Divyanshu67/squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
Dominican_Order

Dominic inspired his followers with loyalty to learning and virtue, a deep recognition of the spiritual power of worldly deprivation and the religious state, and a highly developed governmental structure. At the same time, Dominic inspired the members of his order to develop a "mixed" spirituality. They were both active in preaching, and contemplative in study, prayer and meditation. The brethren of the Dominican Order were urban and learned, as well as contemplative and mystical in their spirituality. While these traits had an impact on the women of the order, the nuns especially absorbed the latter characteristics and made those characteristics their own. In England, the Dominican nuns blended these elements with the defining characteristics of English Dominican spirituality and created a spirituality and collective personality that set them apart.

Question: How did Dominic inspire his followers?
Answer: with loyalty to learning and virtue

Question: What group especially benefited from the Dominican Order's mystical spirituality?
Answer: nuns

Question: In what country did Dominican Order nuns thrive in?
Answer: England

Question: What type of spirituality did Dominic want his followers to learn?
Answer: a "mixed" spirituality

Question: How did Dominic not inspire his followers?

Question: What type of governmental structure did Dominic not inspire his followers to form?

Question: Who developed an order where its members had a homogeneous spirituality?

Question: What order was rural and ignorant?

Question: What country did Benedictine Order nuns thrive?
Dominican_Order

As an adolescent, he had a particular love of theology and the Scriptures became the foundation of his spirituality. During his studies in Palencia, Spain, he experienced a dreadful famine, prompting Dominic to sell all of his beloved books and other equipment to help his neighbors. After he completed his studies, Bishop Martin Bazan and Prior Diego d'Achebes appointed Dominic to the cathedral chapter and he became a regular canon under the Rule of St. Augustine and the Constitutions for the cathedral church of Osma. At the age of twenty-four or twenty-five, he was ordained to the priesthood.

Question: What subject did Dominic particularly love?
Answer: theology

Question: Why did Dominic sell his books?
Answer: to help his neighbors

Question: In what country did Dominic experience a great famine?
Answer: Spain

Question: At around what age was Dominic ordained as a Priest?
Answer: twenty-five

Question: After completing his studies, under whose rule did he become a regular canon?
Answer: St. Augustine

Question: What subject did Dominic particularly hate?

Question: What happened to Dominic during his studies in Paris, France?

Question: Why did Dominic refuse to sell his beloved books?

Question: Where did Bishop Martin Bazan and Prior Diego d'Achebes refuse to appoint Dominic to?

Question: Who entered the priesthood at the age of 30?
Dominican_Order

In 1203, Dominic joined Prior Diego de Acebo on an embassy to Denmark for the monarchy of Spain, to arrange the marriage between the son of King Alfonso VIII of Castile and a niece of King Valdemar II of Denmark. At that time the south of France was the stronghold of the Cathar or Albigensian heresy, named after the Duke of Albi, a Cathar sympathiser and opponent to the subsequent Albigensian Crusade (1209–1229). Dominic was fired by a reforming zeal after they encountered Albigensian Christians at Toulouse.

Question: With whom did Dominic travel with to Denmark?
Answer: Prior Diego de Acebo

Question: Who requested that Dominic travel to Denmark?
Answer: monarchy of Spain

Question: In 1203, what area was a stronghold of the Cathar?
Answer: south of France

Question: During what time period did the Albigensian Crusade occur?
Answer: 1209–1229

Question: Why did Dominic travel to Denmark in 1203?
Answer: to arrange the marriage between the son of King Alfonso VIII of Castile and a niece of King Valdemar II of Denmark
Dominican_Order

Prior Diego saw immediately one of the paramount reasons for the spread of the unorthodox movement: the representatives of the Holy Church acted and moved with an offensive amount of pomp and ceremony. On the other hand, the Cathars lived in a state of self-sacrifice that was widely appealing. For these reasons, Prior Diego suggested that the papal legates begin to live a reformed apostolic life. The legates agreed to change if they could find a strong leader. The prior took up the challenge, and he and Dominic dedicated themselves to the conversion of the Albigensians. Despite this particular mission, in winning the Albigensians over by persuasion Dominic met limited success, "for though in his ten years of preaching a large number of converts were made, it has to be said that the results were not such as had been hoped for."

Question: How did Prior Diego think the members of the Holy Church acted?
Answer: with an offensive amount of pomp and ceremony

Question: Who did Prior Diego admire more than the Holy Church?
Answer: the Cathars

Question: How did the Cathars live?
Answer: in a state of self-sacrifice

Question: In order to change to a better way of life, what did the legates request of Diego?
Answer: a strong leader

Question: Who did Diego and Dominic try to convert?
Answer: the Albigensians

Question: Who did not immediately see one of the paramount reasons for the spread of the unorthodox movement?

Question: Who did not act or move with an offensive amount of pomp and ceremony?

Question: Who did Dominic admire more than the Holy Church?

Question: What state did the Cathers not live in?

