Divyanshu67/squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
Sahara

The Saharan cheetah (northwest African cheetah) lives in Algeria, Togo, Niger, Mali, Benin, and Burkina Faso. There remain fewer than 250 mature cheetahs, which are very cautious, fleeing any human presence. The cheetah avoids the sun from April to October, seeking the shelter of shrubs such as balanites and acacias. They are unusually pale. The other cheetah subspecies (northeast African cheetah) lives in Chad, Sudan and the eastern region of Niger. However, it is currently extinct in the wild of Egypt and Libya. They are approximately 2,000 mature individuals left in the wild.

Question: How many cheetahs remain in the Northwest Africa area?
Answer: 250

Question: What months do the cheetah's avoid the sun?
Answer: April to October

Question: How many many cheetah's are left in the wild?
Answer: 2,000

Question: How many immature cheetahs are there?

Question: What months are cheetahs most active?

Question: How many mature cheetahs are in Chad?

Question: What is the coloring of the northeast subspecies of cheetah?
Sahara

human activities are more likely to affect the habitat in areas of permanent water (oases) or where water comes close to the surface. Here, the local pressure on natural resources can be intense. The remaining populations of large mammals have been greatly reduced by hunting for food and recreation. In recent years development projects have started in the deserts of Algeria and Tunisia using irrigated water pumped from underground aquifers. These schemes often lead to soil degradation and salinization.

Question: What activities from these mammals will likely affect   habitat areas?
Answer: human activities

Question: What underground items have lead to soil degradation?
Answer: irrigated water pumped

Question: What kind of pressure can be intense in the Sahara?
Answer: natural resources

Question: What is least likely to affect a habitat?

Question: Why did development projects start in Algeria and Tunisia?

Question: Which populations have been growing?

Question: Why are oases being endangered?

Question: What prevents soil degradation?
Sahara

People lived on the edge of the desert thousands of years ago since the last ice age. The Sahara was then a much wetter place than it is today. Over 30,000 petroglyphs of river animals such as crocodiles survive, with half found in the Tassili n'Ajjer in southeast Algeria. Fossils of dinosaurs, including Afrovenator, Jobaria and Ouranosaurus, have also been found here. The modern Sahara, though, is not lush in vegetation, except in the Nile Valley, at a few oases, and in the northern highlands, where Mediterranean plants such as the olive tree are found to grow. It was long believed that the region had been this way since about 1600 BCE, after shifts in the Earth's axis increased temperatures and decreased precipitation. However, this theory has recently been called into dispute, when samples taken from several 7 million year old sand deposits led scientists to reconsider the timeline for desertification.

Question: When did people start living on the edge of the desert?
Answer: ice age

Question: How many river animals were thought to be found during   the ice age era?
Answer: Over 30,000 petroglyphs

Question: What area of the Sahara is full of vegetation?
Answer: the Nile Valley

Question: What is believed to have increased temperatures in the   Sahara?
Answer: shifts in the Earth's axis

Question: How many dinosaur fossils have been found?

Question: When was the first dinosaur fossil found?

Question: What has the age of the oldest fossil be dated at?

Question: What type of petroglyhps have been found in the Nile Valley?

Question: Where is the Nile Valley located?
Sahara

During the Neolithic Era, before the onset of desertification, around 9500 BCE the central Sudan had been a rich environment supporting a large population ranging across what is now barren desert, like the Wadi el-Qa'ab. By the 5th millennium BCE, the people who inhabited what is now called Nubia, were full participants in the "agricultural revolution", living a settled lifestyle with domesticated plants and animals. Saharan rock art of cattle and herdsmen suggests the presence of a cattle cult like those found in Sudan and other pastoral societies in Africa today. Megaliths found at Nabta Playa are overt examples of probably the world's first known archaeoastronomy devices, predating Stonehenge by some 2,000 years. This complexity, as observed at Nabta Playa, and as expressed by different levels of authority within the society there, likely formed the basis for the structure of both the Neolithic society at Nabta and the Old Kingdom of Egypt.

Question: During what era was the central Sudan rich in environment?
Answer: Neolithic Era

Question: What kind of rock art was found in the Sudan?
Answer: cattle and herdsmen

Question: What are examples of the first known archaeoastronomy   found in Nabta Playa?
Answer: Megaliths

Question: When was the onset of desertification?

Question: What was the barren desert Nubia once called?

Question: When was Stonehenge created?

Question: What astronomy devices were built in the Wadi el-Qa'ab?

