Divyanshu67/squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
Communications_in_Somalia

Concurrently, the Somali Transitional Federal Government began preparations to revive the national postal service. The government's overall reconstruction plan for Somali Post is structured into three Phases spread out over a period of ten years. Phase I will see the reconstruction of the postal headquarters and General Post Office (GPO), as well as the establishment of 16 branch offices in the capital and 17 in regional bases. As of March 2012, the Somali authorities have re-established Somalia's membership with the Universal Postal Union (UPU), and taken part once again in the Union's affairs. They have also rehabilitated the GPO in Mogadishu, and appointed an official Postal Consultant to provide professional advice on the renovations. Phase II of the rehabilitation project involves the construction of 718 postal outlets from 2014 to 2016. Phase III is slated to begin in 2017, with the objective of creating 897 postal outlets by 2022.

Question: How many phases made up the reconstruction plan for the Somali Post?
Answer: three

Question: Over what period of time did the reconstruction plan for the Somali Post cover?
Answer: ten years

Question: How many branch offices will be constructed in the capital in phase one of the reconstruction plan?
Answer: 16

Question: How many branch offices will be creted in general bases?
Answer: 17

Question: What year did Somali authorities rejoin the Universal Postal Union?
Answer: 2012

Question: When did Somalia first join the UPU?

Question: How many years will the first phase take?

Question: How many branches will Somalia construct in Phase II?

Question: How long will it take to rebuild the GPO?

Question: When was the GPO in Mogadishu rebuilt?
Communications_in_Somalia

On 1 November 2013, international postal services for Somalia officially resumed. The Universal Postal Union is now assisting the Somali Postal Service to develop its capacity, including providing technical assistance and basic mail processing equipment.

Question: What year did postal service in Somalia resume?
Answer: 2013

Question: Who is helping the Somali Postal service reach its capacity?
Answer: Universal Postal Union

Question: What type of assistance does the postal union provide?
Answer: technical

Question: What type of equipment does the postal union provide?
Answer: basic mail processing equipment

Question: When was the Somalia Postal Service first created?

Question: Who is the Somali Postal Service helping?

Question: What type of equipment did Somalia already have?

Question: When did Somalia's national postal service restart?

Question: Where is the Universal Postal Union located?
Communications_in_Somalia

There are a number of radio news agencies based in Somalia. Established during the colonial period, Radio Mogadishu initially broadcast news items in both Somali and Italian. The station was modernized with Russian assistance following independence in 1960, and began offering home service in Somali, Amharic and Oromo. After closing down operations in the early 1990s due to the civil war, the station was officially re-opened in the early 2000s by the Transitional National Government. In the late 2000s, Radio Mogadishu also launched a complementary website of the same name, with news items in Somali, Arabic and English.

Question: When was Radio Mogadishu established?
Answer: during the colonial period

Question: What languages di Radio Mogadishu originally broadcast in?
Answer: Somali and Italian

Question: What countrys assistance helped Radio Mogadishu modernize?
Answer: Russian assistance

Question: What type of services were offered in Somali, Amharic, and Oromo?
Answer: home service

Question: When was the colonial period?

Question: Who originally opened Radio Mogadishu?

Question: When was the Transitional National Government in power?

Question: What is the total number of internet news located in Somalia?

Question: When did Radio Mogadishu begin broadcasting in Italian again?
Communications_in_Somalia

Other radio stations based in Mogadishu include Mustaqbal Media corporation and the Shabelle Media Network, the latter of which was in 2010 awarded the Media of the Year prize by the Paris-based journalism organisation, Reporters Without Borders (RSF). In total, about one short-wave and ten private FM radio stations broadcast from the capital, with several radio stations broadcasting from the central and southern regions.

Question: Mustaqbal Media Corporation is based where?
Answer: Mogadishu

Question: In what year was Shabelle Media network awarded the media of the year prize?
Answer: 2010

Question: How many short wave radio stations broadcast from the capital?
Answer: one

Question: Who won the 2009 award for Media of the Year?

Question: How many FM radio stations broadcast in the central region?

Question: What prize did RSF win?

Question: When did the short-wave and FM radio stations begin broadcasting?

Question: Which two short-wave stations broadcast from the capital?
Communications_in_Somalia

The northeastern Puntland region has around six private radio stations, including Radio Garowe, Radio Daljir, Radio Codka-Nabbada and Radio Codka-Mudug. Radio Gaalkacyo, formerly known as Radio Free Somalia, operates from Galkayo in the north-central Mudug province. Additionally, the Somaliland region in the northwest has one government-operated radio station.

Question: About how many private radio stations does the region of Puntland have?
Answer: six

Question: What is the former name of Radio Gaalkacyo?
Answer: Radio Free Somalia

Question: Where does RAdio Gaalkacyo operate from?
Answer: Galkayo

Question: What province is Galkayo located in?
Answer: Mudug province

Question: How many government operated radio stations exist in the Somaliland region?
Answer: one

Question: How many radio stations does the southeastern region have?

Question: What is the name of the government-operated radio station?

Question: How many public radio stations does northeast Puntland have?

Question: When did Radio Gaalkacyo receive its new name?

