Divyanshu67/squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
Canadian_football

The Canadian football field is 150 yards (137 m) long and 65 yards (59 m) wide with end zones 20 yards (18 m) deep, and goal lines 110 yards (101 m) apart. At each goal line is a set of 40-foot-high (12 m) goalposts, which consist of two uprights joined by an 18 1⁄2-foot-long (5.6 m) crossbar which is 10 feet (3 m) above the goal line. The goalposts may be H-shaped (both posts fixed in the ground) although in the higher-calibre competitions the tuning-fork design (supported by a single curved post behind the goal line, so that each post starts 10 feet (3 m) above the ground) is preferred. The sides of the field are marked by white sidelines, the goal line is marked in white, and white lines are drawn laterally across the field every 5 yards (4.6 m) from the goal line. These lateral lines are called "yard lines" and often marked with the distance in yards from and an arrow pointed toward the nearest goal line. In previous decades, arrows were not used and every yard line was usually marked with the distance to the goal line, including the goal line itself which was marked with a "0"; in most stadiums today, the 10-, 20-, 30-, 40-, and 50-yard lines are marked with numbers, with the goal line sometimes being marked with a "G". The centre (55-yard) line usually is marked with a "C". "Hash marks" are painted in white, parallel to the yardage lines, at 1 yard (0.9 m) intervals, 24 yards (21.9 m) from the sidelines. On fields that have a surrounding running track, such as Commonwealth Stadium, Molson Stadium, and many universities, the end zones are often cut off in the corners to accommodate the track. In 2014, Edmonton placed turf over the track to create full end zones. This was particularly common among U.S.-based teams during the CFL's American expansion, where few American stadiums were able to accommodate the much longer and noticeably wider CFL field.

Question: How many yards wide is a Canadian football field?
Answer: 65

Question: How long in meters is the crossbar of a Canadian football goal?
Answer: 5.6

Question: What part of a Canadian football field was sometimes marked with a "G"?
Answer: goal line

Question: What distance from the sidelines are hash marks painted on a CFL field?
Answer: 24 yards (21.9 m)

Question: Whose football fields are hundred 50 yards wide and 65 yards long?

Question: What are marked with yellow sidelines?

Question: What fields have expanded in zones?

Question: Where was it uncommon to put her over the track?

Question: In most running tracks today, what are marked?

Question: In higher calibre stadiums what is preferred?

Question: What single-curved post lines drawn every 5 yards from the goal line called?

Question: How far from the goalposts are hashmarks painted?

Question: What is cut off to accommodate the yard lines at Commonwealth Stadium?
Canadian_football

At the beginning of a match, an official tosses a coin and allows the captain of the visiting team call heads or tails. The captain of the team winning the coin toss is given the option of having first choice, or of deferring first choice to the other captain. The captain making first choice may either choose a) to kick off or receive the kick and the beginning of the half, or b) which direction of the field to play in. The remaining choice is given to the opposing captain. Before the resumption of play in the second half, the captain that did not have first choice in the first half is given first choice. Teams usually choose to defer, so it is typical for the team that wins the coin toss to kick to begin the first half and receive to begin the second.

Question: Which team calls heads or tails in the coin flip before a CFL game?
Answer: visiting

Question: Who on a football team articulates the team's decision following the coin flip?
Answer: captain

Question: What can the team that wins the coin toss choose besides whether they wish to kick off or receive the ball?
Answer: which direction of the field to play in

Question: Who makes a choice after the team that wins the coin toss has made their decision?
Answer: the opposing captain

Question: What does the official call at the beginning of a game?

Question: What option does the official have after winning the coin toss?

Question: What's typical for the team that recieves the kick?

Question: After the kickoff in the second half who is given first choice?

Question: What is one option the opposing captain is given  if they choose first choice after winning the coin toss?
Canadian_football

Play stops when the ball carrier's knee, elbow, or any other body part aside from the feet and hands, is forced to the ground (a tackle); when a forward pass is not caught on the fly (during a scrimmage); when a touchdown (see below) or a field goal is scored; when the ball leaves the playing area by any means (being carried, thrown, or fumbled out of bounds); or when the ball carrier is in a standing position but can no longer move forwards (called forward progress). If no score has been made, the next play starts from scrimmage.

Question: What is the term for play stopped because the ball carrier, although not fully tackled, can no longer advance the ball?
Answer: forward progress

Question: Where does the next play start unless a team has just scored?
Answer: scrimmage

Question: Which parts of the ball carrier's body do not cause play to stop when they touch the ground?
Answer: feet and hands

Question: Which direction of pass causes play to stop when it is not caught?
Answer: forward

Question: If a player's knee is forced to the ground, what starts from scrimmage?

Question: What parts of the ball carriers forward progress won't stop play when touching the ground?

Question: Which touchdown causes play to stop when not caught?

Question: Where does the next field goal start unless a team has scored?

