Divyanshu67/squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
Everton_F.C.

Everton have had many other nicknames over the years. When the black kit was worn Everton were nicknamed "The Black Watch", after the famous army regiment. Since going blue in 1901, Everton have been given the simple nickname "The Blues". Everton's attractive style of play led to Steve Bloomer calling the team "scientific" in 1928, which is thought to have inspired the nickname "The School of Science". The battling 1995 FA Cup winning side were known as "The Dogs of War". When David Moyes arrived as manager he proclaimed Everton as "The People's Club", which has been adopted as a semi-official club nickname.

Question: What year did the Everton Football Club "go blue"?
Answer: 1901

Question: How did Steve Bloomer describe Everton's style of play in 1928?
Answer: scientific

Question: What is Everton Football Club's semi-official club nickname?
Answer: The People's Club

Question: What was Everton's nickname when they wore black before 1901?
Answer: The Black Watch

Question: What was Everton Football Club called after winning the 1995 FA Cup?
Answer: The Dogs of War

Question: Who did Steve Bloomer play for during his career?

Question: In what year did David Moyes arrive as manager of Everton?

Question: Who came up with the nickname "The Blues"?

Question: What team did Steve Bloomer manage later in his career?
Old_English

Old English (Ænglisc, Anglisc, Englisc) or Anglo-Saxon is the earliest historical form of the English language, spoken in England and southern and eastern Scotland in the early Middle Ages. It was brought to Great Britain by Anglo-Saxon settlers probably in the mid 5th century, and the first Old English literary works date from the mid 7th century. After the Norman Conquest of 1066, English was replaced for a time as the language of the upper classes by Anglo-Norman, a relative of French, and Old English developed into the next historical form of English, known as Middle English.

Question: What is the name of the English language's earliest form?
Answer: Old English

Question: In what parts of Scotland was Old English spoken?
Answer: southern and eastern

Question: in what historical period was Old English spoken?
Answer: the early Middle Ages

Question: What people brought Old English to Britain?
Answer: Anglo-Saxon settlers

Question: What language developed from Old English?
Answer: Middle English

Question: What is the oldest form of Anglo-Saxon?

Question: What language first developed in Great Britain during the Middle Ages?

Question: Who came to Great Britain in the 500's?

Question: What writing dates back to the mid 700's?
Old_English

The four main dialectal forms of Old English were Mercian, Northumbrian, Kentish, and West Saxon. Mercian and Northumbrian are together referred to as Anglian. In terms of geography the Northumbrian region lay north of the Humber River; the Mercian lay north of the Thames and South of the Humber River; West Saxon lay south and southwest of the Thames; and the smallest, Kentish region lay southeast of the Thames, a small corner of England. The Kentish region, settled by the Jutes from Jutland, has the scantiest literary remains.

Question: Along with West Saxon, Northumbrian and Mercian, what was one of the four main dialects of Old English?
Answer: Kentish

Question: What is a term that collectively refers to Northumbrian and Mercian?
Answer: Anglian

Question: Geographically, what river was Northumbria north of?
Answer: Humber

Question: What river was the Mercian region south of?
Answer: Humber

Question: Which of the Old English dialects covered the smallest geograhical region?
Answer: Kentish

Question: What were the four main dialects of Old German?

Question: What two dialects were replaced with Anglian?

Question: What region was south of the Thames and north of the Humber River?

Question: What region has the most literary remains?
Old_English

Old English contained a certain number of loanwords from Latin, which was the scholarly and diplomatic lingua franca of Western Europe. It is sometimes possible to give approximate dates for the borrowing of individual Latin words based on which patterns of sound change they have undergone. Some Latin words had already been borrowed into the Germanic languages before the ancestral Angles and Saxons left continental Europe for Britain. More entered the language when the Anglo-Saxons were converted to Christianity and Latin-speaking priests became influential. It was also through Irish Christian missionaries that the Latin alphabet was introduced and adapted for the writing of Old English, replacing the earlier runic system. Nonetheless, the largest transfer of Latin-based (mainly Old French) words into English occurred after the Norman Conquest of 1066, and thus in the Middle English rather than the Old English period.

Question: From what language did Old English borrow some words?
Answer: Latin

Question: What individuals introduced the Latin alphabet to the speakers of Old English?
Answer: Irish Christian missionaries

Question: Before the introduction of the Latin alphabet, how was Old English written?
Answer: runic system

Question: After the Norman Conquest, Latin words entered English via what language?
Answer: Old French

Question: In what year did the Norman Conquest occur?
Answer: 1066

Question: What contains loan words from Western Europe?

Question: When were words borrowed from the Germanic languages?

Question: When did English influence Latin words?

Question: Who introduced the Irish language?
Old_English

Old English nouns had grammatical gender, a feature absent in modern English, which uses only natural gender. For example, the words sunne ("sun"), mōna ("moon") and wīf ("woman/wife") were respectively feminine, masculine and neuter; this is reflected, among other things, in the form of the definite article used with these nouns: sēo sunne ("the sun"), se mōna ("the moon"), þæt wīf ("the woman/wife"). Pronoun usage could reflect either natural or grammatical gender, when those conflicted (as in the case of wīf, a neuter noun referring to a female person).

