Divyanshu67/squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
51st_state

Puerto Rico is designated in its constitution as the "Commonwealth of Puerto Rico". The Constitution of Puerto Rico which became effective in 1952 adopted the name of Estado Libre Asociado (literally translated as "Free Associated State"), officially translated into English as Commonwealth, for its body politic. The island is under the jurisdiction of the Territorial Clause of the U.S. Constitution, which has led to doubts about the finality of the Commonwealth status for Puerto Rico. In addition, all people born in Puerto Rico become citizens of the U.S. at birth (under provisions of the Jones–Shafroth Act in 1917), but citizens residing in Puerto Rico cannot vote for president nor for full members of either house of Congress. Statehood would grant island residents full voting rights at the Federal level. The Puerto Rico Democracy Act (H.R. 2499) was approved on April 29, 2010, by the United States House of Representatives 223–169, but was not approved by the Senate before the end of the 111th Congress. It would have provided for a federally sanctioned self-determination process for the people of Puerto Rico. This act would provide for referendums to be held in Puerto Rico to determine the island's ultimate political status. It had also been introduced in 2007.

Question: How is Puerto Rico designated in its constitution?
Answer: Commonwealth of Puerto Rico

Question: What title does the country have?
Answer: Estado Libre Asociado (literally translated as "Free Associated State")

Question: What is the island under jurisdiction of?
Answer: Territorial Clause of the U.S. Constitution

Question: What act was approved on April 29th, 2010?
Answer: The Puerto Rico Democracy Act (H.R. 2499)

Question: How is Puerto Rico designated by its representatives?

Question: What title does the Federal level have?

Question: What is the determination process under jurisdiction of?

Question: What act was approved on April 29th, 2007?

Question: What do all English people become?
51st_state

In November 2012, a referendum resulted in 54 percent of respondents voting to reject the current status under the territorial clause of the U.S. Constitution, while a second question resulted in 61 percent of voters identifying statehood as the preferred alternative to the current territorial status. The 2012 referendum was by far the most successful referendum for statehood advocates and support for statehood has risen in each successive popular referendum. However, more than one in four voters abstained from answering the question on the preferred alternative status. Statehood opponents have argued that the statehood option garnered only 45 percent of the votes if abstentions are included. If abstentions are considered, the result of the referendum is much closer to 44 percent for statehood, a number that falls under the 50 percent majority mark.

Question: What percentage of voters rejected the status of territory?
Answer: 54 percent

Question: What percentage of voters preferred statehood?
Answer: 61 percent

Question: What percentage of voters abstained from voting on a preferred alternative status?
Answer: one in four voters

Question: What argument do those opposing statehood use?
Answer: the statehood option garnered only 45 percent of the votes if abstentions are included

Question: What percentage of voters rejected the status of a statehood?

Question: What percentage of voters preferred the territorial clause?

Question: What percentage of voters abstained from voting on a majority percent status?

Question: What argument do those opposing the territorial clause use?

Question: What was the most inclusive referendum?
51st_state

The Washington Post, The New York Times and the Boston Herald have published opinion pieces expressing support for the statehood of Puerto Rico. On November 8, 2012, Washington, D.C. newspaper The Hill published an article saying that Congress will likely ignore the results of the referendum due to the circumstances behind the votes. and U.S. Congressman Luis Gutiérrez U.S. Congresswoman Nydia Velázquez, both of Puerto Rican ancestry, agreed with the The Hill 's statements. Shortly after the results were published Puerto Rico-born U.S. Congressman José Enrique Serrano commented "I was particularly impressed with the outcome of the 'status' referendum in Puerto Rico. A majority of those voting signaled the desire to change the current territorial status. In a second question an even larger majority asked to become a state. This is an earthquake in Puerto Rican politics. It will demand the attention of Congress, and a definitive answer to the Puerto Rican request for change. This is a history-making moment where voters asked to move forward."

Question: What newspapers have published opinion pieces expressing support for Puerto Rico's statehood?
Answer: The Washington Post, The New York Times and the Boston Herald

Question: What newspaper suggested that Congress would ignore Puerto Rico's referendum?
Answer: The Hill

Question: When was that article published?
Answer: November 8, 2012

Question: What Congress members agreed with the Hill's assesment?
Answer: U.S. Congressman Luis Gutiérrez U.S. Congresswoman Nydia Velázquez

Question: What newspapers have published opinion pieces expressing support for Serrano's statehood?

Question: What newspaper suggested that Congress would ignore Serrano's referendum?

Question: When was Velazquez's article published?

Question: What Congress members agreed with Serrano's assessment?

Question: Who published an article saying that Puerto Rico will likely ignore the results of the referendum?
51st_state

Several days after the referendum, the Resident Commissioner Pedro Pierluisi, Governor Luis Fortuño, and Governor-elect Alejandro García Padilla wrote separate letters to the President of the United States Barack Obama addressing the results of the voting. Pierluisi urged Obama to begin legislation in favor of the statehood of Puerto Rico, in light of its win in the referendum. Fortuño urged him to move the process forward. García Padilla asked him to reject the results because of their ambiguity. The White House stance related to the November 2012 plebiscite was that the results were clear, the people of Puerto Rico want the issue of status resolved, and a majority chose statehood in the second question. Former White House director of Hispanic media stated, "Now it is time for Congress to act and the administration will work with them on that effort, so that the people of Puerto Rico can determine their own future."

