Divyanshu67/squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
Yale_University

Yale has a history of difficult and prolonged labor negotiations, often culminating in strikes. There have been at least eight strikes since 1968, and The New York Times wrote that Yale has a reputation as having the worst record of labor tension of any university in the U.S. Yale's unusually large endowment exacerbates the tension over wages. Moreover, Yale has been accused of failing to treat workers with respect. In a 2003 strike, however, the university claimed that more union employees were working than striking. Professor David Graeber was 'retired' after he came to the defense of a student who was involved in campus labor issues.

Question: How many strikes has Yale had since 1968?
Answer: at least eight

Question: What are The New York Times' views on Yale's labor tension?
Answer: the worst record of labor tension of any university in the U.S.

Question: What professor was retired in a 2003 labor strike?
Answer: Professor David Graeber

Question: Why was Professor David Graeber retired during the strike?
Answer: he came to the defense of a student who was involved in campus labor issues.

Question: What adds to the tensions during wage considerations?
Answer: Yale's unusually large endowment

Question: How many strikes has Yale had since 1986?

Question: What are The New Jersey Times' views on Yale's labor tension?

Question: What professor was retired in a 2013 labor strike?

Question: Why was Professor David Graeber hired during the strike?

Question: What eases the tensions during wage considerations?
Yale_University

Yale's central campus in downtown New Haven covers 260 acres (1.1 km2) and comprises its main, historic campus and a medical campus adjacent to the Yale-New Haven Hospital. In western New Haven, the university holds 500 acres (2.0 km2) of athletic facilities, including the Yale Golf Course. In 2008, Yale purchased the 136-acre (0.55 km2) former Bayer Pharmaceutical campus in West Haven, Connecticut, the buildings of which are now used as laboratory and research space. Yale also owns seven forests in Connecticut, Vermont, and New Hampshire—the largest of which is the 7,840-acre (31.7 km2) Yale-Myers Forest in Connecticut's Quiet Corner—and nature preserves including Horse Island.

Question: Where does Yale own 500 acres of athletic facilities?
Answer: western New Haven

Question: What campus did Yale buy in 2008?
Answer: former Bayer Pharmaceutical campus

Question: What is the former Bayer Pharmaceutical campus used for?
Answer: laboratory and research space

Question: How many forests does Yale own?
Answer: seven

Question: How big is the largest forest in Yale's possession?
Answer: 7,840-acre

Question: Where does Yale own 5000 acres of athletic facilities?

Question: What campus did Yale buy in 2009?

Question: What is the current Bayer Pharmaceutical campus used for?

Question: How many forests doesn't Yale own?

Question: How big is the smallest forest in Yale's possession?
Yale_University

Yale is noted for its largely Collegiate Gothic campus as well as for several iconic modern buildings commonly discussed in architectural history survey courses: Louis Kahn's Yale Art Gallery and Center for British Art, Eero Saarinen's Ingalls Rink and Ezra Stiles and Morse Colleges, and Paul Rudolph's Art & Architecture Building. Yale also owns and has restored many noteworthy 19th-century mansions along Hillhouse Avenue, which was considered the most beautiful street in America by Charles Dickens when he visited the United States in the 1840s. In 2011, Travel+Leisure listed the Yale campus as one of the most beautiful in the United States.

Question: Who called Hillhouse Avenue the most beautiful street in America in the 1840's?
Answer: Charles Dickens

Question: Who listed Yale as one of the most beautiful campuses in the United States?
Answer: Travel+Leisure

Question: What is Yale largely known for?
Answer: Collegiate Gothic campus

Question: When did Travel + Leisure list Yale as one of the most beautiful campuses?
Answer: 2011

Question: Who called Hillhouse Avenue the most beautiful street in America in the 1940's?

Question: Who listed Yale as one of the least beautiful campuses in the United States?

Question: What is Yale largely unknown for?

Question: What is Yale lesser known for?

Question: When did Travel + Leisure list Yale as one of the least beautiful campuses?
Yale_University

Many of Yale's buildings were constructed in the Collegiate Gothic architecture style from 1917 to 1931, financed largely by Edward S. Harkness Stone sculpture built into the walls of the buildings portray contemporary college personalities such as a writer, an athlete, a tea-drinking socialite, and a student who has fallen asleep while reading. Similarly, the decorative friezes on the buildings depict contemporary scenes such as policemen chasing a robber and arresting a prostitute (on the wall of the Law School), or a student relaxing with a mug of beer and a cigarette. The architect, James Gamble Rogers, faux-aged these buildings by splashing the walls with acid, deliberately breaking their leaded glass windows and repairing them in the style of the Middle Ages, and creating niches for decorative statuary but leaving them empty to simulate loss or theft over the ages. In fact, the buildings merely simulate Middle Ages architecture, for though they appear to be constructed of solid stone blocks in the authentic manner, most actually have steel framing as was commonly used in 1930. One exception is Harkness Tower, 216 feet (66 m) tall, which was originally a free-standing stone structure. It was reinforced in 1964 to allow the installation of the Yale Memorial Carillon.

