Divyanshu67/squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
Dwight_D._Eisenhower

Eisenhower did provide France with bombers and non-combat personnel. After a few months with no success by the French, he added other aircraft to drop napalm for clearing purposes. Further requests for assistance from the French were agreed to but only on conditions Eisenhower knew were impossible to meet – allied participation and congressional approval. When the French fortress of Dien Bien Phu fell to the Vietnamese Communists in May 1954, Eisenhower refused to intervene despite urgings from the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs, the Vice President and the head of NCS.

Question: Aside from bombers, what aid did Eisenhower provide to the French?
Answer: non-combat personnel

Question: What did American bombers drop on Vietnam?
Answer: napalm

Question: When did Dien Bien Phu fall to the communists?
Answer: May 1954

Question: Along with the Vice President and NCS head, who urged Eisenhower to intervene after the fall of Dien Bien Phu?
Answer: Chairman of the Joint Chiefs

Question: What arguably impossible conditions did Eisenhower set for further intervention on behalf of the French?
Answer: allied participation and congressional approval
Dwight_D._Eisenhower

Eisenhower responded to the French defeat with the formation of the SEATO (Southeast Asia Treaty Organization) Alliance with the U.K., France, New Zealand and Australia in defense of Vietnam against communism. At that time the French and Chinese reconvened Geneva peace talks; Eisenhower agreed the U.S. would participate only as an observer. After France and the Communists agreed to a partition of Vietnam, Eisenhower rejected the agreement, offering military and economic aid to southern Vietnam. Ambrose argues that Eisenhower, by not participating in the Geneva agreement, had kept the U.S out of Vietnam; nevertheless, with the formation of SEATO, he had in the end put the U.S. back into the conflict.

Question: What is SEATO?
Answer: Southeast Asia Treaty Organization

Question: Along with the United States, the United Kingdom and France, who formed SEATO?
Answer: New Zealand and Australia

Question: What was the purpose of SEATO?
Answer: defense of Vietnam against communism

Question: What group did France split Vietnam with?
Answer: Communists

Question: Who met in peace talks with France at Geneva?
Answer: Chinese
Dwight_D._Eisenhower

In late 1954, Gen. J. Lawton Collins was made ambassador to "Free Vietnam" (the term South Vietnam came into use in 1955), effectively elevating the country to sovereign status. Collins' instructions were to support the leader Ngo Dinh Diem in subverting communism, by helping him to build an army and wage a military campaign. In February 1955, Eisenhower dispatched the first American soldiers to Vietnam as military advisors to Diem's army. After Diem announced the formation of the Republic of Vietnam (RVN, commonly known as South Vietnam) in October, Eisenhower immediately recognized the new state and offered military, economic, and technical assistance.

Question: What was South Vietnam called in 1955?
Answer: Free Vietnam

Question: Who was the first ambassador to South Vietnam?
Answer: J. Lawton Collins

Question: Who was the leader of South Vietnam in 1954?
Answer: Ngo Dinh Diem

Question: When did Eisenhower first send military advisers to South Vietnam?
Answer: February 1955

Question: Along with Free Vietnam, what was another term for South Vietnam?
Answer: Republic of Vietnam
Dwight_D._Eisenhower

In the years that followed, Eisenhower increased the number of U.S. military advisors in South Vietnam to 900 men. This was due to North Vietnam's support of "uprisings" in the south and concern the nation would fall. In May 1957 Diem, then President of South Vietnam, made a state visit to the United States for ten days. President Eisenhower pledged his continued support, and a parade was held in Diem's honor in New York City. Although Diem was publicly praised, in private Secretary of State John Foster Dulles conceded that Diem had been selected because there were no better alternatives.

Question: How many soldiers did Eisenhower ultimately send to Vietnam?
Answer: 900

Question: How many days did the President of South Vietnam visit the US for in 1957?
Answer: ten

Question: Where was a parade held for the President of South Vietnam?
Answer: New York City

Question: Who was Secretary of State in 1957?
Answer: John Foster Dulles

Question: According to Dulles, why was Diem made president of Vietnam?
Answer: there were no better alternatives
Dwight_D._Eisenhower

On May 1, 1960, a U.S. one-man U-2 spy plane was reportedly shot down at high altitude over Soviet Union airspace. The flight was made to gain photo intelligence before the scheduled opening of an East–West summit conference, which had been scheduled in Paris, 15 days later. Captain Francis Gary Powers had bailed out of his aircraft and was captured after parachuting down onto Russian soil. Four days after Powers disappeared, the Eisenhower Administration had NASA issue a very detailed press release noting that an aircraft had "gone missing" north of Turkey. It speculated that the pilot might have fallen unconscious while the autopilot was still engaged, and falsely claimed that "the pilot reported over the emergency frequency that he was experiencing oxygen difficulties."

Question: When was a U-2 downed over the Soviet Union?
Answer: May 1, 1960

Question: What was the downed U-2 gathering intelligence in advance of?
Answer: East–West summit conference

Question: Where was the East-West summit to have taken place?
Answer: Paris

Question: What was the rank of the pilot of the downed U-2?
Answer: Captain
Dwight_D._Eisenhower

Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev announced that a "spy-plane" had been shot down but intentionally made no reference to the pilot. As a result, the Eisenhower Administration, thinking the pilot had died in the crash, authorized the release of a cover story claiming that the plane was a "weather research aircraft" which had unintentionally strayed into Soviet airspace after the pilot had radioed "difficulties with his oxygen equipment" while flying over Turkey. The Soviets put Captain Powers on trial and displayed parts of the U-2, which had been recovered almost fully intact.

