, the variants of Portuguese too. Moreover, all languages differ in terms of prestige: "the fact is that languages (in terms of prestige, learnability etc.) are not equal, and the law cannot make them equal".

Question: What is the term used for books that lay out spelling rules?
Answer: pravopis

Question: Which language was that of 3/4 of the population?
Answer: Serbo-Croatian

Question: Of the two Serbo-Croatian variants, which had twice as many speakers as the other?
Answer: Serbian

Question: How many languages do West European scientists use?

Question: Where were all variants of Albanian used?

Question: What does the Yougoslav Army think of Yugoslav language policy?

Question: At what level was Yougoslav language policy declared?

Question: What percentage of the population in Turkey spoke Slovak and Romanian?
Serbo-Croatian

Like most Slavic languages, there are mostly three genders for nouns: masculine, feminine, and neuter, a distinction which is still present even in the plural (unlike Russian and, in part, the Čakavian dialect). They also have two numbers: singular and plural. However, some consider there to be three numbers (paucal or dual, too), since (still preserved in closely related Slovene) after two (dva, dvije/dve), three (tri) and four (četiri), and all numbers ending in them (e.g. twenty-two, ninety-three, one hundred four) the genitive singular is used, and after all other numbers five (pet) and up, the genitive plural is used. (The number one [jedan] is treated as an adjective.) Adjectives are placed in front of the noun they modify and must agree in both case and number with it.

Question: What three noun genders does Serbo-Croatian have?
Answer: masculine, feminine, and neuter

Question: Where are adjectives properly placed in the Serbo-Croatian language?
Answer: in front of the noun they modify

Question: Which number in the Serbo-Croatian language is treated as an adjective?
Answer: one [jedan]

Question: What three genders does Slovene have?

Question: What type of numbers are in Russian?

Question: What are the three numbers treated as in Slavic languages?

Question: In Russian where are adjectives placed?

Question: In Slavic languages what must singular and plural numbers do when in front of a noun?
Serbo-Croatian

Comparative and historical linguistics offers some clues for memorising the accent position: If one compares many standard Serbo-Croatian words to e.g. cognate Russian words, the accent in the Serbo-Croatian word will be one syllable before the one in the Russian word, with the rising tone. Historically, the rising tone appeared when the place of the accent shifted to the preceding syllable (the so-called "Neoshtokavian retraction"), but the quality of this new accent was different – its melody still "gravitated" towards the original syllable. Most Shtokavian dialects (Neoshtokavian) dialects underwent this shift, but Chakavian, Kajkavian and the Old Shtokavian dialects did not.

Question: What is the term used when shifing the acent to the next preceding syllable?
Answer: "Neoshtokavian retraction"

Question: Which dialects did not follow the Neoshtokavian retraction?
Answer: Chakavian, Kajkavian and the Old Shtokavian

Question: Where can one look for memorization clues concerning accent positions?
Answer: Comparative and historical linguistics

Question: What is the term used for shifting towards the orginal syllable?

Question: When did the quality of the accent appear historically?

Question: What offers some clues for how dialects were different?

Question: What did Chakavian, Kajkavian and Old Shtokavian follow?

Question: What was different about the sound of historical linguistics?
Serbo-Croatian

The Croatian Latin alphabet (Gajica) followed suit shortly afterwards, when Ljudevit Gaj defined it as standard Latin with five extra letters that had diacritics, apparently borrowing much from Czech, but also from Polish, and inventing the unique digraphs "lj", "nj" and "dž". These digraphs are represented as "ļ, ń and ǵ" respectively in the "Rječnik hrvatskog ili srpskog jezika", published by the former Yugoslav Academy of Sciences and Arts in Zagreb. The latter digraphs, however, are unused in the literary standard of the language. All in all, this makes Serbo-Croatian the only Slavic language to officially use both the Latin and Cyrillic scripts, albeit the Latin version is more commonly used.

Question: Serbo-Croatian is the only Slavic language to use what two scripts together?
Answer: Latin and Cyrillic

Question: Which version, Latin or Cyrillic, is most commonly used?
Answer: Latin

Question: How many extra letters does the Croatian Latin alphabet have?
Answer: five

Question: How did Ljudevit Gaj define the Cyrillic alphabet?

