Divyanshu67/squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
Architecture

The architecture of different parts of Asia developed along different lines from that of Europe; Buddhist, Hindu and Sikh architecture each having different characteristics. Buddhist architecture, in particular, showed great regional diversity. Hindu temple architecture, which developed around the 3rd century BCE, is governed by concepts laid down in the Shastras, and is concerned with expressing the macrocosm and the microcosm. In many Asian countries, pantheistic religion led to architectural forms that were designed specifically to enhance the natural landscape.

Question: What religion led to architectural changes in many Asian countries?
Answer: pantheistic religion

Question: Which cultures architecture showed a lot of diversity?
Answer: Buddhist architecture

Question: When did Hindu temple architecture begin being produced?
Answer: 3rd century BCE

Question: What does Hindu temple architecture try to express?
Answer: the macrocosm and the microcosm

Question: What is the source of the concepts in Hindu temple architecture?
Answer: the Shastras

Question: What type of architectural is especially known for its regional differences
Answer: Buddhist

Question: What kind of religious theology affected landscape related architecture in Asia?
Answer: pantheistic religion

Question:  What religion led to architectural changes in many English countries?

Question:  Which cultures architecture showed a lot of similarities?

Question:  When did Muslim temple architecture begin being produced?

Question:  What does Hindu temple architecture try to hide?

Question: What type of architectural is especially known for its non-regional differences
Architecture

The major architectural undertakings were the buildings of abbeys and cathedrals. From about 900 CE onwards, the movements of both clerics and tradesmen carried architectural knowledge across Europe, resulting in the pan-European styles Romanesque and Gothic.

Question: What type of buildings were took the most effort to build?
Answer: abbeys and cathedrals.

Question: What were the most important buildings of the time?
Answer: abbeys and cathedrals

Question: What two groups spread knowledge of architecture in Europe?
Answer: clerics and tradesmen

Question: What style is Gothic?
Answer: pan-European

Question: What is another pan-European style?
Answer: Romanesque

Question: When did the clerics and tradesmen start spreading architectural information?
Answer: 900 CE onwards

Question:  What type of buildings were took the least effort to build?

Question:  What were the least important buildings of the time?

Question:  What three groups spread knowledge of architecture in Europe?

Question:  What style is pre-Gothic?

Question:  What is another pre-European style?
Architecture

In Renaissance Europe, from about 1400 onwards, there was a revival of Classical learning accompanied by the development of Renaissance Humanism which placed greater emphasis on the role of the individual in society than had been the case during the Medieval period. Buildings were ascribed to specific architects – Brunelleschi, Alberti, Michelangelo, Palladio – and the cult of the individual had begun. There was still no dividing line between artist, architect and engineer, or any of the related vocations, and the appellation was often one of regional preference.

Question: When was Renaissance Humanism developed?
Answer: 1400

Question: When did the Classical learning revival begin?
Answer: 1400 onwards

Question: What continent did this revival take place on?
Answer: Europe

Question: What was the name for the time period?
Answer: Renaissance

Question: What did Renaissance Humanism emphasize?
Answer: role of the individual

Question: What three vocations were not really considered separate from each other at that time?
Answer: artist, architect and engineer

Question: What was developed before 1400?

Question:  When did the Classical learning revival ed?

Question:  What state did this revival take place in?

Question:  What was the name for the time period before this?

Question:  What didn't Renaissance Humanism emphasize?
Architecture

Architecture has to do with planning and designing form, space and ambience to reflect functional, technical, social, environmental and aesthetic considerations. It requires the creative manipulation and coordination of materials and technology, and of light and shadow. Often, conflicting requirements must be resolved. The practice of Architecture also encompasses the pragmatic aspects of realizing buildings and structures, including scheduling, cost estimation and construction administration. Documentation produced by architects, typically drawings, plans and technical specifications, defines the structure and/or behavior of a building or other kind of system that is to be or has been constructed.

Question: What sort of considerations does architectural design take into account? 
Answer: functional, technical, social, environmental and aesthetic

Question: In architecture what aspects are planned and designed?
Answer: form, space and ambience

Question: Aside from planning and design what other types of aspects does architecture involve?
Answer: pragmatic aspects

Question: What sort of considerations does architectural design never take into account?

Question:  In architecture what aspects are never planned and designed?

Question: Aside from planning and design what other types of aspects does architecture never involve?
Architecture

Nunzia Rondanini stated, "Through its aesthetic dimension architecture goes beyond the functional aspects that it has in common with other human sciences. Through its own particular way of expressing values, architecture can stimulate and influence social life without presuming that, in and of itself, it will promote social development.'