Question: How many government radio stations does Puntland have?
Communications_in_Somalia

The Mogadishu-based Somali National Television is the principal national public service broadcaster. On March 18, 2011, the Ministry of Information of the Transitional Federal Government began experimental broadcasts of the new TV channel. After a 20-year hiatus, the station was shortly thereafter officially re-launched on April 4, 2011. SNTV broadcasts 24 hours a day, and can be viewed both within Somalia and abroad via terrestrial and satellite platforms.

Question: What TV station is the main public service broadcaster in Somalia?
Answer: Somali National Television

Question: Where is Somali National Television located?
Answer: Mogadishu

Question: What year did experimental broadcasts of Somali National Television begin?
Answer: 2011

Question: When was Somali Nation Television officially re-launched?
Answer: April 4, 2011

Question: Howmany hours a day does SNTV broadcast?
Answer: 24

Question: What is Somalia's main international broadcaster?

Question: When was the Somali National Television station first launched?

Question: How many national public service broadcasters does Somalia have?

Question: How many days a week does SNTV broadcast?

Question: How long has SNTV been broadcasting?
Communications_in_Somalia

Additionally, Somalia has several private television networks, including Horn Cable Television and Universal TV. Two such TV stations re-broadcast Al-Jazeera and CNN. Eastern Television Network and SBC TV air from Bosaso, the commercial capital of Puntland. The Puntland and Somaliland regions also each have one government-run TV channel, Puntland TV and Radio and Somaliland National TV, respectively.

Question: Horn Cable Television and Universal TV are examples of what?
Answer: private television networks

Question: What type of Tv startions replay AL=jazeera and CNN?
Answer: private television networks

Question: Where does SBC TV broadcast from?
Answer: Bosaso

Question: What is the commercial capital of Puntland?
Answer: Bosaso

Question: Howmany governemnt run channels do Puntland and Somaliland regions have?
Answer: one

Question: How many private television networks does Somalia have?

Question: What are two public television networks?

Question: What is the commercial capital of Somalilnand?

Question: How many government-run TV channels are there in Somalia?

Question: What TV station broadcasts ABC?
Communications_in_Somalia

In the early 2000s, print media in Somalia reached a peak in activity. Around 50 newspapers were published in Mogadishu alone during this period, including Qaran, Mogadishu Times, Sana'a, Shabelle Press, Ayaamaha, Mandeeq, Sky Sport, Goal, The Nation, Dalka, Panorama, Aayaha Nolosha, Codka Xuriyada and Xidigta Maanta. In 2003, as new free electronic media outlets started to proliferate, advertisers increasingly began switching over from print ads to radio and online commercials in order to reach more customers. A number of the broadsheets in circulation subsequently closed down operations, as they were no longer able to cover printing costs in the face of the electronic revolution. In 2012, the political Xog Doon and Xog Ogaal and Horyaal Sports were reportedly the last remaining newspapers printed in the capital. According to Issa Farah, a former editor with the Dalka broadsheet, newspaper publishing in Somalia is likely to experience a resurgence if the National Somali Printing Press is re-opened and the sector is given adequate public support.

Question: Where was The Mogadishu Times published?
Answer: Mogadishu

Question: What year did free media outlets begin to expand?
Answer: 2003

Question: Advertisers switched from print ads to what to reach more customers?
Answer: radio and online commercials

Question: Whos is a former editor with The Delka Broadsheet?
Answer: Issa Farah

Question: When is the National Somali Printing Press being reopened?

Question: How many newspapers were published in Somalia?

Question: Why did advertisers prefer print ads?

Question: When did Xog Doon shut down?

Question: When did Issa Farah stop working for Dalka?
Communications_in_Somalia

According to the Centre for Law and Democracy (CLD) and the African Union/United Nations Information Support Team (IST), Somalia did not have systemic internet blocking or filtering as of December 2012. The application of content standards online was also unclear.

Question: What is the IST?
Answer: Information Support Team

Question: As of December 2012, Somalia did not have systematic what?
Answer: internet blocking or filtering

Question: What internet standards were also unlear as of December, 2012?
Answer: content standards online

Question: When did Somalia begin internet filtering?

Question: Who wrote Somalia's content standards?

Question: What type of internet blocking did Somalia use?

Question: When did the IST apply content standards to Somalia?

Question: When did Somalia stop filtering the internet?
Communications_in_Somalia

Somalia established its first ISP in 1999, one of the last countries in Africa to get connected to the Internet. According to the telecommunications resource Balancing Act, growth in internet connectivity has since then grown considerably, with around 53% of the entire nation covered as of 2009. Both internet commerce and telephony have consequently become among the quickest growing local businesses.

Question: What years was the first ISP established in Somalia?
Answer: 1999

Question: Somalia was one of the last countries on what continent to get connected tothe internet?
Answer: Africa

Question: In 2009, what percent of Somalia has internet coverage?
Answer: 53%

Question: The quickest growing local businesses in Somalia are what types of businesses?
Answer: internet commerce and telephony

Question: Who was the first African country to get internet?

Question: What year did Somalia reach 70% internet coverage?

Question: Which act brought the first ISP to Africa?

Question: What percentage of Somalia's capital has internet connection?

