Divyanshu67/squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

Relations between Nasser and King Hussein deteriorated in April when Hussein implicated Nasser in two coup attempts against him—although Nasser's involvement was never established—and dissolved al-Nabulsi's cabinet. Nasser subsequently slammed Hussein on Cairo radio as being "a tool of the imperialists". Relations with King Saud also became antagonistic as the latter began to fear that Nasser's increasing popularity in Saudi Arabia was a genuine threat to the royal family's survival. Despite opposition from the governments of Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Iraq, and Lebanon, Nasser maintained his prestige among their citizens and those of other Arab countries.

Question: What leader accused Nasser of trying to overthrow him?
Answer: King Hussein

Question: What did Nasser call King Hussein?
Answer: a tool of the imperialists

Question: What non-Egyptian leader was concerned about Nasser's popularity outside of Egypt?
Answer: King Saud

Question: Despite conflicts with Arab governments, who continued to support Nasser?
Answer: citizens
Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

By the end of 1957, Nasser nationalized all remaining British and French assets in Egypt, including the tobacco, cement, pharmaceutical, and phosphate industries. When efforts to offer tax incentives and attract outside investments yielded no tangible results, he nationalized more companies and made them a part of his economic development organization. He stopped short of total government control: two-thirds of the economy was still in private hands. This effort achieved a measure of success, with increased agricultural production and investment in industrialization. Nasser initiated the Helwan steelworks, which subsequently became Egypt's largest enterprise, providing the country with product and tens of thousands of jobs. Nasser also decided to cooperate with the Soviet Union in the construction of the Aswan Dam to replace the withdrawal of US funds.

Question: What nations' assets did Nasser nationalize in 1957?
Answer: British and French

Question: How much of the economy was not controlled by Nassir's government?
Answer: two-thirds

Question: What entity did Nasser spearhead that was a boon for Egypt's economy?
Answer: Helwan steelworks

Question: What nation did Nasser join economic forces with?
Answer: Soviet Union

Question: What project did Nasser cooperate with the Soviet Union on?
Answer: Aswan Dam
Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

As political instability grew in Syria, delegations from the country were sent to Nasser demanding immediate unification with Egypt. Nasser initially turned down the request, citing the two countries' incompatible political and economic systems, lack of contiguity, the Syrian military's record of intervention in politics, and the deep factionalism among Syria's political forces. However, in January 1958, a second Syrian delegation managed to convince Nasser of an impending communist takeover and a consequent slide to civil strife. Nasser subsequently opted for union, albeit on the condition that it would be a total political merger with him as its president, to which the delegates and Syrian president Shukri al-Quwatli agreed. On 1 February, the United Arab Republic (UAR) was proclaimed and, according to Dawisha, the Arab world reacted in "stunned amazement, which quickly turned into uncontrolled euphoria." Nasser ordered a crackdown against Syrian communists, dismissing many of them from their governmental posts.

Question: What country wanted to join with Egypt?
Answer: Syria

Question: What Syrian group did Nasser crack down on?
Answer: communists

Question: What was the Egyptian-Syrian alliance called?
Answer: United Arab Republic

Question: What year was the UAR formed?
Answer: 1958
Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

While Nasser was in Syria, King Saud planned to have him assassinated on his return flight to Cairo. On 4 March, Nasser addressed the masses in Damascus and waved before them the Saudi check given to Syrian security chief and Nasser supporter Abdel Hamid Sarraj to shoot down Nasser's plane. As a consequence of Saud's scheme, he was forced by senior members of the Saudi royal family to informally cede most of his powers to his brother, King Faisal, a major opponent of Nasser and advocate for pan-Islamic unity over pan-Arabism.

Question: Who tried to assassinate Nasser?
Answer: King Saud

Question: How was the assassination supposed to have been carried out?
Answer: shoot down Nasser's plane

Question: Who assumed power in Saudi Arabia after the failed assassination attempt?
Answer: King Faisal

Question: What was King Faisal's position toward Nasser?
Answer: opponent
Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

A day after announcing the attempt on his life, Nasser established a new provisional constitution proclaiming a 600-member National Assembly (400 from Egypt and 200 from Syria) and the dissolution of all political parties. Nasser gave each of the provinces two vice-presidents: Boghdadi and Amer in Egypt, and Sabri al-Asali and Akram al-Hawrani in Syria. Nasser then left for Moscow to meet with Nikita Khrushchev. At the meeting, Khrushchev pressed Nasser to lift the ban on the Communist Party, but Nasser refused, stating it was an internal matter which was not a subject of discussion with outside powers. Khrushchev was reportedly taken aback and denied he had meant to interfere in the UAR's affairs. The matter was settled as both leaders sought to prevent a rift between their two countries.

Question: How many members were in the National Assembly?
Answer: 600

Question: How many members of the National Assembly were from Egypt?
Answer: 400

Question: What Soviet leader did Nasser spar with?
Answer: Khrushchev

Question: What did Khrushchev want Nasser to remove the ban on?
Answer: Communist Party

Question: Who were the two National Assembly vice-presidents in Egypt?
Answer: Boghdadi and Amer
Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

In Lebanon, clashes between pro-Nasser factions and supporters of staunch Nasser opponent, then-President Camille Chamoun, culminated in civil strife by May. The former sought to unite with the UAR, while the latter sought Lebanon's continued independence. Nasser delegated oversight of the issue to Sarraj, who provided limited aid to Nasser's Lebanese supporters through money, light arms, and officer training—short of the large-scale support that Chamoun alleged. Nasser did not covet Lebanon, seeing it as a "special case", but sought to prevent Chamoun from a second presidential term.