Question: What kind of lifestyle did the people of the Old Kingdom of Egypt have?
Sahara

By 6000 BCE predynastic Egyptians in the southwestern corner of Egypt were herding cattle and constructing large buildings. Subsistence in organized and permanent settlements in predynastic Egypt by the middle of the 6th millennium BCE centered predominantly on cereal and animal agriculture: cattle, goats, pigs and sheep. Metal objects replaced prior ones of stone. Tanning of animal skins, pottery and weaving were commonplace in this era also. There are indications of seasonal or only temporary occupation of the Al Fayyum in the 6th millennium BCE, with food activities centering on fishing, hunting and food-gathering. Stone arrowheads, knives and scrapers from the era are commonly found. Burial items included pottery, jewelry, farming and hunting equipment, and assorted foods including dried meat and fruit. Burial in desert environments appears to enhance Egyptian preservation rites, and dead were buried facing due west.

Question: What were Egyptians herding in the early BCE period?
Answer: cattle

Question: By what time period were the Egyptians constructing  large buildings?
Answer: 6000 BCE

Question: What items replaced previously items made of stone?
Answer: Metal objects

Question: In which direction were the dead facing when they were   buried?
Answer: due west

Question: What replaced metal objects?

Question: Which direction were large buildings built to face?

Question: By what era did occupation of the Al Fayyum end?

Question: What made Egyptian preservation rites difficult?

Question: What diet did Egyptians begin to move away from?
Sahara

By 3400 BCE, the Sahara was as dry as it is today, due to reduced precipitation and higher temperatures resulting from a shift in the Earth's orbit. As a result of this aridification, it became a largely impenetrable barrier to humans, with the remaining settlements mainly being concentrated around the numerous oases that dot the landscape. Little trade or commerce is known to have passed through the interior in subsequent periods, the only major exception being the Nile Valley. The Nile, however, was impassable at several cataracts, making trade and contact by boat difficult.

Question: By What time period was the Sahara dry like it is today?
Answer: 3400 BCE

Question: What was the main reason that the Sahara became so   dry?
Answer: reduced precipitation and higher temperatures

Question: What area is known for having the majority of the trade?
Answer: the Nile Valley

Question: When did the Sahara become accessible to humans?

Question: What features of the Nile made it ideal for trading?

Question: Where did people trade in the Sahara before the aridification?

Question: What caused the shift in the earth's orbit?

Question: How did humans cause the aridification of the Sahara?
Sahara

By 500 BCE, Greeks arrived in the desert. Greek traders spread along the eastern coast of the desert, establishing trading colonies along the Red Sea. The Carthaginians explored the Atlantic coast of the desert, but the turbulence of the waters and the lack of markets caused a lack of presence further south than modern Morocco. Centralized states thus surrounded the desert on the north and east; it remained outside the control of these states. Raids from the nomadic Berber people of the desert were a constant concern of those living on the edge of the desert.

Question: Where did the Greeks established their trading colonies?
Answer: Red Sea

Question: Which coast did the Carthaginians explore for trade?
Answer: the Atlantic coast

Question: Who would raid the desert leaving the people in constant   fear?
Answer: nomadic Berber

Question: What made the areas south of Morocco ideal for settlement?

Question: What area did the Berber people colonize?

Question: Who was responsible for the raids on the Berber people?

Question: Who established trading colonies along the Atlantic?

Question: When did the Greeks abandon the desert?
Sahara

An urban civilization, the Garamantes, arose around 500 BCE in the heart of the Sahara, in a valley that is now called the Wadi al-Ajal in Fezzan, Libya. The Garamantes achieved this development by digging tunnels far into the mountains flanking the valley to tap fossil water and bring it to their fields. The Garamantes grew populous and strong, conquering their neighbors and capturing many slaves (which were put to work extending the tunnels). The ancient Greeks and the Romans knew of the Garamantes and regarded them as uncivilized nomads. However, they traded with the Garamantes, and a Roman bath has been found in the Garamantes capital of Garama. Archaeologists have found eight major towns and many other important settlements in the Garamantes territory. The Garamantes civilization eventually collapsed after they had depleted available water in the aquifers and could no longer sustain the effort to extend the tunnels further into the mountains.

Question: What time period did the Garamantes arrive in?
Answer: 500 BCE

Question: What did the Garamantes do in order to bring water to   their crops?
Answer: digging tunnels

Question: How many towns are believed to be found by   Archaeologists?
Answer: eight major towns

Question: What was the reason for the collapse of the Garamantes   civilization?
Answer: depleted available water

Question: When did the Garamantes name Wadi al-Ajal?

Question: How many towns did the Greeks and Romans have in the desert?

Question: What caused the Roman civilization to collapse?

Question: What was the name of the people the Garamantes conquered?

Question: How did the Greeks get access to water?
Sahara

The Byzantine Empire ruled the northern shores of the Sahara from the 5th to the 7th centuries. After the Muslim conquest of Arabia (Arabian peninsula) the Muslim conquest of North Africa began in the mid-7th to early 8th centuries, Islamic influence expanded rapidly on the Sahara. By the end of 641 all of Egypt was in Muslim hands. The trade across the desert intensified. A significant slave trade crossed the desert. It has been estimated that from the 10th to 19th centuries some 6,000 to 7,000 slaves were transported north each year.