Question: What is Somalia's largest national business?
Communications_in_Somalia

According to the Somali Economic Forum, the number of internet users in Somalia rose from only 200 in the year 2000 to 106,000 users in 2011, with the percentage continuing to rise. The number of mobile subscribers is similarly expected to rise from 512,682 in 2008 to around 6.1 million by 2015.

Question: What was the numbe rof Somali internet users in the year 2000?
Answer: 200

Question: What was the number of internet users in the year 2011?
Answer: 106,000

Question: Goes the number of internet users in Somalia continue to rise or fall?
Answer: rise

Question: What was the number of mobile subscribers in Somalia in 2008?
Answer: 512,682

Question: What is the estimated number of mobile subscribers in Somalia in 2015?
Answer: 6.1 million

Question: In what year did Somalia first reach 50,000 internet users?

Question: Who is responsible for the rise in internet users?

Question: When did Somalia first get the internet?

Question: Why is the number of mobile subscribers rising faster than the number of internet connected users?

Question: How many mobile users were there in 2011?
Communications_in_Somalia

The Somali Telecommunication Association (STA), a watchdog organization that oversees the policy development and regulatory framework of Somalia's ICT sector, reported in 2006 that there were over half a million users of internet services within the territory. There were also 22 established ISPs and 234 cyber cafes, with an annual growth rate of 15.6%.

Question: What is the STA?
Answer: Somali Telecommunication Association

Question: What sector does the STC oversee?
Answer: ICT sector

Question: In 2006, who reported that there were over half a million internet users within the territory?
Answer: STA

Question: How many established ISP were within the territory in 2006?
Answer: 22

Question: How many cyber cafes were withing the territory in 2006?
Answer: 234

Question: How many non-established ISPs were in Somalia in 2006?

Question: How many restaurants had internet connectivity?

Question: When was STA founded?

Question: What is the ICT?

Question: What percentage of the population had internet services?
Communications_in_Somalia

As of 2009, dial up, wireless and satellite services were available. Dial up internet services in Somalia were among the fastest growing on the continent, with an annual landline growth rate of over 12.5%. The increase in usage was largely due to innovative policy initiatives adopted by the various Somali telecom operators, including free local in-town calls, a flat rate of $10 per month for unlimited calls, a low charge of $0.005 per minute for Internet connections, and a one-time connection fee of $50. Global Internet Company, a firm jointly owned by the major Somali telecommunication networks Hormuud Telecom, Telcom Somalia and Nationlink, was the country's largest ISP. It was at the time the only provider of dial up services in Somalia's south-central regions. In the northern Puntland and Somaliland regions, online networks offered internet dial up services to their own group of subscribers. Among these firms was Golis Telecom Somalia in the northeast and Telesom in the northwest.

Question: As of what year were dial up, wireless , and satellite services available?
Answer: 2009

Question: What was the landline growth rate of Somalia in 2009?
Answer: 12.5%

Question: What was the flat rate per month for unlimited landline calls in Somalia in the year 2009?
Answer: $10 per month

Question: What was Somalias largest ISP in 2009?
Answer: Global Internet Company

Question: Who was the only provider of dial up service in Somalias SouthCentral regions in 2009?
Answer: Global Internet Company

Question: Who was the first ISP provider in Somalia?

Question: How quickly is the wireless service growing in Somalia?

Question: Which Somali telecom operators designed the policies responsible for dial up's growth?

Question: What is Somalia's second largest ISP?

Question: How much did telecom operators charge for text messaging?
Communications_in_Somalia

Broadband wireless services were offered by both dial up and non-dial up ISPs in major cities, such as Mogadishu, Bosaso, Hargeisa, Galkayo and Kismayo. Pricing ranged from $150 to $300 a month for unlimited internet access, with bandwidth rates of 64 kbit/s up and down. The main patrons of these wireless services were scholastic institutions, corporations, and UN, NGO and diplomatic missions. Mogadishu had the biggest subscriber base nationwide and was also the headquarters of the largest wireless internet services, among which were Dalkom (Wanaag HK), Orbit, Unitel and Webtel.

Question: Mogadishu and Bosaso are what in Somalia?
Answer: major cities

Question: What city in Soalia has the largest nuber of subscribers?
Answer: Mogadishu

Question: Where was the headquarters of the largest wireless internet services?
Answer: Mogadishu

Question: What is another name for Dalcom?
Answer: Wanaag HK

Question: What wireless services were offered to cities on the outskirts?

Question: What was the price for limited internet access?

Question: How many subscribers did Mogadishu have locally?

Question: How many wireless internet services did Mogadishu headquarter?

Question: Who did not use the wireless services?
Communications_in_Somalia

As of 2009, Internet via satellite had a steady growth rate of 10% to 15% per year. It was particularly in demand in remote areas that did not have either dialup or wireless online services. The local telecommunications company Dalkom Somalia provided internet over satellite, as well as premium routes for media operators and content providers, and international voice gateway services for global carriers. It also offered inexpensive bandwidth through its internet backbone, whereas bandwidth ordinarily cost customers from $2,500 to $3,000 per month through the major international bandwidth providers. The main clients of these local satellite services were internet cafes, money transfer firms and other companies, as well as international community representatives. In total, there were over 300 local satellite terminals available aross the nation, which were linked to teleports in Europe and Asia. Demand for the satellite services gradually began to fall as broadband wireless access rose. However, it increased in rural areas, as the main client base for the satellite services extended their operations into more remote locales.