Question: What did the Eisenhower administration refer to the downed U-2 as?
Answer: weather research aircraft

Question: Where did the Eisenhower administration say that the downed U-2 was intended to be flying?
Answer: Turkey

Question: According to the cover story, what did the "weather research" pilot have trouble with?
Answer: oxygen equipment

Question: What happened to Powers in the Soviet Union?
Answer: trial

Question: What did Khrushchev refer to the U-2 as?
Answer: spy-plane
Dwight_D._Eisenhower

The 1960 Four Power Paris Summit between President Dwight Eisenhower, Nikita Khrushchev, Harold Macmillan and Charles de Gaulle collapsed because of the incident. Eisenhower refused to accede to Khrushchev's demands that he apologize. Therefore, Khrushchev would not take part in the summit. Up until this event, Eisenhower felt he had been making progress towards better relations with the Soviet Union. Nuclear arms reduction and Berlin were to have been discussed at the summit. Eisenhower stated it had all been ruined because of that "stupid U-2 business".

Question: Along with Eisenhower, Macmillan and de Gaulle, what leader attended the Four Powers Paris Summit?
Answer: Nikita Khrushchev

Question: What did Khrushchev demand that Eisenhower do?
Answer: apologize

Question: Along with reducing nuclear weapons, what was to have been the topic of conversation at the Four Power Paris Summit?
Answer: Berlin

Question: What did Eisenhower blame for ruining the summit?
Answer: stupid U-2 business

Question: In what year was the Four Power Paris Summit intended to take place?
Answer: 1960
Dwight_D._Eisenhower

While President Truman had begun the process of desegregating the Armed Forces in 1948, actual implementation had been slow. Eisenhower made clear his stance in his first State of the Union address in February 1953, saying "I propose to use whatever authority exists in the office of the President to end segregation in the District of Columbia, including the Federal Government, and any segregation in the Armed Forces". When he encountered opposition from the services, he used government control of military spending to force the change through, stating "Wherever Federal Funds are expended ..., I do not see how any American can justify ... a discrimination in the expenditure of those funds".

Question: Which president initially began to desegregate the US military?
Answer: Truman

Question: When did the desegregation of the United States Armed Forces begin?
Answer: 1948

Question: When did Eisenhower deliver his first State of the Union?
Answer: February 1953

Question: What control did Eisenhower use to push through desegregation?
Answer: military spending

Question: In what geographical area did Eisenhower promise to end desegregation in his State of the Union address?
Answer: District of Columbia
Dwight_D._Eisenhower

Eisenhower told District of Columbia officials to make Washington a model for the rest of the country in integrating black and white public school children. He proposed to Congress the Civil Rights Act of 1957 and of 1960 and signed those acts into law. The 1957 act for the first time established a permanent civil rights office inside the Justice Department and a Civil Rights Commission to hear testimony about abuses of voting rights. Although both acts were much weaker than subsequent civil rights legislation, they constituted the first significant civil rights acts since 1875.

Question: Who did Eisenhower tell DC officials to integrate?
Answer: school children

Question: What was the first civil rights act proposed to Congress by Eisenhower?
Answer: Civil Rights Act of 1957

Question: In what year did Eisenhower propose his second civil rights act?
Answer: 1960

Question: What sort of commission did the Civil Rights Act of 1957 establish?
Answer: Civil Rights Commission

Question: Under the Civil Rights Act of 1957, what federal department contained a civil rights office?
Answer: Justice
Dwight_D._Eisenhower

In 1957, the state of Arkansas refused to honor a federal court order to integrate their public school system stemming from the Brown decision. Eisenhower demanded that Arkansas governor Orval Faubus obey the court order. When Faubus balked, the president placed the Arkansas National Guard under federal control and sent in the 101st Airborne Division. They escorted and protected nine black students' entry to Little Rock Central High School, an all-white public school, for the first time since the Reconstruction Era. Martin Luther King Jr. wrote to Eisenhower to thank him for his actions, writing "The overwhelming majority of southerners, Negro and white, stand firmly behind your resolute action to restore law and order in Little Rock".

Question: What state refused to integrate its schools in 1957?
Answer: Arkansas

Question: What military unit was sent from outside of Arkansas to oversee desegregation?
Answer: 101st Airborne Division

Question: What Arkansas militia unit did Eisenhower federalize in 1957?
Answer: Arkansas National Guard

Question: Who was the governor of Arkansas in 1957?
Answer: Orval Faubus

Question: How many black students were escorted by the 101st Airborne to Little Rock Central High School?
Answer: nine
Dwight_D._Eisenhower

This prevented Eisenhower from openly condemning Joseph McCarthy's highly criticized methods against communism. To facilitate relations with Congress, Eisenhower decided to ignore McCarthy's controversies and thereby deprive them of more energy from involvement of the White House. This position drew criticism from a number of corners. In late 1953 McCarthy declared on national television that the employment of communists within the government was a menace and would be a pivotal issue in the 1954 Senate elections. Eisenhower was urged to respond directly and specify the various measures he had taken to purge the government of communists. Nevertheless, he refused.