Question: Who was Nasser's opponent in Lebanon?
Answer: Camille Chamoun

Question: What did Lebanese pro-Nasser groups want?
Answer: to unite with the UAR

Question: What did Nasser want to deny Chamoun?
Answer: a second presidential term

Question: Who was in charge of dealing with the Lebanon situation?
Answer: Sarraj

Question: What degree of support did pro-Nasser factions in Lebanon receive?
Answer: limited
Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

On 14 July, Iraqi army officers Abdel Karim Qasim and Abdel Salam Aref overthrew the Iraqi monarchy and, the next day, Iraqi prime minister and Nasser's chief Arab antagonist, Nuri al-Said, was killed. Nasser recognized the new government and stated that "any attack on Iraq was tantamount to an attack on the UAR". On 15 July, US marines landed in Lebanon, and British special forces in Jordan, upon the request of those countries' governments to prevent them from falling to pro-Nasser forces. Nasser felt that the revolution in Iraq left the road for pan-Arab unity unblocked. On 19 July, for the first time, he declared that he was opting for full Arab union, although he had no plan to merge Iraq with the UAR. While most members of the Iraqi Revolutionary Command Council (RCC) favored Iraqi-UAR unity, Qasim sought to keep Iraq independent and resented Nasser's large popular base in the country.

Question: What two men overthrew the Iraqi monarchy?
Answer: Abdel Karim Qasim and Abdel Salam Aref

Question: What anti-Nasser Iraqi was assassinated?
Answer: Nuri al-Said

Question: Where did US Marines land?
Answer: Lebanon

Question: Why did Jordan and Lebanon seek outside aid?
Answer: to prevent them from falling to pro-Nasser forces

Question: How did Nasser see the prospects for Arab unity?
Answer: unblocked
Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

In the fall of 1958, Nasser formed a tripartite committee consisting of Zakaria Mohieddin, al-Hawrani, and Salah Bitar to oversee developments in Syria. By moving the latter two, who were Ba'athists, to Cairo, he neutralized important political figures who had their own ideas about how Syria should be run. He put Syria under Sarraj, who effectively reduced the province to a police state by imprisoning and exiling landholders who objected to the introduction of Egyptian agricultural reform in Syria, as well as communists. Following the Lebanese election of Fuad Chehab in September 1958, relations between Lebanon and the UAR improved considerably. On 25 March 1959, Chehab and Nasser met at the Lebanese–Syrian border and compromised on an end to the Lebanese crisis.

Question: Who did Nasser appoint to run Syria?
Answer: Sarraj

Question: What was Syria like under Sarraj?
Answer: police state

Question: Who did Lebanon elect in 1958?
Answer: Fuad Chehab

Question: How did relations between Lebanon and the UAR change with Chehab's election?
Answer: improved considerably

Question: In what year did Nasser and Chehab agree to end the Lebanon crisis?
Answer: 1959
Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

Opposition to the union mounted among some of Syria's key elements, namely the socioeconomic, political, and military elites. In response to Syria's worsening economy, which Nasser attributed to its control by the bourgeoisie, in July 1961, Nasser decreed socialist measures that nationalized wide-ranging sectors of the Syrian economy. He also dismissed Sarraj in September to curb the growing political crisis. Aburish states that Nasser was not fully capable of addressing Syrian problems because they were "foreign to him". In Egypt, the economic situation was more positive, with a GNP growth of 4.5 percent and a rapid growth of industry. In 1960, Nasser nationalized the Egyptian press, which had already been cooperating with his government, in order to steer coverage towards the country's socioeconomic issues and galvanize public support for his socialist measures.

Question: What Syrian social group opposed the UAR?
Answer: elites

Question: How was Syria's economy fairing under the arrangement?
Answer: worsening

Question: How did Nasser respond to economic problems in Syria?
Answer: nationalized wide-ranging sectors of the Syrian economy

Question: What did Nasser do to Sarraj to try and help the political situation?
Answer: dismissed

Question: What industry did Nassir nationalize in 1960?
Answer: press
Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

On 28 September 1961, secessionist army units launched a coup in Damascus, declaring Syria's secession from the UAR. In response, pro-union army units in northern Syria revolted and pro-Nasser protests occurred in major Syrian cities. Nasser sent Egyptian special forces to Latakia to bolster his allies, but withdrew them two days later, citing a refusal to allow inter-Arab fighting. Addressing the UAR's breakup on 5 October, Nasser accepted personal responsibility and declared that Egypt would recognize an elected Syrian government. He privately blamed interference by hostile Arab governments. According to Heikal, Nasser suffered something resembling a nervous breakdown after the dissolution of the union; he began to smoke more heavily and his health began to deteriorate.

