Divyanshu67/squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
Copyright_infringement

Article 10 of the Berne Convention mandates that national laws provide for limitations to copyright, so that copyright protection does not extend to certain kinds of uses that fall under what the treaty calls "fair practice," including but not limited to minimal quotations used in journalism and education. The laws implementing these limitations and exceptions for uses that would otherwise be infringing broadly fall into the categories of either fair use or fair dealing. In common law systems, these fair practice statutes typically enshrine principles underlying many earlier judicial precedents, and are considered essential to freedom of speech.

Question: What does Article 10 of the Berne Convention call certain uses that limit copyright?
Answer: fair practice

Question: Where are minimal quotations commonly used?
Answer: journalism and education

Question: What categories do works that would normally be considered infringing fall into?
Answer: fair use or fair dealing

Question: What do these statutes represent?
Answer: principles underlying many earlier judicial precedents

Question: What are these statutes essential to?
Answer: freedom of speech

Question: What does Article 11 of the Berne Convention call certain uses that limit copyright?

Question: What does Article 10 of the Berne Convention not call certain uses that limit copyright?

Question: Where are maximum quotations commonly used?

Question: What categories do work that wouldn't normally be considered infringing fall into?

Question: What don't these statutes represent?
Copyright_infringement

Another example is the practice of compulsory licensing, which is where the law forbids copyright owners from denying a license for certain uses of certain kinds of works, such as compilations and live performances of music. Compulsory licensing laws generally say that for certain uses of certain works, no infringement occurs as long as a royalty, at a rate determined by law rather than private negotiation, is paid to the copyright owner or representative copyright collective. Some fair dealing laws, such as Canada's, include similar royalty requirements.

Question: What is it called when a law disallows copyright owners from denying a license for certain uses?
Answer: compulsory licensing

Question: What are two examples of this licensing?
Answer: compilations and live performances of music

Question: What happens if a royalty is paid to the copyright owner or representative?
Answer: no infringement occurs

Question: What country has fair dealing laws?
Answer: Canada

Question: What is it called when a law allows copyright owners from denying a license for certain uses?

Question: What is it called when a law disallows copyright owners from accepting a license for certain uses?

Question: What aren't two examples of this licensing?

Question: What happens if a royalty isn't paid to the copyright owner or representative?

Question: What country has no fair dealing laws?
Copyright_infringement

In Europe, the copyright infringement case Public Relations Consultants Association Ltd v Newspaper Licensing Agency Ltd had two prongs; one concerned whether a news aggregator service infringed the copyright of the news generators; the other concerned whether the temporary web cache created by the web browser of a consumer of the aggregator's service, also infringed the copyright of the news generators. The first prong was decided in favor of the news generators; in June 2014 the second prong was decided by the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU), which ruled that the temporary web cache of consumers of the aggregator did not infringe the copyright of the news generators.

Question: Where was the Public Relations Consultants Association Ltd v Newspaper Licensing Agency Ltd case contested?
Answer: Europe

Question: Whose copyright were news aggregators infringing on?
Answer: news generators

Question: When was the second part of the case decided?
Answer: June 2014

Question: What did the courts rule was NOT infringement?
Answer: temporary web cache of consumers

Question: Where was the Private Relations Consultants Association Ltd v Newspaper Licensing Agency Ltd case contested?

Question: Where was the Public Relations Consultants Association Ltd v Newspaper Licensing Agency Ltd case not contested?

Question: Whose copyright weren't news aggregators infringing on?

Question: When was the second part of the case undecided?

Question: What did the courts rule was infringement?
Copyright_infringement

In order to qualify for protection, a work must be an expression with a degree of originality, and it must be in a fixed medium, such as written down on paper or recorded digitally. The idea itself is not protected. That is, a copy of someone else's original idea is not infringing unless it copies that person's unique, tangible expression of the idea. Some of these limitations, especially regarding what qualifies as original, are embodied only in case law (judicial precedent), rather than in statutes.

Question: If a work must include a degree of originality, what else must it contain to be protected?
Answer: in a fixed medium

Question: What is NOT protected?
Answer: The idea itself

Question: What makes a copy of an original idea infringing?
Answer: it copies that person's unique, tangible expression of the idea

Question: What limitation is only embodied in case law, rather than statues?
Answer: what qualifies as original

Question: If a work must exclude a degree of originality, what else must it contain to be protected?

Question: If a work must include a degree of originality, what else mustn't it contain to be protected?

Question: What is protected?

Question: What makes a copy of an unoriginal idea infringing?

Question: What limitation is only embodied in case law, and also in statues?
Copyright_infringement

In the U.S., for example, copyright case law contains a substantial similarity requirement to determine whether the work was copied. Likewise, courts may require computer software to pass an Abstraction-Filtration-Comparison test (AFC Test) to determine if it is too abstract to qualify for protection, or too dissimilar to an original work to be considered infringing. Software-related case law has also clarified that the amount of R&D, effort and expense put into a work's creation doesn't affect copyright protection.

