Divyanshu67/squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas

Although not without conflict, European/Canadian early interactions with First Nations and Inuit populations were relatively peaceful compared to the experience of native peoples in the United States. Combined with a late economic development in many regions, this relatively peaceful history has allowed Canadian Indigenous peoples to have a fairly strong influence on the early national culture while preserving their own identity. From the late 18th century, European Canadians encouraged Aboriginals to assimilate into their own culture, referred to as "Canadian culture". These attempts reached a climax in the late 19th and early 20th centuries with forced integration. National Aboriginal Day recognises the cultures and contributions of Aboriginal peoples of Canada. There are currently over 600 recognized First Nations governments or bands encompassing 1,172,790 2006 people spread across Canada with distinctive Aboriginal cultures, languages, art, and music.

Question: What were the early interactions between First Nations and Europeans?
Answer: relatively peaceful

Question: What have Canadian indigenous peoples been able to have a strong influence on?
Answer: national culture

Question: How long have European Canadians been encouraging Aboriginals to assimilate into their culture?
Answer: late 18th century

Question: What does National Aboriginal Day recognize from the Aboriginal peoples of Canada?
Answer: cultures and contributions

Question: How many recognized First Nations governments are spread across Canada?
Answer: over 600
Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas

According to the 2002 Census, 4.6% of the Chilean population, including the Rapanui (a Polynesian people) of Easter Island, was indigenous, although most show varying degrees of mixed heritage. Many are descendants of the Mapuche, and live in Santiago, Araucanía and the lake district. The Mapuche successfully fought off defeat in the first 300–350 years of Spanish rule during the Arauco War. Relations with the new Chilean Republic were good until the Chilean state decided to occupy their lands. During the Occupation of Araucanía the Mapuche surrendered to the country's army in the 1880s. Their land was opened to settlement by Chileans and Europeans. Conflict over Mapuche land rights continues to the present.

Question: What percent of the Chilean population were indigenous according to the 2002 census?
Answer: 4.6%

Question: What is the name for the Polynesian people living on Easter Island?
Answer: the Rapanui

Question: Who are many of the people of Chile the descendants of?
Answer: the Mapuche

Question: How long were the Mapuche able to fight off the Spaniards?
Answer: 350 years

Question: When did the Mapuche surrender to the Chilean army?
Answer: 1880s
Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas

Ecuador was the site of many indigenous cultures, and civilizations of different proportions. An early sedentary culture, known as the Valdivia culture, developed in the coastal region, while the Caras and the Quitus unified to form an elaborate civilization that ended at the birth of the Capital Quito. The Cañaris near Cuenca were the most advanced, and most feared by the Inca, due to their fierce resistance to the Incan expansion. Their architecture remains were later destroyed by Spaniards and the Incas.

Question: What was Ecuador the site of?
Answer: many indigenous cultures

Question: Where did the Valdivia culture develop?
Answer: coastal region

Question: What two cultures unified to for an elaborate civilization?
Answer: the Caras and the Quitus

Question: What culture did the Inca fear the most?
Answer: The Cañaris

Question: What did the Spaniards and Incas destroy?
Answer: architecture remains
Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas

Approximately 96.4% of Ecuador's Indigenous population are Highland Quichuas living in the valleys of the Sierra region. Primarily consisting of the descendents of Incans, they are Kichwa speakers and include the Caranqui, the Otavalos, the Cayambi, the Quitu-Caras, the Panzaleo, the Chimbuelo, the Salasacan, the Tugua, the Puruhá, the Cañari, and the Saraguro. Linguistic evidence suggests that the Salascan and the Saraguro may have been the descendants of Bolivian ethnic groups transplanted to Ecuador as mitimaes.

Question: What percentage of Ecuador's indigenous population are Highland Quichuas?
Answer: 96.4%

Question: Where do the Highland Quichuas live?
Answer: valleys of the Sierra region

Question: Who are the Highland Quichuas primarily descended from?
Answer: Inca

Question: What language do the Highland Quichuas speak?
Answer: Kichwa

Question: The Saraguro and Panzaleo are two of the member groups of what population?
Answer: Highland Quichuas
Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas

Much of El Salvador was home to the Pipil, the Lenca, Xinca, and Kakawira. The Pipil lived in western El Salvador, spoke Nawat, and had many settlements there, most noticeably Cuzcatlan. The Pipil had no precious mineral resources, but they did have rich and fertile land that was good for farming. The Spaniards were disappointed not to find gold or jewels in El Salvador as they had in other lands like Guatemala or Mexico, but upon learning of the fertile land in El Salvador, they attempted to conquer it. Noted Meso-American indigenous warriors to rise militarily against the Spanish included Princes Atonal and Atlacatl of the Pipil people in central El Salvador and Princess Antu Silan Ulap of the Lenca people in eastern El Salvador, who saw the Spanish not as gods but as barbaric invaders. After fierce battles, the Pipil successfully fought off the Spanish army led by Pedro de Alvarado along with their Mexican Indian allies (the Tlaxcalas), sending them back to Guatemala. After many other attacks with an army reinforced with Guatemalan Indian allies, the Spanish were able to conquer Cuzcatlan. After further attacks, the Spanish also conquered the Lenca people. Eventually, the Spaniards intermarried with Pipil and Lenca women, resulting in the Mestizo population which would become the majority of the Salvadoran people. Today many Pipil and other indigenous populations live in the many small towns of El Salvador like Izalco, Panchimalco, Sacacoyo, and Nahuizalco.

