Divyanshu67/squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
Sexual_orientation

Another study on men and women's patterns of sexual arousal confirmed that men and women have different patterns of arousal, independent of their sexual orientations. The study found that women's genitals become aroused to both human and nonhuman stimuli from movies showing humans of both genders having sex (heterosexual and homosexual) and from videos showing non-human primates (bonobos) having sex. Men did not show any sexual arousal to non-human visual stimuli, their arousal patterns being in line with their specific sexual interest (women for heterosexual men and men for homosexual men).

Question: Do men and women's patterns of arousal differ?
Answer: men and women have different patterns of arousal

Question: Are the patterns related to orientation?
Answer: independent of their sexual orientations

Question: What types of stimuli were found to arouse women?
Answer: both human and nonhuman stimuli

Question: What stimuli did men show no arousal towards?
Answer: to non-human visual stimuli

Question: Men's arousal patterns were found to be with?
Answer: their specific sexual interest

Question: What did a study on men and womens sexual arousal show?
Answer: confirmed that men and women have different patterns of arousal, independent of their sexual orientations

Question: Did women in the studys become aroused to heterosexual stimulation?
Answer: become aroused to both human and nonhuman stimuli from movies showing humans of both genders having sex (heterosexual and homosexual

Question: Did men have any arousal from non human videos containing sex?
Answer: x. Men did not show any sexual arousal to non-human visual stimuli,

Question: Did mens arousal relate to the sexual interests?
Answer: , their arousal patterns being in line with their specific sexual interest (women for heterosexual men and men for homosexual men).
Sexual_orientation

Androphilia and gynephilia (or gynecophilia) are terms used in behavioral science to describe sexual attraction, as an alternative to a homosexual and heterosexual conceptualization. They are used for identifying a subject's object of attraction without attributing a sex assignment or gender identity to the subject. Related terms such as pansexual and polysexual do not make any such assignations to the subject. People may also use terms such as queer, pansensual, polyfidelitous, ambisexual, or personalized identities such as byke or biphilic.

Question: What science terms are used to describe sexual attraction?
Answer: Androphilia and gynephilia

Question: These terms are an alternative to what conceptualization?
Answer: to a homosexual and heterosexual conceptualization

Question: What are these terms not attributing to the subject/person being described?
Answer: a sex assignment or gender identity

Question: What are other terms that do not make similar assignments?
Answer: pansexual and polysexual

Question: What are other terms used in the same vein as pansexual?
Answer: queer, pansensual, polyfidelitous, ambisexual

Question: Which terms are used in describing sexual desires?
Answer: Androphilia and gynephilia (or gynecophilia

Question: What are two other words for androphilia and gynephlia?
Answer: homosexual and heterosexual

Question: What are the terms androphilia and gynephial use for?
Answer: identifying a subject's object of attraction without attributing a sex assignment or gender identity to the subject

Question: What are other common words that people may use for homosexual and heterosexual people?
Answer: queer, pansensual, polyfidelitous, ambisexual, or personalized identities such as byke or biphilic.
Sexual_orientation

Translation is a major obstacle when comparing different cultures. Many English terms lack equivalents in other languages, while concepts and words from other languages fail to be reflected in the English language. Translation and vocabulary obstacles are not limited to the English language. Language can force individuals to identify with a label that may or may not accurately reflect their true sexual orientation. Language can also be used to signal sexual orientation to others. The meaning of words referencing categories of sexual orientation are negotiated in the mass media in relation to social organization. New words may be brought into use to describe new terms or better describe complex interpretations of sexual orientation. Other words may pick up new layers or meaning. For example, the heterosexual Spanish terms marido and mujer for "husband" and "wife", respectively, have recently been replaced in Spain by the gender-neutral terms cónyuges or consortes meaning "spouses".

Question: What tends to be a major obstacle when comparing cultures?
Answer: Translation

Question: What can force individuals to identify with a label that may not reflect true orientation?
Answer: Language

Question: Where are the meanings of words negotiated?
Answer: mass media

Question: What can be brought into play to describe interpretations of sexual orientation?
Answer: New words

Question: What is a major hurdle when studying different cultures?
Answer: Translation

Question: Why does translation cause such issues among different cultures?
Answer: English terms lack equivalents in other languages, while concepts and words from other languages fail to be reflected in the English language.

