Divyanshu67/squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
Literature

Hogan also explains that the temporal and emotional amount which a person devotes to understanding a character’s situation in literature allows literature to be considered “ecological[ly] valid in the study of emotion”. This can be understood in the sense that literature unites a large community by provoking universal emotions. It also allows readers to access cultural aspects that they are not exposed to thus provoking new emotional experiences. Authors choose literary device according to what psychological emotion he or she is attempting to describe, thus certain literary devices are more emotionally effective than others.

Question: How does literature unite members of a society?
Answer: by provoking universal emotions

Question: How does literature expand the horizons of its readers?
Answer: allows readers to access cultural aspects that they are not exposed to

Question: What determines what literary structure a literary author uses for expression of ideas?
Answer: what psychological emotion he or she is attempting to describe

Question: What are the levers an author uses in literature to describe a psychological emotion?
Answer: literary devices

Question: Logan says what two things explain what a person devotes to understanding a character's situation?

Question: How does literature unite small communities?

Question: What do readers access that provokes new physical experiences?

Question: Authors choose literary devices based on what philosophical emotion they are trying to what?

Question: Who explains that literature is a valid study of emotion because it unites a large community?

Question: What do characters choose literary device according to?

Question: In what way are certain cultural devices more effective than others?
Literature

Maslow’s ‘‘Third Force Psychology Theory’’ even allows literary analysts to critically understand how characters reflect the culture and the history in which they are contextualized. It also allows analysts to understand the author’s intended message and to understand the author’s psychology. The theory suggests that human beings possess a nature within them that demonstrates their true “self” and it suggests that the fulfillment of this nature is the reason for living. It also suggests that neurological development hinders actualizing the nature because a person becomes estranged from his or her true self. Therefore, literary devices reflect a characters’s and an author’s natural self. In his ‘‘Third Force Psychology and the Study of Literature’’, Paris argues “D.H Lawrence’s “pristine unconscious” is a metaphor for the real self”. Thus Literature is a reputable tool that allows readers to develop and apply critical reasoning to the nature of emotions.

Question: Who conceived of "The Third Force Psychology Theory?"
Answer: Maslow

Question: The theory states that at the center of humans beings is what?
Answer: a nature within them that demonstrates their true “self”

Question: The theory suggests that the quest for this nature represents what?
Answer: the reason for living

Question: What causes a person to become separated from their "true self"?
Answer: neurological development

Question: What author espoused the theory of the "pristine unconscious?"
Answer: D.H Lawrence

Question: Who came up with the "Fourth Force Psychology Theory?'

Question: What does the Law suggest about human beings?

Question: Who says that D.H. Lawrence's "pristine unconscious" is a metaphor for the fake self?"

Question: It is said that literature is not a reputable tool to allow readers to do what?

Question: Who is responsible for "Fourth Force Psychology and the Study of Literature?"

Question: Who wrote "Third Force Theory?"

Question: Who wrote "Third Force Psychology Theory and the Study of Literature?"

Question: What does literature as a critical tool allow readers to do?

Question: What does the theory suggest characters possess?
Literature

A significant portion of historical writing ranks as literature, particularly the genre known as creative nonfiction, as can a great deal of journalism, such as literary journalism. However, these areas have become extremely large, and often have a primarily utilitarian purpose: to record data or convey immediate information. As a result, the writing in these fields often lacks a literary quality, although it often(and in its better moments)has that quality. Major "literary" historians include Herodotus, Thucydides and Procopius, all of whom count as canonical literary figures.

Question: What is literary historical writing sometimes called?
Answer: creative nonfiction

Question: Reporting that attempts a creative or literary bent is sometimes called what?
Answer: literary journalism

Question: What is the main function of journalism or historical documentation?
Answer: to record data or convey immediate information

Question: Who are some classic historians regarded as literary historians?
Answer: Herodotus, Thucydides and Procopius

Question: A small portion of historical writings are considered what?

Question: What genres of modern writing rank as literature?

Question: Three main literary historians include Hercules, Thucydides, and who else?

Question: The secondary functions of historical documentations are what?

Question: What does a significant amount of literature rank as?

Question: Who are the major utilitarian historians?

Question: What is the primary purpose of creative fiction?
Literature

Law offers more ambiguity. Some writings of Plato and Aristotle, the law tables of Hammurabi of Babylon, or even the early parts of the Bible could be seen as legal literature. Roman civil law as codified in the Corpus Juris Civilis during the reign of Justinian I of the Byzantine Empire has a reputation as significant literature. The founding documents of many countries, including Constitutions and Law Codes, can count as literature; however, most legal writings rarely exhibit much literary merit, as they tend to be rather Written by Samuel Dean.

Question: What Babylonian ruler created formal law tables?
Answer: Hammurabi

Question: What religious scripture can be fit into a large, loose definition of legal literature?
Answer: the Bible

Question: Roman civil law was written and codified into a unified system by what group?
Answer: the Corpus Juris Civilis

Question: Under what Emperor did this group sit?
Answer: Justinian I

Question: What empire did Justinian preside over?
Answer: the Byzantine Empire

Question: Harambe of Babylon created what?

Question: Late parts of the Bible could be seen as what?

Question: What was Roman National Law referred to?

Question: Many founding documents are called literature like Supreme Count Briefings and what else?