Question: El Salvador was home to which indigenous peoples?
Answer: the Pipil, the Lenca, Xinca, and Kakawira

Question: What was a major Pipil settlement in western El Salvador?
Answer: Cuzcatlan

Question: What was the language of the Pipil?
Answer: Nawat

Question: What did the Princes and Princesses see the Spanish as?
Answer: barbaric invaders

Question: What people resulted from the Spaniards intermarrying with Pipll and Lenca women?
Answer: Mestizo
Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas

About five percent of the population are of full-blooded indigenous descent, but upwards to eighty percent more or the majority of Hondurans are mestizo or part-indigenous with European admixture, and about ten percent are of indigenous or African descent. The main concentration of indigenous in Honduras are in the rural westernmost areas facing Guatemala and to the Caribbean Sea coastline, as well on the Nicaraguan border. The majority of indigenous people are Lencas, Miskitos to the east, Mayans, Pech, Sumos, and Tolupan.

Question: How much of the population of Honduras is of full-blooded indigenous descent?
Answer: About five percent

Question: What percentage of Hondurans have African blood mixed in with the rest of their ancestry?
Answer: about ten percent

Question: Where are the main concentrations of indigenous people in Honduras? 
Answer: rural westernmost areas

Question: The Lencas, Miskitos, Mayans Pech, Sumos and Tolupan comprise the majority of what in Honduras?
Answer: indigenous people
Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas

The territory of modern-day Mexico was home to numerous indigenous civilizations prior to the arrival of the Spanish conquistadores: The Olmecs, who flourished from between 1200 BCE to about 400 BCE in the coastal regions of the Gulf of Mexico; the Zapotecs and the Mixtecs, who held sway in the mountains of Oaxaca and the Isthmus of Tehuantepec; the Maya in the Yucatan (and into neighbouring areas of contemporary Central America); the Purépecha in present-day Michoacán and surrounding areas, and the Aztecs/Mexica, who, from their central capital at Tenochtitlan, dominated much of the centre and south of the country (and the non-Aztec inhabitants of those areas) when Hernán Cortés first landed at Veracruz.

Question: What was Mexico home to prior to the arrival of the Spaniards?
Answer: indigenous civilizations

Question: When did the Olmecs flourish?
Answer: from between 1200 BCE to about 400 BCE

Question: Who held sway in the mountains of Oaxaca?
Answer: the Zapotecs and the Mixtecs

Question: Who lived in the Yucatan?
Answer: the Maya

Question: Where was the Aztec's central capital located?
Answer: Tenochtitlan
Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas

The "General Law of Linguistic Rights of the Indigenous Peoples" grants all indigenous languages spoken in Mexico, regardless of the number of speakers, the same validity as Spanish in all territories in which they are spoken, and indigenous peoples are entitled to request some public services and documents in their native languages. Along with Spanish, the law has granted them — more than 60 languages — the status of "national languages". The law includes all indigenous languages of the Americas regardless of origin; that is, it includes the indigenous languages of ethnic groups non-native to the territory. As such the National Commission for the Development of Indigenous Peoples recognizes the language of the Kickapoo, who immigrated from the United States, and recognizes the languages of the Guatemalan indigenous refugees. The Mexican government has promoted and established bilingual primary and secondary education in some indigenous rural communities. Nonetheless, of the indigenous peoples in Mexico, only about 67% of them (or 5.4% of the country's population) speak an indigenous language and about a sixth do not speak Spanish (1.2% of the country's population).

Question: What grants all indigenous languages spoken in Mexico validity? 
Answer: General Law of Linguistic Rights of the Indigenous Peoples

Question: What are indigenous peoples entitled to request?
Answer: some public services and documents in their native languages

Question: How many languages have been giving the status of "national languages"?
Answer: more than 60

Question: What has the Mexican government promoted in some indigenous rural communities?
Answer: bilingual primary and secondary education

Question: How many of the indigenous peoples in Mexico speak an indigenous language?
Answer: about 67% of them
Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas

About 5% of the Nicaraguan population are indigenous. The largest indigenous group in Nicaragua is the Miskito people. Their territory extended from Cape Camarón, Honduras, to Rio Grande, Nicaragua along the Mosquito Coast. There is a native Miskito language, but large groups speak Miskito Coast Creole, Spanish, Rama and other languages. The Creole English came about through frequent contact with the British who colonized the area. Many are Christians. Traditional Miskito society was highly structured with a defined political structure. There was a king, but he did not have total power. Instead, the power was split between himself, a governor, a general, and by the 1750s, an admiral. Historical information on kings is often obscured by the fact that many of the kings were semi-mythical. Another major group is the Mayangna (or Sumu) people, counting some 10,000 people.