Question: What Syrian anti-Nasser group lauched a coup?
Answer: secessionist army units

Question: In what year did Syria leave the UAR?
Answer: 1961

Question: Where did Nasser send Egyptian special forces?
Answer: Latakia

Question: What happened to Nasser after the breakup of the UAR?
Answer: nervous breakdown

Question: How was Nasser's health after the breakup of the UAR?
Answer: his health began to deteriorate
Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

Nasser's regional position changed unexpectedly when Yemeni officers led by Nasser supporter Abdullah al-Sallal overthrew Imam Badr of North Yemen on 27 September 1962. Al-Badr and his tribal partisans began receiving increasing support from Saudi Arabia to help reinstate the kingdom, while Nasser subsequently accepted a request by Sallal to militarily aid the new government on 30 September. Consequently, Egypt became increasingly embroiled in the drawn-out civil war until it withdrew its forces in 1967. Most of Nasser's old colleagues had questioned the wisdom of continuing the war, but Amer reassured Nasser of their coming victory. Nasser later remarked in 1968 that intervention in Yemen was a "miscalculation".

Question: What country experienced a coup in 1962?
Answer: North Yemen

Question: What country agreed to help suppress the Yemeni rebellion?
Answer: Saudi Arabia

Question: Which side of the civil war did Nasser side with?
Answer: the new government

Question: In what year did Egypt leave Yemen's civil war?
Answer: 1967

Question: How did Nasser characterize Egypt's involvement in Yemen's civil war?
Answer: miscalculation
Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

On 8 February 1963, a military coup in Iraq led by a Ba'athist–Nasserist alliance toppled Qasim, who was subsequently shot dead. Abdel Salam Aref, a Nasserist, was chosen to be the new president. A similar alliance toppled the Syrian government on 8 March. On 14 March, the new Iraqi and Syrian governments sent Nasser delegations to push for a new Arab union. At the meeting, Nasser lambasted the Ba'athists for "facilitating" Syria's split from the UAR, and asserted that he was the "leader of the Arabs". A transitional unity agreement stipulating a federal system was signed by the parties on 17 April and the new union was set to be established in May 1965. However, the agreement fell apart weeks later when Syria's Ba'athists purged Nasser's supporters from the officers corps. A failed counter-coup by a Nasserist colonel followed, after which Nasser condemned the Ba'athists as "fascists".

Question: What groups completed a coup in Iraq?
Answer: Ba'athist–Nasserist alliance

Question: Who became the new Iraqi president after the coup?
Answer: Abdel Salam Aref

Question: What caused the agreement to fail?
Answer: Syria's Ba'athists purged Nasser's supporters

Question: How did Nasser describe the Ba'athists?
Answer: fascists
Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

In January 1964, Nasser called for an Arab League summit in Cairo to establish a unified Arab response against Israel's plans to divert the Jordan River's waters for economic purposes, which Syria and Jordan deemed an act of war. Nasser blamed Arab divisions for what he deemed "the disastrous situation". He discouraged Syria and Palestinian guerrillas from provoking the Israelis, conceding that he had no plans for war with Israel. During the summit, Nasser developed cordial relations with King Hussein, and ties were mended with the rulers of Saudi Arabia, Syria, and Morocco. In May, Nasser moved to formally share his leadership position over the Palestine issue by initiating the creation of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO). In practice, Nasser used the PLO to wield control over the Palestinian fedayeen. Its head was to be Ahmad Shukeiri, Nasser's personal nominee.

Question: What river did the Israelis want to divert?
Answer: Jordan River

Question: How did Syria and Jordan see Israel's plans?
Answer: act of war

Question: What leader did Nasser bond with durin gthe negotiations?
Answer: King Hussein

Question: What organization was formed as a result of the talks?
Answer: Palestine Liberation Organization

Question: Who was set to lead the PLO?
Answer: Ahmad Shukeiri
Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

After years of foreign policy coordination and developing ties, Nasser, President Sukarno of Indonesia, President Tito of Yugoslavia, and Prime Minister Nehru of India founded the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) in 1961. Its declared purpose was to solidify international non-alignment and promote world peace amid the Cold War, end colonization, and increase economic cooperation among developing countries. In 1964, Nasser was made president of the NAM and held the second conference of the organization in Cairo.

Question: In what year was the Non-Aligned Movment formed?
Answer: 1961

Question: Who was named leader of the NAM in 1964?
Answer: Nasser

Question: What global conflict was the NAM made to counter?
Answer: Cold War
Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

Nasser played a significant part in the strengthening of African solidarity in the late 1950s and early 1960s, although his continental leadership role had increasingly passed to Algeria since 1962. During this period, Nasser made Egypt a refuge for anti-colonial leaders from several African countries and allowed the broadcast of anti-colonial propaganda from Cairo. Beginning in 1958, Nasser had a key role in the discussions among African leaders that led to the establishment of the Organisation of African Unity (OAU) in 1963.

Question: What continent did Nasser help to attain political stability?
Answer: African

Question: Who did Nasser give asylum to?
Answer: anti-colonial leaders from several African countries

Question: What type of programming was broadcast from Cairo?
Answer: anti-colonial propaganda

Question: What African group did Nasser help to form?
Answer: Organisation of African Unity

Question: What year was the OAU formed?
Answer: 1963
Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

In 1961, Nasser sought to firmly establish Egypt as the leader of the Arab world and to promote a second revolution in Egypt with the purpose of merging Islamic and socialist thinking. To achieve this, he initiated several reforms to modernize al-Azhar, which serves as the de facto leading authority in Sunni Islam, and to ensure its prominence over the Muslim Brotherhood and the more conservative Wahhabism promoted by Saudi Arabia. Nasser had used al-Azhar's most willing ulema (scholars) as a counterweight to the Brotherhood's Islamic influence, starting in 1953.

