Divyanshu67/squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
Black_people

About 150,000 East African and black people live in Israel, amounting to just over 2% of the nation's population. The vast majority of these, some 120,000, are Beta Israel, most of whom are recent immigrants who came during the 1980s and 1990s from Ethiopia. In addition, Israel is home to over 5,000 members of the African Hebrew Israelites of Jerusalem movement that are descendants of African Americans who emigrated to Israel in the 20th century, and who reside mainly in a distinct neighborhood in the Negev town of Dimona. Unknown numbers of black converts to Judaism reside in Israel, most of them converts from the United Kingdom, Canada, and the United States.

Question: How many East African and black people live in Israel?
Answer: About 150,000

Question: What percent of Israel's population is black?
Answer: just over 2%

Question: When did they migrate to Israel?
Answer: during the 1980s and 1990s

Question: Where did they migrate from?
Answer: Ethiopia.

Question: Where are most of the black converts from?
Answer: the United Kingdom, Canada, and the United States.
Black_people

Additionally, there are around 60,000 non-Jewish African immigrants in Israel, some of whom have sought asylum. Most of the migrants are from communities in Sudan and Eritrea, particularly the Niger-Congo-speaking Nuba groups of the southern Nuba Mountains; some are illegal immigrants.

Question: How many non-jewish African immigrants live in Israel?
Answer: around 60,000

Question: What have these immigrants sought?
Answer: asylum

Question: Where are most of them from?
Answer: Sudan and Eritrea

Question: What languages do they speak?
Answer: Niger-Congo

Question: Where are the non jewish immigrants from?
Answer: southern Nuba Mountains
Black_people

Beginning several centuries ago, during the period of the Ottoman Empire, tens of thousands of Black Africans were brought by slave traders to plantations and agricultural areas situated between Antalya and Istanbul in present-day Turkey. Some of their descendants remained in situ, and many migrated to larger cities and towns. Other blacks slaves were transported to Crete, from where they or their descendants later reached the İzmir area through the population exchange between Greece and Turkey in 1923, or indirectly from Ayvalık in pursuit of work.

Question: When did the slave trade begin?
Answer: during the period of the Ottoman Empire

Question: Where were the slaves brought?
Answer: Antalya and Istanbul in present-day Turkey

Question: Where did former slaves go for work once freed?
Answer: İzmir area

Question: What year did they begin to migrate to Izmir?
Answer: 1923
Black_people

The Siddi are an ethnic group inhabiting India and Pakistan whose members are descended from Bantu peoples from Southeast Africa that were brought to the Indian subcontinent as slaves by Arab and Portuguese merchants. Although it is commonly believed locally that "Siddi" derives from a word meaning "black", the term is actually derived from "Sayyid", the title borne by the captains of the Arab vessels that first brought Siddi settlers to the area. In the Makran strip of the Sindh and Balochistan provinces in southwestern Pakistan, these Bantu descendants are known as the Makrani. There was a brief "Black Power" movement in Sindh in the 1960s and many Siddi are proud of and celebrate their African ancestry.

Question: Who are the Siddi?
Answer: an ethnic group inhabiting India and Pakistan

Question: Who did the Siddi descend from?
Answer: Bantu peoples from Southeast Africa

Question: What does the word "Siddi" derive from?
Answer: "Sayyid"

Question: Where does the term Sayyid come from?
Answer: the title borne by the captains of the Arab vessels that first brought Siddi settlers to the area

Question: When was the "black power" movement in Sindh?
Answer: 1960s
Black_people

The Negritos are believed to be the first inhabitants of Southeast Asia. Once inhabiting Taiwan, Vietnam, and various other parts of Asia, they are now confined primarily to Thailand, the Malay Archipelago, and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Negrito means "little black people" in Spanish (negrito is the Spanish diminutive of negro, i.e., "little black person"); it is what the Spaniards called the short-statured, hunter-gatherer autochthones that they encountered in the Philippines. Despite this, Negritos are never referred to as black today, and doing so would cause offense. The term Negrito itself has come under criticism in countries like Malaysia, where it is now interchangeable with the more acceptable Semang, although this term actually refers to a specific group. The common Thai word for Negritos literally means "frizzy hair".

Question: Who were the first inhabitants of Southeast Asia?
Answer: The Negritos

Question: Where do the Negritos reside currently?
Answer: Thailand, the Malay Archipelago, and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.

Question: What does Negrito mean?
Answer: "little black people"

Question: What language does the term Negrito come from?
Answer: Spanish

Question: What term is interchangable with Negrito?
Answer: Semang
Black_people

The term "Moors" has been used in Europe in a broader, somewhat derogatory sense to refer to Muslims, especially those of Arab or Berber descent, whether living in North Africa or Iberia. Moors were not a distinct or self-defined people. Medieval and early modern Europeans applied the name to Muslim Arabs, Berbers, Black Africans and Europeans alike.