Question: What problems can arise due to translation issues?
Answer: can force individuals to identify with a label that may or may not accurately reflect their true sexual orientation

Question: What can be used to signal sexual idenitys to others?
Answer: Language
Sexual_orientation

The earliest writers on sexual orientation usually understood it to be intrinsically linked to the subject's own sex. For example, it was thought that a typical female-bodied person who is attracted to female-bodied persons would have masculine attributes, and vice versa. This understanding was shared by most of the significant theorists of sexual orientation from the mid nineteenth to early twentieth century, such as Karl Heinrich Ulrichs, Richard von Krafft-Ebing, Magnus Hirschfeld, Havelock Ellis, Carl Jung, and Sigmund Freud, as well as many gender-variant homosexual people themselves. However, this understanding of homosexuality as sexual inversion was disputed at the time, and, through the second half of the twentieth century, gender identity came to be increasingly seen as a phenomenon distinct from sexual orientation. Transgender and cisgender people may be attracted to men, women, or both, although the prevalence of different sexual orientations is quite different in these two populations. An individual homosexual, heterosexual or bisexual person may be masculine, feminine, or androgynous, and in addition, many members and supporters of lesbian and gay communities now see the "gender-conforming heterosexual" and the "gender-nonconforming homosexual" as negative stereotypes. Nevertheless, studies by J. Michael Bailey and Kenneth Zucker found a majority of the gay men and lesbians sampled reporting various degrees of gender-nonconformity during their childhood years.

Question: Early writers linked orientation to what concept?
Answer: the subject's own sex

Question: What theorists agreed with this concept?
Answer: Karl Heinrich Ulrichs, Richard von Krafft-Ebing, Magnus Hirschfeld, Havelock Ellis, Carl Jung, and Sigmund Freud,

Question: What two things became to be seen as distinct from one another?
Answer: gender identity came to be increasingly seen as a phenomenon distinct from sexual orientation

Question: What negative stereotypes have emerged from this understanding?
Answer: gender-conforming heterosexual" and the "gender-nonconforming homosexual

Question: What did a majority of gay men and women experience in their childhood?
Answer: gender-nonconformity

Question: What was thought of early lesbians and gay men?
Answer: it was thought that a typical female-bodied person who is attracted to female-bodied persons would have masculine attributes, and vice versa.

Question: What did gender idenity become to be seen as?
Answer: phenomenon distinct from sexual orientation

Question: What can be considered to be bad stereotypes to gay communities?
Answer: "gender-conforming heterosexual" and the "gender-nonconforming homosexual"

Question: Who performed the studies that found most homosexual people having different degrees of gender issues?
Answer: Michael Bailey and Kenneth Zucker

Question: In these studies when was the gender-noncomformity experienced?
Answer: during their childhood years.
Sexual_orientation

In the United States, non-Caucasian LGBT individuals may find themselves in a double minority, where they are neither fully accepted or understood by mainly Caucasian LGBT communities, nor are they accepted by their own ethnic group. Many people experience racism in the dominant LGBT community where racial stereotypes merge with gender stereotypes, such that Asian-American LGBTs are viewed as more passive and feminine, while African-American LGBTs are viewed as more masculine and aggressive. There are a number of culturally specific support networks for LGBT individuals active in the United States. For example, "Ô-Môi" for Vietnamese American queer females.

Question: Who is finding themselves in a double minority in the US?
Answer: non-Caucasian LGBT

Question: What is an example of a stereotype found in this double minority?
Answer: Asian-American LGBTs are viewed as more passive and feminine

Question: What do the non-Caucasian LGBT experience?
Answer: neither fully accepted or understood by mainly Caucasian LGBT communities, nor are they accepted by their own ethnic group

Question: What is an example of a culturally specific support network?
Answer: Ô-Môi" for Vietnamese American queer females.

Question: Where can lgbt people who are not white find themselves in the united states?
Answer: in a double minority,

Question: What does it mean for the LGBT people who are in a double monority?
Answer: they are neither fully accepted or understood by mainly Caucasian LGBT communities, nor are they accepted by their own ethnic group

Question: What do many people in the dominant LGBT community face?
Answer: racism

Question: Why is racism so bad in the non white LGBT community?
Answer: racial stereotypes merge with gender stereotypes

Question: What is the name of the Vietnamese American support network for the LGBT community?
Answer: Ô-Môi
Sexual_orientation

Some research suggests that "[f]or some [people] the focus of sexual interest will shift at various points through the life span..." "There... [was, as of 1995,] essentially no research on the longitudinal stability of sexual orientation over the adult life span... It [was]... still an unanswered question whether... [the] measure [of 'the complex components of sexual orientation as differentiated from other aspects of sexual identity at one point in time'] will predict future behavior or orientation. Certainly, it is... not a good predictor of past behavior and self-identity, given the developmental process common to most gay men and lesbians (i.e., denial of homosexual interests and heterosexual experimentation prior to the coming-out process)." Some studies report that "[a number of] lesbian women, and some heterosexual women as well, perceive choice as an important element in their sexual orientations."

