Divyanshu67/squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
Philosophy_of_space_and_time

But in statistical mechanics things get more complicated. On one hand, statistical mechanics is far superior to classical thermodynamics, in that thermodynamic behavior, such as glass breaking, can be explained by the fundamental laws of physics paired with a statistical postulate. But statistical mechanics, unlike classical thermodynamics, is time-reversal symmetric. The second law of thermodynamics, as it arises in statistical mechanics, merely states that it is overwhelmingly likely that net entropy will increase, but it is not an absolute law.

Question: How are things in statistical mechanics? 
Answer: complicated

Question: What are superior to classical thermodynamics?
Answer: statistical mechanics

Question: In order to explain glass breaking, Fundamental laws of physics can be paired with what? 
Answer: a statistical postulate

Question: Is statistical mechanics asymmetric or symmetric in regards to time-reversal?
Answer: symmetric

Question: What kind of law is the second law of thermodynamics, as it arises in statistical mechanics?
Answer: not an absolute law

Question: What type of mechanics help to simplify things?

Question: What is superior to statistical mechanics?

Question: What thermodynamic behavior can not be explained by the fundemental laws of physics?

Question: What is an abso;ute law in statistical mechanics?
Philosophy_of_space_and_time

A third type of solution to the problem of the direction of time, although much less represented, argues that the laws are not time-reversal symmetric. For example, certain processes in quantum mechanics, relating to the weak nuclear force, are not time-reversible, keeping in mind that when dealing with quantum mechanics time-reversibility comprises a more complex definition. But this type of solution is insufficient because 1) the time-asymmetric phenomena in quantum mechanics are too few to account for the uniformity of macroscopic time-asymmetry and 2) it relies on the assumption that quantum mechanics is the final or correct description of physical processes.[citation needed]

Question: What does the third type of solution to the problem of the direction of time argue?
Answer: the laws are not time-reversal symmetric

Question: What is are kind of nuclear force is not time-reversibile?
Answer: weak nuclear force

Question: Time asymmetric phenomena in quantum mechanics are to few to account what kind of time-asymmetry?
Answer: macroscopic

Question: What does the thirs solution argue is time-reversal symmetric?

Question: What processes in quantum mechanics are reversable?

Question: What asymmetric phenomena are common in quantum mechanics?
Philosophy_of_space_and_time

One recent proponent of the laws solution is Tim Maudlin who argues that the fundamental laws of physics are laws of temporal evolution (see Maudlin ). However, elsewhere Maudlin argues: "[the] passage of time is an intrinsic asymmetry in the temporal structure of the world... It is the asymmetry that grounds the distinction between sequences that runs from past to future and sequences which run from future to past" [ibid, 2010 edition, p. 108]. Thus it is arguably difficult to assess whether Maudlin is suggesting that the direction of time is a consequence of the laws or is itself primitive.

Question: Who argues that the fundamental laws of physics are laws of temporal evolution?
Answer: Tim Maudlin

Question: Maudlin argues that the passage of time is what kind of asymmetry?
Answer: intrinsic

Question: What grounds the distinction between sequences?
Answer: asymmetry

Question: Whose suggestion is difficult to assess in regards to the direction of time?
Answer: Maudlin

Question: Who oposses the laws solution?

Question: Who says that the laws of physics are not laws of temporal evolution?

Question: What does Maudlin claim time is not in the structure of the world?

Question: What does the symetry in the temoral structure of the world ground?
Philosophy_of_space_and_time

The problem of the flow of time, as it has been treated in analytic philosophy, owes its beginning to a paper written by J. M. E. McTaggart. In this paper McTaggart proposes two "temporal series". The first series, which means to account for our intuitions about temporal becoming, or the moving Now, is called the A-series. The A-series orders events according to their being in the past, present or future, simpliciter and in comparison to each other. The B-series eliminates all reference to the present, and the associated temporal modalities of past and future, and orders all events by the temporal relations earlier than and later than.

Question: Who started the discussion within analytic philosophy on the problem of the flow of time?
Answer: J. M. E. McTaggart

Question: How many "temporal series" did McTaggart propose?
Answer: two

Question: What was McTaggart's first series called?
Answer: the A-series

Question: The A-Series orders events according to their being in the past, present or future and in comparison to what else?
Answer: each other

Question: What is McTaggart's second series called?
Answer: The B-series

Question: Who created a problem with the flow of time?

Question: What orders events according to their existance in the past, present or future?

Question: What implements refrences to the past?
Philosophy_of_space_and_time

According to Presentism, time is an ordering of various realities. At a certain time some things exist and others do not. This is the only reality we can deal with and we cannot for example say that Homer exists because at the present time he does not. An Eternalist, on the other hand, holds that time is a dimension of reality on a par with the three spatial dimensions, and hence that all things—past, present, and future—can be said to be just as real as things in the present. According to this theory, then, Homer really does exist, though we must still use special language when talking about somebody who exists at a distant time—just as we would use special language when talking about something far away (the very words near, far, above, below, and such are directly comparable to phrases such as in the past, a minute ago, and so on).

