Divyanshu67/squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
Daylight_saving_time

Common agreement about the day's layout or schedule confers so many advantages that a standard DST schedule has generally been chosen over ad hoc efforts to get up earlier. The advantages of coordination are so great that many people ignore whether DST is in effect by altering their nominal work schedules to coordinate with television broadcasts or daylight. DST is commonly not observed during most of winter, because its mornings are darker; workers may have no sunlit leisure time, and children may need to leave for school in the dark. Since DST is applied to many varying communities, its effects may be very different depending on their culture, light levels, geography, and climate; that is why it is hard to make generalized conclusions about the absolute effects of the practice. Some areas may adopt DST simply as a matter of coordination with others rather than for any direct benefits.

Question: Most people agree that a standardized schedule by DST is more practical than trying to do what in the morning on our own?
Answer: get up earlier

Question: What electronic device might people work their schedules around instead of paying close attention to DST?
Answer: television

Question: During what season is DST usually not observed because of the detriments of dark mornings?
Answer: winter

Question: What indirect benefit of DST might cause some areas to observe it even though they don't get any direct benefits like cost or energy savings?
Answer: coordination with others
Daylight_saving_time

DST's potential to save energy comes primarily from its effects on residential lighting, which consumes about 3.5% of electricity in the United States and Canada. Delaying the nominal time of sunset and sunrise reduces the use of artificial light in the evening and increases it in the morning. As Franklin's 1784 satire pointed out, lighting costs are reduced if the evening reduction outweighs the morning increase, as in high-latitude summer when most people wake up well after sunrise. An early goal of DST was to reduce evening usage of incandescent lighting, which used to be a primary use of electricity. Although energy conservation remains an important goal, energy usage patterns have greatly changed since then, and recent research is limited and reports contradictory results. Electricity use is greatly affected by geography, climate, and economics, making it hard to generalize from single studies.

Question: What percentage of all electricity usage in the U.S. and Canada is from residential lighting?
Answer: 3.5%

Question: DST will reduce electricity use in the evening but increase it during what time of the day?
Answer: morning

Question: When DST was first proposed, what type of lighting was consuming the most electricity?
Answer: incandescent

Question: Along with geography and economics, what variable often affects how much electricity an area uses?
Answer: climate

Question: Whose satire that was published in 1784 pointed out that daylight saving would only reduce electricity usage if the increase in the mornings was less than the savings in the evenings?
Answer: Franklin
Daylight_saving_time

Retailers, sporting goods makers, and other businesses benefit from extra afternoon sunlight, as it induces customers to shop and to participate in outdoor afternoon sports. In 1984, Fortune magazine estimated that a seven-week extension of DST would yield an additional $30 million for 7-Eleven stores, and the National Golf Foundation estimated the extension would increase golf industry revenues $200 million to $300 million. A 1999 study estimated that DST increases the revenue of the European Union's leisure sector by about 3%.

Question: What category of goods that are used in outdoor activities benefit from the extra hour of daylight from DST?
Answer: sporting goods

Question: What organization predicted a $100 million increase for the golf sector because of extended DST?
Answer: the National Golf Foundation

Question: What year did Fortune magazine make predictions about the increased revenue an extended daylight savings would provide?
Answer: 1984

Question: According to a study in 1999, daylight savings has caused what approximate percentage of increase in leisure industry revenue in the European Union?
Answer: 3%

Question: How much extra money from DST did Fortune predict for 7-Eleven on account of DST?
Answer: $30 million
Daylight_saving_time

Conversely, DST can adversely affect farmers, parents of young children, and others whose hours are set by the sun and they have traditionally opposed the practice, although some farmers are neutral. One reason why farmers oppose DST is that grain is best harvested after dew evaporates, so when field hands arrive and leave earlier in summer their labor is less valuable. Dairy farmers are another group who complain of the change. Their cows are sensitive to the timing of milking, so delivering milk earlier disrupts their systems. Today some farmers' groups are in favor of DST.

Question: Is it better to harvest grain before or after the morning dew evaporates?
Answer: after

Question: What animal on dairy farms is affected by timing?
Answer: cows

Question: What does earlier milk delivery do to cows?
Answer: disrupts their systems

Question: Some farmers oppose DST because their farm laborers arrive to work and leave later or earlier?
Answer: earlier

Question: Besides farmers, what other group of people set their schedules by the sun?
Answer: parents of young children
Daylight_saving_time

In 1975 the US DOT conservatively identified a 0.7% reduction in traffic fatalities during DST, and estimated the real reduction at 1.5% to 2%, but the 1976 NBS review of the DOT study found no differences in traffic fatalities. In 1995 the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety estimated a reduction of 1.2%, including a 5% reduction in crashes fatal to pedestrians. Others have found similar reductions. Single/Double Summer Time (SDST), a variant where clocks are one hour ahead of the sun in winter and two in summer, has been projected to reduce traffic fatalities by 3% to 4% in the UK, compared to ordinary DST. However, accidents do increase by as much as 11% during the two weeks that follow the end of British Summer Time. It is not clear whether sleep disruption contributes to fatal accidents immediately after the spring clock shifts. A correlation between clock shifts and traffic accidents has been observed in North America and the UK but not in Finland or Sweden. If this effect exists, it is far smaller than the overall reduction in traffic fatalities. A 2009 US study found that on Mondays after the switch to DST, workers sleep an average of 40 minutes less, and are injured at work more often and more severely.