Question: What type of gender did Old English nouns possess?
Answer: grammatical

Question: What type of gender is present in modern English nouns?
Answer: natural

Question: What was a masculine word in Old English?
Answer: mōna

Question: What was a feminine word in Old English?
Answer: sunne

Question: What was the grammatical gender of the Old English word for wife?
Answer: neuter

Question: what did not have a gender in Old English?

Question: What is used to show gender in modern English?

Question: What type of noun refers to a female person in modern English?
Old_English

The Latin alphabet of the time still lacked the letters ⟨j⟩ and ⟨w⟩, and there was no ⟨v⟩ as distinct from ⟨u⟩; moreover native Old English spellings did not use ⟨k⟩, ⟨q⟩ or ⟨z⟩. The remaining 20 Latin letters were supplemented by four more: ⟨æ⟩ (æsc, modern ash) and ⟨ð⟩ (ðæt, now called eth or edh), which were modified Latin letters, and thorn ⟨þ⟩ and wynn ⟨ƿ⟩, which are borrowings from the futhorc. A few letter pairs were used as digraphs, representing a single sound. Also used was the Tironian note ⟨⁊⟩ (a character similar to the digit 7) for the conjunction and, and a thorn with a crossbar through the ascender for the pronoun þæt. Macrons over vowels were originally used not to mark long vowels (as in modern editions), but to indicate stress, or as abbreviations for a following m or n.

Question: When the Latin alphabet was introduced to Old English, what letter was the same as v?
Answer: u

Question: Along with k and z, what Latin letter was not used in Old English?
Answer: q

Question: What is the term for the letter þ?
Answer: thorn

Question: What number was the Tironian note visually similar to?
Answer: ƿ

Question: What was the term for the letter ƿ?
Answer: wynn

Question: What was originally used to mark long vowels?

Question: What were most letter pairs used for?
Old_English

The first example is taken from the opening lines of the folk-epic Beowulf, a poem of some 3,000 lines and the single greatest work of Old English. This passage describes how Hrothgar's legendary ancestor Scyld was found as a baby, washed ashore, and adopted by a noble family. The translation is literal and represents the original poetic word order. As such, it is not typical of Old English prose. The modern cognates of original words have been used whenever practical to give a close approximation of the feel of the original poem.

Question: What is regarded as the greatest literary work in Old English?
Answer: Beowulf

Question: About how many lines was Beowulf?
Answer: 3,000

Question: Who was Hrothgar a descendant of?
Answer: Scyld

Question: Who adopted Hrothgar's ancestor?
Answer: a noble family

Question: What is the longest Old English work?

Question: Where was Hrothgar found as a baby?

Question: Beowulf is typical of what prose?
Old_English

Old English is one of the West Germanic languages, and its closest relatives are Old Frisian and Old Saxon. Like other old Germanic languages, it is very different from Modern English and difficult for Modern English speakers to understand without study. Old English grammar is quite similar to that of modern German: nouns, adjectives, pronouns, and verbs have many inflectional endings and forms, and word order is much freer. The oldest Old English inscriptions were written using a runic system, but from about the 9th century this was replaced by a version of the Latin alphabet.

Question: To what language group does Old English belong?
Answer: West Germanic

Question: Along with Old Saxon, what language is closely related to Old English?
Answer: Old Frisian

Question: To what modern language is Old English similar?
Answer: German

Question: In what century did the Latin alphabet replace the runic system in Old English writing?
Answer: 9th

Question: What other Germanic languages are close to modern English?

Question: What is modern German very different from?

Question: What replaced runic writing in the 900's
Old_English

A later literary standard, dating from the later 10th century, arose under the influence of Bishop Æthelwold of Winchester, and was followed by such writers as the prolific Ælfric of Eynsham ("the Grammarian"). This form of the language is known as the "Winchester standard", or more commonly as Late West Saxon. It is considered to represent the "classical" form of Old English. It retained its position of prestige until the time of the Norman Conquest, after which English ceased for a time to be of importance as a literary language.

Question: Who was known by the nickname "the Grammarian"?
Answer: Ælfric of Eynsham

Question: What churchman was influential in the development of the Winchester standard?
Answer: Bishop Æthelwold of Winchester

Question: In what century did the Winchester standard arise?
Answer: 10th

Question: What is another term for the Winchester standard?
Answer: Late West Saxon

Question: What event led to English temporarily losing its importance as a literary language?
Answer: the Norman Conquest

Question: What standard was established in the 1000's?

Question: What replaced the classic form of Old English?

Question: Who influenced literary standards in the 1000's?

Question: What writer helped develop the Winchester standard?
Old_English

Old English was not static, and its usage covered a period of 700 years, from the Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain in the 5th century to the late 11th century, some time after the Norman invasion. While indicating that the establishment of dates is an arbitrary process, Albert Baugh dates Old English from 450 to 1150, a period of full inflections, a synthetic language. Perhaps around 85 per cent of Old English words are no longer in use, but those that survived, to be sure, are basic elements of Modern English vocabulary.