Question: Which country needs a similarity requirement to determine if the work was copied?
Answer: U.S.

Question: What test might courts require software to pass to determine if it is protected or infringing?
Answer: Abstraction-Filtration-Comparison test

Question: What has software case law determined about R&D, effort and expense put into creation?
Answer: doesn't affect copyright protection

Question: Which country needs a similarity requirement to determine if the work wasn't copied?

Question: Which country doesn't need a similarity requirement to determine if the work was copied?

Question: What test might courts require hardware to pass to determine if it is protected or infringing?

Question: What test might courts require software to pass to determine if it isn't protected or infringing?

Question: What has hardware case law determined about R&D, effort and expense put into creation?
Copyright_infringement

Corporations and legislatures take different types of preventative measures to deter copyright infringement, with much of the focus since the early 1990s being on preventing or reducing digital methods of infringement. Strategies include education, civil & criminal legislation, and international agreements, as well as publicizing anti-piracy litigation successes and imposing forms of digital media copy protection, such as controversial DRM technology and anti-circumvention laws, which limit the amount of control consumers have over the use of products and content they have purchased.

Question: Who takes different steps to prevent infringement?
Answer: Corporations and legislatures

Question: What is the major focus of these steps?
Answer: preventing or reducing digital methods of infringement

Question: What kinds of legislation are a strategy for preventing infringement?
Answer: civil & criminal

Question: What does DRM and anti-circumvention laws do?
Answer: limit the amount of control consumers have

Question: Who takes different steps to allow infringement?

Question: Who never takes different steps to prevent infringement?

Question: What is the minor focus of these steps?

Question: What kinds of legislation aren't a strategy for preventing infringement?

Question: What doesn't DRM and anti-circumvention laws do?
Copyright_infringement

Legislatures have reduced infringement by narrowing the scope of what is considered infringing. Aside from upholding international copyright treaty obligations to provide general limitations and exceptions, nations have enacted compulsory licensing laws applying specifically to digital works and uses. For example, in the U.S., the DMCA, an implementation of the 1996 WIPO Copyright Treaty, considers digital transmissions of audio recordings to be licensed as long as a designated copyright collective's royalty and reporting requirements are met. The DMCA also provides safe harbor for digital service providers whose users are suspected of copyright infringement, thus reducing the likelihood that the providers themselves will be considered directly infringing.

Question: How have governments lowered infringement rates?
Answer: narrowing the scope of what is considered infringing

Question: Besides upholding international treaty, what else have countries done specifically to digital works and uses?
Answer: enacted compulsory licensing laws

Question: What law in the US considers digital transmission of audio to be licensed if certain conditions are met?
Answer: DMCA

Question: What else does this law provide to service providers?
Answer: safe harbor

Question: Who does this law target?
Answer: providers whose users are suspected of copyright infringement

Question: How have governments increased infringement rates?

Question: Besides upholding international treaty, what else haven't countries done specifically to digital works and uses?

Question: What law in the UN considers digital transmission of audio to be licensed if certain conditions are met?

Question: What else doesn't this law provide to service providers?

Question: Who doesn't this law target?
Copyright_infringement

Some copyright owners voluntarily reduce the scope of what is considered infringement by employing relatively permissive, "open" licensing strategies: rather than privately negotiating license terms with individual users who must first seek out the copyright owner and ask for permission, the copyright owner publishes and distributes the work with a prepared license that anyone can use, as long as they adhere to certain conditions. This has the effect of reducing infringement – and the burden on courts – by simply permitting certain types of uses under terms that the copyright owner considers reasonable. Examples include free software licenses, like the GNU General Public License (GPL), and the Creative Commons licenses, which are predominantly applied to visual and literary works.

Question: What do some copyright owners do by reducing the scope of infringement?
Answer: employing relatively permissive, "open" licensing

Question: What must a user do under a prepared license?
Answer: adhere to certain conditions

Question: Besides lessening the burden on the courts, what is the effect of this license?
Answer: reducing infringement

Question: What is an example of a free software license?
Answer: GNU General Public License

Question: What works do Creative Commons licenses generally apply to?
Answer: visual and literary works

Question: What do some copyright owners do by increasing the scope of infringement?

Question: What mustn't a user do under a prepared license?

Question: Besides heightening the burden on the courts, what is the effect of this license?

Question: What is an example of a paid software license?

Question: What works do Creative Commons licenses generally not apply to?
Copyright_infringement

To prevent piracy of films, the standard drill of film distribution is to have a movie first released through movie theaters (theatrical window), on average approximately 16 and a half weeks, before having it released to Blu-Ray and DVD (entering its video window). During the theatrical window, digital versions of films are often transported in data storage devices by couriers rather than by data transmission. The data can be encrypted, with the key being made to work only at specific times in order to prevent leakage between screens. Coded Anti-Piracy marks can be added to films to identify the source of illegal copies and shut them down. As a result of these measures, the only versions of films available for piracy during the theatrical window are usually "cams" made by video recordings of the movie screens, which are of inferior quality compared to the original film version.

