Divyanshu67/squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
Dialect

There have been cases of a variety of speech being deliberately reclassified to serve political purposes. One example is Moldovan. In 1996, the Moldovan parliament, citing fears of "Romanian expansionism", rejected a proposal from President Mircea Snegur to change the name of the language to Romanian, and in 2003 a Moldovan–Romanian dictionary was published, purporting to show that the two countries speak different languages. Linguists of the Romanian Academy reacted by declaring that all the Moldovan words were also Romanian words; while in Moldova, the head of the Academy of Sciences of Moldova, Ion Bărbuţă, described the dictionary as a politically motivated "absurdity".

Question: Who was the president of Moldova in 1996?
Answer: Mircea Snegur

Question: In what year was a Moldovan-Romanian dictionary published?
Answer: 2003

Question: Fear of what caused the Moldovan parliament to reject changing the name of the country's language to Romanian in 1996?
Answer: Romanian expansionism

Question: Who was the head of the Academy of Sciences of Moldova?
Answer: Ion Bărbuţă

Question: Political purposes have been reclassified to deliberately do what?

Question: When did the Moldovan parliament approve a proposal from President Snegur?

Question: When was President Moldovan's proposal rejected by parliament?

Question: What did the Academy of Science declare regarding Moldovan words?

Question: When was the Romanian-Academy dictionary published?
Dialect

Unlike most languages that use alphabets to indicate the pronunciation, Chinese characters have developed from logograms that do not always give hints to its pronunciation. Although the written characters remained relatively consistent for the last two thousand years, the pronunciation and grammar in different regions has developed to an extent that the varieties of the spoken language are often mutually unintelligible. As a series of migration to the south throughout the history, the regional languages of the south, including Xiang, Wu, Gan, Min, Yue (Cantonese), and Hakka often show traces of Old Chinese or Middle Chinese. From the Ming dynasty onward, Beijing has been the capital of China and the dialect spoken in Beijing has had the most prestige among other varieties. With the founding of the Republic of China, Standard Mandarin was designated as the official language, based on the spoken language of Beijing. Since then, other spoken varieties are regarded as fangyan (dialects). Cantonese is still the most commonly used language in Hong Kong, Macau and among some overseas Chinese communities, whereas Southern Min has been accepted in Taiwan as an important local language along with Mandarin.

Question: From what did Chinese characters derive?
Answer: logograms

Question: What is another name for the Yue language?
Answer: Cantonese

Question: Hakka is a language from what geographic part of China?
Answer: the south

Question: From the time of the Ming dynasty, what city was the capital of China?
Answer: Beijing

Question: At its founding. what was the official language of the Republic of China?
Answer: Standard Mandarin

Question: What do Chinese characters use to give hints to pronunciation?

Question: What is another name for the Xiang language?

Question: Where is Macau the most commonly used language?

Question: Which language is the most commonly used in Cantonese?

Question: What do most languages use to indicate varieties?
Dialect

Many historical linguists view any speech form as a dialect of the older medium of communication from which it developed.[citation needed] This point of view sees the modern Romance languages as dialects of Latin, modern Greek as a dialect of Ancient Greek, Tok Pisin as a dialect of English, and North Germanic as dialects of Old Norse. This paradigm is not entirely problem-free. It sees genetic relationships as paramount: the "dialects" of a "language" (which itself may be a "dialect" of a yet older language) may or may not be mutually intelligible. Moreover, a parent language may spawn several "dialects" which themselves subdivide any number of times, with some "branches" of the tree changing more rapidly than others.

Question: From the perspective of historical linguists, what are Romance languages dialects of?
Answer: Latin

Question: What do many historical linguists consider modern Greek to be a dialect of?
Answer: Ancient Greek

Question: From what language is North Germanic derived?
Answer: Old Norse

Question: Tok Pisin might be regarded as a dialect of what language?
Answer: English

Question: What do few historical linguists view any speech form as?

Question: According to this few, what language is Latin a dialect of?

Question: According to this few, what language is Ancient Greek a dialect of?

Question: According to this few, what language is Old Norse a dialect of?

Question: According to this few, what language is English a dialect of?
Dialect

This can give rise to the situation in which two dialects (defined according to this paradigm) with a somewhat distant genetic relationship are mutually more readily comprehensible than more closely related dialects. In one opinion, this pattern is clearly present among the modern Romance languages, with Italian and Spanish having a high degree of mutual comprehensibility, which neither language shares with French, despite some claiming that both languages are genetically closer to French than to each other:[citation needed] In fact, French-Italian and French-Spanish relative mutual incomprehensibility is due to French having undergone more rapid and more pervasive phonological change than have Spanish and Italian, not to real or imagined distance in genetic relationship. In fact, Italian and French share many more root words in common that do not even appear in Spanish.

Question: Italian is significantly mutually comprehensible with what other Romance language?
Answer: Spanish

Question: With what romance language does Spanish not have a high degree of mutual comprehensibility?
Answer: French

Question: What is the reason for French and Italian not being very mutually comprehensible?
Answer: French having undergone more rapid and more pervasive phonological change

Question: This pattern is particularly lacking among which modern languages?

Question: Which languages have a low degree of  mutual comprehensibility?

Question: What do both the Italian and Spanish languages share with the French language?