Question: Who said that architecture was able extend beyond function?
Answer: Nunzia Rondanini

Question: In what way did Nunzia Rondanini believe architecture moved past mere functionality?
Answer: Through its aesthetic dimension

Question: What could, in Rondanini's opinion, architecture "stimulate and influence"?
Answer: social life

Question: What shouldn't architecture be assumed to promote, according to Rondanini?
Answer: social development

Question: What does architecture share with other sciences?
Answer: functional aspects

Question: Who said that architecture wasn't able extend beyond function?

Question: In what way did Nunzia Rondanini not believe architecture moved past mere functionality?

Question: What couldn't, in Rondanini's opinion, architecture "stimulate and influence"?

Question: What should architecture be assumed to promote, according to Rondanini?

Question:  How does architecture differ from other sciences?
Architecture

To restrict the meaning of (architectural) formalism to art for art's sake is not only reactionary; it can also be a purposeless quest for perfection or originality which degrades form into a mere instrumentality".

Question: What is a reactionary thing to limit formalism's meaning to?
Answer: art for art's sake

Question: What sort of quest lacks purpose?
Answer: quest for perfection or originality

Question: What ends up being reduced in quality by this quest?
Answer: form

Question: What is a reactionary thing to expand formalism's meaning to?

Question:  What sort of quest defines purpose?

Question:  What ends up being maximized in quality by this quest?
Architecture

The architecture and urbanism of the Classical civilizations such as the Greek and the Roman evolved from civic ideals rather than religious or empirical ones and new building types emerged. Architectural "style" developed in the form of the Classical orders.

Question: From what ideals did Classical architecture emerge?
Answer: civic ideals

Question: These civic ideas allowed what to come into being?
Answer: new building types

Question: What ideals were Greek and Roman Classical architecture not based on?
Answer: religious or empirical ones

Question: What owes its development to the Classical orders?
Answer: Architectural "style"

Question:  From what ideals did Classical architecture not come from?

Question:  These civic ideas allowed what to not come into being?

Question: What ideals were Greek and Roman Classical architecture based on?

Question:  What doesn't owe its development to the Classical orders?
Architecture

Texts on architecture have been written since ancient time. These texts provided both general advice and specific formal prescriptions or canons. Some examples of canons are found in the writings of the 1st-century BCE Roman Architect Vitruvius. Some of the most important early examples of canonic architecture are religious.

Question: When were architectural writings first made?
Answer: ancient time

Question: Aside from general advice what did the texts contain?
Answer: specific formal prescriptions

Question: What is another term for specific formal prescriptions?
Answer: canons

Question: When did Vitruvius write his canons?
Answer: 1st-century BCE

Question: What is a significant early architectural canonical type?
Answer: religious

Question:  When were architectural writings last made?

Question:  Aside from general advice what did the texts not contain?

Question:  What is another term for specific informal prescriptions?

Question: Who wrote canons in 2nd century BCE?

Question:  What is an insignificant early architectural canonical type?
Architecture

In Europe during the Medieval period, guilds were formed by craftsmen to organise their trades and written contracts have survived, particularly in relation to ecclesiastical buildings. The role of architect was usually one with that of master mason, or Magister lathomorum as they are sometimes described in contemporary documents.

Question: What organizations were created by Medieval craftsmen?
Answer: guilds

Question: What records of the guilds are still in existence?
Answer: written contracts

Question: What was the main thing the contracts were had to do with?
Answer: ecclesiastical buildings

Question: What is another term for master mason?
Answer: Magister lathomorum

Question: What organizations were not created by Medieval craftsmen?

Question:  What records of the guilds are no longer in existence?

Question:  What was the least important thing the contracts were had to do with?

Question:  What is another term for trainer mason?
Architecture

With the emerging knowledge in scientific fields and the rise of new materials and technology, architecture and engineering began to separate, and the architect began to concentrate on aesthetics and the humanist aspects, often at the expense of technical aspects of building design. There was also the rise of the "gentleman architect" who usually dealt with wealthy clients and concentrated predominantly on visual qualities derived usually from historical prototypes, typified by the many country houses of Great Britain that were created in the Neo Gothic or Scottish Baronial styles. Formal architectural training in the 19th century, for example at École des Beaux-Arts in France, gave much emphasis to the production of beautiful drawings and little to context and feasibility. Effective architects generally received their training in the offices of other architects, graduating to the role from draughtsmen or clerks.

Question: What two fields began to grow apart?
Answer: architecture and engineering

Question: What did architects often neglect in their pursuit of aesthetics?
Answer: technical aspects of building design

Question: What was a term for an architect who catered to the wealthy?
Answer: "gentleman architect"

Question: What did 19th century formal architectural training neglect?
Answer: context and feasibility

Question: Where did most architects learn their trade?
Answer: in the offices of other architects

Question:  What two fields got closer?

Question:  What three fields began to grow apart?

Question:  What did architects often favor in their pursuit of aesthetics?

