Divyanshu67/squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
Translation

Translation of a text that is sung in vocal music for the purpose of singing in another language—sometimes called "singing translation"—is closely linked to translation of poetry because most vocal music, at least in the Western tradition, is set to verse, especially verse in regular patterns with rhyme. (Since the late 19th century, musical setting of prose and free verse has also been practiced in some art music, though popular music tends to remain conservative in its retention of stanzaic forms with or without refrains.) A rudimentary example of translating poetry for singing is church hymns, such as the German chorales translated into English by Catherine Winkworth.

Question: What is the translation of text that is sung closely linked to?
Answer: poetry

Question: What is most vocal music set to in Western tradition?
Answer: verse

Question: What type of forms does popular music tend to retain?
Answer: stanzaic

Question: What type of example an be found of translating poetry for singing?
Answer: church hymns

Question: Who translated German chorales into English?
Answer: Catherine Winkworth

Question: What is the translation of text that is sung never linked to?

Question: What is all vocal music set to in Western tradition?

Question: What forms does popular music tend to refrain from?

Question: What type of example can not be found of translating poetry for singing?

Question: Who translated Chinese chorales into English?
Translation

Translation of sung texts is generally much more restrictive than translation of poetry, because in the former there is little or no freedom to choose between a versified translation and a translation that dispenses with verse structure. One might modify or omit rhyme in a singing translation, but the assignment of syllables to specific notes in the original musical setting places great challenges on the translator. There is the option in prose sung texts, less so in verse, of adding or deleting a syllable here and there by subdividing or combining notes, respectively, but even with prose the process is almost like strict verse translation because of the need to stick as closely as possible to the original prosody of the sung melodic line.

Question: How is translation of sung texts different than translations of poetry?
Answer: more restrictive

Question: Why is the translation of sung texts more restrictive?
Answer: little or no freedom to choose between a versified translation

Question: What places a great challenge on someone trying to translate music from one language to another?
Answer: assignment of syllables to specific notes in the original musical

Question: How can a syllable be added or deleted in prose sung texts?
Answer: by subdividing or combining notes

Question: How is translation of sung texts the exact same as translations of poetry?

Question: Why is the translation of sung texts not restrictive?

Question: What places a great challenge on someone trying to translate writing from one language to another?

Question: How can a syllable be forbidden from prose sung texts?
Translation

Translations of sung texts—whether of the above type meant to be sung or of a more or less literal type meant to be read—are also used as aids to audiences, singers and conductors, when a work is being sung in a language not known to them. The most familiar types are translations presented as subtitles or surtitles projected during opera performances, those inserted into concert programs, and those that accompany commercial audio CDs of vocal music. In addition, professional and amateur singers often sing works in languages they do not know (or do not know well), and translations are then used to enable them to understand the meaning of the words they are singing.

Question: Who can translations of a sung text aid?
Answer: audiences, singers and conductors

Question: What type of familiar translation may be seen during an opera?
Answer: subtitles or surtitles

Question: What do professional and amateur singers often sing?
Answer: works in languages they do not know

Question: Translations help singers unfamiliar with a language do what?
Answer: understand the meaning of the words they are singing.

Question: Who can translations of a sung text harm?

Question: What type of familiar translation is restricted during an opera?

Question: What do professional and amateur singers never sing?

Question: What do translations help singers familiar with a language do?

Question: What kind of text is not allowed to have a translation?
Translation

One of the first recorded instances of translation in the West was the rendering of the Old Testament into Greek in the 3rd century BCE. The translation is known as the "Septuagint", a name that refers to the seventy translators (seventy-two, in some versions) who were commissioned to translate the Bible at Alexandria, Egypt. Each translator worked in solitary confinement in his own cell, and according to legend all seventy versions proved identical. The Septuagint became the source text for later translations into many languages, including Latin, Coptic, Armenian and Georgian.

Question: What is one of the first known instances of translation in the West?
Answer: rendering of the Old Testament into Greek

Question: When was the Old Testament translated into Greek?
Answer: 3rd century BCE

Question: Why is the translation of the Old Testament into Greek known as the Septuagint?
Answer: seventy translators

Question: How did each translator of the Bible work in Alexandria?
Answer: in solitary confinement

Question: According to myth, what property did all seventy versions of the bible have?
Answer: identical

Question: What is one of the worst unknown instances of translation in the West?

Question: When was the Old Testament illegal in Greek?

Question: Why is the translation of the New Testament into Greek known as the Septuagint?

Question: How did each translator of the Bible die in Alexandria?