Question: What is French-Spanish and Spanish-Italian mutual incomprehensibility due to?

Question: Which two languages share numerous root words that aren't even in the Romance language?
Dialect

For example, the Italian and French words for various foods, some family relationships, and body parts are very similar to each other, yet most of those words are completely different in Spanish. Italian "avere" and "essere" as auxiliaries for forming compound tenses are used similarly to French "avoir" and "être". Spanish only retains "haber" and has done away with "ser" in forming compound tenses. However, when it comes to phonological structures, Italian and Spanish have undergone less change than French, with the result that some native speakers of Italian and Spanish may attain a degree of mutual comprehension that permits extensive communication.[citation needed]

Question: What Italian word is similar to the French word "avoir"?
Answer: avere

Question: What French word is similar to the Italian word "essere"?
Answer: être

Question: What two languages have the possibility for significant mutual intelligibility?
Answer: Italian and Spanish

Question: Along with foods and family relationships, what sorts of words are similar in French and Italian?
Answer: body parts

Question: When forming compound tenses in Spanish, what auxiliary is no longer used?
Answer: sere

Question: In Italian and French which words are very different while the same words are similar in Spanish?

Question: Which two languages have undergone more change than French regarding phonological structures?

Question: What Spanish word is similar to the Italian word avere?

Question: Which Spanish word is similar to the Italian word essere?

Question: Which Italian term is similar to avoir?
Dialect

One language, Interlingua, was developed so that the languages of Western civilization would act as its dialects. Drawing from such concepts as the international scientific vocabulary and Standard Average European, linguists[who?] developed a theory that the modern Western languages were actually dialects of a hidden or latent language.[citation needed] Researchers at the International Auxiliary Language Association extracted words and affixes that they considered to be part of Interlingua's vocabulary. In theory, speakers of the Western languages would understand written or spoken Interlingua immediately, without prior study, since their own languages were its dialects. This has often turned out to be true, especially, but not solely, for speakers of the Romance languages and educated speakers of English. Interlingua has also been found to assist in the learning of other languages. In one study, Swedish high school students learning Interlingua were able to translate passages from Spanish, Portuguese, and Italian that students of those languages found too difficult to understand. It should be noted, however, that the vocabulary of Interlingua extends beyond the Western language families.

Question: What language could all Western languages be considered dialects of?
Answer: Interlingua

Question: Researchers at what organization study and develop Interlingua?
Answer: International Auxiliary Language Association

Question: What was the nationality of high school students who learned Interlingua in a notable linguistic experiment?
Answer: Swedish

Question: Along with Italian and Spanish, what language could Swedish Interlingua learners translate?
Answer: Portuguese

Question: Along with Standard Average European, from what concept was Interlingua derived?
Answer: the international scientific vocabulary

Question: Which language was developed to aid Eastern civilization languages in acting as dialects?

Question: What is the name of the language that was created to help Western languages act as English?

Question: What has Interlingua been found to be a detriment to?

Question: According to one study, students learning Spanish were able to translate passages from which languages that other students could not?

Question: Which languages' vocabulary does not reach beyond the Western family of languages?
Bern

The city of Bern or Berne (German: Bern, pronounced [bɛrn] ( listen); French: Berne [bɛʁn]; Italian: Berna [ˈbɛrna]; Romansh: Berna  [ˈbɛrnɐ] (help·info); Bernese German: Bärn [b̥æːrn]) is the de facto capital of Switzerland, referred to by the Swiss as their (e.g. in German) Bundesstadt, or "federal city".[note 1] With a population of 140,634 (November 2015), Bern is the fifth most populous city in Switzerland. The Bern agglomeration, which includes 36 municipalities, had a population of 406,900 in 2014. The metropolitan area had a population of 660,000 in 2000. Bern is also the capital of the Canton of Bern, the second most populous of Switzerland's cantons.

Question: Where is Bern located? 
Answer: Switzerland

Question: How many municiplaities are in Bern?
Answer: 36

Question: Bern is the capitol of which canton?
Answer: Canton of Bern

Question: Where does Bern rank in population in Switzerland?
Answer: second
Bern

In 1983 the historic old town in the centre of Bern became a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Bern is ranked among the world’s top ten cities for the best quality of life (2010).

Question: Where is the UNESCO World Heritage Site?
Answer: centre of Bern

Question: Where does Bern rank for top cities for the best quality of life?
Answer: top ten

Question: When did the centre of Bern become the UNESCO World Heritage Site?
Answer: 1983
Bern

The etymology of the name Bern is uncertain. According to the local legend, based on folk etymology, Berchtold V, Duke of Zähringen, the founder of the city of Bern, vowed to name the city after the first animal he met on the hunt, and this turned out to be a bear. It has long been considered likely that the city was named after the Italian city of Verona, which at the time was known as Bern in Middle High German. As a result of the find of the Bern zinc tablet in the 1980s, it is now more common to assume that the city was named after a pre-existing toponym of Celtic origin, possibly *berna "cleft". The bear was the heraldic animal of the seal and coat of arms of Bern from at least the 1220s. The earliest reference to the keeping of live bears in the Bärengraben dates to the 1440s.