Question: Can a persons sexual interest change over different times in their life?
Answer: Some research suggests that "[f]or some [people] the focus of sexual interest will shift at various points through the life span

Question: Until 1995 what had no studies done concerning sexual orientation?
Answer: longitudinal stability of sexual orientation over the adult life span.

Question: What can possibly predict the future orientation a persons sexual idenity?
Answer: . [the] measure [of 'the complex components of sexual orientation as differentiated from other aspects of sexual identity at one point in time']

Question: What do some lesbian woman see as important part of the sexual orientation?
Answer: choice
Sexual_orientation

In 2012, the Pan American Health Organization (the North and South American branch of the World Health Organization) released a statement cautioning against services that purport to "cure" people with non-heterosexual sexual orientations as they lack medical justification and represent a serious threat to the health and well-being of affected people, and noted that the global scientific and professional consensus is that homosexuality is a normal and natural variation of human sexuality and cannot be regarded as a pathological condition. The Pan American Health Organization further called on governments, academic institutions, professional associations and the media to expose these practices and to promote respect for diversity. The World Health Organization affiliate further noted that gay minors have sometimes been forced to attend these "therapies" involuntarily, being deprived of their liberty and sometimes kept in isolation for several months, and that these findings were reported by several United Nations bodies. Additionally, the Pan American Health Organization recommended that such malpractices be denounced and subject to sanctions and penalties under national legislation, as they constitute a violation of the ethical principles of health care and violate human rights that are protected by international and regional agreements.

Question: When did part of the world health organization release a statement about curing homosexuals?
Answer: 2012,

Question: Why did the Pan American Health Organization release this statement?
Answer: they lack medical justification and represent a serious threat to the health and well-being of affected people,

Question: What condition do they state cannot be linked to homosexuality?
Answer: pathological condition

Question: What did the Pan American Health Organization reccomend for those who used treatment to stop homosexuality?
Answer: that such malpractices be denounced and subject to sanctions and penalties under national legislation,

Question: What did the Pan American Health organization say these treatments violated?
Answer: violation of the ethical principles of health care and violate human rights that are protected by international and regional agreements.
Sexual_orientation

The Kinsey scale provides a classification of sexual orientation based on the relative amounts of heterosexual and homosexual experience or psychic response in one's history at a given time. The classification scheme works such that individuals in the same category show the same balance between the heterosexual and homosexual elements in their histories. The position on the scale is based on the relation of heterosexuality to homosexuality in one's history, rather than the actual amount of overt experience or psychic response. An individual can be assigned a position on the scale in accordance with the following definitions of the points of the scale:

Question: What does the Kinsey scale provide a classification for?
Answer: sexual orientation based on the relative amounts of heterosexual and homosexual experience or psychic response in one's history at a given time.

Question: How does the classifiacation scheme work on the Kinsey scale?
Answer: such that individuals in the same category show the same balance between the heterosexual and homosexual elements in their histories

Question: What is the position on the Kinsey scale based on?
Answer: relation of heterosexuality to homosexuality in one's history

Question: What positions does the KInsey scale not use?
Answer: the actual amount of overt experience or psychic response
Sexual_orientation

The Sell Assessment of Sexual Orientation (SASO) was developed to address the major concerns with the Kinsey Scale and Klein Sexual Orientation Grid and as such, measures sexual orientation on a continuum, considers various dimensions of sexual orientation, and considers homosexuality and heterosexuality separately. Rather than providing a final solution to the question of how to best measure sexual orientation, the SASO is meant to provoke discussion and debate about measurements of sexual orientation.

Question: What does SASO stand for?
Answer: Sell Assessment of Sexual Orientation

Question: Why was SASO created?
Answer: to address the major concerns with the Kinsey Scale and Klein Sexual Orientation Grid

Question: What did SASO find wrong with the KInsey scale and Klein Sexual Orientation Grid?
Answer: measures sexual orientation on a continuum, considers various dimensions of sexual orientation, and considers homosexuality and heterosexuality separately

Question: What is one of SASO's main goals?
Answer: providing a final solution to the question of how to best measure sexual orientation

Question: What is SASO causing discussion and debate about?
Answer: measurements of sexual orientation.
Sexual_orientation

As there is no research indicating which of the three components is essential in defining sexual orientation, all three are used independently and provide different conclusions regarding sexual orientation. Savin Williams (2006) discusses this issue and notes that by basing findings regarding sexual orientation on a single component, researchers may not actually capture the intended population. For example, if homosexual is defined by same sex behavior, gay virgins are omitted, heterosexuals engaging in same sex behavior for other reasons than preferred sexual arousal are miscounted, and those with same sex attraction who only have opposite-sex relations are excluded. Because of the limited populations that each component captures, consumers of research should be cautious in generalizing these findings.