Question: What wsas the satellite internet growth rate as of 2009?
Answer: 10% to 15% per year

Question: Dalkom Somalia provided internet over what?
Answer: satellite

Question: Who were one of the main clients of the local satellite service providers?
Answer: internet cafes

Question: As broadband access rose, what happened to the demand for satellite services?
Answer: gradually began to fall

Question: Who provided broadband wireless access?

Question: What did national bandwidth providers cost?

Question: How many terminals linked to North America?

Question: How many teleports were there in Europe and Asia?

Question: When did Dalkom Somalia begin providing internet over satellite?
Communications_in_Somalia

In December 2012, Hormuud Telecom launched its Tri-Band 3G service for internet and mobile clients. The first of its kind in the country, this third generation mobile telecommunications technology offers users a faster and more secure connection.

Question: Hormuud Telecom launched what service in 2012?
Answer: Tri-Band 3G

Question: Who was the 3G service for?
Answer: internet and mobile clients

Question: what type of connection was the first of its kind in Somalia?
Answer: Tri-Band 3G

Question: What type of connection does Tri-Band 3G offer its customers?
Answer: faster and more secure

Question: what does 3G stand for?
Answer: third generation

Question: When was the first generation mobile telecommunications released?

Question: What was Somalia's first mobile service?

Question: What does Tri-Band stand for?

Question: When was Hormuud Telecom founded?

Question: Who owns Hormuud Telecom?
Communications_in_Somalia

In November 2013, Somalia received its first fiber optic connection. The country previously had to rely on expensive satellite links due to the civil conflict, which limited internet usage. However, residents now have access to broadband internet cable for the first time after an agreement reached between Hormuud Telecom and Liquid Telecom. The deal will see Liquid Telecom link Hormuud to its 17,000 km (10,500 mile) network of terrestrial cables, which will deliver faster internet capacity. The fiber optic connection will also make online access more affordable to the average user. This in turn is expected to further increase the number of internet users. Dalkom Somalia reached a similar agreement with the West Indian Ocean Cable Company (WIOCC) Ltd, which it holds shares in. Effective the first quarter of 2014, the deal will establish fiber optic connectivity to and from Somalia via the EASSy cable. The new services are expected to reduce the cost of international bandwidth and to better optimize performance, thereby further broadening internet access. Dalkom Somalia is concurrently constructing a 1,000 square mile state-of-the-art data center in Mogadishu. The site will facilitate direct connection into the international fiber optic network by hosting equipment for all of the capital's ISPs and telecommunication companies.

Question: What year did Somalia receive its first fiber optic connection?
Answer: 2013

Question: in 2013, an agreement between Hormuud Telecom and Liquid Telecom provided residents access to what type of cable provider?
Answer: broadband

Question: How many miles long is Liquid Telecoms Network?
Answer: 10,500 mile

Question: How will the fiber optic connection impact the price for online access for the average user?
Answer: more affordable

Question: Where is Dalcom Somalia currently building a 1000 square mile data center?
Answer: Mogadishu

Question: When did Somalia first get internet?

Question: How long is Hormuud's cable network?

Question: What does the EASSy cable stand for?

Question: When did Dalkom Somalia and WIOCC begin talks for their deal?

Question: Where is Hormuud Telecom building a 1000 square mile data center?
Catalan_language

Catalan (/ˈkætəlæn/; autonym: català [kətəˈla] or [kataˈla]) is a Romance language named for its origins in Catalonia, in what is northeastern Spain and adjoining parts of France. It is the national and only official language of Andorra, and a co-official language of the Spanish autonomous communities of Catalonia, the Balearic Islands, and Valencia (where the language is known as Valencian, and there exist regional standards). It also has semi-official status in the city of Alghero on the Italian island of Sardinia. It is also spoken with no official recognition in parts of the Spanish autonomous communities of Aragon (La Franja) and Murcia (Carche), and in the historic French region of Roussillon/Northern Catalonia, roughly equivalent to the department of Pyrénées-Orientales.

Question: What place is Catalan named for?
Answer: Catalonia

Question: What type of language is Catalan?
Answer: Romance language

Question: What is Catalan called in Valencia?
Answer: Valencian

Question: Where is Catalan the only official language?
Answer: Andorra
Catalan_language

Catalan evolved from Vulgar Latin around the eastern Pyrenees in the 9th century. During the Low Middle Ages it saw a golden age as the literary and dominant language of the Crown of Aragon, and was widely used all over the Mediterranean. The union of Aragon with the other territories of Spain in 1479 marked the start of the decline of the language. In 1659 Spain ceded Northern Catalonia to France, and Catalan was banned in both states in the early 18th century. 19th-century Spain saw a Catalan literary revival, which culminated in the 1913 orthographic standardization, and the officialization of the language during the Second Spanish Republic (1931–39). However, the Francoist dictatorship (1939–75) banned the language again.