Question: In what year did Joseph McCarthy declare that the federal government was employing communists?
Answer: 1953

Question: What did Eisenhower do when he was encouraged to respond to McCarthy's accusations?
Answer: he refused

Question: Why did Eisenhower ignore McCarthy?
Answer: facilitate relations with Congress
Dwight_D._Eisenhower

Among Ike's objectives in not directly confronting McCarthy was to prevent McCarthy from dragging the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) into McCarthy's witch hunt for communists, which would interfere with, and perhaps delay, the AEC's important work on H-bombs. The administration had discovered through its own investigations that one of the leading scientists on the AEC, J. Robert Oppenheimer, had urged that the H-bomb work be delayed. Eisenhower removed him from the agency and revoked his security clearance, though he knew this would create fertile ground for McCarthy.

Question: What organization did Eisenhower want to keep from being one of McCarthy's targets?
Answer: Atomic Energy Commission

Question: What was the AEC working on at this time?
Answer: H-bombs

Question: What AEC scientists counseled delaying the development of the hydrogen bomb?
Answer: J. Robert Oppenheimer

Question: What did Eisenhower do to Oppenheimer after he said that the hydrogen bomb should be delayed?
Answer: removed him from the agency and revoked his security clearance
Dwight_D._Eisenhower

In May 1955, McCarthy threatened to issue subpoenas to White House personnel. Eisenhower was furious, and issued an order as follows: "It is essential to efficient and effective administration that employees of the Executive Branch be in a position to be completely candid in advising with each other on official matters ... it is not in the public interest that any of their conversations or communications, or any documents or reproductions, concerning such advice be disclosed." This was an unprecedented step by Eisenhower to protect communication beyond the confines of a cabinet meeting, and soon became a tradition known as executive privilege. Ike's denial of McCarthy's access to his staff reduced McCarthy's hearings to rants about trivial matters, and contributed to his ultimate downfall.

Question: What did McCarthy threaten to do in May of 1955?
Answer: issue subpoenas to White House personnel

Question: What tradition was fostered by Eisenhower's reaction to McCarthy's subpoena threats?
Answer: executive privilege

Question: Eisenhower denied McCarthy access to the personnel of what branch of the federal government?
Answer: Executive
Dwight_D._Eisenhower

The Democrats gained a majority in both houses in the 1954 election. Eisenhower had to work with the Democratic Majority Leader Lyndon B. Johnson (later U.S. president) in the Senate and Speaker Sam Rayburn in the House, both from Texas. Joe Martin, the Republican Speaker from 1947 to 1949 and again from 1953 to 1955, wrote that Eisenhower "never surrounded himself with assistants who could solve political problems with professional skill. There were exceptions, Leonard W. Hall, for example, who as chairman of the Republican National Committee tried to open the administration's eyes to the political facts of life, with occasional success. However, these exceptions were not enough to right the balance."

Question: Who won a Senate majority in 1954?
Answer: Democrats

Question: After the 1954 election, who was the Speaker of the House?
Answer: Sam Rayburn

Question: Who was made Senate Majority Leader after the 1954 election?
Answer: Lyndon B. Johnson

Question: What state were Johnson and Rayburn from?
Answer: Texas

Question: Who was Speaker of the House between 1953 and 1955?
Answer: Joe Martin
Dwight_D._Eisenhower

Speaker Martin concluded that Eisenhower worked too much through subordinates in dealing with Congress, with results, "often the reverse of what he has desired" because Members of Congress, "resent having some young fellow who was picked up by the White House without ever having been elected to office himself coming around and telling them 'The Chief wants this'. The administration never made use of many Republicans of consequence whose services in one form or another would have been available for the asking."

Question: What did Martin think Eisenhower did too much of in his relations with Congress?
Answer: worked too much through subordinates

Question: As a result of Eisenhower's actions toward Congress, what did Martin think Congress often gave him?
Answer: reverse of what he has desired

Question: Who did Martin think Eisenhower should have made better use of?
Answer: Republicans of consequence
Dwight_D._Eisenhower

Whittaker was unsuited for the role and soon retired. Stewart and Harlan were conservative Republicans, while Brennan was a Democrat who became a leading voice for liberalism. In selecting a Chief Justice, Eisenhower looked for an experienced jurist who could appeal to liberals in the party as well as law-and-order conservatives, noting privately that Warren "represents the kind of political, economic, and social thinking that I believe we need on the Supreme Court ... He has a national name for integrity, uprightness, and courage that, again, I believe we need on the Court". In the next few years Warren led the Court in a series of liberal decisions that revolutionized the role of the Court.

Question: What were Harlan and Stewart's party affiliations?
Answer: Republicans

Question: What party did Brennan belong to?
Answer: Democrat

Question: Who did Eisenhower nominate for Chief Justice?
Answer: Warren

Question: What sort of decisions did Warren favor on the Supreme Court?
Answer: liberal

Question: Along with liberals, who was Eisenhower trying to appeal to with the Warren pick?
Answer: law-and-order conservatives
Dwight_D._Eisenhower

Eisenhower began smoking cigarettes at West Point, often two or three packs a day. Eisenhower stated that he "gave [himself] an order" to stop cold turkey in March 1949 while at Columbia. He was probably the first president to release information about his health and medical records while in office. On September 24, 1955, while vacationing in Colorado, he had a serious heart attack that required six weeks' hospitalization, during which time Nixon, Dulles, and Sherman Adams assumed administrative duties and provided communication with the President. He was treated by Dr. Paul Dudley White, a cardiologist with a national reputation, who regularly informed the press of the President's progress. Instead of eliminating him as a candidate for a second term as President, his physician recommended a second term as essential to his recovery.