Question:  What was a term for an architect who catered to the poor?

Question:  What did 18th century formal architectural training neglect?
Architecture

Meanwhile, the Industrial Revolution laid open the door for mass production and consumption. Aesthetics became a criterion for the middle class as ornamented products, once within the province of expensive craftsmanship, became cheaper under machine production.

Question: What started with the Industrial Revolution?
Answer: mass production and consumption

Question: What became cheap enough for the middle class to buy?
Answer: ornamented products

Question: As products came within their financial reach what concept began to interest the middle class?
Answer: Aesthetics

Question: What ended with the Industrial Revolution?

Question:  What became cheap enough for the lower class to buy?

Question:  As products came within their financial reach what concept began to interest the upper class?

Question:  As products came within their financial reach what concept began to interest the lower class?
Architecture

Vernacular architecture became increasingly ornamental. House builders could use current architectural design in their work by combining features found in pattern books and architectural journals.

Question: What kind of books did housebuilders use?
Answer: pattern books and architectural journals

Question: What type of design did these texts allow the builders to incorporate?
Answer: current architectural design

Question: What kind of books did housebuilders reject?

Question: What type of design did these texts allow the builders to reject?
Architecture

Around the beginning of the 20th century, a general dissatisfaction with the emphasis on revivalist architecture and elaborate decoration gave rise to many new lines of thought that served as precursors to Modern Architecture. Notable among these is the Deutscher Werkbund, formed in 1907 to produce better quality machine made objects. The rise of the profession of industrial design is usually placed here. Following this lead, the Bauhaus school, founded in Weimar, Germany in 1919, redefined the architectural bounds prior set throughout history, viewing the creation of a building as the ultimate synthesis—the apex—of art, craft, and technology.

Question: At what century's start did revivalist fall into disfavor? 
Answer: 20th

Question: What new type of architecture was starting to come into being at this time?
Answer: Modern Architecture

Question: When did the Deutscher Werkbund get its start?
Answer: 1907

Question: What was the point of the Deutscher Werkbund?
Answer: to produce better quality machine made objects

Question: In 1919 what school opened in Weimar, Germany?
Answer: the Bauhaus school

Question:  At what century's end did revivalist fall into disfavor?

Question: What old type of architecture was starting to come into being at this time?

Question: When did the Deutscher Werkbund end?

Question: What started in 1970?

Question:  In 1919 what business opened in Weimar, Germany?
Architecture

When modern architecture was first practiced, it was an avant-garde movement with moral, philosophical, and aesthetic underpinnings. Immediately after World War I, pioneering modernist architects sought to develop a completely new style appropriate for a new post-war social and economic order, focused on meeting the needs of the middle and working classes. They rejected the architectural practice of the academic refinement of historical styles which served the rapidly declining aristocratic order. The approach of the Modernist architects was to reduce buildings to pure forms, removing historical references and ornament in favor of functionalist details. Buildings displayed their functional and structural elements, exposing steel beams and concrete surfaces instead of hiding them behind decorative forms.

Question: What kind of movement was modern architecture in the beginning?
Answer: avant-garde movement

Question: Who was the new movement meant to suit the needs of?
Answer: the middle and working classes

Question: Whose needs were no longer relevant to the new style?
Answer: the rapidly declining aristocratic order

Question: What sort of details did the Modernists' want in their buildings?
Answer: functionalist

Question: What details did Modernists' do away with?
Answer: historical references and ornament

Question: What kind of movement was prehistoric architecture in the beginning?

Question: What kind of movement was modern architecture in the ending?

Question:  Who was the old movement meant to suit the needs of?

Question:  What details did Modernists' encourage?
Architecture

Architects such as Frank Lloyd Wright developed Organic architecture, in which the form was defined by its environment and purpose, with an aim to promote harmony between human habitation and the natural world with prime examples being Robie House and Fallingwater.

Question: Who was instrumental in creating Organic architecture?
Answer: Frank Lloyd Wright

Question: What are two of Wright's designs?
Answer: Robie House and Fallingwater

Question: What was Wright's intention regarding humans and nature?
Answer: to promote harmony

Question:  Who was instrumental in rejecting Organic architecture?

Question:  Who was instrumental in creating inorganic architecture?

Question:  What are four of Wright's designs?

Question: Wright wanted to promote disharmony in what two groups?
Architecture

Architects such as Mies van der Rohe, Philip Johnson and Marcel Breuer worked to create beauty based on the inherent qualities of building materials and modern construction techniques, trading traditional historic forms for simplified geometric forms, celebrating the new means and methods made possible by the Industrial Revolution, including steel-frame construction, which gave birth to high-rise superstructures. By mid-century, Modernism had morphed into the International Style, an aesthetic epitomized in many ways by the Twin Towers of New York's World Trade Center designed by Minoru Yamasaki.