Question: What location were Plato and Aristotle from?

Question: Who reigned during the Roman Empire?

Question: What was Babylonian civil law codified in?

Question: What does Samuel Dean say law offers?
Literature

A literary technique or literary device can be used by authors in order to enhance the written framework of a piece of literature, and produce specific effects. Literary techniques encompass a wide range of approaches to crafting a work: whether a work is narrated in first-person or from another perspective, whether to use a traditional linear narrative or a nonlinear narrative, or the choice of literary genre, are all examples of literary technique. They may indicate to a reader that there is a familiar structure and presentation to a work, such as a conventional murder-mystery novel; or, the author may choose to experiment with their technique to surprise the reader.

Question: Literary devices are employed for what reason?
Answer: produce specific effects

Question: What is one form of narration in literature?
Answer: first-person

Question: What are two types of narrative structure in literature?
Answer: linear narrative or a nonlinear narrative

Question: Why would an author utilize experimental narratives in literature?
Answer: to surprise the reader

Question: In what type of writing would a more familiar, standard literary narrative structure be employed?
Answer: a conventional murder-mystery novel

Question: Literary techniques are used to disenhance the what of a piece of literature?

Question: Literary techniques cover a slim range of what?

Question: What are examples of poetic technique?

Question: What might the author do to bore the reader?

Question: What do literary techniques specifically accomplish?

Question: Why do all authors experiment with their technique?

Question: What is a familiar structure is an example of?
Avicenna

Ibn Sina created an extensive corpus of works during what is commonly known as the Islamic Golden Age, in which the translations of Greco-Roman, Persian, and Indian texts were studied extensively. Greco-Roman (Mid- and Neo-Platonic, and Aristotelian) texts translated by the Kindi school were commented, redacted and developed substantially by Islamic intellectuals, who also built upon Persian and Indian mathematical systems, astronomy, algebra, trigonometry and medicine. The Samanid dynasty in the eastern part of Persia, Greater Khorasan and Central Asia as well as the Buyid dynasty in the western part of Persia and Iraq provided a thriving atmosphere for scholarly and cultural development. Under the Samanids, Bukhara rivaled Baghdad as a cultural capital of the Islamic world.

Question: What was the term used to describe the age in which Ibn Sina created a big body of work?
Answer: the Islamic Golden Age

Question: What is one example of the type of translations done in the Islamic Golden Age?
Answer: Persian

Question: What school translated Greco-Roman texts during the Islamic Golden Age?
Answer: the Kindi school

Question: What was one dynasty that provided a great atmosphere for cultural development?
Answer: the Buyid dynasty

Question: What city was known as a cultural capital of the Islamic world?
Answer: Baghdad

Question: What age was Ibn Sina born in?

Question: What school did Ibn Sina attend?

Question: Who built on Islamic mathmatical systems?

Question: What dynasty supressed cultural development

Question: What city was the cultural capital of the world?

Question: What was the term used to describe the age in which Ibn Sina destroyed a big body of work?

Question: What is one example of the type of translations done in the Muslim Golden Age?

Question: What school translated Greco-Roman texts before the Islamic Golden Age?

Question: What was one dynasty that provided a poor atmosphere for cultural development?

Question: What country was known as a cultural capital of the Islamic world?
Avicenna

The study of the Quran and the Hadith thrived in such a scholarly atmosphere. Philosophy, Fiqh and theology (kalaam) were further developed, most noticeably by Avicenna and his opponents. Al-Razi and Al-Farabi had provided methodology and knowledge in medicine and philosophy. Avicenna had access to the great libraries of Balkh, Khwarezm, Gorgan, Rey, Isfahan and Hamadan. Various texts (such as the 'Ahd with Bahmanyar) show that he debated philosophical points with the greatest scholars of the time. Aruzi Samarqandi describes how before Avicenna left Khwarezm he had met Al-Biruni (a famous scientist and astronomer), Abu Nasr Iraqi (a renowned mathematician), Abu Sahl Masihi (a respected philosopher) and Abu al-Khayr Khammar (a great physician).

Question: What was one subject that Avicenna further developed?
Answer: theology

Question: Who is another philosopher during this Islamic Golden Age?
Answer: Al-Farabi

Question: What is the name of one library that Avicenna had access to?
Answer: Hamadan

Question: Who was the famous astronomer that Avicenna met before he left Khwarezm?
Answer: Al-Biruni

Question: What text was proof that Avicenna debated philosophy with some of the greatest scholars of the time?
Answer: the 'Ahd with Bahmanyar

Question: Where did the study of all religious texts thrive?

Question: What studies were suppresed by Avicenna's opponents?

Question: who provided methodology and knowledge in theology?

Question: What library did Avicenna found?

Question: Who was the famous astronomer that Avicenna met after leaving Khwarezm?

Question: What was one subject that Avicenna never developed?

Question: Who is another philosopher during this Islamic Silver Age?

Question: What is the name of one library that Avicenna didn't have access to?

Question: Who was the famous astrologer that Avicenna met before he left Khwarezm?