Question: What percentage of the Nicaraguan population are indigenous?
Answer: About 5%

Question: What is the largest indigenous group in Nicaragua?
Answer: Miskito

Question: How did Creole English come about?
Answer: frequent contact with the British

Question: What didn't the king have in Miskito society?
Answer: total power

Question: How many Mayanga people are in Nicaragua?
Answer: some 10,000
Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas

Indigenous population in Peru make up around 45%. Native Peruvian traditions and customs have shaped the way Peruvians live and see themselves today. Cultural citizenship—or what Renato Rosaldo has called, "the right to be different and to belong, in a democratic, participatory sense" (1996:243)—is not yet very well developed in Peru. This is perhaps no more apparent than in the country's Amazonian regions where indigenous societies continue to struggle against state-sponsored economic abuses, cultural discrimination, and pervasive violence.

Question: What percentage of Peru's population is indigenous?
Answer: 45%

Question: What has shaped the way Peruvians live and see themselves today?
Answer: Native Peruvian traditions

Question: What is not very well developed in Peru?
Answer: Cultural citizenship

Question: What regions suffer from state-sponsored abuse and violence?
Answer: Amazonian
Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas

Indigenous peoples in what is now the contiguous United States, including their descendants, are commonly called "American Indians", or simply "Indians" domestically, or "Native Americans" by the USCB. In Alaska, indigenous peoples belong to 11 cultures with 11 languages. These include the St. Lawrence Island Yupik, Iñupiat, Athabaskan, Yup'ik, Cup'ik, Unangax, Alutiiq, Eyak, Haida, Tsimshian, and Tlingit, who are collectively called Alaska Natives. Indigenous Polynesian peoples, which include Marshallese, Samoan, Tahitian, and Tongan, are politically considered Pacific Islands American but are geographically and culturally distinct from indigenous peoples of the Americas.

Question: Where are the indigenous peoples referred to as "American Indians"?
Answer: the contiguous United States

Question: How many cultures and languages do the indigenous peoples of Alaska have?
Answer: 11

Question: Eyak and Tlingit are some of the peoples who are collectively called what?
Answer: Alaska Natives

Question: Tahitian and Tongan are two examples of indigenous peoples of what descent?
Answer: Polynesian

Question: How are Pacific Islands Americans distinct from the indigenous peoples of the Americas?
Answer: geographically and culturally
Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas

Native Americans in the United States make up 0.97% to 2% of the population. In the 2010 census, 2.9 million people self-identified as Native American, Native Hawaiian, and Alaska Native alone, and 5.2 million people identified as U.S. Native Americans, either alone or in combination with one or more ethnicity or other races. 1.8 million are recognized as enrolled tribal members.[citation needed] Tribes have established their own criteria for membership, which are often based on blood quantum, lineal descent, or residency. A minority of US Native Americans live in land units called Indian reservations. Some California and Southwestern tribes, such as the Kumeyaay, Cocopa, Pascua Yaqui and Apache span both sides of the US–Mexican border. Haudenosaunee people have the legal right to freely cross the US–Canadian border. Athabascan, Tlingit, Haida, Tsimshian, Iñupiat, Blackfeet, Nakota, Cree, Anishinaabe, Huron, Lenape, Mi'kmaq, Penobscot, and Haudenosaunee, among others live in both Canada and the US.

Question: What amoun of the United States population is compromised of Native Americans?
Answer: 0.97% to 2%

Question: How many people identified as Native American in the 2010 census?
Answer: 5.2 million

Question: How many of the self-identified Native Americans are recognized as enrolled tribal members?
Answer: 1.8 million

Question: Where do a minority of US Native Americans live?
Answer: Indian reservations

Question: What tribe has the legal right to freely cross the US-Canadian border?
Answer: Haudenosaunee
Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas

Most Venezuelans have some indigenous heritage, but the indigenous population make up only around 2% of the total population. They speak around 29 different languages and many more dialects, but some of the ethnic groups are very small and their languages are in danger of becoming extinct in the next decades. The most important indigenous groups are the Ye'kuana, the Wayuu, the Pemon and the Warao. The most advanced native people to have lived in present-day Venezuela is thought to have been the Timoto-cuicas, who mainly lived in the Venezuelan Andes. In total it is estimated that there were between 350 thousand and 500 thousand inhabitants, the most densely populated area being the Andean region (Timoto-cuicas), thanks to the advanced agricultural techniques used.

Question: What do most Venezuelans have?
Answer: some indigenous heritage

Question: How many different languages does the 2% of truly indigenous Venezuelans speak?
Answer: around 29

Question: Why are the languages of the indigenous peoples of Venezuela in danger of becoming extinct?
Answer: groups are very small

Question: Who were the most advanced native people to have lived in what is present-day Venezuela?
Answer: Timoto-cuicas

Question: What made the Timoto-cuicas so advanced?
Answer: agricultural techniques used
Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas

The Native American name controversy is an ongoing dispute over the acceptable ways to refer to the indigenous peoples of the Americas and to broad subsets thereof, such as those living in a specific country or sharing certain cultural attributes. When discussing broader subsets of peoples, naming may be based on shared language, region, or historical relationship. Many English exonyms have been used to refer to the indigenous peoples of the Americas. Some of these names were based on foreign-language terms used by earlier explorers and colonists, while others resulted from the colonists' attempt to translate endonyms from the native language into their own, and yet others were pejorative terms arising out of prejudice and fear, during periods of conflict.