Question: What made it possible to design architecture through new means and methods?
Answer: the Industrial Revolution

Question: What new type of construction allowed the making of skyscrapers?
Answer: steel-frame construction

Question: What style came after Modernism?
Answer: International Style

Question: What is an example of International Style?
Answer: Twin Towers

Question: Who designed the Twin Towers?
Answer: Minoru Yamasaki

Question: What made it impossible to design architecture through new means and methods?

Question:  What old type of construction allowed the making of skyscrapers?

Question:  What style came before Modernism?

Question:  Who designed the Triplet Towers?

Question:  What is an example of Domestic Style?
Architecture

Many architects resisted modernism, finding it devoid of the decorative richness of historical styles. As the first generation of modernists began to die after WWII, a second generation of architects including Paul Rudolph, Marcel Breuer, and Eero Saarinen tried to expand the aesthetics of modernism with Brutalism, buildings with expressive sculptural facades made of unfinished concrete. But an even new younger postwar generation critiqued modernism and Brutalism for being too austere, standardized, monotone, and not taking into account the richness of human experience offered in historical buildings across time and in different places and cultures.

Question: What aspect of historical styles did a lot of architects find lacking in modernist styles?
Answer: decorative richness

Question: Who were three architects who influenced Brutalism?
Answer: Paul Rudolph, Marcel Breuer, and Eero Saarinen

Question: What material was used in Brutalist structures?
Answer: unfinished concrete

Question: Who disagreed with the aesthetic of Brutalism?
Answer: postwar generation

Question: What aspect of historical styles did a lot of architects find booming in modernist styles?

Question:  Who were three architects who discouraged Brutalism?

Question:  What material was never used in Brutalist structures?

Question:  Who agreed with the aesthetic of Brutalism?
Architecture

One such reaction to the cold aesthetic of modernism and Brutalism is the school of metaphoric architecture, which includes such things as biomorphism and zoomorphic architecture, both using nature as the primary source of inspiration and design. While it is considered by some to be merely an aspect of postmodernism, others consider it to be a school in its own right and a later development of expressionist architecture.

Question: What school was a response to Brutalism?
Answer: the school of metaphoric architecture

Question: What are two examples of metaphoric architecture?
Answer: biomorphism and zoomorphic architecture

Question: What are biomorphism and zoomorphic architecture based after design wise?
Answer: nature

Question: What type of architecture do some consider metaphoric architecture to be a development of?
Answer: expressionist architecture

Question: What school was a warm aesthetic of modernism

Question:  What are two examples of non-metaphoric architecture?

Question: What are biomorphism and zoomorphic architecture not based after design wise?

Question: What type of architecture does nobody consider metaphoric architecture to be a development of?
Architecture

Beginning in the late 1950s and 1960s, architectural phenomenology emerged as an important movement in the early reaction against modernism, with architects like Charles Moore in the USA, Christian Norberg-Schulz in Norway, and Ernesto Nathan Rogers and Vittorio Gregotti in Italy, who collectively popularized an interest in a new contemporary architecture aimed at expanding human experience using historical buildings as models and precedents. Postmodernism produced a style that combined contemporary building technology and cheap materials, with the aesthetics of older pre-modern and non-modern styles, from high classical architecture to popular or vernacular regional building styles. Robert Venturi famously defined postmodern architecture as a "decorated shed" (an ordinary building which is functionally designed inside and embellished on the outside), and upheld it against modernist and brutalist "ducks" (buildings with unnecessarily expressive tectonic forms).

Question: When was the start of the  architectural phenomenology movement?
Answer: the late 1950s and 1960s

Question: What was  architectural phenomenology reacting to?
Answer: modernism

Question: What were the architectural phenomenologists hoping to expand?
Answer: human experience

Question: Who called postmodern architecture a "decorated shed"?
Answer: Robert Venturi

Question: What term did Venturi use for brutalist and mondernist buildings?
Answer: "ducks"

Question: When was the end of the architectural phenomenology movement?

Question: What happened in the early 1950s?

Question:  What was architectural phenomenology not reacting to?

Question:  What were the architectural phenomenologists hoping to stay away from?

Question:  Who called postmodern architecture a "decorated building"?
Architecture

Environmental sustainability has become a mainstream issue, with profound effect on the architectural profession. Many developers, those who support the financing of buildings, have become educated to encourage the facilitation of environmentally sustainable design, rather than solutions based primarily on immediate cost. Major examples of this can be found in Passive solar building design, greener roof designs, biodegradable materials, and more attention to a structure's energy usage. This major shift in architecture has also changed architecture schools to focus more on the environment. Sustainability in architecture was pioneered by Frank Lloyd Wright, in the 1960s by Buckminster Fuller and in the 1970s by architects such as Ian McHarg and Sim Van der Ryn in the US and Brenda and Robert Vale in the UK and New Zealand. There has been an acceleration in the number of buildings which seek to meet green building sustainable design principles. Sustainable practices that were at the core of vernacular architecture increasingly provide inspiration for environmentally and socially sustainable contemporary techniques. The U.S. Green Building Council's LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) rating system has been instrumental in this.