Question: Where did Eisenhower pick up the habit of smoking?
Answer: West Point

Question: How many cigarettes did Eisenhower smoke daily at West Point?
Answer: two or three packs

Question: When did Eisenhower stop smoking completely?
Answer: March 1949

Question: Who was Eisenhower's employer when he gave up smoking?
Answer: Columbia

Question: Who was the cardiologist who treated Eisenhower after his heart attack?
Answer: Paul Dudley White
Dwight_D._Eisenhower

As a consequence of his heart attack, Eisenhower developed a left ventricular aneurysm, which was in turn the cause of a mild stroke on November 25, 1957. This incident occurred during a cabinet meeting when Eisenhower suddenly found himself unable to speak or move his right hand. The stroke had caused an aphasia. The president also suffered from Crohn's disease, chronic inflammatory condition of the intestine, which necessitated surgery for a bowel obstruction on June 9, 1956. To treat the intestinal block, surgeons bypassed about ten inches of his small intestine. His scheduled meeting with Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru was postponed so he could recover from surgery at his farm in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. He was still recovering from this operation during the Suez Crisis. Eisenhower's health issues forced him to give up smoking and make some changes to his dietary habits, but he still indulged in alcohol. During a visit to England he complained of dizziness and had to have his blood pressure checked on August 29, 1959; however, before dinner at Chequers on the next day his doctor General Howard Snyder recalled Eisenhower "drank several gin-and-tonics, and one or two gins on the rocks ... three or four wines with the dinner".

Question: What caused Eisenhower's stroke of 1957?
Answer: left ventricular aneurysm

Question: Where was Eisenhower when he suffered a stroke in 1957?
Answer: cabinet meeting

Question: What couldn't Eisenhower move as a result of his stroke?
Answer: right hand

Question: What is Crohn's disease?
Answer: chronic inflammatory condition of the intestine

Question: Why did Eisenhower need surgery on June 9, 1956?
Answer: bowel obstruction
Dwight_D._Eisenhower

The last three years of Eisenhower's second term in office were ones of relatively good health. Eventually after leaving the White House, he suffered several additional and ultimately crippling heart attacks. A severe heart attack in August 1965 largely ended his participation in public affairs. In August 1966 he began to show symptoms of cholecystitis, for which he underwent surgery on December 12, 1966, when his gallbladder was removed, containing 16 gallstones. After Eisenhower's death in 1969 (see below), an autopsy unexpectedly revealed an adrenal pheochromocytoma, a benign adrenaline-secreting tumor that may have made the President more vulnerable to heart disease. Eisenhower suffered seven heart attacks in total from 1955 until his death.

Question: What August 1965 event caused Eisenhower to drop out of public life?
Answer: heart attack

Question: For what ailment did Eisenhower receive surgery in 1966?
Answer: cholecystitis

Question: What did Eisenhower have removed via surgery on December 12, 1966?
Answer: gallbladder

Question: In what year did Eisenhower die?
Answer: 1969

Question: How many heart attacks did Eisenhower have between 1955 and 1969?
Answer: seven
Dwight_D._Eisenhower

In the 1960 election to choose his successor, Eisenhower endorsed his own Vice President, Republican Richard Nixon against Democrat John F. Kennedy. He told friends, "I will do almost anything to avoid turning my chair and country over to Kennedy." He actively campaigned for Nixon in the final days, although he may have done Nixon some harm. When asked by reporters at the end of a televised press conference to list one of Nixon's policy ideas he had adopted, Eisenhower joked, "If you give me a week, I might think of one. I don't remember." Kennedy's campaign used the quote in one of its campaign commercials. Nixon narrowly lost to Kennedy. Eisenhower, who was the oldest president in history at that time (then 70), was succeeded by the youngest elected president, as Kennedy was 43.

Question: Who did Eisenhower endorse for president in 1960?
Answer: Richard Nixon

Question: Who was the Democratic candidate for president in 1960?
Answer: John F. Kennedy

Question: How old was Eisenhower in 1960?
Answer: 70

Question: Who was the youngest person elected to the United States presidency?
Answer: Kennedy

Question: Who won the US presidential election of 1960?
Answer: Kennedy
Dwight_D._Eisenhower

On January 17, 1961, Eisenhower gave his final televised Address to the Nation from the Oval Office. In his farewell speech, Eisenhower raised the issue of the Cold War and role of the U.S. armed forces. He described the Cold War: "We face a hostile ideology global in scope, atheistic in character, ruthless in purpose and insidious in method ..." and warned about what he saw as unjustified government spending proposals and continued with a warning that "we must guard against the acquisition of unwarranted influence, whether sought or unsought, by the military–industrial complex."