Question: In what year did the NBS revisit the DOT's 1975 study and find traffic fatalities unaffected?
Answer: 1976

Question: What organization made their own estimation in 1995 of a drop in traffic deaths by 1.2%?
Answer: the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety

Question: What's the abbreviation for Single/Double Summer Time?
Answer: SDST

Question: In the two weeks following the time change ending British Summer Time, what percentage hike is there in traffic accidents?
Answer: 11%

Question: How much less, on average, do workers in the U.S. sleep on Mondays after switching to DST, according to the 2009 study?
Answer: 40 minutes
Daylight_saving_time

In the 1970s the US Law Enforcement Assistance Administration (LEAA) found a reduction of 10% to 13% in Washington, D.C.'s violent crime rate during DST. However, the LEAA did not filter out other factors, and it examined only two cities and found crime reductions only in one and only in some crime categories; the DOT decided it was "impossible to conclude with any confidence that comparable benefits would be found nationwide". Outdoor lighting has a marginal and sometimes even contradictory influence on crime and fear of crime.

Question: What did the LEAA say was reduced 10% to 13% in Washington, DC during daylight savings?
Answer: violent crime rate

Question: How many cities did the LEAA study before reaching their conclusion?
Answer: two

Question: How many cities of those the LEAA studied showed any reduction in crime?
Answer: one

Question: In what decade did the LEAA conduct their investigation of crime and DST?
Answer: 1970s
Daylight_saving_time

In several countries, fire safety officials encourage citizens to use the two annual clock shifts as reminders to replace batteries in smoke and carbon monoxide detectors, particularly in autumn, just before the heating and candle season causes an increase in home fires. Similar twice-yearly tasks include reviewing and practicing fire escape and family disaster plans, inspecting vehicle lights, checking storage areas for hazardous materials, reprogramming thermostats, and seasonal vaccinations. Locations without DST can instead use the first days of spring and autumn as reminders.

Question: There are more fires in the fall and winter because people burn more candles and turn what on to keep warm?
Answer: heating

Question: In addition to smoke detectors, what do fire safety officials suggest people replace batteries in when they set their clocks twice a year?
Answer: carbon monoxide detectors

Question: If your area doesn't observe DST, what can you use instead as a twice-yearly reminder?
Answer: the first days of spring and autumn

Question: What part of your vehicle should you remember to check twice a year?
Answer: lights

Question: What should you check storage spaces in your home for twice-yearly?
Answer: hazardous materials
Daylight_saving_time

DST has mixed effects on health. In societies with fixed work schedules it provides more afternoon sunlight for outdoor exercise. It alters sunlight exposure; whether this is beneficial depends on one's location and daily schedule, as sunlight triggers vitamin D synthesis in the skin, but overexposure can lead to skin cancer. DST may help in depression by causing individuals to rise earlier, but some argue the reverse. The Retinitis Pigmentosa Foundation Fighting Blindness, chaired by blind sports magnate Gordon Gund, successfully lobbied in 1985 and 2005 for US DST extensions.

Question: What do societies with standardized work schedules have more time for because of the increase in afternoon daylight from DST?
Answer: outdoor exercise

Question: What vitamin does sunlight help the human body absorb?
Answer: vitamin D

Question: What chair of the Retinitis Pigmentosa Foundation Fighting Blindness lobbied for an extension to daylight savings in the U.S.?
Answer: Gordon Gund

Question: What cancer can be caused by too much time in the sun?
Answer: skin cancer

Question: Some people say DST can help sufferers of depression because it encourages them to do what?
Answer: rise earlier
Daylight_saving_time

Clock shifts were found to increase the risk of heart attack by 10 percent, and to disrupt sleep and reduce its efficiency. Effects on seasonal adaptation of the circadian rhythm can be severe and last for weeks. A 2008 study found that although male suicide rates rise in the weeks after the spring transition, the relationship weakened greatly after adjusting for season. A 2008 Swedish study found that heart attacks were significantly more common the first three weekdays after the spring transition, and significantly less common the first weekday after the autumn transition. The government of Kazakhstan cited health complications due to clock shifts as a reason for abolishing DST in 2005. In March 2011, Dmitri Medvedev, president of Russia, claimed that "stress of changing clocks" was the motivation for Russia to stay in DST all year long. Officials at the time talked about an annual increase in suicides.

