Divyanshu67/squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
Genocide

In paragraph 13 the judges raise the issue of the perpetrators' access to the victims: "The historical examples of genocide also suggest that the area of the perpetrators’ activity and control, as well as the possible extent of their reach, should be considered. ... The intent to destroy formed by a perpetrator of genocide will always be limited by the opportunity presented to him. While this factor alone will not indicate whether the targeted group is substantial, it can—in combination with other factors—inform the analysis."

Question: The issue of what is raised by judges in Paragraph 13? 
Answer: perpetrators' access to the victims

Question: What is the basis for suggesting that several factors regarding the activity of the perpetrators be considered? 
Answer: historical examples of genocide

Question: The extent of what by the perpetrators was considered in an examination of their activity and level of control?
Answer: possible extent of their reach

Question: What will always be restricted in terms of a perpetrator's intent to destroy?
Answer: the opportunity presented to him

Question: While the factor cannot independently indicate if the targeted group is substantial, it can do what?
Answer: inform the analysis

Question: What issue is raised by other factors in Paragraph 13?

Question: What is the basis for suggesting that several factors regarding the victims be considered?

Question: The extent of what by the perpetrators was considered in an examination of their analysis?

Question: What will always be restricted in terms of a victim's intent to destroy?

Question: What can historical examples do, even though they cannot independently indicate if the targeted group is substantial?
Genocide

The Convention came into force as international law on 12 January 1951 after the minimum 20 countries became parties. At that time however, only two of the five permanent members of the UN Security Council were parties to the treaty: France and the Republic of China. The Soviet Union ratified in 1954, the United Kingdom in 1970, the People's Republic of China in 1983 (having replaced the Taiwan-based Republic of China on the UNSC in 1971), and the United States in 1988. This long delay in support for the Convention by the world's most powerful nations caused the Convention to languish for over four decades. Only in the 1990s did the international law on the crime of genocide begin to be enforced.

Question: On which date did the Genocide Convention become effective?
Answer: 12 January 1951

Question: What was the minimum number of countries necessary to form parties? 
Answer: 20

Question: Of the five permanent members of the UN Security Council, how many were parties to the treaty?
Answer: only two

Question: What member ratified in 1970?
Answer: the United Kingdom

Question: The delay in support by certain powerful members meant the Convention was largely powerless for over how many decades?
Answer: four

Question: On which date did China become effective?

Question: What was the minimum number of countries necessary to form laws?

Question: How many of the five permanent member s of China were parties to the treaty?

Question: What member enforced in 1970?

Question: What member enforced in 1983?
Genocide

Writing in 1998 Kurt Jonassohn and Karin Björnson stated that the CPPCG was a legal instrument resulting from a diplomatic compromise. As such the wording of the treaty is not intended to be a definition suitable as a research tool, and although it is used for this purpose, as it has an international legal credibility that others lack, other definitions have also been postulated. Jonassohn and Björnson go on to say that none of these alternative definitions have gained widespread support for various reasons.

Question: In 1998 it was written that the CPPCG was a legal entity resulting in which type of compromise?
Answer: a diplomatic compromise

Question: Rather than a definition, the text of the treaty is considered as what type of tool?
Answer: a research tool

Question: What does the treaty possess that others lack?
Answer: international legal credibility

Question: The writers Jonassohn and Bjornson cite various reasons for the lack of widespread support of what?
Answer: alternative definitions

Question: What caused was written Jonassohn and Bjornson to become a legal instrument?

Question: What type of tool is the definition considered rather than a definition?

Question: What does the definition possess that others lack?

Question: What has not gaind widespread support according to the CPPCG?

Question: Who stated that the CPPCG was a research tool?
Genocide

Jonassohn and Björnson postulate that the major reason why no single generally accepted genocide definition has emerged is because academics have adjusted their focus to emphasise different periods and have found it expedient to use slightly different definitions to help them interpret events. For example, Frank Chalk and Kurt Jonassohn studied the whole of human history, while Leo Kuper and R. J. Rummel in their more recent works concentrated on the 20th century, and Helen Fein, Barbara Harff and Ted Gurr have looked at post World War II events. Jonassohn and Björnson are critical of some of these studies, arguing that they are too expansive, and conclude that the academic discipline of genocide studies is too young to have a canon of work on which to build an academic paradigm.

Question: What two writers examined the lack of an accepted and singular definition for genocide?
Answer: Jonassohn and Björnson

Question: The two writers suggested that academics adjusted what in their different definitions to assist them in interpreting events? 
Answer: their focus

Question: What writer joined Jonassohn in the study of the whole of human history?
Answer: Frank Chalk

Question: With whom was Leo Kuper paired in research that focused on 20th century works?
Answer: R. J. Rummel

Question: Two women and what man concentrated on post World War II events?
Answer: Ted Gurr

Question: What two writers examined the lack of an accepted and singular definition for academics?