Question: What group of people ruled the northern shoes of the   Sahara?
Answer: Byzantine Empire

Question: What time period did the Muslim conquest of North Africa   take place?
Answer: mid-7th to early 8th centuries

Question: What is the estimated number of slaves that were   transported each year?
Answer: 6,000 to 7,000 slaves

Question: During what century did the Muslim conquest of Arabia begin?

Question: How many slaves did the Byzantine Empire transport per year?

Question: How long did the Muslims control Egypt?

Question: When was Egypt liberated from Muslim control?

Question: What caused trade in the desert to decrease?
Sahara

In the 16th century the northern fringe of the Sahara, such as coastal regencies in present-day Algeria and Tunisia, as well as some parts of present-day Libya, together with the semi-autonomous kingdom of Egypt, were occupied by the Ottoman Empire. From 1517 Egypt was a valued part of the Ottoman Empire, ownership of which provided the Ottomans with control over the Nile Valley, the east Mediterranean and North Africa. The benefit of the Ottoman Empire was the freedom of movement for citizens and goods. Trade exploited the Ottoman land routes to handle the spices, gold and silk from the East, manufactures from Europe, and the slave and gold traffic from Africa. Arabic continued as the local language and Islamic culture was much reinforced. The Sahel and southern Sahara regions were home to several independent states or to roaming Tuareg clans.

Question: During the 1500 who was a valued part of the Ottoman   Empire?
Answer: Egypt

Question: What did the Ottoman Empire provide to its people?
Answer: freedom of movement for citizens and goods

Question: What was the local language during this time in Egypt?
Answer: Arabic

Question: When did the Ottoman Empire disband?

Question: What key feature made Algeria a vital part of the Ottoman empire?

Question: What was the language of Europe?

Question: What culture did Tuareg clans enforce?

Question: What kind of rule did the kingdom of Algeria have?
Sahara

European colonialism in the Sahara began in the 19th century. France conquered the regency of Algiers from the Ottomans in 1830, and French rule spread south from Algeria and eastwards from Senegal into the upper Niger to include present-day Algeria, Chad, Mali then French Sudan including Timbuktu, Mauritania, Morocco (1912), Niger, and Tunisia (1881). By the beginning of the 20th century, the trans-Saharan trade had clearly declined because goods were moved through more modern and efficient means, such as airplanes, rather than across the desert.

Question: What time period did the colonialism of the Sahara begin?
Answer: 19th century

Question: What country conquered the Algiers from the Ottomans in   1830?
Answer: France

Question: During what time were good moved through more modern   means?
Answer: 20th century

Question: When did the Ottomans conquer France?

Question: What caused trans-Saharan trade to take off in the 20th century?

Question: What area of the regency of Algiers was not under French control?

Question: When did France relinquish control of Morocco?

Question: What year did France conquer Niger?
Sahara

Arabic dialects are the most widely spoken languages in the Sahara. The live in the Red Sea Hills of southeastern Egypt and eastern Sudan. Arabic, Berber and its variants now regrouped under the term Amazigh (which includes the Guanche language spoken by the original Berber inhabitants of the Canary Islands) and Beja languages are part of the Afro-Asiatic or Hamito-Semitic family.[citation needed] Unlike neighboring West Africa and the central governments of the states that comprise the Sahara, the French language bears little relevance to inter-personal discourse and commerce within the region, its people retaining staunch ethnic and political affiliations with Tuareg and Berber leaders and culture. The legacy of the French colonial era administration is primarily manifested in the territorial reorganization enacted by the Third and Fourth republics, which engendered artificial political divisions within a hitherto isolated and porous region. Diplomacy with local clients was primarily conducted in Arabic, which was the traditional language of bureaucratic affairs. Mediation of disputes and inter-agency communication was served by interpreters contracted by the French government, who, according to Keenan, "documented a space of intercultural mediation," contributing much to preserving indigenous cultural identities in the region.

Question: What is the most common dialect spoken in the Sahara?
Answer: Arabic

Question: What language is mainly spoken in West Africa?
Answer: French

Question: What was the traditional language of Bureaucratic affairs?
Answer: Arabic

Question: Who originally spoke the Beja language?

Question: The French language is under what family?

Question: Who does Keenan work for?

Question: What aspects of life is the French language important to?

Question: What role did Tuareg and Berber leaders play in the Third and Fourth republics?
Rule_of_law

The rule of law is the legal principle that law should govern a nation, as opposed to being governed by arbitrary decisions of individual government officials. It primarily refers to the influence and authority of law within society, particularly as a constraint upon behaviour, including behaviour of government officials. The phrase can be traced back to 16th century Britain, and in the following century the Scottish theologian Samuel Rutherford used the phrase in his argument against the divine right of kings. The rule of law was further popularized in the 19th century by British jurist A. V. Dicey. The concept, if not the phrase, was familiar to ancient philosophers such as Aristotle, who wrote "Law should govern".