Question: On what date did Eisenhower deliver his farewell speech?
Answer: January 17, 1961

Question: In his farewell speech, what complex did Eisenhower warn the American people of?
Answer: military–industrial

Question: What war did Eisenhower talk about in his Address to the Nation?
Answer: Cold

Question: From where did Eisenhower deliver his farewell speech?
Answer: Oval Office

Question: What term did Eisenhower use to describe the character of communism?
Answer: atheistic
Dwight_D._Eisenhower

Eisenhower retired to the place where he and Mamie had spent much of their post-war time, a working farm adjacent to the battlefield at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, only 70 miles from his ancestral home in Elizabethville, Dauphin County, Pennsylvania. In 1967 the Eisenhowers donated the farm to the National Park Service. In retirement, the former president did not completely retreat from political life; he spoke at the 1964 Republican National Convention and appeared with Barry Goldwater in a Republican campaign commercial from Gettysburg. However, his endorsement came somewhat reluctantly because Goldwater had attacked the former president as "a dime-store New Dealer".

Question: What town did Eisenhower retire to after his presidency?
Answer: Gettysburg

Question: What Pennsylvania county did Eisenhower grow up in?
Answer: Dauphin

Question: Who did Eisenhower donate his farm to in 1967?
Answer: National Park Service

Question: Who was the Republican presidential candidate in 1964?
Answer: Barry Goldwater

Question: What did Barry Goldwater call Eisenhower?
Answer: dime-store New Dealer
Dwight_D._Eisenhower

On the morning of March 28, 1969, at the age of 78, Eisenhower died in Washington, D.C. of congestive heart failure at Walter Reed Army Medical Center. The following day his body was moved to the Washington National Cathedral's Bethlehem Chapel, where he lay in repose for 28 hours. On March 30, his body was brought by caisson to the United States Capitol, where he lay in state in the Capitol Rotunda. On March 31, Eisenhower's body was returned to the National Cathedral, where he was given an Episcopal Church funeral service.

Question: How old was Eisenhower when he died?
Answer: 78

Question: At what facility did Eisenhower die?
Answer: Walter Reed Army Medical Center

Question: What was Eisenhower's cause of death?
Answer: congestive heart failure

Question: What was Eisenhower's date of death?
Answer: March 28, 1969

Question: What Christian denomination did Eisenhower belong to?
Answer: Episcopal
Dwight_D._Eisenhower

That evening, Eisenhower's body was placed onto a train en route to Abilene, Kansas, the last time a funeral train has been used as part of funeral proceedings of an American president. His body arrived on April 2, and was interred later that day in a small chapel on the grounds of the Eisenhower Presidential Library. The president's body was buried as a General of the Army. The family used an $80 standard soldier's casket, and dressed Eisenhower's body in his famous short green jacket. His only medals worn were: the Army Distinguished Service Medal with three oak leaf clusters, the Navy Distinguished Service Medal, and the Legion of Merit. Eisenhower is buried alongside his son Doud, who died at age 3 in 1921. His wife Mamie was buried next to him after her death in 1979.

Question: When did Eisenhower's funeral train arrive in Abilene, Kansas?
Answer: April 2

Question: At what location was Eisenhower buried?
Answer: Eisenhower Presidential Library

Question: What was the cost of Eisenhower's casket?
Answer: $80

Question: What color jacket was Eisenhower buried in?
Answer: green

Question: When did Mamie Eisenhower die?
Answer: 1979
Dwight_D._Eisenhower

In the immediate years after Eisenhower left office, his reputation declined. He was widely seen by critics as an inactive, uninspiring, golf-playing president compared to his vigorous young successor. Despite his unprecedented use of Army troops to enforce a federal desegregation order at Central High School in Little Rock, Eisenhower was criticized for his reluctance to support the civil rights movement to the degree that activists wanted. Eisenhower also attracted criticism for his handling of the 1960 U-2 incident and the associated international embarrassment, for the Soviet Union's perceived leadership in the nuclear arms race and the Space Race, and for his failure to publicly oppose McCarthyism.

Question: In popular memory, what sport was Eisenhower known for playing?
Answer: golf

Question: What did critics feel that Eisenhower should have opposed in public?
Answer: McCarthyism

Question: Where was Central High school located?
Answer: Little Rock

Question: How did critics characterize Kennedy in comparison to Eisenhower?
Answer: vigorous young successor

Question: What nation was considered the leader in the nuclear arms race?
Answer: Soviet Union
Dwight_D._Eisenhower

Since the 19th century, many if not all presidents were assisted by a central figure or "gatekeeper", sometimes described as the President's Private Secretary, sometimes with no official title at all. Eisenhower formalized this role, introducing the office of White House Chief of Staff – an idea he borrowed from the United States Army. Every president after Lyndon Johnson has also appointed staff to this position. Initially, Gerald Ford and Jimmy Carter tried to operate without a chief of staff, but each eventually appointed one.

Question: From where did Eisenhower get the idea of a White House Chief of Staff?
Answer: United States Army

Question: Who was the last president not to appoint a Chief of Staff?
Answer: Lyndon Johnson

Question: Along with Ford, what president initially didn't appoint a Chief of Staff but later did?
Answer: Jimmy Carter

Question: What 19th century informal political office did the modern role of White House Chief of Staff correspond to?
Answer: President's Private Secretary
Dwight_D._Eisenhower

The development of the appreciation medals was initiated by the White House and executed by the Bureau of the Mint through the U.S. Mint in Philadelphia. The medals were struck from September 1958 through October 1960. A total of twenty designs are cataloged with a total mintage of 9,858. Each of the designs incorporates the text "with appreciation" or "with personal and official gratitude" accompanied with Eisenhower's initials "D.D.E." or facsimile signature. The design also incorporates location, date, and/or significant event. Prior to the end of his second term as President, 1,451 medals were turned-in to the Bureau of the Mint and destroyed. The Eisenhower appreciation medals are part of the Presidential Medal of Appreciation Award Medal Series.