Question: What does the term "Moors" refer to?
Answer: Muslims

Question: What descent of Muslims does "Moors" refer to?
Answer: Arab or Berber descent

Question: In Medieval and early Modern Europe what ethnicity were lumped together?
Answer: Muslim Arabs, Berbers, Black Africans and Europeans

Question: Where did "Moors" migrate from?
Answer: North Africa or Iberia

Question: What kind of term is "Moors"?
Answer: derogatory
Black_people

Isidore of Seville, writing in the 7th century, claimed that the Latin word Maurus was derived from the Greek mauron, μαύρον, which is the Greek word for black. Indeed, by the time Isidore of Seville came to write his Etymologies, the word Maurus or "Moor" had become an adjective in Latin, "for the Greeks call black, mauron". "In Isidore’s day, Moors were black by definition…"

Question: Who claimed that Maurus was derived from the Greek mauron?
Answer: Isidore of Seville

Question: When was this claim made?
Answer: 7th century,

Question: What does mauron mean?
Answer: black

Question: What is the compilation of Isidore of Seville's work called?
Answer: Etymologies

Question: What was "Black by definition"?
Answer: Moors
Black_people

Afro-Spaniards are Spanish nationals of West/Central African descent. They today mainly come from Angola, Brazil, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Equatorial Guinea, Ghana, Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Nigeria and Senegal. Additionally, many Afro-Spaniards born in Spain are from the former Spanish colony Equatorial Guinea. Today, there are an estimated 683,000 Afro-Spaniards in Spain.

Question: What are Afro-Spaniards?
Answer: Spanish nationals of West/Central African descent

Question: Where do Afro-Spaniards come from?
Answer: Angola, Brazil, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Equatorial Guinea, Ghana, Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Nigeria and Senegal

Question: Which Spanish colony do Afro-Spaniards reside?
Answer: Equatorial Guinea

Question: How many Afro-Spaniards currently live in Spain?
Answer: an estimated 683,000
Black_people

According to the Office for National Statistics, at the 2001 census there were over a million black people in the United Kingdom; 1% of the total population described themselves as "Black Caribbean", 0.8% as "Black African", and 0.2% as "Black other". Britain encouraged the immigration of workers from the Caribbean after World War II; the first symbolic movement was those who came on the ship the Empire Windrush. The preferred official umbrella term is "black and minority ethnic" (BME), but sometimes the term "black" is used on its own, to express unified opposition to racism, as in the Southall Black Sisters, which started with a mainly British Asian constituency, and the National Black Police Association, which has a membership of "African, African-Caribbean and Asian origin".

Question: In 2001 how many black people lived in the UK?
Answer: over a million black

Question: What percentage of the population was "Black Caribbean"?
Answer: 1%

Question: What percentage of the population was "Black African"?
Answer: 0.8%

Question: What percentage of the population was "Black other"?
Answer: 0.2%

Question: When did Britain encourage immigration of workers?
Answer: after World War II
Black_people

As African states became independent in the 1960s, the Soviet Union offered many of their citizens the chance to study in Russia. Over a period of 40 years, about 400,000 African students from various countries moved to Russia to pursue higher studies, including many Black Africans. This extended beyond the Soviet Union to many countries of the Eastern bloc.

Question: When did African states become independent?
Answer: 1960s

Question: Who offered many Africans a chance to study in their country?
Answer: Soviet Union

Question: How many students moved from Africa to Russia?
Answer: about 400,000

Question: Why did students move to Russia?
Answer: to pursue higher studies

Question: Migration to Russia continued into many countries where?
Answer: Eastern bloc.
Black_people

Due to the Ottoman slave trade that had flourished in the Balkans, the coastal town of Ulcinj in Montenegro had its own black community. As a consequence of the slave trade and privateer activity, it is told how until 1878 in Ulcinj 100 black people lived. The Ottoman Army also deployed an estimated 30,000 Black African troops and cavalrymen to its expedition in Hungary during the Austro-Turkish War of 1716–18.

Question: Where did the Ottoman slave trade flourish?
Answer: in the Balkans

Question: What town had it's own black community?
Answer: Ulcinj

Question: What country is Ulcinj in?
Answer: Montenegro

Question: How many black people lived in Ulcinj until 1878?
Answer: 100

Question: How many blacks served in the Ottoman Army during the Austro-Turkish War of 1716-18?
Answer: an estimated 30,000
Black_people

Indigenous Australians have been referred to as "black people" in Australia since the early days of European settlement. While originally related to skin colour, the term is used to today to indicate Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander ancestry in general and can refer to people of any skin pigmentation.