Question: Which Scottish theologian is first credited with using the phrase "rule of law"?
Answer: Samuel Rutherford

Question: Which British jurist later made the phrase "rule of law" popular in the 1800s?
Answer: A. V. Dicey

Question: What phrase Ariostle also use which is closely related to "the rule of law"?
Answer: Law should govern

Question: Samuel Rutherford used the principle of the rule of law to argue what point?
Answer: against the divine right of kings

Question: According to the rule of law, what should hold the determination for rules in a land? 
Answer: law

Question: What type of rule says a nation should be governed by the decisions of government officials?

Question: What refers to the influence and authority of society?

Question: What country can a phrase rule of law be traced back to the 1600s?

Question: What British theologian used the rule of law in his argument against the divine rights of kings?

Question: What jurist popularized the phrase rule of law in the 1900s?
Rule_of_law

Rule of law implies that every citizen is subject to the law, including law makers themselves. In this sense, it stands in contrast to an autocracy, dictatorship, or oligarchy where the rulers are held above the law. Lack of the rule of law can be found in both democracies and dictatorships, for example because of neglect or ignorance of the law, and the rule of law is more apt to decay if a government has insufficient corrective mechanisms for restoring it. Government based upon the rule of law is called nomocracy.

Question: In what forms of government are leaders not held to the same laws as ordinary citizens?
Answer: autocracy, dictatorship, or oligarchy

Question: According to the rule of law, who must obey the laws?
Answer: every citizen

Question: What are governments called that are created with the rule of law in mind?
Answer: nomocracy

Question: What happens to the rule of law if a government does not have an effective system for maintenance and restoration?
Answer: decay

Question: For what reasons might democratic societies not follow the rule of law?
Answer: neglect or ignorance of the law

Question: According to rule of law who is not subject to the law?

Question: Who was held above the law in a nomocracy?

Question: What is often found in dictatorships but not democracies

Question: What causes rule of law to decay in a dictatorship?
Rule_of_law

In the West, the ancient Greeks initially regarded the best form of government as rule by the best men. Plato advocated a benevolent monarchy ruled by an idealized philosopher king, who was above the law. Plato nevertheless hoped that the best men would be good at respecting established laws, explaining that "Where the law is subject to some other authority and has none of its own, the collapse of the state, in my view, is not far off; but if law is the master of the government and the government is its slave, then the situation is full of promise and men enjoy all the blessings that the gods shower on a state." More than Plato attempted to do, Aristotle flatly opposed letting the highest officials wield power beyond guarding and serving the laws. In other words, Aristotle advocated the rule of law:

Question: On what principle did the Ancient Greeks first think was best for governance? 
Answer: rule by the best men

Question: According to Plato, who was above the law?
Answer: king

Question: What type of kingdom was purported by Plato?
Answer: benevolent monarchy

Question: Under what rule did Aristotle believe a nation should be led?
Answer: rule of law

Question: To what did Plato compare a government that follows laws?
Answer: slave

Question: What form of government did the Greeks think was second only to democracy?

Question: Who advocated ruled by a philosopher king who was subject to the law?

Question: Who did Plato hope would be subject to the established laws?

Question: Who did Aristotle envision ruling a benevolent monarchy?
Rule_of_law

There has recently been an effort to reevaluate the influence of the Bible on Western constitutional law. In the Old Testament, there was some language in Deuteronomy imposing restrictions on the Jewish king, regarding such things as how many wives he could have, and how many horses he could own for his personal use. According to Professor Bernard M. Levinson, "This legislation was so utopian in its own time that it seems never to have been implemented...." The Deuteronomic social vision may have influenced opponents of the divine right of kings, including Bishop John Ponet in sixteenth-century England.

Question: In which book of the Bible are limitations on Jewish monarchs outlined?
Answer: Deuteronomy

Question: Who was against the divine rights of kings in England during the 1500s?
Answer: Bishop John Ponet

Question: What principle did the restrictions on the right of kings, as detailed in Deuteronomy, influence later opposition?
Answer: divine right of kings

Question: What historical book may have a significant impact on contemporary law making practices?
Answer: Bible

Question: According to the restrictions placed on Jewish kings in Deuteronomy, ownership over what was regulated?
Answer: horses

Question: Book of the viable gives unlimited power Jewish monarchs?

Question: Who was against the divine right of kings in England during the fifteenth century?

Question: What book of the Bible supported the divine rule of kings

Question: What group of ancient Jews could have as many wives and horses as they wanted?
Rule_of_law

In 1607, English Chief Justice Sir Edward Coke said in the Case of Prohibitions (according to his own report) "that the law was the golden met-wand and measure to try the causes of the subjects; and which protected His Majesty in safety and peace: with which the King was greatly offended, and said, that then he should be under the law, which was treason to affirm, as he said; to which I said, that Bracton saith, quod Rex non debed esse sub homine, sed sub Deo et lege (That the King ought not to be under any man but under God and the law.)."