Question: How often is the Zagreb script used?

Question: What is standard Latin represented as in the Rjecnik hrvatskog ili srpskog jezika?

Question: What group published the Latin and Cyrillic scripts?

Question: How is Polish used in the literary standard?
Serbo-Croatian

South Slavic historically formed a dialect continuum, i.e. each dialect has some similarities with the neighboring one, and differences grow with distance. However, migrations from the 16th to 18th centuries resulting from the spread of Ottoman Empire on the Balkans have caused large-scale population displacement that broke the dialect continuum into many geographical pockets. Migrations in the 20th century, primarily caused by urbanization and wars, also contributed to the reduction of dialectal differences.

Question: What is a dialect continuum?
Answer: each dialect has some similarities with the neighboring one, and differences grow with distance.

Question: What caused the dialect continuum to become fractured?
Answer: migrations from the 16th to 18th centuries resulting from the spread of Ottoman Empire on the Balkans

Question: Contrary to the 16th and 18th centuries, what caused migrations in the 20th century?
Answer: urbanization and wars

Question: What did the spread of the Ottoman Empire in the 20th century contribute to?

Question: What are two characteristics of urbanization?

Question: What did the Balkans create historically?

Question: What did wars cause from the 16th to 18th centuries?

Question: What broke urbanization into many geographical pockets?
Serbo-Croatian

The Serbo-Croatian dialects differ not only in the question word they are named after, but also heavily in phonology, accentuation and intonation, case endings and tense system (morphology) and basic vocabulary. In the past, Chakavian and Kajkavian dialects were spoken on a much larger territory, but have been replaced by Štokavian during the period of migrations caused by Ottoman Turkish conquest of the Balkans in the 15th and the 16th centuries. These migrations caused the koinéisation of the Shtokavian dialects, that used to form the West Shtokavian (more closer and transitional towards the neighbouring Chakavian and Kajkavian dialects) and East Shtokavian (transitional towards the Torlakian and the whole Bulgaro-Macedonian area) dialect bundles, and their subsequent spread at the expense of Chakavian and Kajkavian. As a result, Štokavian now covers an area larger than all the other dialects combined, and continues to make its progress in the enclaves where non-literary dialects are still being spoken.

Question: Which dialect covers more area than all other dialects combined?
Answer: Štokavian

Question: What is morphology to a language?
Answer: tense system

Question: What has caused Stokavian to become more widely spoken?
Answer: migrations caused by Ottoman Turkish conquest of the Balkans

Question: What have Chakavian and Kajkavian dialects replaced?

Question: What are three ways that Kajkavian dialects differ?

Question: In the past where were Ottoman Turkish languages spoken?

Question: What area does Chakavian cover after Ottoman Turkish conquests of the Balkans?

Question: What language is progressing in the Balkans where non-literary dialects are spoken?
Serbo-Croatian

Enisa Kafadar argues that there is only one Serbo-Croatian language with several varieties. This has made possible to include all four varieties into a new grammar book. Daniel Bunčić concludes that it is a pluricentric language, with four standard variants spoken in Serbia, Croatia, Montenegro and Bosnia and Herzegovina. The mutual intelligibility between their speakers "exceeds that between the standard variants of English, French, German, or Spanish". Other linguists have argued that the differences between the variants of Serbo-Croatian are less significant than those between the variants of English, German,, Dutch, and Hindi-Urdu.

Question: How many standard variants of the Serbo-Croatian are spoken?
Answer: four

Question: In which areas are the four standard Serbo-Croatian variants spoken?
Answer: Serbia, Croatia, Montenegro and Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Question: Who concluded that Serbo-Croatian is a pluricentric language?
Answer: Daniel Bunčić

Question: Who believes Serbo-Croatian is one language with multiple variants?
Answer: Enisa Kafadar

Question: What do the Dutch argue about language?

Question: What is the conclustion by Hindi-Urdu about Serbo-Croation language?