Question: What was meet with much success?
Dominican_Order

Dominic became the spiritual father to several Albigensian women he had reconciled to the faith, and in 1206 he established them in a convent in Prouille. This convent would become the foundation of the Dominican nuns, thus making the Dominican nuns older than the Dominican friars. Prior Diego sanctioned the building of a monastery for girls whose parents had sent them to the care of the Albigensians because their families were too poor to fulfill their basic needs. The monastery was at Prouille would later become Dominic's headquarters for his missionary effort there. After two years on the mission field, Prior Diego died while traveling back to Spain. When his preaching companions heard of his death, all save Dominic and a very small number of others returned to their homes.

Question: In what year did Dominic establish a convent?
Answer: 1206

Question: What women did Dominic convert for his convent?
Answer: Albigensian

Question: What group are older than the Dominican Friars?
Answer: Dominican nuns

Question: Why did families send their girls to Diego's monastery? 
Answer: too poor

Question: How long after his mission did Prior Diego die?
Answer: two years

Question: Who became the spiritual father of several Albigensian women?

Question: What did Dominic establish in 1306?

Question: What would become a foundation of the Benedictine nuns?

Question: What later became the Benedictine headquarters for Dominic's missionary effort?

Question: Why did families not send their girls to Diego's monastery?
Dominican_Order

In July 1215, with the approbation of Bishop Foulques of Toulouse, Dominic ordered his followers into an institutional life. Its purpose was revolutionary in the pastoral ministry of the Catholic Church. These priests were organized and well trained in religious studies. Dominic needed a framework—a rule—to organize these components. The Rule of St. Augustine was an obvious choice for the Dominican Order, according to Dominic's successor, Jordan of Saxony, because it lent itself to the "salvation of souls through preaching". By this choice, however, the Dominican brothers designated themselves not monks, but canons-regular. They could practice ministry and common life while existing in individual poverty.

Question: What framework did Dominic use in order to build his institution?
Answer: Rule of St. Augustine

Question: In what year did Dominic order his followers into an institutional life?
Answer: 1215

Question: Who was the successor to Dominic?
Answer: Jordan of Saxony

Question: What did the Rule of St. Augustine believe in?
Answer: the "salvation of souls through preaching"

Question: What were the Dominican Brothers?
Answer: canons-regular

Question: What framework did Dominic not use in order to stifle his institution?

Question: What year did Diego order his followers into an institutional life?

Question: What did the Rule of St. Augustine not believe in?

Question: What were the Dominican Brothers not?

Question: Who could not practice ministry and common life while existing in poverty?
Dominican_Order

Dominic's education at Palencia gave him the knowledge he needed to overcome the Manicheans. With charity, the other concept that most defines the work and spirituality of the order, study became the method most used by the Dominicans in working to defend the Church against the perils that hounded it, and also of enlarging its authority over larger areas of the known world. In Dominic's thinking, it was impossible for men to preach what they did not or could not understand. When the brethren left Prouille, then, to begin their apostolic work, Dominic sent Matthew of Paris to establish a school near the University of Paris. This was the first of many Dominican schools established by the brethren, some near large universities throughout Europe.

Question: Dominic studied in what city?
Answer: Palencia

Question: Dominic's education helped him to overcome who?
Answer: the Manicheans

Question: What helps define the work of the Dominican Order?
Answer: charity

Question: In what city did Dominic establish a school?
Answer: Paris

Question: Who did Dominic entrust to start his school?
Answer: Matthew of Paris

Question: What city did Dominic not study in?

Question: What did the city of Palencia not give Dominic?

Question: What method was not used by the Dominicans in working to defend the Church against peril?

Question: What did not help define the work of the Dominican Order?

Question: What city did Dominic not establish a school?
Dominican_Order

In 1219 Pope Honorius III invited Saint Dominic and his companions to take up residence at the ancient Roman basilica of Santa Sabina, which they did by early 1220. Before that time the friars had only a temporary residence in Rome at the convent of San Sisto Vecchio which Honorius III had given to Dominic circa 1218 intending it to become a convent for a reformation of nuns at Rome under Dominic's guidance. In May 1220 at Bologna the order's first General Chapter mandated that each new priory of the order maintain its own studium conventuale thus laying the foundation of the Dominican tradition of sponsoring widespread institutions of learning. The official foundation of the Dominican convent at Santa Sabina with its studium conventuale occurred with the legal transfer of property from Honorius III to the Order of Preachers on June 5, 1222. This studium was transformed into the order's first studium provinciale by Saint Thomas Aquinas in 1265. Part of the curriculum of this studium was relocated in 1288 at the studium of Santa Maria sopra Minerva which in the 16th century world be transformed into the College of Saint Thomas (Latin: Collegium Divi Thomæ). In the 20th century the college would be relocated to the convent of Saints Dominic and Sixtus and would be transformed into the Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas, Angelicum.

Question: Where did Dominic and his followers live during early 1220?
Answer: the ancient Roman basilica of Santa Sabina

Question: Who invited Dominic to stay in the Roman Basilica of Santa Sabina?
Answer: Pope Honorius III

Question: What was required of each new priory?
Answer: its own studium conventuale

Question: When did Pope Honorius III transfer property to the Order of Preachers?
Answer: June 5, 1222

Question: The College of Saint Thomas became what institution of learning in the 20th Century?
Answer: the Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas, Angelicum

Question: Where did Dominic and his followers live in during early 1320?