Question: What remains a controversy regarding how to refer to the indigenous peoples of the Americas?
Answer: The Native American name

Question: How may subsets of peoples be named?
Answer: shared language, region, or historical relationship

Question: Many of what have been used to refer to the indigenous peoples of the Americas?
Answer: English exonyms

Question: Who used foreign language terms to give names to indigenous peoples?
Answer: earlier explorers and colonists

Question: Why were pejorative terms sometimes used for the native populations?
Answer: out of prejudice and fear
Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas

However, since the 20th century, indigenous peoples in the Americas have been more vocal about the ways they wish to be referred to, pressing for the elimination of terms widely considered to be obsolete, inaccurate, or racist. During the latter half of the 20th century and the rise of the Indian rights movement, the United States government responded by proposing the use of the term "Native American," to recognize the primacy of indigenous peoples' tenure in the nation, but this term was not fully accepted. Other naming conventions have been proposed and used, but none are accepted by all indigenous groups.

Question: What have the peoples in the Americas been more vocal about since the 20th century?
Answer: the ways they wish to be referred to

Question: What terms do the indigenous people press to eliminate?
Answer: obsolete, inaccurate, or racist.

Question: Who initially proposed using the term "Native American" to recognize the primacy of the native population?
Answer: United States government

Question: What naming convention is accepted by all indigenous groups?
Answer: none
Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas

In recent years, there has been a rise of indigenous movements in the Americas (mainly South America). These are rights-driven groups that organize themselves in order to achieve some sort of self-determination and the preservation of their culture for their peoples. Organizations like the Coordinator of Indigenous Organizations of the Amazon River Basin and the Indian Council of South America are examples of movements that are breaking the barrier of borders in order to obtain rights for Amazonian indigenous populations everywhere. Similar movements for indigenous rights can also be seen in Canada and the United States, with movements like the International Indian Treaty Council and the accession of native Indian group into the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization.

Question: Where has there been a rise of indigenous movements in recent years?
Answer: the Americas (mainly South America)

Question: What do the organizing groups hope to obtain for themselves?
Answer: preservation of their culture

Question: What is an example of a movement which is working to obtain rights for Amazonian populations everywhere?
Answer: Indian Council of South America

Question: Where can similar movements for indigenous rights be seen?
Answer: Canada and the United States,
Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas

Representatives from indigenous and rural organizations from major South American countries, including Bolivia, Ecuador, Colombia, Chile and Brazil, started a forum in support of Morales' legal process of change. The meeting condemned plans by the European "foreign power elite" to destabilize the country. The forum also expressed solidarity with the Morales and his economic and social changes in the interest of historically marginalized majorities. Furthermore, in a cathartic blow to the US-backed elite, it questioned US interference through diplomats and NGOs. The forum was suspicious of plots against Bolivia and other countries, including Cuba, Venezuela, Ecuador, Paraguay and Nicaragua.

Question: Who started a forum in support of Morales' legal process of change?
Answer: Representatives

Question: What did the meeting condemn plans by the Europeans to do?
Answer: destabilize the country

Question: What did the forum express for Morales and his proposed changes?
Answer: solidarity

Question: What did the forum question about US interference?
Answer: diplomats and NGOs

Question: What was the forum suspicious of?
Answer: plots against Bolivia and other countries
Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas

Genetic history of indigenous peoples of the Americas primarily focus on Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups and Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroups. "Y-DNA" is passed solely along the patrilineal line, from father to son, while "mtDNA" is passed down the matrilineal line, from mother to offspring of both sexes. Neither recombines, and thus Y-DNA and mtDNA change only by chance mutation at each generation with no intermixture between parents' genetic material. Autosomal "atDNA" markers are also used, but differ from mtDNA or Y-DNA in that they overlap significantly. AtDNA is generally used to measure the average continent-of-ancestry genetic admixture in the entire human genome and related isolated populations.

Question: What does the genetic history of indigenous peoples of the Americas primarily focus on?
Answer: Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups

Question: How is Y-DNA passed along?
Answer: patrilineal line

Question: Which type of DNA is passed from the mother to offspring of both genders?
Answer: mtDNA

Question: What is the only way that Y-DNA and mtDNA change?
Answer: chance mutation

Question: What is AtDNA generally only used to measure?
Answer: average continent-of-ancestry
Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas

Genetic studies of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of Amerindians and some Siberian and Central Asian peoples also revealed that the gene pool of the Turkic-speaking peoples of Siberia such as Altaians, Khakas, Shors and Soyots, living between the Altai and Lake Baikal along the Sayan mountains, are genetically closest to Amerindians.[citation needed] This view is shared by other researchers who argue that "the ancestors of the American Indians were the first to separate from the great Asian population in the Middle Paleolithic. 2012 research found evidence for a recent common ancestry between Native Americans and indigenous Altaians based on mitochondrial DNA and Y-Chromosome analysis. The paternal lineages of Altaians mostly belong to the subclades of haplogroup P-M45 (xR1a 38-93%; xQ1a 4-32%).