Question: Who financed a large chunk of the architecture from 1917 to 1931
Answer: Edward S. Harkness

Question: What do the stone statues on Yale's campus depict?
Answer: a writer, an athlete, a tea-drinking socialite, and a student who has fallen asleep while reading

Question: What do the decorative friezes on the buildings show?
Answer: contemporary scenes

Question: How did James Gamble Rogers faux age the buildings?
Answer: splashing the walls with acid

Question: How did James Gamble Rogers faux age the windows?
Answer: breaking their leaded glass windows and repairing them in the style of the Middle Ages

Question: Who financed a large chunk of the architecture from 1817 to 1931

Question: What don't the stone statues on Yale's campus depict?

Question: What don't the decorative friezes on the buildings show?

Question: How didn't James Gamble Rogers really age the buildings?

Question: How didn't James Gamble Rogers faux age the windows?
Yale_University

Other examples of the Gothic (also called neo-Gothic and collegiate Gothic) style are on Old Campus by such architects as Henry Austin, Charles C. Haight and Russell Sturgis. Several are associated with members of the Vanderbilt family, including Vanderbilt Hall, Phelps Hall, St. Anthony Hall (a commission for member Frederick William Vanderbilt), the Mason, Sloane and Osborn laboratories, dormitories for the Sheffield Scientific School (the engineering and sciences school at Yale until 1956) and elements of Silliman College, the largest residential college.

Question: What architects have buildings in the Yale Old Campus?
Answer: Henry Austin, Charles C. Haight and Russell Sturgis

Question: What is the largest residential college?
Answer: Silliman College

Question: Which school was used as the engineering and sciences school until 1956?
Answer: Sheffield Scientific School

Question: What are some other terms for the gothic style buildings in the Old Campus at Yale?
Answer: neo-Gothic and collegiate Gothic

Question: What architects have buildings in the Yale New Campus?

Question: What is the smallest residential college?

Question: What is the largest industrial college?

Question: Which school was used as the engineering and sciences school until 1965?

Question: What are some other terms for the gothic style buildings in the New Campus at Yale?
Yale_University

Alumnus Eero Saarinen, Finnish-American architect of such notable structures as the Gateway Arch in St. Louis, Washington Dulles International Airport main terminal, Bell Labs Holmdel Complex and the CBS Building in Manhattan, designed Ingalls Rink at Yale and the newest residential colleges of Ezra Stiles and Morse. These latter were modelled after the medieval Italian hilltown of San Gimignano – a prototype chosen for the town's pedestrian-friendly milieu and fortress-like stone towers. These tower forms at Yale act in counterpoint to the college's many Gothic spires and Georgian cupolas.

Question: Who created the Gateway Arch in St. Louis?
Answer: Alumnus Eero Saarinen

Question: What airport was designed by Alumnus Eero Saarinen?
Answer: Washington Dulles International Airport main terminal

Question: What did Alumnus Eero Saarinen use for inspiration for Ingalls Rink at Yale?
Answer: the medieval Italian hilltown of San Gimignano

Question: What counterpoints Yale's gothic towers?
Answer: fortress-like stone towers

Question: Of what nationality is Alumnus Eero Saarinen?
Answer: Finnish-American

Question: Who destroyed the Gateway Arch in St. Louis?

Question: What airport wasn't designed by Alumnus Eero Saarinen?

Question: What did Alumnus Eero Saarinen not use for inspiration for Ingalls Rink at Yale?

Question: What counterpoints Yale's hectic towers?

Question: Of what nationality isn't Alumnus Eero Saarinen?
Yale_University

Yale's Office of Sustainability develops and implements sustainability practices at Yale. Yale is committed to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions 10% below 1990 levels by the year 2020. As part of this commitment, the university allocates renewable energy credits to offset some of the energy used by residential colleges. Eleven campus buildings are candidates for LEED design and certification. Yale Sustainable Food Project initiated the introduction of local, organic vegetables, fruits, and beef to all residential college dining halls. Yale was listed as a Campus Sustainability Leader on the Sustainable Endowments Institute’s College Sustainability Report Card 2008, and received a "B+" grade overall.

Question: Who creates sustainability practices at Yale?
Answer: Yale's Office of Sustainability

Question: By what percent is Yale committed to reducing greenhouse gas emissions below 1990 levels by the year 2020?
Answer: 10%

Question: How many campus buildings are candidates for LEED design and certification?
Answer: Eleven

Question: What project is bringing organic food to all of Yale's residential college dining areas?
Answer: Yale Sustainable Food Project

Question: What grade did Yale get on their Sustainable Endowments Institute's College Sustainability Report Card 2008?
Answer: B+

Question: Who rejects sustainability practices at Yale?

Question: By what percent is Yale committed to reducing greenhouse gas emissions below 1990 levels by the year 2030?

Question: How many campus buildings are candidates for ELED design and certification?

Question: What project is bringing inorganic food to all of Yale's residential college dining areas?