Question: For about how many years was Old English used?
Answer: 700

Question: In what century was Old English first used?
Answer: 5th

Question: In what century did Old English cease to be used?
Answer: 11th

Question: According to Albert Baugh, what was the period in which Old English was used?
Answer: 450 to 1150

Question: About what percentage of Old English words are not present in Modern English?
Answer: 85

Question: Where did Anglo-Saxons settle in the 500's?

Question: What language stopped being used in Britain during the 1100's?

Question: Who claims Old English was in use for from 450 to 1150 years?

Question: 85% of what language is still in use today?
Old_English

Due to the centralisation of power and the Viking invasions, there is relatively little written record of the non-Wessex dialects after Alfred's unification. Some Mercian texts continued to be written, however, and the influence of Mercian is apparent in some of the translations produced under Alfred's programme, many of which were produced by Mercian scholars. Other dialects certainly continued to be spoken, as is evidenced by the continued variation between their successors in Middle and Modern English. In fact, what would become the standard forms of Middle English and of Modern English are descended from Mercian rather than West Saxon, while Scots developed from the Northumbrian dialect. It was once claimed that, owing to its position at the heart of the Kingdom of Wessex, the relics of Anglo-Saxon accent, idiom and vocabulary were best preserved in the dialect of Somerset.

Question: From what Old English dialect is the standard for of Modern English descended?
Answer: Mercian

Question: From what Old English dialect did Scots derive?
Answer: Northumbrian

Question: What modern dialect is sometimes regarded as being similar to that of the historical Kingdom of Wessex?
Answer: Somerset

Question: Along with centralization, what reason is given for the lack of records in non-Wessex dialects after the unification of Alfred?
Answer: the Viking invasions

Question: What dialects disappeared after Alfred's unification?

Question: What scholars lead the movement to translate texts into English?

Question: What languages are descended from Mercian and West Saxon?

Question: What was the capital of the Anglo-Saxon kingdom?
Old_English

The strength of the Viking influence on Old English appears from the fact that the indispensable elements of the language - pronouns, modals, comparatives, pronominal adverbs (like "hence" and "together"), conjunctions and prepositions - show the most marked Danish influence; the best evidence of Scandinavian influence appears in the extensive word borrowings for, as Jespersen indicates, no texts exist in either Scandinavia or in Northern England from this time to give certain evidence of an influence on syntax. The change to Old English from Old Norse was substantive, pervasive, and of a democratic character. Old Norse and Old English resembled each other closely like cousins and with some words in common, they roughly understood each other; in time the inflections melted away and the analytic pattern emerged. It is most “important to recognize that in many words the English and Scandinavian language differed chiefly in their inflectional elements. The body of the word was so nearly the same in the two languages that only the endings would put obstacles in the way of mutual understanding. In the mixed population which existed in the Danelaw these endings must have led to much confusion, tending gradually to become obscured and finally lost.” This blending of peoples and languages happily resulted in “simplifying English grammar.”

Question: What language influenced Old English as a result of the Viking invasions?
Answer: Danish

Question: What language was spoken in Northern England after the Viking invasions?
Answer: Old Norse

Question: Between the English and Scandinavian language, what elements were most different?
Answer: inflectional

Question: What language was influenced by English as a result of Viking invasions?

Question: What language replace Norse in Northern England?

Question: What did English and Scandinavian have in common?

Question: What led to a simpler Norse grammar?
Old_English

Unlike Modern English, Old English is a language rich in morphological diversity. It maintains several distinct cases: the nominative, accusative, genitive, dative and (vestigially) instrumental. The only remnants of this system in Modern English are in the forms of a few pronouns (such as I/me/mine, she/her, who/whom/whose) and in the possessive ending -'s, which derives from the old (masculine and neuter) genitive ending -es. In Old English, however, nouns and their modifying words take appropriate endings depending on their case.

Question: What trait does Old English possess that Modern English lacks?
Answer: morphological diversity

Question: Along with the nominative, genitive, dative and instrumental, what case did Old English possess?
Answer: accusative

Question: The Modern English ending -'s is derived from what ending in Old English?
Answer: -es

Question: In Old English, noun endings vary on what basis?
Answer: their case

Question: What kind of diversity is found in Modern English?

Question: What were examples of morphology in Old English and Old Norse?
Old_English

The influence of Old Norse certainly helped move English from a synthetic language along the continuum to a more analytic word order, and Old Norse most likely made a greater impact on the English language than any other language. The eagerness of Vikings in the Danelaw to communicate with their southern Anglo-Saxon neighbors produced a friction that led to the erosion of the complicated inflectional word-endings. Simeon Potter notes: “No less far-reaching was the influence of Scandinavian upon the inflexional endings of English in hastening that wearing away and leveling of grammatical forms which gradually spread from north to south. It was, after all, a salutary influence. The gain was greater than the loss. There was a gain in directness, in clarity, and in strength.”