Question: The two writers suggested that academics adjusted what in their different definitions to assist them in interpreting paradigms?

Question: What writer joined Jonassohn in the study of definitions?

Question: With whom was Leo Kuper paired in research that focused on definitions?

Question: Two women and what man concentrated on academic paradigms?
Genocide

The exclusion of social and political groups as targets of genocide in the CPPCG legal definition has been criticized by some historians and sociologists, for example M. Hassan Kakar in his book The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response, 1979–1982 argues that the international definition of genocide is too restricted, and that it should include political groups or any group so defined by the perpetrator and quotes Chalk and Jonassohn: "Genocide is a form of one-sided mass killing in which a state or other authority intends to destroy a group, as that group and membership in it are defined by the perpetrator." While there are various definitions of the term, Adam Jones states that the majority of genocide scholars consider that "intent to destroy" is a requirement for any act to be labelled genocide, and that there is growing agreement on the inclusion of the physical destruction criterion.

Question: Some historians were critical of what exclusion in the definition of victims of genocide?
Answer: social and political groups

Question: In what book did Kakar contend that the international definition of genocide was too narrow?
Answer: The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response

Question: Kakar argued that the definition should include any group defined by the perpetrator and which other group?
Answer: political groups

Question: In the writing of Chalk and Jonassohn, what is stated to be a form of one-sided mass killing?
Answer: Genocide

Question: In further elaborating on the definition, how did Chalk and Jonassohn phrase the intention of the perpetrator? 
Answer: intends to destroy a group

Question: what exclusion were some historians critical of in the definition of victims of authority?

Question: In what book did Kakar contend that the international definition of perpetrator was too narrow?

Question: Which other group besides the perpetrator did Kakar argue the definition of criterion should include any group defined by?

Question: What is stated to be a form of physical destruction in the writing of Chalk and Jonassohn?

Question: How did Chalk and Jonassohn phrase the intention of the sociologists?
Genocide

Barbara Harff and Ted Gurr defined genocide as "the promotion and execution of policies by a state or its agents which result in the deaths of a substantial portion of a group ...[when] the victimized groups are defined primarily in terms of their communal characteristics, i.e., ethnicity, religion or nationality." Harff and Gurr also differentiate between genocides and politicides by the characteristics by which members of a group are identified by the state. In genocides, the victimized groups are defined primarily in terms of their communal characteristics, i.e., ethnicity, religion or nationality. In politicides the victim groups are defined primarily in terms of their hierarchical position or political opposition to the regime and dominant groups. Daniel D. Polsby and Don B. Kates, Jr. state that "... we follow Harff's distinction between genocides and 'pogroms,' which she describes as 'short-lived outbursts by mobs, which, although often condoned by authorities, rarely persist.' If the violence persists for long enough, however, Harff argues, the distinction between condonation and complicity collapses."

Question: Harff and Gurr's definition of genocide included the promotion and execution of what, by a state or its agents?
Answer: policies

Question: Harff and Gurr further defined what in terms of ethnicity, religion or nationality?
Answer: victimized groups

Question: What was important to Harff and Gurr to distinguish from genocides?
Answer: politicides

Question: Along with ethnicity and and religion, what other characteristic defined a member of a victimized group?
Answer: nationality

Question: What did Harff define as "short-lived outbursts by mobs...?"
Answer: pogroms

Question: Haff and Gurr's definition of opposition included the promotion and execution of what by a state or its agents?

Question: What did Harff and Gurr further define in terms of outbursts?

Question: What was important to Harff and Gurr to distinguish between opposition?

Question: What other characteristic defined a member of a regime along with ethnicity and religion?

Question: What did Harff define as "short-lived outbursts by the state?"
Genocide

According to R. J. Rummel, genocide has 3 different meanings. The ordinary meaning is murder by government of people due to their national, ethnic, racial, or religious group membership. The legal meaning of genocide refers to the international treaty, the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide. This also includes non-killings that in the end eliminate the group, such as preventing births or forcibly transferring children out of the group to another group. A generalized meaning of genocide is similar to the ordinary meaning but also includes government killings of political opponents or otherwise intentional murder. It is to avoid confusion regarding what meaning is intended that Rummel created the term democide for the third meaning.

Question: In the writings of Rummel, what is the first and ordinary meaning of genocide?
Answer: murder by government

Question: Rummel postulates that murder of people of government is due to national, ethnic, racial and which other membership?
Answer: religious group

Question: The legal meaning of genocide is contained in which international treaty?
Answer: Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide

Question: Included in the CPPCG is non-killings that ultimately achieve what end?
Answer: eliminate the group

Question: In the interpretation of non-killings, the CPPCG cites the forceful relocation of children along with what other factor?
Answer: preventing births

Question: In the writings of Rummel, what is the first and ordinary meaning of opponentsl?