Question: What grade did Yale get on their Sustainable Endowments Institute's College Sustainability Report Card 2018?
Yale_University

Yale's secret society buildings (some of which are called "tombs") were built both to be private yet unmistakable. A diversity of architectural styles is represented: Berzelius, Donn Barber in an austere cube with classical detailing (erected in 1908 or 1910); Book and Snake, Louis R. Metcalfe in a Greek Ionic style (erected in 1901); Elihu, architect unknown but built in a Colonial style (constructed on an early 17th-century foundation although the building is from the 18th century); Mace and Chain, in a late colonial, early Victorian style (built in 1823). Interior moulding is said to have belonged to Benedict Arnold; Manuscript Society, King Lui-Wu with Dan Kniley responsible for landscaping and Josef Albers for the brickwork intaglio mural. Building constructed in a mid-century modern style; Scroll and Key, Richard Morris Hunt in a Moorish- or Islamic-inspired Beaux-Arts style (erected 1869–70); Skull and Bones, possibly Alexander Jackson Davis or Henry Austin in an Egypto-Doric style utilizing Brownstone (in 1856 the first wing was completed, in 1903 the second wing, 1911 the Neo-Gothic towers in rear garden were completed); St. Elmo, (former tomb) Kenneth M. Murchison, 1912, designs inspired by Elizabethan manor. Current location, brick colonial; Shabtai, 1882, the Anderson Mansion built in the Second Empire architectural style; and Wolf's Head, Bertram Grosvenor Goodhue (erected 1923-4).

Question: What is another term for some of Yale's secret society buildings?
Answer: tombs

Question: Who is the interior moulding of the Mace and Chain building rumored to have belonged to?
Answer: Benedict Arnold

Question: Who was responsible for landscaping the Manuscript Society building?
Answer: Dan Kniley

Question: Who was the architect for St. Elmo?
Answer: Kenneth M. Murchison

Question: Who was the architect behind the Manuscript Society building?
Answer: King Lui-Wu

Question: What is another term for some of Yale's public society buildings?

Question: Who is the exterior moulding of the Mace and Chain building rumored to have belonged to?

Question: Who was unresponsible for landscaping the Manuscript Society building?

Question: Who wasn't the architect for St. Elmo?

Question: Who wasn't the architect behind the Manuscript Society building?
Yale_University

Several campus safety strategies have been pioneered at Yale. The first campus police force was founded at Yale in 1894, when the university contracted city police officers to exclusively cover the campus. Later hired by the university, the officers were originally brought in to quell unrest between students and city residents and curb destructive student behavior. In addition to the Yale Police Department, a variety of safety services are available including blue phones, a safety escort, and 24-hour shuttle service.

Question: When were the first campus police formed at Yale?
Answer: 1894

Question: Who were the the first campus police composed of?
Answer: city police officers

Question: Why was the campus police established?
Answer: quell unrest between students and city residents

Question: What other safety measures are available at Yale besides campus police?
Answer: blue phones, a safety escort, and 24-hour shuttle service.

Question: When were the last campus police formed at Yale?

Question: When were the first campus police fired at Yale?

Question: Who were the the last campus police composed of?

Question: Why was the campus police disbanded?

Question: What other safety measures are unavailable at Yale besides campus police?
Yale_University

Through its program of need-based financial aid, Yale commits to meet the full demonstrated financial need of all applicants. Most financial aid is in the form of grants and scholarships that do not need to be paid back to the university, and the average need-based aid grant for the Class of 2017 was $46,395. 15% of Yale College students are expected to have no parental contribution, and about 50% receive some form of financial aid. About 16% of the Class of 2013 had some form of student loan debt at graduation, with an average debt of $13,000 among borrowers.

Question: What kind of system is Yale's financial aid?
Answer: need-based

Question: How is most financial aid obtained at Yale?
Answer: grants and scholarships

Question: What was the average need of financial aid at Yale for the Class of 2017?
Answer: $46,395

Question: What percent of students at Yale are thought to have no parental help?
Answer: 15%

Question: What was the average debt of student loan borrowers from the class of 2013?
Answer: $13,000

Question: What kind of system isn't Yale's financial aid?

Question: How is least financial aid obtained at Yale?

Question: What was the average need of financial aid at Yale for the Class of 2007?

Question: What percent of students at Yale are thought to have all parental help?

Question: What was the average debt of student loan borrowers from the class of 2003?
Yale_University

Rare books are found in several Yale collections. The Beinecke Rare Book Library has a large collection of rare books and manuscripts. The Harvey Cushing/John Hay Whitney Medical Library includes important historical medical texts, including an impressive collection of rare books, as well as historical medical instruments. The Lewis Walpole Library contains the largest collection of 18th‑century British literary works. The Elizabethan Club, technically a private organization, makes its Elizabethan folios and first editions available to qualified researchers through Yale.

Question: Where would one find a collection of historical medical equipment?
Answer: The Harvey Cushing/John Hay Whitney Medical Library

Question: What library contains the biggest assortment of 18th century British literary works?
Answer: The Lewis Walpole Library

Question: Where can qualified researchers obtain Elizabethan folios? 
Answer: The Elizabethan Club

Question: What library has a vast assortment of rare books and manuscripts?
Answer: The Beinecke Rare Book Library

Question: Where would no one find a collection of historical medical equipment?

Question: What library contains the smallest assortment of 18th century British literary works?

Question: Where can unqualified researchers obtain Elizabethan folios?

Question: Where can qualified researchers lose Elizabethan folios?

Question: What library has a tiny assortment of rare books and manuscripts?
Yale_University

Yale's museum collections are also of international stature. The Yale University Art Gallery, the country's first university-affiliated art museum, contains more than 180,000 works, including Old Masters and important collections of modern art, in the Swartout and Kahn buildings. The latter, Louis Kahn's first large-scale American work (1953), was renovated and reopened in December 2006. The Yale Center for British Art, the largest collection of British art outside of the UK, grew from a gift of Paul Mellon and is housed in another Kahn-designed building.