Question: What country did Nasser want to be the leader of the Arab world?
Answer: Egypt

Question: What two disparate ideologies was Nasser trying to unite?
Answer: Islamic and socialist

Question: What religious group did Nasser endeavor to reform?
Answer: al-Azhar

Question: What religious group was Nasser seeking to marginalize?
Answer: Muslim Brotherhood
Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

Following Syria's secession, Nasser grew concerned with Amer's inability to train and modernize the army, and with the state within a state Amer had created in the military command and intelligence apparatus. In late 1961, Nasser established the Presidential Council and decreed it the authority to approve all senior military appointments, instead of leaving this responsibility solely to Amer. Moreover, he instructed that the primary criterion for promotion should be merit and not personal loyalties. Nasser retracted the initiative after Amer's allies in the officers corps threatened to mobilize against him.

Question: What military entity did Nasser create in 1961?
Answer: Presidential Council

Question: As opposed to personal loyalty, what basis should military promotions be given, according to Nasser?
Answer: merit

Question: Why did Nasser abandon the Presidential Council?
Answer: Amer's allies in the officers corps threatened to mobilize against him

Question: What leader was sidelined by the Presidential Council?
Answer: Amer

Question: What was the Presidential Council meant to do?
Answer: approve all senior military appointments
Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

In early 1962 Nasser again attempted to wrest control of the military command from Amer. Amer responded by directly confronting Nasser for the first time and secretly rallying his loyalist officers. Nasser ultimately backed down, wary of a possible violent confrontation between the military and his civilian government. According to Boghdadi, the stress caused by the UAR's collapse and Amer's increasing autonomy forced Nasser, who already had diabetes, to practically live on painkillers from then on.

Question: From whom did Nasser want to seize control of Egypt's military?
Answer: Amer

Question: Who blinked in the confrontation between Nasser and Amer?
Answer: Nasser

Question: How did Amer respond to Nasser's attempts to marginalize him?
Answer: directly confronting Nasser

Question: How did Nasser deal with the stress of the UAR's collapse and Amer's intransigence?
Answer: painkillers

Question: From what chronic illness was Nasser suffering?
Answer: diabetes
Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

In October 1961, Nasser embarked on a major nationalization program for Egypt, believing the total adoption of socialism was the answer to his country's problems and would have prevented Syria's secession. In order to organize and solidify his popular base with Egypt's citizens and counter the army's influence, Nasser introduced the National Charter in 1962 and a new constitution. The charter called for universal health care, affordable housing, vocational schools, greater women's rights and a family planning program, as well as widening the Suez Canal.

Question: What political ideology did Nasser wholeheartedly back in 1961?
Answer: socialism

Question: What was the document Nasser backed to push his socialist reforms?
Answer: National Charter

Question: What infrastructure project was part of the National Charter?
Answer: widening the Suez Canal

Question: What year was the National Charter released?
Answer: 1962

Question: What type of health care program was put forth in the National Charter?
Answer: universal
Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

Nasser also attempted to maintain oversight of the country's civil service to prevent it from inflating and consequently becoming a burden to the state. New laws provided workers with a minimum wage, profit shares, free education, free health care, reduced working hours, and encouragement to participate in management. Land reforms guaranteed the security of tenant farmers, promoted agricultural growth, and reduced rural poverty. As a result of the 1962 measures, government ownership of Egyptian business reached 51 percent, and the National Union was renamed the Arab Socialist Union (ASU). With these measures came more domestic repression, as thousands of Islamists were imprisoned, including dozens of military officers. Nasser's tilt toward a Soviet-style system led his aides Boghdadi and Hussein el-Shafei to submit their resignations in protest.

Question: What percentage of business did the Egyptian government own in 1962?
Answer: 51

Question: What was the new name for the National Union?
Answer: Arab Socialist Union

Question: What was the expression of Nasser's reforms on the street?
Answer: repression

Question: What group was targeted with imprisonment?
Answer: Islamists

Question: How did two of Nasser's top aids respond to the new measures?
Answer: submit their resignations in protest
Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

During the presidential referendum in Egypt, Nasser was re-elected to a second term as UAR president and took his oath on 25 March 1965. He was the only candidate for the position, with virtually all of his political opponents forbidden by law from running for office, and his fellow party members reduced to mere followers. That same year, Nasser had the Muslim Brotherhood chief ideologue Sayyed Qutb imprisoned. Qutb was charged and found guilty by the court of plotting to assassinate Nasser, and was executed in 1966. Beginning in 1966, as Egypt's economy slowed and government debt became increasingly burdensome, Nasser began to ease state control over the private sector, encouraging state-owned bank loans to private business and introducing incentives to increase exports. During the 60's, the Egyptian economy went from sluggishness to the verge of collapse, the society became less free, and Nasser's appeal waned considerably.