Question: What politicians pushed for statehood for Puerto Rico?
Answer: Resident Commissioner Pedro Pierluisi, Governor Luis Fortuño

Question: What politician fought against statehood for Puerto Rico?
Answer: Governor-elect Alejandro García Padilla

Question: How did these politicians voice their concerns?
Answer: wrote separate letters to the President of the United States Barack Obama

Question: What was the White House stance?
Answer: the results were clear, the people of Puerto Rico want the issue of status resolved

Question: What politicians pushed for statehood for Padilla?

Question: What politician fought against statehood for Pierluisi?

Question: How did Congress voice their concerns?

Question: What was the Congress stance?

Question: Who stated "Now it is time for Puerto Rico to act"?
51st_state

On May 15, 2013, Resident Commissioner Pierluisi introduced H.R. 2000 to Congress to "set forth the process for Puerto Rico to be admitted as a state of the Union," asking for Congress to vote on ratifying Puerto Rico as the 51st state. On February 12, 2014, Senator Martin Heinrich introduced a bill in the US Senate. The bill would require a binding referendum to be held in Puerto Rico asking whether the territory wants to be admitted as a state. In the event of a yes vote, the president would be asked to submit legislation to Congress to admit Puerto Rico as a state.

Question: When was H.R. 2000 introduced?
Answer: On May 15, 2013

Question: What would H.R. 2000 do?
Answer: set forth the process for Puerto Rico to be admitted as a state of the Union

Question: What did Senator Heinrich's bill require?
Answer: a binding referendum to be held in Puerto Rico asking whether the territory wants to be admitted as a state.

Question: What would happen in the event of a yes vote in this referendum?
Answer: the president would be asked to submit legislation to Congress to admit Puerto Rico as a state

Question: When was H.R. 2014 introduced?

Question: What would H.R. 2014 do?

Question: What did Senator H.R. Heinrich's bill require?

Question: What would happen in the event of a no vote in this referendum?

Question: Who was asked to ratify the Puerto Rico Senate?
51st_state

Washington, D.C. is often mentioned as a candidate for statehood. In Federalist No. 43 of The Federalist Papers, James Madison considered the implications of the definition of the "seat of government" found in the United States Constitution. Although he noted potential conflicts of interest, and the need for a "municipal legislature for local purposes," Madison did not address the district's role in national voting. Legal scholars disagree on whether a simple act of Congress can admit the District as a state, due to its status as the seat of government of the United States, which Article I, Section 8 of the Constitution requires to be under the exclusive jurisdiction of Congress; depending on the interpretation of this text, admission of the full District as a state may require a Constitutional amendment, which is much more difficult to enact. However, the Constitution does not set a minimum size for the District. Its size has already changed once before, when Virginia reclaimed the portion of the District south of the Potomac. So the constitutional requirement for a federal district can be satisfied by reducing its size to the small central core of government buildings and monuments, giving the rest of the territory to the new state.

Question: Who considered the implications of the definition of the seat of government in the Constitution?
Answer: James Madison

Question: Where are these ideas located in the Federalist Papers?
Answer: Federalist No. 43

Question: What limits does the constitution have for the size of Washington, D.C.?
Answer: the Constitution does not set a minimum size for the District

Question: What caused the size of Washington, D.C. to change?
Answer: Virginia reclaimed the portion of the District south of the Potomac

Question: Who considered the implications of the definition of the seat of government south of the Potomac?

Question: Where are these ideas located south of the Potomac?

Question: What limits does the constitution have for the size of Virginia?

Question: What caused the Federalist No. 43 to change?

Question: Who can admit the District as a Federalist No. 43?
51st_state

Washington, D.C. residents who support the statehood movement sometimes use a shortened version of the Revolutionary War protest motto "No taxation without representation", omitting the initial "No", denoting their lack of Congressional representation; the phrase is now printed on newly issued Washington, D.C. license plates (although a driver may choose to have the Washington, D.C. website address instead). President Bill Clinton's presidential limousine had the "Taxation without representation" license plate late in his term, while President George W. Bush had the vehicle's plates changed shortly after beginning his term in office. President Barack Obama had the license plates changed back to the protest style at the beginning of his second term.

Question: What Revolutionary War motto have Washington, D.C. statehood supporters modified and used?
Answer: "No taxation without representation", omitting the initial "No"

Question: What does the phrase protest?
Answer: their lack of Congressional representation

Question: In what way has the phrase been spread wide?
Answer: the phrase is now printed on newly issued Washington, D.C. license plates

Question: When did  Obama have the protest plates put on his Presidential limousine?
Answer: at the beginning of his second term

Question: What Revolutionary War motto have Congressional supporters modified and used?