Question: From what language did Catalan come?
Answer: Vulgar Latin

Question: In what area did Catalan develop?
Answer: eastern Pyrenees

Question: When did Catalan develop in the Eastern Pyrenees?
Answer: 9th century

Question: When was Catalan's Golden Age as a dominant language?
Answer: Low Middle Ages

Question: What year started the decline of Catalan as a main language?
Answer: 1479
Catalan_language

Since the Spanish transition to democracy (1975–1982), Catalan has been recognized as an official language, language of education, and language of mass media, all of which have contributed to its increased prestige. There is no parallel in Europe of such a large, bilingual, non-state speech community.

Question: What happened in 1975-1982?
Answer: Spanish transition to democracy

Question: What has this official language state done for Catalan?
Answer: increased prestige

Question: Where is there nothing like this non-state speech community?
Answer: Europe

Question: Besides being the official language and language of education, what other group uses Catalan?
Answer: mass media
Catalan_language

Catalan dialects are relatively uniform, and are mutually intelligible. They are divided into two blocks, Eastern and Western, differing mostly in pronunciation. The terms "Catalan" and "Valencian" (respectively used in Catalonia and the Valencian Community) are two different varieties of the same language. There are two institutions regulating the two standard varieties, the Institute of Catalan Studies in Catalonia and the Valencian Academy of the Language in Valencia.

Question: What is the division of Catalan dialects?
Answer: Eastern and Western

Question: What is the basic difference between the dialects?
Answer: pronunciation

Question: What is the differenctiation between Catalan and Valencian?
Answer: different varieties

Question: What are Catalan and Valencian assumed to be?
Answer: the same language

Question: What are Catalan and Valencian considered to be in the language?
Answer: two standard varieties
Catalan_language

Catalan shares many traits with its neighboring Romance languages. However, despite being mostly situated in the Iberian Peninsula, Catalan differs more from Iberian Romance (such as Spanish and Portuguese) in terms of vocabulary, pronunciation, and grammar than from Gallo-Romance (Occitan, French, Gallo-Italic languages, etc.). These similarities are most notable with Occitan.

Question: What does Catalan have in common with other Romance languages in the same area?
Answer: many traits

Question: Where is Catalonia located?
Answer: Iberian Peninsula

Question: What other Iberian Romance languages are found in this area?
Answer: Spanish and Portuguese

Question: Besides vocabulary and grammar, what other diffinence is there from other similar area languages?
Answer: pronunciation

Question: What are these similar Latin derived languages called?
Answer: Gallo-Romance
Catalan_language

Catalan has an inflectional grammar, with two genders (masculine, feminine), and two numbers (singular, plural). Pronouns are also inflected for case, animacy[citation needed] and politeness, and can be combined in very complex ways. Verbs are split in several paradigms and are inflected for person, number, tense, aspect, mood, and gender. In terms of pronunciation, Catalan has many words ending in a wide variety of consonants and some consonant clusters, in contrast with many other Romance languages.

Question: How many genders does Catalan have?
Answer: two

Question: What numbers does Catalan have?
Answer: singular, plural

Question: What style of grammar does Catalan have?
Answer: inflectional

Question: What is used in Catalan as word endings that is different from other similar Romance languages? 
Answer: consonants
Catalan_language

The word Catalan derives from the territory of Catalonia, itself of disputed etymology. The main theory suggests that Catalunya (Latin Gathia Launia) derives from the name Gothia or Gauthia ("Land of the Goths"), since the origins of the Catalan counts, lords and people were found in the March of Gothia, whence Gothland > Gothlandia > Gothalania > Catalonia theoretically derived.

Question: What is Catalan the derivitive of?
Answer: Catalonia

Question: What is the Latin for Calalunya?
Answer: Gathia Launia

Question: Where did the Catalan  people originate?
Answer: March of Gothia

Question: What is the root word from which Catalonia comes?
Answer: Gothia
Catalan_language

In English, the term referring to a person first appears in the mid 14th century as Catelaner, followed in the 15th century as Catellain (from French). It is attested a language name since at least 1652. Catalan can be pronounced as /ˈkætəlæn/, /kætəˈlæn/ or /ˈkætələn/.

Question: When did the reference Catelaner first appear?
Answer: mid 14th century

Question: What is a Catalan person called in the 15th century?
Answer: Catellain

Question: What language is the source of the term Catellain?
Answer: French

Question: What is the language source of the term Catelaner?
Answer: English

Question: Since what year has this term been used?
Answer: 1652
Catalan_language

The endonym is pronounced /kə.təˈɫa/ in the Eastern Catalan dialects, and /ka.taˈɫa/ in the Western dialects. In the Valencian Community, the term valencià (/va.len.siˈa/) is frequently used instead. The names "Catalan" and "Valencian" are two names for the same language. See also status of Valencian below.

Question: Where is Valencia used instead of Catalan?
Answer: Valencian Community

Question: What are Catalan and Valencian the names for?
Answer: the same language

Question: What affect does  different pronunciations in the two areas of Catalan speakers produce?
Answer: dialects
Catalan_language

By the 9th century, Catalan had evolved from Vulgar Latin on both sides of the eastern end of the Pyrenees, as well as the territories of the Roman province of Hispania Tarraconensis to the south. From the 8th century onwards the Catalan counts extended their territory southwards and westwards at the expense of the Muslims, bringing their language with them. This process was given definitive impetus with the separation of the County of Barcelona from the Carolingian Empire in 988.