Question: Who have studies of the mtDNA of Turkic-speaking peoples shown they're closest to genetically?
Answer: Amerindians

Question: What group were the ancestors of the American Indians separated from?
Answer: Asian population

Question: When did the ancestors of the American Indians separate from their parent population?
Answer: Middle Paleolithic

Question: When did research find evidence for a common ancestry between Native Americans and Altaians?
Answer: 2012

Question: What DNA analysis indicated the common ancestry of the Native Americans?
Answer: mitochondrial DNA and Y-Chromosome
Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas

Human settlement of the New World occurred in stages from the Bering sea coast line, with an initial 15,000 to 20,000-year layover on Beringia for the small founding population. The micro-satellite diversity and distributions of the Y lineage specific to South America indicates that certain indigenous peoples of the Americas populations have been isolated since the initial colonization of the region. The Na-Dené, Inuit and Indigenous Alaskan populations exhibit haplogroup Q (Y-DNA) mutations, however are distinct from other indigenous peoples of the Americas with various mtDNA and atDNA mutations. This suggests that the earliest migrants into the northern extremes of North America and Greenland derived from later migrant populations.

Question: What did human settlement of the New World occur in?
Answer: stages

Question: How long of a layover did the human nomads have in Beringia?
Answer: 15,000 to 20,000-year

Question: What do the diversity and distributions of Y lineage specific to South America indicate about certain peoples there?
Answer: isolated since the initial colonization of the region

Question: What population has mtDNA and atDNA mutations, making them distinct from other indigenous peoples of the Americas?
Answer: Alaskan

Question: What does the DNA evidence suggest about the migrants into the northern extremes of North America?
Answer: later migrant populations
Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas

A 2013 study in Nature reported that DNA found in the 24,000-year-old remains of a young boy from the archaeological Mal'ta-Buret' culture suggest that up to one-third of the indigenous Americans may have ancestry that can be traced back to western Eurasians, who may have "had a more north-easterly distribution 24,000 years ago than commonly thought". "We estimate that 14 to 38 percent of Native American ancestry may originate through gene flow from this ancient population," the authors wrote. Professor Kelly Graf said,

Question: When was a study about the DNA of a young boy published in Nature?
Answer: 2013

Question: How old was the young boy's remains?
Answer: 24,000-year-old

Question: What culture was the boy from?
Answer: Mal'ta-Buret'

Question: What may one-third of the indigenous Americans ancestry be traced back to?
Answer: western Eurasians

Question: What percent of Native American ancestry may originate through gene flow from the Mal'ta-Buret' population?
Answer: 14 to 38 percent
Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas

A route through Beringia is seen as more likely than the Solutrean hypothesis. Kashani et al. 2012 state that "The similarities in ages and geographical distributions for C4c and the previously analyzed X2a lineage provide support to the scenario of a dual origin for Paleo-Indians. Taking into account that C4c is deeply rooted in the Asian portion of the mtDNA phylogeny and is indubitably of Asian origin, the finding that C4c and X2a are characterized by parallel genetic histories definitively dismisses the controversial hypothesis of an Atlantic glacial entry route into North America."

Question: What is more likely than the Solutrean hypothesis?
Answer: route through Beringia

Question: What supports a scenario of dual origin for Paleo-Indians?
Answer: similarities in ages and geographical distributions

Question: What is C4c deeply rooted in the Asian portion of?
Answer: the mtDNA phylogeny

Question: When did Kashani and others make their statement regarding the similarities for C4c distributions?
Answer: 2012

Question: Because C4c and X2a are characterized by parallel genetic histories means what controversial hypothesis may be dismissed?
Answer: an Atlantic glacial entry route into North America
Red

Red is the color at the end of the spectrum of visible light next to orange and opposite violet. Red color has a predominant light wavelength of roughly 620–740 nanometres. Red is one of the additive primary colors of visible light, along with green and blue, which in Red Green Blue (RGB) color systems are combined to create all the colors on a computer monitor or television screen. Red is also one of the subtractive primary colors, along with yellow and blue, of the RYB color space and traditional color wheel used by painters and artists.

Question: What spectrum of light is red within?
Answer: visible light

Question: Which color is opposite of red on the visible spectrum?
Answer: violet

Question: On the spectrum of light, where is red found?
Answer: 620–740 nanometres

Question: What color is beside red in the visible spectrum of light?
Answer: orange

Question: Red Yellow and Blue are what kind of colors?
Answer: subtractive primary colors

Question: What is the color opposite orange and next to violet on the spectrum of visible light?

Question: What has a predominant light wavelength of 640-720 nanometres?

Question: What does RBG stand for?
Red

In nature, the red color of blood comes from hemoglobin, the iron-containing protein found in the red blood cells of all vertebrates. The red color of the Grand Canyon and other geological features is caused by hematite or red ochre, both forms of iron oxide. It also causes the red color of the planet Mars. The red sky at sunset and sunrise is caused by an optical effect known as Rayleigh scattering, which, when the sun is low or below the horizon, increases the red-wavelength light that reaches the eye. The color of autumn leaves is caused by pigments called anthocyanins, which are produced towards the end of summer, when the green chlorophyll is no longer produced. One to two percent of the human population has red hair; the color is produced by high levels of the reddish pigment pheomelanin (which also accounts for the red color of the lips) and relatively low levels of the dark pigment eumelanin.