Question: To what did English Chief Justice Sir Edward Coke compare the law?
Answer: golden met-wand

Question: According to English Chief Justice Sir Edward Coke, what should Kings follow?
Answer: God and the law

Question: When did English Chief Justice Sir Edward Coke speak in the Case of Prohibitions?
Answer: 1607

Question: How did the king feel about what was said in the Case of Prohibitions?
Answer: greatly offended

Question: What was Edward Coke's official title?
Answer: Chief Justice Sir

Question: Who called the law a golden met-wand during the sixteenth century?

Question: According to Coke what should kings be above?

Question: Who spoke about the rule of law in sixteenth century England?

Question: Who said it was treason to affirm the King was not subject to the law?
Rule_of_law

Despite wide use by politicians, judges and academics, the rule of law has been described as "an exceedingly elusive notion". Among modern legal theorists, one finds that at least two principal conceptions of the rule of law can be identified: a formalist or "thin" definition, and a substantive or "thick" definition; one occasionally encounters a third "functional" conception. Formalist definitions of the rule of law do not make a judgment about the "justness" of law itself, but define specific procedural attributes that a legal framework must have in order to be in compliance with the rule of law. Substantive conceptions of the rule of law go beyond this and include certain substantive rights that are said to be based on, or derived from, the rule of law.

Question: What is another word for a thin definition?
Answer: formalist

Question: What is another word for a thick definition?
Answer: substantive

Question: Who commonly, or at least attempt to, abide by the rule of law?
Answer: politicians, judges and academics

Question: On what do aspects of the rule of law do formalist definitions focus?
Answer: specific procedural attributes

Question: What is the third and lesser referred to approach on defining the rule of law?
Answer: functional

Question: Who has spoken against the rule of law?

Question: Who uses a substantive or thin definition of rule of law?

Question: Who uses a formalist or thick definition of rule of law?

Question: What definition by formalist makes a judgment about the justness of law?

Question: What conception of the rule of law excludes substantive rights?
Rule_of_law

Most legal theorists believe that the rule of law has purely formal characteristics, meaning that the law must be publicly declared, with prospective application, and possess the characteristics of generality, equality, and certainty, but there are no requirements with regard to the content of the law. Others, including a few legal theorists, believe that the rule of law necessarily entails protection of individual rights. Within legal theory, these two approaches to the rule of law are seen as the two basic alternatives, respectively labelled the formal and substantive approaches. Still, there are other views as well. Some believe that democracy is part of the rule of law.

Question: According to legal theorists, what characteristics must the rule of law have?
Answer: generality, equality, and certainty

Question: According to some, what is the rule of law is formed to protect?
Answer: individual rights

Question: What system of government is considered as a component of the rule of law?
Answer: democracy

Question: According to some legal theorists, for what are there no requirements for something to be considered a law?
Answer: content

Question: What are the two approaches to defining the concept of the rule of law?
Answer: formal and substantive

Question: Who believes that the rule of law has no formal characteristics?

Question: What characteristics do most legal theorists say the rule of law cannot possess?

Question: What does not protect individual rights?

Question: What two concepts defined rule without law?
Rule_of_law

The "formal" interpretation is more widespread than the "substantive" interpretation. Formalists hold that the law must be prospective, well-known, and have characteristics of generality, equality, and certainty. Other than that, the formal view contains no requirements as to the content of the law. This formal approach allows laws that protect democracy and individual rights, but recognizes the existence of "rule of law" in countries that do not necessarily have such laws protecting democracy or individual rights.

Question: Which interpretation of the rule of law is used on a larger scale?
Answer: formal

Question: According to the formalist approach, what else, besides democracy, can laws protect?
Answer: individual rights

Question: According to the formalist approach, how much notoriety must a law have?
Answer: well-known

Question: How many requirements for content are there for the rule of law under the formalist approach?
Answer: no requirements

Question: Which interpretation of the rule of law is less commonly used?
Answer: substantive
Rule_of_law

The functional interpretation of the term "rule of law", consistent with the traditional English meaning, contrasts the "rule of law" with the "rule of man." According to the functional view, a society in which government officers have a great deal of discretion has a low degree of "rule of law", whereas a society in which government officers have little discretion has a high degree of "rule of law". Upholding the rule of law can sometimes require the punishment of those who commit offenses that are justifiable under natural law but not statutory law. The rule of law is thus somewhat at odds with flexibility, even when flexibility may be preferable.

Question: According to the functional interpretation, what principle is opposite of the rule of man?
Answer: rule of law

Question: What level of discretion do governments with a high degree of the "rule of law" have?
Answer: little

Question: What level of discretion do governments with a low degree of the "rule of law" have?
Answer: a great deal

Question: What happens to those that do not follow to the rule of law?
Answer: punishment

Question: What fights against the rule of law?
Answer: flexibility

Question: What does a Society have a high degree of if its government officers have a great deal of discretion?