Question: What was Nasser's political opposition like in the 1965 election?
Answer: He was the only candidate

Question: The leader of what organization was imprisoned by Nasser?
Answer: Muslim Brotherhood

Question: What was Qutb's sentence?
Answer: executed

Question: What economic element did Nasser try to encourage with bank loans?
Answer: private sector

Question: How did Egypt's economy do during the 1960s?
Answer: from sluggishness to the verge of collapse
Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

In mid May 1967, the Soviet Union issued warnings to Nasser of an impending Israeli attack on Syria, although Chief of Staff Mohamed Fawzi considered the warnings to be "baseless". According to Kandil, without Nasser's authorization, Amer used the Soviet warnings as a pretext to dispatch troops to Sinai on 14 May, and Nasser subsequently demanded UNEF's withdrawal. Earlier that day, Nasser received a warning from King Hussein of Israeli-American collusion to drag Egypt into war. The message had been originally received by Amer on 2 May, but was withheld from Nasser until the Sinai deployment on 14 May. Although in the preceding months, Hussein and Nasser had been accusing each other of avoiding a fight with Israel, Hussein was nonetheless wary that an Egyptian-Israeli war would risk the West Bank's occupation by Israel. Nasser still felt that the US would restrain Israel from attacking due to assurances that he received from the US and Soviet Union. In turn, he also reassured both powers that Egypt would only act defensively.

Question: What country warned Nasser that Israel wanted to attack Syria?
Answer: Soviet Union

Question: What did Amer do without Nasser's approval?
Answer: dispatch troops to Sinai

Question: What nations were trying to drag Egypt into a war, according to King Hussein?
Answer: Israeli-American

Question: What territory was King Hussein afraid Israel would obtain?
Answer: West Bank

Question: Who did Nasser think would prevent Israel from launching an offensive?
Answer: US
Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

On 21 May, Amer asked Nasser to order the Straits of Tiran blockaded, a move Nasser believed Israel would use as a casus belli. Amer reassured him that the army was prepared for confrontation, but Nasser doubted Amer's assessment of the military's readiness. According to Nasser's vice president Zakaria Mohieddin, although "Amer had absolute authority over the armed forces, Nasser had his ways of knowing what was really going on". Moreover, Amer anticipated an impending Israeli attack and advocated a preemptive strike. Nasser refused the call upon determination that the air force lacked pilots and Amer's handpicked officers were incompetent. Still, Nasser concluded that if Israel attacked, Egypt's quantitative advantage in manpower and arms could stave off Israeli forces for at least two weeks, allowing for diplomacy towards a ceasefire. Towards the end of May, Nasser increasingly exchanged his positions of deterrence for deference to the inevitability of war, under increased pressure to act by both the general Arab populace and various Arab governments. On 26 May Nasser declared, "our basic objective will be to destroy Israel". On 30 May, King Hussein committed Jordan in an alliance with Egypt and Syria.

Question: What thoroughfare did Amir want Nasser to block?
Answer: Straits of Tiran

Question: Who was Nassir's vice president?
Answer: Zakaria Mohieddin

Question: How would Nassir deal with an Israeli invasion, if it happened?
Answer: diplomacy towards a ceasefire

Question: What country joined Egypt and Syria against Israel?
Answer: Jordan
Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

According to Sadat, it was only when the Israelis cut off the Egyptian garrison at Sharm el-Sheikh that Nasser became aware of the situation's gravity. After hearing of the attack, he rushed to army headquarters to inquire about the military situation. The simmering conflict between Nasser and Amer subsequently came to the fore, and officers present reported the pair burst into "a nonstop shouting match". The Supreme Executive Committee, set up by Nasser to oversee the conduct of the war, attributed the repeated Egyptian defeats to the Nasser–Amer rivalry and Amer's overall incompetence. According to Egyptian diplomat Ismail Fahmi, who became foreign minister during Sadat's presidency, the Israeli invasion and Egypt's consequent defeat was a result of Nasser's dismissal of all rational analysis of the situation and his undertaking of a series of irrational decisions.

Question: What defeat opened Nasser's eyes to the desperation of Egypt's situation?
Answer: Sharm el-Sheikh

Question: What two Egyptian leaders personal conflicts played a large part in Egypt's poor showing  in the war?
Answer: Nasser–Amer

Question: What did Nasser dismiss during the war?
Answer: rational analysis
Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

During the first four days of the war, the general population of the Arab world believed Arab radio station fabrications of imminent Arab victory. On 9 June, Nasser appeared on television to inform Egypt's citizens of their country's defeat. He announced his resignation on television later that day, and ceded all presidential powers to his then-Vice President Zakaria Mohieddin, who had no prior information of this decision and refused to accept the post. Hundreds of thousands of sympathizers poured into the streets in mass demonstrations throughout Egypt and across the Arab world rejecting his resignation, chanting, "We are your soldiers, Gamal!" Nasser retracted his decision the next day.