Question: What natural rhythm is disrupted by seasonal changes?
Answer: circadian rhythm

Question: In 2005, what country used increased health risks as rationalization for getting rid of DST?
Answer: Kazakhstan

Question: Which Russian president argued that the country should stay in DST year-round because of the stresses of time shifts?
Answer: Dmitri Medvedev

Question: According to the Swedish study in 2008, for how many weekdays following the "spring forward" do you have a higher risk of heart attack?
Answer: three
Daylight_saving_time

An unexpected adverse effect of daylight saving time may lie in the fact that an extra part of morning rush hour traffic occurs before dawn and traffic emissions then cause higher air pollution than during daylight hours.

Question: Do emissions from vehicle exhaust cause lower or higher pollution before dawn?
Answer: higher

Question: Does DST mean more rush hour traffic is on the road before dawn or after?
Answer: before dawn

Question: What kind of pollution is caused by emissions from cars while they're sitting in traffic?
Answer: air pollution
Daylight_saving_time

DST's clock shifts have the obvious disadvantage of complexity. People must remember to change their clocks; this can be time-consuming, particularly for mechanical clocks that cannot be moved backward safely. People who work across time zone boundaries need to keep track of multiple DST rules, as not all locations observe DST or observe it the same way. The length of the calendar day becomes variable; it is no longer always 24 hours. Disruption to meetings, travel, broadcasts, billing systems, and records management is common, and can be expensive. During an autumn transition from 02:00 to 01:00, a clock reads times from 01:00:00 through 01:59:59 twice, possibly leading to confusion.

Question: During the fall time shift from 02:00 to 01:00, how many times will a clock show the times between 01:00:00 and 01:59:59?
Answer: twice

Question: What might a clock showing the same times twice in one day lead to?
Answer: confusion

Question: What do people often have trouble remembering to do for DST?
Answer: change their clocks

Question: What added complexity do people working across time zones have to keep track of?
Answer: multiple DST rules
Daylight_saving_time

Damage to a German steel facility occurred during a DST transition in 1993, when a computer timing system linked to a radio time synchronization signal allowed molten steel to cool for one hour less than the required duration, resulting in spattering of molten steel when it was poured. Medical devices may generate adverse events that could harm patients, without being obvious to clinicians responsible for care. These problems are compounded when the DST rules themselves change; software developers must test and perhaps modify many programs, and users must install updates and restart applications. Consumers must update devices such as programmable thermostats with the correct DST rules, or manually adjust the devices' clocks. A common strategy to resolve these problems in computer systems is to express time using the Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) rather than the local time zone. For example, Unix-based computer systems use the UTC-based Unix time internally.

Question: What year did an accident occur at a German facility with molten steel because of the change to DST?
Answer: 1993

Question: For how much more time was the molten steel supposed to cool when the computer mix-up happened in the German steel facility?
Answer: one hour

Question: Who is responsible for testing and even making changing to computer programs when daylight saving rules change?
Answer: software developers

Question: What time system do some computer systems use to avoid the issues of changes in local time?
Answer: Coordinated Universal Time

Question: What type of computer systems use an internal clock based on UTC time?
Answer: Unix-based
Daylight_saving_time

DST inherits and can magnify the disadvantages of standard time. For example, when reading a sundial, one must compensate for it along with time zone and natural discrepancies. Also, sun-exposure guidelines such as avoiding the sun within two hours of noon become less accurate when DST is in effect.

Question: What does DST inherit from standard time?
Answer: disadvantages

Question: Does daylight savings sometimes minimize or magnify the drawbacks of standard time?
Answer: magnify

Question: Usually, it's recommended that we avoid the sun for how many hours before and after noon?
Answer: two

Question: What kind of guidelines become less precise because of DST?
Answer: sun-exposure guidelines

Question: When using a sundial, we must adjust the reading to reflect natural discrepancies and the effect of what other influence?
Answer: time zone
Daylight_saving_time

As explained by Richard Meade in the English Journal of the (American) National Council of Teachers of English, the form daylight savings time (with an "s") was already in 1978 much more common than the older form daylight saving time in American English ("the change has been virtually accomplished"). Nevertheless, even dictionaries such as Merriam-Webster's, American Heritage, and Oxford, which describe actual usage instead of prescribing outdated usage (and therefore also list the newer form), still list the older form first. This is because the older form is still very common in print and preferred by many editors. ("Although daylight saving time is considered correct, daylight savings time (with an "s") is commonly used.") The first two words are sometimes hyphenated (daylight-saving[s] time). Merriam-Webster's also lists the forms daylight saving (without "time"), daylight savings (without "time"), and daylight time.