Question: Who has been referred to as "black people"?
Answer: Indigenous Australians

Question: What was the original term related to?
Answer: skin colour

Question: Since when have Indigenous Australians been referred to as black?
Answer: since the early days of European settlement

Question: What does the term relate to know in reference to Australians? 
Answer: to indicate Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander ancestry
Black_people

Being identified as either "black" or "white" in Australia during the 19th and early 20th centuries was critical in one's employment and social prospects. Various state-based Aboriginal Protection Boards were established which had virtually complete control over the lives of Indigenous Australians – where they lived, their employment, marriage, education and included the power to separate children from their parents. Aborigines were not allowed to vote and were often confined to reserves and forced into low paid or effectively slave labour. The social position of mixed-race or "half-caste" individuals varied over time. A 1913 report by Sir Baldwin Spencer states that:

Question: What was established to control the Indigenous Australians?
Answer: Aboriginal Protection Boards

Question: What did the Aboriginal Protection Boards control?
Answer: where they lived, their employment, marriage, education and included the power to separate children from their parents.

Question: Were Aborigines allowed to vote?
Answer: Aborigines were not allowed to vote

Question: Who reported how the Aborigines were treated?
Answer: Sir Baldwin Spencer

Question: What year was his report from?
Answer: 1913
Black_people

After the First World War, however, it became apparent that the number of mixed-race people was growing at a faster rate than the white population, and by 1930 fear of the "half-caste menace" undermining the White Australia ideal from within was being taken as a serious concern. Dr. Cecil Cook, the Northern Territory Protector of Natives, noted that:

Question: Which race was growing faster after the First World War?
Answer: mixed-race people

Question: What did people fear in 1930?
Answer: "half-caste menace"

Question: What did this menace undermine?
Answer: the White Australia ideal

Question: Who noted this particular fear?
Answer: Dr. Cecil Cook

Question: Who is Dr. Cecil Cook?
Answer: the Northern Territory Protector of Natives,
Black_people

The official policy became one of biological and cultural assimilation: "Eliminate the full-blood and permit the white admixture to half-castes and eventually the race will become white". This led to different treatment for "black" and "half-caste" individuals, with lighter-skinned individuals targeted for removal from their families to be raised as "white" people, restricted from speaking their native language and practising traditional customs, a process now known as the Stolen Generation.

Question: Who did the government want raised as white?
Answer: "half-caste" individuals

Question: What was the goal of removing mixed races from their homes?
Answer: Eliminate the full-blood and permit the white admixture to half-castes and eventually the race will become white"

Question: What were the mixed race individuals kept from doing?
Answer: speaking their native language and practising traditional customs

Question: What was this process referred to?
Answer: the Stolen Generation
Black_people

The second half of the 20th century to the present has seen a gradual shift towards improved human rights for Aboriginal people. In a 1967 referendum over 90% of the Australian population voted to end constitutional discrimination and to include Aborigines in the national census. During this period many Aboriginal activists began to embrace the term "black" and use their ancestry as a source of pride. Activist Bob Maza said:

Question: When did human rights for Aboriginal people begin to improve?
Answer: The second half of the 20th century

Question: What year was constitutional discrimination ended?
Answer: 1967

Question: What else was included in the 1967 referendum?
Answer: to include Aborigines in the national census.

Question: What term was embraced during this period?
Answer: "black"

Question: Who said the Aboriginal people started to embrace their ancestry?
Answer: Activist Bob Maza
Black_people

In 1978 Aboriginal writer Kevin Gilbert received the National Book Council award for his book Living Black: Blacks Talk to Kevin Gilbert, a collection of Aboriginal people's stories, and in 1998 was awarded (but refused to accept) the Human Rights Award for Literature for Inside Black Australia, a poetry anthology and exhibition of Aboriginal photography. In contrast to previous definitions based solely on the degree of Aboriginal ancestry, in 1990 the Government changed the legal definition of Aboriginal to include any:

Question: Who wrote "Living Black?
Answer: Kevin Gilbert

Question: What year was Gilbert awarded for his efforts?
Answer: 1978

Question: What was Living Black about?
Answer: a collection of Aboriginal people's stories

Question: What award did Gilbert refuse in 1998?
Answer: the Human Rights Award for Literature

Question: What was the award in 1998 for?
Answer: Inside Black Australia
Black_people

This nationwide acceptance and recognition of Aboriginal people led to a significant increase in the number of people self-identifying as Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander. The reappropriation of the term "black" with a positive and more inclusive meaning has resulted in its widespread use in mainstream Australian culture, including public media outlets, government agencies, and private companies. In 2012, a number of high-profile cases highlighted the legal and community attitude that identifying as Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander is not dependent on skin colour, with a well-known boxer Anthony Mundine being widely criticised for questioning the "blackness" of another boxer and journalist Andrew Bolt being successfully sued for publishing discriminatory comments about Aboriginals with light skin.