Question: What property did all seventy versions of the bible lack being?
Translation

The period preceding, and contemporary with, the Protestant Reformation saw the translation of the Bible into local European languages—a development that contributed to Western Christianity's split into Roman Catholicism and Protestantism due to disparities between Catholic and Protestant versions of crucial words and passages (although the Protestant movement was largely based on other things, such as a perceived need for reformation of the Roman Catholic Church to eliminate corruption). Lasting effects on the religions, cultures and languages of their respective countries have been exerted by such Bible translations as Martin Luther's into German, Jakub Wujek's into Polish, and the King James Bible's translators' into English. Debate and religious schism over different translations of religious texts remain to this day, as demonstrated by, for example, the King James Only movement.

Question: During the Protestant Reformation, what local languages was the bible translated into?
Answer: European

Question: Disparities between versions of crucial words and passages in versions of the bible contributed to what split?
Answer: Roman Catholicism and Protestantism

Question: Biblical translations have caused lasting effects on what?
Answer: religions, cultures and languages of their respective countries

Question: Who translated the Bible to German?
Answer: Martin Luther

Question: What does the fact of the King James Only movement demonstrate?
Answer: religious schism over different translations of religious texts remain to this day

Question: What local languages was the bible translated into during the Contestant Reformation?

Question: What union did similarities between versions of crucial words and passages in versions of the bible contribute to?

Question: What have biblical translations had no lasting effects on?

Question: Who banned the Bible in German?

Question: What does the fact of the King James Only movement ignore?
Airport

An airport is an aerodrome with facilities for flights to take off and land. Airports often have facilities to store and maintain aircraft, and a control tower. An airport consists of a landing area, which comprises an aerially accessible open space including at least one operationally active surface such as a runway for a plane to take off or a helipad, and often includes adjacent utility buildings such as control towers, hangars  and terminals. Larger airports may have fixed base operator services, airport aprons, air traffic control centres, passenger facilities such as restaurants and lounges, and emergency services.

Question: What is an aerodome with facilities for flights to take off and land?
Answer: airport

Question: What is an aerially accessible open space that includes at least one active surface such as a runway or a helipad?
Answer: landing area

Question: What is an airport?
Answer: aerodrome with facilities for flights to take off and land

Question: What is the definition of a control tower?

Question: What do larger control towers have?

Question: What is an example of the area around a utility building?

Question: What is an example of an airport apron?

Question: What is the definition of a helipad?
Airport

The majority of the world's airports are non-towered, with no air traffic control presence. Busy airports have air traffic control (ATC) system. All airports use a traffic pattern to assure smooth traffic flow between departing and arriving aircraft. There are a number of aids available to pilots, though not all airports are equipped with them. Many airports have lighting that help guide planes using the runways and taxiways at night or in rain, snow, or fog. In the U.S. and Canada, the vast majority of airports, large and small, will either have some form of automated airport weather station, a human observer or a combination of the two. Air safety is an important concern in the operation of an airport, and airports often have their own safety services.

Question: What do airports use to assure smooth traffic flow between departing and arriving aircraft?
Answer: traffic pattern

Question: What is an important concern in the operation of an airport?
Answer: Air safety

Question: What describes most automated weather stations at an airport?

Question: What do all pilots use?

Question: What is available to help air traffic control with flights?

Question: What does an air traffic control system also use?

Question: What is an important concern for pilots?
Airport

Most of the world's airports are owned by local, regional, or national government bodies who then lease the airport to private corporations who oversee the airport's operation. For example, in the United Kingdom the state-owned British Airports Authority originally operated eight of the nation's major commercial airports - it was subsequently privatized in the late 1980s, and following its takeover by the Spanish Ferrovial consortium in 2006, has been further divested and downsized to operating just five. Germany's Frankfurt Airport is managed by the quasi-private firm Fraport. While in India GMR Group operates, through joint ventures, Indira Gandhi International Airport and Rajiv Gandhi International Airport. Bengaluru International Airport and Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport are controlled by GVK Group. The rest of India's airports are managed by the Airports Authority of India.

Question: How many commercial airports did the British Airports Authority originally operate?
Answer: eight

Question: What group took over the British Airports Authority in 2006?
Answer: Spanish Ferrovial consortium

Question: What group manages the Frankfurt Airport?
Answer: Fraport

Question: Who operates, through joint ventures, Indira Gandhi International Airport?
Answer: GMR Group

Question: When was the Airports Authority of India privatized?

Question: In what year was the Airports Authority of India taken over by the Spanish Ferrovial consortium?

Question: How many commercial airports does Fraport in the UK manage?

Question: How many airports did Fraport manage originally in the UK?

Question: What happened to Fraport when it was taken over by the Spanish Ferrovial consortium?
Airport

Airports are divided into landside and airside areas. Landside areas include parking lots, public transportation train stations and access roads. Airside areas include all areas accessible to aircraft, including runways, taxiways and aprons. Access from landside areas to airside areas is tightly controlled at most airports. Passengers on commercial flights access airside areas through terminals, where they can purchase tickets, clear security check, or claim luggage and board aircraft through gates. The waiting areas which provide passenger access to aircraft are typically called concourses, although this term is often used interchangeably with terminal.

