Divyanshu67/squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
John,_King_of_England

John's illness grew worse and by the time he reached Newark Castle he was unable to travel any farther; John died on the night of 18 October. Numerous – probably fictitious – accounts circulated soon after his death that he had been killed by poisoned ale, poisoned plums or a "surfeit of peaches". His body was escorted south by a company of mercenaries and he was buried in Worcester Cathedral in front of the altar of St Wulfstan. A new sarcophagus with an effigy was made for him in 1232, in which his remains now rest.

Question: When did John die?
Answer: 18 October

Question: When was a new sarcophagus made for him?
Answer: 1232

Question: Where was John buried?
Answer: Worcester Cathedral
John,_King_of_England

By the Victorian period in the 19th century historians were more inclined to draw on the judgements of the chroniclers and to focus on John's moral personality. Kate Norgate, for example, argued that John's downfall had been due not to his failure in war or strategy, but due to his "almost superhuman wickedness", whilst James Ramsay blamed John's family background and his cruel personality for his downfall. Historians in the "Whiggish" tradition, focusing on documents such as the Domesday Book and Magna Carta, trace a progressive and universalist course of political and economic development in England over the medieval period. These historians were often inclined to see John's reign, and his signing of Magna Carta in particular, as a positive step in the constitutional development of England, despite the flaws of the king himself. Winston Churchill, for example, argued that "[w]hen the long tally is added, it will be seen that the British nation and the English-speaking world owe far more to the vices of John than to the labours of virtuous sovereigns".

Question: Who blamed John's family background for his cruel personality?
Answer: James Ramsay

Question: What documents trace a progressive and universalist course of political and economic development in England?
Answer: Domesday Book and Magna Carta

Question: What period in the 19th century were historians more inclined to draw on the judgements of the chroniclers?
Answer: Victorian
John,_King_of_England

John (24 December 1166 – 19 October 1216), also known as John Lackland (Norman French: Johan sanz Terre), was King of England from 6 April 1199 until his death in 1216. John lost the duchy of Normandy to King Philip II of France, which resulted in the collapse of most of the Angevin Empire and contributed to the subsequent growth in power of the Capetian dynasty during the 13th century. The baronial revolt at the end of John's reign led to the sealing of the Magna Carta, a document sometimes considered to be an early step in the evolution of the constitution of the United Kingdom.

Question: John lost the duchy of Normandy to who?
Answer: King Philip II of France

Question: What led to the sealing of the Magna Carta?
Answer: baronial revolt

Question: The collapse of the Angevin Empire contributed to the growth in power of what dynasty?
Answer: Capetian
John,_King_of_England

Shortly after his birth, John was passed from Eleanor into the care of a wet nurse, a traditional practice for medieval noble families. Eleanor then left for Poitiers, the capital of Aquitaine, and sent John and his sister Joan north to Fontevrault Abbey. This may have been done with the aim of steering her youngest son, with no obvious inheritance, towards a future ecclesiastical career. Eleanor spent the next few years conspiring against her husband Henry and neither parent played a part in John's very early life. John was probably, like his brothers, assigned a magister whilst he was at Fontevrault, a teacher charged with his early education and with managing the servants of his immediate household; John was later taught by Ranulph Glanville, a leading English administrator. John spent some time as a member of the household of his eldest living brother Henry the Young King, where he probably received instruction in hunting and military skills.

Question: Where did Eleanor leave to?
Answer: Poitiers

Question: John was taught by who?
Answer: Ranulph Glanville

Question: John was assigned what whilst he was at Fontevrault?
Answer: magister
John,_King_of_England

John had spent the conflict travelling alongside his father, and was given widespread possessions across the Angevin empire as part of the Montlouis settlement; from then onwards, most observers regarded John as Henry II's favourite child, although he was the furthest removed in terms of the royal succession. Henry II began to find more lands for John, mostly at various nobles' expense. In 1175 he appropriated the estates of the late Earl of Cornwall and gave them to John. The following year, Henry disinherited the sisters of Isabelle of Gloucester, contrary to legal custom, and betrothed John to the now extremely wealthy Isabelle. In 1177, at the Council of Oxford, Henry dismissed William FitzAldelm as the Lord of Ireland and replaced him with the ten-year-old John.

Question: John spent the conflict traveling alongside who?
Answer: his father

Question: When did Henry II appropriate the estates of the late Earl of Cornwall?
Answer: 1175

Question: Who dismissed William FitzAldelm as the Lord of Ireland?
Answer: Henry
John,_King_of_England

When John's elder brother Richard became king in September 1189, he had already declared his intention of joining the Third Crusade. Richard set about raising the huge sums of money required for this expedition through the sale of lands, titles and appointments, and attempted to ensure that he would not face a revolt while away from his empire. John was made Count of Mortain, was married to the wealthy Isabel of Gloucester, and was given valuable lands in Lancaster and the counties of Cornwall, Derby, Devon, Dorset, Nottingham and Somerset, all with the aim of buying his loyalty to Richard whilst the king was on crusade. Richard retained royal control of key castles in these counties, thereby preventing John from accumulating too much military and political power, and, for the time being, the king named the four-year-old Arthur of Brittany as the heir to the throne. In return, John promised not to visit England for the next three years, thereby in theory giving Richard adequate time to conduct a successful crusade and return from the Levant without fear of John seizing power. Richard left political authority in England – the post of justiciar – jointly in the hands of Bishop Hugh de Puiset and William Mandeville, and made William Longchamp, the Bishop of Ely, his chancellor. Mandeville immediately died, and Longchamp took over as joint justiciar with Puiset, which would prove to be a less than satisfactory partnership. Eleanor, the queen mother, convinced Richard to allow John into England in his absence.