Question: How many varieties does Enisa Kafadar aruge there are in Hindi-Urdu?

Question: What is incluced into a new pluricentric language?

Question: Where are four variants of English spoken?
Serbo-Croatian

The opinion of the majority of Croatian linguists[citation needed] is that there has never been a Serbo-Croatian language, but two different standard languages that overlapped sometime in the course of history. However, Croatian linguist Snježana Kordić has been leading an academic discussion on that issue in the Croatian journal Književna republika from 2001 to 2010. In the discussion, she shows that linguistic criteria such as mutual intelligibility, huge overlap in linguistic system, and the same dialectic basis of standard language provide evidence that Croatian, Serbian, Bosnian and Montenegrin are four national variants of the pluricentric Serbo-Croatian language. Igor Mandić states: "During the last ten years, it has been the longest, the most serious and most acrid discussion (…) in 21st-century Croatian culture". Inspired by that discussion, a monograph on language and nationalism has been published.

Question: Is it the majority or minority opinion that two different standard languages existed and overlapped at some historical point?
Answer: majority

Question: Who stated that the argument between pluricentric or dual standard classifications has been the "longest, most serious, and most acrid discussion in 21st century Croatian culture?"
Answer: Igor Mandić

Question: Which Croatian linguist agrees with Igor Mandic and feels that Serbo-Croatian language is pluricentric?
Answer: Croatian linguist Snježana Kordić

Question: What is the opinion of the Croatian journal Knjizevna repulika about the Serban-Croatian language?

Question: What criteria shows that Mandic is one of four language variants?

Question: According to Snjezana Kordic how long has the language discussion lasted?

Question: What has been published based on mutual intelligibility?

Question: What is the opinion of most Bosnian linguists?
Serbo-Croatian

The topic of language for writers from Dalmatia and Dubrovnik prior to the 19th century made a distinction only between speakers of Italian or Slavic, since those were the two main groups that inhabited Dalmatian city-states at that time. Whether someone spoke Croatian or Serbian was not an important distinction then, as the two languages were not distinguished by most speakers. This has been used as an argument to state that Croatian literature Croatian per se, but also includes Serbian and other languages that are part of Serbo-Croatian, These facts undermine the Croatian language proponents' argument that modern-day Croatian is based on a language called Old Croatian.

Question: Which language groups lived in Dalmation city-states prior to the 19th century?
Answer: Italian or Slavic

Question: Today's Croatian language has its roots in what other language?
Answer: Old Croatian

Question: Prior to the 19th century, why was it irrelevant whether a person spoke Croatian or Serbian?
Answer: two languages were not distinguished by most speakers

Question: What language is modern day Dalmatian based on?

Question: What did writers from Croatian literature make a distinction between prior to the 19th century?

Question: Prior to the 19th century where did Croatians and Serbians live?

Question: What two city states were not distinguished by most speakers prior to the 9th century?

Question: What is undermined by facts about Dalmatia and Dubrovnik?
Serbo-Croatian

However, most intellectuals and writers from Dalmatia who used the Štokavian dialect and practiced the Catholic faith saw themselves as part of a Croatian nation as far back as the mid-16th to 17th centuries, some 300 years before Serbo-Croatian ideology appeared. Their loyalty was first and foremost to Catholic Christendom, but when they professed an ethnic identity, they referred to themselves as "Slovin" and "Illyrian" (a sort of forerunner of Catholic baroque pan-Slavism) and Croat – these 30-odd writers over the span of c. 350 years always saw themselves as Croats first and never as part of a Serbian nation. It should also be noted that, in the pre-national era, Catholic religious orientation did not necessarily equate with Croat ethnic identity in Dalmatia. A Croatian follower of Vuk Karadžić, Ivan Broz, noted that for a Dalmatian to identify oneself as a Serb was seen as foreign as identifying oneself as Macedonian or Greek. Vatroslav Jagić pointed out in 1864:

Question: To which group did the people of the Catholic faith refer to themselves primarily?
Answer: Catholic Christendom

Question: After allowing for their religion, did the people of the Catholic faith see themselves as Serbian or Croatian?
Answer: Croatian

Question: Ivan Broz stated that a Dalmatian identifiying as a Serb was just as foreign as what two other ethnicities?
Answer: Macedonian or Greek

Question: What did most Croatians who were Catholic see themselves a part of?