Question: Airports are divided into what two areas?
Answer: landside and airside

Question: What do landside areas include?
Answer: parking lots, public transportation train stations and access roads

Question: What do airside areas include?
Answer: all areas accessible to aircraft, including runways, taxiways and aprons

Question: Where can passengers purchase tickets?
Answer: terminals

Question: What is the waiting area which provide passengers access to aircraft?
Answer: concourses

Question: What are two areas that luggage claim is divided into?

Question: How is access between parking lots and access roads treated?

Question: Where do passengers on access roads access public transportation?

Question: Where can you board a train through gates?

Question: What is another name for taxiways?
Airport

Most major airports provide commercial outlets for products and services. Most of these companies, many of which are internationally known brands, are located within the departure areas. These include clothing boutiques and restaurants. Prices charged for items sold at these outlets are generally higher than those outside the airport. However, some airports now regulate costs to keep them comparable to "street prices". This term is misleading as prices often match the manufacturers' suggested retail price (MSRP) but are almost never discounted.[citation needed]

Question: Most major airports provide commercial outlets for what?
Answer: products and services

Question: Where are most of these companies located in an airport?
Answer: within the departure areas

Question: Some of these companies include what type of businesses?
Answer: clothing boutiques and restaurants

Question: Are prices at these outlets generally higher or lower than street prices?
Answer: higher

Question: What do most restaurants provide?

Question: What do restaurants do to keep prices low?

Question: What does boutique management do to make sure their prices aren't too high?

Question: How much are items outside of the aiport compared to discounted prices at boutiques inside the airport?

Question: Where are companies with discounted prices located in an airport?
Airport

Airports may also contain premium and VIP services. The premium and VIP services may include express check-in and dedicated check-in counters. These services are usually reserved for First and Business class passengers, premium frequent flyers, and members of the airline's clubs. Premium services may sometimes be open to passengers who are members of a different airline's frequent flyer program. This can sometimes be part of a reciprocal deal, as when multiple airlines are part of the same alliance, or as a ploy to attract premium customers away from rival airlines.

Question: What are some services that are offered by VIP services?
Answer: express check-in and dedicated check-in counters

Question: These services are usually reserved for what class of passengers?
Answer: First and Business class

Question: What type of services are sometimes open to passengers who are members of a different airline's frequent flyer program?
Answer: Premium services

Question: What do rival airlines offer to customers?

Question: What are First and Business class services?

Question: What are two groups that are usually in the frequent flyer program?

Question: What services are always available to passengers who fly with more than one airline?

Question: Where does an airline want to attract regular passengers from?
Airport

Many large airports are located near railway trunk routes for seamless connection of multimodal transport, for instance Frankfurt Airport, Amsterdam Airport Schiphol, London Heathrow Airport, London Gatwick Airport and London Stansted Airport. It is also common to connect an airport and a city with rapid transit, light rail lines or other non-road public transport systems. Some examples of this would include the AirTrain JFK at John F. Kennedy International Airport in New York, Link Light Rail that runs from the heart of downtown Seattle to Seattle–Tacoma International Airport, and the Silver Line T at Boston's Logan International Airport by the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority (MBTA). Such a connection lowers risk of missed flights due to traffic congestion. Large airports usually have access also through controlled-access highways ('freeways' or 'motorways') from which motor vehicles enter either the departure loop or the arrival loop.

Question: For seamless connection of multimodal transport, where are many large airports located?
Answer: near railway trunk routes

Question: What does MBTA stand for?
Answer: Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority

Question: It is also common to connect an airport and a city with what?
Answer: rapid transit, light rail lines or other non-road public transport systems

Question: What are many cities located close to?

Question: What commonly connects a city with a departure loop?

Question: What is an example of an arrival loop?

Question: What does a departure loop help do?

Question: What does Seattle allow access to the AirTrain through?
Airport

The distances passengers need to move within a large airport can be substantial. It is common for airports to provide moving walkways and buses. The Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport has a tram that takes people through the concourses and baggage claim. Major airports with more than one terminal offer inter-terminal transportation, such as Mexico City International Airport, where the domestic building of Terminal 1 is connected by Aerotrén to Terminal 2, on the other side of the airport.

Question: It is common for airports to provide moving walkways and what?
Answer: buses

Question: What airport has a tram that takes people through the concourses and baggage claim?
Answer: Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport

Question: Name one airport that offers inter-terminal transportation.
Answer: Mexico City International Airport

Question: How far is the distance passengers need to move between buses?

Question: What airport has a bus that takes people through concourses and baggage claim?

Question: What is it common for airports with a tram to offer?

Question: How is the domestic building of Terminal 1 connected at the Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International airport?