Question: When did Richard become king?
Answer: September 1189

Question: Who took over as joint justiciar with Puiset after Mandeville died?
Answer: Longchamp

Question: Who convinced Richard to allow John to join into England?
Answer: Eleanor
John,_King_of_England

Warfare in Normandy at the time was shaped by the defensive potential of castles and the increasing costs of conducting campaigns. The Norman frontiers had limited natural defences but were heavily reinforced with castles, such as Château Gaillard, at strategic points, built and maintained at considerable expense. It was difficult for a commander to advance far into fresh territory without having secured his lines of communication by capturing these fortifications, which slowed the progress of any attack. Armies of the period could be formed from either feudal or mercenary forces. Feudal levies could only be raised for a fixed length of time before they returned home, forcing an end to a campaign; mercenary forces, often called Brabançons after the Duchy of Brabant but actually recruited from across northern Europe, could operate all year long and provide a commander with more strategic options to pursue a campaign, but cost much more than equivalent feudal forces. As a result, commanders of the period were increasingly drawing on larger numbers of mercenaries.

Question: Warfare in Normandy was shaped by what?
Answer: defensive potential of castles

Question: What were mercenary forces called?
Answer: Brabançons

Question: What castle was built at a strategic point?
Answer: Château Gaillard
John,_King_of_England

John initially adopted a defensive posture similar to that of 1199: avoiding open battle and carefully defending his key castles. John's operations became more chaotic as the campaign progressed, and Philip began to make steady progress in the east. John became aware in July that Arthur's forces were threatening his mother, Eleanor, at Mirebeau Castle. Accompanied by William de Roches, his seneschal in Anjou, he swung his mercenary army rapidly south to protect her. His forces caught Arthur by surprise and captured the entire rebel leadership at the battle of Mirebeau. With his southern flank weakening, Philip was forced to withdraw in the east and turn south himself to contain John's army.

Question: Who accompanied John?
Answer: William de Roches

Question: Why was Philip forced to withdraw in the east?
Answer: southern flank weakening

Question: Who was caught by surprised?
Answer: Arthur
John,_King_of_England

John's lack of religious conviction has been noted by contemporary chroniclers and later historians, with some suspecting that John was at best impious, or even atheistic, a very serious issue at the time. Contemporary chroniclers catalogued his various anti-religious habits at length, including his failure to take communion, his blasphemous remarks, and his witty but scandalous jokes about church doctrine, including jokes about the implausibility of the Resurrection. They commented on the paucity of John's charitable donations to the church. Historian Frank McLynn argues that John's early years at Fontevrault, combined with his relatively advanced education, may have turned him against the church. Other historians have been more cautious in interpreting this material, noting that chroniclers also reported John's personal interest in the life of St Wulfstan of Worcester and his friendships with several senior clerics, most especially with Hugh of Lincoln, who was later declared a saint. Financial records show a normal royal household engaged in the usual feasts and pious observances – albeit with many records showing John's offerings to the poor to atone for routinely breaking church rules and guidance. The historian Lewis Warren has argued that the chronicler accounts were subject to considerable bias and the King was "at least conventionally devout," citing his pilgrimages and interest in religious scripture and commentaries.

Question: Historians suspected that John was at best what?
Answer: impious

Question: Who was later declared a saint?
Answer: Hugh of Lincoln

Question: Many records showed what?
Answer: John's offerings to the poor
John,_King_of_England

John wanted John de Gray, the Bishop of Norwich and one of his own supporters, to be appointed Archbishop of Canterbury after the death of Walter, but the cathedral chapter for Canterbury Cathedral claimed the exclusive right to elect Walter's successor. They favoured Reginald, the chapter's sub-prior. To complicate matters, the bishops of the province of Canterbury also claimed the right to appoint the next archbishop. The chapter secretly elected Reginald and he travelled to Rome to be confirmed; the bishops challenged the appointment and the matter was taken before Innocent. John forced the Canterbury chapter to change their support to John de Gray, and a messenger was sent to Rome to inform the papacy of the new decision. Innocent disavowed both Reginald and John de Gray, and instead appointed his own candidate, Stephen Langton. John refused Innocent's request that he consent to Langton's appointment, but the pope consecrated Langton anyway in June 1207.

