Divyanshu67/squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
Edmund_Burke

The most famous passage in Burke's Reflections was his description of the events of 5–6 October 1789 and the part of Marie-Antoinette in them. Burke's account differs little from modern historians who have used primary sources. His use of flowery language to describe it, however, provoked both praise and criticism. Philip Francis wrote to Burke saying that what he wrote of Marie-Antoinette was "pure foppery". Edward Gibbon, however, reacted differently: "I adore his chivalry". Burke was informed by an Englishman who had talked with the Duchesse de Biron, that when Marie-Antoinette was reading the passage, she burst into tears and took considerable time to finish reading it. Price had rejoiced that the French king had been "led in triumph" during the October Days, but to Burke this symbolised the opposing revolutionary sentiment of the Jacobins and the natural sentiments of those who shared his own view with horror—that the ungallant assault on Marie-Antoinette—was a cowardly attack on a defenceless woman.

Question: Who was featured in the most well-known part of Burke's Reflections?
Answer: Marie-Antoinette

Question: Who said Burke wrote 'pure foppery' about Marie-Antoinette?
Answer: Philip Francis

Question: Who adored Burke's chivalry?
Answer: Edward Gibbon

Question: How did Marie-Antoinette react to Burke's writing about her?
Answer: she burst into tears

Question: What did Philip Francis call Marie-Antoinette?

Question: When did Marie-Antoinette read Burke's writings?

Question: How did Marie-Antoinette react to Edward Gibbon's praise?

Question: Who admired Francis's chivalry?

Question: Who thought the October Days were a cowardly attack on the Jacobins?
Edmund_Burke

Louis XVI translated the Reflections "from end to end" into French. Fellow Whig MPs Richard Sheridan and Charles James Fox, disagreed with Burke and split with him. Fox thought the Reflections to be "in very bad taste" and "favouring Tory principles". Other Whigs such as the Duke of Portland and Earl Fitzwilliam privately agreed with Burke, but did not wish for a public breach with their Whig colleagues. Burke wrote on 29 November 1790: "I have received from the Duke of Portland, Lord Fitzwilliam, the Duke of Devonshire, Lord John Cavendish, Montagu (Frederick Montagu MP), and a long et cetera of the old Stamina of the Whiggs a most full approbation of the principles of that work and a kind indulgence to the execution". The Duke of Portland said in 1791 that when anyone criticised the Reflections to him, he informed them that he had recommended the book to his sons as containing the true Whig creed.

Question: Who re-translated the Reflections into French?
Answer: Louis XVI

Question: Which British ministers disagreed with Burke's Reflections?
Answer: Richard Sheridan and Charles James Fox

Question: What political party was Charles James Fox?
Answer: Whig

Question: What political party was Earl Fitzwilliam?
Answer: Whigs

Question: What political party was Richard Sheridan?
Answer: Whig

Question: What did Charles James Fox translate?

Question: Which Whigs publicly endorsed Burke?

Question: Who was the Duke of Portland?

Question: When did John Cavendish write to Burke?

Question: Who did the Duke of Devonshire recommend Reflections to?
Edmund_Burke

Burke's Reflections sparked a pamphlet war. Thomas Paine penned the Rights of Man in 1791 as a response to Burke; Mary Wollstonecraft published A Vindication of the Rights of Men and James Mackintosh wrote Vindiciae Gallicae. Mackintosh was the first to see the Reflections as "the manifesto of a Counter Revolution". Mackintosh later agreed with Burke's views, remarking in December 1796 after meeting him, that Burke was "minutely and accurately informed, to a wonderful exactness, with respect to every fact relating to the French Revolution". Mackintosh later said: "Burke was one of the first thinkers as well as one of the greatest orators of his time. He is without parallel in any age, excepting perhaps Lord Bacon and Cicero; and his works contain an ampler store of political and moral wisdom than can be found in any other writer whatever".

Question: Who wrote 'The Rights of Man'?
Answer: Thomas Paine

Question: Who wrote 'A Vindication of the Rights of Men'?
Answer: Mary Wollstonecraft

Question: Who said the Reflections were "the manifesto of a Counter Revolution"?
Answer: James Mackintosh

Question: Who did Mackintosh compare Burke to?
Answer: Lord Bacon and Cicero

Question: What types of wisdom did Mackintosh say Burke had?
Answer: political and moral

Question: When did Mary Wollstonecraft publish her response?

Question: When did Mary meet Burke?

Question: What did Mackintosh claim he had more of than any other writer?

Question: Who did Thomas Paine compare Burke to?

Question: What did Paine call Reflections?
Edmund_Burke

In November 1790, François-Louis-Thibault de Menonville, a member of the National Assembly of France, wrote to Burke, praising Reflections and requesting more "very refreshing mental food" that he could publish. This Burke did in April 1791 when he published A Letter to a Member of the National Assembly. Burke called for external forces to reverse the revolution and included an attack on the late French philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau, as being the subject of a personality cult that had developed in revolutionary France. Although Burke conceded that Rousseau sometimes showed "a considerable insight into human nature" he mostly was critical. Although he did not meet Rousseau on his visit to Britain in 1766–7 Burke was a friend of David Hume, with whom Rousseau had stayed. Burke said Rousseau "entertained no principle either to influence of his heart, or to guide his understanding—but vanity"—which he "was possessed to a degree little short of madness". He also cited Rousseau's Confessions as evidence that Rousseau had a life of "obscure and vulgar vices" that was not "chequered, or spotted here and there, with virtues, or even distinguished by a single good action". Burke contrasted Rousseau's theory of universal benevolence and his having sent his children to a foundling hospital: "a lover of his kind, but a hater of his kindred".