Question: From where does the color red in blood come from?
Answer: hemoglobin

Question: What does hemoglobin contain?
Answer: iron

Question: What causes the color of hematite and red ochre?
Answer: iron oxide

Question: Why does a sky turn red when the evening comes?
Answer: Rayleigh scattering

Question: What pigment is responsible for the color of leaves in fall?
Answer: anthocyanins

Question: Where does hemoglobin come from?

Question: What is the Grand Canyon considered a form of?

Question: What effect is responsible for the red color of Mars?

Question: What are the pigments in the red sky called?

Question: What percent of the population has red lips?
Red

A red dye called Kermes was made beginning in the Neolithic Period by drying and then crushing the bodies of the females of a tiny scale insect in the genus Kermes, primarily Kermes vermilio. The insects live on the sap of certain trees, especially Kermes oak trees near the Mediterranean region. Jars of kermes have been found in a Neolithic cave-burial at Adaoutse, Bouches-du-Rhône. Kermes from oak trees was later used by Romans, who imported it from Spain. A different variety of dye was made from Porphyrophora hamelii (Armenian cochineal) scale insects that lived on the roots and stems of certain herbs. It was mentioned in texts as early as the 8th century BC, and it was used by the ancient Assyrians and Persians.

Question: During what period did people use Kermes vermilio to make red dye?
Answer: Neolithic Period

Question: What does Kermes vermilio eat to survive?
Answer: the sap of certain trees, especially Kermes oak trees

Question: From where did Romans acquire Kermes?
Answer: Spain

Question: What kind of bural was at Adaoutse, Bouches-du-Rhône?
Answer: Neolithic cave-burial

Question: What was the earliest known writing about dye from Aermenian cochineal?
Answer: 8th century BC

Question: How was Kermes made in the 8th century BC?

Question: The insects only live on what tree in the Mediterranean?

Question: Where have jars of Kermes been found in Adoutse caves?

Question: Who imported Kermes oak trees from the Romans?

Question: What was mentioed in the 8th century?
Red

Kermes is also mentioned in the Bible. In the Book of Exodus, God instructs Moses to have the Israelites bring him an offering including cloth "of blue, and purple, and scarlet." The term used for scarlet in the 4th century Latin Vulgate version of the Bible passage is coccumque bis tinctum, meaning "colored twice with coccus." Coccus, from the ancient Greek Kokkos, means a tiny grain and is the term that was used in ancient times for the Kermes vermilio insect used to make the Kermes dye. This was also the origin of the expression "dyed in the grain."

Question: In which book of the Bible did God reference gifts of Blue Purple and Scarlet?
Answer: the Book of Exodus

Question: What does coccumque bis tinctum translate to in english?
Answer: colored twice with coccus

Question: In ancient greek, what is coccus referred to as?
Answer: Kokkos

Question: What does Kokkos mean in english?
Answer: a tiny grain

Question: In what century did the latin vulgate bible use the term coccumque bis tinctum?
Answer: 4th century

Question: Who did Moses instruct to bring him cloth?

Question: What color cloth did Moses have the Israelites bring him?

Question: What does tinctum bis coccumque translate to?

Question: What Greek word does Kokkos derive from?
Red

But, like many colors, it also had a negative association, with heat, destruction and evil. A prayer to god Isis said: "Oh Isis, protect me from all things evil and red." The ancient Egyptians began manufacturing pigments in about 4000 BC. Red ochre was widely used as a pigment for wall paintings, particularly as the skin color of men. An ivory painter's palette found inside the tomb of King Tutankhamun had small compartments with pigments of red ochre and five other colors. The Egyptians used the root of the rubia, or madder plant, to make a dye, later known as alizarin, and also used it to color white power to use as a pigment, which became known as madder lake, alizarin or alizarin crimson.

Question: When did Egyptians start to make red pigment?
Answer: 4000 BC

Question: What pigment was used for male skin tone in ancient wall art?
Answer: Red ochre

Question: What root did Egyptians use to source their red pigment alizarin?
Answer: the rubia

Question: What type of palette was found in Tutankhamun's tomb?
Answer: ivory painter's palette

Question: What dye did the Egyptians make using the madder plant?
Answer: alizarin

Question: What did a prayer to God say in regard to the color red?

Question: Who began manufacturing pigments in about 400 BC?

Question: What color was widely used for wall paintings by ivory painters?

Question: Who used the white alizarin to make crimson pigment?
Red

In Ancient Rome, Tyrian purple was the color of the Emperor, but red had an important religious symbolism. Romans wore togas with red stripes on holidays, and the bride at a wedding wore a red shawl, called a flammeum. Red was used to color statues and the skin of gladiators. Red was also the color associated with army; Roman soldiers wore red tunics, and officers wore a cloak called a paludamentum which, depending upon the quality of the dye, could be crimson, scarlet or purple. In Roman mythology red is associated with the god of war, Mars. The vexilloid of the Roman Empire had a red background with the letters SPQR in gold. A Roman general receiving a triumph had his entire body painted red in honor of his achievement.