Question: What means play stopped because the ball carrier can move forward?
Canadian_football

Before scrimmage, an official places the ball at the spot it was at the stop of clock, but no nearer than 24 yards from the sideline or 1 yard from the goal line. The line parallel to the goal line passing through the ball (line from sideline to sideline for the length of the ball) is referred to as the line of scrimmage. This line is similar to "no-man's land"; players must stay on their respective sides of this line until the play has begun again. For a scrimmage to be valid the team in possession of the football must have seven players, excluding the quarterback, within one yard of the line of scrimmage. The defending team must stay a yard or more back from the line of scrimmage.

Question: What minimum distance from the sideline does the official place the ball before play starts?
Answer: 24 yards

Question: What is the term for the line across the field where the ball is positioned before a play?
Answer: line of scrimmage

Question: How many players must the team with possession place near the line of scrimmage?
Answer: seven

Question: How close to the line of scrimmage can defensive players approach before a play is run?
Answer: one yard

Question: What is the minimum distance from the defending team does the official place the ball before play?

Question: How many yards must the possessing team place near the line of scrimmage?

Question: How close to the length of the ball can defensive players be before a play?

Question: Where must an official stay until a play has begun again?

Question: What makes a goal line valid?
Canadian_football

On the field at the beginning of a play are two teams of 12 (unlike 11 in American football). The team in possession of the ball is the offence and the team defending is referred to as the defence. Play begins with a backwards pass through the legs (the snap) by a member of the offensive team, to another member of the offensive team. This is usually the quarterback or punter, but a "direct snap" to a running back is also not uncommon. If the quarterback or punter receives the ball, he may then do any of the following:

Question: How many players does each side field in an American football game?
Answer: 11

Question: What is the term for the team who begins a play with control of the ball?
Answer: offence

Question: What is the initial backward movement of the ball in a play called?
Answer: the snap

Question: Which two players most commonly receive the first backward pass in a football play?
Answer: quarterback or punter

Question: What is the term for a team with control of the quarterback?

Question: What is the defence of the ball in play called?

Question: Name a player that commonly receives the first possession of the ball?

Question: How many possessions does each team have in an American game?

Question: What is the running back in possession of the ball called?
Canadian_football

Each play constitutes a down. The offence must advance the ball at least ten yards towards the opponents' goal line within three downs or forfeit the ball to their opponents. Once ten yards have been gained the offence gains a new set of three downs (rather than the four downs given in American football). Downs do not accumulate. If the offensive team completes 10 yards on their first play, they lose the other two downs and are granted another set of three. If a team fails to gain ten yards in two downs they usually punt the ball on third down or try to kick a field goal (see below), depending on their position on the field. The team may, however use its third down in an attempt to advance the ball and gain a cumulative 10 yards.

Question: What is another term for a completed play?
Answer: down

Question: How many plays can the offence run without gaining ten yards?
Answer: three

Question: How many downs does a team get after they've gained ten on their first down?
Answer: three

Question: What does a team do when they have not advance the ball enough to score or likely gain a new set of downs?
Answer: punt

Question: What is a forfeit play called?

Question: What must the offence do within 10 yards or forfeit the ball?

Question: What can a team use its 10 yards to gain?

Question: How many field goals does a team get after they've gained ten on their first down?

Question: What does a team do in their position on the field when they haven't advanced the ball enough to score?
Canadian_football

There are many rules to contact in this type of football. First, the only player on the field who may be legally tackled is the player currently in possession of the football (the ball carrier). Second, a receiver, that is to say, an offensive player sent down the field to receive a pass, may not be interfered with (have his motion impeded, be blocked, etc.) unless he is within one yard of the line of scrimmage (instead of 5 yards (4.6 m) in American football). Any player may block another player's passage, so long as he does not hold or trip the player he intends to block. The kicker may not be contacted after the kick but before his kicking leg returns to the ground (this rule is not enforced upon a player who has blocked a kick), and the quarterback, having already thrown the ball, may not be hit or tackled.

Question: What is the term for the player that is currently handing the football when play is underway?
Answer: ball carrier

Question: Within what distance from the line of scrimmage can offensive players who do not have the ball be legally contacted by defensive players?
Answer: one yard

Question: What are two illegal ways to block an opposing player's progress near the line of scrimmage?
Answer: hold or trip

Question: Which player may not be tackled immediately after they have thrown a pass?
Answer: quarterback

Question: What player can be legally tackeled when tripping the player he intends to block?

Question: What player can't be interfered with unless he is within one yard of any player?

Question: Which player may not be contacted after the kick after throwing a pass?

Question: What are two illegal ways to currently be in possession of the ball near the line of scrimmage?