Question: What did the improvements in quality of life increase?
Answer: people self-identifying as Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander

Question: What has the reappropriation of the word "black" done?
Answer: resulted in its widespread use in mainstream Australian culture,

Question: In what year were there several cases that helped to redefine Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander?
Answer: 2012

Question: What well known boxer was criticized for question someone's blackness?
Answer: Anthony Mundine

Question: Which Journalist was sued for publishing discriminatory comments?
Answer: Andrew Bolt
Black_people

In the Colonial America of 1619, John Rolfe used negars in describing the slaves who were captured from West Africa and then shipped to the Virginia colony. Later American English spellings, neger and neggar, prevailed in a northern colony, New York under the Dutch, and in metropolitan Philadelphia's Moravian and Pennsylvania Dutch communities; the African Burial Ground in New York City originally was known by the Dutch name "Begraafplaats van de Neger" (Cemetery of the Negro); an early US occurrence of neger in Rhode Island, dates from 1625. Thomas Jefferson also used the term "black" in his Notes on the State of Virginia in allusion to the slave populations.

Question: Who described slaves as negars?
Answer: John Rolfe

Question: Where was John Rolfe?
Answer: Colonial America

Question: Where were slaves shipped to from West Africa?
Answer: Virginia colony

Question: What was the name of the African burial ground in New York City?
Answer: "Begraafplaats van de Neger"

Question: What does "Begraafplaats van de Neger" mean?
Answer: Cemetery of the Negro
Black_people

By the 1900s, nigger had become a pejorative word in the United States. In its stead, the term colored became the mainstream alternative to negro and its derived terms. After the African-American Civil rights movement, the terms colored and negro gave way to "black". Negro had superseded colored as the most polite word for African Americans at a time when black was considered more offensive. This term was accepted as normal, including by people classified as Negroes, until the later Civil Rights movement in the late 1960s. One well-known example is the identification by Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr. of his own race as "Negro" in his famous speech of 1963, I Have a Dream. During the American Civil Rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s, some African-American leaders in the United States, notably Malcolm X, objected to the word Negro because they associated it with the long history of slavery, segregation, and discrimination that treated African Americans as second-class citizens, or worse. Malcolm X preferred Black to Negro, but later gradually abandoned that as well for Afro-American after leaving the Nation of Islam.

Question: When did "nigger" become a pejorative word?
Answer: By the 1900s

Question: What term replaced negro as mainstream?
Answer: colored

Question: What term followed "negro" and "colored"?
Answer: "black"

Question: What movement sprouted this change in rhetoric? 
Answer: the African-American Civil rights movement

Question: Who led the Civil Rights movement?
Answer: Reverend Martin Luther King
Black_people

In the first 200 years that black people were in the United States, they primarily identified themselves by their specific ethnic group (closely allied to language) and not by skin color. Individuals identified themselves, for example, as Ashanti, Igbo, Bakongo, or Wolof. However, when the first captives were brought to the Americas, they were often combined with other groups from West Africa, and individual ethnic affiliations were not generally acknowledged by English colonists. In areas of the Upper South, different ethnic groups were brought together. This is significant as the captives came from a vast geographic region: the West African coastline stretching from Senegal to Angola and in some cases from the south-east coast such as Mozambique. A new African-American identity and culture was born that incorporated elements of the various ethnic groups and of European cultural heritage, resulting in fusions such as the Black church and Black English. This new identity was based on provenance and slave status rather than membership in any one ethnic group.[citation needed] By contrast, slave records from Louisiana show that the French and Spanish colonists recorded more complete identities of the West Africans, including ethnicities and given tribal names.

Question: How did black people identify in early America?
Answer: by their specific ethnic group

Question: What was not acknowledged by English colonists?
Answer: individual ethnic affiliations

Question: How vast was the backgrounds of the captives?
Answer: West African coastline stretching from Senegal to Angola and in some cases from the south-east coast

Question: How was the new African American identity defined?
Answer: This new identity was based on provenance and slave status

Question: Which colonists recorded more complete identities of the West Africans?
Answer: French and Spanish colonists
Black_people

The US racial or ethnic classification "black" refers to people with all possible kinds of skin pigmentation, from the darkest through to the very lightest skin colors, including albinos, if they are believed by others to have West African ancestry (in any discernible percentage), or to exhibit cultural traits associated with being "African American". As a result, in the United States the term "black people" is not an indicator of skin color or ethnic origin but is instead a socially based racial classification related to being African American, with a family history associated with institutionalized slavery. Relatively dark-skinned people can be classified as white if they fulfill other social criteria of "whiteness", and relatively light-skinned people can be classified as black if they fulfill the social criteria for "blackness" in a particular setting.

Question: What type of skin pigment does "Black" refer to?
Answer: the darkest through to the very lightest skin colors

Question: In the United States the term "black people" is an indicator for?
Answer: socially based racial classification related to being African American,

Question: Where does the US base family history of African Americans from?
Answer: a family history associated with institutionalized slavery.