Question: How many appreciation medals were minted?
Answer: 9,858

Question: In what city were the appreciation medals minted?
Answer: Philadelphia

Question: During what period were the appreciation medals minted?
Answer: September 1958 through October 1960

Question: What were Eisenhower's initials?
Answer: D.D.E.

Question: How many appreciation medals were destroyed by the Bureau of the Mint?
Answer: 1,451
Dwight_D._Eisenhower

The Interstate Highway System is officially known as the 'Dwight D. Eisenhower National System of Interstate and Defense Highways' in his honor. It was inspired in part by Eisenhower's own Army experiences in World War II, where he recognized the advantages of the autobahn systems in Germany, Austria, and Switzerland. Commemorative signs reading "Eisenhower Interstate System" and bearing Eisenhower's permanent 5-star rank insignia were introduced in 1993 and are currently displayed throughout the Interstate System. Several highways are also named for him, including the Eisenhower Expressway (Interstate 290) near Chicago and the Eisenhower Tunnel on Interstate 70 west of Denver.

Question: What is the formal name of the Interstate Highway System?
Answer: Dwight D. Eisenhower National System of Interstate and Defense Highways

Question: Along with Germany and Switzerland, what country contained an autobahn during the Second World War?
Answer: Austria

Question: When were "Eisenhower Interstate System" signs first posted along highways?
Answer: 1993

Question: What is another name for Eisenhower Expressway?
Answer: Interstate 290

Question: What major city is Interstate 290 close to?
Answer: Chicago
Dwight_D._Eisenhower

A loblolly pine, known as the "Eisenhower Pine", was located on Augusta's 17th hole, approximately 210 yards (192 m) from the Masters tee. President Dwight D. Eisenhower, an Augusta National member, hit the tree so many times that, at a 1956 club meeting, he proposed that it be cut down. Not wanting to offend the president, the club's chairman, Clifford Roberts, immediately adjourned the meeting rather than reject the request. The tree was removed in February 2014 after an ice storm caused it significant damage.

Question: At what Augusta hole was the Eisenhower Pine located?
Answer: 17th

Question: How many meters away from the Masters tee on Augusta's 17th was the Eisenhower Pine?
Answer: 192

Question: What did Eisenhower want to be done to the Eisenhower Pine?
Answer: cut down

Question: What damaged the Eisenhower Pine in February 2014?
Answer: ice storm

Question: In what year did Eisenhower propose that the pine tree named after him be removed?
Answer: 1956
The_Bronx

The Bronx /ˈbrɒŋks/ is the northernmost of the five boroughs (counties) of New York City in the state of New York, located south of Westchester County. Many bridges and tunnels link the Bronx to the island and borough of Manhattan to the west over and under the narrow Harlem River, as well as three longer bridges south over the East River to the borough of Queens. Of the five boroughs, the Bronx is the only one on the U.S. mainland and, with a land area of 42 square miles (109 km2) and a population of 1,438,159 in 2014, has the fourth largest land area, the fourth highest population, and the third-highest population density.

Question: How many boroughs are in NYC?
Answer: five

Question: Where is the Bronx positioned among NYC boroughs?
Answer: northernmost

Question: What is the Bronx's population?
Answer: 1,438,159

Question: How large is the Bronx?
Answer: 42 square miles (109 km2)

Question: What is unique about the Bronx's location?
Answer: Of the five boroughs, the Bronx is the only one on the U.S. mainland
The_Bronx

The Bronx is named after Jonas Bronck who created the first settlement as part of the New Netherland colony in 1639. The native Lenape were displaced after 1643 by settlers. In the 19th and 20th centuries, the Bronx received many immigrant groups as it was transformed into an urban community, first from various European countries (particularly Ireland, Germany and Italy) and later from the Caribbean region (particularly Puerto Rico, Jamaica and the Dominican Republic), as well as African American migrants from the American South. This cultural mix has made the Bronx a wellspring of both Latin music and hip hop.

Question: Who is the Bronx named for?
Answer: Jonas Bronck

Question: What did Bronck do?
Answer: created the first settlement as part of the New Netherland colony

Question: When did Bronck settle in the New York area?
Answer: 1639

Question: What native tribe lived in the New York area?
Answer: Lenape

Question: What types of music the Bronx famous for?
Answer: Latin music and hip hop
The_Bronx

Jonas Bronck (c. 1600–43) was a Swedish born emigrant from Komstad, Norra Ljunga parish in Småland, Sweden who arrived in New Netherland during the spring of 1639. He became the first recorded European settler in the area now known as the Bronx. He leased land from the Dutch West India Company on the neck of the mainland immediately north of the Dutch settlement in Harlem (on Manhattan island), and bought additional tracts from the local tribes. He eventually accumulated 500 acres (about 2 square km, or 3/4 of a square mile) between the Harlem River and the Aquahung, which became known as Bronck's River, or The Bronx. Dutch and English settlers referred to the area as Bronck's Land. The American poet William Bronk was a descendant of Pieter Bronck, either Jonas Bronck's son or his younger brother.