Question: When is the rule applied where the offensive player may not be contacted?
Canadian_football

Infractions of the rules are punished with penalties, typically a loss of yardage of 5, 10 or 15 yards against the penalized team. Minor violations such as offside (a player from either side encroaching into scrimmage zone before the play starts) are penalized five yards, more serious penalties (such as holding) are penalized 10 yards, and severe violations of the rules (such as face-masking) are typically penalized 15 yards. Depending on the penalty, the penalty yardage may be assessed from the original line of scrimmage, from where the violation occurred (for example, for a pass interference infraction), or from where the ball ended after the play. Penalties on the offence may, or may not, result in a loss of down; penalties on the defence may result in a first down being automatically awarded to the offence. For particularly severe conduct, the game official(s) may eject players (ejected players may be substituted for), or in exceptional cases, declare the game over and award victory to one side or the other. Penalties do not affect the yard line which the offence must reach to gain a first down (unless the penalty results in a first down being awarded); if a penalty against the defence results in the first down yardage being attained, then the offence is awarded a first down.

Question: What is the usual penalty when the rules of play are violated?
Answer: loss of yardage

Question: How many yards does a team lose when they commit a minor penalty?
Answer: five

Question: How many yards does a team lose for face-masking?
Answer: 15

Question: What other than yardage is sometimes awarded the offence on a defensive penalty?
Answer: first down

Question: What is the usual penalty when first downs are violated?

Question: How many loss of downs does a team have when they have a more serious penalty?

Question: How many downs are automatically awarded to the offense when a team commits a minor penalty?

Question: What happens when a team commits minor penalty such as face masking?

Question: What other than yardage can be awarded to the offence on the line of scrimmage?
Canadian_football

Penalties never result in a score for the offence. For example, a point-of-foul infraction committed by the defence in their end zone is not ruled a touchdown, but instead advances the ball to the one-yard line with an automatic first down. For a distance penalty, if the yardage is greater than half the distance to the goal line, then the ball is advanced half the distance to the goal line, though only up to the one-yard line (unlike American football, in Canadian football no scrimmage may start inside either one-yard line). If the original penalty yardage would have resulted in a first down or moving the ball past the goal line, a first down is awarded.

Question: Where is the ball placed when a defensive penalty is committed in their own end zone?
Answer: one-yard line

Question: In which North American style of football is the line of scrimmage never inside the one-yard line?
Answer: Canadian

Question: A play that results in what outcome will never also be a scoring play?
Answer: Penalties

Question: How many penalty yards are awarded when the ball is nearer the goal line than the usual penalty yardage?
Answer: half the distance to the goal line

Question: Who do touchdowns never result in a score for?

Question: When the defense commits penalty yardage in their end zone what happens?

Question: How many penalty yards are given when the ball is nearer the first down than the usual penalty yardage?

Question: What infraction  in the end zone advances the ball half the distance to the goal with an automatic first down?

Question: In American football what can't start inside either one yard line?
Canadian_football

In most cases, the non-penalized team will have the option of declining the penalty; in which case the results of the previous play stand as if the penalty had not been called. One notable exception to this rule is if the kicking team on a 3rd down punt play is penalized before the kick occurs: the receiving team may not decline the penalty and take over on downs. After the kick is made, change of possession occurs and subsequent penalties are assessed against either the spot where the ball is caught, or the runback.

Question: Who can decline a penalty?
Answer: the non-penalized team

Question: A team receiving a punt cannot decline a penalty on which down?
Answer: 3rd down

Question: The outcome of which play determines the placement of the ball when a penalty is declined?
Answer: the previous play

Question: What can a team do when they prefer the original outcome of a play to the situation they would have with a penalty assessed on the other team for that play?
Answer: decline the penalty

Question: Who can decline a previous play?

Question: What will stand as if the 3rd down punt play had not been called?

Question: After the runback is made what happens?

Question: What is an exception to the change of possession for the non-penalized team?

Question: After change of possession, what are assessed against the kicking team or the receiving team?
Canadian_football

During the last three minutes of a half, the penalty for failure to place the ball in play within the 20-second play clock, known as "time count" (this foul is known as "delay of game" in American football), is dramatically different from during the first 27 minutes. Instead of the penalty being 5 yards with the down repeated, the base penalty (except during convert attempts) becomes loss of down on first or second down, and 10 yards on third down with the down repeated. In addition, as noted previously, the referee can give possession to the defence for repeated deliberate time count violations on third down.

Question: At which point in a game is the time the offence takes to put the ball in play measured?
Answer: last three minutes of a half

Question: How many seconds elapse before a time count penalty is assessed?
Answer: 20

Question: What is the penalty for a time count on the first two downs?
Answer: loss of down

Question: Who can turn the ball over to the other side if an offensive team incurs too many time count violations?
Answer: referee

Question: How many yards does the offense lose for a time count on third down?
Answer: 10

Question: What is the penalty in American football for not having the down repeated within 20 seconds?

Question: What is the penalty for convert attempts on the first two downs?

Question: For what violation can the referee give the base penalty to the defense?