Question: What does the phrase shortened beginning mean?

Question: In what way has the phrase been protested?

Question: When did George W. Bush have the protest plates put on his Presidential limousine?

Question: Which president had the "Taxation with representation" license plate late in his term?
51st_state

This position was carried by the D.C. Statehood Party, a political party; it has since merged with the local Green Party affiliate to form the D.C. Statehood Green Party. The nearest this movement ever came to success was in 1978, when Congress passed the District of Columbia Voting Rights Amendment. Two years later in 1980, local citizens passed an initiative calling for a constitutional convention for a new state. In 1982, voters ratified the constitution of the state, which was to be called New Columbia. The drive for statehood stalled in 1985, however, when the Washington, D.C. Voting Rights Amendment failed because not enough states ratified the amendment within the seven-year span specified.

Question: What party carried the position of D.C. Statehood?
Answer: D.C. Statehood Party

Question: What party did the D.C. Statehood Party merge when?
Answer: the local Green Party affiliate

Question: When did the movement get closest to success?
Answer: 1978

Question: What would be the new name of the D.C. State?
Answer: New Columbia

Question: When did the drive for statehood falter?
Answer: 1985

Question: What party carried the position of Columbia statehood?

Question: What party did the Washington Party merge with?

Question: When did Columbia get closest to success?

Question: What would be the new name of the Columbia state?

Question: When did the drive for Columbian statehood falter?
51st_state

Other less likely contenders are Guam and the United States Virgin Islands, both of which are unincorporated organized territories of the United States. Also, the Northern Mariana Islands and American Samoa, an unorganized, unincorporated territory, could both attempt to gain statehood. Some proposals call for the Virgin Islands to be admitted with Puerto Rico as one state (often known as the proposed "Commonwealth of Prusvi", for Puerto Rico/U.S. Virgin Islands, or as "Puerto Virgo"), and for the amalgamation of U.S. territories or former territories in the Pacific Ocean, in the manner of the "Greater Hawaii" concept of the 1960s. Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands would be admitted as one state, along with Palau, the Federated States of Micronesia, and the Marshall Islands (although these latter three entities are now separate sovereign nations, which have Compact of Free Association relationships with the United States). Such a state would have a population of 412,381 (slightly lower than Wyoming's population) and a land area of 911.82 square miles (2,361.6 km2) (slightly smaller than Rhode Island). American Samoa could possibly be part of such a state, increasing the population to 467,900 and the area to 988.65 square miles (2,560.6 km2). Radio Australia, in late May 2008, issued signs of Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands becoming one again and becoming the 51st state.

Question: What is another likely country for statehood?
Answer: United States Virgin Islands

Question: What entity reported on Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands becoming one again?
Answer: Radio Australia

Question: What is another likely country for free association?

Question: What entity reported on Guam and the Virgin Islands becoming one again?

Question: What would have a slightly larger population than Wyoming?

Question: When did Radio Australia report on Guam and the Virgin Islands becoming one again?
51st_state

The Philippines has had small grassroots movements for U.S. statehood. Originally part of the platform of the Progressive Party, then known as the Federalista Party, the party dropped it in 1907, which coincided with the name change. As recently as 2004, the concept of the Philippines becoming a U.S. state has been part of a political platform in the Philippines. Supporters of this movement include Filipinos who believe that the quality of life in the Philippines would be higher and that there would be less poverty there if the Philippines were an American state or territory. Supporters also include Filipinos that had fought as members of the United States Armed Forces in various wars during the Commonwealth period.

Question: What country had small grassroots movement for US Statehood?
Answer: The Philippines

Question: What party used to be known as the Federalista Party?
Answer: Federalista Party

Question: What was the most recent year of the Phillipines pushing for statehood?
Answer: 2004

Question: What country had small grassroots movement for Commonwealth statehoods

Question: What party used to be known  as the Armed Forces Party?

Question: What was the most recent year of the Commonwealth pushing for statehood?

Question: What has been part of a political platform in the Fillipinos Party?

Question: What does supporters of the movement to make the Commonwealth a state include?
51st_state

In Canada, "the 51st state" is a phrase generally used in such a way as to imply that if a certain political course is taken, Canada's destiny will be as little more than a part of the United States. Examples include the Canada-United States Free Trade Agreement in 1988, the debate over the creation of a common defense perimeter, and as a potential consequence of not adopting proposals intended to resolve the issue of Quebec sovereignty, the Charlottetown Accord in 1992 and the Clarity Act in 1999.

Question: What is another connotation for the 51st state label?
Answer: if a certain political course is taken, Canada's destiny will be as little more than a part of the United States

Question: When was the Canada-US Free Trade Agreement enacted?
Answer: 1988

Question: When was the Charlottetown Accord signed?
Answer: 1992

Question: When did the Clarity Act go into effect?
Answer: 1999

Question: What is another connotation for the 1999 label?

Question: When was the Canada-Quebec Free Trade Agreement enacted?