Question: How are the three component used to determine sexual orientation?
Answer: all three are used independently and provide different conclusions regarding sexual orientation

Question: When did Savin WIlliams talk about the issues with these components?
Answer: (2006)

Question: What issues to Savin address during this talk?
Answer: basing findings regarding sexual orientation on a single component, researchers may not actually capture the intended population

Question: Why does basing sexual orientation on one component cause problems?
Answer: Because of the limited populations that each component captures

Question: How should consumers of the research approach these findings?
Answer: should be cautious in generalizing these findings.
Sexual_orientation

More recently, scientists have started to focus on measuring changes in brain activity related to sexual arousal, by using brain-scanning techniques. A study on how heterosexual and homosexual men's brains react to seeing pictures of naked men and women has found that both hetero- and homosexual men react positively to seeing their preferred sex, using the same brain regions. The only significant group difference between these orientations was found in the amygdala, a brain region known to be involved in regulating fear.

Question: What have scientists started spending the most time on?
Answer: measuring changes in brain activity related to sexual arousal

Question: How do scientiest measure brain activity?
Answer: by using brain-scanning techniques

Question: How did both gay and straight men react to pictures of both naked men and women?
Answer: positively

Question: What was the only difference in the study between gay and straight men?
Answer: The only significant group difference between these orientations was found in the amygdala,

Question: What does the amygdala region of the brain do?
Answer: known to be involved in regulating fear.
Sexual_orientation

Perceived sexual orientation may affect how a person is treated. For instance, in the United States, the FBI reported that 15.6% of hate crimes reported to police in 2004 were "because of a sexual-orientation bias". Under the UK Employment Equality (Sexual Orientation) Regulations 2003, as explained by Advisory, Conciliation and Arbitration Service, "workers or job applicants must not be treated less favourably because of their sexual orientation, their perceived sexual orientation or because they associate with someone of a particular sexual orientation".

Question: What can affect how a person is treated?
Answer: Perceived sexual orientation

Question: What percent of hate crimes did the FBI relate to sexual orientation bias?
Answer: 15.6%

Question: When was the UK emloyment eequality (sexual orientation) regulations law take effect?
Answer: 2003,

Question: Under this law what does this state that is required by employers?
Answer: workers or job applicants must not be treated less favourably because of their sexual orientation
Sexual_orientation

Most definitions of sexual orientation include a psychological component, such as the direction of an individual's erotic desires, or a behavioral component, which focuses on the sex of the individual's sexual partner/s. Some people prefer simply to follow an individual's self-definition or identity. Scientific and professional understanding is that "the core attractions that form the basis for adult sexual orientation typically emerge between middle childhood and early adolescence". Sexual orientation differs from sexual identity in that it encompasses relationships with others, while sexual identity is a concept of self.

Question: What do the majority of defintions surronding sexual orientation include?
Answer: psychological component, such as the direction of an individual's erotic desires, or a behavioral component

Question: What does a behaviorial component focus on when defining sexual orientation?
Answer: focuses on the sex of the individual's sexual partner/s.

Question: What do other people use to determine a persons sexual idenity?
Answer: an individual's self-definition

Question: When do scientists and professions agree that sexual orientation shows in a person?
Answer: typically emerge between middle childhood and early adolescence

Question: What is the difference between sexual idenity and sexual orientation?
Answer: sexual identity in that it encompasses relationships with others, while sexual identity is a concept of self.
Sexual_orientation

Innate bisexuality is an idea introduced by Sigmund Freud. According to this theory, all humans are born bisexual in a very broad sense of the term, that of incorporating general aspects of both sexes. In Freud's view, this was true anatomically and therefore also psychologically, with sexual attraction to both sexes being one part of this psychological bisexuality. Freud believed that in the course of sexual development the masculine side would normally become dominant in men and the feminine side in women, but that as adults everyone still has desires derived from both the masculine and the feminine sides of their natures. Freud did not claim that everyone is bisexual in the sense of feeling the same level of sexual attraction to both genders.

Question: What idea did Sigmund Freud bring to the table?
Answer: Innate bisexuality

Question: What does Sigmunds idea theorize?
Answer: all humans are born bisexual

Question: Why did SIgmund believe all humans are born bisexual?
Answer: this was true anatomically and therefore also psychologically, with sexual attraction to both sexes being one part of this psychological bisexuality

Question: What does Sigmund believe we all as adults desire?
Answer: both the masculine and the feminine sides of their natures

Question: Even though Sigmund believed all people where born bisexual what did he not believe to be true?
Answer: that everyone is bisexual in the sense of feeling the same level of sexual attraction to both genders
Sexual_orientation

These categories are aspects of the more nuanced nature of sexual identity and terminology. For example, people may use other labels, such as pansexual or polysexual, or none at all. According to the American Psychological Association, sexual orientation "also refers to a person's sense of identity based on those attractions, related behaviors, and membership in a community of others who share those attractions". Androphilia and gynephilia are terms used in behavioral science to describe sexual orientation as an alternative to a gender binary conceptualization. Androphilia describes sexual attraction to masculinity; gynephilia describes the sexual attraction to femininity. The term sexual preference largely overlaps with sexual orientation, but is generally distinguished in psychological research. A person who identifies as bisexual, for example, may sexually prefer one sex over the other. Sexual preference may also suggest a degree of voluntary choice, whereas the scientific consensus is that sexual orientation is not a choice.