Question: What language had the greatest influence on English?
Answer: Old Norse

Question: What was the name of the area in England ruled by the Vikings?
Answer: the Danelaw

Question: Who argued that the influence of Old Norse caused English to become a clearer, stronger and more direct language?
Answer: Simeon Potter

Question: What parts of English grammar declined as a result of Old Norse influence?
Answer: word-endings

Question: What influence made English more of a synthetic language?

Question: What language had the most impact on other languages?

Question: Why did the Vikings stop using complicated word-endings?

Question: What did the Norse language gain clarity and directness from?
Old_English

The form of the verb varies with person (first, second and third), number (singular and plural), tense (present and past), and mood (indicative, subjunctive and imperative). Old English also sometimes uses compound constructions to express other verbal aspects, the future and the passive voice; in these we see the beginnings of the compound tenses of Modern English. Old English verbs include strong verbs, which form the past tense by altering the root vowel, and weak verbs, which use a suffix such as -de. As in Modern English, and peculiar to the Germanic languages, the verbs formed two great classes: weak (regular), and strong (irregular). Like today, Old English had fewer strong verbs, and many of these have over time decayed into weak forms. Then, as now, dental suffixes indicated the past tense of the weak verbs, as in work and worked.

Question: Along with the present, what was a verb tense in Old English?
Answer: past

Question: What were the three moods that caused verb variation in Old English?
Answer: indicative, subjunctive and imperative

Question: Along with the first and second, what person influenced verb variation in Old English?
Answer: third

Question: What is an example of a suffix used by Old English weak verbs?
Answer: -de

Question: How did Old English strong verbs express the past tense?
Answer: altering the root vowel

Question: What does modern English use to express verbal aspects?

Question: What forms the past tense in Modern English?

Question: What no longer indicates the past tense of weak verbs?
Old_English

Old English is a West Germanic language, developing out of Ingvaeonic (also known as North Sea Germanic) dialects from the 5th century. It came to be spoken over most of the territory of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms which became the Kingdom of England. This included most of present-day England, as well as part of what is now southeastern Scotland, which for several centuries belonged to the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Northumbria. Other parts of the island – Wales and most of Scotland – continued to use Celtic languages, except in the areas of Scandinavian settlements where Old Norse was spoken. Celtic speech also remained established in certain parts of England: Medieval Cornish was spoken all over Cornwall and in adjacent parts of Devon, while Cumbric survived perhaps to the 12th century in parts of Cumbria, and Welsh may have been spoken on the English side of the Anglo-Welsh border. Norse was also widely spoken in the parts of England which fell under Danish law.

Question: What language family does Old English belong to?
Answer: West Germanic

Question: What is another name for Ingvaeonic?
Answer: North Sea Germanic

Question: In what century did Old English first develop?
Answer: 5th

Question: What Anglo-Saxon kingdom ruled parts of modern-day Scotland?
Answer: Northumbria

Question: What language was spoken in Cornwall?
Answer: Medieval Cornish

Question: What Germanic dialects are from the 500's?

Question: Who did the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Northuumbria belong to?

Question: What language survived in Cumbria until the 1200's?

Question: What language replace Old English in Scandinavian settlements?
Old_English

Some of the most important surviving works of Old English literature are Beowulf, an epic poem; the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, a record of early English history; the Franks Casket, an inscribed early whalebone artefact; and Cædmon's Hymn, a Christian religious poem. There are also a number of extant prose works, such as sermons and saints' lives, biblical translations, and translated Latin works of the early Church Fathers, legal documents, such as laws and wills, and practical works on grammar, medicine, and geography. Still, poetry is considered the heart of Old English literature. Nearly all Anglo-Saxon authors are anonymous, with a few exceptions, such as Bede and Cædmon. Cædmon, the earliest English poet we know by name, served as a lay brother in the monastery at Whitby.

Question: What is an important Old English historical record?
Answer: the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle

Question: What is an important Old English religious poem?
Answer: Cædmon's Hymn

Question: What type of literary work is Beowulf?
Answer: an epic poem

Question: Who is the earliest English poet known by name?
Answer: Cædmon

Question: Where did Cædmon live?
Answer: Whitby

Question: What is the oldest surviving Old English literature?

Question: What is the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle carved on?

Question: What is considered the heart of world literature?

Question: Who are usually well known among the Anglo-Saxons?
Old_English

Old English developed from a set of Anglo-Frisian or North Sea Germanic dialects originally spoken by Germanic tribes traditionally known as the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes. As the Anglo-Saxons became dominant in England, their language replaced the languages of Roman Britain: Common Brittonic, a Celtic language, and Latin, brought to Britain by Roman invasion. Old English had four main dialects, associated with particular Anglo-Saxon kingdoms: Mercian, Northumbrian, Kentish and West Saxon. It was West Saxon that formed the basis for the literary standard of the later Old English period, although the dominant forms of Middle and Modern English would develop mainly from Mercian. The speech of eastern and northern parts of England was subject to strong Old Norse influence due to Scandinavian rule and settlement beginning in the 9th century.