Question: Who did John want to be appointed Archbishop of Canterbury?
Answer: John de Gray

Question: Who did Innocent disavow?
Answer: Reginald and John de Gray

Question: Who did John force to change their support to John de Gray?
Answer: Canterbury chapter
John,_King_of_England

Tensions between John and the barons had been growing for several years, as demonstrated by the 1212 plot against the king. Many of the disaffected barons came from the north of England; that faction was often labelled by contemporaries and historians as "the Northerners". The northern barons rarely had any personal stake in the conflict in France, and many of them owed large sums of money to John; the revolt has been characterised as "a rebellion of the king's debtors". Many of John's military household joined the rebels, particularly amongst those that John had appointed to administrative roles across England; their local links and loyalties outweighed their personal loyalty to John. Tension also grew across North Wales, where opposition to the 1211 treaty between John and Llywelyn was turning into open conflict. For some the appointment of Peter des Roches as justiciar was an important factor, as he was considered an "abrasive foreigner" by many of the barons. The failure of John's French military campaign in 1214 was probably the final straw that precipitated the baronial uprising during John's final years as king; James Holt describes the path to civil war as "direct, short and unavoidable" following the defeat at Bouvines.

Question: Where did many of the disaffected barons come from?
Answer: north of England

Question: Who was appointed justiciar?
Answer: Peter des Roches

Question: What was the final straw that precipitated the baronial uprising during John's final years as king?
Answer: The failure of John's French military campaign
John,_King_of_England

John met the rebel leaders at Runnymede, near Windsor Castle, on 15 June 1215. Langton's efforts at mediation created a charter capturing the proposed peace agreement; it was later renamed Magna Carta, or "Great Charter". The charter went beyond simply addressing specific baronial complaints, and formed a wider proposal for political reform, albeit one focusing on the rights of free men, not serfs and unfree labour. It promised the protection of church rights, protection from illegal imprisonment, access to swift justice, new taxation only with baronial consent and limitations on scutage and other feudal payments. A council of twenty-five barons would be created to monitor and ensure John's future adherence to the charter, whilst the rebel army would stand down and London would be surrendered to the king.

Question: When did John meet the rebel leaders at Runnymede?
Answer: 15 June 1215

Question: A council of how many barons was created to monitor John's future adherence to the charter?
Answer: twenty-five

Question: The peace agreement was renamed what?
Answer: Magna Carta
John,_King_of_England

Prince Louis intended to land in the south of England in May 1216, and John assembled a naval force to intercept him. Unfortunately for John, his fleet was dispersed by bad storms and Louis landed unopposed in Kent. John hesitated and decided not to attack Louis immediately, either due to the risks of open battle or over concerns about the loyalty of his own men. Louis and the rebel barons advanced west and John retreated, spending the summer reorganising his defences across the rest of the kingdom. John saw several of his military household desert to the rebels, including his half-brother, William Longespée. By the end of the summer the rebels had regained the south-east of England and parts of the north.

Question: When did Prince Louis int to land in the south of England?
Answer: May 1216

Question: Why did John hesitate to attack Louis?
Answer: due to the risks of open battle

Question: When did the rebels regain the south-east of England?
Answer: end of the summer
John,_King_of_England

John's first wife, Isabel, Countess of Gloucester, was released from imprisonment in 1214; she remarried twice, and died in 1217. John's second wife, Isabella of Angoulême, left England for Angoulême soon after the king's death; she became a powerful regional leader, but largely abandoned the children she had had by John. John had five legitimate children, all by Isabella. His eldest son, Henry III, ruled as king for the majority of the 13th century. Richard became a noted European leader and ultimately the King of the Romans in the Holy Roman Empire. Joan married Alexander II of Scotland to become his queen consort. Isabella married the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II. His youngest daughter, Eleanor, married William Marshal's son, also called William, and later the famous English rebel Simon de Montfort. John had a number of illegitimate children by various mistresses, including nine sons – Richard, Oliver, John, Geoffrey, Henry, Osbert Gifford, Eudes, Bartholomew and probably Philip – and three daughters – Joan, Maud and probably Isabel. Of these, Joan became the most famous, marrying Prince Llywelyn the Great of Wales.

Question: When was Isabel released from imprisonment?
Answer: 1214

Question: Who did Joan marry to become queen consort?
Answer: Alexander II of Scotland

Question: How many legitimate children did John have?
Answer: five

Question: Who was John's eldest son?
Answer: Henry III
John,_King_of_England

Most historians today, including John's recent biographers Ralph Turner and Lewis Warren, argue that John was an unsuccessful monarch, but note that his failings were exaggerated by 12th- and 13th-century chroniclers. Jim Bradbury notes the current consensus that John was a "hard-working administrator, an able man, an able general", albeit, as Turner suggests, with "distasteful, even dangerous personality traits", including pettiness, spitefulness and cruelty. John Gillingham, author of a major biography of Richard I, follows this line too, although he considers John a less effective general than do Turner or Warren, and describes him "one of the worst kings ever to rule England". Bradbury takes a moderate line, but suggests that in recent years modern historians have been overly lenient towards John's numerous faults. Popular historian Frank McLynn maintains a counter-revisionist perspective on John, arguing that the king's modern reputation amongst historians is "bizarre", and that as a monarch John "fails almost all those [tests] that can be legitimately set".