Question: What animal is on the seal and coat of arms of Bern?
Answer: bear

Question: What live animals did they keep in the Bärengraben?
Answer: bears

Question: What is the earliest that they kept live bears in the Bärengraben?
Answer: 1440s.
Westminster_Abbey

Westminster Abbey, formally titled the Collegiate Church of St Peter at Westminster, is a large, mainly Gothic abbey church in the City of Westminster, London, located just to the west of the Palace of Westminster. It is one of the most notable religious buildings in the United Kingdom and has been the traditional place of coronation and burial site for English and, later, British monarchs. Between 1540 and 1556 the abbey had the status of a cathedral. Since 1560, however, the building is no longer an abbey nor a cathedral, having instead the status of a Church of England "Royal Peculiar"—a church responsible directly to the sovereign. The building itself is the original abbey church.

Question: What is the formal name of Westminster Abbey?
Answer: the Collegiate Church of St Peter at Westminster

Question: Where is Westminster Abbey located?
Answer: City of Westminster, London

Question: When was Westminster Abbey a cathedral?
Answer: Between 1540 and 1556

Question: What has been the status of Westminster Abbey since 1560?
Answer: Church of England "Royal Peculiar"

Question: What was Westminster Abbey's informal name?

Question: What style architecture is the Westminster Abbey not considered?

Question: In what country is Westminster Abbey located?

Question: In what years wasn't the Abbey considered a cathedral?

Question: What type of building is the Abbey not considered?
Westminster_Abbey

According to a tradition first reported by Sulcard in about 1080, a church was founded at the site (then known as Thorn Ey (Thorn Island)) in the 7th century, at the time of Mellitus, a Bishop of London. Construction of the present church began in 1245, on the orders of King Henry III.

Question: What is the meaning of Thorn Ey?
Answer: Thorn Island

Question: When was a church first founded at the site?
Answer: 7th century

Question: Who was Mellitus?
Answer: a Bishop of London

Question: When was construction of the present church started?
Answer: 1245

Question: Who ordered the construction of the church?
Answer: King Henry III

Question: What year did the destruction of the church begin?

Question: Who commissioned the Abbey to be destroyed?

Question: What was the area never named?

Question: In what century wasn't the church established at the location?

Question: Who wasn't the Bishop in this time frame?
Westminster_Abbey

Since 1066, when Harold Godwinson and William the Conqueror were crowned, the coronations of English and British monarchs have been held there. There have been at least 16 royal weddings at the abbey since 1100. Two were of reigning monarchs (Henry I and Richard II), although, before 1919, there had been none for some 500 years.

Question: Who were the first monarchs crowned at Westminster Abbey?
Answer: Harold Godwinson and William the Conqueror

Question: Since when have coronations been held at Westminster Abbey?
Answer: 1066

Question: How many royal weddings have occurred at the abbey?
Answer: 16

Question: Which two reigning monarchs had weddings at the abbey?
Answer: Henry I and Richard II

Question: When did royal weddings begin at the church?
Answer: 1100

Question: Who were the last monarchs crowned at Westminster Abbey?

Question: Since when haven't coronations been held at Westminster Abbey?

Question: How many royal weddings haven't occurred at the abbey?

Question: Which two reigning monarchs had funerals at the abbey?

Question: When did royal weddings end at the church?
Westminster_Abbey

The first reports of the abbey are based on a late tradition claiming that a young fisherman called Aldrich on the River Thames saw a vision of Saint Peter near the site. This seems to be quoted to justify the gifts of salmon from Thames fishermen that the abbey received in later years. In the present era, the Fishmonger's Company still gives a salmon every year. The proven origins are that in the 960s or early 970s, Saint Dunstan, assisted by King Edgar, installed a community of Benedictine monks here.

Question: Who supposedly had a vison of Saint Peter on the River Thames?
Answer: Aldrich

Question: Who first gifted salmon to the abbey?
Answer: Thames fishermen

Question: Who still gives salmon to the abbey today?
Answer: Fishmonger's Company

Question: When was the monk community installed?
Answer: 960s or early 970s

Question: What was the name of the fisherman in lore that saw a vision of Saint Paul near the Abbey?

Question: What type of fish did the Abbey give to Thames fisherman?

Question: What kind of monks died at the Abbey?

Question: Who, till this day still gives the Abbey a bun?

Question: Who along with the Prince Edgar established the monks at the Abbey?
Westminster_Abbey

Between 1042 and 1052 King Edward the Confessor began rebuilding St Peter's Abbey to provide himself with a royal burial church. It was the first church in England built in the Romanesque style. The building was not completed until around 1090 but was consecrated on 28 December 1065, only a week before Edward's death on 5 January 1066. A week later he was buried in the church, and nine years later his wife Edith was buried alongside him. His successor, Harold II, was probably crowned in the abbey, although the first documented coronation is that of William the Conqueror later the same year.

Question: Who rebuilt the abbey for a burial church?
Answer: King Edward the Confessor

Question: What style was the church rebuilt in?
Answer: Romanesque

Question: When was the building consecrated?
Answer: 28 December 1065

Question: When did King Edward the Confessor die?
Answer: 5 January 1066

Question: Who was the first documented coronation?
Answer: William the Conqueror

Question: What architectural design wasn't St Peter's abbey considered?

Question: What year was the building started?

Question: What was the date of the Abbey's demolition?

Question: Who was the last recorded coronation at the Abbey?