Question: When was the Canada-US Accord signed?

Question: When did the Charlottetown Act go into effect?

Question: What was a consequence of adopting proposals intended to resolve the issue of Quebec sovereignty?
51st_state

The phrase is usually used in local political debates, in polemic writing or in private conversations. It is rarely used by politicians themselves in a public context, although at certain times in Canadian history political parties have used other similarly loaded imagery. In the 1988 federal election, the Liberals asserted that the proposed Free Trade Agreement amounted to an American takeover of Canada—notably, the party ran an ad in which Progressive Conservative (PC) strategists, upon the adoption of the agreement, slowly erased the Canada-U.S. border from a desktop map of North America. Within days, however, the PCs responded with an ad which featured the border being drawn back on with a permanent marker, as an announcer intoned "Here's where we draw the line."

Question: Who suggested that the Free Trade Agreement amounted to an American takeover of Canada?
Answer: Liberals

Question: When was this campaign ran?
Answer: In the 1988 federal election

Question: Who erased the border in the ad?
Answer: Progressive Conservative (PC) strategists

Question: What was the slogan of this ad?
Answer: "Here's where we draw the line."

Question: Who suggested that the Progressive Conservative amounted to an American takeover of Canada?

Question: When was the campaign to run ads of a map of Progressive Conservatives run?

Question: Who erased the border in political parties?

Question: What was the slogan of this takeover?

Question: Who asserted that the proposed Canada-US border amounted to an American permanent marker?
51st_state

The implication has historical basis and dates to the breakup of British America during the American Revolution. The colonies that had confederated to form the United States invaded Canada (at the time a term referring specifically to the modern-day provinces of Quebec and Ontario, which had only been in British hands since 1763) at least twice, neither time succeeding in taking control of the territory. The first invasion was during the Revolution, under the assumption that French-speaking Canadians' presumed hostility towards British colonial rule combined with the Franco-American alliance would make them natural allies to the American cause; the Continental Army successfully recruited two Canadian regiments for the invasion. That invasion's failure forced the members of those regiments into exile, and they settled mostly in upstate New York. The Articles of Confederation, written during the Revolution, included a provision for Canada to join the United States, should they ever decide to do so, without needing to seek U.S. permission as other states would. The United States again invaded Canada during the War of 1812, but this effort was made more difficult due to the large number of Loyalist Americans that had fled to what is now Ontario and still resisted joining the republic. The Hunter Patriots in the 1830s and the Fenian raids after the American Civil War were private attacks on Canada from the U.S. Several U.S. politicians in the 19th century also spoke in favour of annexing Canada.

Question: When did Quebec land in British hands?
Answer: 1763

Question: When did Ontario land in British hands?
Answer: 1763

Question: During which the US invade Canada?
Answer: the War of 1812

Question: What did several US politicians suggest doing in the 19th century?
Answer: annexing Canada

Question: When did the United States land in British hands?

Question: When New York land in British hands?

Question: During which did the British invade Canada?

Question: What did several British politicians suggest doing in the 19th century?

Question: Who recruited two British regiments?
51st_state

In the late 1940s, during the last days of the Dominion of Newfoundland (at the time a dominion-dependency in the Commonwealth and independent of Canada), there was mainstream support, although not majority, for Newfoundland to form an economic union with the United States, thanks to the efforts of the Economic Union Party and significant U.S. investment in Newfoundland stemming from the U.S.-British alliance in World War II. The movement ultimately failed when, in a 1948 referendum, voters narrowly chose to confederate with Canada (the Economic Union Party supported an independent "responsible government" that they would then push toward their goals).

Question: When were the last days of the Dominion of Newfoundland?
Answer: In the late 1940s

Question: What was the result of the 1948 referendum?
Answer: The movement ultimately failed

Question: What did the Economic Union Party support?
Answer: an independent "responsible government"

Question: When were the last days of the U.S.-British alliance?

Question: What was the result of the 1940 referendum?

Question: What did the U.S.-British alliance support?

Question: What was a dominion-dependency in the U.S.?

Question: What was there majority support for?
51st_state

In the United States, the term "the 51st state" when applied to Canada can serve to highlight the similarities and close relationship between the United States and Canada. Sometimes the term is used disparagingly, intended to deride Canada as an unimportant neighbor. In the Quebec general election, 1989, the political party Parti 51 ran 11 candidates on a platform of Quebec seceding from Canada to join the United States (with its leader, André Perron, claiming Quebec could not survive as an independent nation). The party attracted just 3,846 votes across the province, 0.11% of the total votes cast. In comparison, the other parties in favour of sovereignty of Quebec in that election got 40.16% (PQ) and 1.22% (NPDQ).

Question: What does Canada being referred to as the 51st state in a positive way mean in the US, generally?
Answer: can serve to highlight the similarities and close relationship between the United States and Canada

Question: What is a negative connotation of the term?
Answer: to deride Canada as an unimportant neighbor

Question: How man votes did Parti 51 attract in 1989?
Answer: just 3,846 votes

Question: What did the other parties receive that year?
Answer: 40.16% (PQ) and 1.22% (NPDQ)

Question: What does Quebec being referred to as the 51st state in a joking way mean in the US, generally/

Question: What is a negative connotation of Andre Perron?