Question: According to what theory is time an ordering of various realities?
Answer: Presentism

Question: Presentism states that at a certain time some things do what?
Answer: exist

Question: Who believes that time is a dimension of reality on a par with the three spatial dimensions
Answer: Eternalist

Question: According to an Eternalist, what can be said to be just as real as things in the present?
Answer: all things—past, present, and future

Question: According to the Eternalist theory, what must we use to describe Homer?
Answer: special language

Question: What states time is the existance of various relities?

Question: What states all things have either always existed or not

Question: What do Eterialist say time is independent of?

Question: What is more real according to Eternalists?
Philosophy_of_space_and_time

The positions on the persistence of objects are somewhat similar. An endurantist holds that for an object to persist through time is for it to exist completely at different times (each instance of existence we can regard as somehow separate from previous and future instances, though still numerically identical with them). A perdurantist on the other hand holds that for a thing to exist through time is for it to exist as a continuous reality, and that when we consider the thing as a whole we must consider an aggregate of all its "temporal parts" or instances of existing. Endurantism is seen as the conventional view and flows out of our pre-philosophical ideas (when I talk to somebody I think I am talking to that person as a complete object, and not just a part of a cross-temporal being), but perdurantists have attacked this position. (An example of a perdurantist is David Lewis.) One argument perdurantists use to state the superiority of their view is that perdurantism is able to take account of change in objects.

Question: How similar are the positions on the persistence of objects?
Answer: somewhat similar

Question: Who holds  that for an object to persist through time is for it to exist completely at different times?
Answer: endurantist

Question: Who holds for a thing to exist through time is for it to exist as a continuous reality?
Answer: perdurantist

Question: Which view is seen as conventional?
Answer: Endurantism

Question: Who is an example of a perdurantist?
Answer: David Lewis

Question: Who says that objects existin incompletely in the past present and future?

Question: Who states that an object must in different realities?

Question: What does endurantism take account of the change in?

Question: What says that when we talk to a person we are talking to part of a cross-temeporal being?
Philosophy_of_space_and_time

However, asymmetry of causation can be observed in a non-arbitrary way which is not metaphysical in the case of a human hand dropping a cup of water which smashes into fragments on a hard floor, spilling the liquid. In this order, the causes of the resultant pattern of cup fragments and water spill is easily attributable in terms of the trajectory of the cup, irregularities in its structure, angle of its impact on the floor, etc. However, applying the same event in reverse, it is difficult to explain why the various pieces of the cup should fly up into the human hand and reassemble precisely into the shape of a cup, or why the water should position itself entirely within the cup. The causes of the resultant structure and shape of the cup and the encapsulation of the water by the hand within the cup are not easily attributable, as neither hand nor floor can achieve such formations of the cup or water. This asymmetry is perceivable on account of two features: i) the relationship between the agent capacities of the human hand (i.e., what it is and is not capable of and what it is for) and non-animal agency (i.e., what floors are and are not capable of and what they are for) and ii) that the pieces of cup came to possess exactly the nature and number of those of a cup before assembling. In short, such asymmetry is attributable to the relationship between temporal direction on the one hand and the implications of form and functional capacity on the other.

Question: How can asymmetry of causation be observed?
Answer: in a non-arbitrary way

Question: How many features of asymmetry in the cup example can be viewed?
Answer: two

Question: Asymmetry is attributable to a relation of what kind of direction?
Answer: temporal

Question: What else, besides direction, is asymmetry attributable to?
Answer: implications of form and functional capacity

Question: What can be observed in an arbitrary way?

Question: How many examples of symetry can be observed in the cup example?

Question: Symmetry is atributable to a ralationship of what kind of direction?

Question: What else besides direction is symmetry attributed to?
Neolithic

Traditionally considered the last part of the Stone Age, the Neolithic followed the terminal Holocene Epipaleolithic period and commenced with the beginning of farming, which produced the "Neolithic Revolution". It ended when metal tools became widespread (in the Copper Age or Bronze Age; or, in some geographical regions, in the Iron Age). The Neolithic is a progression of behavioral and cultural characteristics and changes, including the use of wild and domestic crops and of domesticated animals.

Question: What era is commonly known as the final phase of the Stone Age?
Answer: the Neolithic

Question: What era preceded the Neolithic?
Answer: Holocene Epipaleolithic period

Question: What event is associated with the start of farming?
Answer: Neolithic Revolution

Question: What era saw an increase in metal tool use?
Answer: Copper Age

Question: What era is commonly called as the final phase of the Copper Age?

Question: What era preceded the Stone Age?

Question: What event is associated with the start of animals?

Question: What era saw an increase in metal animal use?

Question: What is a progression of farming?
Neolithic

The beginning of the Neolithic culture is considered to be in the Levant (Jericho, modern-day West Bank) about 10,200 – 8,800 BC. It developed directly from the Epipaleolithic Natufian culture in the region, whose people pioneered the use of wild cereals, which then evolved into true farming. The Natufian period was between 12,000 and 10,200 BC, and the so-called "proto-Neolithic" is now included in the Pre-Pottery Neolithic (PPNA) between 10,200 and 8,800 BC. As the Natufians had become dependent on wild cereals in their diet, and a sedentary way of life had begun among them, the climatic changes associated with the Younger Dryas are thought to have forced people to develop farming.

