Divyanshu67/squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
Film_speed

The CIPA DC-004 standard requires that Japanese manufacturers of digital still cameras use either the REI or SOS techniques, and DC-008 updates the Exif specification to differentiate between these values. Consequently, the three EI techniques carried over from ISO 12232:1998 are not widely used in recent camera models (approximately 2007 and later). As those earlier techniques did not allow for measurement from images produced with lossy compression, they cannot be used at all on cameras that produce images only in JPEG format.

Question: Which methods are required by CIPA DC-004?
Answer: REI or SOS techniques

Question: In what year did the three EI techniques from ISO 12232:1998 largely stop being used?
Answer: approximately 2007 and later

Question: With what cameras can earlier techniques not be used?
Answer: cameras that produce images only in JPEG format

Question: What nation's cameras does the CIPA DC-004 apply to?
Answer: Japanese

Question: What does the DC-008 change?
Answer: the Exif specification

Question: How many techniques are widely used in new camera models?

Question: When was the CIPA DC-004 standard released?

Question: Which manufacturers are exempt from CIPA DC-004?

Question: After 2007, newer camera models started using what techniques again?

Question: The three EI techniques have to be used on cameras that only capture in what format?
Film_speed

where  is the maximum possible exposure that does not lead to a clipped or bloomed camera output. Typically, the lower limit of the saturation speed is determined by the sensor itself, but with the gain of the amplifier between the sensor and the analog-to-digital converter, the saturation speed can be increased. The factor 78 is chosen such that exposure settings based on a standard light meter and an 18-percent reflective surface will result in an image with a grey level of 18%/√2 = 12.7% of saturation. The factor √2 indicates that there is half a stop of headroom to deal with specular reflections that would appear brighter than a 100% reflecting white surface.

Question: What does the sensor usually determine?
Answer: lower limit of the saturation speed

Question: How can the saturation speed be increased?
Answer: with the gain of the amplifier between the sensor and the analog-to-digital converter

Question: What is indicated by the factor √2?
Answer: there is half a stop of headroom to deal with specular reflections that would appear brighter than a 100% reflecting white surface

Question: What can too much exposure lead to?
Answer: clipped or bloomed camera output

Question: The lower limit of saturation speed leads to what?

Question: What does the amplifier prevent from increasing?

Question: Why is the factor of 78 avoided?

Question: A grey level of 12.7 results in what saturation?

Question: What is the upper limit of saturation determined by?
Film_speed

The noise-based speed is defined as the exposure that will lead to a given signal-to-noise ratio on individual pixels. Two ratios are used, the 40:1 ("excellent image quality") and the 10:1 ("acceptable image quality") ratio. These ratios have been subjectively determined based on a resolution of 70 pixels per cm (178 DPI) when viewed at 25 cm (9.8 inch) distance. The signal-to-noise ratio is defined as the standard deviation of a weighted average of the luminance and color of individual pixels. The noise-based speed is mostly determined by the properties of the sensor and somewhat affected by the noise in the electronic gain and AD converter.

Question: Which ratios are employed to calculate noise-based speed?
Answer: the 40:1 ("excellent image quality") and the 10:1 ("acceptable image quality") ratio

Question: What is the noise-based speed?
Answer: the exposure that will lead to a given signal-to-noise ratio on individual pixels

Question: How are the two ratios found?
Answer: subjectively determined based on a resolution of 70 pixels per cm (178 DPI) when viewed at 25 cm (9.8 inch) distance

Question: What is a definition of signal-to-noise ratio?
Answer: the standard deviation of a weighted average of the luminance and color of individual pixels

Question: What factors influence the noise-based speed?
Answer: the properties of the sensor and somewhat affected by the noise in the electronic gain and AD converter

Question: Which ratio was subjectively determined?

Question: What are the individual pixels defined by?

Question: What is the signal-to-noise ration?

Question: How many pixels are in a 40:1 ratio image?

Question: The weighted average of the luminance and the noise in the electronic gain is defined as what?
Film_speed

The standard specifies how speed ratings should be reported by the camera. If the noise-based speed (40:1) is higher than the saturation-based speed, the noise-based speed should be reported, rounded downwards to a standard value (e.g. 200, 250, 320, or 400). The rationale is that exposure according to the lower saturation-based speed would not result in a visibly better image. In addition, an exposure latitude can be specified, ranging from the saturation-based speed to the 10:1 noise-based speed. If the noise-based speed (40:1) is lower than the saturation-based speed, or undefined because of high noise, the saturation-based speed is specified, rounded upwards to a standard value, because using the noise-based speed would lead to overexposed images. The camera may also report the SOS-based speed (explicitly as being an SOS speed), rounded to the nearest standard speed rating.

Question: When should the noise-based speed be used?
Answer: the noise-based speed (40:1) is higher than the saturation-based speed

Question: What is the range for exposure latitude?
Answer: from the saturation-based speed to the 10:1 noise-based speed

Question: What is another speed that can also be reported by the camera?
Answer: SOS-based speed

Question: Why should noise-based speed be rounded down to a lower standard?
Answer: exposure according to the lower saturation-based speed would not result in a visibly better image

Question: What does the standard specify?
Answer: how speed ratings should be reported by the camera

Question: A lower saturation-based speed would create a better what?

Question: What is the ratio for the saturation-based speed?

Question: Is the SOS rounded up or down?

Question: How are underexposed images created?

