Divyanshu67/squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
Geography_of_the_United_States

The West Coast of the continental United States and areas of Alaska (including the Aleutian Islands, the Alaskan Peninsula and southern Alaskan coast) make up part of the Pacific Ring of Fire, an area of heavy tectonic and volcanic activity that is the source of 90% of the world's earthquakes.[citation needed] The American Northwest sees the highest concentration of active volcanoes in the United States, in Washington, Oregon and northern California along the Cascade Mountains. There are several active volcanoes located in the islands of Hawaii, including Kilauea in ongoing eruption since 1983, but they do not typically adversely affect the inhabitants of the islands. There has not been a major life-threatening eruption on the Hawaiian islands since the 17th century. Volcanic eruptions can occasionally be devastating, such as in the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens in Washington.

Question: What is the area in the pacific known for heavy volcanic activity?
Answer: Pacific Ring of Fire

Question: The Pacific Ring of Fire contains what percentage of the earthquakes on Earth?
Answer: 90%

Question: Which Hawaiin volcano has been erupting since 1983?
Answer: Kilauea

Question: When was the last time that the Hawaiin islands experienced a life threatening volcanic eruption?
Answer: 17th century

Question: What year did Mt St. Helens erupt causing devastating damage?
Answer: 1980

Question: What volcano erupted in 1990?

Question: What is the source of 80% of the world's earthquakes?

Question: What Hawaiian volcano has been erupting since 1985?

Question: When was the first time the Hawaiian Islands experienced a life-threatening volcanic eruption?

Question: The American Southwest sees the highest concentration of what?
Compact_disc

Compact Disc (CD) is a digital optical disc data storage format. The format was originally developed to store and play only sound recordings but was later adapted for storage of data (CD-ROM). Several other formats were further derived from these, including write-once audio and data storage (CD-R), rewritable media (CD-RW), Video Compact Disc (VCD), Super Video Compact Disc (SVCD), Photo CD, PictureCD, CD-i, and Enhanced Music CD. Audio CDs and audio CD players have been commercially available since October 1982.

Question: When did Audio CDs become available for purchase?
Answer: 1982

Question: What does CD stand for?
Answer: Compact Disc

Question: What were CD's originally created to store?
Answer: sound recordings

Question: What does SVCD stand for?
Answer: Super Video Compact Disc

Question: In what year were compact discs realesed for purchase?
Answer: 1982

Question: What was the original intended format for CDs?
Answer: data storage

Question: What year were CDs changed so that they could store data?

Question: What does ROM in CD-ROM stand for?

Question: Which was released first; CD-R or CD-RW?

Question: Who created the CD?

Question: What does CD-i stand for?
Compact_disc

In 2004, worldwide sales of audio CDs, CD-ROMs and CD-Rs reached about 30 billion discs. By 2007, 200 billion CDs had been sold worldwide. CDs are increasingly being replaced by other forms of digital storage and distribution, with the result that audio CD sales rates in the U.S. have dropped about 50% from their peak; however, they remain one of the primary distribution methods for the music industry. In 2014, revenues from digital music services matched those from physical format sales for the first time.

Question: In what year were digital and physical music sales the same?
Answer: 2014

Question: How many CDs had been distrubuted worldwide by 2007?
Answer: 200 billion

Question: What percent decrease did audio CD sales experience?
Answer: 50%

Question: How many CDs had been distrubuted around the world by 2007?
Answer: 200 billion

Question: In 2004 how many CDs had been sold around the world?
Answer: 30 billion

Question: What year did digital media begin to replace CDs?

Question: How many CDs had been sold in the US by 2007?

Question: In what year did CD sales peak?

Question: Why are CD sales doing better than digital storage services?

Question: How have CD sales changed internationally?
Compact_disc

The Compact Disc is an evolution of LaserDisc technology, where a focused laser beam is used that enables the high information density required for high-quality digital audio signals. Prototypes were developed by Philips and Sony independently in the late 1970s. In 1979, Sony and Philips set up a joint task force of engineers to design a new digital audio disc. After a year of experimentation and discussion, the Red Book CD-DA standard was published in 1980. After their commercial release in 1982, compact discs and their players were extremely popular. Despite costing up to $1,000, over 400,000 CD players were sold in the United States between 1983 and 1984. The success of the compact disc has been credited to the cooperation between Philips and Sony, who came together to agree upon and develop compatible hardware. The unified design of the compact disc allowed consumers to purchase any disc or player from any company, and allowed the CD to dominate the at-home music market unchallenged.

Question: Who created Compact Disc prototypes in the 1970s?
Answer: Philips and Sony

Question: How lond did the creation of Red Book CD-DA standard take?
Answer: a year

Question: How many CD players were sold in the United States in their first year?
Answer: 400,000

Question: What did the CD evolve from?
Answer: LaserDisc

Question: What made it possible for CDs to be played on any companies CD player?
Answer: unified design

Question: To what does the compact disc owe its prosperity?
Answer: cooperation between Philips and Sony

Question: What year did CD players become available for purchase?
Answer: 1982

Question: Which company created the CD first?