Question: What pope did not invite Dominic to stay in the Roman basilica of Santa Sabina?

Question: When did Pope John Paul II transfer property to the Order of Preachers?
Dominican_Order

The Dominican friars quickly spread, including to England, where they appeared in Oxford in 1221. In the 13th century the order reached all classes of Christian society, fought heresy, schism, and paganism by word and book, and by its missions to the north of Europe, to Africa, and Asia passed beyond the frontiers of Christendom. Its schools spread throughout the entire Church; its doctors wrote monumental works in all branches of knowledge, including the extremely important Albertus Magnus and Thomas Aquinas. Its members included popes, cardinals, bishops, legates, inquisitors, confessors of princes, ambassadors, and paciarii (enforcers of the peace decreed by popes or councils). The order was appointed by Pope Gregory IX the duty to carry out the Inquisition. In his Papal Bull Ad extirpanda of 1252, Pope Innocent IV authorised the Dominicans' use of torture under prescribed circumstances.

Question: What European country did the Dominican Friars quickly expand to?
Answer: England

Question: What British university did the Dominican Friars appear in?
Answer: Oxford

Question: What did the Dominican Order fight against?
Answer: paganism

Question: What is one branch of knowledge that the Dominican Order created works in?
Answer: Thomas Aquinas

Question: Who appointed the Dominican Order to begin the inquisition?
Answer: Pope Gregory IX

Question: What order did not quickly spread through England?

Question: What happened to the order in the 14th century?

Question: What French university did the Dominican friars appear in?

Question: What are the three branches of knowledge that the Dominican Order created works in?

Question: Who appointed the Benedictine Order to begin the inquisition?
Dominican_Order

The expansion of the order produced changes. A smaller emphasis on doctrinal activity favoured the development here and there of the ascetic and contemplative life and there sprang up, especially in Germany and Italy, the mystical movement with which the names of Meister Eckhart, Heinrich Suso, Johannes Tauler, and St. Catherine of Siena are associated. (See German mysticism, which has also been called "Dominican mysticism.") This movement was the prelude to the reforms undertaken, at the end of the century, by Raymond of Capua, and continued in the following century. It assumed remarkable proportions in the congregations of Lombardy and the Netherlands, and in the reforms of Savonarola in Florence.

Question: The term "Dominican mysticism" is also knows as what?
Answer: German mysticism

Question: In what European countries did the Dominican Order experience changes to how they thought?
Answer: Germany and Italy

Question: What saint is associated with the new Dominican mysticism?
Answer: St. Catherine of Siena

Question: Dominican mysticism also spread to what European country?
Answer: the Netherlands

Question: What friar helped to spread Dominican mysticism to Italy?
Answer: Savonarola

Question: What did not produce change within the order?

Question: What is the term "Dominican mysticism" not known as?

Question: What sprang up in Switzerland and Monaco?

Question: What saint is associated with the new Benedictine mysticism?

Question: What nun helped to spread Dominican mysticism to Italy?
Dominican_Order

At the same time the order found itself face to face with the Renaissance. It struggled against pagan tendencies in Renaissance humanism, in Italy through Dominici and Savonarola, in Germany through the theologians of Cologne but it also furnished humanism with such advanced writers as Francesco Colonna (probably the writer of the Hypnerotomachia Poliphili) and Matteo Bandello. Many Dominicans took part in the artistic activity of the age, the most prominent being Fra Angelico and Fra Bartolomeo.

Question: What historical period gave the Dominican Order a challenge?
Answer: the Renaissance

Question: What was it about the Renaissance that gave the Dominican Order problems?
Answer: pagan tendencies

Question: The theologians of what German city gave the Dominican Order resistance?
Answer: Cologne

Question: What writer fused humanism with the Dominican Order teachings?
Answer: Matteo Bandello

Question: What Dominican friar celebrated the arts of the Renaissance age?
Answer: Fra Angelico and Fra Bartolomeo

Question: What did the order not find itself faced with?

Question: What did the order embrace during the the Renaissance?

Question: What theologians of what English city gave the Dominican Order resistance?

Question: What did many Benedictines take part in?

Question: Which friars were celebrated in the science of the Renaissance age?
Dominican_Order

During this critical period, the number of Preachers seems never to have sunk below 3,500. Statistics for 1876 show 3,748, but 500 of these had been expelled from their convents and were engaged in parochial work. Statistics for 1910 show a total of 4,472 nominally or actually engaged in proper activities of the order. In the year 2000, there were 5,171 Dominican friars in solemn vows, 917 student brothers, and 237 novices. By the year 2013 there were 6058 Dominican friars, including 4,470 priests.

Question: In 1876, how many preachers were expelled from the Dominican Order?
Answer: 500

Question: In 1910, how many Dominicans were actively engaged in Order work?
Answer: 4,472

Question: How many Dominican friars were there in 2013?
Answer: 6058

Question: In what year were there 4,470 priests in the Dominican Order?
Answer: 2013

Question: How many student brothers were there in the year 2000?
Answer: 917

Question: How many preachers were expelled from the Dominican Order in 1867?