Question: How many votes did the United States attract in 1989?

Question: What did the other parties receive in 1988?

Question: When did the political party Parti 51 run 51 candidates on a platform of Quebec seceding from Canada to join the United States?
51st_state

Due to geographical proximity of the Central American countries to the U.S. which has powerful military, economic, and political influences, there were several movements and proposals by the United States during the 19th and 20th centuries to annex some or all of the Central American republics (Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras with the formerly British-ruled Bay Islands, Nicaragua, Panama which had the U.S.-ruled Canal Zone territory from 1903 to 1979, and formerly British Honduras or Belize since 1981). However, the U.S. never acted on these proposals from some U.S. politicians; some of which were never delivered or considered seriously. In 2001, El Salvador adopted the U.S. dollar as its currency, while Panama has used it for decades due to its ties to the Canal Zone.

Question: When did Panama have the US-ruled Canal Zone Territory?
Answer: from 1903 to 1979

Question: When did the British Honduras become Belize?
Answer: since 1981

Question: When did El Salvador adopt the US Dollar as its currency?
Answer: 2001

Question: When did the British have the US-ruled Canal Zone Territory?

Question: When did the United States Honduras become Belize?

Question: When did Panama adopt the US Dollar as its currency?

Question: When were proposals made to annex some or all of Panama with Britain?

Question: Who has used British currency for decades?
51st_state

Cuba, like many Spanish territories, wanted to break free from Spain. A pro-independence movement in Cuba was supported by the U.S., and Cuban guerrilla leaders wanted annexation to the United States, but Cuban revolutionary leader José Martí called for Cuban nationhood. When the U.S. battleship Maine sank in Havana Harbor, the U.S. blamed Spain and the Spanish–American War broke out in 1898. After the U.S. won, Spain relinquished claim of sovereignty over territories, including Cuba. The U.S. administered Cuba as a protectorate until 1902. Several decades later in 1959, the corrupt Cuban government of U.S.-backed Fulgencio Batista was overthrown by Fidel Castro. Castro installed a Marxist–Leninist government allied with the Soviet Union, which has been in power ever since.

Question: What country was Cuba a territory of?
Answer: Spain

Question: What battleship sunk in the Havana Harbor?
Answer: Maine

Question: When did Fidel Castro overthrow the Cuban government?
Answer: 1959

Question: What government did Castro install?
Answer: Marxist–Leninist government

Question: What country was Maine a territory of?

Question: What battleship sunk in the Spain Harbor?

Question: When did Fulgencio Batista overthrow the Cuban government?

Question: What government did Batista install?

Question: Who wanted to break from the U.S.?
51st_state

Several websites assert that Israel is the 51st state due to the annual funding and defense support it receives from the United States. An example of this concept can be found in 2003 when Martine Rothblatt published a book called Two Stars for Peace that argued for the addition of Israel and the Palestinian territories surrounding it as the 51st state in the Union. The American State of Canaan, is a book published by Prof. Alfred de Grazia, political science and sociologist, in March 2009, proposing the creation of the 51st and 52nd states from Israel and the Palestinian territories.

Question: Why is Israel referred to as the 51st state?
Answer: the annual funding and defense support it receives from the United States

Question: What book did Martine Rothblatt publish?
Answer: Two Stars for Peace

Question: When was Two Stars for Peace published?
Answer: 2003

Question: Who wrote the book The American State of Canaan?
Answer: Alfred de Grazia

Question: Why is Israel referred to as Canaan?

Question: What book did Alfred de Grazia publish?

Question: When was Alfred de Grazia supported by the United States?

Question: Who wrote the book Martine Rothblatt?

Question: What argued for the addition United States books?
51st_state

In Article 3 of the Treaty of San Francisco between the Allied Powers and Japan, which came into force in April 1952, the U.S. put the outlying islands of the Ryukyus, including the island of Okinawa—home to over 1 million Okinawans related to the Japanese—and the Bonin Islands, the Volcano Islands, and Iwo Jima into U.S. trusteeship. All these trusteeships were slowly returned to Japanese rule. Okinawa was returned on May 15, 1972, but the U.S. stations troops in the island's bases as a defense for Japan.

Question: When did Artcle 3 of the Treaty of San Francisco come into effect?
Answer: April 1952

Question: How many people lived on the island of Okinawa?
Answer: over 1 million

Question: When was Okinawa finally returned?
Answer: May 15, 1972

Question: Why did the US have troops on Okinawa?
Answer: as a defense for Japan.

Question: When did Article 2 of the Treaty of San Francisco come into effect?

Question: How many people lived on the island of Bonin?

Question: When was San Francisco finally returned?

Question: Why did the Japanese have troops on Okinawa?