Question: How long is a movie typically released in theaters for?
Answer: approximately 16 and a half weeks

Question: During this time, how are digital versions of the movie transported in data storage devices?
Answer: by couriers

Question: What can be done to a movie to only allow it to show at certain times?
Answer: encrypted

Question: What can be coded to films to find the source of illegal copies?
Answer: Anti-Piracy marks can be added

Question: What inferior versions of movies are available for piracy during the theatrical run of a movie called?
Answer: "cams" made by video recordings of the movie screens

Question: How long is a movie atypically released in theaters for?

Question: During this time, how aren't digital versions of the movie transported in data storage devices?

Question: What can't be done to a movie to only allow it to show at certain times?

Question: What can be coded to films to find the source of legal copies?

Question: What superior versions of movies are available for piracy during the theatrical run of a movie called?
Copyright_infringement

The U.S. GAO's 2010 findings regarding the great difficulty of accurately gauging the economic impact of copyright infringement was reinforced within the same report by the body's research into three commonly cited estimates that had previously been provided to U.S. agencies. The GAO report explained that the sources – a Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) estimate, a Customs and Border Protection (CBP) press release and a Motor and Equipment Manufacturers Association estimate – "cannot be substantiated or traced back to an underlying data source or methodology."

Question: What 2010 body found how difficult it is to accurately report the financial impact of infringement?
Answer: U.S. GAO

Question: How many commanly cited estimates did the body report on?
Answer: three

Question: What did the FBI use as a source?
Answer: estimate

Question: What report said the data could not be substantiated or traced to a reliable data source?
Answer: GAO report

Question: What 2010 body found how easy it is to accurately report the financial impact of infringement?

Question: What 2010 body found how difficult it is to inaccurately report the financial impact of infringement?

Question: How many uncommonly cited estimates did the body report on?

Question: What didn't the FBI use as a source?

Question: What report said the data could be substantiated or traced to a reliable data source?
Copyright_infringement

According to a 2007 BSA and International Data Corporation (IDC) study, the five countries with the highest rates of software piracy were: 1. Armenia (93%); 2. Bangladesh (92%); 3. Azerbaijan (92%); 4. Moldova (92%); and 5. Zimbabwe (91%). According to the study's results, the five countries with the lowest piracy rates were: 1. U.S. (20%); 2. Luxembourg (21%); 3. New Zealand (22%); 4. Japan (23%); and 5. Austria (25%). The 2007 report showed that the Asia-Pacific region was associated with the highest amount of loss, in terms of U.S. dollars, with $14,090,000, followed by the European Union, with a loss of $12,383,000; the lowest amount of U.S. dollars was lost in the Middle East/Africa region, where $2,446,000 was documented.

Question: Who did a study in 2007 regarding the five countries with the highest rates of software piracy?
Answer: BSA and International Data Corporation

Question: Which country had the lowest rate of software piracy?
Answer: U.S.

Question: Which region had the highest loss?
Answer: Asia-Pacific

Question: How much did the EU lose?
Answer: $12,383,000

Question: Where was the lowest amount of U.S. dollars lost?
Answer: Middle East/Africa region

Question: Who did a study in 2000 regarding the five countries with the highest rates of software piracy?

Question: Who did a study in 2007 regarding the five cities with the highest rates of software piracy?

Question: Which country had the highest rate of hardware piracy?

Question: Which region had the highest gain?

Question: How much did the EU gain?
Copyright_infringement

In its 2011 report, conducted in partnership with IDC and Ipsos Public Affairs, the BSA stated: "Over half of the world's personal computer users – 57 percent – admit to pirating software." The ninth annual "BSA Global Software Piracy Study" claims that the "commercial value of this shadow market of pirated software" was worth US$63.4 billion in 2011, with the highest commercial value of pirated PC software existent in the U.S. during that time period (US$9,773,000). According to the 2011 study, Zimbabwe was the nation with the highest piracy rate, at 92%, while the lowest piracy rate was present in the U.S., at 19%.

Question: Who else did the BSA issues a report in 2011 with?
Answer: IDC and Ipsos Public Affairs

Question: What percentage of people admit to pirating software?
Answer: 57 percent

Question: What was the commercial value of pirated software in 2011?
Answer: US$63.4 billion

Question: What nation had the higest piracy rate?
Answer: Zimbabwe

Question: What was the U.S.'s piracy rate?
Answer: 19%

Question: Who else did the BSA issues a report in 2001 with?

Question: What percentage of people admit to pirating hardware?

Question: What was the commercial value of pirated hardware in 2011?

Question: What nation had the lowest nonpiracy rate?