Question: What time period marks the start of Neolithic culture?
Answer: 10,200 – 8,800 BC

Question: Where did the Neolithic culture begin?
Answer: Levant (Jericho, modern-day West Bank)

Question: What food item was the key to the evolution of farming?
Answer: wild cereals

Question: What era lasted between 12,000 and 10,200 BC?
Answer: The Natufian period

Question: What time period marks the start of farming culture?

Question: Where did the Dryas culture begin?

Question: What food item was the key to the evolution of culture?

Question: What era lasted between 13,000 and 8,800 BC?

Question: What are thought to have forced people to develop culture?
Neolithic

Not all of these cultural elements characteristic of the Neolithic appeared everywhere in the same order: the earliest farming societies in the Near East did not use pottery. In other parts of the world, such as Africa, South Asia and Southeast Asia, independent domestication events led to their own regionally distinctive Neolithic cultures that arose completely independent of those in Europe and Southwest Asia. Early Japanese societies and other East Asian cultures used pottery before developing agriculture.

Question: What objects were not used by early farm societies in the Near East ?
Answer: pottery

Question: What did the use of pottery help early Japanese societies develop?
Answer: agriculture

Question: What trend led to parts of the world developing their own local Neolithic cultures?
Answer: independent domestication events

Question: What objects were not used by early farm societies in Africa?

Question: What did the use of pottery help early African societies develop?

Question: What trend led to parts of the world developing their own African cultures?

Question: Who used pottery before developing events?

Question: Where did independent domestication events lead to their own cultures?
Neolithic

The Neolithic 1 (PPNA) period began roughly 10,000 years ago in the Levant. A temple area in southeastern Turkey at Göbekli Tepe dated around 9,500 BC may be regarded as the beginning of the period. This site was developed by nomadic hunter-gatherer tribes, evidenced by the lack of permanent housing in the vicinity and may be the oldest known human-made place of worship. At least seven stone circles, covering 25 acres (10 ha), contain limestone pillars carved with animals, insects, and birds. Stone tools were used by perhaps as many as hundreds of people to create the pillars, which might have supported roofs. Other early PPNA sites dating to around 9,500 to 9,000 BCE have been found in Jericho, Israel (notably Ain Mallaha, Nahal Oren, and Kfar HaHoresh), Gilgal in the Jordan Valley, and Byblos, Lebanon. The start of Neolithic 1 overlaps the Tahunian and Heavy Neolithic periods to some degree.[citation needed]

Question: When did the The Neolithic 1 (PPNA) period start?
Answer: roughly 10,000 years ago

Question: Where is the Göbekli Tepe temple located?
Answer: Turkey

Question: Who built the Göbekli Tepe temple?
Answer: nomadic hunter-gatherer tribes

Question: What is the name of earliest man made place of worship?
Answer: Göbekli Tepe

Question: When did the Neolithic 1 (PPNA) Period end?

Question: Where is the Gilgal located?

Question: Who built the Gilgal?

Question: What is the name of earliest man made pillar?

Question: When was the earliest man made pillar built?
Neolithic

The Neolithic 2 (PPNB) began around 8,800 BCE according to the ASPRO chronology in the Levant (Jericho, Israel). As with the PPNA dates, there are two versions from the same laboratories noted above. This system of terminology, however, is not convenient for southeast Anatolia and settlements of the middle Anatolia basin. This era was before the Mesolithic era.[citation needed] A settlement of 3,000 inhabitants was found in the outskirts of Amman, Jordan. Considered to be one of the largest prehistoric settlements in the Near East, called 'Ain Ghazal, it was continuously inhabited from approximately 7,250 – 5,000 B.

Question: When did the The Neolithic 2 (PPNB) era start?
Answer: around 8,800 BCE

Question: What era followed the  The Neolithic 2 (PPNB) era?
Answer: the Mesolithic era

Question: How many settlers were found in Jordan?
Answer: 3,000 inhabitants

Question: What is the name of one of the biggest prehistoric settlements in the Near East?
Answer: Ain Ghazal

Question: When did the Neolithic 2 (PPNB) era end?

Question: What era preceded the Neolithic 2 (PPNB) era?

Question: How many settlers were founded in the PPNA?

Question: What is the name of one of the biggest prehistoric settlements the PPNA?

Question: When was Amman continuously inhabited?
Neolithic

Around 10,200 BC the first fully developed Neolithic cultures belonging to the phase Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA) appeared in the fertile crescent. Around 10,700 to 9,400 BC a settlement was established in Tell Qaramel, 10 miles north of Aleppo. The settlement included 2 temples dating back to 9,650. Around 9000 BC during the PPNA, one of the world's first towns, Jericho, appeared in the Levant. It was surrounded by a stone and marble wall and contained a population of 2000–3000 people and a massive stone tower. Around 6,400 BC the Halaf culture appeared in Lebanon, Israel and Palestine, Syria, Anatolia, and Northern Mesopotamia and subsisted on dryland agriculture.