Question: How are people defined as "black" or "white"?
Answer: they fulfill the social criteria
Black_people

By that time, the majority of black people in the United States were native-born, so the use of the term "African" became problematic. Though initially a source of pride, many blacks feared that the use of African as an identity would be a hindrance to their fight for full citizenship in the US. They also felt that it would give ammunition to those who were advocating repatriating black people back to Africa. In 1835, black leaders called upon Black Americans to remove the title of "African" from their institutions and replace it with "Negro" or "Colored American". A few institutions chose to keep their historic names, such as the African Methodist Episcopal Church. African Americans popularly used the terms "Negro" or "colored" for themselves until the late 1960s.

Question: Why did the use of "African" become an issue?
Answer: the majority of black people in the United States were native-born

Question: Why did blacks fear to identify as African?
Answer: would be a hindrance to their fight for full citizenship in the US.

Question: What year did Black leaders call for this change in language?
Answer: 1835,

Question: What group decided to keep the "African" in their name?
Answer: the African Methodist Episcopal Church

Question: What terms did African Americans use instead?
Answer: "Negro" or "colored"
Black_people

In 1988, the civil rights leader Jesse Jackson urged Americans to use instead the term "African American" because it had a historical cultural base and was a construction similar to terms used by European descendants, such as German American, Italian American, etc. Since then, African American and black have often had parallel status. However, controversy continues over which if any of the two terms is more appropriate. Maulana Karenga argues that the term African-American is more appropriate because it accurately articulates their geographical and historical origin.[citation needed] Others have argued that "black" is a better term because "African" suggests foreignness, although Black Americans helped found the United States. Still others believe that the term black is inaccurate because African Americans have a variety of skin tones. Some surveys suggest that the majority of Black Americans have no preference for "African American" or "Black", although they have a slight preference for "black" in personal settings and "African American" in more formal settings.

Question: Who argued for Americans to use the term "African American"?
Answer: Jesse Jackson

Question: What year did Jesse Jackson make this argument?
Answer: 1988

Question: Why did Jackson want this term to be used?
Answer: it had a historical cultural base and was a construction similar to terms used by European descendants

Question: Who also argued for the term "African American"?
Answer: African-American

Question: Why did some argue that "black" was the better term?
Answer: because "African" suggests foreignness
Black_people

The U.S. census race definitions says a "black" is a person having origins in any of the black (sub-Saharan) racial groups of Africa. It includes people who indicate their race as "Black, African Am., or Negro" or who provide written entries such as African American, Afro-American, Kenyan, Nigerian, or Haitian. The Census Bureau notes that these classifications are socio-political constructs and should not be interpreted as scientific or anthropological. Most African Americans also have European ancestry in varying amounts; a lesser proportion have some Native American ancestry. For instance, genetic studies of African Americans show an ancestry that is on average 17–18% European.

Question: How does the U.S. census define "black" Americans?
Answer: having origins in any of the black (sub-Saharan) racial groups of Africa

Question: What classification are given?
Answer: socio-political constructs

Question: What percentage of African Americans have European ancestry?
Answer: 17–18%

Question: What is the Census definition not based on?
Answer: scientific or anthropological
Black_people

From the late 19th century, the South used a colloquial term, the one-drop rule, to classify as black a person of any known African ancestry. This practice of hypodescent was not put into law until the early 20th century. Legally the definition varied from state to state. Racial definition was more flexible in the 18th and 19th centuries before the American Civil War. For instance, President Thomas Jefferson held persons who were legally white (less than 25% black) according to Virginia law at the time, but, because they were born to slave mothers, they were born into slavery, according to the principle of partus sequitur ventrem, which Virginia adopted into law in 1662.

Question: What did the "one-drop" rule do?
Answer: classify as black a person of any known African ancestry

Question: When was the "one-drop" rule put into place?
Answer: early 20th century.

Question: When was racial definition more flexible?
Answer: 18th and 19th centuries

Question: What war changed the way the United States looked at race?
Answer: the American Civil War

Question: When did Virginia adopt The Principle of Partus Sequitur Ventrem?
Answer: 1662
Black_people

The concept of blackness in the United States has been described as the degree to which one associates themselves with mainstream African-American culture, politics, and values. To a certain extent, this concept is not so much about race but more about political orientation, culture and behavior. Blackness can be contrasted with "acting white", where black Americans are said to behave with assumed characteristics of stereotypical white Americans with regard to fashion, dialect, taste in music, and possibly, from the perspective of a significant number of black youth, academic achievement.

Question: How is blackness described in the US?
Answer: the degree to which one associates themselves with mainstream African-American culture, politics, and values.