Question: How many CD players sold in 1984?

Question: What year was the LaserDisc created?

Question: How long was the Red Book CD-DA in print?

Question: How were customers disadvantaged by the Philips and Sony merger?
Compact_disc

In 1974, L. Ottens, director of the audio division of Philips, started a small group with the aim to develop an analog optical audio disc with a diameter of 20 cm and a sound quality superior to that of the vinyl record. However, due to the unsatisfactory performance of the analog format, two Philips research engineers recommended a digital format in March 1974. In 1977, Philips then established a laboratory with the mission of creating a digital audio disc. The diameter of Philips's prototype compact disc was set at 11.5 cm, the diagonal of an audio cassette.

Question: In what year did Philips institute a laboratory to create a digital audio disc?
Answer: 1977

Question: What was the proposed diameter for the original compact disc?
Answer: 11.5 cm

Question: What year did Philips propse the idea of a digital audio format?
Answer: 1974

Question: Who was the director of the Philips audio division in 1974?
Answer: L. Ottens

Question: What Philips engineer recommended a digital format?

Question: What was the 20cm diameter based on?

Question: What year was the digital audio disc released?

Question: How many engineer recommended the 11.5 cm diameter?

Question: Who was the director of Philips by 1977?
Compact_disc

Heitaro Nakajima, who developed an early digital audio recorder within Japan's national public broadcasting organization NHK in 1970, became general manager of Sony's audio department in 1971. His team developed a digital PCM adaptor audio tape recorder using a Betamax video recorder in 1973. After this, in 1974 the leap to storing digital audio on an optical disc was easily made. Sony first publicly demonstrated an optical digital audio disc in September 1976. A year later, in September 1977, Sony showed the press a 30 cm disc that could play 60 minutes of digital audio (44,100 Hz sampling rate and 16-bit resolution) using MFM modulation. In September 1978, the company demonstrated an optical digital audio disc with a 150-minute playing time, 44,056 Hz sampling rate, 16-bit linear resolution, and cross-interleaved error correction code—specifications similar to those later settled upon for the standard Compact Disc format in 1980. Technical details of Sony's digital audio disc were presented during the 62nd AES Convention, held on 13–16 March 1979, in Brussels. Sony's AES technical paper was published on 1 March 1979. A week later, on 8 March, Philips publicly demonstrated a prototype of an optical digital audio disc at a press conference called "Philips Introduce Compact Disc" in Eindhoven, Netherlands.

Question: Where was the 62nd AES Convention held?
Answer: Brussels

Question: Who was the general manger of Sony's audio department in 1971?
Answer: Heitaro Nakajima

Question: What year did Sony first exhibit the use of an optical digital audio disc?
Answer: 1976

Question: Where was the Philips Introduce Compact disc conference held?
Answer: Eindhoven, Netherlands

Question: What did Nakajima's team use to create a digital PCM adaptor audio tape recorder?
Answer: Betamax video recorder

Question: When did Sony release it's AES technical paper?
Answer: 1 March 1979

Question: What Japanese city is NHK located in?

Question: Who was Sony's general manager in 1970?

Question: When was the Betamax video recorder created?

Question: How many minutes could Sony's 1976 optical digital disk play?

Question: What was the sampling rate of Philips' 1979 optical digital dic?
Compact_disc

As a result, in 1979, Sony and Philips set up a joint task force of engineers to design a new digital audio disc. Led by engineers Kees Schouhamer Immink and Toshitada Doi, the research pushed forward laser and optical disc technology. After a year of experimentation and discussion, the task force produced the Red Book CD-DA standard. First published in 1980, the standard was formally adopted by the IEC as an international standard in 1987, with various amendments becoming part of the standard in 1996.

Question: In what year did Sony and Philips band together to design a new digital audio disc?
Answer: 1979

Question: What year was the Red Book CD-DA standard released?
Answer: 1980

Question: When did the IEC isntigate the Red Book CD-DA as an international standard?
Answer: 1987

Question: Who headed the 1979 Sony and Philips digital audio disc task force?
Answer: Kees Schouhamer Immink and Toshitada Doi

Question: Which company did Kees Schouhamer Immink work for?

Question: What did the team create five years after joining?

Question: What does IEC stand for?

Question: Who wrote the amendments in 1996?

Question: What did CD-DA stand for?
Compact_disc

The Japanese launch was followed in March 1983 by the introduction of CD players and discs to Europe and North America (where CBS Records released sixteen titles). This event is often seen as the "Big Bang" of the digital audio revolution. The new audio disc was enthusiastically received, especially in the early-adopting classical music and audiophile communities, and its handling quality received particular praise. As the price of players gradually came down, and with the introduction of the portable Walkman the CD began to gain popularity in the larger popular and rock music markets. The first artist to sell a million copies on CD was Dire Straits, with their 1985 album Brothers in Arms. The first major artist to have his entire catalogue converted to CD was David Bowie, whose 15 studio albums were made available by RCA Records in February 1985, along with four greatest hits albums. In 1988, 400 million CDs were manufactured by 50 pressing plants around the world.