Question: How many yards does the loss of down lose on third down?

Question: On what down can the 20 second play clock give possession to the defense?
Canadian_football

The clock does not run during convert attempts in the last three minutes of a half. If the 15 minutes of a quarter expire while the ball is live, the quarter is extended until the ball becomes dead. If a quarter's time expires while the ball is dead, the quarter is extended for one more scrimmage. A quarter cannot end while a penalty is pending: after the penalty yardage is applied, the quarter is extended one scrimmage. Note that the non-penalized team has the option to decline any penalty it considers disadvantageous, so a losing team cannot indefinitely prolong a game by repeatedly committing infractions.

Question: What happens to a quarter whose time expires while the ball is still live in play?
Answer: extended

Question: What causes a quarter to be extended one additional play even if time has run out?
Answer: penalty

Question: How long is a quarter in minutes?
Answer: 15

Question: Which plays do not cause time to run off the clock during the final minutes of a half?
Answer: convert attempts

Question: When does the clock not run when a penalty is pending?

Question: If a quarter's time expires while the ball is pending how long is the quarter extended?

Question: When can't a scrimmage end?

Question: What does the losing team have the option to do?

Question: What is the name of the plays where the clock doesn't run near the end of a half?
Canadian_football

In the CFL, if the game is tied at the end of regulation play, then each team is given an equal number of chances to break the tie. A coin toss is held to determine which team will take possession first; the first team scrimmages the ball at the opponent's 35-yard line and advances through a series of downs until it scores or loses possession. If the team scores a touchdown, starting with the 2010 season, it is required to attempt a 2-point conversion. The other team then scrimmages the ball at the same 35-yard line and has the same opportunity to score. After the teams have completed their possessions, if one team is ahead, then it is declared the winner; otherwise, the two teams each get another chance to score, scrimmaging from the other 35-yard line. After this second round, if there is still no winner, during the regular season the game ends as a tie. In a playoff or championship game, the teams continue to attempt to score from alternating 35-yard lines, until one team is leading after both have had an equal number of possessions.

Question: What determines which team gets possession first when extending a game to break a tie?
Answer: coin toss

Question: At which yard line on their opponent's side does a team take possession of the ball according to the CFL's tie-breaking rules?
Answer: 35

Question: In which year did the CFL begin requiring teams to attempt 2-point conversions after scoring in a tie-breaking situation?
Answer: 2010

Question: Which round of tie-breaking is the last possible round in a regular season CFL game?
Answer: second

Question: Which CFL games require tie-breaking rounds continue until a winner results?
Answer: playoff or championship

Question: After teams have completed their 2 point conversions, who is declared the winner?

Question: If a game is tied at the end of a touchdown, what determines who takes possession?

Question: After the coin toss if there is no winner during regular season what happens?

Question: What is a team required to do after having a possession in the 2010 season?

Question: In the 2010 season if a game is tied what can each team do?
Seven_Years%27_War

The Seven Years' War was fought between 1755 and 1764, the main conflict occurring in the seven-year period from 1756 to 1763. It involved every great power of the time except the Ottoman Empire, and affected Europe, the Americas, West Africa, India, and the Philippines. Considered a prelude to the two world wars and the greatest European war since the Thirty Years War of the 17th century, it once again split Europe into two coalitions, led by Great Britain on one side and France on the other. For the first time, aiming to curtail Britain and Prussia's ever-growing might, France formed a grand coalition of its own, which ended with failure as Britain rose as the world's predominant power, altering the European balance of power.

Question: What countries led the two coalitions during the Seven Years' War?
Answer: two coalitions, led by Great Britain on one side and France

Question: When was the Seven Year' War fought?
Answer: The Seven Years' War was fought between 1755 and 1764

Question: What major power of the time was not involved in The Seven Years' War?
Answer: It involved every great power of the time except the Ottoman Empire

Question: What country emerged as the world's predominate power?
Answer: Britain rose as the world's predominant power

Question: What was the Seven Years' War considered as the prelude to?
Answer: Considered a prelude to the two world wars
Seven_Years%27_War

Realizing that war was imminent, Prussia preemptively struck Saxony and quickly overran it. The result caused uproar across Europe. Because of Prussia's alliance with Britain, Austria formed an alliance with France, seeing an opportunity to recapture Silesia, which had been lost in a previous war. Reluctantly, by following the imperial diet, most of the states of the empire joined Austria's cause. The Anglo-Prussian alliance was joined by smaller German states (especially Hanover). Sweden, fearing Prussia's expansionist tendencies, went to war in 1757 to protect its Baltic dominions, seeing its chance when virtually all of Europe opposed Prussia. Spain, bound by the Pacte de Famille, intervened on behalf of France and together they launched an utterly unsuccessful invasion of Portugal in 1762. The Russian Empire was originally aligned with Austria, fearing Prussia's ambition on the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, but switched sides upon the succession of Tsar Peter III in 1762.