Question: What airport offers a moving walkway to baggage claim?
Airport

The title of "world's oldest airport" is disputed, but College Park Airport in Maryland, US, established in 1909 by Wilbur Wright, is generally agreed to be the world's oldest continually operating airfield, although it serves only general aviation traffic. Bisbee-Douglas International Airport in Arizona was declared "the first international airport of the Americas" by US president Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1943. Pearson Field Airport in Vancouver, Washington had a dirigible land in 1905 and planes in 1911 and is still in use. Bremen Airport opened in 1913 and remains in use, although it served as an American military field between 1945 and 1949. Amsterdam Airport Schiphol opened on September 16, 1916 as a military airfield, but only accepted civil aircraft from December 17, 1920, allowing Sydney Airport in Sydney, Australia—which started operations in January 1920—to claim to be one of the world's oldest continually operating commercial airports. Minneapolis-Saint Paul International Airport in Minneapolis-Saint Paul, Minnesota, opened in 1920 and has been in continuous commercial service since. It serves about 35,000,000 passengers each year and continues to expand, recently opening a new 11,000 foot (3,355 meter) runway. Of the airports constructed during this early period in aviation, it is one of the largest and busiest that is still currently operating. Rome Ciampino Airport, opened 1916, is also a contender, as well as the Don Mueang International Airport near Bangkok,Thailand, which opened in 1914. Increased aircraft traffic during World War I led to the construction of landing fields. Aircraft had to approach these from certain directions and this led to the development of aids for directing the approach and landing slope.

Question: What is generally agreed to be the world's oldest continually operating airfield?
Answer: College Park Airport

Question: In what year was the College Park Airport established?
Answer: 1909

Question: Who established the College Park Airport?
Answer: Wilbur Wright

Question: How many passengers does the Minneapolis-Saint Paul International Airport serve each year?
Answer: 35,000,000

Question: In what year did Rome Ciampino Airport open?
Answer: 1916

Question: When was Bisbee-Douglas International Airport founded by Wilbur Wright?

Question: Who declared College Park Airport the first international airport of the Americas?

Question: In what year was College Park Airport declared the first international airport of the Americas?

Question: During what period did Pearson Field Airport in Vancouver serve as an American military field?

Question: How many passengers does the College Park Airport serve each year?
Airport

Following the war, some of these military airfields added civil facilities for handling passenger traffic. One of the earliest such fields was Paris – Le Bourget Airport at Le Bourget, near Paris. The first airport to operate scheduled international commercial services was Hounslow Heath Aerodrome in August 1919, but it was closed and supplanted by Croydon Airport in March 1920. In 1922, the first permanent airport and commercial terminal solely for commercial aviation was opened at Flughafen Devau near what was then Königsberg, East Prussia. The airports of this era used a paved "apron", which permitted night flying as well as landing heavier aircraft.

Question: Following the war, why did some military airfields add civil facilities?
Answer: for handling passenger traffic

Question: Which airport near Paris was one of the first to add civil facilities for handling passenger traffic?
Answer: Le Bourget Airport

Question: What was the first airport to operate scheduled international commercial services?
Answer: Hounslow Heath Aerodrome

Question: When did the Hounslow Heath Aerodrome begin to operate scheduled international commercial services?
Answer: August 1919

Question: What did airports use to permit night flying as well as landing heavier aircraft?
Answer: a paved "apron"

Question: When was the Paris - Le Bourget Airport first opened?

Question: What was the Paris - Le Bourget Airport replaced by?

Question: When did Houndlow Heath Aerodrome replace Croydon Airport?

Question: When was Croydon Airport opened in Flughafen Devau?

Question: What was used at military airfields in 1919?
Airport

The first lighting used on an airport was during the latter part of the 1920s; in the 1930s approach lighting came into use. These indicated the proper direction and angle of descent. The colours and flash intervals of these lights became standardized under the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). In the 1940s, the slope-line approach system was introduced. This consisted of two rows of lights that formed a funnel indicating an aircraft's position on the glideslope. Additional lights indicated incorrect altitude and direction.

Question: When was the first lighting used on an airport?
Answer: latter part of the 1920s

Question: When did approach lighting come into use?
Answer: 1930s

Question: What indicated the proper direction and angle of descent?
Answer: approach lighting

Question: When was the slope-line approach system introduced?
Answer: 1940s

Question: What consisted of two rows of lights that formed a funnel, indicating an aircraft's position on the glidescope?
Answer: slope-line approach system

Question: When was the first  lighting with flash intervals used on an airplane?

Question: What was standardized by airports in the 1920's?

Question: What did the flash interval system consist of?

Question: What do light colors indicate on an aircraft?

Question: What group standardized additional indication lights?
Airport

The majority of the world's airports are non-towered, with no air traffic control presence. However, at particularly busy airports, or airports with other special requirements, there is an air traffic control (ATC) system whereby controllers (usually ground-based) direct aircraft movements via radio or other communications links. This coordinated oversight facilitates safety and speed in complex operations where traffic moves in all three dimensions. Air traffic control responsibilities at airports are usually divided into at least two main areas: ground and tower, though a single controller may work both stations. The busiest airports also have clearance delivery, apron control, and other specialized ATC stations.