Question: Who first sold a million copies on CD?
Answer: Dire Straits

Question: Which artist was the first to have their full catalogue converted to CD?
Answer: David Bowie

Question: What year was the Dire Straits album Brothers in Arms released?
Answer: 1985

Question: How many CDs were mass produced in 1988?
Answer: 400 million

Question: How many studio albums did David Bowie release in February 1985?
Answer: 15
Compact_disc

The CD was planned to be the successor of the gramophone record for playing music, rather than primarily as a data storage medium. From its origins as a musical format, CDs have grown to encompass other applications. In 1983, following the CD's introduction, Immink and Braat presented the first experiments with erasable compact discs during the 73rd AES Convention. In June 1985, the computer-readable CD-ROM (read-only memory) and, in 1990, CD-Recordable were introduced, also developed by both Sony and Philips. Recordable CDs were a new alternative to tape for recording music and copying music albums without defects introduced in compression used in other digital recording methods. Other newer video formats such as DVD and Blu-ray use the same physical geometry as CD, and most DVD and Blu-ray players are backward compatible with audio CD.

Question: What does ROM stand for?
Answer: read-only memory

Question: What year did Sony and Philips release CD-Recordable?
Answer: 1990

Question: What year was the 73rd AES Convention?
Answer: 1983

Question: What was the CDs predecessor?
Answer: gramophone record

Question: When was the gramophone released?

Question: What was the problem with recordable CDs?

Question: When was the DVD first released?

Question: Who created the DVD and Blu-ray discs?

Question: Who created the gramophone?
Compact_disc

Meanwhile, with the advent and popularity of Internet-based distribution of files in lossily-compressed audio formats such as MP3, sales of CDs began to decline in the 2000s. For example, between 2000 - 2008, despite overall growth in music sales and one anomalous year of increase, major-label CD sales declined overall by 20%, although independent and DIY music sales may be tracking better according to figures released 30 March 2009, and CDs still continue to sell greatly. As of 2012, CDs and DVDs made up only 34 percent of music sales in the United States. In Japan, however, over 80 percent of music was bought on CDs and other physical formats as of 2015.

Question: What portion of music sales did CDs and DVDs account for in the United States as of 2012?
Answer: 34 percent

Question: Which country attributes over 80 percent of its music sales to physical formats?
Answer: Japan

Question: How are MP3s compressed?
Answer: lossily-compressed

Question: When did CD sales experience their original decline?
Answer: 2000s

Question: What has caused a decrease in CD sales?
Answer: Internet-based distribution of files

Question: In what year did CDs have an unusual spike in sales?

Question: What percentage of music sales do MP3s make up?

Question: How are CDs compressed?

Question: By what percentage have DIY and independent CDs increased?

Question: When did MP3 sales take off in Japan?
Compact_disc

Replicated CDs are mass-produced initially using a hydraulic press. Small granules of heated raw polycarbonate plastic are fed into the press. A screw forces the liquefied plastic into the mold cavity. The mold closes with a metal stamper in contact with the disc surface. The plastic is allowed to cool and harden. Once opened, the disc substrate is removed from the mold by a robotic arm, and a 15 mm diameter center hole (called a stacking ring) is created. The time it takes to "stamp" one CD is usually two to three seconds.

Question: How are CDs mass produced?
Answer: hydraulic press

Question: What type of material is used to make CDs?
Answer: raw polycarbonate plastic

Question: What size is the diameter of the center hole in a CD?
Answer: 15 mm

Question: How long does it take to stamp out one CD?
Answer: two to three seconds

Question: What is the term for the center hole in a CD?
Answer: stacking ring

Question: How large is the screw that forces the plastic into the cavity?

Question: How long does it take the plastic to cool?

Question: What is the robotic arm called?

Question: What is a hydraulic press made out of?

Question: What closes the mold?
Compact_disc

This method produces the clear plastic blank part of the disc. After a metallic reflecting layer (usually aluminium, but sometimes gold or other metal) is applied to the clear blank substrate, the disc goes under a UV light for curing and it is ready to go to press. To prepare to press a CD, a glass master is made, using a high-powered laser on a device similar to a CD writer. The glass master is a positive image of the desired CD surface (with the desired microscopic pits and lands). After testing, it is used to make a die by pressing it against a metal disc.

Question: What materials can be used to make the reflective layer on a CD?
Answer: usually aluminium, but sometimes gold or other metal

Question: What type of light is used to cure CDs?
Answer: UV

Question: What is a glass master?
Answer: positive image of the desired CD surface

Question: How are glass masters created?
Answer: high-powered laser

Question: What is the clear blank side made out of?

Question: What is used to apply the reflecting layer to the clear layer?

Question: How is a CD writer made?

Question: How is a positive image made of the CD made?

Question: How are the pits and lands made?
Compact_disc

The die is a negative image of the glass master: typically, several are made, depending on the number of pressing mills that are to make the CD. The die then goes into a press, and the physical image is transferred to the blank CD, leaving a final positive image on the disc. A small amount of lacquer is applied as a ring around the center of the disc, and rapid spinning spreads it evenly over the surface. Edge protection lacquer is applied before the disc is finished. The disc can then be printed and packed.