Question: What King restored the Abbey in the years 1042 and 1062?
Westminster_Abbey

The only extant depiction of Edward's abbey, together with the adjacent Palace of Westminster, is in the Bayeux Tapestry. Some of the lower parts of the monastic dormitory, an extension of the South Transept, survive in the Norman undercroft of the Great School, including a door said to come from the previous Saxon abbey. Increased endowments supported a community increased from a dozen monks in Dunstan's original foundation, up to a maximum about eighty monks, although there was also a large community of lay brothers who supported the monastery's extensive property and activities.

Question: Where is the only existant depiction of Edward's abbey?
Answer: Bayeux Tapestry

Question: What was the original size of Dunstan's original monk community?
Answer: a dozen

Question: How was the community able to increase?
Answer: endowments

Question: What is adjacent the abbey?
Answer: Palace of Westminster

Question: Where is the only nonexistant depiction of Edward's abbey?

Question: What was the final size of Dunstan's original monk community?

Question: How was the community unable to increase?

Question: How was the community able to decrease?

Question: What is far away from the abbey?
Westminster_Abbey

The abbot and monks, in proximity to the royal Palace of Westminster, the seat of government from the later 12th century, became a powerful force in the centuries after the Norman Conquest. The abbot often was employed on royal service and in due course took his place in the House of Lords as of right. Released from the burdens of spiritual leadership, which passed to the reformed Cluniac movement after the mid-10th century, and occupied with the administration of great landed properties, some of which lay far from Westminster, "the Benedictines achieved a remarkable degree of identification with the secular life of their times, and particularly with upper-class life", Barbara Harvey concludes, to the extent that her depiction of daily life provides a wider view of the concerns of the English gentry in the High and Late Middle Ages.[citation needed]

Question: Who became a powerful force after the Norman Conquest?
Answer: The abbot and monks

Question: The Palace of Westminster was the seat of what from the later 12th century?
Answer: government

Question: Who was employed on royal service?
Answer: The abbot

Question: With what kind of life were the Benedictines allowed to identify?
Answer: secular

Question: To what movement was the task of spiritual leadership passed?
Answer: Cluniac

Question: Who became a weak force after the Norman Conquest?

Question: The Palace of Westminster was the seat of what from the later 11th century?

Question: Who was unemployed on royal service?

Question: With what kind of life were the Benedictines allowed to misidentify?

Question: To what movement wasn't the task of spiritual leadership passed?
Westminster_Abbey

The proximity of the Palace of Westminster did not extend to providing monks or abbots with high royal connections; in social origin the Benedictines of Westminster were as modest as most of the order. The abbot remained Lord of the Manor of Westminster as a town of two to three thousand persons grew around it: as a consumer and employer on a grand scale the monastery helped fuel the town economy, and relations with the town remained unusually cordial, but no enfranchising charter was issued during the Middle Ages. The abbey built shops and dwellings on the west side, encroaching upon the sanctuary.[citation needed]

Question: What did the abbot remain as a town built around the abbey?
Answer: Lord of the Manor of Westminster

Question: What did the monastery help fuel?
Answer: the town economy

Question: What did the abbey build on the west side?
Answer: shops and dwellings

Question: What encroached upon the sanctuary?
Answer: shops and dwellings

Question: What did the abbot remain as a town built inside the abbey?

Question: What did the monastery help kill?

Question: What didn't the monastery help fuel?

Question: What did the abbey build on the east side?

Question: What never encroached upon the sanctuary?
Westminster_Abbey

The abbey became the coronation site of Norman kings. None were buried there until Henry III, intensely devoted to the cult of the Confessor, rebuilt the abbey in Anglo-French Gothic style as a shrine to venerate King Edward the Confessor and as a suitably regal setting for Henry's own tomb, under the highest Gothic nave in England. The Confessor's shrine subsequently played a great part in his canonisation. The work continued between 1245 and 1517 and was largely finished by the architect Henry Yevele in the reign of Richard II. Henry III also commissioned unique Cosmati pavement in front of the High Altar (the pavement has recently undergone a major cleaning and conservation programme and was re-dedicated by the Dean at a service on 21 May 2010).

Question: What was the abbey to Norman kings?
Answer: coronation site

Question: What architect continued work on the abbey?
Answer: Henry Yevele

Question: Who was reigning when Henry Yevele finished his work on the abbey?
Answer: Richard II

Question: What kind of pavement was commissioned for in front of the High Altar?
Answer: Cosmati

Question: What played a large role in King Edward the Confessor's canonisation?
Answer: The Confessor's shrine

Question: What was the abbey to Norman queens?

Question: What architect stopped work on the abbey?

Question: Who was reigning when Henry Yevele started his work on the abbey?

Question: What kind of pavement was commissioned for in front of the Low Altar?

Question: What played a small role in King Edward the Confessor's canonisation?
Westminster_Abbey

Henry VII added a Perpendicular style chapel dedicated to the Blessed Virgin Mary in 1503 (known as the Henry VII Chapel or the "Lady Chapel"). Much of the stone came from Caen, in France (Caen stone), the Isle of Portland (Portland stone) and the Loire Valley region of France (tuffeau limestone).[citation needed]

Question: Who added a Perpendicular style chapel?
Answer: Henry VII

Question: Who was the Perpendicular style chapel dedicated to?
Answer: Blessed Virgin Mary

Question: What part of France did the Caen stone come from?
Answer: Caen

Question: Where did the Portland stone come from?
Answer: Isle of Portland

Question: When was the Lady Chapel added?
Answer: 1503

Question: Who took away a Perpendicular style chapel?