Question: When was Jonas Bronck born?
Answer: 1600

Question: Where did Bronck emigrate from?
Answer: Småland, Sweden

Question: When did Bronck reach the New York area?
Answer: spring of 1639

Question: What entity did Bronck get his land from?
Answer: the Dutch West India Company

Question: How much land did Bronck eventually own?
Answer: 500 acres
The_Bronx

The Bronx is referred to, both legally and colloquially, with a definite article, as the Bronx. (The County of Bronx, unlike the coextensive Borough of the Bronx, does not place the immediately before Bronx in formal references, nor does the United States Postal Service in its database of Bronx addresses.) The name for this region, apparently after the Bronx River, first appeared in the Annexed District of the Bronx created in 1874 out of part of Westchester County and was continued in the Borough of the Bronx, which included a larger annexation from Westchester County in 1898. The use of the definite article is attributed to the style of referring to rivers. Another explanation for the use of the definite article in the borough's name is that the original form of the name was a possessive or collective one referring to the family, as in visiting The Broncks, The Bronck's or The Broncks'.

Question: What is the Bronx's county name?
Answer: The County of Bronx

Question: What is the Bronx's borough name?
Answer: Borough of the Bronx

Question: When was the Bronx created?
Answer: 1874

Question: What county was the Bronx split off from?
Answer: Westchester

Question: When was the Bronx added to?
Answer: 1898
The_Bronx

The development of the Bronx is directly connected to its strategic location between New England and New York (Manhattan). Control over the bridges across the Harlem River plagued the period of British colonial rule. Kingsbridge, built in 1693 where Broadway reached the Spuyten Duyvil Creek, was a possession of Frederick Philipse, lord of Philipse Manor. The tolls were resented by local farmers on both sides of the creek. In 1759, the farmers led by Jacobus Dyckman and Benjamin Palmer built a "free bridge" across the Harlem River which led to the abandonment of tolls altogether.

Question: When did farmers build a bridge over the Harlem River?
Answer: 1759

Question: Why did farmers build a bridge over the Harlem River?
Answer: tolls were resented

Question: What strategic advantage did the Bronx's location have?
Answer: between New England and New York

Question: When was Kingsbridge built?
Answer: 1693

Question: Who owned Kingsbridge?
Answer: Frederick Philipse
The_Bronx

The consolidation of the Bronx into New York City proceeded in two stages. In 1873, the state legislature annexed Kingsbridge, West Farms and Morrisania to New York, effective in 1874; the three towns were abolished in the process. In 1895, three years before New York's consolidation with Brooklyn, Queens and Staten Island, the whole of the territory east of the Bronx River, including the Town of Westchester (which had voted in 1894 against consolidation) and portions of Eastchester and Pelham, were annexed to the city. City Island, a nautical community, voted to join the city in 1896.

Question: When did New York City annex Kingsbridge?
Answer: 1873

Question: When did New York City annex West Farms?
Answer: 1873

Question: When did New York City annex Morrisania?
Answer: 1873

Question: When did New York City annex part of Pelham?
Answer: 1895

Question: When did New York City annex part of Eastchester?
Answer: 1895
The_Bronx

The history of the Bronx during the 20th century may be divided into four periods: a boom period during 1900–29, with a population growth by a factor of six from 200,000 in 1900 to 1.3 million in 1930. The Great Depression and post World War II years saw a slowing of growth leading into an eventual decline. The mid to late century were hard times, as the Bronx declined 1950–85 from a predominantly moderate-income to a predominantly lower-income area with high rates of violent crime and poverty. The Bronx has experienced an economic and developmental resurgence starting in the late 1980s that continues into today.

Question: When was the Bronx's boom period?
Answer: 1900–29

Question: What was the Bronx's population in 1900?
Answer: 200,000

Question: What was the Bronx's population in 1929?
Answer: 1.3 million

Question: When did the Bronx's income declined?
Answer: 1950–85

Question: When did the Bronx's economy regrow?
Answer: starting in the late 1980s
The_Bronx

The Bronx underwent rapid urban growth after World War I. Extensions of the New York City Subway contributed to the increase in population as thousands of immigrants came to the Bronx, resulting in a major boom in residential construction. Among these groups, many Irish Americans, Italian Americans and especially Jewish Americans settled here. In addition, French, German, Polish and other immigrants moved into the borough. The Jewish population also increased notably during this time. In 1937, according to Jewish organizations, 592,185 Jews lived in The Bronx (43.9% of the borough's population), while only 54,000 Jews lived in the borough in 2011. Many synagogues still stand in the Bronx, but most have been converted to other uses.

Question: How many Jews lived in the Bronx in 1937?
Answer: 592,185

Question: How many Jews lived in the Bronx in 2011?
Answer: 54,000

Question: What led to the Bronx's population growth?
Answer: Extensions of the New York City Subway

Question: What immigrant groups were the most prevalent in the Bronx?
Answer: Irish Americans, Italian Americans and especially Jewish Americans

Question: How much of the Bronx was Jewish in 1937?
Answer: 43.9%
The_Bronx

Yet another may have been a reduction in the real-estate listings and property-related financial services (such as mortgage loans or insurance policies) offered in some areas of the Bronx — a process known as redlining. Others have suggested a "planned shrinkage" of municipal services, such as fire-fighting. There was also much debate as to whether rent control laws had made it less profitable (or more costly) for landlords to maintain existing buildings with their existing tenants than to abandon or destroy those buildings.