Question: What is another name for Anglo-Frisian?
Answer: North Sea Germanic

Question: Along with the Angles and Saxons, what tribe spoke Anglo-Frisian?
Answer: Jutes

Question: What language family did Common Brittonic belong to?
Answer: Celtic

Question: How was the Latin language brought to Britain?
Answer: Roman invasion

Question: In what century did Scandinavian settlement begin in northern England?
Answer: 9th

Question: What Germanic dialects developed from Old English?

Question: Whose language was replaced by Common Brittonic?

Question: What language replace Common Brittonic after the Roman invasion?

Question: What people ruled the eastern and northern parts of England beginning in the 900's?
Old_English

With the unification of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms (outside the Danelaw) by Alfred the Great in the later 9th century, the language of government and literature became standardised around the West Saxon dialect (Early West Saxon). Alfred advocated education in English alongside Latin, and had many works translated into the English language; some of them, such as Pope Gregory I's treatise Pastoral Care, appear to have been translated by Alfred himself. In Old English, typical of the development of literature, poetry arose before prose, but King Alfred the Great (871 to 901) chiefly inspired the growth of prose.

Question: What king unified the Anglo-Saxon realms in England?
Answer: Alfred the Great

Question: What treatise was written by Pope Gregory?
Answer: Pastoral Care

Question: When did Alfred the Great's reign begin?
Answer: 871

Question: In what century did Alfred unify Anglo-Saxon England?
Answer: 9th

Question: What dialect did Alfred's government use?
Answer: West Saxon

Question: Who unified the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms in the 900's?

Question: Who advocated making Latin the language of education?

Question: What treatise did Pope Gregory I have translated into English?

Question: What Anglo-Saxon king died in the 9th century?
Old_English

Each of these four dialects was associated with an independent kingdom on the island. Of these, Northumbria south of the Tyne, and most of Mercia, were overrun by the Vikings during the 9th century. The portion of Mercia that was successfully defended, and all of Kent, were then integrated into Wessex under Alfred the Great. From that time on, the West Saxon dialect (then in the form now known as Early West Saxon) became standardised as the language of government, and as the basis for the many works of literature and religious materials produced or translated from Latin in that period.

Question: Along with Northumbria, what kingdom was invaded by the Vikings?
Answer: Mercia

Question: Along with the part of Mercia not conquered by the Vikings, what other kingdom was combined with Wessex by Alfred?
Answer: Kent

Question: What is the modern name for the West Saxon dialect of Alfred's time?
Answer: Early West Saxon

Question: From what language was literature notably translated into West Saxon?
Answer: Latin

Question: North of what river in Northumbria was the kingdom not overrun by the Vikings?
Answer: Tyne

Question: Who over ran most of Mercia in the 900's?

Question: Who defended Kent from the Vikings?

Question: What became the standard language in the 900's?

Question: What language was West Saxon literature translated to?
Old_English

Another source of loanwords was Old Norse, which came into contact with Old English via the Scandinavian rulers and settlers in the Danelaw from the late 9th century, and during the rule of Cnut and other Danish kings in the early 11th century. Many place-names in eastern and northern England are of Scandinavian origin. Norse borrowings are relatively rare in Old English literature, being mostly terms relating to government and administration. The literary standard, however, was based on the West Saxon dialect, away from the main area of Scandinavian influence; the impact of Norse may have been greater in the eastern and northern dialects. Certainly in Middle English texts, which are more often based on eastern dialects, a strong Norse influence becomes apparent. Modern English contains a great many, often everyday, words that were borrowed from Old Norse, and the grammatical simplification that occurred after the Old English period is also often attributed to Norse influence.

Question: During what century did Cnut rule?
Answer: 11th

Question: What was Cnut's nationality?
Answer: Danish

Question: During what century did Scandinavians begin to settle in England?
Answer: 9th

Question: What language was a source for English loanwords that are still used today?
Answer: Old Norse

Question: Along with eastern England, what part of England contains many place names of Scandinavian origin?
Answer: northern

Question: How did the Norse borrow words from Old English?

Question: Who influenced the English language starting in the 900's?

Question: Who ruled in the 1100's?

Question: What led to more complicated grammar after the Old English period?
Old_English

Modern editions of Old English manuscripts generally introduce some additional conventions. The modern forms of Latin letters are used, including ⟨g⟩ in place of the insular G, ⟨s⟩ for long S, and others which may differ considerably from the insular script, notably ⟨e⟩, ⟨f⟩ and ⟨r⟩. Macrons are used to indicate long vowels, where usually no distinction was made between long and short vowels in the originals. (In some older editions an acute accent mark was used for consistency with Old Norse conventions.) Additionally, modern editions often distinguish between velar and palatal ⟨c⟩ and ⟨g⟩ by placing dots above the palatals: ⟨ċ⟩, ⟨ġ⟩. The letter wynn ⟨ƿ⟩ is usually replaced with ⟨w⟩, but æsc, eth and thorn are normally retained (except when eth is replaced by thorn).