Question: What biographers argue that John was an unsuccessful monarch?
Answer: Ralph Turner and Lewis Warren

Question: Modern historians have been over lenient towards what?
Answer: John's numerous faults

Question: John Gillingham considers John what?
Answer: a less effective general
Macintosh

The Macintosh, however, was expensive, which hindered its ability to be competitive in a market already dominated by the Commodore 64 for consumers, as well as the IBM Personal Computer and its accompanying clone market for businesses. Macintosh systems still found success in education and desktop publishing and kept Apple as the second-largest PC manufacturer for the next decade. In the 1990s, improvements in the rival Wintel platform, notably with the introduction of Windows 3.0, then Windows 95, gradually took market share from the more expensive Macintosh systems. The performance advantage of 68000-based Macintosh systems was eroded by Intel's Pentium, and in 1994 Apple was relegated to third place as Compaq became the top PC manufacturer. Even after a transition to the superior PowerPC-based Power Macintosh (later renamed the PowerMac, in line with the PowerBook series) line in 1994, the falling prices of commodity PC components and the release of Windows 95 saw the Macintosh user base decline.

Question: What hindered the competetive ability of Apple when it was introduced?
Answer: expensive

Question: Where did Macintosh initially find success in the market?
Answer: education and desktop publishing

Question: Which platform, when improved in the 1990's, took market share from Macintosh?
Answer: Wintel

Question: What type of advantage did Intel's Pentium over Macintosh systems in the 1990's?
Answer: performance

Question: Who became the top PC manufacturer in 1994, leaving Apple in 3rd place?
Answer: Compaq

Question: What hindered the competetive ability of Microsoft when it was introduced?

Question: Where did Macintosh initially fail in the market?

Question: Which platform, when improved in the 1980's, took market share from Macintosh?

Question: What type of advantage did Intel's Pentium over Macintosh systems in the 1980's?

Question: Who became the top PC manufacturer in 1984, leaving Apple in 3rd place?
Macintosh

Smith's first Macintosh board was built to Raskin's design specifications: it had 64 kilobytes (kB) of RAM, used the Motorola 6809E microprocessor, and was capable of supporting a 256×256-pixel black-and-white bitmap display. Bud Tribble, a member of the Mac team, was interested in running the Apple Lisa's graphical programs on the Macintosh, and asked Smith whether he could incorporate the Lisa's Motorola 68000 microprocessor into the Mac while still keeping the production cost down. By December 1980, Smith had succeeded in designing a board that not only used the 68000, but increased its speed from 5 MHz to 8 MHz; this board also had the capacity to support a 384×256-pixel display. Smith's design used fewer RAM chips than the Lisa, which made production of the board significantly more cost-efficient. The final Mac design was self-contained and had the complete QuickDraw picture language and interpreter in 64 kB of ROM – far more than most other computers; it had 128 kB of RAM, in the form of sixteen 64 kilobit (kb) RAM chips soldered to the logicboard. Though there were no memory slots, its RAM was expandable to 512 kB by means of soldering sixteen IC sockets to accept 256 kb RAM chips in place of the factory-installed chips. The final product's screen was a 9-inch, 512x342 pixel monochrome display, exceeding the size of the planned screen.

Question: How much RAM did the first Maciuntosh board have?
Answer: 64 kilobytes (kB)

Question: Whose idea was it to run Apple Lisa's graphical programs on the Macintosh?
Answer: Bud Tribble, a member of the Mac team

Question: What did Tribble first incorporate into the Mac?
Answer: Lisa's Motorola 68000 microprocessor

Question: Which design feature did Smith eventually use to make production of a newly designed board more cost-efficient?
Answer: fewer RAM chips than the Lisa

Question: What feature was missing from the final Mac design produced by Smith?
Answer: memory slots

Question: How much ROM did the first Macintosh board have?

Question: Whose idea was it to run Microsoft Lisa's graphical programs on the Macintosh?

Question: What did Tribble last incorporate into the Mac?

Question: Which design feature did Smith eventually use to make production of a newly designed board less cost-efficient?

Question: What feature was present in the final Mac design produced by Smith?
Macintosh

Apple released the Macintosh Plus on January 10, 1986, for a price of US$2,600. It offered one megabyte of RAM, easily expandable to four megabytes by the use of socketed RAM boards. It also featured a SCSI parallel interface, allowing up to seven peripherals—such as hard drives and scanners—to be attached to the machine. Its floppy drive was increased to an 800 kB capacity. The Mac Plus was an immediate success and remained in production, unchanged, until October 15, 1990; on sale for just over four years and ten months, it was the longest-lived Macintosh in Apple's history. In September 1986, Apple introduced the Macintosh Programmer's Workshop, or MPW, an application that allowed software developers to create software for Macintosh on Macintosh, rather than cross compiling from a Lisa. In August 1987, Apple unveiled HyperCard and MultiFinder, which added cooperative multitasking to the Macintosh. Apple began bundling both with every Macintosh.