Question: What was the U.N.'s piracy rate?
Copyright_infringement

In 2007, the Institute for Policy Innovation (IPI) reported that music piracy took $12.5 billion from the U.S. economy. According to the study, musicians and those involved in the recording industry are not the only ones who experience losses attributed to music piracy. Retailers have lost over a billion dollars, while piracy has resulted in 46,000 fewer production-level jobs and almost 25,000 retail jobs. The U.S. government was also reported to suffer from music piracy, losing $422 million in tax revenue.

Question: Who reported that piracy took $12.5 billion from the U.S. economy?
Answer: Institute for Policy Innovation

Question: How much money have retailers lost?
Answer: over a billion dollars

Question: How many production-level jobs were lost?
Answer: 46,000

Question: Which government lost $422 million in potential tax money?
Answer: U.S. government

Question: Who reported that piracy gained $12.5 billion for the U.S. economy?

Question: How much money have retailers made?

Question: How many production-level jobs were gained?

Question: How many production-level jobs weren't lost?

Question: Which government made $422 million in potential tax money?
Copyright_infringement

Professor Aram Sinnreich, in his book The Piracy Crusade, states that the connection between declining music sails and the creation of peer to peer file sharing sites such as Napster is tenuous, based on correlation rather than causation. He argues that the industry at the time was undergoing artificial expansion, what he describes as a "'perfect bubble'—a confluence of economic, political, and technological forces that drove the aggregate value of music sales to unprecedented heights at the end of the twentieth century".

Question: What book did Professor Aram Sinnreich write?
Answer: The Piracy Crusade

Question: What did Sinnreich call the link between lower music sales and peer-to-peer sharing site?
Answer: tenuous

Question: What was the industry going through?
Answer: artificial expansion

Question: What does he call the merging of economic, political and technological forces that drove the music industry?
Answer: perfect bubble

Question: What book did Professor Aram Sinnreich read?

Question: What book didn't Professor Aram Sinnreich write?

Question: What didn't Sinnreich call the link between lower music sales and peer-to-peer sharing site?

Question: What wasn't the industry going through?

Question: What doesn't he call the merging of economic, political and technological forces that drove the music industry?
Copyright_infringement

The 2011 Business Software Alliance Piracy Study Standard, estimates the total commercial value of illegally copied software to be at $59 billion in 2010, with emerging markets accounting for $31.9 billion, over half of the total. Furthermore, mature markets for the first time received less PC shipments than emerging economies in 2010, making emerging markets now responsible for more than half of all computers in use worldwide. In addition with software infringement rates of 68 percent comparing to 24 percent of mature markets, emerging markets thus possess the majority of the global increase in the commercial value of counterfeit software. China continues to have the highest commercial value of such software at $8.9 billion among developing countries and second in the world behind the US at $9.7 billion in 2011. In 2011, the Business Software Alliance announced that 83 percent of software deployed on PCs in Africa has been pirated (excluding South Africa).

Question: What was the estimated total value of pirated software in 2010?
Answer: $59 billion

Question: Who accounted for over half the total?
Answer: emerging markets

Question:  What did the established markets receive for the first time?
Answer: less PC shipments than emerging economies

Question: What country has the highest retail value of software?
Answer: China

Question: What percentage of software in Africa is illegal?
Answer: 83 percent

Question: What was the estimated total value of pirated software in 2000?

Question: What was the known total value of pirated software in 2010?

Question: Who accounted for less than half the total?

Question: What did the established markets receive for the last time?

Question: What country has the lowest retail value of software?
Greece

While most of mainland Greece and the Aegean islands was under Ottoman control by the end of the 15th century, Cyprus and Crete remained Venetian territory and did not fall to the Ottomans until 1571 and 1670 respectively. The only part of the Greek-speaking world that escaped long-term Ottoman rule was the Ionian Islands, which remained Venetian until their capture by the First French Republic in 1797, then passed to the United Kingdom in 1809 until their unification with Greece in 1864.[page needed]

Question: The Ottomans controlled what islands b y the end of the 15th century?
Answer: Aegean islands

Question: The Venetians had control of which two islands in the 15th century?
Answer: Cyprus and Crete

Question: The Ottomans took which islands from the Venetians?
Answer: Cyprus and Crete

Question: In what year were the Ionian Islands captured by the French?
Answer: 1797

Question: Who gained control of the Ionian Islands in 1809?
Answer: United Kingdom
Greece

After years of negotiation, three Great Powers, Russia, the United Kingdom and France, decided to intervene in the conflict and each nation sent a navy to Greece. Following news that combined Ottoman–Egyptian fleets were going to attack the Greek island of Hydra, the allied fleet intercepted the Ottoman–Egyptian fleet at Navarino. After a week-long standoff, a battle began which resulted in the destruction of the Ottoman–Egyptian fleet. A French expeditionary force was dispatched to supervise the evacuation of the Egyptian army from the Peloponnese, while the Greeks proceeded to the captured part of Central Greece by 1828. As a result of years of negotiation, the nascent Greek state was finally recognized under the London Protocol in 1830.