Question: When did the Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA)  phase start?
Answer: Around 10,200 BC

Question: When was a settlement developed in Tell Qaramel?
Answer: Around 10,700 to 9,400 BC

Question: How many temples were built in Tell Qaramel?
Answer: 2

Question: What was the name of the town that first appeared during the PPNA?
Answer: Jericho

Question: What materials were used to build the wall around Jericho?
Answer: stone and marble

Question: When did the Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA) phase end?

Question: When was a settlement developed in PPNA?

Question: What was teh name of the town that first appeared during the Tell Qaramel?

Question: How many temples were built in PPNA?

Question: What materials were used to build the wall around PPNA?
Neolithic

In 1981 a team of researchers from the Maison de l'Orient et de la Méditerranée, including Jacques Cauvin and Oliver Aurenche divided Near East neolithic chronology into ten periods (0 to 9) based on social, economic and cultural characteristics. In 2002 Danielle Stordeur and Frédéric Abbès advanced this system with a division into five periods. Natufian (1) between 12,000 and 10,200 BC, Khiamian (2) between 10,200-8,800 BC, PPNA: Sultanian (Jericho), Mureybetian, early PPNB (PPNB ancien) (3) between 8,800-7,600 BC, middle PPNB (PPNB moyen) 7,600-6,900 BC, late PPNB (PPNB récent) (4) between 7,500 and 7,000 BC and a PPNB (sometimes called PPNC) transitional stage (PPNB final) (5) where Halaf and dark faced burnished ware begin to emerge between 6,900-6,400 BC. They also advanced the idea of a transitional stage between the PPNA and PPNB between 8,800 and 8,600 BC at sites like Jerf el Ahmar and Tell Aswad.

Question: What are the names of two researchers who divided neolithic chronology into ten periods?
Answer: Jacques Cauvin and Oliver Aurenche

Question: What traits did researchers use to divide the ten periods?
Answer: social, economic and cultural characteristics

Question: When was the original division of 10 advanced to a division of 5?
Answer: 2002

Question: What are the names of two researchers who divided neolithic chronology into five periods?
Answer: Danielle Stordeur and Frédéric Abbès

Question: What are the names of two researchers who divided neolithic chronology into nine periods?

Question: What traits did researchers use to divide the nine periods?

Question: When was the original division of 9 advanced to a division of 5?

Question: What are the names of two researchers who divided neolithic chronology in to four periods?

Question: Who advanced the idea of a final stage between the PPNA and PPNB?
Neolithic

Domestication of sheep and goats reached Egypt from the Near East possibly as early as 6,000 BC. Graeme Barker states "The first indisputable evidence for domestic plants and animals in the Nile valley is not until the early fifth millennium bc in northern Egypt and a thousand years later further south, in both cases as part of strategies that still relied heavily on fishing, hunting, and the gathering of wild plants" and suggests that these subsistence changes were not due to farmers migrating from the Near East but was an indigenous development, with cereals either indigenous or obtained through exchange. Other scholars argue that the primary stimulus for agriculture and domesticated animals (as well as mud-brick architecture and other Neolithic cultural features) in Egypt was from the Middle East.

Question: When did the domestication of sheep first appear in Egypt?
Answer: 6,000 BC

Question: How did Egyptians gather food before raising livestock?
Answer: fishing, hunting, and the gathering of wild plants

Question: What region do some scholars see as the source for Egypt's start in agriculture?
Answer: the Middle East

Question: When did the domestication of sheep first appear in the Middle East?

Question: How did Egyptians gather food before raising crops?

Question: What region do some scholars see as the source for the Near East's start in agriculture?

Question: Who suggests that these subsistence changes were due to farmers migrating?

Question: What do other scholars say that the primary stimulus for states came from?
Neolithic

In southeast Europe agrarian societies first appeared in the 7th millennium BC, attested by one of the earliest farming sites of Europe, discovered in Vashtëmi, southeastern Albania and dating back to 6,500 BC. Anthropomorphic figurines have been found in the Balkans from 6000 BC, and in Central Europe by c. 5800 BC (La Hoguette). Among the earliest cultural complexes of this area are the Sesklo culture in Thessaly, which later expanded in the Balkans giving rise to Starčevo-Körös (Cris), Linearbandkeramik, and Vinča. Through a combination of cultural diffusion and migration of peoples, the Neolithic traditions spread west and northwards to reach northwestern Europe by around 4500 BC. The Vinča culture may have created the earliest system of writing, the Vinča signs, though archaeologist Shan Winn believes they most likely represented pictograms and ideograms rather than a truly developed form of writing. The Cucuteni-Trypillian culture built enormous settlements in Romania, Moldova and Ukraine from 5300 to 2300 BC. The megalithic temple complexes of Ġgantija on the Mediterranean island of Gozo (in the Maltese archipelago) and of Mnajdra (Malta) are notable for their gigantic Neolithic structures, the oldest of which date back to c. 3600 BC. The Hypogeum of Ħal-Saflieni, Paola, Malta, is a subterranean structure excavated c. 2500 BC; originally a sanctuary, it became a necropolis, the only prehistoric underground temple in the world, and showing a degree of artistry in stone sculpture unique in prehistory to the Maltese islands. After 2500 BC, the Maltese Islands were depopulated for several decades until the arrival of a new influx of Bronze Age immigrants, a culture that cremated its dead and introduced smaller megalithic structures called dolmens to Malta. In most cases there are small chambers here, with the cover made of a large slab placed on upright stones. They are claimed to belong to a population certainly different from that which built the previous megalithic temples. It is presumed the population arrived from Sicily because of the similarity of Maltese dolmens to some small constructions found in the largest island of the Mediterranean sea.