Question: What form of c, when written, contains a dot over the letter?
Answer: palatal

Question: What conventional letter from the Latin alphabet typically replaces the wynn from Old English?
Answer: w

Question: What letter from the Latin alphabet replaces the Old English insular G?
Answer: g

Question: What Latin letter is used in place of the Old English long S?
Answer: s

Question: When eth is replaced, what is it replaced by?
Answer: thorn

Question: What removes some conventions from Old English manuscripts?

Question: What are used to indicate short vowels?

Question: What kind of vowels have no distinction in Old English?
Old_English

Like other historical languages, Old English has been used by scholars and enthusiasts of later periods to create texts either imitating Anglo-Saxon literature or deliberately transferring it to a different cultural context. Examples include Alistair Campbell and J. R. R. Tolkien. A number of websites devoted to Neo-Paganism and Historical re-enactment offer reference material and forums promoting the active use of Old English. By far the most ambitious project[peacock term] is the Old English Wikipedia, but most of the Neo-Old English texts published online bear little resemblance to the historical model and are riddled with very basic grammatical mistakes.

Question: What modern religion sometimes uses Old English?
Answer: Neo-Paganism

Question: What hobby champions the use of Old English?
Answer: Historical re-enactment

Question: Along with Tolkien, what modern scholar notably made use of Old English?
Answer: Alistair Campbell

Question: What Wikipedia project makes use of the Old English language?
Answer: the Old English Wikipedia

Question: What is a term for modern texts written in Old English?
Answer: Neo-Old English

Question: What is one of the few languages imitated by scholars?

Question: What author promoted the active use of Old English?

Question: What Wikipedia project translate Old English texts?

Question: What modern authors wrote exclusively in Old English?
Old_English

Old English was first written in runes, using the futhorc – a rune set derived from the Germanic 24-character elder futhark, extended by five more runes used to represent Anglo-Saxon vowel sounds, and sometimes by several more additional characters. From around the 9th century, the runic system came to be supplanted by a (minuscule) half-uncial script of the Latin alphabet introduced by Irish Christian missionaries. This was replaced by insular script, a cursive and pointed version of the half-uncial script. This was used until the end of the 12th century when continental Carolingian minuscule (also known as Caroline) replaced the insular.

Question: What was written using the Germanic 24-character elder Furthark?

Question: How many Anglo-Saxon vowels were there?

Question: What script came into use in the 900's?

Question: Who introduced a Latin script in the 900's?

Question: What writing form came into use in the 1200's?
Aircraft_carrier

A fleet carrier is intended to operate with the main fleet and usually provides an offensive capability. These are the largest carriers capable of fast speeds. By comparison, escort carriers were developed to provide defense for convoys of ships. They were smaller and slower with lower numbers of aircraft carried. Most were built from mercantile hulls or, in the case of merchant aircraft carriers, were bulk cargo ships with a flight deck added on top. Light aircraft carriers were carriers that were fast enough to operate with the fleet but of smaller size with reduced aircraft capacity. Soviet aircraft carriers now in use by Russia are actually called heavy aviation cruisers, these ships while sized in the range of large fleet carriers were designed to deploy alone or with escorts and provide both strong defensive weaponry and heavy offensive missiles equivalent to a guided missile cruiser in addition to supporting fighters and helicopters.

Question: What type of carrier is the largest?
Answer: fleet carrier

Question: What capability does a fleet carrier offer?
Answer: offensive

Question: What purpose were excort carriers developed for?
Answer: to provide defense for convoys of ships

Question: What were most escort carriers built from?
Answer: mercantile hulls

Question: What are the soviet aircraft carriers used by Russia actually called?
Answer: heavy aviation cruisers

Question: What type of carrier is the smallest?

Question: What capability does a fleet carrier not offer?

Question: What purpose were export carriers developed for?

Question: What were few escort carriers built from?

Question: What are the soviet aircraft carriers used by Germany actually called?
Aircraft_carrier

This new-found importance of naval aviation forced nations to create a number of carriers, in efforts to provide air superiority cover for every major fleet in order to ward off enemy aircraft. This extensive usage required the construction of several new 'light' carriers. Escort aircraft carriers, such as USS Bogue, were sometimes purpose-built, but most were converted from merchant ships as a stop-gap measure to provide anti-submarine air support for convoys and amphibious invasions. Following this concept, light aircraft carriers built by the US, such as USS Independence, represented a larger, more "militarized" version of the escort carrier. Although with similar complement to Escort carriers, they had the advantage of speed from their converted cruiser hulls. The UK 1942 Design Light Fleet Carrier was designed for building quickly by civilian shipyards and with an expected service life of about 3 years. They served the Royal Navy during the war and was the hull design chosen for nearly all aircraft carrier equipped navies after the war until the 1980s. Emergencies also spurred the creation or conversion of highly unconventional aircraft carriers. CAM ships, were cargo-carrying merchant ships that could launch (but not retrieve) a single fighter aircraft from a catapult to defend the convoy from long range German aircraft.