Question: What is the term for a negative image of the glass master?
Answer: die

Question: How is the positive image on a CD protected? 
Answer: lacquer

Question: How is lacquer distrubted on a CD?
Answer: rapid spinning

Question: What is the name of the positive image?

Question: What is liquid is applied to the blank CD?

Question: How much edge protection lacquer is needed for the finished disc?

Question: How is the physical image placed on the blank CD?
Compact_disc

The most expensive part of a CD is the jewel case. In 1995, material costs were 30 cents for the jewel case and 10 to 15 cents for the CD. Wholesale cost of CDs was $0.75 to $1.15, which retailed for $16.98. On average, the store received 35 percent of the retail price, the record company 27 percent, the artist 16 percent, the manufacturer 13 percent, and the distributor 9 percent. When 8-track tapes, cassette tapes, and CDs were introduced, each was marketed at a higher price than the format they succeeded, even though the cost to produce the media was reduced. This was done because the apparent value increased. This continued from vinyl to CDs but was broken when Apple marketed MP3s for $0.99, and albums for $9.99. The incremental cost, though, to produce an MP3 is very small.

Question: What is the priciest component of a CD?
Answer: jewel case

Question: Why did the cost of audio music increase when the production costs decreased?
Answer: value increased

Question: What did CDs retail for in 1995?
Answer: $16.98

Question: Who received the most profit from the sale of CDs?
Answer: the store

Question: How much did a jewel case cost in 1995?
Answer: 30 cents

Question: Why were successive formats less expensive than their predecessors?

Question: When did Apple place MP3s on the market?

Question: What was the wholesale cost of a cassette tape?

Question: What was the most expensive part of an MP3?

Question: What percentage of an MP3 does Apple receive?
Compact_disc

CD-R recordings are designed to be permanent. Over time, the dye's physical characteristics may change causing read errors and data loss until the reading device cannot recover with error correction methods. The design life is from 20 to 100 years, depending on the quality of the discs, the quality of the writing drive, and storage conditions. However, testing has demonstrated such degradation of some discs in as little as 18 months under normal storage conditions. This failure is known as disc rot, for which there are several, mostly environmental, reasons.

Question: How long are CDs expected to last?
Answer: 20 to 100 years

Question: What can cause sudden disc degradation?
Answer: disc rot

Question: Are CDs meant for permanent or temporary use?
Answer: permanent

Question: What can the aluminium on a disc cause reading errors?

Question: Why does disc rot allow CD-Rs to last for years?

Question: Why are CD-Rs considered temporary?

Question: What company discovered disc rot?

Question: What type of environment is best for a CD-R?
Compact_disc

The ReWritable Audio CD is designed to be used in a consumer audio CD recorder, which will not (without modification) accept standard CD-RW discs. These consumer audio CD recorders use the Serial Copy Management System (SCMS), an early form of digital rights management (DRM), to conform to the United States' Audio Home Recording Act (AHRA). The ReWritable Audio CD is typically somewhat more expensive than CD-RW due to (a) lower volume and (b) a 3% AHRA royalty used to compensate the music industry for the making of a copy.

Question: What does SCMS stand for?
Answer: Serial Copy Management System

Question: What does DRM stand for?
Answer: digital rights management

Question: What does AHRA stand for?
Answer: Audio Home Recording Act

Question: What type of CD is intended to be used in a Consumer audio CD Recorder?
Answer: ReWritable Audio CD

Question: Which is less expensive, the ReWritable Audio CD or a CD-RW?
Answer: CD-RW

Question: What plays standard CD-RW discs without changes?

Question: What royalties does a CD-RW have?

Question: What year was the digital rights management published?

Question: What is the international standard for home recordings?

Question: Why is the CD-RW more expensive than the ReWritable CD?
Compact_disc

Due to technical limitations, the original ReWritable CD could be written no faster than 4x speed. High Speed ReWritable CD has a different design, which permits writing at speeds ranging from 4x to 12x. Original CD-RW drives can only write to original ReWritable CDs. High Speed CD-RW drives can typically write to both original ReWritable CDs and High Speed ReWritable CDs. Both types of CD-RW discs can be read in most CD drives. Higher speed CD-RW discs, Ultra Speed (16x to 24x write speed) and Ultra Speed+ (32x write speed) are now available.

Question: How fast could the first ReWritable CD be written?
Answer: 4x speed

Question: Which CD has writing speeds betwen 4x and 12x?
Answer: High Speed ReWritable CD

Question: How fast can Ultra Speed+ CDs write?
Answer: 32x

Question: How fast can Ultra Speed CDs write?
Answer: 16x to 24x

Question: What has only a 1x write speed?

Question: Which type of CD-RW cannot be read on a CD drive?

Question: Does a High Speed CD-RW drive write faster on ReWriteable CDs or High Speed ReWritable CDs?

Question: Which ReWriteable CD is most common?