Question: How many Dominicans were actively engages in Order work in 1867?

Question: How many Dominican friars were there in 2018?

Question: What year were there 5,570 priests in the Dominican Order?

Question: How many students were there in the year 2001?
Dominican_Order

In the revival movement France held a foremost place, owing to the reputation and convincing power of the orator, Jean-Baptiste Henri Lacordaire (1802–1861). He took the habit of a Friar Preacher at Rome (1839), and the province of France was canonically erected in 1850. From this province were detached the province of Lyon, called Occitania (1862), that of Toulouse (1869), and that of Canada (1909). The French restoration likewise furnished many laborers to other provinces, to assist in their organization and progress. From it came the master general who remained longest at the head of the administration during the 19th century, Père Vincent Jandel (1850–1872). Here should be mentioned the province of St. Joseph in the United States. Founded in 1805 by Edward Fenwick, afterwards first Bishop of Cincinnati, Ohio (1821–1832), this province has developed slowly, but now ranks among the most flourishing and active provinces of the order. In 1910 it numbered seventeen convents or secondary houses. In 1905, it established a large house of studies at Washington, D.C., called the Dominican House of Studies. There are now four Dominican provinces in the United States.

Question: What country held a prominent place in the revival movement?
Answer: France

Question: What orator was very famous during the revival movement?
Answer: Jean-Baptiste Henri Lacordaire

Question: When was the province of France canonically erected?
Answer: 1850

Question: What title did Pere Vincent Jandel hold during this time?
Answer: master general

Question: What country held a minor place in the revival movement?

Question: What orator was not well known during the revival movement?

Question: What year did Jean-Baptiste Henri Lacordaire take the habit of a Friar Preacher in Paris?

Question: When was the province of England canonically erected?

Question: What title did Pere Vincent Jandel not hold during this time?
Dominican_Order

The province of France has produced a large number of preachers. The conferences of Notre-Dame-de-Paris were inaugurated by Père Lacordaire. The Dominicans of the province of France furnished Lacordaire (1835–1836, 1843–1851), Jacques Monsabré (1869–1870, 1872–1890), Joseph Ollivier (1871, 1897), Thomas Etourneau (1898–1902).[citation needed] Since 1903 the pulpit of Notre Dame has been occupied by a succession of Dominicans. Père Henri Didon (d. 1900) was a Dominican. The house of studies of the province of France publishes L'Année Dominicaine (founded 1859), La Revue des Sciences Philosophiques et Theologiques (1907), and La Revue de la Jeunesse (1909). French Dominicans founded and administer the École Biblique et Archéologique française de Jérusalem founded in 1890 by Père Marie-Joseph Lagrange O.P. (1855–1938), one of the leading international centres for Biblical research. It is at the École Biblique that the famed Jerusalem Bible (both editions) was prepared.

Question: What country has produced a large number of preachers?
Answer: France

Question: What Dominican Friar inugurated the conferences of Notre Dame of Paris?
Answer: Père Lacordaire

Question: What is the name of another French Dominican friar during this time?
Answer: Thomas Etourneau

Question: What is one of the leading international centers for biblical research?
Answer: the École Biblique et Archéologique française de Jérusalem

Question: What was prepared at the Ecole Biblique?
Answer: Jerusalem Bible

Question: What country has produced a large number of nuns?

Question: What Benedictine Friar inaugurated the conference of Notre Dame of Paris?

Question: What is the name of another English Benedictine friar during this time?

Question: What did English Dominican found and administer?

Question: What was not prepared at the Ecole Biblique?
Dominican_Order

Doctrinal development has had an important place in the restoration of the Preachers. Several institutions, besides those already mentioned, played important parts. Such is the Biblical school at Jerusalem, open to the religious of the order and to secular clerics, which publishes the Revue Biblique. The faculty of theology at the University of Fribourg, confided to the care of the Dominicans in 1890, is flourishing, and has about 250 students. The Pontificium Collegium Internationale Angelicum, the future Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas, Angelicum established at Rome in 1908 by Master Hyacinth Cormier, opened its doors to regulars and seculars for the study of the sacred sciences. In addition to the reviews above are the Revue Thomiste, founded by Père Thomas Coconnier (d. 1908), and the Analecta Ordinis Prædicatorum (1893). Among numerous writers of the order in this period are: Cardinals Thomas Zigliara (d. 1893) and Zephirin González (d. 1894), two esteemed philosophers; Alberto Guillelmotti (d. 1893), historian of the Pontifical Navy, and Heinrich Denifle, one of the most famous writers on medieval history (d. 1905).[citation needed]

Question: What school publishes the Revue Biblique?
Answer: Biblical school at Jerusalem

Question: How many students does the University of Fribourg have?
Answer: 250

Question: When was the University of Fribourg put into the Dominican Order's care?
Answer: 1890

Question: What is the name of one Dominican Order institution of learning?
Answer: Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas

Question: What Dominican founded the Revue Thomiste?
Answer: Père Thomas Coconnier

Question: What school does not publish the Reve Biblique?