Question: What three countries sent their Navy to Greece?
Answer: Russia, the United Kingdom and France

Question: Which navy's ships intended to attack Hydra?
Answer: Ottoman–Egyptian

Question: Which navy won the battle of Hydra?
Answer: the allied fleet

Question: The recognition of a Greek state happened in what year?
Answer: 1830

Question: What was the agreement that recognized Greece as a state called?
Answer: London Protocol
Greece

Following the catastrophic events in Asia Minor, the monarchy was abolished via a referendum in 1924 and the Second Hellenic Republic was declared. Premier Georgios Kondylis took power in 1935 and effectively abolished the republic by bringing back the monarchy via a referendum in 1935. A coup d'état followed in 1936 and installed Ioannis Metaxas as the head of a dictatorial regime known as the 4th of August Regime. Although a dictatorship, Greece remained on good terms with Britain and was not allied with the Axis.

Question: The Greek Monarchy was abolished when?
Answer: 1924

Question: In 1924, what was established?
Answer: Second Hellenic Republic

Question: Who became the Greek leader in 1935?
Answer: Premier Georgios Kondylis

Question: The Greek monarchy was reestablished by who?
Answer: Premier Georgios Kondylis

Question: In what year did a coup take place and new dictatorship form?
Answer: 1936
Greece

Meanwhile, Andreas Papandreou founded the Panhellenic Socialist Movement (PASOK) in response to Karamanlis's conservative New Democracy party, with the two political formations alternating in government ever since. Greece rejoined NATO in 1980. Greece became the tenth member of the European Communities (subsequently subsumed by the European Union) on 1 January 1981, ushering in a period of sustained growth. Widespread investments in industrial enterprises and heavy infrastructure, as well as funds from the European Union and growing revenues from tourism, shipping and a fast-growing service sector raised the country's standard of living to unprecedented levels. Traditionally strained relations with neighbouring Turkey improved when successive earthquakes hit both nations in 1999, leading to the lifting of the Greek veto against Turkey's bid for EU membership.

Question: Who founded the PASOK?
Answer: Andreas Papandreou

Question: What does PASOK stand for?
Answer: Panhellenic Socialist Movement

Question: In what year did Greece rejoin NATO?
Answer: 1980

Question: Greece joined what later became the European Union when?
Answer: 1 January 1981

Question: Earthquakes hit both Greece and Turkey in which year?
Answer: 1999
Greece

In ancient times, Greece was the birthplace of Western culture. Modern democracies owe a debt to Greek beliefs in government by the people, trial by jury, and equality under the law. The ancient Greeks pioneered in many fields that rely on systematic thought, including biology, geometry, history, philosophy, physics and mathematics. They introduced such important literary forms as epic and lyric poetry, history, tragedy, and comedy. In their pursuit of order and proportion, the Greeks created an ideal of beauty that strongly influenced Western art.

Question: Ancient Greece was the birthplace of what?
Answer: Western culture

Question: What did Greece's political philosophy affect?
Answer: Modern democracies

Question: Greeks were pioneers in many scientific fields that require what?
Answer: systematic thought
Royal_Dutch_Shell

Shell was vertically integrated and is active in every area of the oil and gas industry, including exploration and production, refining, distribution and marketing, petrochemicals, power generation and trading. It has minor renewable energy activities in the form of biofuels and wind. It has operations in over 90 countries, produces around 3.1 million barrels of oil equivalent per day and has 44,000 service stations worldwide. Shell Oil Company, its subsidiary in the United States, is one of its largest businesses.

Question: In how many countries does Shell have operations?
Answer: over 90

Question: How many barrels of oil equivalent does Shell produce per day?
Answer: 3.1 million

Question: Shell has how many service stations worldwide?
Answer: 44,000

Question: What is the name of Shell's subsidiary in the United States?
Answer: Shell Oil Company

Question: Shell has minor renewable energy activities in which two areas?
Answer: biofuels and wind

Question: How many barrels of gas does Shell produce per day?

Question: How many service stations does Shell have in the US?

Question: What does Shell sell 3.1 million barrels of per day?

Question: How many countries does Shell have renewable energy activities in?

Question: Which aspect of the oil and gas industry is Shell not active in?
Royal_Dutch_Shell

In February 1907, the Royal Dutch Shell Group was created through the amalgamation of two rival companies: the Royal Dutch Petroleum Company of the Netherlands and the "Shell" Transport and Trading Company Ltd of the United Kingdom. It was a move largely driven by the need to compete globally with Standard Oil. The Royal Dutch Petroleum Company was a Dutch company founded in 1890 to develop an oilfield in Sumatra, and initially led by August Kessler, Hugo Loudon, and Henri Deterding. The "Shell" Transport and Trading Company (the quotation marks were part of the legal name) was a British company, founded in 1897 by Marcus Samuel, 1st Viscount Bearsted, and his brother Samuel Samuel. Their father had owned an antique company in Houndsditch, London, which expanded in 1833 to import and sell sea-shells, after which the company "Shell" took its name.