Question: What does a society have a low degree of if its government officials have little disctetion?

Question: What is necessary for offenses that are justifiable unter statutory law but not natural law?

Question: What is flexibility compatible with?
Rule_of_law

The rule of law has been considered as one of the key dimensions that determine the quality and good governance of a country. Research, like the Worldwide Governance Indicators, defines the rule of law as: "the extent to which agents have confidence and abide by the rules of society, and in particular the quality of contract enforcement, the police and the courts, as well as the likelihood of crime or violence." Based on this definition the Worldwide Governance Indicators project has developed aggregate measurements for the rule of law in more than 200 countries, as seen in the map below. A government based on the rule of law can be called a "nomocracy", from the Greek nomos (law) and kratos (power or rule).

Question: For how many countries have rule of law aggregate measurements been developed?
Answer: more than 200 countries

Question: What is the term that described a government based on the rule of law?
Answer: nomocracy

Question: What is the Greek word for law?
Answer: nomos

Question: What is the Greek word for power?
Answer: kratos

Question: What is a key qualifier for determining good governance?
Answer: rule of law

Question: What is the law of man a key dimension of?

Question: What defines a rule of law is the extent to which people agree with the rules of society?

Question: What is the Greek word for natural law?
Rule_of_law

All government officers of the United States, including the President, the Justices of the Supreme Court, state judges and legislators, and all members of Congress, pledge first and foremost to uphold the Constitution. These oaths affirm that the rule of law is superior to the rule of any human leader. At the same time, the federal government has considerable discretion: the legislative branch is free to decide what statutes it will write, as long as it stays within its enumerated powers and respects the constitutionally protected rights of individuals. Likewise, the judicial branch has a degree of judicial discretion, and the executive branch also has various discretionary powers including prosecutorial discretion.

Question: What does the President and Supreme Court Justices vow to stand by?
Answer: the Constitution

Question: According to the Constitution, what is superior to the rules of man?
Answer: rule of law

Question: What do the President and Supreme Court justices vow to uphold?
Answer: the Constitution

Question: According to the Constitution, to what is the rule of law superior?
Answer: the rule of any human leader

Question: What branch of the government has prosecutorial discretion?
Answer: executive branch

Question: What branch of government can determine what acts it writes?
Answer: legislative branch

Question: Which branch of government has judicial discretion?
Answer: judicial branch

Question: The president of the United States is the only government officer to make what pledge?

Question: What does a firm that natural law is superior to the rule of law?

Question: What does executive branch of little discretion over?

Question: According to the Constitution what is rule of human leader superior to?
Rule_of_law

Scholars continue to debate whether the U.S. Constitution adopted a particular interpretation of the "rule of law," and if so, which one. For example, John Harrison asserts that the word "law" in the Constitution is simply defined as that which is legally binding, rather than being "defined by formal or substantive criteria," and therefore judges do not have discretion to decide that laws fail to satisfy such unwritten and vague criteria. Law Professor Frederick Mark Gedicks disagrees, writing that Cicero, Augustine, Thomas Aquinas, and the framers of the U.S. Constitution believed that an unjust law was not really a law at all.

Question: Who disagrees with the ideas proposed by John Harrison?
Answer: Law Professor Frederick Mark Gedicks

Question: For what body of principles is it debated whether or not it was constructed according to the rule of law?
Answer: U.S. Constitution

Question: According to John Harrison, through the Constitution, what is law?
Answer: that which is legally binding

Question: According to Frederick Mark Gedicks, who believed that unjust laws were not really laws?
Answer: the framers of the U.S. Constitution

Question: Who argues over whether the U.S. Constitution adopted the rule of law?

Question: What law professor says the Constitution does it meet either the formal or substantive?

Question: Who believed that an unjust law was still a law?

Question: The framers of the Constitution say did not have discretion to decide which laws submit such vague criteria?
Rule_of_law

Others argue that the rule of law has survived but was transformed to allow for the exercise of discretion by administrators. For much of American history, the dominant notion of the rule of law, in this setting, has been some version of A. V. Dicey's: “no man is punishable or can be lawfully made to suffer in body or goods except for a distinct breach of law established in the ordinary legal manner before the ordinary Courts of the land.” That is, individuals should be able to challenge an administrative order by bringing suit in a court of general jurisdiction. As the dockets of worker compensation commissions, public utility commissions and other agencies burgeoned, it soon became apparent that letting judges decide for themselves all the facts in a dispute (such as the extent of an injury in a worker's compensation case) would overwhelm the courts and destroy the advantages of specialization that led to the creation of administrative agencies in the first place. Even Charles Evans Hughes, a Chief Justice of the United States, believed “you must have administration, and you must have administration by administrative officers.” By 1941, a compromise had emerged. If administrators adopted procedures that more-or-less tracked "the ordinary legal manner" of the courts, further review of the facts by "the ordinary Courts of the land" was unnecessary. That is, if you had your "day in commission," the rule of law did not require a further "day in court." Thus Dicey's rule of law was recast into a purely procedural form.