Question: What was the longest-lived Macintosh in Apple's history while it was in production?
Answer: The Mac Plus

Question: How long did the Mac Plus remain in production, unchanged?
Answer: just over four years and ten months

Question: In 1986, what did Apple introduce to allow developers to create software for Macintosh on Macintosh?
Answer: Macintosh Programmer's Workshop

Question: What did Apple's HyerCard and MultiFinder add to the Macintosh?
Answer: cooperative multitasking

Question: After their unveiling in 1987, what did Apple begin bundling with every Macintosh?
Answer: HyperCard and MultiFinder

Question: What was the shortest-lived Macintosh in Apple's history while it was in production?

Question: How long did the Mac Minus remain in production, unchanged?

Question: In 1984, what did Apple introduce to allow developers to create software for Macintosh on Macintosh?

Question: What did Microsoft's HyerCard and MultiFinder add to the Macintosh?

Question: After their unveiling in 1978, what did Apple begin bundling with every Macintosh?
Macintosh

With the new Motorola 68030 processor came the Macintosh IIx in 1988, which had benefited from internal improvements, including an on-board MMU. It was followed in 1989 by the Macintosh IIcx, a more compact version with fewer slots  and a version of the Mac SE powered by the 16 MHz 68030, the Macintosh SE/30. Later that year, the Macintosh IIci, running at 25 MHz, was the first Mac to be "32-bit clean." This allowed it to natively support more than 8 MB of RAM, unlike its predecessors, which had "32-bit dirty" ROMs (8 of the 32 bits available for addressing were used for OS-level flags). System 7 was the first Macintosh operating system to support 32-bit addressing. The following year, the Macintosh IIfx, starting at US$9,900, was unveiled. Apart from its fast 40 MHz 68030 processor, it had significant internal architectural improvements, including faster memory and two Apple II CPUs (6502s) dedicated to I/O processing.

Question: What Macintosh first included an on-board MMU?
Answer: the Macintosh IIx

Question: What was the first Mac to be "32-bit clean"?
Answer: the Macintosh IIci

Question: What was the starting price of the Macintosh llfx when it was unveiled?
Answer: US$9,900

Question: How many Apple II CPUS's did the new Macintosh llfx include?
Answer: two

Question: How fast was the processor on the new Macintosh llfx?
Answer: 40 MHz

Question: What Macintosh first included an on-board MUM?

Question: What was the first Mac to be "23-bit clean"?

Question: How many Apple I CPUS's did the new Macintosh llfx include?

Question: What was the starting price of the Macintosh llf when it was unveiled?

Question: How fast was the processor on the new Macintosh llx?
Macintosh

As for Mac OS, System 7 was a 32-bit rewrite from Pascal to C++ that introduced virtual memory and improved the handling of color graphics, as well as memory addressing, networking, and co-operative multitasking. Also during this time, the Macintosh began to shed the "Snow White" design language, along with the expensive consulting fees they were paying to Frogdesign. Apple instead brought the design work in-house by establishing the Apple Industrial Design Group, becoming responsible for crafting a new look for all Apple products.

Question: Which Mac is known for improving the handling of color graphics?
Answer: Mac OS, System 7

Question: Who did Apple pay expensive consulting fees to before doing in-house work?
Answer: Frogdesign

Question: What was established for bringing Apple's design work in-house?
Answer: the Apple Industrial Design Group

Question: Who was responsible for crafting a new look for all Apple products?
Answer: Apple Industrial Design Group

Question: How did the Mac System 7 improve multitasking?
Answer: co-operative multitasking

Question: Which Mac is known for improving the handling of non-color graphics?

Question: Who did Microsoft pay expensive consulting fees to before doing in-house work?

Question: What was established for bringing Microsoft's design work in-house?

Question: Who was responsible for crafting a new look for all Microsoft products?

Question: How did the Mac System 6 improve multitasking?
Macintosh

When Steve Jobs returned to Apple in 1997 following the company's purchase of NeXT, he ordered that the OS that had been previewed as version 7.7 be branded Mac OS 8 (in place of the never-to-appear Copland OS). Since Apple had licensed only System 7 to third parties, this move effectively ended the clone line. The decision caused significant financial losses for companies like Motorola, who produced the StarMax; Umax, who produced the SuperMac; and Power Computing, who offered several lines of Mac clones, including the PowerWave, PowerTower, and PowerTower Pro. These companies had invested substantial resources in creating their own Mac-compatible hardware. Apple bought out Power Computing's license, but allowed Umax to continue selling Mac clones until their license expired, as they had a sizeable presence in the lower-end segment that Apple did not. In September 1997 Apple extended Umax' license allowing them to sell clones with Mac OS 8, the only clone maker to do so, but with the restriction that they only sell low-end systems. Without the higher profit margins of high-end systems, however, Umax judged this would not be profitable and exited the Mac clone market in May 1998, having lost USD$36 million on the program.

Question: Who returned to Apple in 1997?
Answer: Steve Jobs

Question: What did Steve Jobs order the OS version 7.7 to be branded as?
Answer: Mac OS 8

Question: What did the branding of the Mac OS 8 effectively end?
Answer: the clone line

Question: What effect did Mac's decision to brand the Mac OS8 have on companies such as Motorola?
Answer: significant financial losses

Question: How much money did Umax lose when it exited the low-end Mac clone market?
Answer: USD$36 million

Question: Who returned to Apple in 1990?