Question: The Royal Dutch Shell Group was created through the merger of which two rival companies?
Answer: the Royal Dutch Petroleum Company of the Netherlands and the "Shell" Transport and Trading Company Ltd of the United Kingdom

Question: What was the main reason for the creation of the Royal Dutch Shell Group?
Answer: the need to compete globally with Standard Oil

Question: In what year was the Royal Dutch Shell Group created?
Answer: 1907

Question: In what year was the Royal Dutch Petroleum Company founded?
Answer: 1890

Question: Why was the Royal Dutch Petroleum Company created?
Answer: to develop an oilfield in Sumatra

Question: What was August Kessler born?

Question: What was Hugo Loudon's brother?

Question: When was the Samuel brothers' father's antique company created?

Question: What was the name of Marcus Samuel's father's antique company?
Royal_Dutch_Shell

For various reasons, the new firm operated as a dual-listed company, whereby the merging companies maintained their legal existence, but operated as a single-unit partnership for business purposes. The terms of the merger gave 60 percent ownership of the new group to the Dutch arm and 40 percent to the British. National patriotic sensibilities would not permit a full-scale merger or takeover of either of the two companies. The Dutch company, Koninklijke Nederlandsche Petroleum Maatschappij, was in charge at The Hague of production and manufacture. A British company was formed, called the Anglo-Saxon Petroleum Company, based in London, to direct the transport and storage of the products.

Question: What percent of ownership did the merger award the Dutch branch?
Answer: 60

Question: What prevented a full-scale merger of the two companies?
Answer: National patriotic sensibilities

Question: What was the primary function of the Anglo-Saxon Petroleum Company?
Answer: to direct the transport and storage of the products

Question: The new firm operated as what type of company?
Answer: a dual-listed company

Question: What percent of ownership of the new company was awarded to the British?
Answer: 40

Question: What encouraged a full-scale merger of the two companies?

Question: What british company was in charge at The Hague?

Question: What city were both branches of the new firm located in?

Question: What was the name of the Dutch company in charge of transportation and storage?

Question: Why did the two companies function as a dual-unit partnership for business purposes?
Royal_Dutch_Shell

In November 2004, following a period of turmoil caused by the revelation that Shell had been overstating its oil reserves, it was announced that the Shell Group would move to a single capital structure, creating a new parent company to be named Royal Dutch Shell plc, with its primary listing on the London Stock Exchange, a secondary listing on the Amsterdam Stock Exchange, its headquarters and tax residency in The Hague, Netherlands and its registered office in London. The unification was completed on 20 July 2005 and the original owners delisted their companies from the respective exchanges. On 20 July 2005, the Shell Transport & Trading Company plc was delisted from the LSE, where as, Royal Dutch Petroleum Company from NYSE on 18 November 2005. The shares of the company were issued at a 60/40 advantage for the shareholders of Royal Dutch in line with the original ownership of the Shell Group.

Question: In what year was it announced that the Shell Group would move to a single capital structure?
Answer: 2004

Question: What was the name of the Shell Group's new parent company?
Answer: Royal Dutch Shell plc

Question: On what exchange was the Shell Group's new parent company primarily listed?
Answer: the London Stock Exchange

Question: Where was the Royal Dutch Shell plc headquartered?
Answer: The Hague, Netherlands

Question: What was the cause of the period of turmoil prior to the announcement that the Shell Group would move to a single capital structure?
Answer: the revelation that Shell had been overstating its oil reserves

Question: When was it discovered Shell had been overstating its oil reserves?

Question: When was Shell listed on the LSE?

Question: When was Royal Dutch Petroleum added to the NYSE?

Question: Contrary to the original ownership, shareholders were given what disadvantage of the Shell group?

Question: What Netherlands city housed the registered office?
Royal_Dutch_Shell

In February 2010 Shell and Cosan formed a 50:50 joint-venture, Raízen, comprising all of Cosan's Brazilian ethanol, energy generation, fuel distribution and sugar activities, and all of Shell's Brazilian retail fuel and aviation distribution businesses. In March 2010, Shell announced the sale of some of its assets, including its liquid petroleum gas (LPG) business, to meet the cost of a planned $28bn capital spending programme. Shell invited buyers to submit indicative bids, due by 22 March, with a plan to raise $2–3bn from the sale. In June 2010, Royal Dutch Shell agreed to acquire all the business of East Resources for a cash consideration of $4.7 billion. The transaction included East Resources' tight gas fields.

Question: In what year did Shell and Cosan form a 50:50 joint venture?
Answer: 2010

Question: What was the name of the 50:50 joint venture formed by Shell and Cosan?
Answer: Raízen

Question: Why did Shell sell some of its assets in March 2010?
Answer: to meet the cost of a planned $28bn capital spending programme

Question: How much did Shell plan to raise from the sale of its assets?
Answer: $2–3bn

Question: Royal Dutch Shell agreed to acquire all the business of what entity in June 2010?
Answer: East Resources

Question: Who did Shell split with in 2010?