Question: What author is credited with explaining the usage of daylight saving time and daylight savings time with an "s" in the English Journal of the (American) National Council of Teachers of English?
Answer: Richard Meade

Question: In 1978, according to Meade, which form of the phrase was more commonly used: daylight saving time or daylight savings time?
Answer: daylight savings time

Question: Which form of the phrase is more common in print publications?
Answer: daylight saving time

Question: Joining Merriam-Webster's and the Oxford dictionary, the older form of the phrase without the "s" is still listed first in what dictionary?
Answer: American Heritage

Question: Along with "daylight saving" and "daylight savings," what alternate form does Merriam-Webster's include?
Answer: daylight time
Daylight_saving_time

In Britain, Willett's 1907 proposal used the term daylight saving, but by 1911 the term summer time replaced daylight saving time in draft legislation. Continental Europe uses similar phrases, such as Sommerzeit in Germany, zomertijd in Dutch-speaking regions, kesäaika in Finland, horario de verano or hora de verano in Spain and heure d'été in France, whereas in Italy the term is ora legale, that is, legal time (legally enforced time) as opposed to "ora solare", solar time, in winter.

Question: Which term did Willett use in his 1907 proposal to refer to DST?
Answer: daylight saving

Question: What phrase had replaced daylight saving time by 1911 as Willett's proposal evolved into draft legislation?
Answer: summer time

Question: What word do speakers of Dutch use for DST?
Answer: zomertijd

Question: What term do Italians use for DST that literally translates as "legal time"?
Answer: ora legale

Question: What does the Italian term for their winter time, ora solare, translate to in English?
Answer: solar time
Daylight_saving_time

The name of local time typically changes when DST is observed. American English replaces standard with daylight: for example, Pacific Standard Time (PST) becomes Pacific Daylight Time (PDT). In the United Kingdom, the standard term for UK time when advanced by one hour is British Summer Time (BST), and British English typically inserts summer into other time zone names, e.g. Central European Time (CET) becomes Central European Summer Time (CEST).

Question: What usually changes when a place observes DST?
Answer: The name of local time

Question: What word does American English swap out for "daylight" when referring to time zones?
Answer: standard

Question: In American English, what is the equivalent of Pacific Standard Time?
Answer: Pacific Daylight Time

Question: When the UK changes their clocks forward in the spring, what do they call the time they're then observing?
Answer: British Summer Time

Question: What word is often added to the names of time zones when used in British English?
Answer: summer
Daylight_saving_time

The North American mnemonic "spring forward, fall back" (also "spring ahead ...", "spring up ...", and "... fall behind") helps people remember which direction to shift clocks.

Question: What phrase is often used in North America when speaking about DST?
Answer: spring forward, fall back

Question: What is a language like "spring forward, fall back" that acts as a trigger for memory called?
Answer: mnemonic

Question: What does "spring forward, fall back" help people remember?
Answer: which direction to shift clocks
Daylight_saving_time

Changes to DST rules cause problems in existing computer installations. For example, the 2007 change to DST rules in North America required many computer systems to be upgraded, with the greatest impact on email and calendaring programs; the upgrades consumed a significant effort by corporate information technologists.

Question: What can cause issues with installed computer systems?
Answer: Changes to DST rules

Question: What year did DST rules change in North America?
Answer: 2007

Question: What did many existing computer systems that relied on time zones need because of the DST rule changes?
Answer: upgrades

Question: In addition to calendaring programs, what kind of programs were most impacted by the changes?
Answer: email

Question: Which professionals bore the brunt of the effort to upgrade systems affected by time changes?
Answer: corporate information technologists
Daylight_saving_time

Some applications standardize on UTC to avoid problems with clock shifts and time zone differences. Likewise, most modern operating systems internally handle and store all times as UTC and only convert to local time for display.

Question: What system of time do some applications use so they won't have problems with time changes?
Answer: UTC

Question: By using UTC, applications get out of adjusting to changes around clock shifts and what other factor?
Answer: time zone differences

Question: In addition to individual applications, what modern systems that control the basic functions of a computer typically use UTC?
Answer: operating systems

Question: Where do computers usually use UTC?
Answer: internally

Question: What time would a computer probably use for the clock display?
Answer: local time
Daylight_saving_time

However, even if UTC is used internally, the systems still require information on time zones to correctly calculate local time where it is needed. Many systems in use today base their date/time calculations from data derived from the IANA time zone database also known as zoneinfo.

Question: Where do most systems go to get the data they use to calculate local time?
Answer: the IANA time zone database

Question: What two specific points of data do systems need to figure out to get local time?
Answer: date/time

Question: What's another name for the IANA database?
Answer: zoneinfo
Daylight_saving_time

The IANA time zone database maps a name to the named location's historical and predicted clock shifts. This database is used by many computer software systems, including most Unix-like operating systems, Java, and the Oracle RDBMS; HP's "tztab" database is similar but incompatible. When temporal authorities change DST rules, zoneinfo updates are installed as part of ordinary system maintenance. In Unix-like systems the TZ environment variable specifies the location name, as in TZ=':America/New_York'. In many of those systems there is also a system-wide setting that is applied if the TZ environment variable isn't set: this setting is controlled by the contents of the /etc/localtime file, which is usually a symbolic link or hard link to one of the zoneinfo files. Internal time is stored in timezone-independent epoch time; the TZ is used by each of potentially many simultaneous users and processes to independently localize time display.