Question: Which other membership besides national, ethnic, and racial does Rommul postulate that murder of people by government is due to?

Question: In which international treaty is the legal meaning of opponents contained?

Question: What end is achieved by non-killings included in the democide?

Question: What other factor along with the forceful relocation of political opponents does the the CPPCG cite in the interpretation of non-killings?
Genocide

Highlighting the potential for state and non-state actors to commit genocide in the 21st century, for example, in failed states or as non-state actors acquire weapons of mass destruction, Adrian Gallagher defined genocide as 'When a source of collective power (usually a state) intentionally uses its power base to implement a process of destruction in order to destroy a group (as defined by the perpetrator), in whole or in substantial part, dependent upon relative group size'. The definition upholds the centrality of intent, the multidimensional understanding of destroy, broadens the definition of group identity beyond that of the 1948 definition yet argues that a substantial part of a group has to be destroyed before it can be classified as genocide (dependent on relative group size).

Question: In terms of failed states and non-state actors, the possession of weapons of mass destruction was an issue examined by which writer?
Answer: Adrian Gallagher

Question: In Gallagher's definition of genocide, a source of what is malicious in it implementation of the destruction of a group? 
Answer: collective power

Question: Gallagher's definition upholds the centrality of what?
Answer: intent

Question: The centrality of intent broadens what definition, beyond the 1948 one?
Answer: group identity

Question: In order for a genocide classification to happen, a major part of a group has to be what?
Answer: destroyed

Question: Which writer examined the possession of identity?

Question: A source of what uses its power to implement destruction in Gallagher's definition of process?

Question: The centrality of what does Gallagher's definition uphold?

Question: The centrality of intent broadens what definition beyond the Gallagher one?

Question: A major part of a group has to be what in order for the centrality of intent classification to happen?
Genocide

All signatories to the CPPCG are required to prevent and punish acts of genocide, both in peace and wartime, though some barriers make this enforcement difficult. In particular, some of the signatories—namely, Bahrain, Bangladesh, India, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, the United States, Vietnam, Yemen, and former Yugoslavia—signed with the proviso that no claim of genocide could be brought against them at the International Court of Justice without their consent. Despite official protests from other signatories (notably Cyprus and Norway) on the ethics and legal standing of these reservations, the immunity from prosecution they grant has been invoked from time to time, as when the United States refused to allow a charge of genocide brought against it by former Yugoslavia following the 1999 Kosovo War.

Question: Signatories to the CPPC are required to prevent and punish what?
Answer: acts of genocide

Question: During which times can a perpetrator of genocide be charged?
Answer: both in peace and wartime

Question: In enforcing a charge of genocide, what loophole do many of the signatories possess?
Answer: no claim of genocide could be brought against them

Question: What major western power is exempt from charges or claims of genocide against itself?
Answer: the United States

Question: Along with Cyprus, what other major signatory official protested the the immunity of others from prosecution of genocide?
Answer: Norway

Question: What are Signatories to the Kosovo War are required to prevent and punish what?

Question: During which times can a perpetrator of reservations be charged?

Question: what loophole  do many of the courts possess in enforcing a charge of genocide?

Question: What major western power is exempt from charges or claims of reservation against itself?

Question: Along with Cyprus, what other major signatory official protested the immunity of others from the prosecution of reservation?
Genocide

Because the universal acceptance of international laws which in 1948 defined and forbade genocide with the promulgation of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (CPPCG), those criminals who were prosecuted after the war in international courts for taking part in the Holocaust were found guilty of crimes against humanity and other more specific crimes like murder. Nevertheless, the Holocaust is universally recognized to have been a genocide and the term, that had been coined the year before by Raphael Lemkin, appeared in the indictment of the 24 Nazi leaders, Count 3, which stated that all the defendants had "conducted deliberate and systematic genocide—namely, the extermination of racial and national groups..."

Question: In 1948 the worldwide acceptance of international laws that defined and forbade genocide was promulgated by which treaty?
Answer: Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide

Question: Perpetrators who were tried after World War II were in general found guilty of crimes against what?
Answer: humanity

Question: An example of a more specific genocidal crime of which one could be accused was what?
Answer: crimes like murder

Question: After WWII criminals were largely prosecuted under CPPCG for their involvement in what massive genocidal effort?
Answer: the Holocaust

Question: Who is notable for coining the term "Holocaust?"
Answer: Raphael Lemkin

Question: Which treaty in 1948 defined and forbade promulgation?

Question: What were CPPCG who were tried after World War found guilty of?

Question: What is an example of a more specific international crime of which one could be accused?

Question: What massive genocidal effort were criminals largely prosecuted after count 3 for?