Question: What is the name of the country's first university partnered art museum?
Answer: The Yale University Art Gallery

Question: How many items are in The Yale University Art Gallery?
Answer: more than 180,000

Question: Where is the largest center for British art, UK not included?
Answer: The Yale Center for British Art

Question: Whose contributions started The Yale Center for British Art?
Answer: Paul Mellon

Question: Who designed the building for The Yale Center for British Art?
Answer: Louis Kahn

Question: What is the name of the country's last university partnered art museum?

Question: How many items aren't in The Yale University Art Gallery?

Question: Where is the smallest center for British art, UK not included?

Question: Who re-designed the building for The Yale Center for British Art?

Question: Whose contributions ended The Yale Center for British Art?
Yale_University

Yale's English and Comparative Literature departments were part of the New Criticism movement. Of the New Critics, Robert Penn Warren, W.K. Wimsatt, and Cleanth Brooks were all Yale faculty. Later, the Yale Comparative literature department became a center of American deconstruction. Jacques Derrida, the father of deconstruction, taught at the Department of Comparative Literature from the late seventies to mid-1980s. Several other Yale faculty members were also associated with deconstruction, forming the so-called "Yale School". These included Paul de Man who taught in the Departments of Comparative Literature and French, J. Hillis Miller, Geoffrey Hartman (both taught in the Departments of English and Comparative Literature), and Harold Bloom (English), whose theoretical position was always somewhat specific, and who ultimately took a very different path from the rest of this group. Yale's history department has also originated important intellectual trends. Historians C. Vann Woodward and David Brion Davis are credited with beginning in the 1960s and 1970s an important stream of southern historians; likewise, David Montgomery, a labor historian, advised many of the current generation of labor historians in the country. Yale's Music School and Department fostered the growth of Music Theory in the latter half of the 20th century. The Journal of Music Theory was founded there in 1957; Allen Forte and David Lewin were influential teachers and scholars.

Question: Which of the New Critics were staffed at Yale?
Answer: Robert Penn Warren, W.K. Wimsatt, and Cleanth Brooks

Question: Who is known as the father of deconstruction?
Answer: Jacques Derrida

Question: Where did Jacques Derrida teach from the late 1970's to mid 1980's?
Answer: Department of Comparative Literature

Question: Which Yale staffed labor historian advised other younger labor historians?
Answer: David Montgomery

Question: When was The Journal of Music Theory founded?
Answer: 1957

Question: Which of the Old Critics were staffed at Yale?

Question: Who is known as the mother of deconstruction?

Question: Where did Jacques Derrida teach from the late 1970's to mid 1990's?

Question: Which Yale staffed labor historian advised other older labor historians?

Question: When wasn't The Journal of Music Theory founded?
Yale_University

Yale's residential college system was established in 1933 by Edward S. Harkness, who admired the social intimacy of Oxford and Cambridge and donated significant funds to found similar colleges at Yale and Harvard. Though Yale's colleges resemble their English precursors organizationally and architecturally, they are dependent entities of Yale College and have limited autonomy. The colleges are led by a master and an academic dean, who reside in the college, and university faculty and affiliates comprise each college's fellowship. Colleges offer their own seminars, social events, and speaking engagements known as "Master's Teas," but do not contain programs of study or academic departments. Instead, all undergraduate courses are taught by the Faculty of Arts and Sciences and are open to members of any college.

Question: When was Yale's residential college system established?
Answer: 1933

Question: Who established Yale's residential college system?
Answer: Edward S. Harkness

Question: Who runs Yale's residential colleges?
Answer: The colleges are led by a master and an academic dean

Question: Are there academic programs in Yale's residential colleges?
Answer: do not contain programs of study or academic departments

Question: Who teaches Yale's residential college's undergraduate classes?
Answer: Faculty of Arts and Sciences

Question: When was Yale's residential college system unestablished?

Question: Who established Yale's commercial college system?

Question: Who runs Yale's industrial colleges?

Question: Are there unacademic programs in Yale's residential colleges?

Question: Who teaches Yale's residential college's graduate classes?
Yale_University

While Harkness' original colleges were Georgian Revival or Collegiate Gothic in style, two colleges constructed in the 1960s, Morse and Ezra Stiles Colleges, have modernist designs. All twelve college quadrangles are organized around a courtyard, and each has a dining hall, courtyard, library, common room, and a range of student facilities. The twelve colleges are named for important alumni or significant places in university history. In 2017, the university expects to open two new colleges near Science Hill.

Question: In what architectural styles were Harkness' original colleges?
Answer: Georgian Revival or Collegiate Gothic

Question: Which two residential colleges are of modernist style?
Answer: Morse and Ezra Stiles Colleges

Question: What are Yale's colleges encircling?
Answer: a courtyard

Question: Who are the Yale colleges named after?
Answer: important alumni or significant places in university history

Question: In what year does the university expect to open two more colleges?
Answer: 2017

Question: In what architectural styles weren't Harkness' original colleges?

Question: Which three residential colleges are of modernist style?

Question: What are Yale's colleges encircled by?

Question: Who aren't the Yale colleges named after?