Question: Why was the original ReWriteable CD written only at speeds faster than 4x?
Compact_disc

A CD is read by focusing a 780 nm wavelength (near infrared) semiconductor laser housed within the CD player, through the bottom of the polycarbonate layer. The change in height between pits and lands results in a difference in the way the light is reflected. By measuring the intensity change with a photodiode, the data can be read from the disc. In order to accommodate the spiral pattern of data, the semiconductor laser is placed on a swing arm within the disc tray of any CD player. This swing arm allows the laser to read information from the centre to the edge of a disc, without having to interrupt the spinning of the disc itself.

Question: Where is the semiconductor laser found in a CD player?
Answer: on a swing arm

Question: What wavelenght is used to pull data from a CD?
Answer: 780 nm

Question: In what pattern is data stored on a CD?
Answer: spiral

Question: What is used to discern the change of intensity in light on a CD?
Answer: photodiode

Question: What createds the change in light reflected off of a CD?
Answer: change in height between pits and lands

Question: How long is the swing arm?

Question: How many layers of polycarbonate are there?

Question: Why is the data arranged in a spiral pattern?

Question: Where is the photodiode?

Question: What does the width of a pit indicate?
Compact_disc

The pits and lands themselves do not directly represent the zeros and ones of binary data. Instead, non-return-to-zero, inverted encoding is used: a change from pit to land or land to pit indicates a one, while no change indicates a series of zeros. There must be at least two and no more than ten zeros between each one, which is defined by the length of the pit. This in turn is decoded by reversing the eight-to-fourteen modulation used in mastering the disc, and then reversing the cross-interleaved Reed–Solomon coding, finally revealing the raw data stored on the disc. These encoding techniques (defined in the Red Book) were originally designed for CD Digital Audio, but they later became a standard for almost all CD formats (such as CD-ROM).

Question: What type of encoding do CDs implement?
Answer: non-return-to-zero

Question: Where can one find the encoding techniques for CDs?
Answer: Red Book

Question: What type of result from a CD will return a one?
Answer: change from pit to land or land to pit

Question: What type of modulation is implemented when a disc is mastered?
Answer: eight-to-fourteen

Question: How many ones are there between each zero?

Question: What decodes the eight-to-fourteen modulation?

Question: What is Reed-Solomon coding?

Question: Who designed the CD Digital Audio coding techniques?

Question: What does a land represent?
Compact_disc

CDs are susceptible to damage during handling and from environmental exposure. Pits are much closer to the label side of a disc, enabling defects and contaminants on the clear side to be out of focus during playback. Consequently, CDs are more likely to suffer damage on the label side of the disc. Scratches on the clear side can be repaired by refilling them with similar refractive plastic or by careful polishing. The edges of CDs are sometimes incompletely sealed, allowing gases and liquids to corrode the metal reflective layer and to interfere with the focus of the laser on the pits. The fungus Geotrichum candidum, found in Belize, has been found to consume the polycarbonate plastic and aluminium found in CDs.

Question: Where can one expect to find damage on a disc?
Answer: label side of the disc

Question: How are scratches on a CD fixed?
Answer: refilling them with similar refractive plastic or by careful polishing

Question: What eats at the plastic and aluminum found in CDs?
Answer: fungus Geotrichum candidum

Question: Where does the fungus Geotrichum candidum originate from?
Answer: Belize

Question: Where is polycarbonate plastic created?

Question: What are lands closer to?

Question: How are scratches on the labeled side of a disc fixed?

Question: What causes edges of CDs to be incorrectly sealed?

Question: Where is the metal reflective layer located?
Compact_disc

The digital data on a CD begins at the center of the disc and proceeds toward the edge, which allows adaptation to the different size formats available. Standard CDs are available in two sizes. By far, the most common is 120 millimetres (4.7 in) in diameter, with a 74- or 80-minute audio capacity and a 650 or 700 MiB (737,280,000-byte) data capacity. This capacity was reportedly specified by Sony executive Norio Ohga in May 1980 so as to be able to contain the entirety of the London Philharmonic Orchestra's recording of Beethoven's Ninth Symphony on one disc. This is a myth according to Kees Immink, as the code format had not yet been decided in May 1980. The adoption of EFM one month later would have allowed a playing time of 97 minutes for 120 mm diameter or 74 minutes for a disc as small as 100 mm. The 120 mm diameter has been adopted by subsequent formats, including Super Audio CD, DVD, HD DVD, and Blu-ray Disc. Eighty-millimeter discs ("Mini CDs") were originally designed for CD singles and can hold up to 24 minutes of music or 210 MiB of data but never became popular.[citation needed] Today, nearly every single is released on a 120 mm CD, called a Maxi single.[citation needed]

Question: Where is the start of data on a CD?
Answer: the center

Question: What size CD is most frequently used?
Answer: 120 millimetres (4.7 in)

Question: What is the size of a Mini CD?
Answer: Eighty-millimeter

Question: What is the size of a Maxi Single?
Answer: 120 mm

Question: Who was the Sony Executive in 1980?
Answer: Norio Ohga

Question: Who named the Maxi single?

Question: How many minutes does a Super Audio CD hold?

Question: When were Mini-CDs released?

Question: Why are CDs limited to one size?