Question: Who is notable for coining the term "extermination?"
Genocide

On 12 July 2007, European Court of Human Rights when dismissing the appeal by Nikola Jorgić against his conviction for genocide by a German court (Jorgic v. Germany) noted that the German courts wider interpretation of genocide has since been rejected by international courts considering similar cases. The ECHR also noted that in the 21st century "Amongst scholars, the majority have taken the view that ethnic cleansing, in the way in which it was carried out by the Serb forces in Bosnia and Herzegovina in order to expel Muslims and Croats from their homes, did not constitute genocide. However, there are also a considerable number of scholars who have suggested that these acts did amount to genocide, and the ICTY has found in the Momcilo Krajisnik case that the actus reu, of genocide was met in Prijedor "With regard to the charge of genocide, the Chamber found that in spite of evidence of acts perpetrated in the municipalities which constituted the actus reus of genocide".

Question: Which court dismissed Nikola Jorgic's appeal against his conviction for genocide by a German court?
Answer: European Court of Human Rights

Question: In Jorgic v. Germany, what about the German courts was later rejected by international courts hearing similar cases?
Answer: wider interpretation of genocide

Question: The ECHR noted that among certain academics, what act carried out by the Serbs agains Bosnian Muslims and Croats did not constitute genocide?
Answer: ethnic cleansing

Question: The ethnic cleansing perpetrated by the Serbs against Bosnia-Herzegovina was conducted with what ultimate goal in mind?
Answer: expel Muslims and Croats from their homes

Question: Conversely the scholars who did view the Serbs' acts as constituting genocide, were backed up by what Tribunal?
Answer: the ICTY

Question: Which court dismissed Nikola Jorgic's appeal against his conviction for cleansing by a German court?

Question: In Jorgic v. Germany, what about the European courts was later rejected by international courts hearing similar cases?

Question: What act carried about by the ECHR against Bosnian Muslims and Croats did not constitute genocide?

Question: What Tribunal backed up scholars who have ethnic cleansing?

Question: What was the ultimate goal of the ethnic cleansing perpetuated by the ECHR?
Genocide

About 30 people have been indicted for participating in genocide or complicity in genocide during the early 1990s in Bosnia. To date, after several plea bargains and some convictions that were successfully challenged on appeal two men, Vujadin Popović and Ljubiša Beara, have been found guilty of committing genocide, Zdravko Tolimir has been found guilty of committing genocide and conspiracy to commit genocide, and two others, Radislav Krstić and Drago Nikolić, have been found guilty of aiding and abetting genocide. Three others have been found guilty of participating in genocides in Bosnia by German courts, one of whom Nikola Jorgić lost an appeal against his conviction in the European Court of Human Rights. A further eight men, former members of the Bosnian Serb security forces were found guilty of genocide by the State Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina (See List of Bosnian genocide prosecutions).

Question: In the 1990s, how many people were indicted for war crimes that were officially defined as genocide?
Answer: About 30

Question: Convicted perpetrators Popovic and Beara were found guilty of genocide despite what evasive action?
Answer: several plea bargains

Question: Tolimir was found guilty of both genocide and what other charge?
Answer: conspiracy to commit genocide

Question: Another charge beyond the act of genocide and for which Krstic and Nikolic were found guilty was what?
Answer: aiding and abetting genocide

Question: Three others were charged with participating in genocides in Bosnia by which country's courts?
Answer: German courts

Question: In the 1990s, how many people were indicted for plea bargins?

Question: What evasive action did not keep Tolmir from being found guilty?

Question: What other charge besides genocide was Beara found guilty of?

Question: What was another charge beyond the act for which Popovic was found guilty?

Question: In which country's courts were three others charged with aiding and abbeting?
Genocide

Slobodan Milošević, as the former President of Serbia and of Yugoslavia, was the most senior political figure to stand trial at the ICTY. He died on 11 March 2006 during his trial where he was accused of genocide or complicity in genocide in territories within Bosnia and Herzegovina, so no verdict was returned. In 1995, the ICTY issued a warrant for the arrest of Bosnian Serbs Radovan Karadžić and Ratko Mladić on several charges including genocide. On 21 July 2008, Karadžić was arrested in Belgrade, and he is currently in The Hague on trial accused of genocide among other crimes. Ratko Mladić was arrested on 26 May 2011 by Serbian special police in Lazarevo, Serbia. Karadzic was convicted of ten of the eleven charges laid against him and sentenced to 40 years in prison on March 24 2016.

Question: Which former president was by far the most senior politician to be accused of genocidal crimes by the ICTY?
Answer: Slobodan Milošević

Question: What event occurred in March 2006 that essentially ended Milosevic's trial?
Answer: He died

Question: Had Milosevic not died, what charges might he have been convicted of?
Answer: genocide or complicity in genocide

Question: With Milosevic dead, who did the ICTY next charge with crimes of genocide in 1995?
Answer: Radovan Karadžić and Ratko Mladić

Question: Where was Karadzic when he was finally arrested?
Answer: Belgrade

Question: What event occurred in 1995 that essentially ended Milosevic's trial?