Question: Who made the first strike of the Seven Years' War?
Answer: Prussia preemptively struck

Question: What area was the site of the first action in the Seven Years' War
Answer: Saxony

Question: What country allied with Prussia?
Answer: Prussia's alliance with Britain

Question: What was the initial country to ally with France?
Answer: Austria formed an alliance with France

Question: The smaller German states joined which side?
Answer: Anglo-Prussian alliance was joined by smaller German states
Seven_Years%27_War

Many middle and small powers in Europe, unlike in the previous wars, tried to steer clear away from the escalating conflict, even though they had interests in the conflict or with the belligerents, like Denmark-Norway. The Dutch Republic, long-time British ally, kept its neutrality intact, fearing the odds against Britain and Prussia fighting the great powers of Europe, even tried to prevent Britain's domination in India. Naples, Sicily, and Savoy, although sided with Franco-Spanish party, declined to join the coalition under the fear of British power. The taxation needed for war caused the Russian people considerable hardship, being added to the taxation of salt and alcohol begun by Empress Elizabeth in 1759 to complete her addition to the Winter Palace. Like Sweden, Russia concluded a separate peace with Prussia.

Question: With whom did the Dutch Republic align?
Answer: The Dutch Republic, long-time British ally, kept its neutrality intact

Question: Which side of the coalitions did Naples, Sicily and Savoy join?
Answer: Naples, Sicily, and Savoy, although sided with Franco-Spanish party, declined to join the coalition under the fear of British power

Question: How did the war impact the Russian population?
Answer: The taxation needed for war caused the Russian people considerable hardship

Question: What items had already been taxed by Russian Empress Elizabeth?
Answer: being added to the taxation of salt and alcohol begun by Empress Elizabeth in 1759

Question: What two countries concluded a separate peace with Prussia?
Answer: Like Sweden, Russia concluded a separate peace with Prussia.
Seven_Years%27_War

The war was successful for Great Britain, which gained the bulk of New France in North America, Spanish Florida, some individual Caribbean islands in the West Indies, the colony of Senegal on the West African coast, and superiority over the French trading outposts on the Indian subcontinent. The Native American tribes were excluded from the settlement; a subsequent conflict, known as Pontiac's War, was also unsuccessful in returning them to their pre-war status. In Europe, the war began disastrously for Prussia, but a combination of good luck and successful strategy saw King Frederick the Great manage to retrieve the Prussian position and retain the status quo ante bellum. Prussia emerged as a new European great power. Although Austria failed to retrieve the territory of Silesia from Prussia (its original goal) its military prowess was also noted by the other powers. The involvement of Portugal, Spain and Sweden did not return them to their former status as great powers. France was deprived of many of its colonies and had saddled itself with heavy war debts that its inefficient financial system could barely handle. Spain lost Florida but gained French Louisiana and regained control of its colonies, e.g., Cuba and the Philippines, which had been captured by the British during the war. France and other European powers avenged their defeat in 1778 when the American Revolutionary War broke out, with hopes of destroying Britain's dominance once and for all.

Question: What did Britain gain in North America from the war?
Answer: Great Britain, which gained the bulk of New France in North America, Spanish Florida

Question: What did Great Britain gain in the West Indies from the war?
Answer: some individual Caribbean islands in the West Indies,

Question: What did Great Britain gain in Africa from the war?
Answer: the colony of Senegal on the West African coast

Question: What happened to the scope of France's colonies as a result of the war?
Answer: France was deprived of many of its colonies

Question: How did the war impact France financially?
Answer: had saddled itself with heavy war debts that its inefficient financial system could barely handle
Seven_Years%27_War

The war has been described as the first "world war", although this label was also given to various earlier conflicts like the Eighty Years' War, the Thirty Years' War, the War of the Spanish Succession and the War of the Austrian Succession, and to later conflicts like the Napoleonic Wars. The term "Second Hundred Years' War" has been used in order to describe the almost continuous level of world-wide conflict during the entire 18th century, reminiscent of the more famous and compact struggle of the 14th century.

Question: What is the grandest label that historians have used to describe the  Seven Years' War?
Answer: The war has been described as the first "world war"

Question: What does the term "Second Hundred Years' War" describe?
Answer: The term "Second Hundred Years' War" has been used in order to describe the almost continuous level of world-wide conflict during the entire 18th century,

Question: What is the precedent for the "Second Hundred Year's War?
Answer: reminiscent of the more famous and compact struggle of the 14th century

Question: What was a later conflict that some considered the first World War?
Answer: to later conflicts like the Napoleonic Wars
Seven_Years%27_War

Realizing that war was imminent, Prussia preemptively struck Saxony and quickly overran it. The result caused uproar across Europe. Because of Prussia's alliance with Britain, Austria formed an alliance with France, seeing an opportunity to recapture Silesia, which had been lost in a previous war. Reluctantly, by following the imperial diet, most of the states of the empire joined Austria's cause. The Anglo-Prussian alliance was joined by smaller German states (especially Hanover). Sweden, fearing Prussia's expansionist tendencies, went to war in 1757 to protect its Baltic dominions, seeing its chance when virtually all of Europe opposed Prussia. Spain, bound by the Pacte de Famille, intervened on behalf of France and together they launched a disastrous invasion of Portugal in 1762. The Russian Empire was originally aligned with Austria, fearing Prussia's ambition on the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, but switched sides upon the succession of Tsar Peter III in 1762.