Question: When was the London Philharmonic Orchestra's recording of the Ninth Symphony created?
Compact_disc

The logical format of an audio CD (officially Compact Disc Digital Audio or CD-DA) is described in a document produced in 1980 by the format's joint creators, Sony and Philips. The document is known colloquially as the Red Book CD-DA after the colour of its cover. The format is a two-channel 16-bit PCM encoding at a 44.1 kHz sampling rate per channel. Four-channel sound was to be an allowable option within the Red Book format, but has never been implemented. Monaural audio has no existing standard on a Red Book CD; thus, mono source material is usually presented as two identical channels in a standard Red Book stereo track (i.e., mirrored mono); an MP3 CD, however, can have audio file formats with mono sound.

Question: Where does the Red Book get it's name from?
Answer: the colour of its cover

Question: What is the formal name for a CD? 
Answer: Compact Disc Digital Audio

Question: Do CDs have a two or four channel format?
Answer: two-channel

Question: What format has never been implemented on CDs?
Answer: Four-channel sound

Question: What was the sampling rate for the four-channel sound?

Question: When was four-channel sound implemented?

Question: What is the Red Book format for monaural audio?

Question: What is the official name of the Red Book?

Question: What is the PCM for an MP3 mono sound chanel?
Compact_disc

Compact Disc + Graphics is a special audio compact disc that contains graphics data in addition to the audio data on the disc. The disc can be played on a regular audio CD player, but when played on a special CD+G player, it can output a graphics signal (typically, the CD+G player is hooked up to a television set or a computer monitor); these graphics are almost exclusively used to display lyrics on a television set for karaoke performers to sing along with. The CD+G format takes advantage of the channels R through W. These six bits store the graphics information.

Question: What is the primary use of Compact Disc + Graphics?
Answer: to display lyrics on a television set for karaoke

Question: How is graphics information read from a CD+ Graphics?
Answer: television set or a computer monitor

Question: Which channels does the CD+G use to hold graphics data?
Answer: channels R through W

Question: Why can a CD+G not play on an audio CD player?

Question: How many bits does a normal CD use?

Question: Why are CD-G players not useful for karaoke?

Question: What channels does a normal CD use?
Compact_disc

SVCD has two-thirds the resolution of DVD, and over 2.7 times the resolution of VCD. One CD-R disc can hold up to 60 minutes of standard quality SVCD-format video. While no specific limit on SVCD video length is mandated by the specification, one must lower the video bit rate, and therefore quality, to accommodate very long videos. It is usually difficult to fit much more than 100 minutes of video onto one SVCD without incurring significant quality loss, and many hardware players are unable to play video with an instantaneous bit rate lower than 300 to 600 kilobits per second.

Question: How much video can a CD-R contain?
Answer: 60 minutes

Question: Which has better resolution, a VCD or SVCD?
Answer: SVCD

Question: How are lengthy videos fit onto SVCDs?
Answer: lower the video bit rate

Question: What is the maximum amount of video a SVCD can properly hold?
Answer: 100 minutes

Question: How much can a VCD hold?

Question: Why is there a video length limit on SVCD?

Question: What is the kilobit rate for a DVD?

Question: How does a VCN compare to a DVD?

Question: Why is it difficult to put more than 60 minutes on a DVD?
Compact_disc

Photo CD is a system designed by Kodak for digitizing and storing photos on a CD. Launched in 1992, the discs were designed to hold nearly 100 high-quality images, scanned prints and slides using special proprietary encoding. Photo CDs are defined in the Beige Book and conform to the CD-ROM XA and CD-i Bridge specifications as well. They are intended to play on CD-i players, Photo CD players and any computer with the suitable software irrespective of the operating system. The images can also be printed out on photographic paper with a special Kodak machine. This format is not to be confused with Kodak Picture CD, which is a consumer product in CD-ROM format.

Question: Who created Photo CDs?
Answer: Kodak

Question: When were Photo CDs initially released?
Answer: 1992

Question: How many images could Photo CDs initially contain?
Answer: 100

Question: What type of paper can Photo CD images be produced on?
Answer: photographic paper

Question: In what book are Photo CD standards defined?
Answer: Beige Book

Question: When was the Beige Book published?

Question: How many photos does the CD-ROM XA hold?

Question: Who invented CD-i Players?

Question: Why can't Photo CDs work on any computer?

Question: When was the Kodak Picture CD released?
Compact_disc

The Red Book audio specification, except for a simple "anti-copy" statement in the subcode, does not include any copy protection mechanism. Known at least as early as 2001, attempts were made by record companies to market "copy-protected" non-standard compact discs, which cannot be ripped, or copied, to hard drives or easily converted to MP3s. One major drawback to these copy-protected discs is that most will not play on either computer CD-ROM drives or some standalone CD players that use CD-ROM mechanisms. Philips has stated that such discs are not permitted to bear the trademarked Compact Disc Digital Audio logo because they violate the Red Book specifications. Numerous copy-protection systems have been countered by readily available, often free, software.

Question: When did record companies first attempt to protect their CDs from copying?
Answer: 2001

Question: Who said that protected CDs are not allowed to carry the CDDA logo?
Answer: Philips

Question: Where does the Red Book mention copy protection?
Answer: in the subcode

Question: When was the "anti-copy" subcode written in the Red Book?