Question: What propaganda were Arab media broadcasting at the beginning of the war?
Answer: imminent Arab victory

Question: What day did Nasser announce Egypt's defeat?
Answer: 9 June

Question: What did Nasser do about his position as President?
Answer: announced his resignation

Question: Who rejected Nasser's offer to become the new president?
Answer: Zakaria Mohieddin

Question: What did Nasser do after mass demonstrations?
Answer: retracted his decision
Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

On 11 July, Nasser replaced Amer with Mohamed Fawzi as general commander, over the protestations of Amer's loyalists in the military, 600 of whom marched on army headquarters and demanded Amer's reinstatement. After Nasser sacked thirty of the loyalists in response, Amer and his allies devised a plan to topple him on 27 August. Nasser was tipped off about their activities and, after several invitations, he convinced Amer to meet him at his home on 24 August. Nasser confronted Amer about the coup plot, which he denied before being arrested by Mohieddin. Amer committed suicide on 14 September. Despite his souring relationship with Amer, Nasser spoke of losing "the person closest to [him]". Thereafter, Nasser began a process of depoliticizing the armed forces, arresting dozens of leading military and intelligence figures loyal to Amer.

Question: Who did Nasser appoint as the new head of Egypt's armed forces?
Answer: Mohamed Fawzi

Question: How did Amer react to being confronted about planning a coup?
Answer: suicide

Question: How did Nasser try to deal with the military following the coup attempt?
Answer: depoliticizing the armed forces

Question: What loyalists did Nasser target?
Answer: figures loyal to Amer
Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

At the 29 August Arab League summit in Khartoum, Nasser's usual commanding position had receded as the attending heads of state expected Saudi King Faisal to lead. A ceasefire in the Yemen War was declared and the summit concluded with the Khartoum Resolution. The Soviet Union soon resupplied the Egyptian military with about half of its former arsenals and broke diplomatic relations with Israel. Nasser cut relations with the US following the war, and, according to Aburish, his policy of "playing the superpowers against each other" ended. In November, Nasser accepted UN Resolution 242, which called for Israel's withdrawal from territories acquired in the war. His supporters claimed Nasser's move was meant to buy time to prepare for another confrontation with Israel, while his detractors believed his acceptance of the resolution signaled a waning interest in Palestinian independence.

Question: Where was the Arab League summit held?
Answer: Khartoum

Question: What leader assumed a more prominent position due to Nasser's difficulites?
Answer: King Faisal

Question: What agreement ended the Yemeni civil war?
Answer: Khartoum Resolution

Question: What nation granted military aid to Egypt?
Answer: Soviet Union

Question: What document called for Israel to abandon land it obtained during the war?
Answer: UN Resolution 242
Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

Nasser appointed himself the additional roles of prime minister and supreme commander of the armed forces on 19 June 1967. Angry at the military court's perceived leniency with air force officers charged with negligence during the 1967 war, workers and students launched protests calling for major political reforms in late February 1968. Nasser responded to the demonstrations, the most significant public challenge to his rule since workers' protests in March 1954, by removing most military figures from his cabinet and appointing eight civilians in place of several high-ranking members of the Arab Socialist Union (ASU). By 3 March, Nasser directed Egypt's intelligence apparatus to focus on external rather than domestic espionage, and declared the "fall of the mukhabarat state".

Question: What new positions did Nasser give himself ?
Answer: prime minister and supreme commander of the armed forces

Question: When did students protest for political reforms?
Answer: 1968

Question: What type of people were ousted from Nasser's cabinet?
Answer: Arab Socialist Union

Question: What type of spying did Nasser want to concentrate on?
Answer: external
Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

On 30 March, Nasser proclaimed a manifesto stipulating the restoration of civil liberties, greater parliamentary independence from the executive, major structural changes to the ASU, and a campaign to rid the government of corrupt elements. A public referendum approved the proposed measures in May, and held subsequent elections for the Supreme Executive Committee, the ASU's highest decision-making body. Observers noted that the declaration signaled an important shift from political repression to liberalization, although its promises would largely go unfulfilled.

Question: What organization was to undergo a big overhaul?
Answer: ASU

Question: What trend was Nasser trying to cause?
Answer: liberalization

Question: How did Nasser's promises of increased freedoms turn out?
Answer: unfulfilled

Question: How did Nasser want to change the relationship between parliament and the executive?
Answer: independence
Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

Meanwhile, in January 1968, Nasser commenced the War of Attrition to reclaim territory captured by Israel, ordering attacks against Israeli positions east of the then-blockaded Suez Canal. In March, Nasser offered Yasser Arafat's Fatah movement arms and funds after their performance against Israeli forces in the Battle of Karameh that month. He also advised Arafat to think of peace with Israel and the establishment of a Palestinian state comprising the West Bank and the Gaza Strip. Nasser effectively ceded his leadership of the "Palestine issue" to Arafat.

Question: What was the endeavor to reclaim territory from Israel called?
Answer: War of Attrition

Question: In what year did the War of Attrition begin?
Answer: 1968

Question: Who led the Fatah movement?
Answer: Yasser Arafat

Question: In what battle had the Fatah movement distinguished itself?
Answer: Battle of Karameh

Question: To whom did Nasser give authority to deal with Israel?
Answer: Arafat
Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

Israel retaliated against Egyptian shelling with commando raids, artillery shelling and air strikes. This resulted in an exodus of civilians from Egyptian cities along the Suez Canal's western bank. Nasser ceased all military activities and began a program to build a network of internal defenses, while receiving the financial backing of various Arab states. The war resumed in March 1969. In November, Nasser brokered an agreement between the PLO and the Lebanese military that granted Palestinian guerrillas the right to use Lebanese territory to attack Israel.