Question: What text was proof that Avicenna debated philosophy with some of the unknown scholars of the time?
Avicenna

Avicenna was born c. 980 in Afšana, a village near Bukhara (in present-day Uzbekistan), the capital of the Samanids, a Persian dynasty in Central Asia and Greater Khorasan. His mother, named Setareh, was from Bukhara; his father, Abdullah, was a respected Ismaili scholar from Balkh, an important town of the Samanid Empire, in what is today Balkh Province, Afghanistan, although this is not universally agreed upon. His father worked in the government of Samanid in the village Kharmasain, a Sunni regional power. After five years, his younger brother, Mahmoud, was born. Avicenna first began to learn the Quran and literature in such a way that when he was ten years old he had essentially learned all of them.

Question: What present-day country was Avicenna born in?
Answer: Uzbekistan

Question: What Samanid dynasty capital was Avicenna born near?
Answer: Bukhara

Question: What present-day country is Avicenna's father thought to have come from?
Answer: Afghanistan

Question: What was Avicenna's mother's name?
Answer: Setareh

Question: By what age had Avicenna learned the entire Quran?
Answer: ten

Question: Who was born in the 9th century?

Question: What present day city was the capital of Persia?

Question: What government did Acicenna work in?

Question: What did Avicenna begin to study when he was 10 years old?

Question: What modern city in Eastern Asia was Avicenna born?

Question: What present-day country did Avicenna die in?

Question: What Samanid dynasty capital was Avicenna born far away from?

Question: What olden day country is Avicenna's father thought to have come from?

Question: What was Avicenna's grandmother's name?

Question: By what age had Avicenna learned some of the Quran?
Avicenna

A number of theories have been proposed regarding Avicenna's madhab (school of thought within Islamic jurisprudence). Medieval historian Ẓahīr al-dīn al-Bayhaqī (d. 1169) considered Avicenna to be a follower of the Brethren of Purity. On the other hand, Dimitri Gutas along with Aisha Khan and Jules J. Janssens demonstrated that Avicenna was a Sunni Hanafi. However, the 14th cenutry Shia faqih Nurullah Shushtari according to Seyyed Hossein Nasr, maintained that he was most likely a Twelver Shia. Conversely, Sharaf Khorasani, citing a rejection of an invitation of the Sunni Governor Sultan Mahmoud Ghazanavi by Avicenna to his court, believes that Avicenna was an Ismaili. Similar disagreements exist on the background of Avicenna's family, whereas some writers considered them Sunni, some more recent writers contested that they were Shia.

Question: What secret society was Avicenna considered to be a follower of?
Answer: the Brethren of Purity

Question: Who thought that Avicenna was a Brethren of Purity follower?
Answer: Medieval historian Ẓahīr al-dīn al-Bayhaqī

Question: What Islamic denomination was Avicenna thought to be a member of?
Answer: Sunni

Question: Who thought Avicenna was a Shia?
Answer: Nurullah Shushtari

Question: What was the name of one man who thought Avicenna was Sunni?
Answer: Jules J. Janssens

Question: What type of Islamic school did Avicenna invent?

Question: What group did Avicenna found?

Question: Who did Zahir al-Bayhai belove belonged to the Sunni Hanafi?

Question: Who's family is considered Sunni by modern writers?

Question: Who's court did Avicenna join?

Question: What secret society was Avicenna considered to be followed by?

Question: Who thought that Avicenna was a Brethren of Impurity follower?

Question: What Islamic denomination was Avicenna thought to be a rejecter of?

Question: Who knew Avicenna was a Shia?

Question: What was the name of one woman who thought Avicenna was Sunni?
Avicenna

According to his autobiography, Avicenna had memorised the entire Quran by the age of 10. He learned Indian arithmetic from an Indian greengrocer,ءMahmoud Massahi and he began to learn more from a wandering scholar who gained a livelihood by curing the sick and teaching the young. He also studied Fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence) under the Sunni Hanafi scholar Ismail al-Zahid. Avicenna was taught some extent of philosophy books such as Introduction (Isagoge)'s Porphyry (philosopher), Euclid's Elements, Ptolemy's Almagest by an unpopular philosopher, Abu Abdullah Nateli, who claimed philosophizing.

Question: What had Avicenna memorized by the age of 10?
Answer: Quran

Question: Who did Avicenna learn Indian arithmetic from?
Answer: ءMahmoud Massahi

Question: What did Avicenna learn from the Sunni scholar Ismail al-Zahid?
Answer: Fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence)

Question: What was one philosophy book that Avicenna was taught from?
Answer: Euclid's Elements

Question: What unpopular philosopher's text did Avicenna learn from?
Answer: Abu Abdullah Nateli

Question: Who learned arithmatic by the age of 10?

Question: Who did AVicenna teach arithmatic to?

Question: When did Avicenna start studying the Quran?

Question: Who did Abu Abdullah Nateli teach Fiqh to.

Question: Who wrote Euclid's Elements?

Question: What had Avicenna memorized by the age of 12?

Question: Who did Avicenna teach Indian arithmetic to?

Question: What did Avicenna learn from the Shia scholar Ismail al-Zahid?

Question: What was one biology book that Avicenna was taught from?