Question: What is redlining?
Answer: a reduction in the real-estate listings and property-related financial services (such as mortgage loans or insurance policies) offered in some areas

Question: What might have encouraged landlords to abandon or destroy buildings?
Answer: rent control laws

Question: What example city service was cut back on in the Bronx?
Answer: fire-fighting
The_Bronx

In the 1970s, the Bronx was plagued by a wave of arson. The burning of buildings was predominantly in the poorest communities, like the South Bronx. The most common explanation of what occurred was that landlords decided to burn their low property-value buildings and take the insurance money as it was more lucrative to get insurance money than to refurbish or sell a building in a severely distressed area. The Bronx became identified with a high rate of poverty and unemployment, which was mainly a persistent problem in the South Bronx.

Question: What crime was common in the Bronx in the 1970s?
Answer: arson

Question: Why did some landlords burn their own buildings?
Answer: it was more lucrative to get insurance money than to refurbish or sell a building in a severely distressed area

Question: Where were poverty and unemployment the worst in the Bronx?
Answer: South Bronx
The_Bronx

Since the late 1980s, significant development has occurred in the Bronx, first stimulated by the city's "Ten-Year Housing Plan" and community members working to rebuild the social, economic and environmental infrastructure by creating affordable housing. Groups affiliated with churches in the South Bronx erected the Nehemiah Homes with about 1,000 units. The grass roots organization Nos Quedamos' endeavor known as Melrose Commons began to rebuild areas in the South Bronx. The IRT White Plains Road Line (2 5 trains) began to show an increase in riders. Chains such as Marshalls, Staples, and Target opened stores in the Bronx. More bank branches opened in the Bronx as a whole (rising from 106 in 1997 to 149 in 2007), although not primarily in poor or minority neighborhoods, while the Bronx still has fewer branches per person than other boroughs.

Question: What city plan helped redevelop the Bronx?
Answer: "Ten-Year Housing Plan"

Question: How many units are in the Nehemiah Homes?
Answer: about 1,000

Question: Who built the Nehemiah Homes?
Answer: Groups affiliated with churches in the South Bronx

Question: Who led the Melrose Commons project?
Answer: Nos Quedamos

Question: How many bank branches were in the Bronx by 2007?
Answer: 149
The_Bronx

In 1997, the Bronx was designated an All America City by the National Civic League, acknowledging its comeback from the decline of the mid-century. In 2006, The New York Times reported that "construction cranes have become the borough's new visual metaphor, replacing the window decals of the 1980s in which pictures of potted plants and drawn curtains were placed in the windows of abandoned buildings." The borough has experienced substantial new building construction since 2002. Between 2002 and June 2007, 33,687 new units of housing were built or were under way and $4.8 billion has been invested in new housing. In the first six months of 2007 alone total investment in new residential development was $965 million and 5,187 residential units were scheduled to be completed. Much of the new development is springing up in formerly vacant lots across the South Bronx.

Question: What award did the Bronx receive in 1997?
Answer: All America City

Question: Who gave the Bronx an award in 1997?
Answer: the National Civic League

Question: How were window decals used in the Bronx in the 1980s?
Answer: pictures of potted plants and drawn curtains were placed in the windows of abandoned buildings

Question: How many housing units were built in the Bronx in 2002-2007?
Answer: 33,687

Question: How much was invested in housing in the Bronx in 2002-2007?
Answer: $4.8 billion
The_Bronx

Several boutique and chain hotels have opened in recent years in the South Bronx; in addition, a La Quinta Inn that has been proposed for the Mott Haven waterfront. The Kingsbridge Armory, often cited as the largest armory in the world, is scheduled for redevelopment as the Kingsbridge National Ice Center. Under consideration for future development is the construction of a platform over the New York City Subway's Concourse Yard adjacent to Lehman College. The construction would permit approximately 2,000,000 square feet (190,000 m2) of development and would cost US$350–500 million.

Question: What was the largest armory in the world?
Answer: Kingsbridge Armory

Question: What is Kingsbridge Armory being turned into?
Answer: Kingsbridge National Ice Center

Question: Where is a La Quinta being built in the Bronx?
Answer: the Mott Haven waterfront

Question: How much development space would a Concourse Yard platform provide?
Answer: 2,000,000 square feet

Question: How much would a Concourse Yard platform cost?
Answer: US$350–500 million
The_Bronx

The Bronx is almost entirely situated on the North American mainland. The Hudson River separates the Bronx on the west from Alpine, Tenafly and Englewood Cliffs in Bergen County, New Jersey; the Harlem River separates it from the island of Manhattan to the southwest; the East River separates it from Queens to the southeast; and to the east, Long Island Sound separates it from Nassau County in western Long Island. Directly north of the Bronx are (from west to east) the adjoining Westchester County communities of Yonkers, Mount Vernon, Pelham Manor and New Rochelle. (There is also a short southern land boundary with Marble Hill in the Borough of Manhattan, over the filled-in former course of the Spuyten Duyvil Creek. Marble Hill's postal ZIP code, telephonic Area Code and fire service, however, are shared with the Bronx and not Manhattan.)

Question: What's on the other side of the Hudson from the Bronx?
Answer: Alpine, Tenafly and Englewood Cliffs

Question: What county is Tenafly in?
Answer: Bergen County

Question: What state is Alpine in?
Answer: New Jersey

Question: What's on the other side of the Harlem River from the Bronx?
Answer: Manhattan

Question: What's on the other side of the East River from the Bronx?
Answer: Queens