Question: Who was the Perpendicular style chapel undedicated to?

Question: What part of England did the Caen stone come from?

Question: Where did the Portland wood come from?

Question: When was the Lady Chapel subtracted?
Westminster_Abbey

In 1535, the abbey's annual income of £2400–2800[citation needed] (£1,310,000 to £1,530,000 as of 2016), during the assessment attendant on the Dissolution of the Monasteries rendered it second in wealth only to Glastonbury Abbey.

Question: When was the abbey's annual income £2400–2800?
Answer: 1535

Question: What was the abbey's annual income as of 2016?
Answer: £1,310,000 to £1,530,000

Question: To which other abbey was Westminster Abbey second in wealth?
Answer: Glastonbury Abbey

Question: During what was the abbey made second in wealth?
Answer: the assessment attendant on the Dissolution of the Monasteries

Question: When was the abbey's annual income £2400–2700?

Question: What was the abbey's annual income as of 2015?

Question: To which other abbey was Westminster Abbey first in wealth?

Question: During what was the abbey made third in wealth?

Question: When was the abbey's annual debt £2400–2700?
Westminster_Abbey

Henry VIII assumed direct royal control in 1539 and granted the abbey the status of a cathedral by charter in 1540, simultaneously issuing letters patent establishing the Diocese of Westminster. By granting the abbey cathedral status Henry VIII gained an excuse to spare it from the destruction or dissolution which he inflicted on most English abbeys during this period.

Question: When did Henry VIII take direct royal control?
Answer: 1539

Question: Who gave the abbey status of a cathedral in 1540?
Answer: Henry VIII

Question: What did the cathedral status save the abbey from?
Answer: destruction

Question: What did changing the status of the abbey create?
Answer: the Diocese of Westminster

Question: When did Henry VII take direct royal control?

Question: When did Henry VIII take indirect royal control?

Question: Who gave the abbey status of a cathedral in 1504?

Question: What did the cathedral status not save the abbey from?
Westminster_Abbey

Westminster diocese was dissolved in 1550, but the abbey was recognised (in 1552, retroactively to 1550) as a second cathedral of the Diocese of London until 1556. The already-old expression "robbing Peter to pay Paul" may have been given a new lease of life when money meant for the abbey, which is dedicated to Saint Peter, was diverted to the treasury of St Paul's Cathedral.

Question: When was Westminster Diocese dissolved?
Answer: 1550

Question: The abbey was recognised as what until 1556?
Answer: a second cathedral of the Diocese of London

Question: Who is the abbey dedicated to?
Answer: Saint Peter

Question: When was Westminster Diocese resolved?

Question: When was Eastminster Diocese dissolved?

Question: The abbey was recognised as what after 1556?

Question: The abbey was recognised as what until 1565?

Question: Who isn't the abbey dedicated to?
Westminster_Abbey

The abbey was restored to the Benedictines under the Catholic Mary I of England, but they were again ejected under Elizabeth I in 1559. In 1560, Elizabeth re-established Westminster as a "Royal Peculiar" – a church of the Church of England responsible directly to the Sovereign, rather than to a diocesan bishop – and made it the Collegiate Church of St Peter (that is, a non-cathedral church with an attached chapter of canons, headed by a dean.) The last of Mary's abbots was made the first dean.

Question: The abbey was regiven to the Benedictines under whom?
Answer: Mary I of England

Question: Who ejected the Benedictines again in 1559?
Answer: Elizabeth I

Question: What was the new name of the abbey when Elizabeth I reestablished it?
Answer: Collegiate Church of St Peter

Question: Who was made the first dean of the new church?
Answer: The last of Mary's abbots

Question: The abbey was forgiven to the Benedictines under whom?

Question: The abbey wasn't regiven to the Benedictines under whom?

Question: Who accepted the Benedictines again in 1559?

Question: Who ejected the Benedictines again in 1595?

Question: What was the new name of the abbey when Elizabeth II reestablished it?
Westminster_Abbey

It suffered damage during the turbulent 1640s, when it was attacked by Puritan iconoclasts, but was again protected by its close ties to the state during the Commonwealth period. Oliver Cromwell was given an elaborate funeral there in 1658, only to be disinterred in January 1661 and posthumously hanged from a gibbet at Tyburn.

Question: When did the abbey suffer damage?
Answer: 1640s

Question: Who attacked the abbey?
Answer: Puritan iconoclasts

Question: What protected the abbey?
Answer: ties to the state during the Commonwealth

Question: Who had a fancy funeral at the abbey in 1658?
Answer: Oliver Cromwell

Question: When was Oliver Cromwell disinterred?
Answer: January 1661

Question: When didn't the abbey suffer damage?

Question: Who defended the abbey?

Question: What attacked the abbey?

Question: Who had a fancy funeral at the abbey in 1685?