Question: The IANA database works by connecting names to what information about the location?
Answer: historical and predicted clock shifts

Question: IANA, or zoneinfo, updates are installed as a part of what ordinary function when changes to DST policy are made?
Answer: system maintenance

Question: What environment variable defines a location's name?
Answer: TZ

Question: What format is used to store internal time in systems that use zoneinfo?
Answer: timezone-independent epoch time

Question: What's the name of the HP database that's similar to IANA but not compatible with it?
Answer: tztab
Daylight_saving_time

Older or stripped-down systems may support only the TZ values required by POSIX, which specify at most one start and end rule explicitly in the value. For example, TZ='EST5EDT,M3.2.0/02:00,M11.1.0/02:00' specifies time for the eastern United States starting in 2007. Such a TZ value must be changed whenever DST rules change, and the new value applies to all years, mishandling some older timestamps.

Question: Less sophisticated systems might just support a TZ value with one start rule and how many end rules?
Answer: one

Question: When must TZ values be changed on an older system?
Answer: whenever DST rules change

Question: What does the TZ value EST5EDT,M3.2.0/02:00,M11.1.0/02:00 specify?
Answer: time for the eastern United States starting in 2007

Question: What years will a new TZ value apply to?
Answer: all years

Question: What's might a new TZ value mishandle when it changes with new DST rules?
Answer: older timestamps
Daylight_saving_time

As with zoneinfo, a user of Microsoft Windows configures DST by specifying the name of a location, and the operating system then consults a table of rule sets that must be updated when DST rules change. Procedures for specifying the name and updating the table vary with release. Updates are not issued for older versions of Microsoft Windows. Windows Vista supports at most two start and end rules per time zone setting. In a Canadian location observing DST, a single Vista setting supports both 1987–2006 and post-2006 time stamps, but mishandles some older time stamps. Older Microsoft Windows systems usually store only a single start and end rule for each zone, so that the same Canadian setting reliably supports only post-2006 time stamps.

Question: Similar to systems using zoneinfo, Microsoft Windows calculates DST by doing what?
Answer: specifying the name of a location

Question: When does the table of rule sets the Windows operating system uses have to be updated?
Answer: when DST rules change

Question: If your computer runs Vista, what's the maximum number of start and end rules you can have for each time zone setting?
Answer: two

Question: If located in Canada somewhere where DST is observed, a system running Vista might mishandle time stamps that are older than what year?
Answer: 1987

Question: On a system running Windows older than Vista, locations in Canada observing DST would only reliably support time stamps from after what year?
Answer: 2006
Daylight_saving_time

These limitations have caused problems. For example, before 2005, DST in Israel varied each year and was skipped some years. Windows 95 used rules correct for 1995 only, causing problems in later years. In Windows 98, Microsoft marked Israel as not having DST, forcing Israeli users to shift their computer clocks manually twice a year. The 2005 Israeli Daylight Saving Law established predictable rules using the Jewish calendar but Windows zone files could not represent the rules' dates in a year-independent way. Partial workarounds, which mishandled older time stamps, included manually switching zone files every year and a Microsoft tool that switches zones automatically. In 2013, Israel standardized its daylight saving time according to the Gregorian calendar.

Question: What single year did Windows 95 use to apply rules to Israel's time changes?
Answer: 1995

Question: Because the schedule in Israel was always changing, what did Microsoft do with the release of Windows 98?
Answer: marked Israel as not having DST

Question: How often would Israeli users running Windows 98 need to manually adjust the time on their machines to stay current?
Answer: twice a year

Question: What law regulated the rules for time shifts in Israel according to the Jewish calendar?
Answer: The 2005 Israeli Daylight Saving Law

Question: Although the schedule in Israel became predictable after 2005, there were still problems in Windows until Israel adjusted DST to what calendar in 2013?
Answer: the Gregorian calendar
Daylight_saving_time

Microsoft Windows keeps the system real-time clock in local time. This causes several problems, including compatibility when multi booting with operating systems that set the clock to UTC, and double-adjusting the clock when multi booting different Windows versions, such as with a rescue boot disk. This approach is a problem even in Windows-only systems: there is no support for per-user timezone settings, only a single system-wide setting. In 2008 Microsoft hinted that future versions of Windows will partially support a Windows registry entry RealTimeIsUniversal that had been introduced many years earlier, when Windows NT supported RISC machines with UTC clocks, but had not been maintained. Since then at least two fixes related to this feature have been published by Microsoft.