Question: What was Sweden's motivation to join the war?
Answer: Sweden, fearing Prussia's expansionist tendencies, went to war in 1757 to protect its Baltic dominions,

Question: What country did Spain invade?
Answer: Spain, bound by the Pacte de Famille, intervened on behalf of France and together they launched a disastrous invasion of Portugal

Question: When did Spain invade?
Answer: Spain, bound by the Pacte de Famille, intervened on behalf of France and together they launched a disastrous invasion of Portugal in 1762

Question: What was the result of the invasion by Spain?
Answer: Spain, bound by the Pacte de Famille, intervened on behalf of France and together they launched a disastrous invasion

Question: What region did Austria hope to recapture?
Answer: Austria formed an alliance with France, seeing an opportunity to recapture Silesia, which had been lost in a previous war
Seven_Years%27_War

Many middle and small powers in Europe, unlike in the previous wars, tried to steer clear away from the escalating conflict, even though they had interests in the conflict or with the belligerents, like Denmark-Norway. The Dutch Republic, long-time British ally, kept its neutrality intact, fearing the odds against Britain and Prussia fighting the great powers of Europe, even tried to prevent Britain's domination in India. Naples, Sicily, and Savoy, although sided with Franco-Spanish party, declined to join the coalition under the fear of British power. The taxation needed for war caused the Russian people considerable hardship, being added to the taxation of salt and alcohol begun by Empress Elizabeth in 1759 to complete her addition to the Winter Palace. Like Sweden, Russia concluded a separate peace with Prussia.

Question: Why did Denmark-Norway remain neutral rather than assisting its longtime ally, Britain?
Answer: The Dutch Republic, long-time British ally, kept its neutrality intact, fearing the odds against Britain and Prussia fighting the great powers of Europe

Question: What did Russian Empress Elizabeth use the proceeds of the tax on salt and alcohol for?
Answer: the taxation of salt and alcohol begun by Empress Elizabeth in 1759 to complete her addition to the Winter Palace.

Question: Why did Naples remain neutral?
Answer: Naples, Sicily, and Savoy, although sided with Franco-Spanish party, declined to join the coalition under the fear of British power

Question: Who would Sicily and Savoy normally align with?
Answer: Sicily, and Savoy, although sided with Franco-Spanish party
Seven_Years%27_War

The war was successful for Great Britain, which gained the bulk of New France in North America, Spanish Florida, some individual Caribbean islands in the West Indies, the colony of Senegal on the West African coast, and superiority over the French trading outposts on the Indian subcontinent. The Native American tribes were excluded from the settlement; a subsequent conflict, known as Pontiac's War, was also unsuccessful in returning them to their pre-war status. In Europe, the war began disastrously for Prussia, but a combination of good luck and successful strategy saw King Frederick the Great manage to retrieve the Prussian position and retain the status quo ante bellum. Prussia emerged as a new European great power. The involvement of Portugal, Spain and Sweden did not return them to their former status as great powers. France was deprived of many of its colonies and had saddled itself with heavy war debts that its inefficient financial system could barely handle. Spain lost Florida but gained French Louisiana and regained control of its colonies, e.g., Cuba and the Philippines, which had been captured by the British during the war. France and other European powers will soon avenge their defeat in 1778 when American Revolutionary War broke out, with hopes of destroying Britain's dominance once and for all.

Question: What did Great Britain gain with respect to the French trading outposts on the subcontinent of India?
Answer: superiority over the French trading outposts

Question: What was the result for the Native American tribes?
Answer: The Native American tribes were excluded from the settlement

Question: What did the Native American tribes accomplish in the later Pontiac's War?
Answer: ; a subsequent conflict, known as Pontiac's War, was also unsuccessful in returning them to their pre-war status.