Question: What did Steve Jobs order the OS version 7.8 to be branded as?

Question: What did the branding of the Mac OS 7 effectively end?

Question: What effect did Mac's decision to brand the Mac OS7 have on companies such as Motorola?

Question: How much money did Umax lose when it exited the high-end Mac clone market?
Macintosh

Mac OS continued to evolve up to version 9.2.2, including retrofits such as the addition of a nanokernel and support for Multiprocessing Services 2.0 in Mac OS 8.6, though its dated architecture made replacement necessary. Initially developed in the Pascal programming language, it was substantially rewritten in C++ for System 7. From its beginnings on an 8 MHz machine with 128 KB of RAM, it had grown to support Apple's latest 1 GHz G4-equipped Macs. Since its architecture was laid down, features that were already common on Apple's competition, like preemptive multitasking and protected memory, had become feasible on the kind of hardware Apple manufactured. As such, Apple introduced Mac OS X, a fully overhauled Unix-based successor to Mac OS 9. OS X uses Darwin, XNU, and Mach as foundations, and is based on NeXTSTEP. It was released to the public in September 2000, as the Mac OS X Public Beta, featuring a revamped user interface called "Aqua". At US$29.99, it allowed adventurous Mac users to sample Apple's new operating system and provide feedback for the actual release. The initial version of Mac OS X, 10.0 "Cheetah", was released on March 24, 2001. Older Mac OS applications could still run under early Mac OS X versions, using an environment called "Classic". Subsequent releases of Mac OS X included 10.1 "Puma" (2001), 10.2 "Jaguar" (2002), 10.3 "Panther" (2003) and 10.4 "Tiger" (2005).

Question: What did dated architecture on the Mac OS line make necessary?
Answer: replacement

Question: What programming language was the Mac OS initially developed in?
Answer: Pascal

Question: What language replaced Pascal for System 7?
Answer: C++

Question: What was the fuly overhauled successor to Mac OS 9?
Answer: Mac OS X

Question: Upon release, what interface allowed Mac users to sample Apple's new operating system and provide feedback for the actual release?
Answer: Aqua

Question: What did new architecture on the Mac OS line make necessary?

Question: What spoken language was the Mac OS initially developed in?

Question: What language replaced Pascal for System 8?

Question: What was the fuly overhauled successor to Mac OS 8?

Question: Upon release, what interface allowed Mac users to sample Microsoft's new operating system and provide feedback for the actual release?
Macintosh

Originally, the hardware architecture was so closely tied to the Mac OS operating system that it was impossible to boot an alternative operating system. The most common workaround, is to boot into Mac OS and then to hand over control to a Mac OS-based bootloader application. Used even by Apple for A/UX and MkLinux, this technique is no longer necessary since the introduction of Open Firmware-based PCI Macs, though it was formerly used for convenience on many Old World ROM systems due to bugs in the firmware implementation.[citation needed] Now, Mac hardware boots directly from Open Firmware in most PowerPC-based Macs or EFI in all Intel-based Macs.

Question: Which technique was once used to boot an alternate operating system than Mac OS?
Answer: boot into Mac OS and then to hand over control to a Mac OS-based bootloader application

Question: What was introduced that made using Mac OS alternative operating systems easier?
Answer: Open Firmware-based PCI Macs

Question: What were Open Firmware-based PCI Macs used as a convenience because of?
Answer: bugs in the firmware implementation

Question: Where does Mac hardware boot directly to in all Intel-based Macs?
Answer: EFI

Question: Where does Mac harware boot directly to in most PowerPC-based Macs?
Answer: Open Firmware

Question: Which technique was once used to boot an alternate operating system than Mac SO?

Question: What was introduced that made using Mac OP alternative operating systems easier?

Question: What were Open Firmware-based PIC Macs used as a convenience because of?

Question: Where does Mac hardware boot indirectly to in all Intel-based Macs?

Question: Where does Mac harware boot indirectly to in most PowerPC-based Macs?
Macintosh

In 1982, Regis McKenna was brought in to shape the marketing and launch of the Macintosh. Later the Regis McKenna team grew to include Jane Anderson, Katie Cadigan and Andy Cunningham, who eventually led the Apple account for the agency. Cunningham and Anderson were the primary authors of the Macintosh launch plan. The launch of the Macintosh pioneered many different tactics that are used today in launching technology products, including the "multiple exclusive," event marketing (credited to John Sculley, who brought the concept over from Pepsi), creating a mystique around a product and giving an inside look into a product's creation.

Question: Who was brought in to shape the marketing of Macintosh in 1982?
Answer: Regis McKenna

Question: What role did Andy Cunningham and Jane Anderson have in the Macintosh launch plan?
Answer: primary authors

Question: Who introduced the "multiple exclusive" event marketing concept to Apple?
Answer: John Sculley

Question: Which company first used the "multiple exclusive" event marketing concept?
Answer: Pepsi

Question: What did the "multiple exclusive" event marketing concept create around a product?
Answer: a mystique

Question: Who was brought in to shape the marketing of Macintosh in 1928?