Question: Who asked Burke for more "very refreshing mental food"?
Answer: François-Louis-Thibault de Menonville

Question: When did Burke release 'A Letter to a Member of the National Assembly'?
Answer: April 1791

Question: Which French philosopher did Burke attack?
Answer: Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Question: When did Rousseau visit Britain?
Answer: 1766–7

Question: Who did Rousseau stay with when visiting Britain?
Answer: David Hume

Question: What was Burke a member of?

Question: What did François-Louis-Thibault de Menonville publish in April 1791?

Question: When did Jean-Jacques Rousseau die?

Question: What did Rousseau say Burke had in regards to understanding human nature?

Question: What vice-filled book did Hume publish?
Edmund_Burke

These events and the disagreements that arose from them within the Whig Party, led to its break-up and to the rupture of Burke's friendship with Fox. In debate in Parliament on Britain's relations with Russia, Fox praised the principles of the revolution, although Burke was not able to reply at this time as he was "overpowered by continued cries of question from his own side of the House". When Parliament was debating the Quebec Bill for a constitution for Canada, Fox praised the revolution and criticised some of Burke's arguments, such as hereditary power. On 6 May 1791, during another debate in Parliament on the Quebec Bill, Burke used the opportunity to answer Fox, and to condemn the new French Constitution and "the horrible consequences flowing from the French idea of the Rights of Man". Burke asserted that those ideas were the antithesis of both the British and the American constitutions. Burke was interrupted, and Fox intervened, saying that Burke should be allowed to carry on with his speech. A vote of censure was moved against Burke, however, for noticing the affairs of France, which was moved by Lord Sheffield and seconded by Fox. Pitt made a speech praising Burke, and Fox made a speech—both rebuking and complimenting Burke. He questioned the sincerity of Burke, who seemed to have forgotten the lessons he had learned from him, quoting from Burke's own speeches of fourteen and fifteen years before.

Question: Fox praised revolutionary principles in a debate about which country?
Answer: Russia

Question: What type of power did Fox think Burke was wrong about?
Answer: hereditary

Question: Which constitution did Burke condemn on May 6, 1791?
Answer: French

Question: Fox quoted Burke's speeches from how long ago?
Answer: fourteen and fifteen years

Question: When did Parliament debate the Quebec bill?

Question: Who interrupted Burke?

Question: What type of speech did Lord Sheffield give in regards to Burke?

Question: Fox quoted his own speeches from how long ago?

Question: Who condemned the Canadian constitution?
Edmund_Burke

At this point, Fox whispered that there was "no loss of friendship". "I regret to say there is", Burke replied, "I have indeed made a great sacrifice; I have done my duty though I have lost my friend. There is something in the detested French constitution that envenoms every thing it touches". This provoked a reply from Fox, yet he was unable to give his speech for some time since he was overcome with tears and emotion, he appealed to Burke to remember their inalienable friendship, but also repeated his criticisms of Burke and uttered "unusually bitter sarcasms". This only aggravated the rupture between the two men. Burke demonstrated his separation from the party on 5 June 1791 by writing to Fitzwilliam, declining money from him.

Question: When did Burke leave the Whig party?
Answer: 5 June 1791

Question: Who did Burke turn down money from?
Answer: Fitzwilliam

Question: What did Burke say 'envenoms everything it touches'?
Answer: French constitution

Question: Who thought that Fox and Burke could still be friends?
Answer: Fox

Question: Who thought that Fox and Burke's friendship was lost?
Answer: Burke

Question: Who declined taking money from Burke?

Question: When did Burke leave the party?

Question: Who kept their friend at the cost of their duty?

Question: What did Fox say about the French constitution?

Question: Who overcame his emotions in order to finish his speech?
Edmund_Burke

Burke knew that many members of the Whig Party did not share Fox's views and he wanted to provoke them into condemning the French Revolution. Burke wrote that he wanted to represent the whole Whig party "as tolerating, and by a toleration, countenancing those proceedings" so that he could "stimulate them to a public declaration of what every one of their acquaintance privately knows to be...their sentiments". Therefore, on 3 August 1791 Burke published his Appeal from the New to the Old Whigs, in which he renewed his criticism of the radical revolutionary programmes inspired by the French Revolution and attacked the Whigs who supported them, as holding principles contrary to those traditionally held by the Whig party.

Question: What did Burke want the Whigs to condemn?
Answer: the French Revolution

Question: What did Burke publish on Aug 3, 1791?
Answer: Appeal from the New to the Old Whigs

Question: Burke thought the French Revolution was against whose principles?
Answer: the Whig party

Question: Burke attacked Whigs who supported what?
Answer: the French Revolution

Question: What did the Whig party want Burke to condemn?

Question: What pamphlet did Fox publish in 3 August 1791?

Question: When did Burke write that he wanted to represent the whole party?

Question: What party did the French Revolution condemn?