Question: To what group were Macedonians loyal to first?

Question: What did 30 Serbs see themselves over a span of 350 years?

Question: What did most intellectuals and writers note about Dalmations?

Question: What was Serbo-Croatian ideology not equal with in Dalmatia?
Serbo-Croatian

The luxurious and ornate representative texts of Serbo-Croatian Church Slavonic belong to the later era, when they coexisted with the Serbo-Croatian vernacular literature. The most notable are the "Missal of Duke Novak" from the Lika region in northwestern Croatia (1368), "Evangel from Reims" (1395, named after the town of its final destination), Hrvoje's Missal from Bosnia and Split in Dalmatia (1404), and the first printed book in Serbo-Croatian, the Glagolitic Missale Romanum Glagolitice (1483).

Question: What was the first book published in Serbo-Croatian?
Answer: Glagolitic Missale Romanum Glagolitice (1483)

Question: For what was "Evangel from Reims" named?
Answer: the town of its final destination

Question: In what year was the first book printed in Serbo-Croatian?
Answer: (1483)

Question: What region is the Glagolitic Missale Romanum Glagolitice from?

Question: What did the Bosnia Church Slavonic coexist with?

Question: Where did the luxurious and ornate texts of Evangel from Reims belong?

Question: In what year was the first printed book in Lika made?

Question: What town was the Missal of Duke Novak named after?
Serbo-Croatian

In 1954, major Serbian and Croatian writers, linguists and literary critics, backed by Matica srpska and Matica hrvatska signed the Novi Sad Agreement, which in its first conclusion stated: "Serbs, Croats and Montenegrins share a single language with two equal variants that have developed around Zagreb (western) and Belgrade (eastern)". The agreement insisted on the equal status of Cyrillic and Latin scripts, and of Ekavian and Ijekavian pronunciations. It also specified that Serbo-Croatian should be the name of the language in official contexts, while in unofficial use the traditional Serbian and Croatian were to be retained. Matica hrvatska and Matica srpska were to work together on a dictionary, and a committee of Serbian and Croatian linguists was asked to prepare a pravopis. During the sixties both books were published simultaneously in Ijekavian Latin in Zagreb and Ekavian Cyrillic in Novi Sad. Yet Croatian linguists claim that it was an act of unitarianism. The evidence supporting this claim is patchy: Croatian linguist Stjepan Babić complained that the television transmission from Belgrade always used the Latin alphabet— which was true, but was not proof of unequal rights, but of frequency of use and prestige. Babić further complained that the Novi Sad Dictionary (1967) listed side by side words from both the Croatian and Serbian variants wherever they differed, which one can view as proof of careful respect for both variants, and not of unitarism. Moreover, Croatian linguists criticized those parts of the Dictionary for being unitaristic that were written by Croatian linguists. And finally, Croatian linguists ignored the fact that the material for the Pravopisni rječnik came from the Croatian Philological Society. Regardless of these facts, Croatian intellectuals brought the Declaration on the Status and Name of the Croatian Literary Language in 1967. On occasion of the publication’s 45th anniversary, the Croatian weekly journal Forum published the Declaration again in 2012, accompanied by a critical analysis.

Question: Which agreement was signed in 1954 by writers, linguists, and literary critics?
Answer: Novi Sad Agreement

Question: On what principle did the Novi Sad Agreement focus upon?
Answer: equal status

Question: Who was given the task of creating a dictionary in the Novi Sad Agreement?
Answer: Matica hrvatska and Matica srpska

Question: What did Serbian writers and linguists sign in 1967?

Question: What was the conclusion of the agreement backed by Matica srpska and Matikca hrvatska in 2012?

Question: What did use of the latin alphabet insist upon?

Question: In official contexts what should be the name of the Dictionary?

Question: During 1967 how many books were published at the same time?