Question: In what year does the university expect to close two more colleges?
Yale_University

The university hosts a variety of student journals, magazines, and newspapers. Established in 1872, The Yale Record is the world's oldest humor magazine. Newspapers include the Yale Daily News, which was first published in 1878, and the weekly Yale Herald, which was first published in 1986. Dwight Hall, an independent, non-profit community service organization, oversees more than 2,000 Yale undergraduates working on more than 70 community service initiatives in New Haven. The Yale College Council runs several agencies that oversee campus wide activities and student services. The Yale Dramatic Association and Bulldog Productions cater to the theater and film communities, respectively. In addition, the Yale Drama Coalition serves to coordinate between and provide resources for the various Sudler Fund sponsored theater productions which run each weekend. WYBC Yale Radio is the campus's radio station, owned and operated by students. While students used to broadcast on AM & FM frequencies, they now have an Internet-only stream.

Question: What is the name of the world's oldest humor magazine?
Answer: The Yale Record

Question: What year was The Yale Record first published?
Answer: 1872

Question: In what year was the Yale Daily News established?
Answer: 1878

Question: When was the Yale Herald established?
Answer: 1986

Question: What is the name of the campus radio station?
Answer: WYBC Yale Radio

Question: What is the name of the world's newest humor magazine?

Question: What year was The Yale Record last published?

Question: In what year was the Yale Daily News closed?

Question: When was the Yale Herald closed?

Question: What is the name of the campus tv station?
Yale_University

Yale seniors at graduation smash clay pipes underfoot to symbolize passage from their "bright college years," though in recent history the pipes have been replaced with "bubble pipes". ("Bright College Years," the University's alma mater, was penned in 1881 by Henry Durand, Class of 1881, to the tune of Die Wacht am Rhein.) Yale's student tour guides tell visitors that students consider it good luck to rub the toe of the statue of Theodore Dwight Woolsey on Old Campus. Actual students rarely do so. In the second half of the 20th century Bladderball, a campus-wide game played with a large inflatable ball, became a popular tradition but was banned by administration due to safety concerns. In spite of administration opposition, students revived the game in 2009, 2011, and 2014, but its future remains uncertain.

Question: What do seniors crush to celebrate graduation?
Answer: clay pipes

Question: What do they destroy now instead of clay pipes?
Answer: bubble pipes

Question: What statue is it rumored to be good luck to rub?
Answer: Theodore Dwight Woolsey on Old Campus

Question: What part of the statue of Theodore Dwight Woolsey is it said to be good luck to rub?
Answer: the toe

Question: What game was created, to later be banned by administration?
Answer: Bladderball

Question: What do juniors crush to celebrate graduation?

Question: What do they destroy now with clay pipes?

Question: What statue is it rumored to be bad luck to rub?

Question: What part of the statue of Theodore Dwight Woolsey is it said to be bad luck to rub?

Question: What game was created, to later be joined by administration?
Yale_University

Yale has numerous athletic facilities, including the Yale Bowl (the nation's first natural "bowl" stadium, and prototype for such stadiums as the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum and the Rose Bowl), located at The Walter Camp Field athletic complex, and the Payne Whitney Gymnasium, the second-largest indoor athletic complex in the world. October 21, 2000, marked the dedication of Yale's fourth new boathouse in 157 years of collegiate rowing. The Richard Gilder Boathouse is named to honor former Olympic rower Virginia Gilder '79 and her father Richard Gilder '54, who gave $4 million towards the $7.5 million project. Yale also maintains the Gales Ferry site where the heavyweight men's team trains for the Yale-Harvard Boat Race.

Question: What is the name of the United States' first bowl stadium?
Answer: Yale Bowl

Question: What landmarks did the Yale Bowl influence?
Answer: Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum and the Rose Bowl

Question: What is the name of the world's second largest indoor athletic building?
Answer: Payne Whitney Gymnasium

Question: On what day was the Richard Gilder Boathouse established?
Answer: October 21, 2000

Question: How much did the Richard Gilder Boathouse cost to construct?
Answer: $7.5 million

Question: What is the name of the United States' last bowl stadium?

Question: What landmarks didn't the Yale Bowl influence?

Question: What is the name of the world's second smallest indoor athletic building?

Question: On what day was the Richard Gilder Boathouse closed?

Question: How much did the Richard Gilder Boathouse cost to destroy?
Yale_University

Yale has had many financial supporters, but some stand out by the magnitude or timeliness of their contributions. Among those who have made large donations commemorated at the university are: Elihu Yale; Jeremiah Dummer; the Harkness family (Edward, Anna, and William); the Beinecke family (Edwin, Frederick, and Walter); John William Sterling; Payne Whitney; Joseph E. Sheffield, Paul Mellon, Charles B. G. Murphy and William K. Lanman. The Yale Class of 1954, led by Richard Gilder, donated $70 million in commemoration of their 50th reunion. Charles B. Johnson, a 1954 graduate of Yale College, pledged a $250 million gift in 2013 to support of the construction of two new residential colleges.

Question: How much did Charles B. Johnson pledge to Yale in 2013?
Answer: $250 million

Question: How much did the 1954 class donate for their 50th reunion?
Answer: $70 million

Question: Who led the 1954 class in their large donation?
Answer: Richard Gilder

Question: How much didn't Charles B. Johnson pledge to Yale in 2013?