Question: What does ATC stand for?
Answer: air traffic control

Question: ATC responsibilities are usually divided into how many main areas?
Answer: two

Question: What describes most clearance delivery systems?

Question: What does a clearance delivery system do at an airport?

Question: What does apron control offer in busy airports?

Question: How are clearance delivery responsibilities divided?

Question: How does apron control direct aircraft?
Airport

Ground Control is responsible for directing all ground traffic in designated "movement areas", except the traffic on runways. This includes planes, baggage trains, snowplows, grass cutters, fuel trucks, stair trucks, airline food trucks, conveyor belt vehicles and other vehicles. Ground Control will instruct these vehicles on which taxiways to use, which runway they will use (in the case of planes), where they will park, and when it is safe to cross runways. When a plane is ready to takeoff it will stop short of the runway, at which point it will be turned over to Tower Control. After a plane has landed, it will depart the runway and be returned to Ground Control.

Question: What is responsible for directing all ground traffic in designated areas?
Answer: Ground Control

Question: Who instructs vehicles on which taxiways to use?
Answer: Ground Control

Question: When a plane is ready to take off, who takes over the direction of a plane?
Answer: Tower Control

Question: When is control turned back over to ground control?
Answer: After a plane has landed

Question: What are stair trucks responsible for?

Question: What are two things Ground Control instructs Tower Control to do?

Question: When a plane is ready to take off what does it do before being turned over to Ground Control?

Question: When a plane lands what does it do before returning to Tower Control?

Question: What are some examples of ground traffic Tower Control directs in designated areas?
Airport

Tower Control controls aircraft on the runway and in the controlled airspace immediately surrounding the airport. Tower controllers may use radar to locate an aircraft's position in three-dimensional space, or they may rely on pilot position reports and visual observation. They coordinate the sequencing of aircraft in the traffic pattern and direct aircraft on how to safely join and leave the circuit. Aircraft which are only passing through the airspace must also contact Tower Control in order to be sure that they remain clear of other traffic.

Question: Who controls aircraft on the runway?
Answer: Tower Control

Question: Who controls aircraft in the controlled airspace immediately surrounding the airport?
Answer: Tower Control

Question: Tower controllers use what to locate an aircraft's position in three-dimensional space?
Answer: radar

Question: Why should aircraft that is only passing through an airspace contact Tower Control?
Answer: in order to be sure that they remain clear of other traffic

Question: What is controlled by the pilot?

Question: What does the airport use to locate an aircraft?

Question: What does the pilot coordinate in the traffic pattern?

Question: Who must contact the other pilot when passing through airspace?

Question: What does a pilot do when there is more than one plane in the air?
Airport

At all airports the use of a traffic pattern (often called a traffic circuit outside the U.S.) is possible. They may help to assure smooth traffic flow between departing and arriving aircraft. There is no technical need within modern aviation for performing this pattern, provided there is no queue. And due to the so-called SLOT-times, the overall traffic planning tend to assure landing queues are avoided. If for instance an aircraft approaches runway 17 (which has a heading of approx. 170 degrees) from the north (coming from 360/0 degrees heading towards 180 degrees), the aircraft will land as fast as possible by just turning 10 degrees and follow the glidepath, without orbit the runway for visual reasons, whenever this is possible. For smaller piston engined airplanes at smaller airfields without ILS equipment, things are very differently though.

Question: What is a traffic pattern often called outside of the U.S.?
Answer: traffic pattern

Question: What assures smooth traffic flow between departing and arriving aircraft?
Answer: traffic pattern

Question: Due to this, the overall traffic planning tend to assure landing queues are avoided.
Answer: so-called SLOT-times

Question: What is a traffic pattern called at smaller airfields?

Question: What does a traffic circuit do at smaller airfields?

Question: What is there no need for when following the glidepath?

Question: Due to what does traffic planning assure that following the glidepath is avoided?

Question: What is it like for aircraft landing at small airfields as fast as possible while following the glidepath?
Airport

Generally, this pattern is a circuit consisting of five "legs" that form a rectangle (two legs and the runway form one side, with the remaining legs forming three more sides). Each leg is named (see diagram), and ATC directs pilots on how to join and leave the circuit. Traffic patterns are flown at one specific altitude, usually 800 or 1,000 ft (244 or 305 m) above ground level (AGL). Standard traffic patterns are left-handed, meaning all turns are made to the left. One of the main reason for this is that pilots sit on the left side of the airplane, and a Left-hand patterns improves their visibility of the airport and pattern. Right-handed patterns do exist, usually because of obstacles such as a mountain, or to reduce noise for local residents. The predetermined circuit helps traffic flow smoothly because all pilots know what to expect, and helps reduce the chance of a mid-air collision.