Question: What language did Catalan descend from?
Answer: Vulgar Latin

Question: When had Catalan covered the eastern end of the Pyrenees?
Answer: 9th century

Question: Besides the Pyrenees, what area had Catalan covered by the 9th century?
Answer: Hispania Tarraconensis

Question: Who broadened their territory and the use of Catalan in the 8th century?
Answer: Catalan counts

Question: When did the County of Barcelona separate from the Carolengian Empire?
Answer: 988
Catalan_language

In the 11th century, documents written in macaronic Latin begin to show Catalan elements, with texts written almost completely in Romance appearing by 1080. Old Catalan shared many features with Gallo-Romance, diverging from Old Occitan between the 11th and 14th centuries.

Question: When did macaronic Latin start showing signs of Catalan?
Answer: 11th century

Question: When did texts begin to appear solely in Romance?
Answer: by 1080

Question: To what language did Catalan display similarities?
Answer: Gallo-Romance

Question: What Gallo-Romance language did Old Catalan separate from?
Answer: Old Occitan
Catalan_language

During the 11th and 12th centuries the Catalan rulers expanded up to north of the Ebro river, and in the 13th century they conquered the Land of Valencia and the Balearic Islands. The city of Alghero in Sardinia was repopulated with Catalan speakers in the 14th century. The language also reached Murcia, which became Spanish-speaking in the 15th century.

Question: When did Catalan rulers broaden their territory to north of the Ebro River?
Answer: 11th and 12th centuries

Question: When did the Catalan rulers take over Valencia and the Balearic Islands?
Answer: 13th century

Question: When Catalan reach Sardinia?
Answer: 14th century

Question: Where did the Catalan language reach in the 15th century?
Answer: Murcia

Question: When did Murcia become Spanish speaking?
Answer: 15th century
Catalan_language

In the Low Middle Ages, Catalan went through a golden age, reaching a peak of maturity and cultural richness. Examples include the work of Majorcan polymath Ramon Llull (1232–1315), the Four Great Chronicles (13th–14th centuries), and the Valencian school of poetry culminating in Ausiàs March (1397–1459). By the 15th century, the city of Valencia had become the sociocultural center of the Crown of Aragon, and Catalan was present all over the Mediterranean world. During this period, the Royal Chancery propagated a highly standardized language. Catalan was widely used as an official language in Sicily until the 15th century, and in Sardinia until the 17th. During this period, the language was what Costa Carreras terms "one of the 'great languages' of medieval Europe".

Question: When was the golden age of Catalan?
Answer: Low Middle Ages

Question: Where was the center of the Crown of Aragon?
Answer: city of Valencia

Question: What was the official language of Sicily until the 15th century?
Answer: Catalan

Question: Until what century was Catalan used as the official language in Sardinia?
Answer: 17th

Question: Who called Catalan one of the great languages?
Answer: Costa Carreras
Catalan_language

With the union of the crowns of Castille and Aragon (1479), the use of Spanish gradually became more prestigious. Starting in the 16th century, Catalan literature experienced a decline, the language came under the influence of Spanish, and the urban and literary classes became bilingual.

Question: When were Castille and Aragon united?
Answer: 1479

Question: After 1479, what language became more valued?
Answer: Spanish

Question: When did Catalan literature begin a downward trend?
Answer: 16th century

Question: What language began to supersede Catalan?
Answer: Spanish

Question: At this time what classes became bilingual?
Answer: urban and literary
Catalan_language

Shortly after the French Revolution (1789), the French First Republic prohibited official use of, and enacted discriminating policies against, the nonstandard languages of France (patois), such as Catalan, Alsatian, Breton, Occitan, Flemish, and Basque.

Question: When did France outlaw Catalan?
Answer: 1789

Question: What upheaval had occurred in France just before the prohibition of patois?
Answer: French Revolution

Question: Besides Catalan, Alsatian, and Breton, what other patois were banned?
Answer: Occitan, Flemish, and Basque

Question: What are French non standard languages called?
Answer: patois
Catalan_language

Following the French capture of Algeria (1833), that region saw several waves of Catalan-speaking settlers. People from the Spanish Alacant province settled around Oran, whereas Algiers received immigration from Northern Catalonia and Minorca. Their speech was known as patuet. By 1911, the number of Catalan speakers was around 100,000. After the declaration of independence of Algeria in 1962, almost all the Catalan speakers fled to Northern Catalonia (as Pieds-Noirs) or Alacant.

Question: When did the French obtain Algeria?
Answer: 1833

Question: Where did the Algiers immigrants come from?
Answer: Northern Catalonia and Minorca

Question: What was the Catalan immigrant's speech called?
Answer: patuet

Question: How many Catalan speakers lived in Algiers by 1911?
Answer: around 100,000

Question: When did most Catalan speakers leave northern Catalonia?
Answer: 1962
Catalan_language

Nowadays, France only recognizes French as an official language. Nevertheless, on 10 December 2007, the General Council of the Pyrénées-Orientales officially recognized Catalan as one of the languages of the department and seeks to further promote it in public life and education.

Question: What is the official language of France?
Answer: French

Question: Where does the General Council want to promote Catalan?
Answer: in public life and education

Question: Who recognized Catalan as a departmental language?
Answer: General Council of the Pyrénées-Orientales

Question: What language does the General Council want to promote?
Answer: Catalan
Catalan_language

The decline of Catalan continued in the 16th and 17th centuries. The Catalan defeat in the War of Spanish Succession (1714) initiated a series of measures imposing the use of Spanish in legal documentation.