Question: Who put the outlying islands of the Ryukyus into Bonin trusteeship?
51st_state

In 2010 there was an attempt to register a 51st State Party with the New Zealand Electoral Commission. The party advocates New Zealand becoming the 51st state of the United States of America. The party's secretary is Paulus Telfer, a former Christchurch mayoral candidate. On February 5, 2010, the party applied to register a logo with the Electoral Commission. The logo – a US flag with 51 stars – was rejected by the Electoral Commission on the grounds that it was likely to cause confusion or mislead electors. As of 2014[update], the party remains unregistered and cannot appear on a ballot.

Question: When did the 51st State Party attempt to register in New Zealand?
Answer: 2010

Question: What does the 51st State Party advocate?
Answer: The party advocates New Zealand becoming the 51st state of the United States of America

Question: Who is the secretary of the 51st State Party?
Answer: Paulus Telfer

Question: Can people in New Zealand vote for the 51st State Party?
Answer: the party remains unregistered and cannot appear on a ballot.

Question: When did the 51st State Party attempt to register with Paulus Telfer?

Question: What does the Electoral Commission Party advocate?

Question: Who is the secretary of the Electoral Commission?

Question: Can people in New Zealand vote for the Electoral Commission Party?

Question: What is the logo of the Electoral Commission Party?
51st_state

Albania has often been called the 51st state for its perceived strongly pro-American positions, mainly because of the United States' policies towards it. In reference to President George W. Bush's 2007 European tour, Edi Rama, Tirana's mayor and leader of the opposition Socialists, said: "Albania is for sure the most pro-American country in Europe, maybe even in the world ... Nowhere else can you find such respect and hospitality for the President of the United States. Even in Michigan, he wouldn't be as welcome." At the time of ex-Secretary of State James Baker's visit in 1992, there was even a move to hold a referendum declaring the country as the 51st American state. In addition to Albania, Kosovo which is predominately Albanian is seen as a 51st state due to the heavily presence and influence of the United States. The US has had troops and the largest base outside US territory, Camp Bondsteel in the territory since 1999.

Question: Who is the mayor of Tirana?
Answer: Edi Rama,

Question: Who said that Albania is the most pro-American country in Europe?
Answer: Edi Rama

Question: When did James Baker visit Albania as Secretary of State?
Answer: 1992

Question: What is the name of the largest US military base outside of US territory?
Answer: Camp Bondsteel

Question: Who is the mayor of Albania?

Question: Who said that Albania is the most pro-Bondsteel country in Europe?

Question: When did James Baker visit the United States as Secretary of State?

Question: What is the name of the largest Albanian military base outside of Albanian territory?

Question: Who is the leader of the Socialists?
51st_state

During World War II, when Denmark was occupied by Nazi Germany, the United States briefly controlled Greenland for battlefields and protection. In 1946, the United States offered to buy Greenland from Denmark for $100 million ($1.2 billion today) but Denmark refused to sell it. Several politicians and others have in recent years argued that Greenland could hypothetically be in a better financial situation as a part of the United States; for instance mentioned by professor Gudmundur Alfredsson at University of Akureyri in 2014. One of the actual reasons behind US interest in Greenland could be the vast natural resources of the island. According to Wikileaks, the U.S. appears to be highly interested in investing in the resource base of the island and in tapping the vast expected hydrocarbons off the Greenlandic coast.

Question: When did the US control Greenland?
Answer: when Denmark was occupied by Nazi Germany

Question: How much did the US offer to pay for Greenland?
Answer: $100 million

Question: What university is professor Gudmundur Alfredssson from?
Answer: University of Akureyri

Question: What is one reason the US would be interested in Greenland?
Answer: the vast expected hydrocarbons off the Greenlandic coast.

Question: When did the US control Akureyri?

Question: How much did the US offer to pay for Akureyri?

Question: Where was Gudmundur Alfredsson a professor at in 1946?

Question: What is one reason Alfredsson would be interested in Greenland?

Question: Who have argued that Greenland could not hypothetically be in a better financial situation as part of the United States?
51st_state

Poland has historically been staunchly pro-American, dating back to General Tadeusz Kościuszko and Casimir Pulaski's involvement in the American Revolution. This pro-American stance was reinforced following favorable American intervention in World War I (leading to the creation of an independent Poland) and the Cold War (culminating in a Polish state independent of Soviet influence). Poland contributed a large force to the "Coalition of the Willing" in Iraq. A quote referring to Poland as "the 51st state" has been attributed to James Pavitt, then Central Intelligence Agency Deputy Director for Operations, especially in connection to extraordinary rendition.

Question: What had been Poland's stance towards the US, historically?
Answer: staunchly pro-American

Question: What led to the creation of an independent Poland?
Answer: favorable American intervention in World War I

Question: What did Poland contribute to the "Coalition of the Willing"?
Answer: a large force

Question: What had been Soviet stance towards the US, historically?

Question: What led to the creation of independent Soviets?

Question: What did the soviets contribute to the "Coalition of the Willing"?