Question: What did Nasser do to respond to Israeli attacks?
Answer: build a network of internal defenses

Question: When did the war start up again?
Answer: March 1969

Question: What groups did Nasser broker an agreement with?
Answer: PLO and the Lebanese military

Question: Who would get to attack Israel from Lebanon?
Answer: Palestinian guerrillas
Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

In June 1970, Nasser accepted the US-sponsored Rogers Plan, which called for an end to hostilities and an Israeli withdrawal from Egyptian territory, but it was rejected by Israel, the PLO, and most Arab states except Jordan. Nasser had initially rejected the plan, but conceded under pressure from the Soviet Union, which feared that escalating regional conflict could drag it into a war with the US. He also determined that a ceasefire could serve as a tactical step toward the strategic goal of recapturing the Suez Canal. Nasser forestalled any movement toward direct negotiations with Israel. In dozens of speeches and statements, Nasser posited the equation that any direct peace talks with Israel were tantamount to surrender. Following Nasser's acceptance, Israel agreed to a ceasefire and Nasser used the lull in fighting to move SAM missiles towards the canal zone.

Question: What was the American plan to end conflict with Israel?
Answer: Rogers Plan

Question: Who pressured Nasser to accept the Rogers Plan?
Answer: Soviet Union

Question: What did Nasser want to use the agreement to do?
Answer: recapturing the Suez Canal

Question: How did Nasser equate peace with Israel?
Answer: surrender

Question: What did Nasser move to the canal zone?
Answer: SAM missiles
Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

As the summit closed on 28 September 1970, hours after escorting the last Arab leader to leave, Nasser suffered a heart attack. He was immediately transported to his house, where his physicians tended to him. Nasser died several hours later, around 6:00 p.m. Heikal, Sadat, and Nasser's wife Tahia were at his deathbed. According to his doctor, al-Sawi Habibi, Nasser's likely cause of death was arteriosclerosis, varicose veins, and complications from long-standing diabetes. Nasser was a heavy smoker with a family history of heart disease—two of his brothers died in their fifties from the same condition. The state of Nasser's health was not known to the public prior to his death. He had previously suffered heart attacks in 1966 and September 1969.

Question: When did Nasser die?
Answer: 28 September 1970

Question: How did Nasser die?
Answer: heart attack

Question: Who was with Nasser when he died?
Answer: Heikal, Sadat, and Nasser's wife Tahia

Question: What health events had Nasser suffered in 1966 and 1969?
Answer: heart attacks

Question: How old were Nasser's brothers when they died?
Answer: in their fifties
Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

Following the announcement of Nasser's death, Egypt and the Arab world were in a state of shock. Nasser's funeral procession through Cairo on 1 October was attended by at least five million mourners. The 10-kilometer (6.2 mi) procession to his burial site began at the old RCC headquarters with a flyover by MiG-21 jets. His flag-draped coffin was attached to a gun carriage pulled by six horses and led by a column of cavalrymen. All Arab heads of state attended, with the exception of Saudi King Faisal. King Hussein and Arafat cried openly, and Muammar Gaddafi of Libya fainted from emotional distress twice. A few major non-Arab dignitaries were present, including Soviet Premier Alexei Kosygin and French Prime Minister Jacques Chaban-Delmas.

Question: How many people attended Nasser's funeral?
Answer: at least five million

Question: At what landmark did the funeral procession begin?
Answer: the old RCC headquarters

Question: Who was the only Arab leader not to attend Nasser's funeral?
Answer: Saudi King Faisal

Question: What leader twice fainted during the funeral?
Answer: Muammar Gaddafi

Question: Who was the Soviet leader who attended Nasser's funeral?
Answer: Alexei Kosygin
Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

Because of his ability to motivate nationalistic passions, "men, women, and children wept and wailed in the streets" after hearing of his death, according to Nutting. The general Arab reaction was one of mourning, with thousands of people pouring onto the streets of major cities throughout the Arab world. Over a dozen people were killed in Beirut as a result of the chaos, and in Jerusalem, roughly 75,000 Arabs marched through the Old City chanting, "Nasser will never die." As a testament to his unchallenged leadership of the Arab people, following his death, the headline of the Lebanese Le Jour read, "One hundred million human beings—the Arabs—are orphans." Sherif Hetata, a former political prisoner and later member Nasser's ASU, said that "Nasser's greatest achievement was his funeral. The world will never again see five million people crying together."

Question: How many eople died in Breuit because of unrest caused by Nasser's death?
Answer: Over a dozen

Question: How many people marched in Jerusalem?
Answer: 75,000

Question: Who said, "The world will never again see five million people crying together?"
Answer: Sherif Hetata

Question: What did a Lebanese publication call the Arabs following Nasser's death?
Answer: orphans
Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

Nasser made Egypt fully independent of British influence, and the country became a major power in the developing world under his leadership. One of Nasser's main domestic efforts was to establish social justice, which he deemed a prerequisite to liberal democracy. During his presidency, ordinary citizens enjoyed unprecedented access to housing, education, jobs, health services and nourishment, as well as other forms of social welfare, while feudalistic influence waned. By the end of his presidency, employment and working conditions improved considerably, although poverty was still high in the country and substantial resources allocated for social welfare had been diverted to the war effort.