Question: What issue has moved to the forefront in recent years?
Answer: Environmental sustainability

Question: What do architecture schools look at more and more nowadays?
Answer: the environment

Question: Who was the first to design architecture environmentally?
Answer: Frank Lloyd Wright

Question: Who was known for focusing on the environment in the 1960s?
Answer: Buckminster Fuller

Question: What organization's rating system promotes sustainability?
Answer: The U.S. Green Building Council

Question: What issue has moved to the forefront in past years?

Question:  What do architecture schools look at less and less nowadays?

Question:  Who was the last to design architecture environmentally?

Question:  Who was known for focusing on the environment in the 1970s?

Question: What organization's rating system discourages sustainability?
Architecture

Concurrently, the recent movements of New Urbanism, Metaphoric architecture and New Classical Architecture promote a sustainable approach towards construction, that appreciates and develops smart growth, architectural tradition and classical design. This in contrast to modernist and globally uniform architecture, as well as leaning against solitary housing estates and suburban sprawl.

Question: What are three new movements that have a focus on sustainability?
Answer: New Urbanism, Metaphoric architecture and New Classical Architecture

Question: What kinds of buildings and building developments are the new movements not in favor of?
Answer: solitary housing estates and suburban sprawl.

Question: What are three things the new movements try to achieve?
Answer: smart growth, architectural tradition and classical design

Question: What older architectural movements do the newer movements not go along with?
Answer: modernist and globally uniform architecture

Question: What are three old movements that have a focus on sustainability?

Question: What kinds of buildings and building developments are the old movements not in favor of?

Question:  What are three things the old movements try to achieve?

Question: What older architectural movements do the older movements not go along with?
Human_Development_Index

The Human Development Index (HDI) is a composite statistic of life expectancy, education, and income per capita indicators, which are used to rank countries into four tiers of human development. A country scores higher HDI when the life expectancy at birth is longer, the education period is longer, and the income per capita is higher. The HDI was developed by the Pakistani economist Mahbub ul Haq, often framed in terms of whether people are able to "be" and "do" desirable things in their life, and was published by the United Nations Development Programme.

Question: Which three statistics does the HDI compile?
Answer: life expectancy, education, and income per capita

Question: Does a high ranking on the HDI indicate shorter or longer life expectancy?
Answer: longer

Question: Who developed the HDI?
Answer: Mahbub ul Haq

Question: What entity publishes the HDI?
Answer: United Nations Development Programme

Question: Does a high ranking on the HDI indicate shorter or longer life expectancy at birth?
Answer: longer

Question:  Which three statistics does the HDI ignore?

Question: Does a low ranking on the HDI indicate shorter or longer life expectancy?

Question:  Who rejected the HDI?

Question:  What entity rejects the HDI?

Question: Does a low ranking on the HDI indicate shorter or longer life expectancy at birth?
Human_Development_Index

The 2010 Human Development Report introduced an Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI). While the simple HDI remains useful, it stated that "the IHDI is the actual level of human development (accounting for inequality)," and "the HDI can be viewed as an index of 'potential' human development (or the maximum IHDI that could be achieved if there were no inequality)."

Question: In what year did the Human Development Report introduce the IHDI?
Answer: 2010

Question: What does IHDI stand for?
Answer: Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index

Question: Which measures the potential development, the HDI or the IHDI?
Answer: the HDI

Question: What happened in 2001?

Question:  What does IHDI2 stand for?

Question:  Which measures the potential underdevelopment, the HDI or the IHDI?
Human_Development_Index

The origins of the HDI are found in the annual Development Reports of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). These were devised and launched by Pakistani economist Mahbub ul Haq in 1990 and had the explicit purpose "to shift the focus of development economics from national income accounting to people-centered policies". To produce the Human Development Reports, Mahbub ul Haq formed a group of development economists including Paul Streeten, Frances Stewart, Gustav Ranis, Keith Griffin, Sudhir Anand, and Meghnad Desai. Working alongside Nobel laureate Amartya Sen, they worked on capabilities and functions that provided the underlying conceptual framework. Haq was sure that a simple composite measure of human development was needed in order to convince the public, academics, and politicians that they can and should evaluate development not only by economic advances but also improvements in human well-being. Sen initially opposed this idea, but he soon went on to help Haq develop the Index. Sen was worried that it was going to be difficult to capture the full complexity of human capabilities in a single index, but Haq persuaded him that only a single number would shift the immediate attention of politicians from economic to human well-being.