Question: How many students does the Monastery of Fribourg have?

Question: What year was the University of Fribourg put into the Benedictine Order's care?

Question: What is the name of one Benedictine Order institute of learning?

Question: What Benedictine founded the Revue Thomiste?
Dominican_Order

Today, there is a growing number of Associates who share the Dominican charism. Dominican Associates are Christian women and men; married, single, divorced, and widowed; clergy members and lay persons who were first drawn to and then called to live out the charism and continue the mission of the Dominican Order - to praise, to bless, to preach. Associates do not take vows, but rather make a commitment to be partners with vowed members, and to share the mission and charism of the Dominican Family in their own lives, families, churches, neighborhoods, workplaces, and cities.

Question: What do present day Dominican Order associates do?
Answer: share the mission and charism of the Dominican Family

Question: What is an example of a modern Dominican Order follower?
Answer: Christian women and men

Question: What draws many people into following the Dominican Order?
Answer: charism

Question: Present day members continue to do what for the Dominican Order?
Answer: to praise, to bless, to preach

Question: What do present day Benedictine Order associates do?

Question: What is there not a growing number of?

Question: Who does not share the Dominican charism?

Question: What is not an example of a modern Dominican Order follower?

Question: What do present day members continue to do for the Dominican Order?
Dominican_Order

The spiritual tradition of Dominic's Order is punctuated not only by charity, study and preaching, but also by instances of mystical union. The Dominican emphasis on learning and on charity distinguishes it from other monastic and mendicant orders. As the order first developed on the European continent, learning continued to be emphasized by these friars and their sisters in Christ. These religious also struggled for a deeply personal, intimate relationship with God. When the order reached England, many of these attributes were kept, but the English gave the order additional, specialized characteristics. This topic is discussed below.

Question: The tradition of the Dominican Order includes what?
Answer: charity

Question: What is one area the Dominican Order puts emphasis on?
Answer: learning

Question: What is one way that the Dominican Order differentiates itself from other religious orders?
Answer: charity

Question: In what country did some of the Dominican Order attributes change?
Answer: England

Question: What is the spiritual tradition of Dominic's order not only punctuated by?

Question: What order does not include mystical union?

Question: What order was first developed on the Asian continent?

Question: What country did some of the Dominican Order not attribute change to?

Question: What did the friars and sisters in Christ not struggle with?
Dominican_Order

Dominic's search for a close relationship with God was determined and unceasing. He rarely spoke, so little of his interior life is known. What is known about it comes from accounts written by people near to him. St. Cecilia remembered him as cheerful, charitable and full of unceasing vigor. From a number of accounts, singing was apparently one of Dominic's great delights. Dominic practiced self-scourging and would mortify himself as he prayed alone in the chapel at night for 'poor sinners.' He owned a single habit, refused to carry money, and would allow no one to serve him.

Question: What did Dominic greatly struggle with?
Answer: relationship with God

Question: Who remembered Dominic as a cheerful fellow?
Answer: St. Cecilia

Question: What did Dominic enjoy doing?
Answer: sing

Question: Who did Dominic pray for?
Answer: poor sinners

Question: What did Dominic refuse to do?
Answer: carry money

Question: What did Dominic not struggle with?

Question: Who remembered Dominic as a sour fellow?

Question: What did Dominic not like to greatly do?

Question: Who did Dominic not pray for?

Question: Who owned multiple habits?
Dominican_Order

The spirituality evidenced throughout all of the branches of the order reflects the spirit and intentions of its founder, though some of the elements of what later developed might have surprised the Castilian friar. Fundamentally, Dominic was "... a man of prayer who utilized the full resources of the learning available to him to preach, to teach, and even materially to assist those searching for the truth found in the gospel of Christ. It is that spirit which [Dominic] bequeathed to his followers".

Question: What spirit did Dominic give to his followers?
Answer: to assist those searching for the truth

Question: Where did Dominic want his followers to look for truth?
Answer: gospel of Christ

Question: What type of man was Dominic?
Answer: a man of prayer

Question: What was not evidenced throughout all the branches of the order?

Question: What did the spirituality not reflect?

Question: What spirit did Dominic not give to his followers?

Question: What type of man was Dominic not?

Question: What did Dominic not fully utilize?
Dominican_Order

Humbert of Romans, the master general of the order from 1254 to 1263, was a great administrator, as well as preacher and writer. It was under his tenure as master general that the sisters in the order were given official membership. Humbert was a great lover of languages, and encouraged linguistic studies among the Dominicans, primarily Arabic, because of the missionary work friars were pursuing amongst those led astray or forced to convert by Muslims in the Middle East. He also wanted his friars to reach excellence in their preaching, and this was his most lasting contribution to the order. The growth of the spirituality of young preachers was his first priority. He once cried to his students: "... consider how excellent this office [of preaching] is, because it is apostolic; how useful, because it is directly ordained for the salvation of souls; how perilous, because few have in them, or perform, what the office requires, for it is not without great danger ... , vol. xxv. (Lyon, 1677)

Question: Who was the Master general of the Dominican Order during the mid 1200s?
Answer: Humbert of Romans

Question: What years was Humbert of Rome the Master General?
Answer: 1254 to 1263

Question: What did Humbert do that was very significant during his time as Master general?
Answer: the sisters in the order were given official membership

Question: What did subject did Humbert love very much?
Answer: languages

Question: What language did Humbert want the Dominican Order members to learn?
Answer: Arabic

Question: Who was the Master general of the Dominican order during the early 1200s?