Question: Burke believe most party member agreed with which opponent?
Edmund_Burke

Although Whig grandees such as Portland and Fitzwilliam privately agreed with Burke's Appeal, they wished he had used more moderate language. Fitzwilliam saw the Appeal as containing "the doctrines I have sworn by, long and long since". Francis Basset, a backbench Whig MP, wrote to Burke: "...though for reasons which I will not now detail I did not then deliver my sentiments, I most perfectly differ from Mr. Fox & from the great Body of opposition on the French Revolution". Burke sent a copy of the Appeal to the king and the king requested a friend to communicate to Burke that he had read it "with great Satisfaction". Burke wrote of its reception: "Not one word from one of our party. They are secretly galled. They agree with me to a title; but they dare not speak out for fear of hurting Fox. ... They leave me to myself; they see that I can do myself justice". Charles Burney viewed it as "a most admirable book—the best & most useful on political subjects that I have ever seen" but believed the differences in the Whig Party between Burke and Fox should not be aired publicly.

Question: Who thought Burke should have written in a more moderate tone?
Answer: Portland and Fitzwilliam

Question: Who said he 'perfectly differed from Mr. Fox'?
Answer: Francis Basset

Question: What was Francis Basset's political party?
Answer: Whig

Question: How did Burke think the Whigs secretly felt?
Answer: galled

Question: Who thought Burke and Fox shouldn't have made their argument public?
Answer: Charles Burney

Question: Who did Burke want to use more moderate language?

Question: What type of Whig was Fitzwilliam?

Question: Who claimed to be similar to Mr. Fox?

Question: Who did Basset send a copy of his letter to?

Question: Who wanted the argument to go public?
Edmund_Burke

Burke supported the war against revolutionary France, seeing Britain as fighting on the side of the royalists and émigres in a civil war, rather than fighting against the whole nation of France. Burke also supported the royalist uprising in La Vendée, describing it on 4 November 1793 in a letter to William Windham, as "the sole affair I have much heart in". Burke wrote to Henry Dundas on 7 October urging him to send reinforcements there, as he viewed it as the only theatre in the war that might lead to a march on Paris. Dundas did not follow Burke's advice, however.

Question: Who did Burke write to on Nov 4, 1793?
Answer: William Windham

Question: Which faction's uprising in La Vendee did Burke support?
Answer: royalist

Question: Who did Burke urge to send reinforcements to La Vendee?
Answer: Henry Dundas

Question: Where did Burke think La Vendee might lead to a march on?
Answer: Paris

Question: What did Burke support Britain fighting against?
Answer: revolutionary France

Question: Who wrote to Burke on Nov 4, 1793?

Question: What faction was Burke opposed to in La Vendée?

Question: When did Henry Dundas write to Burke?

Question: Whose advice did Dundas heed?

Question: Burke considered supporting the war against the revolution as being against which nation?
Edmund_Burke

Burke believed the Government was not taking the uprising seriously enough, a view reinforced by a letter he had received from the Prince Charles of France (S.A.R. le comte d'Artois), dated 23 October, requesting that he intercede on behalf of the royalists to the Government. Burke was forced to reply on 6 November: "I am not in His Majesty's Service; or at all consulted in his Affairs". Burke published his Remarks on the Policy of the Allies with Respect to France, begun in October, where he said: "I am sure every thing has shewn us that in this war with France, one Frenchman is worth twenty foreigners. La Vendée is a proof of this".

Question: When did Prince Charles write to Burke?
Answer: 23 October

Question: How many foreign supporters did Burke think a French royalist was worth?
Answer: twenty

Question: What did Burke see as proof of the importance of French royalists?
Answer: La Vendée

Question: What country was Prince Charles part of the ruling family of?
Answer: France

Question: In what writing did Burke comment about the importance of La Vendee?
Answer: Remarks on the Policy of the Allies with Respect to France

Question: Who thought Burke was not taking the uprising seriously?

Question: How many foreigners did Burke say twenty Frenchman were worth?

Question: What region did Prince Charles use to back up his points?

Question: When did Burke enter His Majesty's Service?

Question: Who told Burke Frenchman were worth more than foreigners?
Edmund_Burke

On 20 June 1794, Burke received a vote of thanks from the Commons for his services in the Hastings Trial and he immediately resigned his seat, being replaced by his son Richard. A tragic blow fell upon Burke with the loss of Richard in August 1794, to whom he was tenderly attached, and in whom he saw signs of promise, which were not patent to others and which, in fact, appear to have been non-existent (though this view may have rather reflected the fact that Richard Burke had worked successfully in the early battle for Catholic emancipation). King George III, whose favour he had gained by his attitude on the French Revolution, wished to create him Earl of Beaconsfield, but the death of his son deprived the opportunity of such an honour and all its attractions, so the only award he would accept was a pension of £2,500. Even this modest reward was attacked by the Duke of Bedford and the Earl of Lauderdale, to whom Burke replied in his Letter to a Noble Lord (1796): "It cannot at this time be too often repeated; line upon line; precept upon precept; until it comes into the currency of a proverb, To innovate is not to reform". He argued that he was rewarded on merit, but the Duke of Bedford received his rewards from inheritance alone, his ancestor being the original pensioner: "Mine was from a mild and benevolent sovereign; his from Henry the Eighth". Burke also hinted at what would happen to such people if their revolutionary ideas were implemented, and included a description of the British constitution:

Question: When did Burke receive a vote of thanks?
Answer: 20 June 1794

Question: When did Burke's son die?
Answer: August 1794

Question: What did King George III want to make Burke an Earl of?
Answer: Beaconsfield

Question: How much money did Burke accept instead of the Earlship?
Answer: £2,500

Question: Who attacked Burke for receiving recognition from King George III?
Answer: Duke of Bedford and the Earl of Lauderdale

Question: When did Burke submit a vote of thanks?