Question: In what year did Mahbub ul Haq devise and launch the HDI?
Answer: 1990

Question: Who was initially opposed to the idea of creating the HDI?
Answer: Amartya Sen

Question: Mahbub ul Haq was hoping to shift the focus of development economics to what type of policies?
Answer: people-centered policies

Question: Which year was used for estimates in the 2011 report?
Answer: 1990

Question: In what year did Mahbub ul Haq reject the HDI?

Question:  Who was initially agreeing to the idea of creating the HDI?

Question:  Mahbub ul Haq didn't want to shift the focus of development economics to what type of policies?

Question: Which year was used for estimates in the 2001 report?
Human_Development_Index

LE: Life expectancy at birth
MYS: Mean years of schooling (Years that a person 25 years-of-age or older has spent in schools)
EYS: Expected years of schooling (Years that a 5-year-old child will spend in schools throughout his life)
GNIpc: Gross national income at purchasing power parity per capita

Question: What does LE stand for?
Answer: Life expectancy at birth

Question: What does MYS stand for?
Answer: Mean years of schooling

Question: What does EYS stand for?
Answer: Expected years of schooling

Question: What does GNIpc stand for?
Answer: Gross national income at purchasing power parity per capita

Question: What does LI stand for?

Question:  What does MIS stand for?

Question:  What does EYES stand for?

Question:  What does GNLpc stand for?
Human_Development_Index

The formula defining the HDI is promulgated by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). In general, to transform a raw variable, say , into a unit-free index between 0 and 1 (which allows different indices to be added together), the following formula is used:

Question: What entity makes the defining formula for the HDI well-known?
Answer: the United Nations Development Programme

Question:  What entity makes the defining formula for the HDMI well-known?

Question: What does UNDD stand for?
Human_Development_Index

The 2015 Human Development Report by the United Nations Development Program was released on December 14, 2015, and calculates HDI values based on estimates for 2014. Below is the list of the "very high human development" countries:

Question: On what date was the 2015 Human Development Report released?
Answer: December 14, 2015

Question: Which year was used for estimates in the 2015 report?
Answer: 2014

Question: What happened on December 15, 2015

Question: On what date was the 2005 Human Development Report released?
Human_Development_Index

The 2014 Human Development Report by the United Nations Development Program was released on July 24, 2014, and calculates HDI values based on estimates for 2013. Below is the list of the "very high human development" countries:

Question: On what date was the 2014 Human Development Report released?
Answer: July 24, 2014

Question: Which year was used for estimates in the 2014 report?
Answer: 2013

Question: On what date was the 2010 Human Development Report released?

Question:  Which year was used for estimates in the 2004 report?

Question: What was released on July 25 2014
Human_Development_Index

The Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI) is a "measure of the average level of human development of people in a society once inequality is taken into account."

Question: What does the IHDI specifically take into account?
Answer: Inequality

Question: Does the IHDI measure the "average" or the "potential" level of human development? 
Answer: the average level

Question:  What does the HIHDI specifically take into account?

Question:  Does the IHDI measure the "unaverage" or the "lack of potential" level of human development?
Human_Development_Index

Countries in the top quartile of HDI ("very high human development" group) with a missing IHDI: New Zealand, Singapore, Hong Kong, Liechtenstein, Brunei, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Andorra, United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, Cuba, and Kuwait.

Question: Which Caribbean nation is in the top quartile of HDI (but missing IHDI)?
Answer: Cuba

Question: Is the top quartile of HDI considered "high" or "very high" human development?
Answer: very high

Question: Which Caribbean nation is in the top quartile of HIDI (but missing HIHDI)?

Question: s the top quartile of HDI considered "low" or "very low" human development?
Human_Development_Index

Some countries were not included for various reasons, primarily the lack of necessary data. The following United Nations Member States were not included in the 2014 report: North Korea, Marshall Islands, Monaco, Nauru, San Marino, Somalia, India, Pakistan, South Sudan, and Tuvalu.

Question: What is the main reason that countries were excluded from the 2014 report?
Answer: lack of necessary data

Question: Which East Asian dictatorship was excluded from the 2014 report?
Answer: North Korea

Question: What is the main reason that countries were excluded from the 2013 report?

Question: What year were all countries included?
Human_Development_Index

The 2013 Human Development Report by the United Nations Development Program was released on March 14, 2013, and calculates HDI values based on estimates for 2012. Below is the list of the "very high human development" countries:

Question: On what date was the 2013 Human Development Report released?
Answer: March 14, 2013

Question: Which year was used for estimates in the 2013 report?
Answer: 2012

Question:  Which year was used for estimates in the 2014 report?
Human_Development_Index

The Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI) is a "measure of the average level of human development of people in a society once inequality is taken into account."