Question: When was Oliver Cromwell murdered?
Westminster_Abbey

The abbey's two western towers were built between 1722 and 1745 by Nicholas Hawksmoor, constructed from Portland stone to an early example of a Gothic Revival design. Purbeck marble was used for the walls and the floors of Westminster Abbey, even though the various tombstones are made of different types of marble. Further rebuilding and restoration occurred in the 19th century under Sir George Gilbert Scott.

Question: When were the western towers built?
Answer: between 1722 and 1745

Question: Who built the western towers of the abbey?
Answer: Nicholas Hawksmoor

Question: What kind of marble was used for the walls and floors of the abbey?
Answer: Purbeck

Question: Under whom did the 19th century rebulding occur?
Answer: Sir George Gilbert Scott

Question: What were the two western towers built from?
Answer: Portland stone

Question: When were the eastern towers built?

Question: Who built the eastern towers of the abbey?

Question: What kind of marble was used for the ceilings of the abbey?

Question: Under whom did the 18th century rebulding occur?

Question: What were the three western towers built from?
Westminster_Abbey

A narthex (a portico or entrance hall) for the west front was designed by Sir Edwin Lutyens in the mid-20th century but was not built. Images of the abbey prior to the construction of the towers are scarce, though the abbey's official website states that the building was without towers following Yevele's renovation, with just the lower segments beneath the roof level of the Nave completed.

Question: What was designed for the west front of the abbey but not built?
Answer: A narthex

Question: When was the narthex designed?
Answer: mid-20th century

Question: The abbey was without towers following the renovation by whom?
Answer: Yevele

Question: What was redesigned for the west front of the abbey but not built?

Question: What was designed for the east front of the abbey but not built?

Question: When was the narthex redesigned?

Question: The abbey was with towers following the renovation by whom?

Question: The abbey was without towers following the destruction by whom?
Westminster_Abbey

Until the 19th century, Westminster was the third seat of learning in England, after Oxford and Cambridge. It was here that the first third of the King James Bible Old Testament and the last half of the New Testament were translated. The New English Bible was also put together here in the 20th century. Westminster suffered minor damage during the Blitz on 15 November 1940.

Question: Westminster Abbey was the third highest place of learning after which two places?
Answer: Oxford and Cambridge

Question: The first third of what was translated at the abbey?
Answer: King James Bible Old Testament

Question: The last half of what was also translated at the abbey?
Answer: New Testament

Question: The New English Bible was composed at the abbey during what time?
Answer: 20th century

Question: Westminster Abbey suffered damage during what on 15 November 1940?
Answer: the Blitz

Question: Westminster Abbey was the third lowest place of learning after which two places?

Question: The first quarter of what was translated at the abbey?

Question: The first half of what was also translated at the abbey?

Question: The Old English Bible was composed at the abbey during what time?

Question: Westminster Abbey suffered damage during what on 15 November 1904?
Westminster_Abbey

In the 1990s two icons by the Russian icon painter Sergei Fyodorov were hung in the abbey. On 6 September 1997 the funeral of Diana, Princess of Wales, was held at the Abbey. On 17 September 2010 Pope Benedict XVI became the first pope to set foot in the abbey.

Question: Who painted the icons hung in the abbey in the 1990s?
Answer: Sergei Fyodorov

Question: What was held at the abbey on 6 September 1997?
Answer: funeral of Diana, Princess of Wales

Question: Who was the first pope to set foot in the abbey?
Answer: Pope Benedict XVI

Question: On what date did the first pope set foot in the abbey?
Answer: 17 September 2010

Question: What nationality was Sergei Fyodorov?
Answer: Russian

Question: Who painted the icons hung in the abbey in the 1980s?

Question: What was held at the abbey on 6 September 1996?

Question: Who was the last pope to set foot in the abbey?

Question: On what date did the last pope set foot in the abbey?

Question: What nationality was Sergei Fedorov?
Westminster_Abbey

Since the coronations in 1066 of both King Harold and William the Conqueror, coronations of English and British monarchs were held in the abbey. In 1216, Henry III was unable to be crowned in London when he first came to the throne, because the French prince Louis had taken control of the city, and so the king was crowned in Gloucester Cathedral. This coronation was deemed by the Pope to be improper, and a further coronation was held in the abbey on 17 May 1220. The Archbishop of Canterbury is the traditional cleric in the coronation ceremony.[citation needed]

Question: Where was Henry III crowned?
Answer: Gloucester Cathedral

Question: When was Henry III crowned?
Answer: 1216

Question: Who had taken control of London when Henry III was to be crowned?
Answer: French prince Louis

Question: Who deemed Henry III's coronation to be improper?
Answer: the Pope

Question: Who is the usual cleric for coronation ceremonies?
Answer: The Archbishop of Canterbury

Question: Where was Henry II crowned?

Question: When was Henry II crowned?

Question: Who had taken control of London when Henry II was to be crowned?

Question: Who deemed Henry II's coronation to be improper?