Question: To who was a quote referring to Poland as a Soviet state attributed?

Question: What culminated in a Polish state dependent on Soviet influence?
51st_state

The Party of Reconstruction in Sicily, which claimed 40,000 members in 1944, campaigned for Sicily to be admitted as a U.S. state. This party was one of several Sicilian separatist movements active after the downfall of Italian Fascism. Sicilians felt neglected or underrepresented by the Italian government after the annexation of 1861 that ended the rule of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies based in Naples. The large population of Sicilians in America and the American-led Allied invasion of Sicily in July–August 1943 may have contributed to the sentiment.

Question: How many members did the Party of Reconstruction in Sicily have in 1944?
Answer: 40,000 members

Question: What did the Party of Reconstruction in Sicily campaign for?
Answer: for Sicily to be admitted as a U.S. state

Question: When did the Allied invasion of Sicily occur?
Answer: July–August 1943

Question: When did the annexation of Sicily by Italy happen?
Answer: 1861

Question: How many members did the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies have in 1944?

Question: What did the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies campaign for?

Question: When did the Sicilian invasion of the Allies occur?

Question: When did the annexation of Naples by Italy happen?

Question: Who campaigned for Naples to be a U.S. state?
51st_state

There are four categories of terra nullius, land that is unclaimed by any state: the small unclaimed territory of Bir Tawil between Egypt and Sudan, Antarctica, the oceans, and celestial bodies such as the Moon or Mars. In the last three of these, international treaties (the Antarctic Treaty, the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, and the Outer Space Treaty respectively) prevent colonization and potential statehood of any of these uninhabited (and, given current technology, not permanently inhabitable) territories.

Question: What are the four categories of terra nullius?
Answer: the small unclaimed territory of Bir Tawil between Egypt and Sudan, Antarctica, the oceans, and celestial bodies

Question: What three treaties exist for unclaimed lands?
Answer: the Antarctic Treaty, the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, and the Outer Space Treaty

Question: What do the treaties defend against?
Answer: prevent colonization and potential statehood of any of these uninhabited (and, given current technology, not permanently inhabitable) territories.

Question: Where is Bir Tawil located?
Answer: between Egypt and Sudan

Question: What are the four categories of the Outer Space Treaty?

Question: What three treaties exist for claimed lands?

Question: What does terra nullius defend against?

Question: Where was the United Nations Convention located?

Question: How many categories of outer space are there?
Antenna_(radio)

An antenna (plural antennae or antennas), or aerial, is an electrical device which converts electric power into radio waves, and vice versa. It is usually used with a radio transmitter or radio receiver. In transmission, a radio transmitter supplies an electric current oscillating at radio frequency (i.e. a high frequency alternating current (AC)) to the antenna's terminals, and the antenna radiates the energy from the current as electromagnetic waves (radio waves). In reception, an antenna intercepts some of the power of an electromagnetic wave in order to produce a tiny voltage at its terminals, that is applied to a receiver to be amplified.

Question: What device is able to change electric powerinto radio waves and also do the reverse?
Answer: An antenna

Question: What device is often used in conjuntion with the antenna?
Answer: radio transmitter or radio receiver

Question: What process associated with antennas produces a high frequency alternating current?
Answer: transmission

Question: What else can radio waves be called?
Answer: electromagnetic waves

Question: When does an antenna catch electromagnetic waves?
Answer: reception
Antenna_(radio)

Typically an antenna consists of an arrangement of metallic conductors (elements), electrically connected (often through a transmission line) to the receiver or transmitter. An oscillating current of electrons forced through the antenna by a transmitter will create an oscillating magnetic field around the antenna elements, while the charge of the electrons also creates an oscillating electric field along the elements. These time-varying fields radiate away from the antenna into space as a moving transverse electromagnetic field wave. Conversely, during reception, the oscillating electric and magnetic fields of an incoming radio wave exert force on the electrons in the antenna elements, causing them to move back and forth, creating oscillating currents in the antenna.

Question: What is frequently used to connect elements to the receiver?
Answer: transmission line

Question: What particles are pushed through the antenna by a transmitter?
Answer: electrons

Question: During transmission does the electric field wave move closer to the antenna?
Answer: radiate away

Question: During what process would electrons be vacillating in the antenna?
Answer: reception
Antenna_(radio)

The words antenna (plural: antennas in US English, although both "antennas" and "antennae" are used in International English) and aerial are used interchangeably. Occasionally the term "aerial" is used to mean a wire antenna. However, note the important international technical journal, the IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation. In the United Kingdom and other areas where British English is used, the term aerial is sometimes used although 'antenna' has been universal in professional use for many years.