Question: What type of aircraft carrier was the USS Bogue?
Answer: Escort

Question: What type of aircraft was the USS Independence?
Answer: light

Question: What advantage did light carriers have over escort carriers?
Answer: speed

Question: What was the expected serice life of the UK 1942 Design Light Fleet Carrier?
Answer: 3 years

Question: Who did the UK 1941 Design Light Fleet Carriers serve during the war?
Answer: Royal Navy

Question: What type of aircraft carrier was the USS Vogue?

Question: What type of tank was the USS Independence?

Question: What advantage did heavy carriers have over escort carriers?

Question: What was the expected service life of the UK 1924 Design Light Fleet Carrier?

Question: Who did the UK 1941 Design Heavy Fleet Carriers serve during the war?
Aircraft_carrier

Speaking in St. Petersburg, Russia on 30 June 2011, the head of Russia's United Shipbuilding Corporation said his company expected to begin design work for a new carrier in 2016, with a goal of beginning construction in 2018 and having the carrier achieve initial operational capability by 2023. Several months later, on 3 November 2011 the Russian newspaper Izvestiya reported that the naval building plan now included (first) the construction of a new shipyard capable of building large hull ships, after which Moscow will build two (80,000 tons full load each) nuclear-powered aircraft carriers by 2027. The spokesperson said one carrier would be assigned to the Russian Navy's Northern Fleet at Murmansk, and the second would be stationed with the Pacific Fleet at Vladivostok.

Question: When did Russia's United Shipbuilding Corporation expect to begin design work for a new carrier?
Answer: 2016

Question: What year was the goal for Russia's new carrier to achieve initial operational capability?
Answer: 2023

Question: What was Izvestiya?
Answer: Russian newspaper

Question: Where was the Northern Fleets nuclear-powered aircraft carrier supposed to be stationed?
Answer: Murmansk

Question: Where was the Pacific Fleets nuclear-powered aircraft carrier supposed to be stationed?
Answer: Vladivostok

Question: When did Prussia's United Shipbuilding Corporation expect to begin design work for a new carrier?

Question: What year was the goal for Russia's old carrier to achieve initial operational capability?

Question: What wasn't Izvestiya?

Question: Where was the Southern Fleets nuclear-powered aircraft carrier supposed to be stationed?

Question: Where was the Atlantic Fleets nuclear-powered aircraft carrier supposed to be stationed?
Aircraft_carrier

As "runways at sea", aircraft carriers have a flat-top flight deck, which launches and recovers aircraft. Aircraft launch forward, into the wind, and are recovered from astern. The flight deck is where the most notable differences between a carrier and a land runway are found. Creating such a surface at sea poses constraints on the carrier – for example, the fact that it is a ship means that a full-length runway would be costly to construct and maintain. This affects take-off procedure, as a shorter runway length of the deck requires that aircraft accelerate more quickly to gain lift. This either requires a thrust boost, a vertical component to its velocity, or a reduced take-off load (to lower mass). The differing types of deck configuration, as above, influence the structure of the flight deck. The form of launch assistance a carrier provides is strongly related to the types of aircraft embarked and the design of the carrier itself.

Question: What are typically regarded as "runways at sea"?
Answer: aircraft carriers

Question: What design feature do aircraft carriers feature to aid in launching and recovering aircraft?
Answer: flat-top flight deck

Question: Where are the most notable differences between a carrier and a land runway found?
Answer: The flight deck

Question: What is a primary reason that ships have shorter runways than land runways have?
Answer: a full-length runway would be costly to construct and maintain

Question: What do aircraft need to do when using shorter runway lengths?
Answer: accelerate more quickly to gain lift

Question: What are never regarded as "runways at sea"?

Question: What design feature do aircraft carriers feature to hinder launching and recovering aircraft?

Question: Where are the least notable differences between a carrier and a land runway found?

Question: What is a primary reason that ships have longer runways than land runways have?

Question: What do aircraft need to do when using longer runway lengths?
Aircraft_carrier

Since the early 1950s on conventional carriers it has been the practice to recover aircraft at an angle to port of the axial line of the ship. The primary function of this angled deck is to allow aircraft that miss the arresting wires, referred to as a bolter, to become airborne again without the risk of hitting aircraft parked forward. The angled deck allows the installation of one or two "waist" catapults in addition to the two bow cats. An angled deck also improves launch and recovery cycle flexibility with the option of simultaneous launching and recovery of aircraft.

Question: When did conventional carriers start recovering aircraft at an angle to port of the axial line of the ship?
Answer: early 1950s

Question: What risk is avoided by aircraft by using an angled deck?
Answer: hitting aircraft parked forward

Question: How many "waist" catapults can be installed with an angled deck?
Answer: one or two

Question: How man bow cats can be installed with an angled deck?
Answer: two

Question: What aircraft design feature improves launch and recovery cycle flexibilty?
Answer: An angled deck

Question: When did conventional carriers stop recovering aircraft at an angle to port of the axial line of the ship?