Question: Where was Karadzic when he was sentenced?

Question: With Milosevic dead, who did Karadzic next charge with grimes of genocide in 1995?

Question: Had Karadzic not died, what charges might he have been convicted of?

Question: Which former president was by far the most senior politician to be accused of genocidal crimes by Karadzic?
Genocide

The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) is a court under the auspices of the United Nations for the prosecution of offenses committed in Rwanda during the genocide which occurred there during April 1994, commencing on 6 April. The ICTR was created on 8 November 1994 by the Security Council of the United Nations in order to judge those people responsible for the acts of genocide and other serious violations of the international law performed in the territory of Rwanda, or by Rwandan citizens in nearby states, between 1 January and 31 December 1994.

Question: What court was established under the aegis of the United Nations to prosecute genocidal crimes in Rwanda?
Answer: International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR)

Question: The prosecutorial efforts of the ICTR focused on genocidal acts that took place during which time period?
Answer: April 1994

Question: the ICTR was created in November 1995 by which branch of the UN?
Answer: the Security Council of the United Nations

Question: The ICTR was established for the purpose of convicting those responsible for acts of genocide and what other charges?
Answer: serious violations of the international law

Question: The charges of genocide brought up by the ICTR were against what group of people?
Answer: Rwandan citizens

Question: What court was established to prosecute genocidal crimes in the United Nations?

Question: During which time period did the prosecuratorial efforts of Rwanda focus on genocidal acts?

Question: Which branch of the UN created Rwanda in November 1995?

Question: What other charges besides genocide was the ITCR convicted of?

Question: What group of people were the charges of genocide brought up against in April 1994?
Genocide

There has been much debate over categorizing the situation in Darfur as genocide. The ongoing conflict in Darfur, Sudan, which started in 2003, was declared a "genocide" by United States Secretary of State Colin Powell on 9 September 2004 in testimony before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. Since that time however, no other permanent member of the UN Security Council followed suit. In fact, in January 2005, an International Commission of Inquiry on Darfur, authorized by UN Security Council Resolution 1564 of 2004, issued a report to the Secretary-General stating that "the Government of the Sudan has not pursued a policy of genocide." Nevertheless, the Commission cautioned that "The conclusion that no genocidal policy has been pursued and implemented in Darfur by the Government authorities, directly or through the militias under their control, should not be taken in any way as detracting from the gravity of the crimes perpetrated in that region. International offences such as the crimes against humanity and war crimes that have been committed in Darfur may be no less serious and heinous than genocide."

Question: What has been widely debated as a possible act of genocide in Sudan?
Answer: situation in Darfur

Question: In 2003 what well known U.S. Secretary of State declared the situation in Darfur as an act of genocide?
Answer: Colin Powell

Question: In front of which committee did Powell testify?
Answer: the Senate Foreign Relations Committee

Question: What did UN Security Council Resolution 1564 authorize in 2004?
Answer: an International Commission of Inquiry on Darfur

Question: Despite some concessions, what act did the Commission ultimately state that Sudan had not pursued?
Answer: genocidal policy

Question: What has been widely debated as a possible act of genocide in the UN?

Question: In 2003 what well known U.S. Secretary of State declared the situation in the UN as an act of genocide?

Question: In front of which committee did Darfur testify?

Question: What did UN Security Council Resolution 1564 authorize in 2005?

Question: Despite some concessions, what act did the Commission ultimately state that the UN had not pursued?
Genocide

In March 2005, the Security Council formally referred the situation in Darfur to the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court, taking into account the Commission report but without mentioning any specific crimes. Two permanent members of the Security Council, the United States and China, abstained from the vote on the referral resolution. As of his fourth report to the Security Council, the Prosecutor has found "reasonable grounds to believe that the individuals identified [in the UN Security Council Resolution 1593] have committed crimes against humanity and war crimes," but did not find sufficient evidence to prosecute for genocide.

Question: To whom did the Security Council officially refer the situation in Darfur?
Answer: Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court

Question: What was taken into account, without mentioning specific crimes?
Answer: the Commission report

Question: China and what other permanent member of the Security Council abstained from the vote on the referral resolution?
Answer: the United States

Question: In which number report to the Council did the Prosecutor concede that crimes had been committed but evidence for prosecution was insufficient?
Answer: his fourth report

Question: To whom did the Security Council officially refer the situation in China?

Question: What was taken into account without mentioning specific councils?

Question: China and what other permanent member of the Security Council abstained from the vote on crimes?

Question: In which number report to the Council did the Prosecutor concede that crimes had been committed but evidence for prosecution was sufficient?