Question: What were two factors that redeemed the outcome for the Prussians?
Answer: good luck and successful strategy

Question: Who was the leader of Prussia?
Answer: King Frederick the Great
Seven_Years%27_War

The War of the Austrian Succession had seen the belligerents aligned on a time-honoured basis. France’s traditional enemies, Great Britain and Austria, had coalesced just as they had done against Louis XIV. Prussia, the leading anti-Austrian state in Germany, had been supported by France. Neither group, however, found much reason to be satisfied with its partnership: British subsidies to Austria had produced nothing of much help to the British, while the British military effort had not saved Silesia for Austria. Prussia, having secured Silesia, had come to terms with Austria in disregard of French interests. Even so, France had concluded a defensive alliance with Prussia in 1747, and the maintenance of the Anglo-Austrian alignment after 1748 was deemed essential by the Duke of Newcastle, British secretary of state in the ministry of his brother Henry Pelham. The collapse of that system and the aligning of France with Austria and of Great Britain with Prussia constituted what is known as the “diplomatic revolution” or the “reversal of alliances.”

Question: Who was the traditional partner with Great Britain at the beginning of the conflict?
Answer: Great Britain and Austria, had coalesced

Question: What was the major gain by Great Britain by having Austria as it ally?
Answer: British subsidies to Austria had produced nothing of much help to the British

Question: What was gained or lost by Austria?
Answer: British military effort had not saved Silesia for Austria

Question: Did the loss of Silesia by Austria intensify its battle with Prussia?
Answer: . Prussia, having secured Silesia, had come to terms with Austria

Question: What alliances were formed in the "diplomatic reversal"?
Answer: The collapse of that system and the aligning of France with Austria and of Great Britain with Prussia constituted what is known as the “diplomatic revolution”
Seven_Years%27_War

In 1756 Austria was making military preparations for war with Prussia and pursuing an alliance with Russia for this purpose. On June 2, 1746, Austria and Russia concluded a defensive alliance that covered their own territory and Poland against attack by Prussia or the Ottoman Empire. They also agreed to a secret clause that promised the restoration of Silesia and the countship of Glatz (now Kłodzko, Poland) to Austria in the event of hostilities with Prussia. Their real desire, however, was to destroy Frederick’s power altogether, reducing his sway to his electorate of Brandenburg and giving East Prussia to Poland, an exchange that would be accompanied by the cession of the Polish Duchy of Courland to Russia. Aleksey Petrovich, Graf (count) Bestuzhev-Ryumin, grand chancellor of Russia under Empress Elizabeth, was hostile to both France and Prussia, but he could not persuade Austrian statesman Wenzel Anton von Kaunitz to commit to offensive designs against Prussia so long as Prussia was able to rely on French support.

Question: What Russian-Austrian agreement preceded the Seven Years War that started in 1755-56?
Answer: June 2, 1746, Austria and Russia concluded a defensive alliance that covered their own territory and Poland against attack by Prussia or the Ottoman Empire

Question: According to the Russian-Austrian pact of 1746, what would happen to Silesia in the event of hostilities with Prussia?
Answer: They also agreed to a secret clause that promised the restoration of Silesia and the countship of Glatz (now Kłodzko, Poland) to Austria

Question: What other area was mentioned regarding Prussian dominion in the Russian-Austrian pact?
Answer: the countship of Glatz (now Kłodzko, Poland) to Austria

Question: What individual was the main target of the pact?
Answer: Their real desire, however, was to destroy Frederick’s power altogether

Question: Why couldn't Petrovich persuade Austria to invade Prussia?
Answer: he could not persuade Austrian statesman Wenzel Anton von Kaunitz to commit to offensive designs against Prussia
Seven_Years%27_War

The Hanoverian king George II of Great Britain was passionately devoted to his family’s continental holdings, but his commitments in Germany were counterbalanced by the demands of the British colonies overseas. If war against France for colonial expansion was to be resumed, then Hanover had to be secured against Franco-Prussian attack. France was very much interested in colonial expansion and was willing to exploit the vulnerability of Hanover in war against Great Britain, but it had no desire to divert forces to central Europe for Prussia's interest.

Question: What was the house of king George II?
Answer: Hanover

Question: Name two diverse geographies that king George II had to protect.
Answer: his commitments in Germany were counterbalanced by the demands of the British colonies overseas

Question: How anxious was France to assist Prussia to take over Hanover?
Answer: it had no desire to divert forces to central Europe for Prussia's interest.

Question: Why would France want to invade Hanover?
Answer: France was very much interested in colonial expansion and was willing to exploit the vulnerability of Hanover in war against Great Britain

Question: What was Britain's obligation to Hanover if colonial expansion via war with France was to be resumed?
Answer: Hanover had to be secured against Franco-Prussian attack
Seven_Years%27_War

French policy was, moreover, complicated by the existence of the le Secret du roi—a system of private diplomacy conducted by King Louis XV. Unbeknownst to his foreign minister, Louis had established a network of agents throughout Europe with the goal of pursuing personal political objectives that were often at odds with France’s publicly stated policies. Louis’s goals for le Secret du roi included an attempt to win the Polish crown for his kinsman Louis François de Bourbon, prince de Conti, and the maintenance of Poland, Sweden, and Turkey as French client states in opposition to Russian and Austrian interests.