Question: How much did Charles B. Johnson pledge to Yale in 2003?

Question: How much did the 1945 class donate for their 50th reunion?

Question: How much did the 1954 class donate for their 40th reunion?

Question: Who led the 1945 class in their large donation?
Yale_University

Yale University, one of the oldest universities in the United States, is a cultural referent as an institution that produces some of the most elite members of society and its grounds, alumni, and students have been prominently portrayed in fiction and U.S. popular culture. For example, Owen Johnson's novel, Stover at Yale, follows the college career of Dink Stover and Frank Merriwell, the model for all later juvenile sports fiction, plays football, baseball, crew, and track at Yale while solving mysteries and righting wrongs. Yale University also is featured in F. Scott Fitzgerald's novel "The Great Gatsby". The narrator, Nick Carraway, wrote a series of editorials for the Yale News, and Tom Buchanan was "one of the most powerful ends that ever played football" for Yale.

Question: Who were the main characters in Stover at Yale?
Answer: Dink Stover and Frank Merriwell

Question: What F. Scott Fitzgerald novel is Yale a part of?
Answer: The Great Gatsby

Question: What character in The Great Gatsby wrote editorials for the Yale News?
Answer: Nick Carraway

Question: What football playing character in The Great Gatsby played for Yale?
Answer: Tom Buchanan

Question: Who wrote the novel Stover at Yale?
Answer: Owen Johnson

Question: Who were the side characters in Stover at Yale?

Question: What F. Scott Fitzgerald novel is Yale not a part of?

Question: What character in The Great Gatsby read editorials for the Yale News?

Question: What baseball playing character in The Great Gatsby played for Yale?

Question: Who read the novel Stover at Yale?
Late_Middle_Ages

Around 1300, centuries of prosperity and growth in Europe came to a halt. A series of famines and plagues, including the Great Famine of 1315–1317 and the Black Death, reduced the population to around half of what it was before the calamities. Along with depopulation came social unrest and endemic warfare. France and England experienced serious peasant uprisings, such as the Jacquerie and the Peasants' Revolt, as well as over a century of intermittent conflict in the Hundred Years' War. To add to the many problems of the period, the unity of the Catholic Church was shattered by the Western Schism. Collectively these events are sometimes called the Crisis of the Late Middle Ages.

Question: What shattered the unity of the Catholic Church?
Answer: the Western Schism

Question: What are the series of events that ended centuries of prosperity in Europe, starting around 1300, known as?
Answer: the Crisis of the Late Middle Ages

Question: In what years was the Great Famine?
Answer: 1315–1317

Question: Which two countries experienced peasant uprisings?
Answer: France and England

Question: What major conflict occurred in Europe during the Crisis of the Late Middle Ages?
Answer: Hundred Years' War

Question: What saved the unity of the Catholic Church?

Question: What are the series of events that ended centuries of prosperity in Europe, starting around 1400, known as?

Question: In what years wasn't the Great Famine?

Question: Which two countries never experienced peasant uprisings?

Question: What minor conflict occurred in Europe during the Crisis of the Late Middle Ages?
Late_Middle_Ages

Despite these crises, the 14th century was also a time of great progress in the arts and sciences. Following a renewed interest in ancient Greek and Roman texts that took root in the High Middle Ages, the Italian Renaissance began. The absorption of Latin texts had started before the Renaissance of the 12th century through contact with Arabs during the Crusades, but the availability of important Greek texts accelerated with the capture of Constantinople by the Ottoman Turks, when many Byzantine scholars had to seek refuge in the West, particularly Italy.

Question: An interest in texts from which two ancient civilizations sparked the Italian Renaissance?
Answer: Greek and Roman

Question: Which conflicts brought Europeans into contact with Arabs prior to the 12th century?
Answer: the Crusades

Question: Which city was captured by the Ottoman Turks, resulting in the fleeing of scholars to Western Europe?
Answer: Constantinople

Question: Who captured Constantinople?
Answer: Ottoman Turks

Question: What kind of texts did Byzantine scholars take with them when they fled Constantinople?
Answer: Greek

Question: An interest in texts from which two modern civilizations sparked the Italian Renaissance?

Question: Which conflicts brought Europeans into contact with Arabs prior to the 11th century?

Question: Which city was captured by the Ottoman Turks, resulting in the fleeing of scholars to Eastern Europe?

Question: Who released Constantinople?

Question: What kind of texts didn't Byzantine scholars take with them when they fled Constantinople?
Late_Middle_Ages

Combined with this influx of classical ideas was the invention of printing which facilitated dissemination of the printed word and democratized learning. These two things would later lead to the Protestant Reformation. Toward the end of the period, an era of discovery began (Age of Discovery). The rise of the Ottoman Empire, culminating in the Fall of Constantinople in 1453, eroded the last remnants of the Byzantine Empire and cut off trading possibilities with the east. Europeans were forced to seek new trading routes, leading to the expedition of Columbus to the Americas in 1492, and Vasco da Gama’s circumnavigation of India and Africa in 1498. Their discoveries strengthened the economy and power of European nations.