Question: What does Microsoft Windows use internally for its real-time clock?
Answer: local time

Question: Not using UTC, Windows can't multi boot with different versions of itself like you'd need to do to use what kind of disk?
Answer: a rescue boot disk

Question: As opposed to providing support for users to have unique time zone settings, Windows will only allow for what?
Answer: a single system-wide setting

Question: In what year did Microsoft imply that they would be making changes to support RealTimeIsUniversal in a step towards compatibility with UTC?
Answer: 2008

Question: Since 2008, at least how many times has Microsoft released fixes for the RealTimeIsUniversal feature?
Answer: two
Daylight_saving_time

The NTFS file system used by recent versions of Windows stores the file with a UTC time stamp, but displays it corrected to local—or seasonal—time. However, the FAT filesystem commonly used on removable devices stores only the local time. Consequently, when a file is copied from the hard disk onto separate media, its time will be set to the current local time. If the time adjustment is changed, the timestamps of the original file and the copy will be different. The same effect can be observed when compressing and uncompressing files with some file archivers. It is the NTFS file that changes seen time. This effect should be kept in mind when trying to determine if a file is a duplicate of another, although there are other methods of comparing files for equality (such as using a checksum algorithm).

Question: What file system do recent Windows versions use?
Answer: NTFS

Question: Under NTFS, what does Windows use for file time stamps in storage?
Answer: UTC

Question: What file system do most removable devices use?
Answer: FAT

Question: What time will a file be set to if it's copied from the hard disk onto other media?
Answer: current local time
Daylight_saving_time

A move to "permanent daylight saving time" (staying on summer hours all year with no time shifts) is sometimes advocated, and has in fact been implemented in some jurisdictions such as Argentina, Chile, Iceland, Singapore, Uzbekistan and Belarus. Advocates cite the same advantages as normal DST without the problems associated with the twice yearly time shifts. However, many remain unconvinced of the benefits, citing the same problems and the relatively late sunrises, particularly in winter, that year-round DST entails. Russia switched to permanent DST from 2011 to 2014, but the move proved unpopular because of the late sunrises in winter, so the country switched permanently back to "standard" or "winter" time in 2014.

Question: What phrase describes keeping adjusted summer hours year-round?
Answer: permanent daylight saving time

Question: Proponents of permanent DST say it has all the advantages of regular DST without the issues some people have from what bi-annual occurrences?
Answer: time shifts

Question: In year-round DST, would sunrise happen early or late compared to most places?
Answer: late

Question: During what time period did Russia use permanent DST?
Answer: 2011 to 2014

Question: In what season in areas observing permanent daylight saving time will it stay dark the latest in the morning?
Answer: winter
Daylight_saving_time

Xinjiang, China; Argentina; Chile; Iceland; Russia and other areas skew time zones westward, in effect observing DST year-round without complications from clock shifts. For example, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, is at 106°39′ W longitude, slightly west of center of the idealized Mountain Time Zone (105° W), but the time in Saskatchewan is Central Standard Time (90° W) year-round, so Saskatoon is always about 67 minutes ahead of mean solar time, thus effectively observing daylight saving time year-round. Conversely, northeast India and a few other areas skew time zones eastward, in effect observing negative DST. The United Kingdom and Ireland experimented with year-round DST from 1968 to 1971 but abandoned it because of its unpopularity, particularly in northern regions.

Question: In which direction do countries like Russia and Argentina shift their time zones that could be considered all-year DST?
Answer: westward

Question: About how many minutes does Saskatoon, Saskatchewan stay ahead of mean solar time?
Answer: 67

Question: What time does Saskatoon observe all year long?
Answer: Central Standard Time

Question: Places like northeast India that shift time zones to the east could be considered to be observing what kind of DST?
Answer: negative DST

Question: What year did Ireland and the UK give up on their permanent DST experiment?
Answer: 1971
Daylight_saving_time

Western France, Spain, and other areas skew time zones and shift clocks, in effect observing DST in winter with an extra hour in summer. Nome, Alaska, is at 165°24′ W longitude, which is just west of center of the idealized Samoa Time Zone (165° W), but Nome observes Alaska Time (135° W) with DST, so it is slightly more than two hours ahead of the sun in winter and three in summer. Double daylight saving time has been used on occasion; for example, it was used in some European countries during and shortly after World War II when it was referred to as "Double Summer Time". See British Double Summer Time and Central European Midsummer Time for details.

Question: Places like Spain and parts of France effectively go by DST in the winter but add what in the summer?
Answer: an extra hour

Question: During the summer in Nome, about how many hours ahead of the sun do they set their clocks?
Answer: three

Question: What term was used in Britain for double daylight saving time?
Answer: Double Summer Time

Question: What's a third name for double daylight saving time or Double Summer Time used in Europe?
Answer: Central European Midsummer Time
Royal_Institute_of_British_Architects

The Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA) is a professional body for architects primarily in the United Kingdom, but also internationally, founded for the advancement of architecture under its charter granted in 1837 and Supplemental Charter granted in 1971.

Question: What does RIBA stand for?
Answer: Royal Institute of British Architects

Question: What is the goal of RIBA?
Answer: the advancement of architecture

Question: When was RIBA founded?
Answer: 1837

Question: When was RIBA's founding document expanded?
Answer: 1971

Question: In what country does RIBA mainly operate?
Answer: United Kingdom

Question: What does RIBA stand against?

Question: What is the enemy of RIBA?