Question: What did Nasser completely eliminate from Egypt?
Answer: British influence

Question: What did Nasser work to put into place in Egypt?
Answer: social justice

Question: How were working conditions and employment at the end of Nasser's presidency?
Answer: improved considerably

Question: What had drained resources from Nasser's social programs?
Answer: war effort
Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

The national economy grew significantly through agrarian reform, major modernization projects such as the Helwan steel works and the Aswan Dam, and nationalization schemes such as that of the Suez Canal. However, the marked economic growth of the early 1960s took a downturn for the remainder of the decade, only recovering in 1970. Egypt experienced a "golden age" of culture during Nasser's presidency, according to historian Joel Gordon, particularly in film, television, theater, radio, literature, fine arts, comedy, poetry, and music. Egypt under Nasser dominated the Arab world in these fields, producing cultural icons.

Question: What reform, initiated by Nasser, caused the Egyptian economy to grow?
Answer: agrarian

Question: What are two infrastructure projects Nasser embarked on?
Answer: Helwan steel works and the Aswan Dam

Question: How was Egyptian culture under Nasser refered to?
Answer: golden age

Question: What was the most prominent thing Nasser nationalized?
Answer: Suez Canal
Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

During Mubarak's presidency, Nasserist political parties began to emerge in Egypt, the first being the Arab Democratic Nasserist Party (ADNP). The party carried minor political influence, and splits between its members beginning in 1995 resulted in the gradual establishment of splinter parties, including Hamdeen Sabahi's 1997 founding of Al-Karama. Sabahi came in third place during the 2012 presidential election. Nasserist activists were among the founders of Kefaya, a major opposition force during Mubarak's rule. On 19 September 2012, four Nasserist parties (the ADNP, Karama, the National Conciliation Party, and the Popular Nasserist Congress Party) merged to form the United Nasserist Party.

Question: What type of political parties came about when Mubarek was president?
Answer: Nasserist

Question: What was the first Nasserist political party?
Answer: Arab Democratic Nasserist Party

Question: What party came in third in the 2013 election?
Answer: Sabahi

Question: What consolated party was formed from several Nasserist groups?
Answer: United Nasserist Party
Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

Nasser was known for his intimate relationship with ordinary Egyptians. His availability to the public, despite assassination attempts against him, was unparalleled among his successors. A skilled orator, Nasser gave 1,359 speeches between 1953 and 1970, a record for any Egyptian head of state. Historian Elie Podeh wrote that a constant theme of Nasser's image was "his ability to represent Egyptian authenticity, in triumph or defeat". The national press also helped to foster his popularity and profile—more so after the nationalization of state media. Historian Tarek Osman wrote:

Question: What was Nasser known for in regard to ordinary citizens?
Answer: availability to the public

Question: How many speeches did Nasser give?
Answer: 1,359

Question: Who gave the most speeches of any Egyptian leader?
Answer: Nasser

Question: What institution helped cultivate Nasser's positive public image?
Answer: press
Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

While Nasser was increasingly criticized by Egyptian intellectuals following the Six-Day War and his death in 1970, the general public was persistently sympathetic both during and after Nasser's life. According to political scientist Mahmoud Hamad, writing in 2008, "nostalgia for Nasser is easily sensed in Egypt and all Arab countries today". General malaise in Egyptian society, particularly during the Mubarak era, augmented nostalgia for Nasser's presidency, which increasingly became associated with the ideals of national purpose, hope, social cohesion, and vibrant culture.

Question: Who was most critical of Nasser's rule?
Answer: Egyptian intellectuals

Question: What event generated criticism of Nasser from Egypt's elite?
Answer: Six-Day War

Question: During whose presidency were Egyptians nostalgic for Nasser?
Answer: Mubarak

Question: What ideals are associated with Nasser's time as prsident?
Answer: national purpose, hope, social cohesion, and vibrant culture
Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

Nasser's Egyptian detractors considered him a dictator who thwarted democratic progress, imprisoned thousands of dissidents, and led a repressive administration responsible for numerous human rights violations. Islamists in Egypt, particularly members of the politically persecuted Brotherhood, viewed Nasser as oppressive, tyrannical, and demonic. Liberal writer Tawfiq al-Hakim described Nasser as a "confused Sultan" who employed stirring rhetoric, but had no actual plan to achieve his stated goals.

Question: Whad did Nasser's enemies call him?
Answer: dictator

Question: Who did Nasser imprison thousands of?
Answer: dissidents

Question: What did Tawfiq al-Hakim call Nasser?
Answer: confused Sultan
Gamal_Abdel_Nasser

Some of Nasser's liberal and Islamist critics in Egypt, including the founding members of the New Wafd Party and writer Jamal Badawi, dismissed Nasser's popular appeal with the Egyptian masses during his presidency as being the product of successful manipulation and demagoguery. Egyptian political scientist Alaa al-Din Desouki blamed the 1952 revolution's shortcomings on Nasser's concentration of power, and Egypt's lack of democracy on Nasser's political style and his government's limitations on freedom of expression and political participation.

Question: What Egyptian party dismissed Nasser's popular appeal?
Answer: New Wafd Party

Question: Who blamed the 1952 revolution's failings on Nasser?
Answer: Alaa al-Din Desouki

Question: To what did critics attribute Nasser's popular appeal?
Answer: successful manipulation and demagoguery