Question: What defines "blackness"?
Answer: political orientation, culture and behavior

Question: What is the opposite of "blackness"?
Answer: "acting white"

Question: How does one "act white"?
Answer: black Americans are said to behave with assumed characteristics of stereotypical white Americans

Question: In what regards can one "act white"?
Answer: with regard to fashion, dialect, taste in music,
Black_people

Due to the often political and cultural contours of blackness in the United States, the notion of blackness can also be extended to non-black people. Toni Morrison once described Bill Clinton as the first black President of the United States, because, as she put it, he displayed "almost every trope of blackness". Christopher Hitchens was offended by the notion of Clinton as the first black president, noting, "Mr Clinton, according to Toni Morrison, the Nobel Prize-winning novelist, is our first black President, the first to come from the broken home, the alcoholic mother, the under-the-bridge shadows of our ranking systems. Thus, we may have lost the mystical power to divine diabolism, but we can still divine blackness by the following symptoms: broken homes, alcoholic mothers, under-the-bridge habits and (presumable from the rest of [Arthur] Miller's senescent musings) the tendency to sexual predation and to shameless perjury about same." Some black activists were also offended, claiming that Clinton used his knowledge of black culture to exploit black people for political gain as no other president had before, while not serving black interests. They cite the lack of action during the Rwandan Genocide and his welfare reform, which Larry Roberts said had led to the worst child poverty since the 1960s. Others cited that the number of black people in jail increased during his administration.

Question: Who described Bill Clinton as "Black"?
Answer: Toni Morrison

Question: Who was offended by Clinton being referred to as black?
Answer: Christopher Hitchens

Question: Who is Toni Morrison?
Answer: Nobel Prize-winning novelist

Question: Why were people offended by this comment?
Answer: Clinton used his knowledge of black culture to exploit black people for political gain

Question: What horrible event was on-going during Clinton's term that made people upset?
Answer: Rwandan Genocide
Black_people

In July 2012, Ancestry.com reported on historic and DNA research by its staff that discovered that Obama is likely a descendant through his mother of John Punch, considered by some historians to be the first African slave in the Virginia colony. An indentured servant, he was "bound for life" in 1640 after trying to escape. The story of him and his descendants is that of multi-racial America since it appeared he and his sons married or had unions with white women, likely indentured servants and working-class like them. Their multi-racial children were free because they were born to free English women. Over time, Obama's line of the Bunch family (as they became known) were property owners and continued to "marry white"; they became part of white society, likely by the early to mid-18th century.

Question: Who is Obama possibly an ancestor of?
Answer: John Punch

Question: Who is John Punch?
Answer: the first African slave in the Virginia colony

Question: When was Punch indentured?
Answer: 1640

Question: Why was he indentured for life?
Answer: trying to escape

Question: Why were his children free?
Answer: they were born to free English women
Black_people

Approximately 12 million Africans were shipped to the Americas during the Atlantic slave trade from 1492 to 1888, with 11.5 million of those shipped to South America and the Caribbean. Brazil was the largest importer in the Americas, with 5.5 million African slaves imported, followed by the British Caribbean with 2.76 million, the Spanish Caribbean and Spanish Mainland with 1.59 million Africans, and the French Caribbean with 1.32 million. Today their descendants number approximately 150 million in South America and the Caribbean. In addition to skin color, other physical characteristics such as facial features and hair texture are often variously used in classifying peoples as black in South America and the Caribbean. In South America and the Caribbean, classification as black is also closely tied to social status and socioeconomic variables, especially in light of social conceptions of "blanqueamiento" (racial whitening) and related concepts.

Question: How many Africans were shipped to the US between 1492 to 1888?
Answer: 12 million

Question: How many were shipped to South America and the Caribbean?
Answer: 11.5 million

Question: How many slaves were imported by Brazil?
Answer: 5.5 million

Question: How many slaves were imported by the British Caribbean?
Answer: 2.76 million

Question: How is black identified in South America?
Answer: closely tied to social status and socioeconomic variables,
Black_people

The concept of race in Brazil is complex. A Brazilian child was never automatically identified with the racial type of one or both of his or her parents, nor were there only two categories to choose from. Between an individual of unmixed West African descent and a very light mulatto individual, more than a dozen racial categories were acknowledged, based on various combinations of hair color, hair texture, eye color, and skin color. These types grade into each other like the colors of the spectrum, and no one category stands significantly isolated from the rest. In Brazil, people are classified by appearance, not heredity.

Question: How are people in Brazil classified?
Answer: by appearance

Question: What country has a complex way of acknowledging race?
Answer: Brazil

Question: How does one determine ethnicity in Brazil?
Answer: based on various combinations of hair color, hair texture, eye color, and skin color

Question: How are people evaluated in Brazil?
Answer: like the colors of the spectrum
Black_people

Scholars disagree over the effects of social status on racial classifications in Brazil. It is generally believed that achieving upward mobility and education results in individuals being classified as a category of lighter skin. The popular claim is that in Brazil, poor whites are considered black and wealthy blacks are considered white. Some scholars disagree, arguing that "whitening" of one's social status may be open to people of mixed race, a large part of the population known as pardo, but a person perceived as preto (black) will continue to be classified as black regardless of wealth or social status.