Question: When was RIBA lost?

Question: When was RIBA's founding document decreased?
Royal_Institute_of_British_Architects

Originally named the Institute of British Architects in London, it was formed in 1834 by several prominent architects, including Philip Hardwick, Thomas Allom, William Donthorne, Thomas Leverton Donaldson, William Adams Nicholson, John Buonarotti Papworth, and Thomas de Grey, 2nd Earl de Grey.

Question: What was Riba's first name?
Answer: Institute of British Architects in London

Question: In what year was the Institute of British Architects founded?
Answer: 1834

Question: In what city was the Institute of British Architects located?
Answer: London

Question: In terms of profession, what were people like Philip Hardwick, William Adams Nicholson and Thomas de Grey?
Answer: Architects

Question: What was Riba's banned name?

Question: What city was the Institute of British Architects moved to?

Question: What year was the Institute of British Architects removed?

Question: What profession did people like Philip Hardwick, William Adams Nicholson and Thomas de Grey avoid?
Royal_Institute_of_British_Architects

After the grant of the royal charter it had become known as the Royal Institute of British Architects in London, eventually dropping the reference to London in 1892. In 1934, it moved to its current headquarters on Portland Place, with the building being opened by King George V and Queen Mary.

Question: What caused the change of the Institute's name?
Answer: the grant of the royal charter

Question: What was removed from the Royal Institute's name?
Answer: the reference to London

Question: When was the mention of London removed from the Royal Institute's name?
Answer: 1892

Question: Where is the Royal Institute of British Architects located?
Answer: Portland Place

Question: Who opened the structure in which the Royal Institute is currently housed?
Answer: King George V and Queen Mary

Question: What caused the Institute's name to not change?

Question: What was added to the Royal Institute's name?

Question: When was the mention of London included in the Royal Institute's name?

Question: Who opened the structure in which the Royal Institute is formerly housed?
Royal_Institute_of_British_Architects

It was granted its Royal Charter in 1837 under King William IV. Supplemental Charters of 1887, 1909 and 1925 were replaced by a single Charter in 1971, and there have been minor amendments since then.

Question: When did the Royal Institute receive its charter?
Answer: 1837

Question: Who was responsible for giving the charter to the Royal Institute?
Answer: King William IV

Question: In what years was the Royal Institute issued supplemental charters?
Answer: 1887, 1909 and 1925

Question: When were the various supplemental charters consolidated?
Answer: 1971

Question: What term characterizes the nature of changes to the charter after 1971?
Answer: minor amendments

Question: When did the Royal Institute lose its charter?

Question: Who was responsible for taking the charter from the Royal Institute?

Question: What years was the Royal Institute issued no supplemental charters?

Question: When were the various supplemental charters increased?

Question: What term characterizes the nature of changes to the charter before 1971?
Royal_Institute_of_British_Architects

The original Charter of 1837 set out the purpose of the Royal Institute to be: '… the general advancement of Civil Architecture, and for promoting and facilitating the acquirement of the knowledge of the various arts and sciences connected therewith…'

Question: What was the central aim of the Royal Institute?
Answer: the general advancement of Civil Architecture

Question: What document set forth the goals of the Royal Institute?
Answer: The original Charter of 1837

Question: What was the Royal Institute responsible for doing with regards to the development of knowledge related to architecture?
Answer: promoting and facilitating

Question: What was the secondary aim of the Royal Institute?

Question: What document set forth the restrictions of the Royal Institute?

Question: What was the Royal Institute not responsible for doing with regards to the development of knowledge related to architecture?

Question: Which charter was not used in 1837?
Royal_Institute_of_British_Architects

The operational framework is provided by the Byelaws, which are more frequently updated than the Charter. Any revisions to the Charter or Byelaws require the Privy Council's approval.

Question: What sets forth the standards by which the Royal Institute functions?
Answer: the Byelaws

Question: What guidelines for the Royal Institute are updated most often?
Answer: the Byelaws

Question: What is necessary to make any changes to either document which governs the operations of the Royal Institute?
Answer: the Privy Council's approval

Question: What removed the standards by which the Royal Institute functions?

Question: What guidelines for the Royal Institute are updated least often?

Question: What is never necessary to make any changes to either document which governs the operations of the Royal Institute?

Question: What is updated more than the Byelaws?
Royal_Institute_of_British_Architects

The design of the Institute's Mycenean lions medal and the motto ‘Usui civium, decori urbium' has been attributed to Thomas Leverton Donaldson, who had been honorary secretary until 1839. The RIBA Guide to its Archive and History (Angela Mace,1986) records that the first official version of this badge was used as a bookplate for the Institute's library and publications from 1835 to 1891, when it was redesigned by J.H.Metcalfe. It was again redesigned in 1931 by Eric Gill and in 1960 by Joan Hassall. The description in the 1837 by-laws was: "gules, two lions rampant guardant or, supporting a column marked with lines chevron, proper, all standing on a base of the same; a garter surrounding the whole with the inscription Institute of British Architects, anno salutis MDCCCXXXIV; above a mural crown proper, and beneath the motto Usui civium decori urbium ".