Question: When did the Security Council formally refer the situation in Darfur to China?
Genocide

Other authors have focused on the structural conditions leading up to genocide and the psychological and social processes that create an evolution toward genocide. Ervin Staub showed that economic deterioration and political confusion and disorganization were starting points of increasing discrimination and violence in many instances of genocides and mass killing. They lead to scapegoating a group and ideologies that identified that group as an enemy. A history of devaluation of the group that becomes the victim, past violence against the group that becomes the perpetrator leading to psychological wounds, authoritarian cultures and political systems, and the passivity of internal and external witnesses (bystanders) all contribute to the probability that the violence develops into genocide. Intense conflict between groups that is unresolved, becomes intractable and violent can also lead to genocide. The conditions that lead to genocide provide guidance to early prevention, such as humanizing a devalued group, creating ideologies that embrace all groups, and activating bystander responses. There is substantial research to indicate how this can be done, but information is only slowly transformed into action.

Question: In the build-up to genocide, what have other authors focused on?
Answer: structural conditions

Question: What processes are thought to create an evolution toward genocide?
Answer: psychological and social

Question: Who revealed the starting points of this evolution to be economic deterioration and political confusion?
Answer: Ervin Staub

Question: A history of what is just one factor that contributes to the probability of violence developing into genocide?
Answer: devaluation of the group

Question: What is one preventive effort in circumventing conditions that lead to genocide?
Answer: humanizing a devalued group

Question: In the build-up to genocide, what have other bystanders focused on?

Question: What processees are thought to create an evolution toward conflict?

Question: Who revealed the starting points of this evolution to be genocide?

Question: A history of what is just one factor that contributes to the probability of political systems developing into genocide?

Question: What is one preventive effort in cirumventing conditions that lead to responses?
Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy

Saint-Barthélemy (French: Saint-Barthélemy, French pronunciation: ​[sɛ̃baʁtelemi]), officially the Territorial collectivity of Saint-Barthélemy (French: Collectivité territoriale de Saint-Barthélemy), is an overseas collectivity of France. Often abbreviated to Saint-Barth in French, or St. Barts or St. Barths in English, the indigenous people called the island Ouanalao. St. Barthélemy lies about 35 kilometres (22 mi) southeast of St. Martin and north of St. Kitts. Puerto Rico is 240 kilometres (150 mi) to the west in the Greater Antilles.

Question: What country is Saint-Barthélemy a collectivity of?
Answer: France

Question: What is the French abbreviation for Saint-Barthélemy?
Answer: Saint-Barth

Question: In what language is Saint-Barthélemy abbreviate St. Barts?
Answer: English

Question: What did the native peoples of Saint-Barthélemy call the island?
Answer: Ouanalao

Question: In which direction is Puerto Rico from the island of Saint-Barthélemy?
Answer: west

Question: How far is St. Kitts from St. Martin?

Question: How far is Puerto Rico from St. Kitts?

Question: How far is Saint-Barthelemy from France?

Question: In what direction is France from St. Barts?

Question: What did the indigenous people of Puerto Rico call their island?
Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy

Saint Barthélemy, a volcanic island fully encircled by shallow reefs, has an area of 25 square kilometres (9.7 sq mi) and a population of 9,035 (Jan. 2011 estimate). Its capital is Gustavia[citation needed], which also contains the main harbour to the island. It is the only Caribbean island which was a Swedish colony for any significant length of time; Guadeloupe was under Swedish rule only briefly at the end of the Napoleonic Wars. Symbolism from the Swedish national arms, the Three Crowns, still appears in the island's coat of arms. The language, cuisine, and culture, however, are distinctly French. The island is a popular tourist destination during the winter holiday season, especially for the rich and famous during the Christmas and new year period.

Question: What kind of island is St. Barts?
Answer: volcanic

Question: What is the population of St. Barts?
Answer: 9,035

Question: What is the capital of St. Barts?
Answer: Gustavia

Question: What country besides France had colonies on the island for a substantial period of time?
Answer: Swedish

Question: When is the busiest time for tourism in St. Barts?
Answer: the winter holiday season

Question: In what year did Guadeloupe fall under Swedish rule briefly?

Question: How many people lived in the Swedish colony?

Question: How many tourists visit Saint Barthelemy each year?

Question: How many people lived in Gustavia as of 2011?

Question: What was France's national arms?
Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy

Saint Barthélemy was for many years a French commune forming part of Guadeloupe, which is an overseas region and department of France. Through a referendum in 2003, island residents sought separation from the administrative jurisdiction of Guadeloupe, and it was finally accomplished in 2007. The island of Saint Barthélemy became an Overseas Collectivity (COM). A governing territorial council was elected for its administration, which has provided the island with a certain degree of autonomy. The Hotel de Ville, which was the town hall, is now the Hotel de la Collectivité. A senator represents the island in Paris. St. Barthélemy has retained its free port status.