Question: What declined in the 16th and 17th centuries?
Answer: Catalan

Question: Where did Catalan experience defeat?
Answer: War of Spanish Succession

Question: When was the war of Spanish Succession?
Answer: 1714

Question: What did the war in 1714 mandate as the proper language in documentation?
Answer: Spanish

Question: Who was defeated in the War of Spanish Succession?
Answer: Catalan
Catalan_language

In parallel, however, the 19th century saw a Catalan literary revival (Renaixença), which has continued up to the present day. This period starts with Aribau's Ode to the Homeland (1833); followed in the second half of the 19th century, and the early 20th by the work of Verdaguer (poetry), Oller (realist novel), and Guimerà (drama).

Question: What did the 19th century produce in Catalan literature?
Answer: revival

Question: What is Renaixenca?
Answer: Catalan literary revival

Question: When did Aribau write Ode to the Homeland?
Answer: 1833

Question: When did this revival period begin?
Answer: 1833

Question: In what century did Vedaguer, Oller, and Guimera wrte?
Answer: early 20th
Catalan_language

Since the Spanish transition to democracy (1975–1982), Catalan has been institutionalizated as an official language, language of education, and language of mass media; all of which have contributed to its increased prestige. In Catalonia, there is no parallel of a large, bilingual, European, non-state speech community. The teaching of Catalan is mandatory in all schools, but it is possible to use Spanish for studying in the public education system of Catalonia in two situations, if the teacher assigned to a class chooses to use Spanish, or during the learning process of one or some recently arrived students.  There is also some intergenerational shift towards Catalan.

Question: Since the transition what language has been proclaimed mandatory in schools?
Answer: Catalan

Question: Where is the teaching of Catalan mandatory?
Answer: in all schools

Question: Since the transition, what is the official language?
Answer: Catalan

Question: Besides as an official  and an educational language, where else is Catalan the prefered language?
Answer: mass media
Catalan_language

In Andorra, Catalan has always been the sole official language. Since the promulgation of the 1993 constitution, several Andorranization policies have been enforced, like Catalan medium education.

Question: Where has Catalan always been the only language?
Answer: Andorra

Question: When was the Andorran constitution produced?
Answer: 1993

Question: What policies are the Andorrans enforcing?
Answer: Andorranization policies

Question: What is an Andorran school policy?
Answer: Catalan medium education

Question: What is the only language of Andorra?
Answer: Catalan
Catalan_language

On the other hand, there are several language shift processes currently taking place. In Northern Catalonia, Catalan has followed the same trend as the other minority languages of France, with most of its native speakers being 60 or older (as of 2004). Catalan is studied as a foreign language by 30% of the primary education students, and by 15% of the secondary. The cultural association La Bressola promotes a network of community-run schools engaged in Catalan language immersion programs.

Question: What kind of  shifts are taking place in Catalan speaking areas?
Answer: language shift processes

Question: How old are most of the native language speakers in northern Catalonia?
Answer: 60 or older

Question: When was it determined that most native speakers in France are 60 or older?
Answer: 2004

Question: What percentage of primary students study Catalan as a foreign language?
Answer: 30%

Question: What do 15% of secondary school students study as a foreign language?
Answer: Catalan
Catalan_language

In the Alicante province Catalan is being replaced by Spanish, and in Alghero by Italian. There are also well ingrained diglossic attitudes against Catalan in the Valencian Community, Ibiza, and to a lesser extent, in the rest of the Balearic islands.

Question: What is Catalan being supplanted by in Alicante?
Answer: Spanish

Question: What is Catalan being replaced by in Alghero?
Answer: Italian

Question: What are the anti-Catalan attitudes in Valencia and Ibiza?
Answer: ingrained diglossic attitudes

Question: What is another expression for bilingual attitudes?
Answer: diglossic attitudes

Question: What is Spanish replacing in Alicante province?
Answer: Catalan
Catalan_language

Catalan bears varying degrees of similarity to the linguistic varieties subsumed under the cover term Occitan language (see also differences between Occitan and Catalan and Gallo-Romance languages). Thus, as it should be expected from closely related languages, Catalan today shares many traits with other Romance languages.

Question: What is Catalan a variety of?
Answer: Occitan language

Question: What are the degrees of similarity with Occitan and Gallo-Romance languages?
Answer: varying degrees

Question: What are there besides degrees of similarity with Occitan?
Answer: differences

Question: What does Catalan share with other Romance languages?
Answer: many traits

Question: Why does Catalan share many traits with other Romance languages?
Answer: closely related
Catalan_language

Catalan shares many traits with the other neighboring Romance languages (Italian, Sardinian, Occitan, and Spanish). However, despite being mostly situated in the Iberian Peninsula, Catalan has marked differences with the Ibero-Romance group (Spanish and Portuguese) in terms of pronunciation, grammar, and especially vocabulary; showing instead its closest affinity with Occitan and to a lesser extent Gallo-Romance (French, Franco-Provençal, Gallo-Italian).