Question: Who did Burke thank in June 1794?

Question: When did Richard resign?

Question: What pension did the Duke of Bedford receive?

Question: Who wanted to make Richard Burke an Earl?
Edmund_Burke

Burke's last publications were the Letters on a Regicide Peace (October 1796), called forth by negotiations for peace with France by the Pitt government. Burke regarded this as appeasement, injurious to national dignity and honour. In his Second Letter, Burke wrote of the French Revolutionary Government: "Individuality is left out of their scheme of government. The State is all in all. Everything is referred to the production of force; afterwards, everything is trusted to the use of it. It is military in its principle, in its maxims, in its spirit, and in all its movements. The State has dominion and conquest for its sole objects—dominion over minds by proselytism, over bodies by arms".

Question: What was Burke's final publication?
Answer: Letters on a Regicide Peace

Question: When was Burke's final publication?
Answer: October 1796

Question: What did Burke think was missing from the French Revolutionary Government?
Answer: Individuality

Question: What did Burke think were the French Revolutionary Government's only goals?
Answer: dominion and conquest

Question: What negotiations did Burke think were appeasement?
Answer: negotiations for peace with France by the Pitt government

Question: What was Pitt's last publication?

Question: Who did Burke say had too much individuality?

Question: What did Burke say was problematic in his First letter?

Question: What did Burke believe would be good for the national dignity?
Edmund_Burke

This is held to be the first explanation of the modern concept of totalitarian state. Burke regarded the war with France as ideological, against an "armed doctrine". He wished that France would not be partitioned due to the effect this would have on the balance of power in Europe, and that the war was not against France, but against the revolutionaries governing her. Burke said: "It is not France extending a foreign empire over other nations: it is a sect aiming at universal empire, and beginning with the conquest of France".

Question: What did Burke think the war with France was against?
Answer: an "armed doctrine"

Question: Burke hoped which country wouldn't be partitioned?
Answer: France

Question: What kind of empire did Burke think the French revolutionaries wanted?
Answer: universal

Question: Who did Burke think the war was against, rather than France as a whole?
Answer: the revolutionaries governing her

Question: What type of doctrine did Burke propose?

Question: What country did Burke want partitioned?

Question: What kind of empire did Burke think Europe would become?

Question: What did Burke say France was trying to extend?
Edmund_Burke

In November 1795, there was a debate in Parliament on the high price of corn and Burke wrote a memorandum to Pitt on the subject. In December Samuel Whitbread MP introduced a bill giving magistrates the power to fix minimum wages and Fox said he would vote for it. This debate probably led Burke to editing his memorandum, as there appeared a notice that Burke would soon publish a letter on the subject to the Secretary of the Board of Agriculture, Arthur Young; but he failed to complete it. These fragments were inserted into the memorandum after his death and published posthumously in 1800 as, Thoughts and Details on Scarcity. In it, Burke expounded "some of the doctrines of political economists bearing upon agriculture as a trade". Burke criticised policies such as maximum prices and state regulation of wages, and set out what the limits of government should be:

Question: Who did Burke write to about the price of corn?
Answer: Pitt

Question: Who introduced a bill in 1795 about minimum wage?
Answer: Samuel Whitbread

Question: Who was the Secretary of the Board of Agriculture?
Answer: Arthur Young

Question: Burke's unfinished letter to Arthur Young became part of what publication?
Answer: Thoughts and Details on Scarcity

Question: When was 'Thoughts and Details on Scarcity' published?
Answer: 1800

Question: When did Pitt write to Burke?

Question: What bill did Fox introduce?

Question: What was the subject of the letter Arthur Young did not complete?

Question: What was the name of the letters Young published?

Question: When did Fox die?
Edmund_Burke

Writing to a friend in May 1795, Burke surveyed the causes of discontent: "I think I can hardly overrate the malignity of the principles of Protestant ascendency, as they affect Ireland; or of Indianism [i.e. corporate tyranny, as practiced by the British East Indies Company], as they affect these countries, and as they affect Asia; or of Jacobinism, as they affect all Europe, and the state of human society itself. The last is the greatest evil". By March 1796, however Burke had changed his mind: "Our Government and our Laws are beset by two different Enemies, which are sapping its foundations, Indianism, and Jacobinism. In some Cases they act separately, in some they act in conjunction: But of this I am sure; that the first is the worst by far, and the hardest to deal with; and for this amongst other reasons, that it weakens discredits, and ruins that force, which ought to be employed with the greatest Credit and Energy against the other; and that it furnishes Jacobinism with its strongest arms against all formal Government".