Question: St. Barts was formerly a part of what French commune?
Answer: Guadeloupe

Question: When did the residents of St. Barts file for separation from Guadeloupe?
Answer: 2003

Question: When did St. Barts finally received its independence?
Answer: 2007

Question: What is the current name of the building in St. Barts that serves as town hall?
Answer: Hotel de la Collectivité

Question: Who officially represents St. Barts in French legislation? 
Answer: A senator

Question: In what year was the French commune forming part of Guadeloupe established?

Question: In what year was the Hotel de Ville built?

Question: In what city does St. Barthelemy have its main port?

Question: How many island residents voted in the 2003 referendum?

Question: In what year did the Hotel de Ville become the Hotel de la Collectivite?
Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy

Located approximately 250 kilometres (160 mi) east of Puerto Rico and the nearer Virgin Islands, St. Barthélemy lies immediately southeast of the islands of Saint Martin and Anguilla. It is one of the Renaissance Islands. St. Barthélemy is separated from Saint Martin by the Saint-Barthélemy Channel. It lies northeast of Saba and St Eustatius, and north of St Kitts. Some small satellite islets belong to St. Barthélemy including Île Chevreau (Île Bonhomme), Île Frégate, Île Toc Vers, Île Tortue and Gros Îlets (Îlots Syndare). A much bigger islet, Île Fourchue, lies on the north of the island, in the Saint-Barthélemy Channel. Other rocky islets which include Coco, the Roques (or little Turtle rocks), the Goat, and the Sugarloaf.

Question: How many Miles East of Puerto Rico is St. Barts?
Answer: 160

Question: St. Barts is one of the what group of islands?
Answer: the Renaissance

Question: What lies between St. Barts and Saint Martin island?
Answer: the Saint-Barthélemy Channel

Question: What is Île Frégate in relation to St Barts?
Answer: satellite islets

Question: What does "Roques" mean in English?
Answer: little Turtle rocks

Question: How far is St. Bart's from Saint Martin?

Question: How far is St. Bart's from Anguilla?

Question: In what direction does the Sugarloaf lie from St. Barts?

Question: In what direction does Cocol lie from St. Barts?

Question: In what direction does the Roques lie from St. Barts?
Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy

Grande Saline Bay provides temporary anchorage for small vessels while Colombier Bay, to the northwest, has a 4 fathoms patch near mid entrance. In the bight of St. Jean Bay there is a narrow cut through the reef. The north and east sides of the island are fringed, to a short distance from the shore, by a visible coral reef. Reefs are mostly in shallow waters and are clearly visible. The coastal areas abound with beaches and many of these have offshore reefs, some of which are part of a marine reserve.

Question: What is the name of the deepest bay at St Barts?
Answer: Colombier Bay

Question: Grande Saline Bay provides docking for what kind of boats?
Answer: small

Question: The North and East sides of St. Barts are fringed by what?
Answer: visible coral reef

Question: Reefs are almost always in what type of water?
Answer: shallow

Question: Some of the offshore reefs of St. Barts are part of what?
Answer: a marine reserve

Question: How deep is Grande Saline Bay?

Question: How deep is St. Jean Bay?

Question: How deep do most of the coral reefs lie?

Question: In what direction does St. Jean Bay lie from Colombier Bay?

Question: In what direction does Grande Saline Bay lie from St. Jean Bay?
Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy

There are as many as 22 public beaches (most beaches on St Barthélémy are known as "Anse de..." etc. ) of which 15 are considered suitable for swimming. They are categorized and divided into two groups, the leeward side (calm waters protected by the island itself) and windward side (some of which are protected by hills and reefs). The windward beaches are popular for windsurfing. The beach of St Jean is suitable for water sports and facilities have been created for that purpose. The long beach at Lorient has shade and is a quiet beach as compared to St. Jean.

Question: How many public beaches are there in St. Barts?
Answer: 22

Question: How many beaches in St. Barts are suitable to swim in?
Answer: 15

Question: What is the portion of the island called that is protected from the sea by the island itself?
Answer: leeward

Question: What is the portion of the island called that is open to the storms and high sea winds?
Answer: windward

Question: The windward side of St. Barts is popular for what type of activity?
Answer: windsurfing

Question: How many leeward side beaches are there?

Question: How many windward side beaches are there?

Question: What are leeward side beaches popular for?

Question: What side of the island is beach of Lorient on?

Question: What side of the island is the beach of St. Jean on?
Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy

The island covers an area of 25 square kilometres (2,500 ha). The eastern side is wetter than the western. Although the climate is essentially arid, the rainfall does average 1000 mm annually, but with considerable variation over the terrain. Summer is from May to November, which is also the rainy season. Winter from December to April is the dry season. Sunshine is very prominent for nearly the entire year and even during the rainy season. Humidity, however, is not very high due to the winds. The average temperature is around 25 °C with day temperatures rising to 32 °C. The average high and low temperatures in January are 28 °C and 22 °C, respectively, while in July they are 30 °C and 24 °C. The lowest night temperature recorded is 13 °C. The Caribbean sea waters in the vicinity generally maintain a temperature of about 27 °C.