Question: When did agrarian societies start to arise in Southeast Europe?
Answer: 7th millennium BC

Question: Where was one of earliest farming sites in Europe found?
Answer: Vashtëmi, southeastern Albania

Question: What type of sculptures were found in the Balkans from 6000 BC?
Answer: Anthropomorphic figurines

Question: What trend led to Neolithic traditions spreading to northwestern Europe by around 4500 BC? 
Answer: cultural diffusion and migration of peoples

Question: Who possibly created the earliest system of writing?
Answer: The Vinča culture

Question: When did agrarian societies start to arrive in Malta?

Question: Where was one of the earliest farming sites in Malta located?

Question: What type of sculptures were found in the Balkans from 6,500 BC?

Question: What trend led to Neolithic traditions spreading to northwestern Europe by around 6,500 BC?

Question: Who possibly created the earliest system of dolmens?
Neolithic

In 2012, news was released about a new farming site discovered in Munam-ri, Goseong, Gangwon Province, South Korea, which may be the earliest farmland known to date in east Asia. "No remains of an agricultural field from the Neolithic period have been found in any East Asian country before, the institute said, adding that the discovery reveals that the history of agricultural cultivation at least began during the period on the Korean Peninsula". The farm was dated between 3600 and 3000 B.C. Pottery, stone projectile points, and possible houses were also found. "In 2002, researchers discovered prehistoric earthenware, jade earrings, among other items in the area". The research team will perform accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) dating to retrieve a more precise date for the site.

Question: When was the earliest known Asian farm site found in South Korea?
Answer: 2012

Question: What time period was the Korean farm site dated?
Answer: between 3600 and 3000 B.C.

Question: What items were found on the Korean farm site?
Answer: Pottery, stone projectile points, and possible houses

Question: What technology will researchers use to measure a more accurate time period for the farm site?
Answer: accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS)

Question: When was the earliest known Asian farm site found in the AMS?

Question: What time period was the AMS farm site dated?

Question: What items were found on the AMS farm site?

Question: What technology will researchers use to measure a more accurate discovery for the farm site?

Question: When did researchers discover prehistoric plants?
Neolithic

In Mesoamerica, a similar set of events (i.e., crop domestication and sedentary lifestyles) occurred by around 4500 BC, but possibly as early as 11,000–10,000 BC. These cultures are usually not referred to as belonging to the Neolithic; in America different terms are used such as Formative stage instead of mid-late Neolithic, Archaic Era instead of Early Neolithic and Paleo-Indian for the preceding period. The Formative stage is equivalent to the Neolithic Revolution period in Europe, Asia, and Africa. In the Southwestern United States it occurred from 500 to 1200 C.E. when there was a dramatic increase in population and development of large villages supported by agriculture based on dryland farming of maize, and later, beans, squash, and domesticated turkeys. During this period the bow and arrow and ceramic pottery were also introduced.

Question: What major trends appeared in Mesoamerica during 4500 BC?
Answer: crop domestication and sedentary lifestyles

Question: What term is used to describe the mid-late Neolithic era in American education?
Answer: Formative stage

Question: What term is used to describe the Early Neolithic era in American education?
Answer: Archaic Era

Question: What hunting weapon was found in the Southwestern US during  500 to 1200 C.E.?
Answer: bow and arrow

Question: What major trends appeared in Mesoamerica during 11,000 BC?

Question: What term is used to describe the mid-late Neolithic era in Asian education?

Question: What term is used to describe the Early Neolithic era in Asian education?

Question: What hunting weapon was found in the Southwestern US during 1200 to 500 BC?

Question: When was there a dramatic increase in turkeys?
Neolithic

During most of the Neolithic age of Eurasia, people lived in small tribes composed of multiple bands or lineages. There is little scientific evidence of developed social stratification in most Neolithic societies; social stratification is more associated with the later Bronze Age. Although some late Eurasian Neolithic societies formed complex stratified chiefdoms or even states, states evolved in Eurasia only with the rise of metallurgy, and most Neolithic societies on the whole were relatively simple and egalitarian. Beyond Eurasia, however, states were formed during the local Neolithic in three areas, namely in the Preceramic Andes with the Norte Chico Civilization, Formative Mesoamerica and Ancient Hawaiʻi. However, most Neolithic societies were noticeably more hierarchical than the Paleolithic cultures that preceded them and hunter-gatherer cultures in general.