Question: What does Catalan share with nearby Romance languages?
Answer: many traits

Question: Where is the Catalan language mostly located?
Answer: Iberian Peninsula

Question: In pronunciation what is Catalan different from?
Answer: Ibero-Romance group

Question: What are examples of Ibero-Romance languages?
Answer: Spanish and Portuguese

Question: To what group is Catalan most closely related?
Answer: Occitan
Catalan_language

According to Ethnologue, the lexical similarity between Catalan and other Romance languages is: 87% with Italian; 85% with Portuguese; 80% with Spanish; 76% with Ladin; 75% with Sardinian; and 73% with Romanian.

Question: What is the similarity between Catalan and Italian?
Answer: 87%

Question: Hoe similar is Catalan to Portuguese?
Answer: 85%

Question: What is the percent relationship of Catalan to Spanish?
Answer: 80%

Question: What is the relationship similarity to Ladin?
Answer: 76%

Question: How related is Sardinian to Catalan?
Answer: 75%
Catalan_language

During much of its history, and especially during the Francoist dictatorship (1939–1975), the Catalan language has often been degraded as a mere dialect of Spanish. This view, based on political and ideological considerations, has no linguistic validity. Spanish and Catalan have important differences in their sound systems, lexicon, and grammatical features, placing the language in a number of respects closer to Occitan (and French).

Question: What has Catalan often been considered?
Answer: dialect of Spanish

Question: During what dictatorship was Catalan considered a dialect?
Answer: Francoist
Catalan_language

There is evidence that, at least from the a.d. 2nd century, the vocabulary and phonology of Roman Tarraconensis was different from the rest of Roman Hispania. Differentiation has arisen generally because Spanish, Asturian, and Galician-Portuguese share certain peripheral archaisms (Spanish hervir, Asturian/Portuguese ferver vs. Catalan bullir, Occitan bolir "to boil") and innovatory regionalisms (Sp novillo, Ast nuviellu vs. Cat torell, Oc taurèl "bullock"), while Catalan has a shared history with the Western Romance innovative core, especially Occitan.

Question: What area was Roman Tarraconensis language different from?
Answer: rest of Roman Hispania

Question: What language branch did Catalan share a history with?
Answer: Occitan

Question: What is Occitan a branch of?
Answer: Western Romance
Catalan_language

The Germanic superstrate has had different outcomes in Spanish and Catalan. For example, Catalan fang "mud" and rostir "to roast", of Germanic origin, contrast with Spanish lodo and asar, of Latin origin; whereas Catalan filosa "spinning wheel" and pols "temple", of Latin origin, contrast with Spanish rueca and sien, of Germanic origin.

Question: What is the origin of language elements found in Catalan and not in Spanish?
Answer: Germanic

Question: What is the origin of some Spanish words?
Answer: Latin origin

Question: What has different results in Spanish and Catalan?
Answer: Germanic superstrate
Catalan_language

The same happens with Arabic loanwords. Thus, Catalan alfàbia "large earthenware jar" and rajola "tile", of Arabic origin, contrast with Spanish tinaja and teja, of Latin origin; whereas Catalan oli "oil" and oliva "olive", of Latin origin, contrast with Spanish aceite and aceituna. However, the Arabic element in Spanish is generally much more prevalent.

Question: What element in Spanish is more prominent than in Catalan?
Answer: Arabic element

Question: What language loanwords are found in both Spanish and Catalan?
Answer: Arabic loanwords

Question: In which language is the Arabic element stand out more?
Answer: Spanish

Question: Where does the Catalan word alfabia come from?
Answer: of Arabic origin

Question: What is the origin of the Spanish word teja?
Answer: Latin origin
Catalan_language

Situated between two large linguistic blocks (Ibero-Romance and Gallo-Romance), Catalan has many unique lexical choices, such as enyorar "to miss somebody", apaivagar "to calm down somebody", or rebutjar "reject".

Question: What are the linguistic blocks Catalan lies between?
Answer: Ibero-Romance and Gallo-Romance

Question: What kind of linguistic choices does Catalan have?
Answer: unique

Question: What type of unique choices does Catalan have?
Answer: lexical

Question: What is the Catalan to miss somebody?
Answer: enyorar
Catalan_language

These territories are sometimes referred to as the Països Catalans (Catalan Countries), a denomination based on cultural affinity and common heritage, that has also had a subsequent political interpretation but no official status. Various interpretations of the term may include some or all of these regions.

Question: What are the Paisos Catalans
Answer: Catalan Countries

Question: What is that determination based on?
Answer: cultural affinity and common heritage

Question: What status does Catalan Countries have?
Answer: no official status

Question: What is the interpretation of the term?
Answer: Various interpretations

Question: What is the term for Catalan Countries?
Answer: Països Catalans
Catalan_language

In contrast with other Romance languages, Catalan has many monosyllabic words; and those ending in a wide variety of consonants and some consonant clusters. Also, Catalan has final obstruent devoicing, thus featuring many couplets like amic "(male friend") vs. amiga ("female friend").

Question: How is Catalan different from other Romance languages?
Answer: many monosyllabic words

Question: What other type of endings do Catalan words have?
Answer: consonant clusters

Question: What kind of final devoicing does the language have?
Answer: obstruent

Question: What do many words feature?
Answer: couplets