Question: What popular philosopher's text did Avicenna learn from?
Avicenna

As a teenager, he was greatly troubled by the Metaphysics of Aristotle, which he could not understand until he read al-Farabi's commentary on the work. For the next year and a half, he studied philosophy, in which he encountered greater obstacles. In such moments of baffled inquiry, he would leave his books, perform the requisite ablutions, then go to the mosque, and continue in prayer till light broke on his difficulties. Deep into the night, he would continue his studies, and even in his dreams problems would pursue him and work out their solution. Forty times, it is said, he read through the Metaphysics of Aristotle, till the words were imprinted on his memory; but their meaning was hopelessly obscure, until one day they found illumination, from the little commentary by Farabi, which he bought at a bookstall for the small sum of three dirhams. So great was his joy at the discovery, made with the help of a work from which he had expected only mystery, that he hastened to return thanks to God, and bestowed alms upon the poor.

Question: What text could Avicenna not understand?
Answer: the Metaphysics of Aristotle

Question: What helped Avicenna understand the Metaphysics of Aristotle?
Answer: al-Farabi's commentary

Question: How long did Avicenna study philosophy?
Answer: year and a half

Question: How many times did Avicenna read through the Metaphysics of Aristotle?
Answer: Forty times

Question: How much did Avicenna pay for the book that helped him understand the Aristotle text?
Answer: three dirhams

Question: What text did Avicenna embrace as a teenager?

Question: What helped Avicenna understand al Farabi's commentary?

Question: How long did Avicenna study Mathmatics

Question: How many times did Acicenna read al Farabi's commentary?

Question: What text could Avicenna understand?

Question: What helped Avicenna forget the Metaphysics of Aristotle?

Question: How long did Avicenna teach philosophy?

Question: How many times did Avicenna teach the Metaphysics of Aristotle?

Question: How much did Avicenna sell the book that helped him understand the Aristotle text?
Avicenna

He turned to medicine at 16, and not only learned medical theory, but also by gratuitous attendance of the sick had, according to his own account, discovered new methods of treatment. The teenager achieved full status as a qualified physician at age 18, and found that "Medicine is no hard and thorny science, like mathematics and metaphysics, so I soon made great progress; I became an excellent doctor and began to treat patients, using approved remedies." The youthful physician's fame spread quickly, and he treated many patients without asking for payment.

Question: At what age did Avicenna turn to away from philosophy?
Answer: 16

Question: What subject did Avicenna start studying at 16?
Answer: medicine

Question: Avicenna became a qualified physician at what age?
Answer: 18

Question: Avicenna found medicine to be much easier than what subject?
Answer: mathematics

Question: What did Avicenna become at the age of 16?

Question: What study did Avicenna give up at the age of 18?

Question: What did Avicenna find more challanging than mathmatics and metaphysics?

Question: At what age did Avicenna reject philosophy?

Question: What subject did Avicenna start studying at 61?

Question: Avicenna became a qualified biologist at what age?

Question: Avicenna found medicine to be much harder than what subject?

Question: What subject did Avicenna stop studying at 16?
Avicenna

Ibn Sina's first appointment was that of physician to the emir, Nuh II, who owed him his recovery from a dangerous illness (997). Ibn Sina's chief reward for this service was access to the royal library of the Samanids, well-known patrons of scholarship and scholars. When the library was destroyed by fire not long after, the enemies of Ibn Sina accused him of burning it, in order for ever to conceal the sources of his knowledge. Meanwhile, he assisted his father in his financial labors, but still found time to write some of his earliest works.

Question: Who was Ibn Sina's first appontment?
Answer: the emir, Nuh II

Question: What did Ibn Sina receive as payment for helping the emir?
Answer: access to the royal library of the Samanids

Question: Why did some accuse Ibn Sina of burning down the royal library?
Answer: to conceal the sources of his knowledge

Question: Who did Ibn Sina assist in his financial labors?
Answer: his father

Question: What year did the emir Null II recover from his illness?
Answer: 997

Question: Who helped Ibn Sina recover from an illness?

Question: who dit Ibn Sina treat in the 9th century?

Question: What library did Ibn Sina found?

Question: Why did Ibn Sina burn the library?

Question: Who did Ibn Sina help to write some of their earliest work.

Question: Who was Ibn Sina's last appontment?

Question: What did Ibn Sina receive as payment for hurting the emir?

Question: Why did some accuse Ibn Sina of burning down the royal church?

Question: Who did Ibn Sina assist in his physical labors?

Question: What year did the emir Null II die from his illness?
Avicenna

When Ibn Sina was 22 years old, he lost his father. The Samanid dynasty came to its end in December 1004. Ibn Sina seems to have declined the offers of Mahmud of Ghazni, and proceeded westwards to Urgench in modern Turkmenistan, where the vizier, regarded as a friend of scholars, gave him a small monthly stipend. The pay was small, however, so Ibn Sina wandered from place to place through the districts of Nishapur and Merv to the borders of Khorasan, seeking an opening for his talents. Qabus, the generous ruler of Tabaristan, himself a poet and a scholar, with whom Ibn Sina had expected to find asylum, was on about that date (1012) starved to death by his troops who had revolted. Ibn Sina himself was at this time stricken by a severe illness. Finally, at Gorgan, near the Caspian Sea, Ibn Sina met with a friend, who bought a dwelling near his own house in which Ibn Sina lectured on logic and astronomy. Several of Ibn Sina's treatises were written for this patron; and the commencement of his Canon of Medicine also dates from his stay in Hyrcania.