Question: Whose ascendancy did Burke think was malignant?
Answer: Protestant

Question: What did Burke call corporate tyranny in India?
Answer: Indianism

Question: Which continent did Jacobinism affect?
Answer: Europe

Question: When did Burke decide Indianism was the worst threat?
Answer: March 1796

Question: What did Burke think was the worst threat in 1795?
Answer: Jacobinism

Question: What did Burke think was overrated?

Question: Who practiced Protestant ascendency?

Question: What did Burke initially call Indianism?

Question: When did Burke decide Indianism was not as great of an issue?

Question: Burke never changed his mind on which ideology, which he called "the greatest evil"?
Edmund_Burke

Burke believed that property was essential to human life. Because of his conviction that people desire to be ruled and controlled, the division of property formed the basis for social structure, helping develop control within a property-based hierarchy. He viewed the social changes brought on by property as the natural order of events, which should be taking place as the human race progressed. With the division of property and the class system, he also believed that it kept the monarch in check to the needs of the classes beneath the monarch. Since property largely aligned or defined divisions of social class, class too, was seen as natural—part of a social agreement that the setting of persons into different classes, is the mutual benefit of all subjects. Concern for property is not Burke's only influence. As Christopher Hitchens summarises, "If modern conservatism can be held to derive from Burke, it is not just because he appealed to property owners in behalf of stability but also because he appealed to an everyday interest in the preservation of the ancestral and the immemorial."

Question: What did Burke think was crucial for human life?
Answer: property

Question: What did Burke think a social hierarchy should be based on?
Answer: property

Question: Who did Burke think a social class structure benefited?
Answer: all subjects

Question: Who wrote that Burke "appealed to property owners"?
Answer: Christopher Hitchens

Question: What did Hitchens think Burke supported preserving?
Answer: the ancestral and the immemorial

Question: Who was influenced by modern conservatism?

Question: What did Christopher Hitchens believe was essential to human life?

Question: What did Burke believe kept the classes in check?

Question: What did Hitchens appeal to?

Question: What did Burke believe was against the natural order of events?
Edmund_Burke

The 19th-century Liberal Prime Minister William Ewart Gladstone considered Burke "a magazine of wisdom on Ireland and America" and in his diary recorded: "Made many extracts from Burke—sometimes almost divine". The Radical MP and anti-Corn Law activist Richard Cobden often praised Burke's Thoughts and Details on Scarcity. The Liberal historian Lord Acton considered Burke one of the three greatest Liberals, along with William Gladstone and Thomas Babington Macaulay. Lord Macaulay recorded in his diary: "I have now finished reading again most of Burke's works. Admirable! The greatest man since Milton". The Gladstonian Liberal MP John Morley published two books on Burke (including a biography) and was influenced by Burke, including his views on prejudice. The Cobdenite Radical Francis Hirst thought Burke deserved "a place among English libertarians, even though of all lovers of liberty and of all reformers he was the most conservative, the least abstract, always anxious to preserve and renovate rather than to innovate. In politics he resembled the modern architect who would restore an old house instead of pulling it down to construct a new one on the site". Burke's Reflections on the Revolution in France was controversial at the time of its publication, but after his death, it was to become his best known and most influential work, and a manifesto for Conservative thinking.

Question: What political party was Gladstone in?
Answer: Liberal

Question: What countries did Gladstone think Burke was wise about?
Answer: Ireland and America

Question: What was Cobden an activist against?
Answer: Corn Law

Question: Lord Macaulay thought Burke was the best author since whom?
Answer: Milton

Question: Who thought Burke was like an architect remodeling an old house instead of tearing it down?
Answer: Francis Hirst

Question: What law was William Ewart Gladstone against?

Question: Which pamphlet did Lord Acton praise?

Question: Who did Macaulay say was the best man since Burke?

Question: How many books did Lord Acton publish on Burke?

Question: What architect admired Burke?
Edmund_Burke

The historian Piers Brendon asserts that Burke laid the moral foundations for the British Empire, epitomised in the trial of Warren Hastings, that was ultimately to be its undoing: when Burke stated that "The British Empire must be governed on a plan of freedom, for it will be governed by no other", this was "...an ideological bacillus that would prove fatal. This was Edmund Burke's paternalistic doctrine that colonial government was a trust. It was to be so exercised for the benefit of subject people that they would eventually attain their birthright—freedom". As a consequence of this opinion, Burke objected to the opium trade, which he called a "smuggling adventure" and condemned "the great Disgrace of the British character in India".

Question: Who thought Burke's trial of Hastings was a moral foundation of the British Empire?
Answer: Piers Brendon

Question: What did Burke think the British Empire should be governed based on?
Answer: a plan of freedom

Question: What did Burke call 'a smuggling adventure'?
Answer: opium trade

Question: What did Burke think had disgraced Britain in India?
Answer: opium trade

Question: What historian laid the foundations for the morals of the British Empire?

Question: What did Burke say the plan of freedom must be governed by?

Question: What did Burke say had disgraced India in Britain?

Question: What did Burke nickname his paternalistic doctrine?

Question: What kind of doctrine did Hastings propose?
Edmund_Burke

Burke's religious writing comprises published works and commentary on the subject of religion. Burke's religious thought was grounded in the belief that religion is the foundation of civil society. He sharply criticised deism and atheism, and emphasised Christianity as a vehicle of social progress. Born in Ireland to a Catholic mother and a Protestant father, Burke vigorously defended the Anglican Church, but also demonstrated sensitivity to Catholic concerns. He linked the conservation of a state (established) religion with the preservation of citizens' constitutional liberties and highlighted Christianity's benefit not only to the believer's soul, but also to political arrangements.