Question: Traffic patterns are usually flown at what altitude above ground level?
Answer: 800 or 1,000 ft

Question: What does AGL stand for?
Answer: above ground level

Question: Are standard traffic patterns right-handed or left-handed?
Answer: left-handed

Question: What is one of the main reasons pilots sit on the left side of the airplane?
Answer: Standard traffic patterns are left-handed

Question: At what altitude are ATC patterns flown to avoid mountains?

Question: Why are runway designs left-handed?

Question: What does the runway consist of?

Question: What does improving visibilitiy by using a right handed pattern do for the ATC?

Question: What does usually using a right-handed pattern as standard help pilots do?
Airport

At extremely large airports, a circuit is in place but not usually used. Rather, aircraft (usually only commercial with long routes) request approach clearance while they are still hours away from the airport, often before they even take off from their departure point. Large airports have a frequency called Clearance Delivery which is used by departing aircraft specifically for this purpose. This then allows aircraft to take the most direct approach path to the runway and land without worrying about interference from other aircraft. While this system keeps the airspace free and is simpler for pilots, it requires detailed knowledge of how aircraft are planning to use the airport ahead of time and is therefore only possible with large commercial airliners on pre-scheduled flights. The system has recently become so advanced that controllers can predict whether an aircraft will be delayed on landing before it even takes off; that aircraft can then be delayed on the ground, rather than wasting expensive fuel waiting in the air.

Question: At an extremely large airport, what is in place but not usually used?
Answer: a circuit

Question: What is the frequency called that is used by departing aircraft for the purpose of requesting approach clearance?
Answer: Clearance Delivery

Question: Which aircraft request approach clearance while they are still hours away from the airport?
Answer: commercial with long routes

Question: What do aircraft use instead of requesting approach clearance at very large airports?

Question: When do large aircraft request to use a circuit?

Question: What does a circuit allow an aircraft to do without having to worry about other aircraft?

Question: How has the advanced circuit system helped pilots?

Question: What kind of aircraft request to use a circuit when they are still hours from the airport?
Airport

There are a number of aids available to pilots, though not all airports are equipped with them. A visual approach slope indicator (VASI) helps pilots fly the approach for landing. Some airports are equipped with a VHF omnidirectional range (VOR) to help pilots find the direction to the airport. VORs are often accompanied by a distance measuring equipment (DME) to determine the distance to the VOR. VORs are also located off airports, where they serve to provide airways for aircraft to navigate upon. In poor weather, pilots will use an instrument landing system (ILS) to find the runway and fly the correct approach, even if they cannot see the ground. The number of instrument approaches based on the use of the Global Positioning System (GPS) is rapidly increasing and may eventually be the primary means for instrument landings.

Question: What helps pilots fly the approach for landing?
Answer: visual approach slope indicator

Question: What does VASI stand for?
Answer: visual approach slope indicator

Question: What does VOR stand for?
Answer: VHF omnidirectional range

Question: What helps pilots find the direction to the airport?
Answer: VHF omnidirectional range

Question: What instruments do pilots use to find the runway and fly the correct approach, even if they cannot see the ground?
Answer: instrument landing system

Question: How does distance measuring equipment (DME) help a pilot land?

Question: What also goes along with the VASI?

Question: What determines the distance to the VASI?

Question: Where are DME's also located to help aircraft naviagte?

Question: What is increasing based on the use of VOR?
Airport

On runways, green lights indicate the beginning of the runway for landing, while red lights indicate the end of the runway. Runway edge lighting consists of white lights spaced out on both sides of the runway, indicating the edge. Some airports have more complicated lighting on the runways including lights that run down the centerline of the runway and lights that help indicate the approach (an approach lighting system, or ALS). Low-traffic airports may use pilot controlled lighting to save electricity and staffing costs.

Question: On runways, what indicate the beginning of the runway for landing?
Answer: green lights

Question: On runways, what indicate the end of the runway?
Answer: red lights

Question: What indicates the edge of a runway?
Answer: white lights

Question: What may low-traffic airports use to save electricity and staffing costs?
Answer: pilot controlled lighting

Question: What does ALS stand for?
Answer: approach lighting system

Question: What does runway edge lighting indicate for landing?

Question: What marks the end of the ALS at low-traffic airports?

Question: What does using an ALS help save?

Question: What does pilot controlled lighting consist of?