Question: Does the IHDI measure the "average" or the "potential" level of human development?
Answer: the average level

Question: Does the IHDI measure the "abnormal" or the "lack of potential" level of human development?

Question: What does the HIDI stand for?
Human_Development_Index

Some countries were not included for various reasons, mainly the unavailability of certain crucial data. The following United Nations Member States were not included in the 2011 report: North Korea, Marshall Islands, Monaco, Nauru, San Marino, South Sudan, Somalia and Tuvalu.

Question: What is the main reason that countries were excluded from the 2011 report?
Answer: unavailability of certain crucial data

Question: Which East Asian dictatorship was excluded from the 2011 report?
Answer: North Korea

Question: What is not the main reason that countries were excluded from the 2011 report?

Question: What is not the main reason that countries were excluded from the 2012 report?

Question:  Which East Asian dictatorship was excluded from the 2012 report?
Human_Development_Index

The 2010 Human Development Report by the United Nations Development Program was released on November 4, 2010, and calculates HDI values based on estimates for 2010. Below is the list of the "very high human development" countries:

Question: On what date was the 2010 Human Development Report released?
Answer: November 4, 2010

Question: Which year was used for estimates in the 2010 report?
Answer: 2010

Question:  On what date was the 2012 Human Development Report released?

Question: What was released on November 5, 2010?

Question:  Which year was used for estimates in the 2011 report?
Human_Development_Index

The 2010 Human Development Report was the first to calculate an Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI), which factors in inequalities in the three basic dimensions of human development (income, life expectancy, and education). Below is a list of countries in the top quartile by IHDI:

Question: In the IHDI, inequality is factored into what three human development dimensions?
Answer: income, life expectancy, and education

Question: In the IHDI, inequality is never factored into what three human development dimensions?
Human_Development_Index

Some countries were not included for various reasons, mainly the unavailability of certain crucial data. The following United Nations Member States were not included in the 2010 report. Cuba lodged a formal protest at its lack of inclusion. The UNDP explained that Cuba had been excluded due to the lack of an "internationally reported figure for Cuba’s Gross National Income adjusted for Purchasing Power Parity". All other indicators for Cuba were available, and reported by the UNDP, but the lack of one indicator meant that no ranking could be attributed to the country. The situation has been addressed and, in later years, Cuba has ranked as a High Human Development country.

Question: What is the main reason that countries were excluded from the 2010 report?
Answer: unavailability of certain crucial data

Question: Which Caribbean nation protested its exclusion from the 2010 report?
Answer: Cuba

Question: What ranking has Cuba been given since the situation with the missing data was addressed?
Answer: High Human Development country

Question: What is the main reason that countries were excluded from the 2012 report?

Question: Which Caribbean nation agreed with its exclusion from the 2010 report?

Question: What ranking has Cuba been given since the situation with the complete data was addressed?
Human_Development_Index

The 2009 Human Development Report by UNDP was released on October 5, 2009, and covers the period up to 2007. It was titled "Overcoming barriers: Human mobility and development". The top countries by HDI were grouped in a new category called "very high human development". The report refers to these countries as developed countries. They are:

Question: On what date was the 2009 Human Development Report released?
Answer: October 5, 2009

Question: What period is covered by the 2009 Human Development Report?
Answer: period up to 2007

Question: What was another title for the 2009 Human Development Report?
Answer: Overcoming barriers: Human mobility and development

Question: What new category was added in the 2009 Human Development Report?
Answer: very high human development

Question: How does the 2009 Human Development Report refer to countries that rank "very high"?
Answer: developed countries

Question:  On what date was the 2008 Human Development Report released?

Question: What period is covered by the 2008 Human Development Report?

Question:  What was another title for the 2008 Human Development Report?

Question: What new category was added in the 2008 Human Development Report?

Question: How does the 2008 Human Development Report refer to countries that rank "very high"?
Human_Development_Index

Some countries were not included for various reasons, such as being a non-UN member or unable or unwilling to provide the necessary data at the time of publication. Besides the states with limited recognition, the following states were also not included.

Question: What three reasons were mentioned for countries being excluded?
Answer: being a non-UN member or unable or unwilling to provide the necessary data at the time of publication

Question:  What four reasons were mentioned for countries being excluded?
Human_Development_Index

A new index was released on December 18, 2008. This so-called "statistical update" covered the period up to 2006 and was published without an accompanying Human Development Report. The update is relevant due to newly released estimates of purchasing power parities (PPP), implying substantial adjustments for many countries, resulting in changes in HDI values and, in many cases, HDI ranks.