Question: When did Shell form a joint venture with Raizen?

Question: How much were the East Resources' gas fields worth?

Question: How much was Shell's liquid petroleum gas business worth?

Question: What did Shell buy from Cosan for $4.7 million?
Royal_Dutch_Shell

Over the course of 2013, the corporation began the sale of its US shale gas assets and cancelled a US$20 billion gas project that was to be constructed in the US state of Louisiana. A new CEO Ben van Beurden was appointed in January 2014, prior to the announcement that the corporation's overall performance in 2013 was 38 per cent lower than 2012—the value of Shell's shares fell by 3 per cent as a result. Following the sale of the majority of its Australian assets in February 2014, the corporation plans to sell a further US$15 billion worth of assets in the period leading up to 2015, with deals announced in Australia, Brazil and Italy.

Question: Which assets did the corporation begin to sell in 2013?
Answer: US shale gas

Question: What was the value of the cancelled gas project that was to be contstructed in Louisiana?
Answer: US$20 billion

Question: The appointment of a new CEO in 2014 came prior to what announcement?
Answer: the corporation's overall performance in 2013 was 38 per cent lower than 2012

Question: In what year did the corporation sell the majority of its Australian assets?
Answer: 2014

Question: What was the value of assets the corporation planned to sell leading up to 2015?
Answer: US$15 billion

Question: Who was the CEO in 2013?

Question: How much was the 2013 sale of US shale gas assets worth?

Question: Where did Shell begin selling US shale gas assets?

Question: How much higher was the company's performance in 2013?

Question: What is the worth of the Australian assets Shell sold in US dollars?
Royal_Dutch_Shell

The presence of companies like Shell in the Niger-Delta has led to extreme environmental issues in the Niger Delta. Many pipelines in the Niger-Delta owned by Shell are old and corroded. Shell has acknowledged its responsibility for keeping the pipelines new but has also denied responsibility for environmental causes. This has led to mass protests from the Niger-Delta inhabitants and Amnesty International against Shell and Friends of the Earth Netherlands. It has also led to action plans to boycott Shell by environmental groups, and human rights groups. In January 2013, a Dutch court rejected four out of five allegations brought against the firm over oil pollution in the Niger Delta but found a subsidiary guilty of one case of pollution, ordering compensation to be paid to a Nigerian farmer.

Question: What is a cause of severe environmental issues in the Niger Delta?
Answer: The presence of companies like Shell

Question: Many pipelines owned by Shell in the Niger Delta are described as what?
Answer: old and corroded

Question: Shell has accepted responsibility for keeping its pipelines in what condition?
Answer: new

Question: In contrast to its acceptance of responsibility for keeping the pipelines new, Shell has denied what?
Answer: responsibility for environmental causes

Question: Environmental and human rights groups have created action plans to do what?
Answer: boycott Shell

Question: Where has Shell tried to keep its pipelines in pristine conditions?

Question: When did Friends of the Earth begin protesting Shell?

Question: How many allegations did the Dutch court approve?

Question: Who did Amnesty International have to pay for one count of pollution?

Question: When did Shell acknowledge responsibility for the environmental issues?
Royal_Dutch_Shell

The name Shell is linked to The "Shell" Transport and Trading Company. In 1833, the founder's father, Marcus Samuel, founded an import business to sell seashells to London collectors. When collecting seashell specimens in the Caspian Sea area in 1892, the younger Samuel realised there was potential in exporting lamp oil from the region and commissioned the world's first purpose-built oil tanker, the Murex (Latin for a type of snail shell), to enter this market; by 1907 the company had a fleet. Although for several decades the company had a refinery at Shell Haven on the Thames, there is no evidence of this having provided the name.

Question: The name Shell is connected to what company?
Answer: The "Shell" Transport and Trading Company

Question: What was the purpose of the created of The "Shell" Transport and Trading Company?
Answer: to sell seashells to London collectors

Question: What did the younger founder of The "Shell" Transport and Trading company discover while collecting seashell specimens in the Caspian Sea area?
Answer: there was potential in exporting lamp oil from the region

Question: By what year did the company have a fleet of oil tankers operating in the Caspian Sea region?
Answer: 1907

Question: The company operated a refinery on what river for several decades?
Answer: Thames

Question: Where was the Murex built?

Question: When was the refinery at Shell Haven built?

Question: What river did Marcus collect shells from in 1907?

Question: When was Marcus Samuel born?

Question: How long did the younger Samuel collect specimens from the Caspian Sea?
Royal_Dutch_Shell

Shell's primary business is the management of a vertically integrated oil company. The development of technical and commercial expertise in all stages of this vertical integration, from the initial search for oil (exploration) through its harvesting (production), transportation, refining and finally trading and marketing established the core competencies on which the company was founded. Similar competencies were required for natural gas, which has become one of the most important businesses in which Shell is involved, and which contributes a significant proportion of the company's profits. While the vertically integrated business model provided significant economies of scale and barriers to entry, each business now seeks to be a self-supporting unit without subsidies from other parts of the company.