Question: What risk is added by aircraft by using an angled deck?

Question: How many "waste" catapults can be installed with an angled deck?

Question: How man bow dogs can be installed with an angled deck?

Question: What aircraft design feature improves launch and recovery cycle rigidity?
Aircraft_carrier

Another deck structure that can be seen is a ski-jump ramp at the forward end of the flight deck. This was first developed to help launch STOVL aircraft take off at far higher weights than is possible with a vertical or rolling takeoff on flat decks. Originally developed by the Royal Navy, it since has been adopted by many navies for smaller carriers. A ski-jump ramp works by converting some of the forward rolling movement of the aircraft into vertical velocity and is sometimes combined with the aiming of jet thrust partly downwards. This allows heavily loaded and fueled aircraft a few more precious seconds to attain sufficient air velocity and lift to sustain normal flight. Without a ski-jump launching fully loaded and fueled aircraft such as the Harrier would not be possible on a smaller flat deck ship before either stalling out or crashing directly into the sea.

Question: Where are ski-jump ramps located on aircraft carriers?
Answer: the forward end of the flight deck

Question: What did ski-jump ramps allow STOVL aircraft to do that they couldn't do with a flat deck??
Answer: take off at far higher weights

Question: Who originally developed the ski-jump ramp?
Answer: the Royal Navy

Question: What does a ski-jump ramp convert in order to be successful?
Answer: some of the forward rolling movement of the aircraft into vertical velocity

Question: What does the ski-jump ramp prevent a fully loaded and fueled aircraft from doing?
Answer: either stalling out or crashing directly into the sea

Question: Where are snowboard-jump ramps located on aircraft carriers?

Question: What did ski-jump ramps stop STOVL aircraft to do that they couldn't do with a flat deck?

Question: Who originally hated the ski-jump ramp?

Question: What does a ski-jump ramp convert in order to be a failure?

Question: What does the ski-jump ramp prevent a unloaded and fueled aircraft from doing?
Aircraft_carrier

An aircraft carrier is a warship that serves as a seagoing airbase, equipped with a full-length flight deck and facilities for carrying, arming, deploying, and recovering aircraft. Typically, it is the capital ship of a fleet, as it allows a naval force to project air power worldwide without depending on local bases for staging aircraft operations. Aircraft carriers are expensive to build and are critical assets. Aircraft carriers have evolved from converted cruisers to nuclear-powered warships that carry numerous fighter planes, strike aircraft, helicopters, and other types of aircraft.

Question: What type of flight decks are aircraft carriers equipped with?
Answer: full-length

Question: What purpose do aircraft carriers serve for aircraft?
Answer: carrying, arming, deploying, and recovering

Question: Typically, what is the capital ship of any fleet?
Answer: An aircraft carrier

Question: What do aircraft carriers allow naval forces to accomplish?
Answer: project air power worldwide without depending on local bases

Question: What have the old converted cruiser aircraft carriers evolved into?
Answer: nuclear-powered warships

Question: What type of flight decks are aircraft carriers not equipped with?

Question: What purpose do aircraft carriers serve for land vehicles?

Question: Typically, what is the capital ship of no fleets?

Question: What do aircraft carriers disallow naval forces to accomplish?

Question: What have the new converted cruiser aircraft carriers devolved into?
Aircraft_carrier

The 1903 advent of heavier-than-air fixed-wing aircraft was closely followed in 1910 by the first experimental take-off of an airplane, made from the deck of a United States Navy vessel (cruiser USS Birmingham), and the first experimental landings were conducted in 1911. On 9 May 1912 the first airplane take-off from a ship underway was made from the deck of the British Royal Navy's HMS Hibernia. Seaplane tender support ships came next, with the French Foudre of 1911. In September 1914 the Imperial Japanese Navy Wakamiya conducted the world's first successful ship-launched air raid: on 6 September 1914 a Farman aircraft launched by Wakamiya attacked the Austro-Hungarian cruiser SMS Kaiserin Elisabeth and the German gunboat Jaguar in Kiaochow Bay off Tsingtao; neither was hit. The first carrier-launched airstrike was the Tondern Raid in July 1918. Seven Sopwith Camels launched from the converted battlecruiser HMS Furious damaged the German airbase at Tønder and destroyed two zeppelins.

Question: In what year was the advent of heavier-than-air fixed-wing aircraft?
Answer: 1903

Question: In what year was the first experimental take-off of an airplane?
Answer: 1910

Question: In what year were the first experimental landings of an airplane?
Answer: 1911

Question: What did the Imperial Japanese Navy Wakamiya conduct in September 1914?
Answer: the world's first successful ship-launched air raid

Question: What was the first carrier-launched airstrike?
Answer: the Tondern Raid in July 1918

Question: In what year was the advent of lighter-than-air fixed-wing aircraft?

Question: In what year was the second experimental take-off of an airplane?

Question: In what year were the first experimental takeoffs of an airplane?

Question: What did the Imperial Chinese Navy Wakamiya conduct in September 1914?

Question: What was the first carrier-launched seastrike?