Question: What role did Andy Cunningham and Jane Anderson have in the Microsoft launch plan?

Question: Who introduced the "multiple exclusive" event marketing concept to Microsoft?

Question: Which company last used the "multiple exclusive" event marketing concept?

Question: What didn't the "multiple exclusive" event marketing concept create around a product?
Macintosh

Compaq, who had previously held the third place spot among PC manufacturers during the 1980s and early-mid 1990s, initiated a successful price war in 1994 that vaulted them to the biggest by the year end, overtaking a struggling IBM and relegating Apple to third place. Apple's market share further struggled due to the release of the Windows 95 operating system, which unified Microsoft's formerly separate MS-DOS and Windows products. Windows 95 significantly enhanced the multimedia capability and performance of IBM PC compatible computers, and brought the capabilities of Windows to parity with the Mac OS GUI.

Question: Who initiated a successful price war among PC manufacturers in 1994?
Answer: Compaq

Question: Who did Compaq overtake in the price war of 1994?
Answer: IBM

Question: What happened to Apple's market share with the release of Windows 95?
Answer: struggled

Question: What unified Microsoft's MS-DOS and Windows products?
Answer: Windows 95

Question: What significantly enhanced the multimedia capability of IBM PC compatible computers?
Answer: Windows 95

Question: Who initiated a successful price war among PC manufacturers in 1995

Question: Who did Compaq overtake in the price war of 1993?

Question: What happened to Apple's market share with the release of Windows 98?

Question: What unified Apple's MS-DOS and Windows products?

Question: What significantly enhanced the multimedia capability of IBM PC incompatible computers?
Macintosh

Statistics from late 2003 indicate that Apple had 2.06 percent of the desktop share in the United States that had increased to 2.88 percent by Q4 2004. As of October 2006, research firms IDC and Gartner reported that Apple's market share in the U.S. had increased to about 6 percent. Figures from December 2006, showing a market share around 6 percent (IDC) and 6.1 percent (Gartner) are based on a more than 30 percent increase in unit sale from 2005 to 2006. The installed base of Mac computers is hard to determine, with numbers ranging from 5% (estimated in 2009) to 16% (estimated in 2005).

Question: What percent of the desktop share in the U.S. did Apple have in 2003?
Answer: 2.06

Question: Who are IDC and Gartner?
Answer: research firms

Question: What was Apple's market share in the U.S. by 2006?
Answer: 6.1 percent

Question: What percentage of unit sale increase did Apple see from 2005 to 2006?
Answer: 30

Question: What was the estimated installed base of Mac computers in 2009?
Answer: 16%

Question: What percent of the desktop share in the U.S. did Apple have in 2004?

Question: Who are CID and Gartner?

Question: What was Apple's market share in the U.S. by 2005?

Question: What percentage of unit sale increase did Apple see from 2005 to 2007?

Question: What was the estimated installed base of Mac computers in 2010?
Macintosh

The Macintosh SE was released at the same time as the Macintosh II for $2900 (or $3900 with hard drive), as the first compact Mac with a 20 MB internal hard drive and an expansion slot. The SE's expansion slot was located inside the case along with the CRT, potentially exposing an upgrader to high voltage. For this reason, Apple recommended users bring their SE to an authorized Apple dealer to have upgrades performed. The SE also updated Jerry Manock and Terry Oyama's original design and shared the Macintosh II's Snow White design language, as well as the new Apple Desktop Bus (ADB) mouse and keyboard that had first appeared on the Apple IIGS some months earlier.

Question: When was the Macintosh SE released at the same time as?
Answer: the Macintosh II

Question: What was the first compact Mac with a 20 MB internal hard drive and an expansion slot?
Answer: The Macintosh SE

Question: What was the starting price of the Macintosh SE?
Answer: $2900

Question: What did the location of the SE's expansion slot potentially expose an upgrader to?
Answer: high voltage

Question: Who did Apple suggest users go to for performing updates on their SE's?
Answer: an authorized Apple dealer

Question: When was the Macintosh ES released at the same time as?

Question: What was the last compact Mac with a 20 MB internal hard drive and an expansion slot?

Question: What was the first compact Mac with a 40 MB internal hard drive and an expansion slot?

Question: What was the starting price of the Macintosh ES?

Question: What did the location of the ES's expansion slot potentially expose an upgrader to?
Macintosh

In recent years, Apple has seen a significant boost in sales of Macs. This has been attributed, in part, to the success of the iPod and the iPhone, a halo effect whereby satisfied iPod or iPhone owners purchase more Apple products, and Apple has since capitalized on that with the iCloud cloud service that allows users to seamlessly sync data between these devices and Macs. Nonetheless, like other personal computer manufacturers, the Macintosh lines have been hurt by consumer trend towards smartphones and tablet computers (particularly Apple's own iPhone and iPad, respectively) as the computing devices of choice among consumers.