Question: What was the first Latin phrase used by the Royal Institute?
Answer: Usui civium decori urbium

Question: Who is responsible for the use of 'usui civium decori urbium'?
Answer: Thomas Leverton Donaldson

Question: What was Donaldson's role within the Royal Institute?
Answer: honorary secretary

Question: Who reworked the Royal Institute's medal desgin in 1931?
Answer: Eric Gill

Question: When did Joan Hassall redesign the Royal Institute's medal?
Answer: 1960

Question: What was the last Latin phrase used by the Royal Institute?

Question: Who is not responsible for the use of 'usui civium decori urbium'?

Question: What was Donaldson's role outside the Royal Institute?

Question: Who left the Royal Institute's medal design unchanged in 1931?

Question: When did Joan Hassall acquire the Royal Institute's medal?
Royal_Institute_of_British_Architects

In the nineteenth and twentieth centuries the RIBA and its members had a leading part in the promotion of architectural education in the United Kingdom, including the establishment of the Architects' Registration Council of the United Kingdom (ARCUK) and the Board of Architectural Education under the Architects (Registration) Acts, 1931 to 1938. A member of the RIBA, Lionel Bailey Budden, then Associate Professor in the Liverpool University School of Architecture, had contributed the article on Architectural Education published in the fourteenth edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica (1929). His School, Liverpool, was one of the twenty schools named for the purpose of constituting the statutory Board of Architectural Education when the 1931 Act was passed.

Question: What organization was the Royal Institute instrumental in establishing?
Answer: the Architects' Registration Council of the United Kingdom

Question: Which items of legislation did the Royal Institute play a large role in promoting?
Answer: the Board of Architectural Education under the Architects (Registration) Acts, 1931 to 1938

Question: Where did Lional Bailey Budden teach?
Answer: the Liverpool University School of Architecture

Question: What major compendium did Budden help write an article for?
Answer: Encyclopædia Britannica

Question: How many schools formed the Board of Architectural Education?
Answer: twenty

Question: What organization was the Royal Institute unsuccessful in establishing?

Question: Which items of legislation did the Royal Institute play a small role in promoting?

Question: Where did Lional Bailey Budden study?

Question: What minor compendium did Budden help read an article for?

Question: How many schools did not form the Board of Architectural Education?
Royal_Institute_of_British_Architects

Soon after the passing of the 1931 Act, in the book published on the occasion of the Institute's centenary celebration in 1934, Harry Barnes, FRIBA, Chairman of the Registration Committee, mentioned that ARCUK could not be a rival of any architectural association, least of all the RIBA, given the way ARCUK was constituted. Barnes commented that the Act's purpose was not protecting the architectural profession, and that the legitimate interests of the profession were best served by the (then) architectural associations in which some 80 per cent of those practising architecture were to be found.

Question: When did the Royal Institute celebrate its 100th anniversary?
Answer: 1934

Question: Who was the head of the Registration Committee in 1934?
Answer: Harry Barnes

Question: In 1934, what percentage of architects were members of professional organizations?
Answer: 80 per cent

Question: Who did Barnes believe was best able to advance the interests of architects?
Answer: architectural associations

Question: What specific institution did Barnes indicate could not be a rival of the Royal Institute?
Answer: ARCUK

Question: When did the Royal Institute celebrate its 200th anniversary?

Question: Who was the head of the Registration Committee after 1934?

Question: What did Barnes believe was least able to advance the interests of architects?

Question: What specific institution did Barnes indicate could become a rival of the Royal Institute?

Question: What year did the Institute celebrate the third centenary celebration?
Royal_Institute_of_British_Architects

The RIBA Guide to its Archive and History (1986) has a section on the "Statutory registration of architects" with a bibliography extending from a draft bill of 1887 to one of 1969. The Guide's section on "Education" records the setting up in 1904 of the RIBA Board of Architectural Education, and the system by which any school which applied for recognition, whose syllabus was approved by the Board and whose examinations were conducted by an approved external examiner, and whose standard of attainment was guaranteed by periodical inspections by a "Visiting Board" from the BAE, could be placed on the list of "recognized schools" and its successful students could qualify for exemption from RIBA examinations.

Question: When does the Royal Institute's Guide indicate the first RIBA Board was established?
Answer: 1904

Question: What school document had to meet the standards of the Board for admittance?
Answer: syllabus

Question: What was necessary for testing in schools applying to the RIBA Board?
Answer: an approved external examiner

Question: What body carried out on-site inspection of member schools of the RIBA Board?
Answer: Visiting Board

Question: When does the Royal Institute's Guide indicate the last RIBA Board was established?

Question: What school document had no impact on the standards of the Board for admittance?

Question: What was unnecessary for testing in schools applying to the RIBA Board?

Question: What body carried out off-site inspection of member schools of the RIBA Board?