Question: What type of climate does St. Barts typically have?
Answer: arid

Question: How many hectares does the island have in total?
Answer: 2,500

Question: How much average rainfall does St. Barts get per year?
Answer: 1000 mm

Question: When does summer end in St. Barts?
Answer: November

Question: What is the lowest nighttime temperature recorded at St. Barts?
Answer: 13 °C

Question: How much water falls on average on the eastern side per year?

Question: How much rainfall comes down during the dry season on average?

Question: What is the average temperature throughout the dry season?

Question: What is the average temperature throughout the rainy season?

Question: How much rainfall falls each year on average during the rainy season?
Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy

Residents of Saint-Barthélemy (Saint-Barthélemoise people) are French citizens and work at establishments on the island. Most of them are descendants of the first settlers, of Breton, Norman, Poitevin, Saintongeais and Angevin lineage. French is the native tongue of the population. English is understood in hotels and restaurants, and a small population of Anglophones have been resident in Gustavia for many years. The St. Barthélemy French patois is spoken by some 500–700 people in the leeward portion of the island and is superficially related to Quebec French, whereas Créole French is limited to the windward side. Unlike other populations in the Caribbean, language preference between the Créole and Patois is geographically, and not racially, determined.[page needed]

Question: What are the people of St. Barts called?
Answer: Saint-Barthélemoise

Question: Of what nation do the people of St. Barts claim citizenship?
Answer: French

Question: What is the native language of St. Barts?
Answer: French

Question: How does the determination between Patois and Creole French usually determined?
Answer: racially

Question: About how many people speak Patois French in St. Barts?
Answer: 500–700

Question: How many people speak English on Saint-Barthelemy?

Question: How many Anglophones are there on Saint-Barthelemy?

Question: How many people comprised the first settlers?

Question: How many people speak Creole French?

Question: On what side of the island do the Anglophone community live?
Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy

On 7 February 2007, the French Parliament passed a bill granting COM status to both St. Barthélemy and (separately) to the neighbouring Saint Martin. The new status took effect on 15 July 2007, when the first territorial council was elected, according to the law. The island has a president (elected every five years), a unicameral Territorial Council of nineteen members who are elected by popular vote and serve for five-year terms, and an executive council of seven members. Elections to these councils were first held on 1 July 2007 with the last election in March 2012.

Question: What island besides St. Barts was granted COM status by France in 2007?
Answer: Saint Martin

Question: When did the COM status for St. Barts take effect?
Answer: 15 July 2007

Question: How many years does a president have in office in St. Barts?
Answer: five

Question: How many people are on the Territorial Council?
Answer: nineteen

Question: When was the last election held for the executive council positions?
Answer: in March 2012

Question: What is COM short for?

Question: On what date did the first president begin his term?

Question: How is the president elected?

Question: How are the executive council members elected?

Question: What status did St. Barthelemy have prior to 7 February 2007?
Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy

One senator represents the island in the French Senate. The first election was held on 21 September 2008 with the last election in September 2014. St. Barthélemy became an overseas territory of the European Union on 1 January 2012, but the island's inhabitants remain French citizens with EU status holding EU passports. France is responsible for the defence of the island and as such has stationed a security force on the island comprising six policemen and thirteen gendarmes (posted on two-year term).

Question: How many senators represent St. Barts in France?
Answer: One

Question: What year was the first senate election held for the St. Barts?
Answer: 2008

Question: When was the last senate election in St. Barts?
Answer: September 2014

Question: What organization did St. Barts become a part of in 2012?
Answer: the European Union

Question: How many policemen does the French government pay for on St. Barts?
Answer: thirteen

Question: On what date in September 2014 was the last election held?

Question: How long do the policemen terms last?

Question: In what year did St. Barthelemy residents become French citizens?

Question: How many senators are there in the French Senate?
Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy

Agricultural production on the island is difficult given the dry and rocky terrain, but the early settlers managed to produce vegetables, cotton, pineapples, salt, bananas and also fishing. Sweet potato is also grown in patches. The islanders developed commerce through the port of Gustavia. Duty-free port attractions, retail trade, high-end tourism (mostly from North America) and its luxury hotels and villas have increased the island's prosperity, reflected in the high standard of living of its citizens.

Question: What is often difficult on the island?
Answer: Agricultural production

Question: What type of activity did early settlers use to get food that didn't involve farming?
Answer: fishing

Question: What is the name of the main commercial port in St. Barts?
Answer: Gustavia

Question: What is grown in patches on the island?
Answer: Sweet potato

Question: What seasoning is found naturally on the island?
Answer: salt

Question: How is cotton grown?

Question: How are pineapples grown?

Question: What was the first vegetable grown on the island by early settlers?

Question: What's the most popular fruit at luxury hospitals and villas?

Question: How are bananas grown?