Question: Whar words may people use for sexual idenity?
Answer: pansexual or polysexual,

Question: What does the American Pyschological Association say sexual orientation refers to?
Answer: a person's sense of identity based on those attractions, related behaviors, and membership in a community of others who share those attractions

Question: What terms does behavorial science use instead of using gender binary conceptualization?
Answer: Androphilia and gynephilia

Question: What is androphilia used to describe?
Answer: sexual attraction to masculinity

Question: What is gynephilia used to describe?
Answer: the sexual attraction to femininity
Sexual_orientation

The American Psychological Association states that "[s]exual orientation refers to an enduring pattern of emotional, romantic, and/or sexual attractions to men, women, or both sexes" and that "[t]his range of behaviors and attractions has been described in various cultures and nations throughout the world. Many cultures use identity labels to describe people who express these attractions. In the United States, the most frequent labels are lesbians (women attracted to women), gay men (men attracted to men), and bisexual people (men or women attracted to both sexes). However, some people may use different labels or none at all". They additionally state that sexual orientation "is distinct from other components of sex and gender, including biological sex (the anatomical, physiological, and genetic characteristics associated with being male or female), gender identity (the psychological sense of being male or female), and social gender role (the cultural norms that define feminine and masculine behavior)". According to psychologists, sexual orientation also refers to a person’s choice of sexual partners, who may be homosexual, heterosexual, or bisexual.

Question: What does the American Physocological Association say that sexual orientation refers to?
Answer: an enduring pattern of emotional, romantic, and/or sexual attractions to men, women, or both sexes

Question: What do a lot of cultures use to describe homosexual people?
Answer: identity labels

Question: What are the most used labels in America to describe homosexuals?
Answer: lesbians (women attracted to women), gay men (men attracted to men), and bisexual people (men or women attracted to both sexes).

Question: What do psychologists says sexual orientation can also mean?
Answer: a person’s choice of sexual partners
Sexual_orientation

The National Association for Research & Therapy of Homosexuality (NARTH), which describes itself as a "professional, scientific organization that offers hope to those who struggle with unwanted homosexuality," disagrees with the mainstream mental health community's position on conversion therapy, both on its effectiveness and by describing sexual orientation not as a binary immutable quality, or as a disease, but as a continuum of intensities of sexual attractions and emotional affect. The American Psychological Association and the Royal College of Psychiatrists expressed concerns that the positions espoused by NARTH are not supported by the science and create an environment in which prejudice and discrimination can flourish.

Question: What does NARTH stand for?
Answer: The National Association for Research & Therapy of Homosexuality

Question: What does NARTH consider itself to be?
Answer: a "professional, scientific organization that offers hope to those who struggle with unwanted homosexuality,

Question: What does NARTH disagree with?
Answer: the mainstream mental health community's position on conversion therapy

Question: What does NARTH state is wrong with the mainstream mental healths stand on conversion therapy?
Answer: its effectiveness and by describing sexual orientation not as a binary immutable quality

Question: What concerns did both the American Psychological Association and the Royal College of PSychiatrist have with NARTH?
Answer: that the positions espoused by NARTH are not supported by the science and create an environment in which prejudice and discrimination can flourish
Sexual_orientation

Using androphilia and gynephilia can avoid confusion and offense when describing people in non-western cultures, as well as when describing intersex and transgender people. Psychiatrist Anil Aggrawal explains that androphilia, along with gynephilia, "is needed to overcome immense difficulties in characterizing the sexual orientation of trans men and trans women. For instance, it is difficult to decide whether a trans man erotically attracted to males is a heterosexual female or a homosexual male; or a trans woman erotically attracted to females is a heterosexual male or a lesbian female. Any attempt to classify them may not only cause confusion but arouse offense among the affected subjects. In such cases, while defining sexual attraction, it is best to focus on the object of their attraction rather than on the sex or gender of the subject." Sexologist Milton Diamond writes, "The terms heterosexual, homosexual, and bisexual are better used as adjectives, not nouns, and are better applied to behaviors, not people. This usage is particularly advantageous when discussing the partners of transsexual or intersexed individuals. These newer terms also do not carry the social weight of the former ones."