Question: At what age did Avicenna lose his father?
Answer: 22

Question: What dynasty ended in December 1004?
Answer: The Samanid dynasty

Question: What modern country did Ibn Sina travel to after the end of the Samanid dynasty?
Answer: Turkmenistan

Question: What is one district that Ibn Sina traveled through in search of more work?
Answer: Nishapur

Question: Who did Ibn Sina turn down in order to travel westwards after the Samanid dynasty ended?
Answer: Mahmud of Ghazni

Question: How old was Ibn Sina when his mother died?

Question: What dynasty ended in the 10th century?

Question: Who did Ibn Sina head westward with?

Question: Who invited Ibn Sina to travel wesward?

Question: What did Ibn Sina write while in Urgench?

Question: At what age did Avicenna lose his mother?

Question: What dynasty began in December 1004?

Question: What modern country did Ibn Sina travel to before the end of the Samanid dynasty?

Question: What is one district that Ibn Sina never traveled through in search of more work?

Question: Who did Ibn Sina turn down in order to travel eastwards after the Samanid dynasty ended?
Avicenna

Ibn Sina subsequently settled at Rey, in the vicinity of modern Tehran, the home town of Rhazes; where Majd Addaula, a son of the last Buwayhid emir, was nominal ruler under the regency of his mother (Seyyedeh Khatun). About thirty of Ibn Sina's shorter works are said to have been composed in Rey. Constant feuds which raged between the regent and her second son, Shams al-Daula, however, compelled the scholar to quit the place. After a brief sojourn at Qazvin he passed southwards to Hamadãn where Shams al-Daula, another Buwayhid emir, had established himself. At first, Ibn Sina entered into the service of a high-born lady; but the emir, hearing of his arrival, called him in as medical attendant, and sent him back with presents to his dwelling. Ibn Sina was even raised to the office of vizier. The emir decreed that he should be banished from the country. Ibn Sina, however, remained hidden for forty days in sheikh Ahmed Fadhel's house, until a fresh attack of illness induced the emir to restore him to his post. Even during this perturbed time, Ibn Sina persevered with his studies and teaching. Every evening, extracts from his great works, the Canon and the Sanatio, were dictated and explained to his pupils. On the death of the emir, Ibn Sina ceased to be vizier and hid himself in the house of an apothecary, where, with intense assiduity, he continued the composition of his works.

Question: What city did Ibn Sina settle in?
Answer: Rey

Question: What modern city of today was Rey in the vicinity of?
Answer: Tehran

Question: How many of Ibn Sina's shorter works were said to have been created in Rey?
Answer: thirty

Question: Ibn Sina left Rey and moved southwards to what city?
Answer: Hamadãn

Question: What office did Ibn Sina receive in Hamadan?
Answer: office of vizier

Question: Where did Ibn Sina write his first thirty works?

Question: Who did Ibn Sina feud with while at the palace?

Question: Who was emir of Qazvin?

Question: Who did Ibn Sina hide for forty days?

Question: Who's death made Ibn Sani a vizier?

Question: What city did Ibn Sina decide not to settle in?

Question: What ancient city of today was Rey in the vicinity of?

Question: How many of Ibn Sina's longer works were said to have been created in Rey?

Question: Ibn Sina left Rey and moved northwards to what city?

Question: What office did Ibn Sina lose in Hamadan?
Avicenna

Meanwhile, he had written to Abu Ya'far, the prefect of the dynamic city of Isfahan, offering his services. The new emir of Hamadan, hearing of this correspondence and discovering where Ibn Sina was hiding, incarcerated him in a fortress. War meanwhile continued between the rulers of Isfahan and Hamadãn; in 1024 the former captured Hamadan and its towns, expelling the Tajik mercenaries. When the storm had passed, Ibn Sina returned with the emir to Hamadan, and carried on his literary labors. Later, however, accompanied by his brother, a favorite pupil, and two slaves, Ibn Sina escaped from the city in the dress of a Sufi ascetic. After a perilous journey, they reached Isfahan, receiving an honorable welcome from the prince.

Question: Where did Ibn Sina hope to flee to after Hamadan?
Answer: city of Isfahan

Question: What two cities were at war during this time?
Answer: Isfahan and Hamadãn

Question: What year did Isfahan gain victory over Hamadan?
Answer: 1024

Question: What mercenaries were expelled after Isfahan's victory over Hamadan?
Answer: the Tajik

Question: How did Ibn Sina escape from Hamadan?
Answer: in the dress of a Sufi ascetic

Question: What prefect wrote to Ibn Sani offering him a position?

Question: What did Abu Ya'far do when he found out where Ibn Sani was hiding?

Question: What was captured in the 10th century?

Question: Who was given an honorable welcome in Hamadan?

Question: What mercenaries captured Hamadan in the 10th century?

Question: Where did Ibn Sina hope to flee from after Hamadan?

Question: What two cities were at peace during this time?

Question: What year did Isfahan lose to Hamadan?

Question: What mercenaries were accepted after Isfahan's victory over Hamadan?

Question: How did Ibn Sina escape from Ramadan?
Avicenna

Ibn Sīnā wrote extensively on early Islamic philosophy, especially the subjects logic, ethics, and metaphysics, including treatises named Logic and Metaphysics. Most of his works were written in Arabic – then the language of science in the Middle East – and some in Persian. Of linguistic significance even to this day are a few books that he wrote in nearly pure Persian language (particularly the Danishnamah-yi 'Ala', Philosophy for Ala' ad-Dawla'). Ibn Sīnā's commentaries on Aristotle often criticized the philosopher,[citation needed] encouraging a lively debate in the spirit of ijtihad.