Question: Which church did Burke most defend?
Answer: Anglican

Question: What did Burke think was the foundation of society?
Answer: religion

Question: What religion was Burke's mother?
Answer: Catholic

Question: What religion was Burke's father?
Answer: Protestant

Question: Burke thought religion was beneficial to what besides souls?
Answer: political arrangements

Question: What did Burke believe was the foundation of religion?

Question: Which of Burke's parents was an athiest?

Question: Which of Burke's parents was a deist?

Question: What did Burke believe made political arrangements difficult?

Question: Burke failed to show concern for what sect of Christianity?
Samoa

The Independent State of Samoa ( Samoan: Malo Sa 'oloto Tuto 'atasi o Sāmoa, IPA: [ˌsaːˈmoa]), commonly known as Samoa (Samoan: Sāmoa) and formerly known as Western Samoa, is a Unitary Parliamentary Republic with eleven administrative divisions. The two main islands are Savai'i and Upolu with four smaller islands surrounding the landmasses. The capital city is Apia. The Lapita people discovered and settled the Samoan islands around 3,500 years ago. They developed a unique language and cultural identity.

Question: What was Samoa's old name?
Answer: Western Samoa

Question: How many administrative divisions does Samoa have?
Answer: eleven

Question: How many little islands are there around Savai'i and Upolu?
Answer: four

Question: What's the name of Samoa's capital?
Answer: Apia

Question: About how long ago were the Samoan islands discovered?
Answer: 3,500 years

Question: What was Lapita formerly known as?

Question: What is the capital of Lapita?

Question: When did the Tuto people discover Malo and settle there?

Question: What are two things the Tuto developed when they settled at Malo?

Question: How many little islands surround Malo?
Samoa

The origins of the Samoans are closely studied in modern research about Polynesia in various scientific disciplines such as genetics, linguistics and anthropology. Scientific research is ongoing, although a number of different theories exist; including one proposing that the Samoans originated from Austronesian predecessors during the terminal eastward Lapita expansion period from Southeast Asia and Melanesia between 2,500 and 1,500 BCE. The Samoan origins are currently being reassessed due to new scientific evidence and carbon dating findings from 2003 and onwards.

Question: In what year did new discoveries change the course of research on Samoan origins?
Answer: 2003

Question: In addition to linguistics and genetics, what field of study researches Samoan origins?
Answer: anthropology

Question: One theory posits that Samoans originated from what people during the Lapita expansion period?
Answer: Austronesian

Question: What year marks the end of the period of the terminal eastward Lapita expansion?
Answer: 1,500 BCE

Question: What scientific disciplines are being used to study where the Austronesian people came from?

Question: During what period did the Austronesians migrate from Southeast Asia and Melanesia?

Question: Why are Austronesian origins now being reassessed?

Question: From what period is new evidence being used to reassess Austronesian origins?

Question: Whos origins are being studied in research about Melanesia?
Samoa

Mission work in Samoa had begun in late 1830 by John Williams, of the London Missionary Society arriving in Sapapali'i from The Cook Islands and Tahiti. According to Barbara A. West, "The Samoans were also known to engage in ‘headhunting', a ritual of war in which a warrior took the head of his slain opponent to give to his leader, thus proving his bravery." However, Robert Louis Stevenson, who lived in Samoa from 1889 until his death in 1894, wrote in A Footnote to History: Eight Years of Trouble in Samoa, "… the Samoans are gentle people."

Question: Who was the first missionary in Samoa?
Answer: John Williams

Question: What English organization did John Williams belong to?
Answer: London Missionary Society

Question: What warring ritual did Barbara A. West say the indigenous Samoans engaged in?
Answer: headhunting

Question: What notable author who lived in Samoa called the Samoans "gentle people"?
Answer: Robert Louis Stevenson

Question: In what year did Robert Louis Stevenson die?
Answer: 1894

Question: What work did Barbara A. West do in the late 1830's?

Question: What group was Barbara A. West a member of?

Question: What ritual did Robert Lewis Stevenson say that the Samoans engaged in?

Question: What year did John Williams die?

Question: What work was written by John Williams about the people of Samoa?
Samoa

Britain also sent troops to protect British business enterprise, harbour rights, and consulate office. This was followed by an eight-year civil war, during which each of the three powers supplied arms, training and in some cases combat troops to the warring Samoan parties. The Samoan crisis came to a critical juncture in March 1889 when all three colonial contenders sent warships into Apia harbour, and a larger-scale war seemed imminent. A massive storm on 15 March 1889 damaged or destroyed the warships, ending the military conflict.

Question: What country sent their military to protect their interests in Samoa?
Answer: Britain

Question: For how many years did the civil war in Samoa last?
Answer: eight

Question: How many contenders were vying for power in the war?
Answer: three

Question: When did the crucial climax of the civil war occur?
Answer: March 1889

Question: What natural disaster put an end to the war in Apia harbour?
Answer: A massive storm

Question: What interests were Samoans trying to protect?

Question: For how many years did the civil war in Britain last?