Question: During whose tenure was the sisters of the order not given official membership?

Question: Who did not have a great love of languages?

Question: What did Hobart not want the friars to reach?

Question: What was not Hobart's first priority?
Dominican_Order

Humbert is at the center of ascetic writers in the Dominican Order. In this role, he added significantly to its spirituality. His writings are permeated with "religious good sense," and he used uncomplicated language that could edify even the weakest member. Humbert advised his readers, "[Young Dominicans] are also to be instructed not to be eager to see visions or work miracles, since these avail little to salvation, and sometimes we are fooled by them; but rather they should be eager to do good in which salvation consists. Also, they should be taught not to be sad if they do not enjoy the divine consolations they hear others have; but they should know the loving Father for some reason sometimes withholds these. Again, they should learn that if they lack the grace of compunction or devotion they should not think they are not in the state of grace as long as they have good will, which is all that God regards".

Question: What did Humbert use to teach even weak members of the Dominican Order?
Answer: uncomplicated language

Question: What did Humbert tell Dominican students to not concentrate on?
Answer: miracles

Question: According to Humbert, what is all that God regards?
Answer: good will

Question: What did Humbert instruct the students not to be?
Answer: sad

Question: Who was not at the center of ascetic writers in the Dominican Order?

Question: Who did not significantly add to the order's spirituality?

Question: What did Hobart's writing's not permeate with?

Question: What were young Dominicans encouraged not to do?

Question: What did Humbert instruct the students to be?
Dominican_Order

Another who contributed significantly to the spirituality of the order is Albertus Magnus, the only person of the period to be given the appellation "Great". His influence on the brotherhood permeated nearly every aspect of Dominican life. Albert was a scientist, philosopher, astrologer, theologian, spiritual writer, ecumenist, and diplomat. Under the auspices of Humbert of Romans, Albert molded the curriculum of studies for all Dominican students, introduced Aristotle to the classroom and probed the work of Neoplatonists, such as Plotinus. Indeed, it was the thirty years of work done by Thomas Aquinas and himself (1245–1274) that allowed for the inclusion of Aristotelian study in the curriculum of Dominican schools.

Question: The Dominican Order was also greatly helped by what German friar?
Answer: Albertus Magnus

Question: Albert Magnus was also known as "Albert the what"?
Answer: Great

Question: What was a discipline of Albert the Great?
Answer: ecumenist

Question: Who did Albert Magnus introduce to Dominican Order students?
Answer: Aristotle

Question: Who helped Albert Magnus bring Aristotelian curriculum to Dominican classrooms?
Answer: Thomas Aquinas

Question: Who did not greatly help the Dominican Order?

Question: What was Albert Magnus not also known as "Albert the what?

Question: What was not a discipline of Albert the Great?

Question: Whose curriculum did Albert not mold?

Question: Who did Albert Magnus not introduce to Dominican Order students?
Dominican_Order

One of Albert's greatest contributions was his study of Dionysus the Areopagite, a mystical theologian whose words left an indelible imprint in the medieval period. Magnus' writings made a significant contribution to German mysticism, which became vibrant in the minds of the Beguines and women such as Hildegard of Bingen and Mechthild of Magdeburg. Mysticism, for the purposes of this study, refers to the conviction that all believers have the capability to experience God's love. This love may manifest itself through brief ecstatic experiences, such that one may be engulfed by God and gain an immediate knowledge of Him, which is unknowable through the intellect alone.

Question: Albert Magnus studied Dionysus during what historical period?
Answer: medieval

Question: What was one of Albert the Great's biggest contributions during the medieval period?
Answer: his study of Dionysus the Areopagite

Question: Who was Dionysus?
Answer: a mystical theologian

Question: What refers to the conviction that all believers are capable of experiencing God's love?
Answer: Mysticism

Question: Albert magnus' writings contributed greatly to what?
Answer: German mysticism

Question: What was not one of Albert's great contributions?

Question: When did Dionysus the Areopagite words not leave an indelible imprint?

Question: What of Magnus' did not make a significant contribution to German mysticism?

Question: Who was not a mystical theologian?

Question: What refers to the conviction that all non-believers are capable of experiencing God's love?
Dominican_Order

Albertus Magnus championed the idea, drawn from Dionysus, that positive knowledge of God is possible, but obscure. Thus, it is easier to state what God is not, than to state what God is: "... we affirm things of God only relatively, that is, casually, whereas we deny things of God absolutely, that is, with reference to what He is in Himself. And there is no contradiction between a relative affirmation and an absolute negation. It is not contradictory to say that someone is white-toothed and not white".

Question: What idea did Albertus champion?
Answer: positive knowledge of God is possible

Question: Who influenced Magnus at this time?
Answer: Dionysus

Question: What is it easier to do regarding God?
Answer: state what God is not

Question: How do we deny things of God?
Answer: absolutely

Question: Who did not champion the idea drawn from Dionysus?