Question: Which color was said to be the Emperor's color in ancient Rome?
Answer: Tyrian purple

Question: At what time were togas with red were worn by Romans?
Answer: holidays

Question: What is a flammeum?
Answer: a red shawl

Question: What color was correlated with the Army in ancient Rome?
Answer: Red

Question: After what event would a general of the Roman army be painted red?
Answer: triumph

Question: What was the color of the emperor in Ancient Tryian?

Question: What are the red stripes on togas called?

Question: What were the red tunics worn by Roman soldiers called?

Question: Where were the gold letters SQRP found?
Red

The Romans liked bright colors, and many Roman villas were decorated with vivid red murals. The pigment used for many of the murals was called vermilion, and it came from the mineral cinnabar, a common ore of mercury. It was one of the finest reds of ancient times – the paintings have retained their brightness for more than twenty centuries. The source of cinnabar for the Romans was a group of mines near Almadén, southwest of Madrid, in Spain. Working in the mines was extremely dangerous, since mercury is highly toxic; the miners were slaves or prisoners, and being sent to the cinnabar mines was a virtual death sentence.

Question: What pigment was used to paint villas in ancient Rome?
Answer: vermilion

Question: From where did vermilion originate?
Answer: the mineral cinnabar

Question: Cinnabar is an ore of what metal?
Answer: mercury

Question: What mines did Romans use to acquire cinnabar?
Answer: Almadén, southwest of Madrid, in Spain

Question: Along with slaves, who was sent to work in cinnabar mines in Rome?
Answer: prisoners

Question: What color were Roman villas painted?

Question: What was the pigment called that was used for the painting of Roman villas?

Question: What is Mercury a common ore of?

Question: What city is southwest of Almaden?
Red

Red was the color of the banner of the Byzantine emperors. In Western Europe, Emperor Charlemagne painted his palace red as a very visible symbol of his authority, and wore red shoes at his coronation. Kings, princes and, beginning in 1295, Roman Catholic cardinals began to wear red costumes. When Abbe Suger rebuilt Saint Denis Basilica outside Paris in the early 12th century, he added stained glass windows colored blue cobalt glass and red glass tinted with copper. Together they flooded the basilica with a mystical light. Soon stained glass windows were being added to cathedrals all across France, England and Germany. In Medieval painting red was used to attract attention to the most important figures; both Christ and the Virgin Mary were commonly painted wearing red mantles.

Question: Which European emperor painted their palace red?
Answer: Emperor Charlemagne

Question: In what year did cardinals in the Roman Catholic church start wearing red?
Answer: 1295

Question: When was Saint Denis Basilica rebuilt?
Answer: 12th century

Question: Who rebuilt the basilica of Saint Denis?
Answer: Abbe Suger

Question: Christ and which other Christian figure were often painted red in medieval painting?
Answer: Virgin Mary

Question: Who wore red shoes as a symbol of authority?

Question: What began in 1259?

Question: What did Suger Abbe rebuild?

Question: What did Suger Abbe add to the Saint Denis Basilica?
Red

Red clothing was a sign of status and wealth. It was worn not only by cardinals and princes, but also by merchants, artisans and townpeople, particularly on holidays or special occasions. Red dye for the clothing of ordinary people was made from the roots of the rubia tinctorum, the madder plant. This color leaned toward brick-red, and faded easily in the sun or during washing. The wealthy and aristocrats wore scarlet clothing dyed with kermes, or carmine, made from the carminic acid in tiny female scale insects, which lived on the leaves of oak trees in Eastern Europe and around the Mediterranean. The insects were gathered, dried, crushed, and boiled with different ingredients in a long and complicated process, which produced a brilliant scarlet.

Question: What status did the wearing of red in medieval times represent?
Answer: wealth

Question: On what occasion would townspeople wear red?
Answer: holidays

Question: What root was used for red clothing owned by commoners?
Answer: rubia tinctorum

Question: Outside of sun exposure in what circumstance did pigment made from rubia tinctorum fade?
Answer: during washing

Question: What was carmine made from?
Answer: the carminic acid in tiny female scale insects

Question: What trees are found only in the Mediterranean?

Question: Where in Europe are kermes only found?

Question: What brick color is produced by kermes?

Question: What causes kermes dye to fade easily?
Red

Red played an important role in Chinese philosophy. It was believed that the world was composed of five elements: metal, wood, water, fire and earth, and that each had a color. Red was associated with fire. Each Emperor chose the color that his fortune-tellers believed would bring the most prosperity and good fortune to his reign. During the Zhou, Han, Jin, Song and Ming Dynasties, red considered a noble color, and it was featured in all court ceremonies, from coronations to sacrificial offerings, and weddings.

Question: How many elements did the Chinese philosophers think the world was made of?
Answer: five

Question: What element was red associated with in Chinese philosophy?
Answer: fire

Question: At the time of the Han dynasty where would one fine the color Red?
Answer: all court ceremonies

Question: In the time of the Ming Dynasty one would find what color used during sacrificial offerings?
Answer: Red

Question: Outside of Fire and Earth, what three other elements did Chinese philosophers say the world was composed from?
Answer: metal, wood, water

Question: What is the color of Chinese philosophy?