Question: In what language was most of Ibn Sina's works written in?
Answer: Arabic

Question: What is one subject that Ibn SIna specialized in?
Answer: ethics

Question: Ibn Sina also wrote some of his works in what other language?
Answer: Persian

Question: What famous philosopher did Ibn Sina criticize heavily?
Answer: Aristotle

Question: What is one of the subjects of a treatise by Ibn Sina?
Answer: Metaphysics

Question: Who composed most of their works in Greek?

Question: Where was Greek the language of science?

Question: Who did Ibn Sina oftenpraise in his commentaries?

Question: Who's wrote many books in pure Persian language?

Question: In what language was none of Ibn Sina's works written in?

Question: What is one subject that Ibn SIna never specialized in?

Question: Ibn Sina also wrote all of his works in what other language?

Question: What famous philosopher did Ibn Sina idolize heavily?

Question: What is one of the objects of a treatise by Ibn Sina?
Avicenna

His Book of Healing became available in Europe in partial Latin translation some fifty years after its composition, under the title Sufficientia, and some authors have identified a "Latin Avicennism" as flourishing for some time, paralleling the more influential Latin Averroism, but suppressed by the Parisian decrees of 1210 and 1215. Avicenna's psychology and theory of knowledge influenced William of Auvergne, Bishop of Paris and Albertus Magnus, while his metaphysics had an impact on the thought of Thomas Aquinas.

Question: Ibn Sina's Book of Healing was partially available in what language?
Answer: Latin

Question: How many years did it take for Ibn Sina's Book of Healing to be available in Latin?
Answer: fifty

Question: On what continent was the Book of Healing finally available fifty years after its composition?
Answer: Europe

Question: What was the title of Ibn Sina's Book of Healing?
Answer: Sufficientia

Question: Who did Avicenna's metaphysics works have an influence on?
Answer: Thomas Aquinas

Question: What book of healing did Ibn Sina write in Latin?

Question: What did the 12th century Parisian decrees suppresse?

Question: What did Latin Avicennism replace in Europe?

Question: Who impacted Ibn Sina's thoughts on metaphysics?

Question: What  Bishop studied under Ibn Sina?

Question: Ibn Sina's Book of Healing was fully available in what language?

Question: How many months did it take for Ibn Sina's Book of Healing to be available in Latin?

Question: On what continent was the Book of Healing finally available forty years after its composition?

Question: What was the title of Ibn Sina's Tape of Healing?

Question: Who did Avicenna's metaphysics works have no influence on?
Avicenna

Early Islamic philosophy and Islamic metaphysics, imbued as it is with Islamic theology, distinguishes more clearly than Aristotelianism between essence and existence. Whereas existence is the domain of the contingent and the accidental, essence endures within a being beyond the accidental. The philosophy of Ibn Sīnā, particularly that part relating to metaphysics, owes much to al-Farabi. The search for a definitive Islamic philosophy separate from Occasionalism can be seen in what is left of his work.

Question: What does Islamic philosophy more clearly explain than Aristotelianism?
Answer: essence and existence

Question: Who does Ibn Sina's philosophy owe much to?
Answer: al-Farabi

Question: What is early Islamic metaphysics imbued with?
Answer: Islamic theology

Question: What does Muslim philosophy more clearly explain than Aristotelianism?

Question: What does Islamic philosophy less clearly explain than Aristotelianism?

Question: Who does Ibn Sina's philosophy owe nothing to?

Question: What is late Islamic metaphysics imbued with?

Question: What is early Muslim metaphysics imbued with?
Avicenna

Following al-Farabi's lead, Avicenna initiated a full-fledged inquiry into the question of being, in which he distinguished between essence (Mahiat) and existence (Wujud). He argued that the fact of existence can not be inferred from or accounted for by the essence of existing things, and that form and matter by themselves cannot interact and originate the movement of the universe or the progressive actualization of existing things. Existence must, therefore, be due to an agent-cause that necessitates, imparts, gives, or adds existence to an essence. To do so, the cause must be an existing thing and coexist with its effect.

Question: What did Avicenna start an inquiry into?
Answer: the question of being

Question: What two points did he write about?
Answer: essence (Mahiat) and existence (Wujud)

Question: Who also began an inquiry into the question of being?
Answer: al-Farabi

Question: What is the Arabic term for existence?
Answer: Wujud

Question: Mahiat is Arabic for what?
Answer: essence

Question: Who followed Avicenna's leadand investigated the question of being?

Question: What to parts of being did Avicenna merge?

Question: What is the Latin word for essence?

Question: What can not coexist with its effect?

Question: What did Avicenna stop an inquiry into?

Question: What two points did he read about?

Question: Who also began an inquiry into the answer of being?

Question: What is the Arabic term for resistance?