Question: What do the terms andophilia and gynephilia help prevent?
Answer: confusion and offense when describing people in non-western cultures, as well as when describing intersex and transgender people

Question: Why does psychiatrist Anil Aggrawal say androphilia and gynephilia are needed terms?
Answer: the affected s

Question: What can attempting to label members of the LGBT community cause?
Answer: confusion

Question: What does MIlton Diamond say about the terms heterosexual, homosexual, and bisexual?
Answer: are better used as adjectives, not nouns, and are better applied to behaviors, not people.

Question: What advantages do the terms androphilia and gynephilia have?
Answer: when discussing the partners of transsexual or intersexed individuals
Sexual_orientation

The Kinsey scale has been praised for dismissing the dichotomous classification of sexual orientation and allowing for a new perspective on human sexuality. However, the scale has been criticized because it is still not a true continuum. Despite seven categories being able to provide a more accurate description of sexual orientation than a dichotomous scale it is still difficult to determine which category individuals should be assigned to. In a major study comparing sexual response in homosexual males and females, Masters and Johnson discuss the difficulty of assigning the Kinsey ratings to participants. Particularly, they found it difficult to determine the relative amount heterosexual and homosexual experience and response in a person's history when using the scale. They report finding it difficult to assign ratings 2-4 for individuals with a large number of heterosexual and homosexual experiences. When, there is a lot of heterosexual and homosexual experiences in one's history it becomes difficult for that individual to be fully objective in assessing the relative amount of each.

Question: What has the KInsey scaled been praised for?
Answer: dismissing the dichotomous classification of sexual orientation and allowing for a new perspective on human sexuality.

Question: What has the Kinsey scale been critisized for?
Answer: because it is still not a true continuum

Question: How many categories are used in the KInsey scale?
Answer: seven

Question: In a study by Masters and Johnson what did the find difficult about KIneys ratings?
Answer: to determine the relative amount heterosexual and homosexual experience and response in a person's history when using the scale

Question: What in somebodys past caused problems for the Kinsey scale?
Answer: a large number of heterosexual and homosexual experiences
Sexual_orientation

The SASO consists of 12 questions. Six of these questions assess sexual attraction, four assess sexual behavior, and two assess sexual orientation identity. For each question on the scale that measures homosexuality there is a corresponding question that measures heterosexuality giving six matching pairs of questions. Taken all together, the six pairs of questions and responses provide a profile of an individual's sexual orientation. However, results can be further simplified into four summaries that look specifically at responses that correspond to either homosexuality, heterosexuality, bisexuality or asexuality.

Question: How many questions does the SASO contain?
Answer: 12

Question: What do six of the questions asses?
Answer: sexual attraction

Question: What do the other six questions asses?
Answer: four assess sexual behavior, and two assess sexual orientation identity

Question: What questions corresponds to the homosexual ones?
Answer: heterosexuality

Question: How are the results simplified when using the SASO?
Answer: into four summaries that look specifically at responses that correspond to either homosexuality, heterosexuality, bisexuality or asexuality.
Sexual_orientation

The exact causes for the development of a particular sexual orientation have yet to be established. To date, a lot of research has been conducted to determine the influence of genetics, hormonal action, development dynamics, social and cultural influences—which has led many to think that biology and environment factors play a complex role in forming it. It was once thought that homosexuality was the result of faulty psychological development, resulting from childhood experiences and troubled relationships, including childhood sexual abuse. It has been found that this was based on prejudice and misinformation.

Question: Has the cause for sexual orientation been found yet?
Answer: The exact causes for the development of a particular sexual orientation have yet to be established

Question: What has the research that has been conducted for the influence of genetics made many people think?
Answer: that biology and environment factors play a complex role in forming it

Question: What was once thought to cause homosexuality?
Answer: the result of faulty psychological development

Question: What was found out about the theory of faulty psychological development being the cause for homosexuality?
Answer: this was based on prejudice and misinformation.
Sexual_orientation

One of the uses for scales that assess sexual orientation is determining what the prevalence of different sexual orientations are within a population. Depending on subject's age, culture and sex, the prevalence rates of homosexuality vary depending on which component of sexual orientation is being assessed: sexual attraction, sexual behavior, or sexual identity. Assessing sexual attraction will yield the greatest prevalence of homosexuality in a population whereby the proportion of individuals indicating they are same sex attracted is two to three times greater than the proportion reporting same sex behavior or identify as gay, lesbian, or bisexual. Furthermore, reports of same sex behavior usually exceed those of gay, lesbian, or bisexual identification. The following chart demonstrates how widely the prevalence of homosexuality can vary depending on what age, location and component of sexual orientation is being assessed:

Question: What can the scales for sexual orientation be used for?
Answer: determining what the prevalence of different sexual orientations are within a population

Question: What will cause the amount of homosexuality to vary?
Answer: which component of sexual orientation is being assessed

Question: Out of sexual attraction, sexual behovior, and sexual identity which will show more accurately the amount of homosexuals in a population?
Answer: Assessing sexual attraction will yield the greatest prevalence of homosexuality in a population
Sexual_orientation

One of the earliest sexual orientation classification schemes was proposed in the 1860s by Karl Heinrich Ulrichs in a series of pamphlets he published privately. The classification scheme, which was meant only to describe males, separated them into three basic categories: dionings, urnings and uranodionings. An urning can be further categorized by degree of effeminacy. These categories directly correspond with the categories of sexual orientation used today: heterosexual, homosexual, and bisexual. In the series of pamphlets, Ulrichs outlined a set of questions to determine if a man was an urning. The definitions of each category of Ulrichs' classification scheme are as follows:

Question: Who created on of the earliest sexual classification schemes?
Answer: Karl Heinrich Ulrichs

Question: When did Karl Heinrich Ulrichs develop this classification scheme?
Answer: in the 1860s

Question: Was his classification scheme meant for males or females?
Answer: meant only to describe males

Question: What three categories are used in Ulrichs scheme?
Answer: dionings, urnings and uranodionings

Question: What did these three categories correspond with?
Answer: the categories of sexual orientation used today:
Sexual_orientation

Weinrich et al. (1993) and Weinberg et al. (1994) criticized the scale for lumping individuals who are different based on different dimensions of sexuality into the same categories. When applying the scale, Kinsey considered two dimensions of sexual orientation: overt sexual experience and psychosexual reactions. Valuable information was lost by collapsing the two values into one final score. A person who has only predominantly same sex reactions is different from someone with relatively little reaction but lots of same sex experience. It would have been quite simple for Kinsey to have measured the two dimensions separately and report scores independently to avoid loss of information. Furthermore, there are more than two dimensions of sexuality to be considered. Beyond behavior and reactions, one could also assess attraction, identification, lifestyle etc. This is addressed by the Klein Sexual Orientation Grid.

Question: What did both Weinrich and Weinberg critisize the KInsey scale for?
Answer: lumping individuals who are different based on different dimensions of sexuality into the same categories.

Question: What caused valuable information to be lost while using the KInsey scale?
Answer: collapsing the two values into one final score

Question: Why was collapsing the two values into one score a problem?
Answer: A person who has only predominantly same sex reactions is different from someone with relatively little reaction but lots of same sex experience

Question: How could Kinsey have avoided losing this crucial information?
Answer: to have measured the two dimensions separately and report scores independently to avoid loss of information

Question: Besides behavior and reactions what else could have been used in the KInsey scale?
Answer: one could also assess attraction, identification, lifestyle
Sexual_orientation

Of all the questions on the scale, Sell considered those assessing sexual attraction to be the most important as sexual attraction is a better reflection of the concept of sexual orientation which he defined as "extent of sexual attractions toward members of the other, same, both sexes or neither" than either sexual identity or sexual behavior. Identity and behavior are measured as supplemental information because they are both closely tied to sexual attraction and sexual orientation. Major criticisms of the SASO have not been established, but a concern is that the reliability and validity remains largely unexamined.

Question: What questions did Sell consider the most important on the KInsey scale?
Answer: those assessing sexual attraction

Question: Why did Sell consider the questions regarding sexual attraction the most important?
Answer: sexual attraction is a better reflection of the concept of sexual orientation

Question: Rather than define sexual orientation as sexual idenity or behavior what did Sell define it as?
Answer: extent of sexual attractions toward members of the other, same, both sexes or neither

Question: What is a huge concern for SASO?
Answer: the reliability and validity remains largely unexamined.
Sexual_orientation

The variance in prevalence rates is reflected in people's inconsistent responses to the different components of sexual orientation within a study and the instability of their responses over time. Laumann et al., (1994) found that among U.S. adults 20% of those who would be considered homosexual on one component of orientation were homosexual on the other two dimensions and 70% responded in a way that was consistent with homosexuality on only one of the three dimensions. Furthermore, sexuality is fluid such that one's sexual orientation is not necessarily stable or consistent over time but is subject to change throughout life. Diamond (2003) found that over 7 years 2/3 of the women changed their sexual identity at least once, with many reporting that the label was not adequate in capturing the diversity of their sexual or romantic feelings. Furthermore, women who relinquished bisexual and lesbian identification did not relinquish same sex sexuality and acknowledged the possibility for future same sex attractions and/or behaviour. One woman stated "I'm mainly straight but I'm one of those people who, if the right circumstance came along, would change my viewpoint". Therefore, individuals classified as homosexual in one study might not be identified the same way in another depending on which components are assessed and when the assessment is made making it difficult to pin point who is homosexual and who is not and what the overall prevalence within a population may be.