Question: Which invention resulted in more widespread use of the printed word?
Answer: printing

Question: In what year did Constantinople fall?
Answer: 1453

Question: In what year did Vasco da Gama sail around India and Africa?
Answer: 1498

Question: In what year was Columbus' expedition to the Americas?
Answer: 1492

Question: The Protestant Reformation is attributed to what two developments that resulted from the invention of printing?
Answer: dissemination of the printed word and democratized learning

Question: Which invention resulted in less widespread use of the printed word?

Question: In what year did Constantinople rise?

Question: In what year did Vasco da Gama sail through India and Africa?

Question: In what year was Columbus' expedition to the Africas?

Question: The Protestant Reformation isn't attributed to what two developments that resulted from the invention of printing?
Late_Middle_Ages

The term "Late Middle Ages" refers to one of the three periods of the Middle Ages, along with the Early Middle Ages and the High Middle Ages. Leonardo Bruni was the first historian to use tripartite periodization in his History of the Florentine People (1442). Flavio Biondo used a similar framework in Decades of History from the Deterioration of the Roman Empire (1439–1453). Tripartite periodization became standard after the German historian Christoph Cellarius published Universal History Divided into an Ancient, Medieval, and New Period (1683).

Question: Along with the Late Middle Ages, what are the other two period of the Middle Ages?
Answer: Early Middle Ages and the High Middle Ages

Question: When was Leonardo Bruni's "History of the Florentine People" published?
Answer: 1442

Question: What is the name for the division of the periods of history introduced by Bruni?
Answer: tripartite periodization

Question: Who was the author of "Decades of History from the Deterioration of the Roman Empire
Answer: Flavio Biondo

Question: What 1683 work resulted in the standard use of tripartite periodization?
Answer: Universal History Divided into an Ancient, Medieval, and New Period

Question: Along with the Late Middle Ages, what are the other three period of the Middle Ages?

Question: When was Leonardo Bruni's "History of the Florentine People" unpublished?

Question: What isn't the name for the division of the periods of history introduced by Bruni?

Question: Who was the reader of "Decades of History from the Deterioration of the Roman Empire

Question: What 1863 work resulted in the standard use of tripartite periodization?
Late_Middle_Ages

As economic and demographic methods were applied to the study of history, the trend was increasingly to see the late Middle Ages as a period of recession and crisis. Belgian historian Henri Pirenne continued the subdivision of Early, High, and Late Middle Ages in the years around World War I. Yet it was his Dutch colleague, Johan Huizinga, who was primarily responsible for popularising the pessimistic view of the Late Middle Ages, with his book The Autumn of the Middle Ages (1919). To Huizinga, whose research focused on France and the Low Countries rather than Italy, despair and decline were the main themes, not rebirth.

Question: What methods, applied to the study of history, led to the perception of the Middle Ages as a time of recession and crisis?
Answer: economic and demographic

Question: Which author popularized a pessimistic view of the Late Middle Ages in his 1919 book?
Answer: Johan Huizinga

Question: What was the title of Huizinga's 1919 book on the Middle Ages?
Answer: The Autumn of the Middle Ages

Question: Which countries were the focus of Huizinga's research?
Answer: France and the Low Countries

Question: What was the nationality of historian Henri Pirenne?
Answer: Belgian

Question: What methods, applied to the study of chemistry, led to the perception of the Middle Ages as a time of recession and crisis?

Question: Which author popularized a pessimistic view of the Late Middle Ages in his 1991 book?

Question: What was the title of Huizinga's 1819 book on the Middle Ages?

Question: Which countries weren't the focus of Huizinga's research?

Question: What wasn't the nationality of historian Henri Pirenne?
Late_Middle_Ages

Modern historiography on the period has reached a consensus between the two extremes of innovation and crisis. It is now (generally) acknowledged that conditions were vastly different north and south of the Alps, and "Late Middle Ages" is often avoided entirely within Italian historiography. The term "Renaissance" is still considered useful for describing certain intellectual, cultural, or artistic developments, but not as the defining feature of an entire European historical epoch. The period from the early 14th century up until – and sometimes including – the 16th century, is rather seen as characterised by other trends: demographic and economic decline followed by recovery, the end of western religious unity and the subsequent emergence of the nation state, and the expansion of European influence onto the rest of the world.

Question: What geopolitical entity emerged from the Late Middle Ages?
Answer: the nation state

Question: Which mountain range is seen as a dividing line when considering conditions during the Middle Ages?
Answer: the Alps

Question: The Renaissance is generally used to describe developments in what areas of life in the Middle Ages?
Answer: intellectual, cultural, or artistic

Question: Which centuries are considered to be part of the Late Middle Ages?
Answer: early 14th century up until – and sometimes including – the 16th century

Question: What was the general effect of the Late Middle Ages on religion?
Answer: the end of western religious unity

Question: What geopolitical entity faded from the Late Middle Ages?

Question: Which mountain range isn't seen as a dividing line when considering conditions during the Middle Ages?

Question: The Renaissance is never used to describe developments in what areas of life in the Middle Ages?

Question: Which centuries are considered not to be part of the Late Middle Ages?

Question: What was the general effect of the Late Middle Ages on science?
Late_Middle_Ages

After the failed union of Sweden and Norway of 1319–1365, the pan-Scandinavian Kalmar Union was instituted in 1397. The Swedes were reluctant members of the Danish-dominated union from the start. In an attempt to subdue the Swedes, King Christian II of Denmark had large numbers of the Swedish aristocracy killed in the Stockholm Bloodbath of 1520. Yet this measure only led to further hostilities, and Sweden broke away for good in 1523. Norway, on the other hand, became an inferior party of the union and remained united with Denmark until 1814.