Question: Who created the anti-protection systems software?

Question: When was the Compact Disc Digital Audio logo copyrighted?

Question: What devices do standard CDs not play on?

Question: Why does Philips want non-standard discs to have the trademarked logo?
Transistor

A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electronic signals and electrical power. It is composed of semiconductor material with at least three terminals for connection to an external circuit. A voltage or current applied to one pair of the transistor's terminals changes the current through another pair of terminals. Because the controlled (output) power can be higher than the controlling (input) power, a transistor can amplify a signal. Today, some transistors are packaged individually, but many more are found embedded in integrated circuits.

Question: What is the use of a transistor?
Answer: to amplify or switch electronic signals and electrical power

Question: What is a transistor made of?
Answer: semiconductor material

Question: What is the minimum amount of external connection terminals to call an item a transistor?
Answer: three

Question: Why does a transistor increase a signal?
Answer: the controlled (output) power can be higher than the controlling (input) power

Question: Where are most transistors found?
Answer: embedded in integrated circuits

Question: What is an integrated circuit used for?

Question: Where are most semiconductor devices found?

Question: What are integrated circuits made of?

Question: How many transistors are embedded in most integrated circuits?

Question: What controls how strong a signal is?
Transistor

The transistor is the fundamental building block of modern electronic devices, and is ubiquitous in modern electronic systems. First conceived by Julius Lilienfeld in 1926 and practically implemented in 1947 by American physicists John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley, the transistor revolutionized the field of electronics, and paved the way for smaller and cheaper radios, calculators, and computers, among other things. The transistor is on the list of IEEE milestones in electronics, and Bardeen, Brattain, and Shockley shared the 1956 Nobel Prize in Physics for their achievement.

Question: When was the first transistor created?
Answer: 1926

Question: Who invented the first transistor?
Answer: Julius Lilienfeld

Question: When was the first transistor implemented for practical use?
Answer: 1947

Question: When did the implementers receive a Nobel Prize for making the transistor?
Answer: 1956

Question: What list is the transistor on?
Answer: list of IEEE milestones in electronics

Question: When were smaller, cheaper radios introduced?

Question: What besides the transistor is on the IEEE list of milestones in electronics?

Question: What did Julius Lilienfeld receive for inventing the transistor?

Question: Who was the first person to use transistors in calculators?

Question: Why were transistors in 1947 easier to practically implement than transistors in 1926?
Transistor

The thermionic triode, a vacuum tube invented in 1907, enabled amplified radio technology and long-distance telephony. The triode, however, was a fragile device that consumed a lot of power. Physicist Julius Edgar Lilienfeld filed a patent for a field-effect transistor (FET) in Canada in 1925, which was intended to be a solid-state replacement for the triode. Lilienfeld also filed identical patents in the United States in 1926 and 1928. However, Lilienfeld did not publish any research articles about his devices nor did his patents cite any specific examples of a working prototype. Because the production of high-quality semiconductor materials was still decades away, Lilienfeld's solid-state amplifier ideas would not have found practical use in the 1920s and 1930s, even if such a device had been built. In 1934, German inventor Oskar Heil patented a similar device.

Question: When was the thermionic triode invented?
Answer: 1907

Question: What was the purpose of the thermionic triode?
Answer: amplified radio technology and long-distance telephony

Question: Who filed a patent for the field-effect transistor?
Answer: Physicist Julius Edgar Lilienfeld

Question: Where did Lilienfeld file his patent?
Answer: Canada

Question: What year did Lilienfeld file his patent?
Answer: 1925

Question: Where did Oskar Heil file a patent?

Question: How long would it take for a practical field-effect transistor be built?

Question: Why did Oskar Heil invent a device similar to Lilienfeld's?

Question: Why were field-effect transistors not practical without high quality semiconductor materials?

Question: Where was the thermionic triode invented?
Transistor

From November 17, 1947 to December 23, 1947, John Bardeen and Walter Brattain at AT&T's Bell Labs in the United States performed experiments and observed that when two gold point contacts were applied to a crystal of germanium, a signal was produced with the output power greater than the input. Solid State Physics Group leader William Shockley saw the potential in this, and over the next few months worked to greatly expand the knowledge of semiconductors. The term transistor was coined by John R. Pierce as a contraction of the term transresistance. According to Lillian Hoddeson and Vicki Daitch, authors of a biography of John Bardeen, Shockley had proposed that Bell Labs' first patent for a transistor should be based on the field-effect and that he be named as the inventor. Having unearthed Lilienfeld’s patents that went into obscurity years earlier, lawyers at Bell Labs advised against Shockley's proposal because the idea of a field-effect transistor that used an electric field as a "grid" was not new. Instead, what Bardeen, Brattain, and Shockley invented in 1947 was the first point-contact transistor. In acknowledgement of this accomplishment, Shockley, Bardeen, and Brattain were jointly awarded the 1956 Nobel Prize in Physics "for their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect."