Question: Who is the unusual cleric for coronation ceremonies?
Westminster_Abbey

King Edward's Chair (or St Edward's Chair), the throne on which English and British sovereigns have been seated at the moment of coronation, is housed within the abbey and has been used at every coronation since 1308. From 1301 to 1996 (except for a short time in 1950 when it was temporarily stolen by Scottish nationalists), the chair also housed the Stone of Scone upon which the kings of Scots are crowned. Although the Stone is now kept in Scotland, in Edinburgh Castle, at future coronations it is intended that the Stone will be returned to St Edward's Chair for use during the coronation ceremony.[citation needed]

Question: What is the name of the throne used for coronation?
Answer: King Edward's Chair

Question: What is another name for King Edward's Chair?
Answer: St Edward's Chair

Question: Upon what are kings of Scots coronated?
Answer: the Stone of Scone

Question: Who had stolen the Stone of Scone?
Answer: Scottish nationalists

Question: What is the name of the throne unused for coronation?

Question: What isn't another name for King Edward's Chair?

Question: Upon what are kings of Wales coronated?

Question: Who had stolen the Stone of Stone?

Question: Who had protected the Stone of Scone?
Westminster_Abbey

Westminster Abbey is a collegiate church governed by the Dean and Chapter of Westminster, as established by Royal charter of Queen Elizabeth I in 1560, which created it as the Collegiate Church of St Peter Westminster and a Royal Peculiar under the personal jurisdiction of the Sovereign. The members of the Chapter are the Dean and four canons residentiary, assisted by the Receiver General and Chapter Clerk. One of the canons is also Rector of St Margaret's Church, Westminster, and often holds also the post of Chaplain to the Speaker of the House of Commons.

Question: What kind of church is Westminster Abbey?
Answer: collegiate church

Question: Who created Westminster Abbey as the Collegiate Church of St Peter Westminster?
Answer: Queen Elizabeth I

Question: Who governs the church?
Answer: the Dean and Chapter of Westminster

Question: Who are the members of the chapter of Westminster?
Answer: the Dean and four canons residentiary

Question: Who assist the chapter of Westminster?
Answer: the Receiver General and Chapter Clerk

Question: What kind of church isn't Westminster Abbey?

Question: Who hated Westminster Abbey as the Collegiate Church of St Peter Westminster?

Question: Who governs the school?

Question: Who aren't the members of the chapter of Westminster?

Question: Who rejects the chapter of Westminster?
Westminster_Abbey

In addition to the Dean and canons, there are at present two full-time minor canons, one is precentor, and the other is sacrist. The office of Priest Vicar was created in the 1970s for those who assist the minor canons. Together with the clergy and Receiver General and Chapter Clerk, various lay officers constitute the college, including the Organist and Master of the Choristers, the Registrar, the Auditor, the Legal Secretary, the Surveyor of the Fabric, the Head Master of the choir school, the Keeper of the Muniments and the Clerk of the Works, as well as 12 lay vicars, 10 choristers and the High Steward and High Bailiff.

Question: How many lay vicars are there?
Answer: 12

Question: How many choristers are there at the abbey?
Answer: 10

Question: When was the office of Priest Vicar created?
Answer: 1970s

Question: How many lay vicars aren't there?

Question: How many lay singers are there?

Question: How many choristers aren't there at the abbey?

Question: When wasn't the office of Priest Vicar created?

Question: When was the office of Priest Vicar destroyed?
Westminster_Abbey

Henry III rebuilt the abbey in honour of a royal saint, Edward the Confessor, whose relics were placed in a shrine in the sanctuary. Henry III himself was interred nearby, as were many of the Plantagenet kings of England, their wives and other relatives. Until the death of George II of Great Britain in 1760, most kings and queens were buried in the abbey, some notable exceptions being Henry VI, Edward IV, Henry VIII and Charles I who are buried in St George's Chapel at Windsor Castle. Other exceptions include Richard III, now buried at Leicester Cathedral, and the de facto queen Lady Jane Grey, buried in the chapel of St Peter ad Vincula in the Tower of London. Most monarchs and royals who died after 1760 are buried either in St George's Chapel or at Frogmore to the east of Windsor Castle.[citation needed]

Question: Henry III rebuilt the abbey in honour of whom?
Answer: Edward the Confessor

Question: When did George II of Great Britain die?
Answer: 1760

Question: Who was Edward the Confessor?
Answer: a royal saint

Question: Where was Henry VI buried?
Answer: St George's Chapel at Windsor Castle

Question: Where was Richard III buried?
Answer: Leicester Cathedral

Question: Henry II rebuilt the abbey in honour of whom?

Question: When did George I of Great Britain die?

Question: Who wasn't Edward the Confessor?

Question: Where was Henry V buried?

Question: Where was Richard II buried?
Westminster_Abbey

From the Middle Ages, aristocrats were buried inside chapels, while monks and other people associated with the abbey were buried in the cloisters and other areas. One of these was Geoffrey Chaucer, who was buried here as he had apartments in the abbey where he was employed as master of the King's Works. Other poets, writers and musicians were buried or memorialised around Chaucer in what became known as Poets' Corner. Abbey musicians such as Henry Purcell were also buried in their place of work.[citation needed]

Question: Where were aristocrats buried from the Middle Ages?
Answer: inside chapels

Question: Geoffrey Chaucer was employed as what?
Answer: master of the King's Works

Question: Henry Purcell was buried where?
Answer: in the abbey

Question: Where were aristocrats buried from the Later Ages?

Question: Where were aristocrats burned from the Middle Ages?

Question: Geoffrey Chaucer was unemployed as what?

Question: Geoffrey Chaucer wasn't employed as what?