Question: What is partially credited for the significant boost in sales of Macs in recent years?
Answer: the success of the iPod and the iPhone

Question: What allows users to easily sync data between an iPhone and a Mac?
Answer: iCloud cloud service

Question: What consumer trend has hurt many personal computer manufacturers?
Answer: smartphones and tablet computers

Question: Which smartphone has hurt personal computer manufacterers the most?
Answer: Apple's own iPhone

Question: What are the top two computing devices consumers are choosing?
Answer: iPhone and iPad

Question: What is partially credited for the insignificant boost in sales of Macs in recent years?

Question: What allows users to easily sync data between an iPhone and a PC?

Question: What consumer trend has hurt many business computer manufacturers?

Question: Which smartphone has hurt personal computer manufacterers the least?

Question: What are the top three computing devices consumers are choosing?
Macintosh

In response, Apple introduced a range of relatively inexpensive Macs in October 1990. The Macintosh Classic, essentially a less expensive version of the Macintosh SE, was the least expensive Mac offered until early 2001. The 68020-powered Macintosh LC, in its distinctive "pizza box" case, offered color graphics and was accompanied by a new, low-cost 512×384 pixel monitor. The Macintosh IIsi was essentially a 20 MHz IIci with only one expansion slot. All three machines sold well, although Apple's profit margin on them was considerably lower than that on earlier models.

Question: What did Apple introduce in 1990 to combat competition from smartphones?
Answer: relatively inexpensive Macs

Question: What was the less expensive version of the Macintosh SE that was offered until 2001?
Answer: The Macintosh Classic

Question: Which Macintosh had a distinctive "pizza box" case?
Answer: LC

Question: How many expansion slots did the Macintosh IIsi have?
Answer: only one

Question: How did Apple's profit margin on the lower cost Mac's compare to the profit margin onearlier models?
Answer: considerably lower

Question: What did Apple introduce in 1991 to combat competition from smartphones?

Question: What was the more expensive version of the Macintosh SE that was offered until 2001?

Question: Which IBM had a distinctive "pizza box" case?

Question: How many expansion slots did the Macintosh Isi have?

Question: How did Apple's profit margin on the higher cost Mac's compare to the profit margin on earlier models?
Macintosh

Starting in 2006, Apple's industrial design shifted to favor aluminum, which was used in the construction of the first MacBook Pro. Glass was added in 2008 with the introduction of the unibody MacBook Pro. These materials are billed as environmentally friendly. The iMac, MacBook Pro, MacBook Air, and Mac Mini lines currently all use aluminum enclosures, and are now made of a single unibody. Chief designer Jonathan Ive continues to guide products towards a minimalist and simple feel, including eliminating of replaceable batteries in notebooks. Multi-touch gestures from the iPhone's interface have been applied to the Mac line in the form of touch pads on notebooks and the Magic Mouse and Magic Trackpad for desktops.

Question: When did Apple begin to favor aluminum in their design?
Answer: 2006

Question: Which Mac used aluminum in it's construction?
Answer: MacBook Pro

Question: Which material did Apple add with the 2008 unibody MacBrook Pro?
Answer: Glass

Question: Are aluminum and glass considered to be environmentally friendly or environmentally harmful?
Answer: environmentally friendly

Question: What has Chief Designer Jonathan Ive been able to eliminate in Mac notebooks?
Answer: replaceable batteries

Question: When did Apple begin not to favor aluminum in their design?

Question: Which Mac used tin in it's construction?

Question: Which material did Apple add with the 2009 unibody MacBrook Pro?

Question: Are tin and glass considered to be environmentally friendly or environmentally harmful?

Question: What has Chief Designer Jonathan Ive been able to eliminate in HP notebooks?
Macintosh

The Macintosh project was begun in 1979 by Jef Raskin, an Apple employee who envisioned an easy-to-use, low-cost computer for the average consumer. He wanted to name the computer after his favorite type of apple, the McIntosh, but the spelling was changed to "Macintosh" for legal reasons as the original was the same spelling as that used by McIntosh Laboratory, Inc., the audio equipment manufacturer. Steve Jobs requested that McIntosh Laboratory give Apple a release for the name with its changed spelling so that Apple could use it, but the request was denied, forcing Apple to eventually buy the rights to use the name. (A 1984 Byte Magazine article suggested Apple changed the spelling only after "early users" misspelled "McIntosh". However, Jef Raskin had adopted the Macintosh spelling by 1981, when the Macintosh computer was still a single prototype machine in the lab. This explanation further clashes with the first explanation given above that the change was made for "legal reasons.")

Question: Who began the Macintosh project in 1979?
Answer: Jef Raskin

Question: What was Jef Raskin's profession?
Answer: an Apple employee

Question: What did Jef Raskin envision for a computer to be for an average consumer?
Answer: easy-to-use, low-cost

Question: Why was the spelling of McIntosh changed to Macintosh?
Answer: for legal reasons

Question: What did McIntosh Laboratory, Inc. manufacture?
Answer: audio equipment

Question: Who began the Macintosh project in 1997?

Question: What wasn't Jef Raskin's profession?

Question: What did Jef Raskin envision for a computer to be for an average business?

Question: Why wasn't the spelling of McIntosh changed to Macintosh?

Question: What did MacIntosh Laboratory, Inc. manufacture?