Question: When was the Kalmar Union formed?
Answer: 1397

Question: Which Danish King was responsible for the Stockholm Bloodbath?
Answer: King Christian II

Question: In what year did Sweden break away from the Kalmar Union?
Answer: 1523

Question: Denmark and Norway remained in the Kalmar Union until what year?
Answer: 1814

Question: In what year did the Stockholm Bloodbath take place?
Answer: 1520

Question: When wasn't the Kalmar Union formed?

Question: Which Amish King was responsible for the Stockholm Bloodbath?

Question: In what year did Finland break away from the Kalmar Union?

Question: Denmark and Norway left in the Kalmar Union until what year?

Question: In what year didn't the Stockholm Bloodbath take place?
Late_Middle_Ages

Bohemia prospered in the 14th century, and the Golden Bull of 1356 made the king of Bohemia first among the imperial electors, but the Hussite revolution threw the country into crisis. The Holy Roman Empire passed to the Habsburgs in 1438, where it remained until its dissolution in 1806. Yet in spite of the extensive territories held by the Habsburgs, the Empire itself remained fragmented, and much real power and influence lay with the individual principalities. In addition, financial institutions, such as the Hanseatic League and the Fugger family, held great power, on both economic and a political levels.

Question: In what year was the Holy Roman Empire dissolved?
Answer: 1806

Question: In what year did a Golden Bull make the king of Bohemia first among the imperial electors?
Answer: 1356

Question: The Hanseatic League was what type of institution?
Answer: financial

Question: In 1438, control of the Holy Roman Empire passed to what dynasty?
Answer: the Habsburgs

Question: In what year was the Holy Roman Empire saved?

Question: In what year did a Silver Bull make the king of Bohemia first among the imperial electors?

Question: In what year did a Golden Bull make the king of Bohemia last among the imperial electors?

Question: The Hanseatic League wasn't what type of institution?

Question: In 1483, control of the Holy Roman Empire passed to what dynasty?
Late_Middle_Ages

Louis did not leave a son as heir after his death in 1382. Instead, he named as his heir the young prince Sigismund of Luxemburg, who was 11 years old. The Hungarian nobility did not accept his claim, and the result was an internal war. Sigismund eventually achieved total control of Hungary and established his court in Buda and Visegrád. Both palaces were rebuilt and improved, and were considered the richest of the time in Europe. Inheriting the throne of Bohemia and the Holy Roman Empire, Sigismund continued conducting his politics from Hungary, but he was kept busy fighting the Hussites and the Ottoman Empire, which was becoming a menace to Europe in the beginning of the 15th century.

Question: In what year did Louis die?
Answer: 1382

Question: Who did Louis name as his heir?
Answer: Sigismund of Luxemburg

Question: How old was Sigismund of Luxemburg when he was named heir?
Answer: 11

Question: Upon taking the throne of Hungary where did Sigismund establish his court?
Answer: Buda and Visegrád

Question: What was the result of the Hungarian nobility's refusal to accept Sigismund claim as Louis' heir?
Answer: internal war

Question: In what year did Louis live?

Question: Who didn't Louis name as his heir?

Question: How old was Sigismund of Luxemburg when he wasn't named heir?

Question: Upon taking the throne of Hungary where didn't Sigismund establish his court?

Question: What was the result of the Hungarian nobility's honor to accept Sigismund claim as Louis' heir?
Late_Middle_Ages

The Bulgarian Empire was in decline by the 14th century, and the ascendancy of Serbia was marked by the Serbian victory over the Bulgarians in the Battle of Velbazhd in 1330. By 1346, the Serbian king Stefan Dušan had been proclaimed emperor. Yet Serbian dominance was short-lived; the Serbian army led by the Lazar Hrebljevanovic was defeated by the Ottomans at the Battle of Kosovo in 1389, where most of the Serbian nobility was killed and the south of the country came under Ottoman occupation, as much of southern Bulgaria had become Ottoman territory in 1371. Northern remnants of Bulgaria were finally conquered by 1396, Serbia fell in 1459, Bosnia in 1463, and Albania was finally subordinated in 1479 only a few years after the death of Skanderbeg. Belgrade, an Hungarian domain at the time, was the last large Balkan city to fall under Ottoman rule, in 1521. By the end of the medieval period, the entire Balkan peninsula was annexed by, or became vassal to, the Ottomans.

Question: In what year did Belgrade fall to the Ottomans?
Answer: 1521

Question: Who led led the Serbian Army at the Battle of Kosovo?
Answer: Lazar Hrebljevanovic

Question: In what year was the Battle of Kosovo?
Answer: 1389

Question: What event resulted in the triumph of Serbia over Bulgaria in 1330?
Answer: Battle of Velbazhd

Question: Which country was conquered by the Ottomans in 1479?
Answer: Albania

Question: In what year didn't Belgrade fall to the Ottomans?

Question: Who never led the Serbian Army at the Battle of Kosovo?

Question: In what year wasn't the Battle of Kosovo?

Question: What event resulted in the triumph of Serbia over Bulgaria in 1303?

Question: Which country wasn't conquered by the Ottomans in 1479?