Question: When was a compromise reached over administrative procedures for law determination?
Answer: 1941

Question: Who can determine if a law should be approached differently?
Answer: administrators

Question: Who should be able to challenge administrative orders in court?
Answer: individuals

Question: Who was Charles Evans Hughes?
Answer: a Chief Justice of the United States

Question: What cannot survive if administrators can't exercise discretion?

Question: Who said no man is punishable or can be lawfully made to suffer except for breaching natural law?

Question: Who said the individual should not be able to challenge administrative order?

Question: Who did Dicey believe administration should be done by?

Question: Whose rule of law was transformed by compromise in the nineteenth century?
Rule_of_law

James Wilson said during the Philadelphia Convention in 1787 that, "Laws may be unjust, may be unwise, may be dangerous, may be destructive; and yet not be so unconstitutional as to justify the Judges in refusing to give them effect." George Mason agreed that judges "could declare an unconstitutional law void. But with regard to every law, however unjust, oppressive or pernicious, which did not come plainly under this description, they would be under the necessity as judges to give it a free course." Chief Justice John Marshall (joined by Justice Joseph Story) took a similar position in 1827: "When its existence as law is denied, that existence cannot be proved by showing what are the qualities of a law."

Question: When was the Philadelphia Convention?
Answer: 1787

Question: Who spoke at the Philadelphia Convention about the potential chaos from not having judges be able to enforce laws?
Answer: James Wilson

Question: What was John Marshall's title?
Answer: Chief Justice

Question: What did George Mason state that judges could do to a law?
Answer: declare an unconstitutional law void

Question: Who said that laws may be just, wise or dangerous?

Question: What convention took place in the seventeenth century?

Question: What position to Chief Justice Marshall take in the eighteenth century?

Question: Who did George Mason say could not declare a law unconstitutional
Rule_of_law

East Asian cultures are influenced by two schools of thought, Confucianism, which advocated good governance as rule by leaders who are benevolent and virtuous, and Legalism, which advocated strict adherence to law. The influence of one school of thought over the other has varied throughout the centuries. One study indicates that throughout East Asia, only South Korea, Singapore, Japan, Taiwan and Hong Kong have societies that are robustly committed to a law-bound state. According to Awzar Thi, a member of the Asian Human Rights Commission, the rule of law in Thailand, Cambodia, and most of Asia is weak or nonexistent:

Question: What East Asian philosophy emphasized virtuous leadership? 
Answer: Confucianism

Question: What East Asian philosophy emphasized unwavering rule following?
Answer: Legalism

Question: How strong is the rule of law in most Asian countries?
Answer: weak or nonexistent

Question: Which Asian countries strictly follow laws?
Answer: South Korea, Singapore, Japan, Taiwan and Hong Kong

Question: How many schools of thought influence central Asian cultures?

Question: What did Confucianism advocate strict adherence to?

Question: What kind of leader is advocated for under legalism?

Question: What is weak or nonexistent in South Korea, Singapore, Japan, Taiwan and Hong Kong?

Question: What is strong in Thailand, Cambodia and most of Asia?
Rule_of_law

In countries such as China and Vietnam, the transition to a market economy has been a major factor in a move toward the rule of law, because a rule of law is important to foreign investors and to economic development. It remains unclear whether the rule of law in countries like China and Vietnam will be limited to commercial matters or will spill into other areas as well, and if so whether that spillover will enhance prospects for related values such as democracy and human rights. The rule of law in China has been widely discussed and debated by both legal scholars and politicians in China.

Question: Which two Asian countries have started to adopt the rule of law?
Answer: China and Vietnam

Question: What has influenced China and Vietnam to conform to the rule of law?
Answer: the transition to a market economy

Question: Who is debating the reliance on the rule of law in China?
Answer: legal scholars and politicians

Question: To whom is the rule of law important to in China's trade deals?
Answer: foreign investors

Question: What values might adherence to the rule of law subsequently influence in China?
Answer: democracy and human rights

Question: What type of economy has rule of law help China and Vietnam move towards?

Question: What is rule of law not important for?

Question: What has already spilled over to other areas in China and Vietnam?

Question: What two Asian countries have refused to adopt the rule of law?
Rule_of_law

In Thailand, a kingdom that has had a constitution since the initial attempt to overthrow the absolute monarchy system in 1932, the rule of law has been more of a principle than actual practice.[citation needed] Ancient prejudices and political bias have been present in the three branches of government with each of their foundings, and justice has been processed formally according to the law but in fact more closely aligned with royalist principles that are still advocated in the 21st century.[citation needed] In November 2013, Thailand faced still further threats to the rule of law when the executive branch rejected a supreme court decision over how to select senators.[citation needed]

Question: Where has the rule of law been more of a theory than a way of life? 
Answer: Thailand

Question: According to what principles are most laws in Thailand decided?
Answer: royalist

Question: In Thailand, what branch of government rejected a proposal for senator selection?
Answer: executive branch

Question: When did Thailand first try to overthrow its government run by a king?
Answer: 1932

Question: What harms the adherence to the Constitution in Thailand?
Answer: Ancient prejudices and political bias

Question: What kingdom has not had a Constitution since 1932?