Question: Who believed that negative knowledge of God is possible, but obsure?

Question: What is not easier to do regarding God?

Question: How do we accept things of God?

Question: What is there contradiction between?
Dominican_Order

Albert the Great wrote that wisdom and understanding enhance one's faith in God. According to him, these are the tools that God uses to commune with a contemplative. Love in the soul is both the cause and result of true understanding and judgement. It causes not only an intellectual knowledge of God, but a spiritual and emotional knowledge as well. Contemplation is the means whereby one can obtain this goal of understanding. Things that once seemed static and unchanging become full of possibility and perfection. The contemplative then knows that God is, but she does not know what God is. Thus, contemplation forever produces a mystified, imperfect knowledge of God. The soul is exalted beyond the rest of God's creation but it cannot see God Himself.

Question: What enhances man's faith in God according to Albertus Magnus?
Answer: wisdom

Question: What is a tool that God uses to speak to the average man?
Answer: understanding

Question: How can man obtain understanding of God?
Answer: Contemplation

Question: If someone contemplates God forever, what type of knowledge will they obtain?
Answer: imperfect

Question: What cannot see God itself?
Answer: The soul

Question: Who did not write the wisdom and understanding enhance one's faith in God?

Question: What does God not use to speak with an average man?

Question: What is not the cause or result of true understanding and judgment?

Question: What can the soul see in perfect clarity?

Question: How does one not obtain a goal of understanding?
Dominican_Order

As the image of God grows within man, he learns to rely less on an intellectual pursuit of virtue and more on an affective pursuit of charity and meekness. Meekness and charity guide Christians to acknowledge that they are nothing without the One (God/Christ) who created them, sustains them, and guides them. Thus, man then directs his path to that One, and the love for, and of, Christ guides man's very nature to become centered on the One, and on his neighbor as well. Charity is the manifestation of the pure love of Christ, both for and by His follower.

Question: What virtue guides Christians in their understanding of God?
Answer: Meekness

Question: According to Christianity, who is the "One"?
Answer: God/Christ

Question: What is Charity to a Christian?
Answer: manifestation of the pure love of Christ

Question: What should man's nature be centered on?
Answer: the One

Question: What happened within a man as the image of God decreases?

Question: What does not guide Christians to acknowledge that are are nothing without God?

Question: Who do Christians not consider to the "One"?

Question: Who did not create, sustain, or guide man?

Question: What should man;s nature not be centered on?
Dominican_Order

The Dominican Order was affected by a number of elemental influences. Its early members imbued the order with a mysticism and learning. The Europeans of the order embraced ecstatic mysticism on a grand scale and looked to a union with the Creator. The English Dominicans looked for this complete unity as well, but were not so focused on ecstatic experiences. Instead, their goal was to emulate the moral life of Christ more completely. The Dartford nuns were surrounded by all of these legacies, and used them to create something unique. Though they are not called mystics, they are known for their piety toward God and their determination to live lives devoted to, and in emulation of, Him.

Question: What did the Europeans of the Dominican Order bring to the group?
Answer: ecstatic mysticism

Question: What did the English Dominicans hope to do within the Order?
Answer: to emulate the moral life of Christ more completely

Question: What group of nuns are used all aspects of the Dominican Order for their work? 
Answer: Dartford

Question: The Dartford Nuns are similar to what group?
Answer: mystics

Question: What do ecstatic mystics hope to achieve?
Answer: a union with the Creator

Question: What was not affected by a number of elemental influences?

Question: What did later members imbue the order with?

Question: What did the Europeans of the order not embrace?

Question: What of type of experiences were English Dominicans entirely focused on?

Question: What did the English Dominicans not hope to do within the order?
Dominican_Order

Although Albertus Magnus did much to instill mysticism in the Order of Preachers, it is a concept that reaches back to the Hebrew Bible. In the tradition of Holy Writ, the impossibility of coming face to face with God is a recurring motif, thus the commandment against graven images (Exodus 20.4-5). As time passed, Jewish and early Christian writings presented the idea of 'unknowing,' where God's presence was enveloped in a dark cloud. These images arose out of a confusing mass of ambiguous and ambivalent statements regarding the nature of God and man's relationship to Him.

Question: The search for mysticism in the Dominican Order goes back to what?
Answer: Hebrew Bible

Question: What is the Holy Writ?
Answer: Bible

Question: Who wanted to put mysticism into the Dominican Order?
Answer: Albertus Magnus

Question: Whose writings introduced the idea of 'unknowing' to the Order of Preachers?
Answer: Jewish and early Christian writings

Question: What concept does not reach back to the Hebrew Bible?

Question: What tradition believed that it was possible to come face to face with God?

Question: What does the commandment of Exodus 20.4-5 allow?

Question: Who did not want to instill mysticism in the Dominican order?