Question: What five elements is the world made of according to the Ming dynasty?

Question: What color was associated with water?
Red

Red was also a badge of rank. During the Song dynasty (906–1279), officials of the top three ranks wore purple clothes; those of the fourth and fifth wore bright red; those of the sixth and seventh wore green; and the eighth and ninth wore blue. Red was the color worn by the royal guards of honor, and the color of the carriages of the imperial family. When the imperial family traveled, their servants and accompanying officials carried red and purple umbrellas. Of an official who had talent and ambition, it was said "he is so red he becomes purple."

Question: During what years did the Song dynasty occur?
Answer: 906–1279

Question: Which number of ranks wore purple clothing in the Song dynasty?
Answer: three

Question: What color did sixth rank Song dynasty officials wear?
Answer: green

Question: What ranks in the Song dynasty wore blue?
Answer: eighth and ninth

Question: What dynasty took place from 909-1276?

Question: What did the Song dynasty say about an official who had talent?

Question: What officials of the top three ranks wore bright red?

Question: What officials of the fourth and fifth rank wore purple?
Red

Red was also featured in Chinese Imperial architecture. In the Tang and Song Dynasties, gates of palaces were usually painted red, and nobles often painted their entire mansion red. One of the most famous works of Chinese literature, A Dream of Red Mansions by Cao Xueqin (1715–1763), was about the lives of noble women who passed their lives out of public sight within the walls of such mansions. In later dynasties red was reserved for the walls of temples and imperial residences. When the Manchu rulers of the Qing Dynasty conquered the Ming and took over the Forbidden City and Imperial Palace in Beijing, all the walls, gates, beams and pillars were painted in red and gold.

Question: Who painted their mansions red during the Song and Tang dynasties?
Answer: nobles

Question: who wrote A dream of Red Mansions?
Answer: Cao Xueqin

Question: During what years was Cao Xueqin alive?
Answer: 1715–1763

Question: Who painted the walls of the Forbidden city red after the fall of the Ming dynasty?
Answer: Qing Dynasty

Question: In late Chinese dynasties red was used only on what kind of architecture?
Answer: temples and imperial residences

Question: What did Xueqin Cao write?

Question: When was Xueqin Cao alive?

Question: Who did the Ming ruler conquer?

Question: What was Xueqin Cao's book about?
Red

There were guilds of dyers who specialized in red in Venice and other large Europeans cities. The Rubia plant was used to make the most common dye; it produced an orange-red or brick red color used to dye the clothes of merchants and artisans. For the wealthy, the dye used was Kermes, made from a tiny scale insect which fed on the branches and leaves of the oak tree. For those with even more money there was Polish Cochineal; also known as Kermes vermilio or "Blood of Saint John", which was made from a related insect, the Margodes polonicus. It made a more vivid red than ordinary Kermes. The finest and most expensive variety of red made from insects was the "Kermes" of Armenia (Armenian cochineal, also known as Persian kirmiz), made by collecting and crushing Porphyophora hamelii, an insect which lived on the roots and stems of certain grasses. The pigment and dye merchants of Venice imported and sold all of these products and also manufactured their own color, called Venetian red, which was considered the most expensive and finest red in Europe. Its secret ingredient was arsenic, which brightened the color.

Question: What plant was used to make the most used red dye in Venice?
Answer: Rubia

Question: Which group in Europe used Kermes dye?
Answer: the wealthy

Question: The wealthiest in Europe used what red dye?
Answer: Polish Cochineal

Question: What dye was known as the Blood of Saint John?
Answer: Kermes vermilio

Question: The Blood of Saint John was made from an insect, which one?
Answer: Margodes polonicus

Question: What was the Venice plant used to make?

Question: How was the finest red of Kermes vermilio made?

Question: What city was rubia used to make dyes for the wealthy?

Question: What insect was found in Persia?
Red

But early in the 16th century, a brilliant new red appeared in Europe. When the Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés and his soldiers conquered the Aztec Empire in 1519-1521, they discovered slowly that the Aztecs had another treasure beside silver and gold; they had the tiny cochineal, a parasitic scale insect which lived on cactus plants, which, when dried and crushed, made a magnificent red. The cochineal in Mexico was closely related to the Kermes varieties of Europe, but unlike European Kermes, it could be harvested several times a year, and it was ten times stronger than the Kermes of Poland. It worked particularly well on silk, satin and other luxury textiles. In 1523 Cortes sent the first shipment to Spain. Soon cochineal began to arrive in European ports aboard convoys of Spanish galleons.

Question: In what century did a new kind of red pigment arrive in Europe from the Aztec Empire?
Answer: 16th

Question: Which conquistador from Spain conquered the Aztec Empire?
Answer: Hernán Cortés

Question: During what years was the Aztec Empire conquered?
Answer: 1519-1521

Question: How often could the Mexican cochineal be harvested?
Answer: several times a year

Question: In what year did Cortes send the first cochineal to Spain?
Answer: 1523

Question: What Aztec conquistador conquered the Spanish Empire?

Question: What happened in 1519?

Question: Who conquered the Spanish Empire in 1519-1521?

Question: Who sent the first shipment to Spain in 1532?

Question: What happened in 1532?