Question: What social groups were formed during the Neolithic age of Eurasia?
Answer: small tribes

Question: What cultural trend did not first appear in large amounts until the Bronze Age?
Answer: social stratification

Question: What type of cultures preceded Neolithic societies?
Answer: Paleolithic cultures

Question: What social groups were formed during the Neolithic age of Norte?

Question: What cultural trend did not first appear in large amounts until the Eurasian Age?

Question: What type of cultures preceded Norte societies?

Question: What were more hierarchical than Norte cultures?

Question: When did states evolve in Norte?
Neolithic

The domestication of large animals (c. 8000 BC) resulted in a dramatic increase in social inequality in most of the areas where it occurred; New Guinea being a notable exception. Possession of livestock allowed competition between households and resulted in inherited inequalities of wealth. Neolithic pastoralists who controlled large herds gradually acquired more livestock, and this made economic inequalities more pronounced. However, evidence of social inequality is still disputed, as settlements such as Catal Huyuk reveal a striking lack of difference in the size of homes and burial sites, suggesting a more egalitarian society with no evidence of the concept of capital, although some homes do appear slightly larger or more elaborately decorated than others.

Question: What caused a major increase in social inequality?
Answer: domestication of large animals

Question: What started competition between families for wealth?
Answer: Possession of livestock

Question: Who was in possession of large herds that would produce more livestock?
Answer: Neolithic pastoralists

Question: What settlement featured equal sized homes with little evidence of capital?
Answer: Catal Huyuk

Question: What caused a major increase in homes?

Question: What started competition between the Catal Huyuk for wealth?

Question: Who was in possession of large herds that would produce more wealth?

Question: What settlement featured equal sized homes with little evidence of animals?

Question: What resulted in inequalities of homes?
Neolithic

Families and households were still largely independent economically, and the household was probably the center of life. However, excavations in Central Europe have revealed that early Neolithic Linear Ceramic cultures ("Linearbandkeramik") were building large arrangements of circular ditches between 4800 BC and 4600 BC. These structures (and their later counterparts such as causewayed enclosures, burial mounds, and henge) required considerable time and labour to construct, which suggests that some influential individuals were able to organise and direct human labour — though non-hierarchical and voluntary work remain possibilities.

Question: What was the cultural aspect was the major center of life?
Answer: the household

Question: What time period were the huge circular ditches found in?
Answer: 4800 BC and 4600 BC

Question: What did the ditches later evolve into?
Answer: causewayed enclosures, burial mounds, and henge

Question: What features about the ditches suggests that it was built by people under a leader's command?
Answer: required considerable time and labour to construct

Question: What time period were the huge individuals found in?

Question: What did the individuals later involve into?

Question: What features about the individuals suggests that it was built by people under a leader's command?

Question: What excavations revealed that families were building circular ditches?

Question: What do families suggest?
Neolithic

There is a large body of evidence for fortified settlements at Linearbandkeramik sites along the Rhine, as at least some villages were fortified for some time with a palisade and an outer ditch. Settlements with palisades and weapon-traumatized bones have been discovered, such as at the Talheim Death Pit demonstrates "...systematic violence between groups" and warfare was probably much more common during the Neolithic than in the preceding Paleolithic period. This supplanted an earlier view of the Linear Pottery Culture as living a "peaceful, unfortified lifestyle".

Question: Where was evidence of fortified settlements found?
Answer: Linearbandkeramik

Question: What did some villages fortify their settlements with?
Answer: a palisade and an outer ditch

Question: What tools were seen as evidence of violence among settlements?
Answer: weapon-traumatized bones

Question: What site in Talheim suggests violent warfare in the Neolithic era?
Answer: the Talheim Death Pit

Question: Where was evidence of fortified lifestyles found?

Question: What did some villages fortify their lifestyles with?

Question: What tools were seen as evidence of ditches among settlements?

Question: What site in Talheim suggests violent warfare in the Paleolithic era?

Question: What did Neollithic people have?
Neolithic

Control of labour and inter-group conflict is characteristic of corporate-level or 'tribal' groups, headed by a charismatic individual; whether a 'big man' or a proto-chief, functioning as a lineage-group head. Whether a non-hierarchical system of organization existed is debatable, and there is no evidence that explicitly suggests that Neolithic societies functioned under any dominating class or individual, as was the case in the chiefdoms of the European Early Bronze Age. Theories to explain the apparent implied egalitarianism of Neolithic (and Paleolithic) societies have arisen, notably the Marxist concept of primitive communism.

Question: What production trait existed in tribal groups that were controlled by charismatic leaders?
Answer: Control of labour

Question: What theory describes the implied egalitarianism of Neolithic societies?
Answer: Marxist concept of primitive communism

Question: What type of disagreement existed in tribal groups that were controlled by charismatic leaders?
Answer: inter-group conflict

Question: What production trait existed in tribal groups that were controlled by Neolithic leaders?