Question: At what time did Bardeen and Brattain experiment on increasing signal output?
Answer: November 17, 1947 to December 23, 1947

Question: What were gold contacts attached to to increase signal output?
Answer: germanium

Question: Who was the Solid State Physics Group Leader?
Answer: William Shockley

Question: Who came up with the term transistor?
Answer: John R. Pierce

Question: Why was the term transistor used?
Answer: a contraction of the term transresistance

Question: When did lawyers at Bell Labs find Lilienfeld's patents?

Question: Who thought of the term semiconductor?

Question: How many patents did Lilienfeld file?

Question: When was the term transistor first used?

Question: Where was the biography of John Bardeen written?
Transistor

In 1948, the point-contact transistor was independently invented by German physicists Herbert Mataré and Heinrich Welker while working at the Compagnie des Freins et Signaux, a Westinghouse subsidiary located in Paris. Mataré had previous experience in developing crystal rectifiers from silicon and germanium in the German radar effort during World War II. Using this knowledge, he began researching the phenomenon of "interference" in 1947. By June 1948, witnessing currents flowing through point-contacts, Mataré produced consistent results using samples of germanium produced by Welker, similar to what Bardeen and Brattain had accomplished earlier in December 1947. Realizing that Bell Labs' scientists had already invented the transistor before them, the company rushed to get its "transistron" into production for amplified use in France's telephone network.

Question: In what year was the point-contact transistor invented?
Answer: 1948

Question: Who invented the point-contact transistor?
Answer: Herbert Mataré and Heinrich Welker

Question: Where were Matare and Welker working when inventing the point-contact transistor?
Answer: Compagnie des Freins et Signaux

Question: What was the name of Matare and Welker's transistor?
Answer: transistron

Question: What was the transistron used for?
Answer: amplified use in France's telephone network

Question: What were Matare and Welker's transistors made of?

Question: When did Heinrich Welker start researching electronics?

Question: When did Matare and Welker realize that Bell Labs had invented a transistor?

Question: Where were the "transistrons" produced?

Question: Who was in charge of France's telephone network?
Transistor

Although several companies each produce over a billion individually packaged (known as discrete) transistors every year, the vast majority of transistors are now produced in integrated circuits (often shortened to IC, microchips or simply chips), along with diodes, resistors, capacitors and other electronic components, to produce complete electronic circuits. A logic gate consists of up to about twenty transistors whereas an advanced microprocessor, as of 2009, can use as many as 3 billion transistors (MOSFETs). "About 60 million transistors were built in 2002… for [each] man, woman, and child on Earth."

Question: How many transistors make up a logic gate?
Answer: up to about twenty transistors

Question: How many transistors make up a microprocessor?
Answer: as many as 3 billion transistors

Question: How many transistors were made in 2002?
Answer: 60 million transistors were built in 2002… for [each] man, woman, and child

Question: How many individually packaged transistors are produced each year?
Answer: over a billion

Question: What are some abbreviations for integrated circuits?
Answer: IC, microchips or simply chips

Question: How many integrated circuits are produced every year?

Question: How many men, women, and children are on Earth?

Question: How many logic gates are in a microchip?

Question: What produces electronic components?

Question: Where are transistors being produced?
Transistor

The essential usefulness of a transistor comes from its ability to use a small signal applied between one pair of its terminals to control a much larger signal at another pair of terminals. This property is called gain. It can produce a stronger output signal, a voltage or current, which is proportional to a weaker input signal; that is, it can act as an amplifier. Alternatively, the transistor can be used to turn current on or off in a circuit as an electrically controlled switch, where the amount of current is determined by other circuit elements.

Question: Why is a transistor so useful?
Answer: gain

Question: What is gain?
Answer: it can act as an amplifier

Question: What is an additional use of the transistor?
Answer: turn current on or off in a circuit

Question: What determines the amount of current in an electrically controlled switch?
Answer: other circuit elements

Question: What controls how strong the output signal is?

Question: Where are transistors located?

Question: How large is a transistor in comparison to a terminal?

Question: What does a signal become when the transistor does not work properly?

Question: Where would an electrically controlled switch be located?
Transistor

There are two types of transistors, which have slight differences in how they are used in a circuit. A bipolar transistor has terminals labeled base, collector, and emitter. A small current at the base terminal (that is, flowing between the base and the emitter) can control or switch a much larger current between the collector and emitter terminals. For a field-effect transistor, the terminals are labeled gate, source, and drain, and a voltage at the gate can control a current between source and drain.

Question: How many types of transistors are there?
Answer: two

Question: What are the components of a bipolar transistor?
Answer: base, collector, and emitter

Question: What controls the large current between the collector and emitter?
Answer: A small current at the base terminal

Question: What are the components of a field-effect transistor?
Answer: gate, source, and drain

Question: In a field-effect transistor, what controls the current between the source and drain?
Answer: a voltage at the gate

Question: Why would someone use a bipolar transistor instead of a field-effect transistor?

Question: What is the most common kind of transistor?

Question: What controls the voltage at the gate of a field-effect transistor?

Question: Where is the collector terminal located?

Question: Where is the gate terminal located?