Question: What is Shell's primary business?
Answer: the management of a vertically integrated oil company

Question: The development of what two types of exptertise established the core competencies on which the company was founded?
Answer: technical and commercial

Question: One of the most important business in which Shell is involved is what?
Answer: natural gas

Question: Each business now seeks to become what type of unit?
Answer: self-supporting

Question: The business model that provided significant economies of scale and barriers to entry is called what?
Answer: vertically integrated

Question: What is the least important business for Shell?

Question: What did self-supporting units provide for the company?

Question: What types of expertise have been removed from the business?

Question: Which stage does not require technical and commercial expertise?

Question: What company is moving away from having self-supported units?
Royal_Dutch_Shell

Traditionally, Shell was a heavily decentralised business worldwide (especially in the downstream) with companies in over 100 countries, each of which operated with a high degree of independence. The upstream tended to be far more centralised with much of the technical and financial direction coming from the central offices in The Hague. Nevertheless, there were very large "exploration and production" companies in a few major oil and gas production centres such as the United Kingdom (Shell Expro, a Joint Venture with Exxon), Nigeria, Brunei, and Oman.

Question: Shell was traditionally considered what type of business worldwide?
Answer: heavily decentralised

Question: Shell operated companies in how many countries?
Answer: over 100

Question: A good deal of technical and financial direction for the upstream came from what entity?
Answer: the central offices in The Hague

Question: What types of companies existed in a few major oil and gas production centers?
Answer: "exploration and production"

Question: How many centralised businesses does Shell have?

Question: Where did much of the direction come for the downstream come from?

Question: What production centre was located in Nigeria?

Question: How many countries were large exploration and production companies in?

Question: What company did Shell partner with in Brunei for the joint venture Shell Expro?
Royal_Dutch_Shell

Downstream operations, which now also includes the chemicals business, generates a third of Shell's profits worldwide and is known for its global network of more than 40,000 petrol stations and its 47 oil refineries. The downstream business, which in some countries also included oil refining, generally included a retail petrol station network, lubricants manufacture and marketing, industrial fuel and lubricants sales and a host of other product/market sectors such as LPG and bitumen. The practice in Shell was that these businesses were essentially local and that they were best managed by local "operating companies" – often with middle and senior management reinforced by expatriates. In the 1990s, this paradigm began to change, and the independence of operating companies around the world was gradually reduced. Today, virtually all of Shell's operations in various businesses are much more directly managed from London and The Hague. The autonomy of "operating companies" has been largely removed, as more "global businesses" have been created.

Question: Downstream operations currently includes what type of business?
Answer: chemicals

Question: Downstream operations produces what percent of Shell's profits worldwide?
Answer: a third

Question: How many petrol stationsare included in Shell's downstream operations global network?
Answer: more than 40,000

Question: Prior to the 1990s, Shell's downstream businesses were essentially considered what kind of businesses?
Answer: local

Question: In what way did the business paradigm of Shell's downstream operations begin to change?
Answer: the independence of operating companies around the world was gradually reduced

Question: How much of Shell's profits did Downstream account for in 1990?

Question: When did Shell switch to treating businesses as local, independent companies?

Question: How many oil refineries does Shell have?

Question: How many total petrol stations does Shell have?

Question: How many of Shell's operations are controlled in London instead of Hague?
Royal_Dutch_Shell

In April 2010, Shell announced its intention to divest from downstream business of all African countries except South Africa and Egypt to Vitol and "Helios". In several countries such as Tunisia, protests and strikes broke out. Shell denied rumours of the sellout. Shell continues however upstream activities/extracting crude oil in the oil-rich Niger Delta as well as downstream/commercial activities in South Africa. In June 2013, the company announced a strategic review of its operations in Nigeria, hinting that assets could be divested. In August 2014, the company disclosed it was in the process of finalizing the sale of its interests in four Nigerian oil fields.

Question: What did Shell announce in April 2010?
Answer: its intention to divest from downstream business of all African countries except South Africa and Egypt to Vitol and "Helios"

Question: What happened in several countries in response to Shell's April 2010 announcement?
Answer: protests and strikes broke out

Question: In June 2013, Shell announced a review of its operations in which country?
Answer: Nigeria

Question: In August 2014, Shell announced it was in the process of doing what?
Answer: finalizing the sale of its interests in four Nigerian oil fields.

Question: What did Shell indicate was a reason for the strategic review of operations in Nigeria?
Answer: assets could be divested

Question: What did Shell switch from South Africa and Egypt to?

Question: When did protests break out in South Africa?

Question: How many Egyptian fields did Shell sell in 2014?

Question: Where did Shell divest its upstream activities from?

Question: When did the company announce a review of South Africa?