Question: What theory describes the implied egalitarianism of labor societies?

Question: What type of disagreement existed in tribal groups that were controlled by Neolithic groups?

Question: What is a theory that has explained the egalitarianism of labor societies?

Question: What is there evidence of?
Neolithic

The shelter of the early people changed dramatically from the paleolithic to the neolithic era. In the paleolithic, people did not normally live in permanent constructions. In the neolithic, mud brick houses started appearing that were coated with plaster. The growth of agriculture made permanent houses possible. Doorways were made on the roof, with ladders positioned both on the inside and outside of the houses. The roof was supported by beams from the inside. The rough ground was covered by platforms, mats, and skins on which residents slept. Stilt-houses settlements were common in the Alpine and Pianura Padana (Terramare) region. Remains have been found at the Ljubljana Marshes in Slovenia and at the Mondsee and Attersee lakes in Upper Austria, for example.

Question: What lifestyle element changed significantly from the paleolithic to the neolithic era?
Answer: shelter

Question: What era consisted of people living temporary homes?
Answer: paleolithic

Question: What type of homes were built in the Neolithic era?
Answer: mud brick houses

Question: What societal trend was the cause of permanent homes?
Answer: The growth of agriculture

Question: Where were entrances located in early homes?
Answer: Doorways were made on the roof

Question: What era consisted of people living on roofs?

Question: What type of homes were built in the paleolithic era?

Question: What societal trend was the cause of mats?

Question: Where were entrances located in early ladders?

Question: What made ladders possible?
Neolithic

A significant and far-reaching shift in human subsistence and lifestyle was to be brought about in areas where crop farming and cultivation were first developed: the previous reliance on an essentially nomadic hunter-gatherer subsistence technique or pastoral transhumance was at first supplemented, and then increasingly replaced by, a reliance upon the foods produced from cultivated lands. These developments are also believed to have greatly encouraged the growth of settlements, since it may be supposed that the increased need to spend more time and labor in tending crop fields required more localized dwellings. This trend would continue into the Bronze Age, eventually giving rise to permanently settled farming towns, and later cities and states whose larger populations could be sustained by the increased productivity from cultivated lands.

Question: What trend led to a major shift in the livelihoods of early cultures?
Answer: crop farming and cultivation

Question: What behavior did humans rely on to survive before agriculture?
Answer: nomadic hunter-gatherer subsistence technique

Question: What era saw an increase in permanently settled farming towns?
Answer: the Bronze Age

Question: What trend led to a major shift in the livelihoods of early towns?

Question: What behavior did humans rely on to survive before the Bronze Age?

Question: What era saw an increase in permanent crop fields?

Question: What was brought about by crop rotating?

Question: What had larger populations that were sustained by labor?
Neolithic

However, early farmers were also adversely affected in times of famine, such as may be caused by drought or pests. In instances where agriculture had become the predominant way of life, the sensitivity to these shortages could be particularly acute, affecting agrarian populations to an extent that otherwise may not have been routinely experienced by prior hunter-gatherer communities. Nevertheless, agrarian communities generally proved successful, and their growth and the expansion of territory under cultivation continued.

Question: What were the causes of famine in early farm towns?
Answer: drought or pests

Question: What type of societies were not affected by famine?
Answer: hunter-gatherer communities

Question: What type of societies were usually still successful after dealing with famine?
Answer: agrarian communities

Question: What were the causes of cultivation in early farm towns?

Question: What type of societies were not affected by cultivation?

Question: What type of societies were usually still successful after dealing with cultivation?

Question: What continued without shortages?

Question: What could sensitivity to cultivation be?
Neolithic

Another significant change undergone by many of these newly agrarian communities was one of diet. Pre-agrarian diets varied by region, season, available local plant and animal resources and degree of pastoralism and hunting. Post-agrarian diet was restricted to a limited package of successfully cultivated cereal grains, plants and to a variable extent domesticated animals and animal products. Supplementation of diet by hunting and gathering was to variable degrees precluded by the increase in population above the carrying capacity of the land and a high sedentary local population concentration. In some cultures, there would have been a significant shift toward increased starch and plant protein. The relative nutritional benefits and drawbacks of these dietary changes and their overall impact on early societal development is still debated.

Question: What food related trend was significant in the new agrarian societies?
Answer: diet

Question: What forms of availability dictated Pre-agrarian diets?
Answer: local plant and animal resources

Question: What was included in the Post-agrarian diet?
Answer: cereal grains, plants and to a variable extent domesticated animals and animal products.

Question: What forced the need to supplement food supply with hunting and gathering?
Answer: the increase in population

Question: What food related trend was significant in restricted societies?

Question: What forms of availability dictated local diets?

Question: What was included in the local diet?

Question: What forced the need to supplement food supply with nutrition?

Question: What did local diets vary by?
Neolithic

Neolithic people were skilled farmers, manufacturing a range of tools necessary for the tending, harvesting and processing of crops (such as sickle blades and grinding stones) and food production (e.g. pottery, bone implements). They were also skilled manufacturers of a range of other types of stone tools and ornaments, including projectile points, beads, and statuettes. But what allowed forest clearance on a large scale was the polished stone axe above all other tools. Together with the adze, fashioning wood for shelter, structures and canoes for example, this enabled them to exploit their newly won farmland.