Question: What do red lights down the the center of the runway indicate?
Airport

Many ground crew at the airport work at the aircraft. A tow tractor pulls the aircraft to one of the airbridges, The ground power unit is plugged in. It keeps the electricity running in the plane when it stands at the terminal. The engines are not working, therefore they do not generate the electricity, as they do in flight. The passengers disembark using the airbridge. Mobile stairs can give the ground crew more access to the aircraft's cabin. There is a cleaning service to clean the aircraft after the aircraft lands. Flight catering provides the food and drinks on flights. A toilet waste truck removes the human waste from the tank which holds the waste from the toilets in the aircraft. A water truck fills the water tanks of the aircraft. A fuel transfer vehicle transfers aviation fuel from fuel tanks underground, to the aircraft tanks. A tractor and its dollies bring in luggage from the terminal to the aircraft. They also carry luggage to the terminal if the aircraft has landed, and is being unloaded. Hi-loaders lift the heavy luggage containers to the gate of the cargo hold. The ground crew push the luggage containers into the hold. If it has landed, they rise, the ground crew push the luggage container on the hi-loader, which carries it down. The luggage container is then pushed on one of the tractors dollies. The conveyor, which is a conveyor belt on a truck, brings in the awkwardly shaped, or late luggage. The airbridge is used again by the new passengers to embark the aircraft. The tow tractor pushes the aircraft away from the terminal to a taxi area. The aircraft should be off of the airport and in the air in 90 minutes. The airport charges the airline for the time the aircraft spends at the airport.

Question: What pulls the aircraft to one of the airbridges?
Answer: tow tractor

Question: What keeps the electricity running in the plane when it stands at the terminal?
Answer: ground power unit

Question: The passengers disembark using what?
Answer: airbridge

Question: What can give the ground crew more clearance after the aircraft lands?
Answer: Mobile stairs

Question: How long should it take for an aircraft to be off the airport and in the air?
Answer: 90 minutes

Question: What do engines generate when planes are standing at the terminal?

Question: Where do the ground crew disembark from?

Question: What does the ground crew use the skybridge to bring in after its pushed on one of the tractor dollies?

Question: What pulls an airbridge to the aircraft?

Question: When should the ground crew be done removing luggage?
Airport

Most airports welcome filming on site, although it must be agreed in advance and may be subject to a fee. Landside, filming can take place in all public areas. However airside, filming is heavily restricted, the only airside locations where filming is permitted are the Departure Lounge and some outside areas. To film in an airside location, all visitors must go through security, the same as passengers, and be accompanied by a full airside pass holder and have their passport with them at all times. Filming can not be undertaken in Security, at Immigration/Customs, or in Baggage Reclaim.

Question: Landside, where can filming take place?
Answer: all public areas

Question: What are the only airside locations where filming is allowed?
Answer: Departure Lounge and some outside areas

Question: What can not be undertaken n Security, at Immigration/Customs or in Baggage Reclaim?
Answer: Filming

Question: How do most passengers feel about filming?

Question: What must you pay to film in Baggage Reclaim?

Question: What visitor locations permit filming with a fee?

Question: What must all visitors do when there is filming in landside areas?

Question: What must you do to film in Security, at Immigration/Customs and Baggage Reclaim?
Kievan_Rus%27

Kievan Rus' begins with the rule (882–912) of Prince Oleg, who extended his control from Novgorod south along the Dnieper river valley in order to protect trade from Khazar incursions from the east and moved his capital to the more strategic Kiev. Sviatoslav I (died 972) achieved the first major expansion of Kievan Rus' territorial control, fighting a war of conquest against the Khazar Empire. Vladimir the Great (980–1015) introduced Christianity with his own baptism and, by decree, that of all the inhabitants of Kiev and beyond. Kievan Rus' reached its greatest extent under Yaroslav I (1019–1054); his sons assembled and issued its first written legal code, the Rus' Justice, shortly after his death.

Question: What year was Kievan Rus became a territory?
Answer: 882

Question: Who was the ruler at the begining of Kievan?
Answer: Prince Oleg

Question: Who achieve the first major expansion of Kievan?
Answer: Kiev. Sviatoslav I

Question: Which ruler introduced Christianity in Kievan Rus?
Answer: Vladimir the Great

Question: What did Yaroslav sons achieve  during his time in Keivan Rus?
Answer: issued its first written legal code

Question: What years did Prince Oleg reign?

Question: Which way did Prince Oleg extend his rule?

Question: Who achieved the first minor expansion of Kievan?

Question: Which ruler introduced Islam in Kievan Rus?

Question: What did Yaroslav daughters achieve during his time Keivan Rus?
Kievan_Rus%27

The term "Kievan Rus'" (Ки́евская Русь Kievskaya Rus’) was coined in the 19th century in Russian historiography to refer to the period when the centre was in Kiev. In English, the term was introduced in the early 20th century, when it was found in the 1913 English translation of Vasily Klyuchevsky's A History of Russia, to distinguish the early polity from successor states, which were also named Rus. Later, the Russian term was rendered into Belarusian and Ukrainian as Кіеўская Русь Kijeŭskaja Rus’ and Ки́ївська Русь Kyivs'ka Rus’, respectively.