Question: What type of skin color has a better chance of a good life in Brazil?
Answer: lighter skin

Question: What are poor whites considered in Brazil?
Answer: black

Question: What are wealthy blacks considered in Brazil?
Answer: white

Question: What does Preto mean?
Answer: (black)
Black_people

From the years 1500 to 1850, an estimated 3.5 million captives were forcibly shipped from West/Central Africa to Brazil; the territory received the highest number of slaves of any country in the Americas. Scholars estimate that more than half of the Brazilian population is at least in part descended from these individuals. Brazil has the largest population of Afro-descendants outside of Africa. In contrast to the US, during the slavery period and after, the Portuguese colonial government and later Brazilian government did not pass formal anti-miscegenation or segregation laws. As in other Latin countries, intermarriage was prevalent during the colonial period and continued afterward. In addition, people of mixed race (pardo) often tended to marry white, and their descendants became accepted as white. As a result, some of the European descended population also has West African or Amerindian blood. According to the last census of the 20th century, in which Brazilians could choose from five color/ethnic categories with which they identified, 54% of individuals identified as white, 6.2% identified as black, and 39.5% identified as pardo (brown) — a broad multi-racial category, including tri-racial persons.

Question: How many slaves were shipped from Africa to Brazil between 1500 and 1850?
Answer: estimated 3.5 million

Question: How much of the Brazilian population are descendants of slavery?
Answer: more than half

Question: Second to Africa, what is Brazil have the largest population of?
Answer: Afro-descendants

Question: What was not passed in Brazil during slavery?
Answer: segregation laws

Question: What was prevalent in Brazilian culture during slavery?
Answer: intermarriage
Black_people

By the 2000 census, demographic changes including the end to slavery, immigration from Europe and Asia, assimilation of multiracial persons, and other factors resulted in a population in which 6.2% of the population identified as black, 40% as pardo, and 55% as white. Essentially most of the black population was absorbed into the multi-racial category by intermixing. A 2007 genetic study found that at least 29% of the middle-class, white Brazilian population had some recent (since 1822 and the end of the colonial period) African ancestry.

Question: How much of the Brazilian population identified as black in 2000?
Answer: 6.2%

Question: How much identified as mixed race?
Answer: 40%

Question: How much identified as white?
Answer: 55%

Question: How much of the Brazilian population had connections to African ancestry in 2007?
Answer: 29%
Black_people

Because of the acceptance of miscegenation, Brazil has avoided the binary polarization of society into black and white. In addition, it abolished slavery without a civil war. The bitter and sometimes violent racial tensions that have divided the US are notably absent in Brazil. According to the 2010 census, 6.7% of Brazilians said they were black, compared with 6.2% in 2000, and 43.1% said they were racially mixed, up from 38.5%. In 2010, Elio Ferreira de Araujo, Brazil's minister for racial equality, attributed the increases to growing pride among his country's black and indigenous communities.

Question: What has Brazil avoided?
Answer: the binary polarization of society into black and white

Question: What is happened in the US that did not happen in Brazil when slavery ended?
Answer: civil war

Question: How do the US and Brazil vary after slavery has ended?
Answer: violent racial tensions that have divided the US are notably absent in Brazil.

Question: Who is the Brazilian Prime Minister for racial equality? 
Answer: Elio Ferreira de Araujo

Question: Who is responsible for the growing pride in Brazilian communities?
Answer: black and indigenous communities.
Black_people

In the US, African Americans, who include multiracial people, earn 75% of what white people earn. In Brazil, people of color earn less than 50% of what whites earn. Some have posited that the facts of lower socioeconomic status for people of color suggest that Brazil practices a kind of one-drop rule, or discrimination against people who are not visibly European in ancestry. The gap in income between blacks and other non-whites is relatively small compared to the large gap between whites and all people of color. Other social factors, such as illiteracy and education levels, show the same patterns of disadvantage for people of color. Some commentators observe that the United States practice of segregation and white supremacy in the South, and discrimination in many areas outside that region, forced many African Americans to unite in the civil rights struggle. They suggest that the fluid nature of race in Brazil has divided individuals of African descent, between those with more or less ancestry. As a result, they have not united for a stronger civil rights movement.[citation needed]

Question: In the US, how much of what white people earn, do blacks earn?
Answer: 75%

Question: In Brazil, how much less do blacks earn compared to whites?
Answer: 50%

Question: What rule is Brazil accused of practicing?
Answer: one-drop rule

Question: What does the one drop rule do?
Answer: discrimination against people who are not visibly European in ancestry.

Question: What other patterns are consistent with unequal living standards?
Answer: illiteracy and education levels
Black_people

Though Brazilians of at least partial African heritage make up a large percentage of the population, few blacks have been elected as politicians. The city of Salvador, Bahia, for instance, is 80% people of color, but voters have not elected a mayor of color. Journalists like to say that US cities with black majorities, such as Detroit and New Orleans, have not elected white mayors since after the civil rights movement, when the Voting Rights Act of 1965 protected the franchise for minorities, and blacks in the South regained the power to vote for the first time since the turn of the 20th century. New Orleans elected its first black mayor in the 1970s. New Orleans elected a white mayor after the widescale disruption and damage of Hurricane Katrina in 2005.