Question: What is an acceptable synonym for antenna?
Answer: aerial

Question: What can sometimes be meant by the term aerial specifically?
Answer: wire antenna

Question: What is one way of referring to more than one antenna?
Answer: antennae

Question: What is the most widely accepted term for an electrical device that converts electric power into radio waves?
Answer: antenna
Antenna_(radio)

The origin of the word antenna relative to wireless apparatus is attributed to Italian radio pioneer Guglielmo Marconi. In the summer of 1895, Marconi began testing his wireless system outdoors on his father's estate near Bologna and soon began to experiment with long wire "aerials". Marconi discovered that by raising the "aerial" wire above the ground and connecting the other side of his transmitter to ground, the transmission range was increased. Soon he was able to transmit signals over a hill, a distance of approximately 2.4 kilometres (1.5 mi). In Italian a tent pole is known as l'antenna centrale, and the pole with the wire was simply called l'antenna. Until then wireless radiating transmitting and receiving elements were known simply as aerials or terminals.

Question: Who is most associated with the emergence of the word antenna?
Answer: Guglielmo Marconi

Question: When did experimentation with electromagnetic waves begin?
Answer: 1895

Question: What is a way to increase the strength of a radio transmission?
Answer: raising the "aerial" wire

Question: How far was Marconi able to get his signal to go using this technique?
Answer: 1.5 mi
Antenna_(radio)

Antennas are required by any radio receiver or transmitter to couple its electrical connection to the electromagnetic field. Radio waves are electromagnetic waves which carry signals through the air (or through space) at the speed of light with almost no transmission loss. Radio transmitters and receivers are used to convey signals (information) in systems including broadcast (audio) radio, television, mobile telephones, Wi-Fi (WLAN) data networks, trunk lines and point-to-point communications links (telephone, data networks), satellite links, many remote controlled devices such as garage door openers, and wireless remote sensors, among many others. Radio waves are also used directly for measurements in technologies including radar, GPS, and radio astronomy. In each and every case, the transmitters and receivers involved require antennas, although these are sometimes hidden (such as the antenna inside an AM radio or inside a laptop computer equipped with Wi-Fi).

Question: What is essential for the mating of the elements that create radio waves?
Answer: Antennas

Question: How fast are signals produced by antenna transmitted?
Answer: speed of light

Question: What is one system that uses electromagnetic waves?
Answer: mobile telephones

Question: What mobile locator and direction finder technology takes advantage of radio waves?
Answer: GPS

Question: What often inconspicuous part of a laptop computer allows for internet usage?
Answer: antennas
Antenna_(radio)

One example of omnidirectional antennas is the very common vertical antenna or whip antenna consisting of a metal rod (often, but not always, a quarter of a wavelength long). A dipole antenna is similar but consists of two such conductors extending in opposite directions, with a total length that is often, but not always, a half of a wavelength long. Dipoles are typically oriented horizontally in which case they are weakly directional: signals are reasonably well radiated toward or received from all directions with the exception of the direction along the conductor itself; this region is called the antenna blind cone or null.

Question: What is the main element of an omnidirectional antenna?
Answer: metal rod

Question: What type of antenna would most likely be a half a wavelength long?
Answer: dipole

Question: In which direction would you expect to find a dipole?
Answer: horizontally

Question: What is meant by the area where signals cannot be accepted well along the conductor?
Answer: null
Antenna_(radio)

Both the vertical and dipole antennas are simple in construction and relatively inexpensive. The dipole antenna, which is the basis for most antenna designs, is a balanced component, with equal but opposite voltages and currents applied at its two terminals through a balanced transmission line (or to a coaxial transmission line through a so-called balun). The vertical antenna, on the other hand, is a monopole antenna. It is typically connected to the inner conductor of a coaxial transmission line (or a matching network); the shield of the transmission line is connected to ground. In this way, the ground (or any large conductive surface) plays the role of the second conductor of a dipole, thereby forming a complete circuit. Since monopole antennas rely on a conductive ground, a so-called grounding structure may be employed to provide a better ground contact to the earth or which itself acts as a ground plane to perform that function regardless of (or in absence of) an actual contact with the earth.

Question: Are basic antennas expensive?
Answer: relatively inexpensive

Question: What is the foundation most often used when creating new antenna models?
Answer: dipole antenna

Question: What category do vertical antennas fall under?
Answer: monopole antenna

Question: What is used to close the circuit of a dipole antenna?
Answer: large conductive surface
Antenna_(radio)

Antennas more complex than the dipole or vertical designs are usually intended to increase the directivity and consequently the gain of the antenna. This can be accomplished in many different ways leading to a plethora of antenna designs. The vast majority of designs are fed with a balanced line (unlike a monopole antenna) and are based on the dipole antenna with additional components (or elements) which increase its directionality. Antenna "gain" in this instance describes the concentration of radiated power into a particular solid angle of space, as opposed to the spherically uniform radiation of the ideal radiator. The increased power in the desired direction is at the expense of that in the undesired directions. Power is conserved, and there is no net power increase over that delivered from the power source (the transmitter.)

Question: What are different designs aimed at increasing?
Answer: gain of the antenna

Question: What is different from a monopole antenna with most other antenna types?
Answer: balanced line

Question: Gain when referring to an antenna refers to what about radiated power?
Answer: concentration

Question: Where is the power that is distributed originating from?
Answer: the transmitter