Question: Henry Purcell was burned where?
Westminster_Abbey

Subsequently, it became one of Britain's most significant honours to be buried or commemorated in the abbey. The practice of burying national figures in the abbey began under Oliver Cromwell with the burial of Admiral Robert Blake in 1657. The practice spread to include generals, admirals, politicians, doctors and scientists such as Isaac Newton, buried on 4 April 1727, and Charles Darwin, buried 26 April 1882. Another was William Wilberforce who led the movement to abolish slavery in the United Kingdom and the Plantations, buried on 3 August 1833. Wilberforce was buried in the north transept, close to his friend, the former Prime Minister, William Pitt.[citation needed]

Question: Oliver Cromwell began buring national figures in the abbey starting with whom?
Answer: Admiral Robert Blake

Question: Who was buried in the abbey on 4 April 1727?
Answer: Isaac Newton

Question: Who was buried in the abbey on 26 April 1882?
Answer: Charles Darwin

Question: Who was buried in the abbey on 3 August 1833?
Answer: William Wilberforce

Question: Who was buried next to William Wilberforce?
Answer: William Pitt

Question: Oliver Cromwell began buring national figures in the abbey ending with whom?

Question: Who was buried in the abbey on 4 April 1772?

Question: Who was buried in the abbey on 26 April 1828?

Question: Who was buried in the abbey on 3 August 1883?

Question: Who was buried under to William Wilberforce?
Westminster_Abbey

During the early 20th century it became increasingly common to bury cremated remains rather than coffins in the abbey. In 1905 the actor Sir Henry Irving was cremated and his ashes buried in Westminster Abbey, thereby becoming the first person ever to be cremated prior to interment at the abbey. The majority of interments at the Abbey are of cremated remains, but some burials still take place - Frances Challen, wife of the Rev Sebastian Charles, Canon of Westminster, was buried alongside her husband in the south choir aisle in 2014. Members of the Percy Family have a family vault, The Northumberland Vault, in St Nicholas's chapel within the abbey.

Question: In the early 20th century it became more common to bury what kind of remains?
Answer: cremated

Question: In what year was Sir Henry Irving cremated?
Answer: 1905

Question: Who was buried in the south choir aisle in 2014?
Answer: Frances Challen

Question: What family has the Northumberland Vault?
Answer: Percy Family

Question: In the early 19th century it became more common to bury what kind of remains?

Question: In what year was Sir Henry Irving buried?

Question: Who was buried in the south choir aisle in 2004?

Question: What family hasn't the Northumberland Vault?

Question: What family has the Southumberland Vault?
Westminster_Abbey

In the floor, just inside the great west door, in the centre of the nave, is the tomb of The Unknown Warrior, an unidentified British soldier killed on a European battlefield during the First World War. He was buried in the abbey on 11 November 1920. This grave is the only one in the abbey on which it is forbidden to walk.[citation needed]

Question: When was The Unknown Warrior buried?
Answer: 11 November 1920

Question: When was The Known Warrior buried?

Question: When wan'ts The Unknown Warrior buried?

Question: When was The Unknown Warrior burned?

Question: Whose grave is the only one in the abbey on which it is encouraged to walk?

Question: Whose grave isn't the only one in the abbey on which it is encouraged to walk?
Westminster_Abbey

At the east end of the Lady Chapel is a memorial chapel to the airmen of the RAF who were killed in the Second World War. It incorporates a memorial window to the Battle of Britain, which replaces an earlier Tudor stained glass window destroyed in the war.

Question: Where is the memorial chapel of the airmen of the RAF?
Answer: At the east end of the Lady Chapel

Question: The memorial chapel of the airmen of the RAF has a window for what?
Answer: the Battle of Britain

Question: The window for the Battle of Britain replaced what that was destroyed?
Answer: Tudor stained glass window

Question: Where is the memorial chapel of the firemen of the RAF?

Question: Where is the memorial chapel of the airmen of the ARF?

Question: The memorial chapel of the seamen of the RAF has a window for what?

Question: The memorial chapel of the airmen of the ARF has a window for what?

Question: The window for the Battle of Britain replaced what that was created?
Westminster_Abbey

On Saturday September 6, 1997 the formal, though not "state" Funeral of Diana, Princess of Wales, was held. It was a royal ceremonial funeral including royal pageantry and Anglican funeral liturgy. A Second Public service was held on Sunday at the demand of the people. The burial occurred privately later the same day. Diana's former husband, sons, mother, siblings, a close friend, and a clergyman were present. Diana's body was clothed in a black long-sleeved dress designed by Catherine Walker, which she had chosen some weeks before. A set of rosary beads was placed in her hands, a gift she had received from Mother Teresa. Her grave is on the grounds of her family estate, Althorp, on a private island.[citation needed]

Question: When was the formal funeral of Diana, Princess of Wales?
Answer: Saturday September 6, 1997

Question: When was a second public service held for Princess Diana?
Answer: Sunday

Question: Who designed Diana's dress?
Answer: Catherine Walker

Question: Who gave Diana the rosary beads?
Answer: Mother Teresa

Question: When was the informal funeral of Diana, Princess of Wales?

Question: When was the formal funeral of Diana, Prince of Wales?

Question: When was a third public service held for Princess Diana?

Question: When was a second public service held for Princess Mary?

Question: Who never designed Diana's dress?