Question: What race has a very low rate of holding public office in Brazil?
Answer: blacks

Question: How much of the population of Salvador, Bahia is black or mixed race?
Answer: 80%

Question: When did the US institute the Voting Rights Act?
Answer: 1965

Question: When did New Orleans elect it's first black Mayor?
Answer: 1970s

Question: What large hurricane hit New Orleans?
Answer: Hurricane Katrina
Black_people

Critics note that people of color have limited media visibility. The Brazilian media has been accused of hiding or overlooking the nation's Black, Indigenous, Multiracial and East Asian populations. For example, the telenovelas or soaps are criticized for featuring actors who resemble northern Europeans rather than actors of the more prevalent Southern European features) and light-skinned mulatto and mestizo appearance. (Pardos may achieve "white" status if they have attained the middle-class or higher social status).

Question: What do critics claim people of color have?
Answer: limited media visibility

Question: What has the Brazilian media been accused of?
Answer: hiding or overlooking the nation's Black, Indigenous, Multiracial and East Asian populations.

Question: What ethnicity of actors are mainly used for shows in Brazil?
Answer: northern Europeans

Question: What is another word for "Light Skinned"
Answer: mulatto
Black_people

These patterns of discrimination against non-whites have led some academic and other activists to advocate for use of the Portuguese term negro to encompass all African-descended people, in order to stimulate a "black" consciousness and identity. This proposal has been criticized since the term pardo is considered to include a wide range of multiracial people, such as caboclos (mestizos), assimilated Amerindians and tri-racials, not only people of partial African and European descent. Trying to identify this entire group as "black" would be a false imposition of a different identity from outside the culture and deny people their other, equally valid, ancestries and cultures. It seems a one-drop rule in reverse.

Question: What would scholars like the term "Negro" to include?
Answer: all African-descended people

Question: What does this aim to stimulate?
Answer: a "black" consciousness and identity.

Question: What does the term "pardo" include?
Answer: a wide range of multiracial people

Question: What does caboclos mean?
Answer: mestizos
The_Times

The Times is a British daily national newspaper based in London. It began in 1785 under the title The Daily Universal Register and became The Times on 1 January 1788. The Times and its sister paper The Sunday Times (founded in 1821) are published by Times Newspapers, since 1981 a subsidiary of News UK, itself wholly owned by the News Corp group headed by Rupert Murdoch. The Times and The Sunday Times do not share editorial staff, were founded independently and have only had common ownership since 1967.

Question: The Times is based in what major British city?
Answer: London

Question: What year did the initial incarnation of The Times start?
Answer: 1785

Question: What was the original name of The Times before changing its name?
Answer: The Daily Universal Register

Question: The Times, owned by News UK, is itself owned by what major corporation?
Answer: News Corp group

Question: The Times and its sister paper The Sunday Times are published by what company?
Answer: Times Newspapers

Question: What year did The Times change its name from The Daily Universal Register?
Answer: 1788

Question: What year did The Daily Universal Register initially start?
Answer: 1785
The_Times

The Times is the first newspaper to have borne that name, lending it to numerous other papers around the world, including The Times of India (founded in 1838), The Straits Times (Singapore) (1845), The New York Times (1851), The Irish Times (1859), Le Temps (France) (1861-1942), the Cape Times (South Africa) (1872), the Los Angeles Times (1881), The Seattle Times (1891), The Manila Times (1898), The Daily Times (Malawi) (1900), El Tiempo (Colombia) (1911), The Canberra Times (1926), and The Times (Malta) (1935). In these countries, the newspaper is often referred to as The London Times or The Times of London.

Question: What year did The Times of India start?
Answer: 1838

Question: What year did The Strait Times (Singapore) start?
Answer: 1845

Question: What year did The New York Times start?
Answer: 1851

Question: What year did the Irish Times start?
Answer: 1859

Question: What year did the Cape Times (South Africa) start?
Answer: 1872
The_Times

The Times is the originator of the widely used Times Roman typeface, originally developed by Stanley Morison of The Times in collaboration with the Monotype Corporation for its legibility in low-tech printing. In November 2006 The Times began printing headlines in a new font, Times Modern. The Times was printed in broadsheet format for 219 years, but switched to compact size in 2004 in an attempt to appeal more to younger readers and commuters using public transport. The Sunday Times remains a broadsheet.

Question: What major typeface font was started by The Times?
Answer: Times Roman

Question: Who was the creator of typeface font used by The Times?
Answer: Stanley Morison

Question: In November 2006, The Times changed its font to what new font typeface?
Answer: Times Modern

Question: How long was The Times printed in broadsheet format?
Answer: 219 years

Question: In what year did The Times change its broadsheet format to a compact size?
Answer: 2004