Question: When was the term Kievan Rus first coined?
Answer: 19th century

Question: When did the term Kievan Rus first appear in English?
Answer: 1913

Question: Who first translated the term Kievan Rus into english from russian?
Answer: Vasily Klyuchevsky

Question: What was invented in the 19th century?

Question: When did the term Kievan Rus first appear in Russia?

Question: Who first wrote the term Kievan Rus into english from russian?

Question: What type of cities were also known as Rus?
Kievan_Rus%27

Prior to the emergence of Kievan Rus' in the 9th century AD, the lands between the Baltic Sea and Black Sea were primarily populated by eastern Slavic tribes. In the northern region around Novgorod were the Ilmen Slavs and neighboring Krivichi, who occupied territories surrounding the headwaters of the West Dvina, Dnieper, and Volga Rivers. To their north, in the Ladoga and Karelia regions, were the Finnic Chud tribe. In the south, in the area around Kiev, were the Poliane, a group of Slavicized tribes with Iranian origins, the Drevliane to the west of the Dnieper, and the Severiane to the east. To their north and east were the Vyatichi, and to their south was forested land settled by Slav farmers, giving way to steppelands populated by nomadic herdsmen.

Question: Who populated the area between the Baltic Sea and the Black sea before Kievan Rus?
Answer: Slavic tribes

Question: Where were the Limen Slavs located before Kievan Rus?
Answer: Novgorod

Question: Where was the Finnic Chud Tripe located curing this time period?
Answer: Ladoga and Karelia regions

Question: Which tribe resided in the south?
Answer: Poliane

Question: Which lands were primarily populated by western Slavic tribes?

Question: Where were the Limen Slavs located after Kievan Rus?

Question: Who occupied the headwaters of the East Dvina?

Question: Which tribe resided in the northwest?

Question: Which tribe resided in the southeast?
Kievan_Rus%27

Controversy persists over whether the Rus’ were Varangians (Vikings) or Slavs. This uncertainty is due largely to a paucity of contemporary sources. Attempts to address this question instead rely on archaeological evidence, the accounts of foreign observers, legends and literature from centuries later. To some extent the controversy is related to the foundation myths of modern states in the region. According to the "Normanist" view, the Rus' were Scandinavians, while Russian and Ukrainian nationalist historians generally argue that the Rus' were themselves Slavs. Normanist theories focus on the earliest written source for the East Slavs, the Russian Primary Chronicle, although even this account was not produced until the 12th century. Nationalist accounts have suggested that the Rus' were present before the arrival of the Varangians, noting that only a handful of Scandinavian words can be found in modern Russian and that Scandinavian names in the early chronicles were soon replaced by Slavic names. Nevertheless, archaeological evidence from the area suggests that a Scandinavian population was present during the 10th century at the latest. On balance, it seems likely that the Rus' proper were a small minority of Scandinavians who formed an elite ruling class, while the great majority of their subjects were Slavs. Considering the linguistic arguments mounted by nationalist scholars, if the proto-Rus' were Scandinavians, they must have quickly become nativized, adopting Slavic languages and other cultural practices.

Question: What controversy currently surrounds the Rus?
Answer: whether the Rus’ were Varangians (Vikings) or Slavs

Question: What were the "Rus" accourding to the "Normanist"?
Answer: Scandinavians

Question: What did the Russians beleive the Rus were?
Answer: Slavs

Question: Which controversy surrounded the Rus in the past?

Question: What certainty was largely to contemporary sources/

Question: What did the Russian believe the Rus were not?

Question: What account was written in the 1200's?

Question: Who formed a majority of the elite ruling class?
Kievan_Rus%27

Ahmad ibn Fadlan, an Arab traveler during the 10th century, provided one of the earliest written descriptions of the Rus': "They are as tall as a date palm, blond and ruddy, so that they do not need to wear a tunic nor a cloak; rather the men among them wear garments that only cover half of his body and leaves one of his hands free." Liutprand of Cremona, who was twice an envoy to the Byzantine court (949 and 968), identifies the "Russi" with the Norse ("the Russi, whom we call Norsemen by another name") but explains the name as a Greek term referring to their physical traits ("A certain people made up of a part of the Norse, whom the Greeks call [...] the Russi on account of their physical features, we designate as Norsemen because of the location of their origin."). Leo the Deacon, a 10th-century Byzantine historian and chronicler, refers to the Rus' as "Scythians" and notes that they tended to adopt Greek rituals and customs.

Question: Which early traveler provided an early description of the Rus?
Answer: Ahmad ibn Fadlan

Question: What did Ahmad say about the Rus when he described clothing?
Answer: garments that only cover half of his body

Question: Which historian refered to the Rus as "Scythians"?
Answer: Leo the Deacon

Question: Which late traveler provided a description of the Rus?

Question: What covered the majority of the Rus's body?

Question: Which scientist is refered to the Rus as "Scythians'?

Question: What Arab historian refered to the Rus as "Scythians'?

Question: What did the Rus adopt that was Roman?