Question: What happened to cause the British civil war to come to an end?

Question: How many Samoan parties were involved in the war?

Question: On what date did the Samoans stand and fight for their own interests?
Samoa

From the end of World War I until 1962, New Zealand controlled Samoa as a Class C Mandate under trusteeship through the League of Nations, then through the United Nations. There followed a series of New Zealand administrators who were responsible for two major incidents. In the first incident, approximately one fifth of the Samoan population died in the influenza epidemic of 1918–1919. Between 1919 and 1962, Samoa was administered by the Department of External Affairs, a government department which had been specially created to oversee New Zealand's Island Territories and Samoa. In 1943, this Department was renamed the Department of Island Territories after a separate Department of External Affairs was created to conduct New Zealand's foreign affairs.

Question: What country was in control of Samoa up until 1962?
Answer: New Zealand

Question: During what years was the Samoan influenza epidemic?
Answer: 1918–1919

Question: What official organization was responsible for Samoa during most of the 20th century?
Answer: the Department of External Affairs

Question: What new label did the Department of External Affairs receive in 1943?
Answer: Department of Island Territories

Question: About how much of the total population of Samoa died from influenza during the epidemic?
Answer: one fifth

Question: For how long did the UN control Samoa?

Question: How much of the New Zeland population died from the flu from 1918-1919?

Question: What organization was responsible for governing New Zeland from 1919-1962?

Question: What was the new name of the Department of External Affairs in 1918?

Question: How was New Zeland classified when under the League of Nations and the UN?
Samoa

However, Samoans greatly resented New Zealand's colonial rule, and blamed inflation and the catastrophic 1918 flu epidemic on its misrule. By the late 1920s the resistance movement against colonial rule had gathered widespread support. One of the Mau leaders was Olaf Frederick Nelson, a half Samoan and half Swedish merchant. Nelson was eventually exiled during the late 1920s and early 1930s, but he continued to assist the organisation financially and politically. In accordance with the Mau's non-violent philosophy, the newly elected leader, High Chief Tupua Tamasese Lealofi, led his fellow uniformed Mau in a peaceful demonstration in downtown Apia on 28 December 1929.

Question: What decade marked the peak of support for opposition to New Zealand's governance?
Answer: 1920s

Question: What was the name of the Mau leader who was of Samoan and Swedish descent?
Answer: Olaf Frederick Nelson

Question: What philosophy characterized the Mau resistance?
Answer: non-violent philosophy

Question: What title was given to the Mau's elected leader, Tupua Tamasese Lealofi?
Answer: High Chief

Question: On what date did the Mau demonstrate on the streets of Apia?
Answer: 28 December 1929

Question: What events did New Zeland hold Samoa responsible for?

Question: What was lead by Olaf Frederick Nelson on December 28, 1929?

Question: Where did Olaf Fredrick Nelson organize and lead the demonstration?

Question: What did High Chief Tupua Tamasese Lealofi resent?

Question: What was the philosophy of most New Zelanders?
Samoa

The New Zealand police attempted to arrest one of the leaders in the demonstration. When he resisted, a struggle developed between the police and the Mau. The officers began to fire randomly into the crowd and a Lewis machine gun, mounted in preparation for this demonstration, was used to disperse the demonstrators. Chief Tamasese was shot from behind and killed while trying to bring calm and order to the Mau demonstrators, screaming "Peace, Samoa". Ten others died that day and approximately 50 were injured by gunshot wounds and police batons. That day would come to be known in Samoa as Black Saturday. The Mau grew, remaining steadfastly non-violent, and expanded to include a highly influential women's branch.

Question: What kind of weapon was used against the Mau demonstrators?
Answer: Lewis machine gun

Question: Was Chief Tamasese wounded or killed during the demonstration?
Answer: killed

Question: What was the phrase the Mau's chief shouted to try to calm his people?
Answer: "Peace, Samoa"

Question: Besides Chief Tamasese, how many Mau died as a result of the violence that erupted on that day?
Answer: Ten

Question: What do Samoans call the historical day of the Mau demonstration?
Answer: Black Saturday

Question: What kind of weapon was used against the New Zeland police?

Question: How many New Zeland police were killed during the demonstration?

Question: What do New Zelanders call the day of the Mau demonstration?

Question: How many women were injured in the demonstration?

Question: What were the New Zeland police screaming to the crowd?
Samoa

After repeated efforts by the Samoan independence movement, the New Zealand Western Samoa Act 1961 of 24 November 1961 granted Samoa independence effective 1 January 1962, upon which the Trusteeship Agreement terminated. Samoa also signed a friendship treaty with New Zealand. Samoa, the first small-island country in the Pacific to become independent, joined the Commonwealth of Nations on 28 August 1970. While independence was achieved at the beginning of January, Samoa annually celebrates 1 June as its independence day.

Question: What act gave Samoa independence?
Answer: New Zealand Western Samoa Act 1961

Question: What exact date did Samoan independence go into effect?
Answer: 1 January 1962

Question: What's the name of the agreement that ended with the start of Samoa's independence from New Zealand?
Answer: Trusteeship Agreement

Question: Where was Samoa in the order of small-island countries in their region declaring independence?
Answer: first

Question: On what date do Samoans celebrate their independence from New Zealand?
Answer: 1 June

Question: When was New Zealand granted independence?