Question: What type of update was released on December 18, 2008?
Answer: statistical update

Question: What was the index published on December 18, 2008 lacking?
Answer: an accompanying Human Development Report

Question: What period was covered by the statistical update index released in December of 2008?
Answer: up to 2006

Question:  What type of update was released on December 18, 2004?

Question:  What was the index published on December 18, 2008 complete?

Question: What period was covered by the statistical update index released in December of 2002?
Human_Development_Index

The Human Development Report for 2007/2008 was launched in Brasília, Brazil, on November 27, 2007. Its focus was on "Fighting climate change: Human solidarity in a divided world." Most of the data used for the report are derived largely from 2005 or earlier, thus indicating an HDI for 2005. Not all UN member states choose to or are able to provide the necessary statistics.

Question: On what date was the 2007/2008 Human Development Report released?
Answer: November 27, 2007

Question: What was the focus of the 2007/2008 Human Development Report?
Answer: Fighting climate change: Human solidarity in a divided world

Question: What is the most recent year that was included in the 2007/2008 Human Development Report?
Answer: 2005

Question: The HDI in the 2007/2008 Human Development Report is for what year?
Answer: 2005

Question: Where was the 2007/2008 Human Development Report launched?
Answer: Brasília, Brazil

Question: On what date was the 2008/2009 Human Development Report released?

Question: What came out on November 26, 2007?

Question: What was the focus of the 2005/2009 Human Development Report?

Question: What is the most recent year that was included in the 2008/2009 Human Development Report?

Question:  Where was the 2008/2009 Human Development Report launched?
Human_Development_Index

The report showed a small increase in world HDI in comparison with last year's report. This rise was fueled by a general improvement in the developing world, especially of the least developed countries group. This marked improvement at the bottom was offset with a decrease in HDI of high income countries.

Question: Which countries experienced a decrease in HDI?
Answer: high income countries

Question:  Which countries experienced an increase in HDI?
Human_Development_Index

A HDI below 0.5 is considered to represent "low development". All 22 countries in that category are located in Africa. The highest-scoring Sub-Saharan countries, Gabon and South Africa, are ranked 119th and 121st, respectively. Nine countries departed from this category this year and joined the "medium development" group.

Question: Under what number does a country need to fall in order to be considered a "low development" country?
Answer: 0.5

Question: On which continent are all 22 of the low development countries located?
Answer: Africa

Question: What is Gabon's ranking?
Answer: 119th

Question: What is South Africa's ranking?
Answer: 121st

Question: What are the two highest ranking Sub-Saharan countries?
Answer: Gabon and South Africa

Question: Under what number does a country need to fall in order to be considered a "high development" country?

Question: On which continent are all 23 of the low development countries located?

Question:  What is Pabon's ranking?

Question:  What is North Africa's ranking?

Question:  What are the two lowest ranking Sub-Saharan countries?
Human_Development_Index

A HDI of 0.8 or more is considered to represent "high development". This includes all developed countries, such as those in North America, Western Europe, Oceania, and Eastern Asia, as well as some developing countries in Eastern Europe, Central and South America, Southeast Asia, the Caribbean, and the oil-rich Arabian Peninsula. Seven countries were promoted to this category this year, leaving the "medium development" group: Albania, Belarus, Brazil, Libya, Macedonia, Russia and Saudi Arabia.

Question: What number indicates the minimum score for a country to be considered a "high development" country?
Answer: 0.8

Question: Which South American country was included among the seven promoted countries?
Answer: Brazil

Question: What is the largest country that was included among the seven promoted countries?
Answer: Russia

Question: What number indicates the minimum score for a country to be considered a "low development" country?

Question: Which North American country was included among the seven promoted countries?

Question: What is the smallest country that was included among the seven promoted countries?
Human_Development_Index

On the following table, green arrows () represent an increase in ranking over the previous study, while red arrows () represent a decrease in ranking. They are followed by the number of spaces they moved. Blue dashes () represent a nation that did not move in the rankings since the previous study.

Question: If there is a decrease in a country's ranking, which indicator will be present?
Answer: red arrows

Question: If there is an increase in a country's ranking, which indicator will be present?
Answer: green arrows

Question: If a country's ranking does not change, which indicator will be present?
Answer: Blue dash

Question: If there is an increase in a country's ranking, which indicator will be not present?

Question: If there is an increase in a country's ranking, which indicator will not be present?

Question: If a country's ranking does change, which indicator will be present?
Human_Development_Index

The list below displays the top-ranked country from each year of the Human Development Index. Norway has been ranked the highest twelve times, Canada eight times, followed by Japan which has been ranked highest three times. Iceland has been ranked highest twice.

Question: Which country has been ranked highest the most number of times?
Answer: Norway

Question: Which country has received the top rank twice?
Answer: Iceland

Question: Which country has been ranked lowest the most number of times?

Question:  Which country has received the bottom rank twice?