Question: What was the objective of le Secret du roi?
Answer: goal of pursuing personal political objectives that were often at odds with France’s publicly stated policies

Question: Who did King Louis XV want on the Polish throne?
Answer: his kinsman Louis François de Bourbon, prince de Conti,

Question: What was King Louis XV's secret ambition for Sweden and Turkey?
Answer: Sweden, and Turkey as French client states in opposition to Russian and Austrian interests

Question: What French official was kept in the dark about le Secret du roi?
Answer: Unbeknownst to his foreign minister,

Question: What countries did King Louis XV want keep in his sphere of influence to thwart the interests of Russia?
Answer: Poland, Sweden, and Turkey as French client states in opposition to Russian
Seven_Years%27_War

Frederick saw Saxony and Polish west Prussia as potential fields for expansion but could not expect French support if he started an aggressive war for them. If he joined the French against the British in the hope of annexing Hanover, he might fall victim to an Austro-Russian attack. The hereditary elector of Saxony, Augustus III, was also elective King of Poland as Augustus III, but the two territories were physically separated by Brandenburg and Silesia. Neither state could pose as a great power. Saxony was merely a buffer between Prussia and Austrian Bohemia, whereas Poland, despite its union with the ancient lands of Lithuania, was prey to pro-French and pro-Russian factions. A Prussian scheme for compensating Frederick Augustus with Bohemia in exchange for Saxony obviously presupposed further spoliation of Austria.

Question: What two geographies did Frederick want for Prussia?
Answer: Saxony and Polish west Prussia

Question: What country would refuse support if Frederick wen to war for Saxony and west Prussia?
Answer: could not expect French support

Question: What was his concern about trying take Hanover from the British?
Answer: he might fall victim to an Austro-Russian attack

Question: What kept Augustus III from consolidating Saxony and Poland?
Answer: the two territories were physically separated by Brandenburg and Silesia

Question: Who was Poland's ancient ally?
Answer: Poland, despite its union with the ancient lands of Lithuania,
Seven_Years%27_War

In the attempt to satisfy Austria at the time, Britain gave their electoral vote in Hanover for the candidacy of Maria Theresa's son, Joseph, as the Holy Roman Emperor, much to the dismay of Frederick and Prussia. Not only that, Britain would soon join the Austro-Russian alliance, but complications arose. Britain's basic framework for the alliance itself was to protect Hanover's interests against France. While at the same time, Kaunitz kept approaching the French in the hope of establishing such alliance with Austria. Not only that, France had no intention to ally with Russia, who meddled with their affairs in Austria's succession war, years earlier, and saw the complete dismemberment of Prussia as unacceptable to the stability of Central Europe.

Question: What country was pleased that Britain used its Hanover vote to elect Joseph as Te Holy Roman Emperor?
Answer: Austria

Question: What country and person were displeased that Britain used it Hanover vote to elect Joseph as the Holy Roman Emporer?
Answer: Frederick and Prussia

Question: What was the French view about the dismemberment of Prussia?
Answer: saw the complete dismemberment of Prussia as unacceptable to the stability of Central Europe.

Question: What was a major objective of Britain in joining the Austro-Russian alliance?
Answer: to protect Hanover's interests against France.

Question: What was Kaunitz's objective with the French?
Answer: Kaunitz kept approaching the French in the hope of establishing such alliance with Austria
Seven_Years%27_War

Years later, Kaunitz kept trying to establish France's alliance with Austria. He tried as hard as he could for Austria to not get entangled in Hanover's political affairs, and was even willing to trade Austrian Netherlands for France's aid in recapturing Silesia. Frustrated by this decision and by the Dutch Republic's insistence on neutrality, Britain soon turned to Russia. On September 30, 1755, Britain pledged financial aid to Russia in order to station 50,000 troops on the Livonian-Lithunian border, so they could defend Britain's interests in Hanover immediately. Besthuzev, assuming the preparation was directed against Prussia, was more than happy to obey the request of the British. Unbeknownst to the other powers, King George II also made overtures to the Prussian king; Frederick, who began fearing the Austro-Russian intentions, and was excited to welcome a rapprochement with Britain. On January 16, 1756, the Convention of Westminster was signed wherein Britain and Prussia promised to aid one another in order to achieve lasting peace and stability in Europe.

Question: What was Kaunitz of Austria willing to trade for French help in capturing Silesia?
Answer: willing to trade Austrian Netherlands for France's aid

Question: What did Russia use Britain's money for?
Answer: to station 50,000 troops on the Livonian-Lithunian border, so they could defend Britain's interests in Hanover

Question: What countries teamed together at the Convention of Westminster?
Answer: Britain and Prussia

Question: When was the Convention of Westminster signed?
Answer: January 16, 1756

Question: Why was Beshuzev happy to put the troops on the Livonian-Lithunian border?
Answer: Besthuzev, assuming the preparation was directed against Prussia,