Question: Mahiat is Muslim for what?
Avicenna

Avicenna's consideration of the essence-attributes question may be elucidated in terms of his ontological analysis of the modalities of being; namely impossibility, contingency, and necessity. Avicenna argued that the impossible being is that which cannot exist, while the contingent in itself (mumkin bi-dhatihi) has the potentiality to be or not to be without entailing a contradiction. When actualized, the contingent becomes a 'necessary existent due to what is other than itself' (wajib al-wujud bi-ghayrihi). Thus, contingency-in-itself is potential beingness that could eventually be actualized by an external cause other than itself. The metaphysical structures of necessity and contingency are different. Necessary being due to itself (wajib al-wujud bi-dhatihi) is true in itself, while the contingent being is 'false in itself' and 'true due to something else other than itself'. The necessary is the source of its own being without borrowed existence. It is what always exists.

Question: What is one modality of being that Avicenna analyzed?
Answer: necessity

Question: According to Avicenna, what could eventually be actualized by an external cause?
Answer: contingency-in-itself

Question: What is the necessary according to Avicenna?
Answer: the source of its own being without borrowed existence

Question: According to Avicenna, what always exists?
Answer: The necessary

Question: If necessary being is true in itself, what is contingent?
Answer: false in itself

Question: What is one modality of being that Avicenna did not analyze?

Question: Who argued that the impossible thing could exist?

Question: What did Avicenna believe could never be actualized by an external cause?

Question: What is the necessary not a source of?

Question: What is one modality of being that Avicenna never analyzed?

Question: According to Avicenna, what could eventually be actualized by an internal cause?

Question: What is the unnecessary according to Avicenna?

Question: According to Avicenna, what never exists?

Question: If necessary being is false in itself, what is contingent?
Avicenna

The Necessary exists 'due-to-Its-Self', and has no quiddity/essence (mahiyya) other than existence (wujud). Furthermore, It is 'One' (wahid ahad) since there cannot be more than one 'Necessary-Existent-due-to-Itself' without differentia (fasl) to distinguish them from each other. Yet, to require differentia entails that they exist 'due-to-themselves' as well as 'due to what is other than themselves'; and this is contradictory. However, if no differentia distinguishes them from each other, then there is no sense in which these 'Existents' are not one and the same. Avicenna adds that the 'Necessary-Existent-due-to-Itself' has no genus (jins), nor a definition (hadd), nor a counterpart (nadd), nor an opposite (did), and is detached (bari) from matter (madda), quality (kayf), quantity (kam), place (ayn), situation (wad), and time (waqt).

Question: The necessary exists due to what?
Answer: Its-Self

Question: What is something that the necessary does not have?
Answer: a definition

Question: What is the Arabic for situation?
Answer: wad

Question: What is one thing that the Necessary is detached from?
Answer: time

Question: What has many existences?

Question: What does the necessary have?

Question: What is the necessary attached to?

Question: The necessary exists despite what?

Question: What is something that the necessary has?

Question: What is the Islamic for situation?

Question: What is one thing that the Necessary is attached to?

Question: What is one thing that the Unnecessary is detached from?
Avicenna

Avicenna was a devout Muslim and sought to reconcile rational philosophy with Islamic theology. His aim was to prove the existence of God and His creation of the world scientifically and through reason and logic. Avicenna's views on Islamic theology (and philosophy) were enormously influential, forming part of the core of the curriculum at Islamic religious schools until the 19th century. Avicenna wrote a number of short treatises dealing with Islamic theology. These included treatises on the prophets (whom he viewed as "inspired philosophers"), and also on various scientific and philosophical interpretations of the Quran, such as how Quranic cosmology corresponds to his own philosophical system. In general these treatises linked his philosophical writings to Islamic religious ideas; for example, the body's afterlife.

Question: What religion was Avicenna?
Answer: Muslim

Question: What did Avicenna want to reconcile with Islamic theology?
Answer: rational philosophy

Question: What did Avicenna hope to do through his work?
Answer: prove the existence of God

Question: Up until what century was Avicenna's work highly influential?
Answer: 19th century

Question: Who did Avicenna view as inspired philosophers?
Answer: the prophets

Question: Who used philosophy to challange Islamic theology?

Question: Who's existance was Avicenna trying to disprove?

Question: Who wrote the curriculum at Islamic religious schools?

Question: What was highly influental up until the 1900's?

Question: Who was inspired by Avicenna's work?

Question: What region was Avicenna?

Question: What did Avicenna not want to reconcile with Islamic theology?

Question: What did Avicenna hope not to do through his work?

Question: Up until what century was Avicenna's work slightly influential?

Question: Who did Avicenna view as uninspired philosophers?
Avicenna

There are occasional brief hints and allusions in his longer works however that Avicenna considered philosophy as the only sensible way to distinguish real prophecy from illusion. He did not state this more clearly because of the political implications of such a theory, if prophecy could be questioned, and also because most of the time he was writing shorter works which concentrated on explaining his theories on philosophy and theology clearly, without digressing to consider epistemological matters which could only be properly considered by other philosophers.

Question: What did Avicenna consider to be the only way to distinguish real philosophy from illusion?
Answer: philosophy

Question: What did Avicenna fear about stating his theories on philosophy more clearly?
Answer: the political implications of such a theory

Question: What did Avicenna not consider when explaining his theories on philosophy?
Answer: epistemological matters

Question: What did Avicenna consider an illusion?

Question: Who wrote about distinguishing philosophy from prophecy?

Question: Why did Avercenna not explain his theories to others?

Question: What did Avicenna consider to be the only way to distinguish fake prophecy from illusion?