Question: What reflects the prevalence rates varying?
Answer: people's inconsistent responses to the different components of sexual orientation within a study and the instability of their responses over time

Question: What does it mean when someones sexualiity is fluid?
Answer: such that one's sexual orientation is not necessarily stable or consistent over time but is subject to change throughout life.

Question: What did Diamond find about the women?
Answer: over 7 years 2/3 of the women changed their sexual identity at least once,

Question: What did women acknowledge who considered themselves as lesbian or bisexual?
Answer: the possibility for future same sex attractions and/or behaviour

Question: What makes it difficult to determine if someone is homosexual or not?
Answer: individuals classified as homosexual in one study might not be identified the same way in another depending on which components are assessed
Sexual_orientation

Because sexual orientation is complex and multi-dimensional, some academics and researchers, especially in queer studies, have argued that it is a historical and social construction. In 1976, philosopher and historian Michel Foucault argued in The History of Sexuality that homosexuality as an identity did not exist in the eighteenth century; that people instead spoke of "sodomy," which referred to sexual acts. Sodomy was a crime that was often ignored, but sometimes punished severely (see sodomy law). He wrote, "'Sexuality' is an invention of the modern state, the industrial revolution, and capitalism."

Question: Why do researches in homosexual studies argued that it is a social and historical constuction?
Answer: Because sexual orientation is complex and multi-dimensional

Question: Which philosopher argued homosexuality did not exist as an idenity in the eighteenth century?
Answer: Michel Foucault

Question: In what year did Michel Foucalt publish The History Of Sexuality?
Answer: 1976

Question: What did he state was an invention of the modern state?
Answer: 'Sexuality

Question: What was a crime in the eighteenth century that could cause severe punishment but was mostly ignored?
Answer: Sodomy
Sexual_orientation

Some researchers who study sexual orientation argue that the concept may not apply similarly to men and women. A study of sexual arousal patterns found that women, when viewing erotic films which show female-female, male-male and male-female sexual activity (oral sex or penetration), have patterns of arousal which do not match their declared sexual orientations as well as men's. That is, heterosexual and lesbian women's sexual arousal to erotic films do not differ significantly by the genders of the participants (male or female) or by the type of sexual activity (heterosexual or homosexual). On the contrary, men's sexual arousal patterns tend to be more in line with their stated orientations, with heterosexual men showing more penis arousal to female-female sexual activity and less arousal to female-male and male-male sexual stimuli, and homosexual and bisexual men being more aroused by films depicting male-male intercourse and less aroused by other stimuli.

Question: What do some researchers argue about the idea of sexual orientation?
Answer: the concept may not apply similarly to men and women

Question: What have studies found about women and their believed sexual orientations?
Answer: female-female, male-male and male-female sexual activity (oral sex or penetration), have patterns of arousal which do not match

Question: What did the studies reveal about men and their declared sexual preference?
Answer: men's sexual arousal patterns tend to be more in line with their stated orientations,
Sexual_orientation

Research suggests that sexual orientation is independent of cultural and other social influences, but that open identification of one's sexual orientation may be hindered by homophobic/hetereosexist settings. Social systems such as religion, language and ethnic traditions can have a powerful impact on realization of sexual orientation. Influences of culture may complicate the process of measuring sexual orientation. The majority of empirical and clinical research on LGBT populations are done with largely white, middle-class, well-educated samples, however there are pockets of research that document various other cultural groups, although these are frequently limited in diversity of gender and sexual orientation of the subjects. Integration of sexual orientation with sociocultural identity may be a challenge for LGBT individuals. Individuals may or may not consider their sexual orientation to define their sexual identity, as they may experience various degrees of fluidity of sexuality, or may simply identify more strongly with another aspect of their identity such as family role. American culture puts a great emphasis on individual attributes, and views the self as unchangeable and constant. In contrast, East Asian cultures put a great emphasis on a person's social role within social hierarchies, and view the self as fluid and malleable. These differing cultural perspectives have many implications on cognitions of the self, including perception of sexual orientation.

Question: What does research show about sexual orientation?
Answer: is independent of cultural and other social influences

Question: What can being openly gay be hindered by?
Answer: homophobic/hetereosexist settings.

Question: What social systems can greatly influence someone realization of their sexual preference?
Answer: religion, language and ethnic traditions

Question: What group of the LGBT community are the most researched?
Answer: white, middle-class, well-educated

Question: What does the american culture put a large emphasis on?
Answer: individual attributes, and views the self as unchangeable and constant.