Question: What other day does New Zealand celebrate its independence day each year?

Question: What act gave New Zealand its independence in 1961?

Question: What did the Commonwealth of Nations sign with New Zealand?

Question: When did New Zealand join the Commonwealth of Nations?
Samoa

Fiame Mata'afa Faumuina Mulinu’u II, one of the four highest-ranking paramount chiefs in the country, became Samoa's first Prime Minister. Two other paramount chiefs at the time of independence were appointed joint heads of state for life. Tupua Tamasese Mea'ole died in 1963, leaving Malietoa Tanumafili II sole head of state until his death on 11 May 2007, upon which Samoa changed from a constitutional monarchy to a parliamentary republic de facto. The next Head of State, Tuiatua Tupua Tamasese Efi, was elected by the legislature on 17 June 2007 for a fixed five-year term, and was re-elected unopposed in July 2012.

Question: What office was held by Fiame Mata'afa Faumuina Mulinu'u II?
Answer: Prime Minister

Question: What was the term of office for Samoa's first joint heads of state?
Answer: life

Question: What year did the first of the two heads of state die?
Answer: 1963

Question: Who was the head of state in Samoa in 2006?
Answer: Malietoa Tanumafili II

Question: Before becoming a de facto parliamentary republic, what form of government did Samoa have?
Answer: constitutional monarchy

Question: When did Fiame Mata'afa Faumuina Mulinu'u II die?

Question: When Mulinu'u II died in 1963 who was left as sole head of state?

Question: Before it was a de facto parlimentary republic, what type of government did Tamasese have?

Question: For how long of a term was Malietoa Tanumafili II elected in 2007?

Question: What happened when Malietoa Tanumafili II ran again in 2012?
Samoa

The unicameral legislature (the Fono) consists of 49 members serving 5-year terms. Forty-seven are matai title-holders elected from territorial districts by Samoans; the other two are chosen by non-Samoans with no chiefly affiliation on separate electoral rolls. Universal suffrage was adopted in 1990, but only chiefs (matai) may stand for election to the Samoan seats. There are more than 25,000 matais in the country, about 5% of whom are women. The prime minister, chosen by a majority in the Fono, is appointed by the head of state to form a government. The prime minister's choices for the 12 cabinet positions are appointed by the head of state, subject to the continuing confidence of the Fono.

Question: What do Samoans call their legislative body?
Answer: the Fono

Question: How many Fono members are there?
Answer: 49

Question: How many of the members of the Fono are elected to office?
Answer: Forty-seven

Question: What percentage of female matais are there in Samoa?
Answer: 5%

Question: What position in government is chosen by Fono majority vote?
Answer: prime minister

Question: In what year was the Fono created?

Question: What number of non-Samoans are in the country?

Question: How many cabinet positions are appointed by women?

Question: What is one thing women don't have when they are members of the Fono?

Question: In what year were women allowed to stand for election to the Samoan seats?
Samoa

The capital village of each district administers and coordinates the affairs of the district and confers each district's paramount title, amongst other responsibilities. For example, the District of A'ana has its capital at Leulumoega. The paramount title of A'ana is the TuiA'ana. The orator group which confers this title – the Faleiva (House of Nine) – is based at Leulumoega. This is also the same for the other districts. In the district of Tuamasaga, the paramount title of the district – the Malietoa title – is conferred by the FaleTuamasaga based in Afega.

Question: What district is Leulumoega the capital of?
Answer: A'ana

Question: What is the Samoan word for the "House of Nine" in Leulumoega?
Answer: Faleiva

Question: What is A'ana's paramount title?
Answer: the TuiA'ana

Question: What's the paramount title of the Tuamasaga district?
Answer: Malietoa

Question: In what town does the FaleTuamasaga conduct business?
Answer: Afega

Question: What are the responsibilities of the Afega in each district?

Question: What is the word for Afega according to the orator group?

Question: What is the paramount title of the capital village?

Question: What is the paramount title of the Afega district?

Question: In what town does the TuiA'ana conduct business?
Samoa

The Samoan islands have been produced by vulcanism, the source of which is the Samoa hotspot which is probably the result of a mantle plume. While all of the islands have volcanic origins, only Savai'i, the western most island in Samoa, is volcanically active with the most recent eruptions in Mt Matavanu (1905–1911), Mata o le Afi (1902) and Mauga Afi (1725). The highest point in Samoa is Mt Silisili, at 1858 m (6,096 ft). The Saleaula lava fields situated on the central north coast of Savai'i are the result of the Mt Matavanu eruptions which left 50 km² (20 sq mi) of solidified lava.

Question: What natural process formed the land masses that would become the Samoan islands?
Answer: vulcanism

Question: Which of the Samoan islands has active volcanoes?
Answer: Savai'i

Question: What's the name of the highest peak in Samoa?
Answer: Mt Silisili,

Question: How many meters is 6,096 feet?
Answer: 1858

Question: What volcano created the Saleaula lava fields?
Answer: Mt Matavanu

Question: What is the source of solidified lava on Mata o le Afi?

Question: What is different about Mauga Afi compared to the other islands?

Question: What is the highest point in Mauga Afi?

Question: When was a mantle plume discovered near Magua Alfi?

Question: What is Mata o le Afi probably the result of?