Question: What has been practiced in Thailand since 1932?

Question: What has been eradicated from the three branches of Thailand's government?

Question: What is no longer advocated in Thailand since the twenty-first century?

Question: Whose decision did the Supreme Court reject in Thailand?
Rule_of_law

In India, the longest constitutional text in the history of the world has governed that country since 1950. Although the Constitution of India may have been intended to provide details that would limit the opportunity for judicial discretion, the more text there is in a constitution the greater opportunity the judiciary may have to exercise judicial review. According to Indian journalist Harish Khare, "The rule of law or rather the Constitution [is] in danger of being supplanted by the rule of judges."

Question: What country has the longest version of a constitution?
Answer: India

Question: In what year was India's constitution drafted?
Answer: 1950

Question: What country has the longest Constitution?
Answer: India

Question: In Thailand, the length of the constitution impacts the judges chances to exercise what?
Answer: judicial review

Question: What is in position to gain control over the rule of law in Thailand?
Answer: rule of judges

Question: What country has the longest history of constitutional government?

Question: What country had a Constitution until 1950?

Question: What kind of reviews are discouraged by lengthy constitutions?

Question: What type of discretion was meant to be encouraged by India's Constitution

Question: What is threatening to replace the role of judges?
Rule_of_law

In 1959, an international gathering of over 185 judges, lawyers, and law professors from 53 countries, meeting in New Delhi and speaking as the International Commission of Jurists, made a declaration as to the fundamental principle of the rule of law. This was the Declaration of Delhi. They declared that the rule of law implies certain rights and freedoms, that it implies an independent judiciary, and that it implies social, economic and cultural conditions conducive to human dignity. The Declaration of Delhi did not, however, suggest that the rule of law requires legislative power to be subject to judicial review.

Question: When did the Declaration of Delhi happen?
Answer: 1959

Question: How many judges participated in the Declaration of Delhi?
Answer: 185

Question: According to the Declaration of Delhi, what provides certain rights and freedoms?
Answer: rule of law

Question: According to the Declaration of Delhi, what type of conditions are needed for human dignity?
Answer: social, economic and cultural

Question: Who made a declaration about the principle of rule of law in the nineteenth century?

Question: What declaration stated that the rule of law applies to certain rights and freedoms?

Question: What suggested that the rule of law requires legislative power?

Question: What commission has fifty-three members?
Rule_of_law

The General Assembly has considered rule of law as an agenda item since 1992, with renewed interest since 2006 and has adopted resolutions at its last three sessions. The Security Council has held a number of thematic debates on the rule of law, and adopted resolutions emphasizing the importance of these issues in the context of women, peace and security, children in armed conflict, and the protection of civilians in armed conflict. The Peacebuilding Commission has also regularly addressed rule of law issues with respect to countries on its agenda. The Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action also requires the rule of law be included in human rights education.

Question: When the rule of law become an agenda item for the General Assembly?
Answer: 1992

Question: What organization debates the rule of law?
Answer: The Security Council

Question: What organization meets to discuss and determine the countries that are considered by the rule of law?
Answer: The Peacebuilding Commission

Question: What do the Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action require the rule of law to be used in?
Answer: human rights education

Question: In what year was interest renewed in the rule of law within the General Assembly?
Answer: 2006

Question: Who consider rule of law and agenda item since before 1992?

Question: Who took renewed interest in the rule of law in 1992?

Question: Who has opposed the rule of law through several debates?

Question: Was argued for lovelorn protection of soldiers during war?
Rule_of_law

The International Development Law Organization (IDLO) is an intergovernmental organization with a joint focus on the promotion of rule of law and development. It works to empower people and communities to claim their rights, and provides governments with the know-how to realize them. It supports emerging economies and middle-income countries to strengthen their legal capacity and rule of law framework for sustainable development and economic opportunity. It is the only intergovernmental organization with an exclusive mandate to promote the rule of law and has experience working in more than 170 countries around the world.

Question: What organization works to further the understanding and adherence to the rule of law?
Answer: The International Development Law Organization

Question: What types of economies does the IDLO focus on helping?
Answer: emerging economies and middle-income

Question: With how many countries does the IDLO work?
Answer: more than 170

Question: What organization focuses on studying rule of law?

Question: Who focuses on empowering governments to establish laws?

Question: What are Third World countries encouraged to do?

Question: What is the only terminal organization with a mandate to enforce rule of law?