Question: What did Avicenna consider to be the only way to distinguish real philosophy from illusion?

Question: What did Avicenna love about stating his theories on philosophy more clearly?

Question: What did Avicenna fear about stating his theories on biology more clearly?

Question: What did Avicenna consider when explaining his theories on philosophy?
Avicenna

Later interpretations of Avicenna's philosophy split into three different schools; those (such as al-Tusi) who continued to apply his philosophy as a system to interpret later political events and scientific advances; those (such as al-Razi) who considered Avicenna's theological works in isolation from his wider philosophical concerns; and those (such as al-Ghazali) who selectively used parts of his philosophy to support their own attempts to gain greater spiritual insights through a variety of mystical means. It was the theological interpretation championed by those such as al-Razi which eventually came to predominate in the madrasahs.

Question: Which interpretation of Avicenna's work was more taught in Islamic schools?
Answer: al-Razi

Question: Interpretations of Avicenna's work split into how many different schools?
Answer: three

Question: Who used only parts of Avicenna's works to support their own great spiritual insights?
Answer: al-Ghazali

Question: Who used Avicenna's work to help understand future political events?
Answer: al-Tusi

Question: What are Islamic schools also known as?
Answer: madrasahs

Question: Who's philosophy was spilt into 4 different schools?

Question: Which interpretation of Avicenna's work was banned in Islamic schools?

Question: What did al-Tusi believe Avicenna's theological works were isolated from?

Question: Who's philosophy did Avicenna use to gain greater spiritual insight?

Question: Which interpretation of Avicenna's work was less taught in Islamic schools?

Question: Misinterpretations of Avicenna's work split into how many different schools?

Question: Who used only parts of Avicenna's works to reject their own great spiritual insights?

Question: Who used Avicenna's work to help understand past political events?

Question: What are Islamic schools not known as?
Avicenna

While he was imprisoned in the castle of Fardajan near Hamadhan, Avicenna wrote his famous "Floating Man" – literally falling man – thought experiment to demonstrate human self-awareness and the substantiality and immateriality of the soul. Avicenna believed his "Floating Man" thought experiment demonstrated that the soul is a substance, and claimed humans cannot doubt their own consciousness, even in a situation that prevents all sensory data input. The thought experiment told its readers to imagine themselves created all at once while suspended in the air, isolated from all sensations, which includes no sensory contact with even their own bodies. He argued that, in this scenario, one would still have self-consciousness. Because it is conceivable that a person, suspended in air while cut off from sense experience, would still be capable of determining his own existence, the thought experiment points to the conclusions that the soul is a perfection, independent of the body, and an immaterial substance. The conceivability of this "Floating Man" indicates that the soul is perceived intellectually, which entails the soul's separateness from the body. Avicenna referred to the living human intelligence, particularly the active intellect, which he believed to be the hypostasis by which God communicates truth to the human mind and imparts order and intelligibility to nature. Following is an English translation of the argument:

Question: Where was Avicenna once imprisoned?
Answer: the castle of Fardajan

Question: What did Avicenna write while he was imprisoned?
Answer: "Floating Man"

Question: What was the soul according to Avicenna?
Answer: a substance

Question: How is the soul perceived according to Avicenna's work "Floating Man"?
Answer: intellectually

Question: How did Avicenna want man to think of themselves as?
Answer: suspended in the air, isolated from all sensations

Question: What did Avicenna write after being released from a castle near Hamahhan?

Question: What did Avicenna believe proved the soal had no substance?

Question: Who believe existance required sensory data input?

Question: What is dependant on the body?

Question: How did Avicenna believe humans communicated with God?

Question: Where was Avicenna twice imprisoned?

Question: What did Avicenna read while he was imprisoned?

Question: How is the soul perceived according to Avicenna's work "Floating Woman"?

Question: How did Avicenna want woman to think of themselves as?
Avicenna

However, Avicenna posited the brain as the place where reason interacts with sensation. Sensation prepares the soul to receive rational concepts from the universal Agent Intellect. The first knowledge of the flying person would be "I am," affirming his or her essence. That essence could not be the body, obviously, as the flying person has no sensation. Thus, the knowledge that "I am" is the core of a human being: the soul exists and is self-aware. Avicenna thus concluded that the idea of the self is not logically dependent on any physical thing, and that the soul should not be seen in relative terms, but as a primary given, a substance. The body is unnecessary; in relation to it, the soul is its perfection. In itself, the soul is an immaterial substance.

Question: Where did reason interact with sensation according to Avicenna?
Answer: the brain

Question: What is the universal agent?
Answer: Intellect

Question: In Avicenna's work "Floating Man", what is the core of a human being?
Answer: the knowledge that "I am"

Question: What is the body's perfection?
Answer: the soul

Question: In Avicenna's "Floating Man", what could the essence of a person not be?
Answer: the body

Question: Where did Avicenna claim the soul and sensation interacted?

Question: What prepares the brain to recieve rational thought?

Question: Why couldn't the flying persons soul be their essence?

Question: What is dependent on a physical thing?

Question: What is necessary in relation to the soul?

Question: Where did treason interact with sensation according to Avicenna?

Question: What is the local agent?

Question: In Avicenna's work "Floating Man", what is the perimeter of a human being?

Question: What is the body's imperfection?

Question: In Avicenna's "Floating Man", what could the essence of a person be?