Question: What writings introduced the idea of "knowing" to the Order of Preachers?
Dominican_Order

Although Dominic and the early brethren had instituted female Dominican houses at Prouille and other places by 1227, some of the brethren of the order had misgivings about the necessity of female religious establishments in an order whose major purpose was preaching, a duty in which women could not traditionally engage. In spite of these doubts, women's houses dotted the countryside throughout Europe. There were seventy-four Dominican female houses in Germany, forty-two in Italy, nine in France, eight in Spain, six in Bohemia, three in Hungary, and three in Poland. Many of the German religious houses that lodged women had been home to communities of women, such as Beguines, that became Dominican once they were taught by the traveling preachers and put under the jurisdiction of the Dominican authoritative structure. A number of these houses became centers of study and mystical spirituality in the 14th century. There were one hundred and fifty-seven nunneries in the order by 1358. In that year, the number lessened due to disasters like the Black Death.

Question: Who did some early Dominican followers have trouble reconciling?
Answer: female Dominican houses

Question: Where was one female Dominican house located?
Answer: Prouille

Question: How many female Dominican houses were there in Germany?
Answer: seventy-four

Question: Who were an order of religious women who later converted to Dominican?
Answer: Beguines

Question: How many Dominican nunneries were there by 1358?
Answer: one hundred and fifty-seven

Question: Who did some early Dominican followers not have trouble reconciling?

Question: What did some of the brethren not have issues with?

Question: Where in England was one female Dominican house located?

Question: What dotted the countryside throughout Asia?

Question: How many female Benedictine houses  were in France?
Dominican_Order

Female houses differed from male Dominican houses in a lack of apostolic work for the women. Instead, the sisters chanted the Divine Office and kept all the monastic observances. Their lives were often much more strict than their brothers' lives. The sisters had no government of their own, but lived under the authority of the general and provincial chapters of the order. They were compelled to obey all the rules and shared in all the applicable privileges of the order. Like the Priory of Dartford, all Dominican nunneries were under the jurisdiction of friars. The friars served as their confessors, priests, teachers and spiritual mentors.

Question: How did female Dominican houses differ from male ones?
Answer: lack of apostolic work

Question: What did the sisters do instead of apostolic work?
Answer: chanted the Divine Office

Question: What did the sisters not have?
Answer: government of their own

Question: Who were the nunneries under the jurisdiction of?
Answer: friars

Question: What is one role that the friars served as to the nuns?
Answer: teachers

Question: How did female house not differ from male Dominican houses?

Question: What did the Benedictine sisters do instead of apostolic work?

Question: What did the sisters have?

Question: Whose authority did the sisters not live under?

Question: What roles did the friars not serve as to the nuns?
Dominican_Order

Women could not be professed to the Dominican religious life before the age of thirteen. The formula for profession contained in the Constitutions of Montargis Priory (1250) demands that nuns pledge obedience to God, the Blessed Virgin, their prioress and her successors according to the Rule of St. Augustine and the institute of the order, until death. The clothing of the sisters consisted of a white tunic and scapular, a leather belt, a black mantle, and a black veil. Candidates to profession were tested to reveal whether they were actually married women who had merely separated from their husbands. Their intellectual abilities were also tested. Nuns were to be silent in places of prayer, the cloister, the dormitory, and refectory. Silence was maintained unless the prioress granted an exception for a specific cause. Speaking was allowed in the common parlor, but it was subordinate to strict rules, and the prioress, subprioress or other senior nun had to be present.

Question: After what age could women become members of the Dominican Order?
Answer: thirteen

Question: What type of veil must the sisters wear?
Answer: black

Question: The formula for profession into the Dominican Order is presented in what text?
Answer: the Constitutions of Montargis Priory

Question: What were the nuns allowed to minimally do?
Answer: Speak

Question: What were the nuns tested on?
Answer: intellectual abilities

Question: What age could women become members of the Benedictine order?

Question: What did the Constitutions of Montargis not demand of the nuns?

Question: What type of veil did the sisters not have to wear?

Question: What was not required of the sisters to wear?

Question: What were candidates to profession not tested to do?
Dominican_Order

Because the nuns of the order did not preach among the people, the need to engage in study was not as immediate or intense as it was for men. They did participate, however, in a number of intellectual activities. Along with sewing and embroidery, nuns often engaged in reading and discussing correspondence from Church leaders. In the Strassburg monastery of St. Margaret, some of the nuns could converse fluently in Latin. Learning still had an elevated place in the lives of these religious. In fact, Margarette Reglerin, a daughter of a wealthy Nuremberg family, was dismissed from a convent because she did not have the ability or will to learn.

Question: What did the nuns not do in the Dominican Order?
Answer: preach among the people

Question: What was one of the activities the nuns enjoyed?
Answer: embroidery

Question: Who was expelled from a nunnery for not wanting to learn?
Answer: Margarette Reglerin

Question: Where was Margarette Reglerin from?
Answer: Nuremberg

Question: What monastery did the nuns belong to who could speak Latin fluently?
Answer: Strassburg monastery of St. Margaret

Question: What did the nuns of the Dominican order do among people?

Question: What was immediate or intense for the nuns as it was for men?

Question: What activities did the nuns not have to do?

Question: What Strasbourg monastery did some nuns not converse fluently in Latin?