Question: What type of occupation were Neolithic people considered to be proficient at?
Answer: farmers

Question: What purposes were the production of farm tools used for?
Answer: tending, harvesting and processing of crops

Question: What types of tools did early farmers use for crops?
Answer: sickle blades and grinding stones

Question: What types of tools did early farmers use for food production?
Answer: pottery, bone implements)

Question: What tool allowed early farmers to convert forest into arable land?
Answer: stone axe

Question: What type of occupation were manufacturers considered to be proficient at?

Question: What purposes were the production of statuettes used for?

Question: What types of tools did early farmers use for shelter?

Question: What tool allowed early manufacturers to convert forest into arable land?
Neolithic

Neolithic peoples in the Levant, Anatolia, Syria, northern Mesopotamia and Central Asia were also accomplished builders, utilizing mud-brick to construct houses and villages. At Çatal höyük, houses were plastered and painted with elaborate scenes of humans and animals. In Europe, long houses built from wattle and daub were constructed. Elaborate tombs were built for the dead. These tombs are particularly numerous in Ireland, where there are many thousand still in existence. Neolithic people in the British Isles built long barrows and chamber tombs for their dead and causewayed camps, henges, flint mines and cursus monuments. It was also important to figure out ways of preserving food for future months, such as fashioning relatively airtight containers, and using substances like salt as preservatives.

Question: What did Neolithic people use mud-brick to build?
Answer: houses and villages

Question: What scenes did the paintings on homes depict?
Answer: humans and animals

Question: What were European homes constructed from?
Answer: wattle and daub

Question: What types of sites were built for the deceased?
Answer: Elaborate tombs

Question: Where do thousands of early tombs still exist?
Answer: Ireland

Question: What did European people use mud-brick to build?

Question: What scenes did the people on homes depict?

Question: What were Syrian homes constructed from?

Question: What types of sites were built for the animals?

Question: Where do thousands of early humans still exist?
Neolithic

Most clothing appears to have been made of animal skins, as indicated by finds of large numbers of bone and antler pins which are ideal for fastening leather. Wool cloth and linen might have become available during the later Neolithic, as suggested by finds of perforated stones which (depending on size) may have served as spindle whorls or loom weights. The clothing worn in the Neolithic Age might be similar to that worn by Ötzi the Iceman, although he was not Neolithic (since he belonged to the later Copper age).

Question: What did early humans use to make clothing?
Answer: animal skins

Question: What evidence suggested that humans used animal products for clothing?
Answer: finds of large numbers of bone and antler pins

Question: What were perforated stones used for?
Answer: spindle whorls or loom weights

Question: What famous figure of the Copper Age wore clothes similar to the Neolithic Era?
Answer: Ötzi the Iceman

Question: What did early humans use to make bones?

Question: What evidence suggested that humans used copperl products for clothing?

Question: What were perforated antlers used for?

Question: What famous figure of the Copper Age wore clothes similar to the Copper age?

Question: What might have become available during the Copper age?
Friedrich_Hayek

Friedrich Hayek CH (German: [ˈfʁiːdʁɪç ˈaʊ̯ɡʊst ˈhaɪ̯ɛk]; 8 May 1899 – 23 March 1992), born in Austria-Hungary as Friedrich August von Hayek and frequently referred to as F. A. Hayek, was an Austrian and British economist and philosopher best known for his defense of classical liberalism. Hayek shared the 1974 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences with Gunnar Myrdal for his "pioneering work in the theory of money and economic fluctuations and ... penetrating analysis of the interdependence of economic, social and institutional phenomena."

Question: In which nation was Friedrich Hayek born?
Answer: Austria-Hungary

Question: Friedrich Hayek name was commonly shortened to what?
Answer: F. A. Hayek

Question: What award did Hayek receive in 1974?
Answer: Nobel Memorial Prize

Question: With whom did Hayek share his 1974 award?
Answer: Gunnar Myrdal

Question: Along with being an economist, what else was Hayek known as?
Answer: philosopher
Friedrich_Hayek

In 1984, he was appointed a member of the Order of the Companions of Honour by Queen Elizabeth II on the advice of Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher for his "services to the study of economics". He was the first recipient of the Hanns Martin Schleyer Prize in 1984. He also received the US Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1991 from President George H. W. Bush. In 2011, his article "The Use of Knowledge in Society" was selected as one of the top 20 articles published in The American Economic Review during its first 100 years.

Question: Hayek became a member of which group in 1984?
Answer: Order of the Companions of Honour

Question: For what reason was Hayek inducted into the order?
Answer: services to the study of economics

Question: What award was Hayek the first to receive?
Answer: Hanns Martin Schleyer Prize

Question: Who awarded Hayek the Medal of Freedom?
Answer: President George H. W. Bush

Question: Which of Hayek's articles received recognition in 2011?
Answer: The Use of Knowledge in Society