Question: Why are saturation-based speeds rounded down?
Film_speed

Despite these detailed standard definitions, cameras typically do not clearly indicate whether the user "ISO" setting refers to the noise-based speed, saturation-based speed, or the specified output sensitivity, or even some made-up number for marketing purposes. Because the 1998 version of ISO 12232 did not permit measurement of camera output that had lossy compression, it was not possible to correctly apply any of those measurements to cameras that did not produce sRGB files in an uncompressed format such as TIFF. Following the publication of CIPA DC-004 in 2006, Japanese manufacturers of digital still cameras are required to specify whether a sensitivity rating is REI or SOS.[citation needed]

Question: What measures might the user "ISO" setting correspond to?
Answer: the noise-based speed, saturation-based speed, or the specified output sensitivity, or even some made-up number for marketing purposes

Question: What did the 1998 version of ISO 12232 not permit?
Answer: measurement of camera output that had lossy compression

Question: What types of sensitivity ratings can be specified by a camera?
Answer: REI or SOS

Question: What standards changed what Japanese camera makers have to specify?
Answer: CIPA DC-004

Question: In what year was CIPA DC-004 introduced?
Answer: 2006

Question: Cameras must indicate when the ISO setting refers to what?

Question: The 1998 ISO 12232 allowed for what type of compression?

Question: What publication affected Japanese digital still cameras in 1998?

Question: When was the TIFF file created?

Question: The ISO 12232 requires manufacturures to specify what about a sensitivity rating?
Mexico_City

Mexico City, or the City of Mexico (Spanish: Ciudad de México  audio (help·info) American Spanish: [sjuˈða(ð) ðe ˈméxiko]; abbreviated as "CDMX"), is the capital of Mexico. As an "alpha" global city, Mexico City is one of the most important financial centers in the Americas. It is located in the Valley of Mexico (Valle de México), a large valley in the high plateaus at the center of Mexico, at an altitude of 2,240 metres (7,350 ft). The city consists of sixteen municipalities (previously called boroughs).

Question: How man feet above sea level is Mexico City
Answer: 7,350

Question: How many municipalities are in Mexico City?
Answer: sixteen

Question: What did they used to call the municipalities within Mexico City?
Answer: boroughs

Question: What is the Spanish word for Mexico City?
Answer: Ciudad de México

Question: How many meters above sea is Mexico City?
Answer: 2,240
Mexico_City

The Greater Mexico City has a gross domestic product (GDP) of US$411 billion in 2011, making Mexico City urban agglomeration one of the economically largest metropolitan areas in the world. The city was responsible for generating 15.8% of Mexico's Gross Domestic Product and the metropolitan area accounted for about 22% of total national GDP. As a stand-alone country, in 2013, Mexico City would be the fifth-largest economy in Latin America—five times as large as Costa Rica's and about the same size as Peru's.

Question: How big is Mexico City's GDP?
Answer: US$411 billion

Question: How much bigger is Mexico City's GDP's than Costa Rica's?
Answer: five times

Question: What percent of the Mexican GDP is the metropolitan area of Mexico City responsible for?
Answer: 22%

Question: Which country has about the same size GDP as Mexico city?
Answer: Peru
Mexico_City

Mexico’s capital is both the oldest capital city in the Americas and one of two founded by Amerindians (Native Americans), the other being Quito. The city was originally built on an island of Lake Texcoco by the Aztecs in 1325 as Tenochtitlan, which was almost completely destroyed in the 1521 siege of Tenochtitlan, and subsequently redesigned and rebuilt in accordance with the Spanish urban standards. In 1524, the municipality of Mexico City was established, known as México Tenochtitlán, and as of 1585 it was officially known as Ciudad de México (Mexico City). Mexico City served as the political, administrative and financial center of a major part of the Spanish colonial empire. After independence from Spain was achieved, the Federal District was created in 1824.

Question: What was the original name of Mexico City?
Answer: Tenochtitlan

Question: Who originally built Mexico City?
Answer: the Aztecs

Question: When was the Federal District formed?
Answer: 1824

Question: Where was the city first built?
Answer: on an island of Lake Texcoco

Question: When was Mexico City officially founded by the Spanish?
Answer: 1585
Mexico_City

After years of demanding greater political autonomy, residents were given the right to directly elect a Head of Government and the representatives of the unicameral Legislative Assembly by popular vote in 1997. Ever since, the left-wing Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD) has controlled both of them. In recent years, the local government has passed a wave of liberal policies, such as abortion on request, a limited form of euthanasia, no-fault divorce, and same-sex marriage. On January 29, 2016, it ceased to be called the Federal District (Spanish: Distrito Federal or D.F.) and is now in transition to become the country's 32nd federal entity, giving it a level of autonomy comparable to that of a state. Because of a clause in the Mexican Constitution, however, as the seat of the powers of the Union, it can never become a state, lest the capital of the country be relocated elsewhere.

Question: Why can't Mexico City become a state?
Answer: Because of a clause in the Mexican Constitution

Question: When did people become able to vote for representation?
Answer: 1997

Question: What political party controls the Mexico City legislature? 
Answer: Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD)

Question: What was Mexico City's old affiliation with the nation of Mexico?
Answer: Federal District

Question: How are officials elected to the legislature? 
Answer: popular vote
Mexico_City

The city grew as the population did, coming up against the lake's waters. As the depth of the lake water fluctuated, Mexico City was subject to periodic flooding. A major labor draft, the desagüe, compelled thousands of Indians over the colonial period to work on infrastructure to prevent flooding. Floods were not only an inconvenience but also a health hazard, since during flood periods human waste polluted the city's streets. By draining the area, the mosquito population dropped as did the frequency of the diseases they spread. However, draining the wetlands also changed the habitat for fish and birds and the areas accessible for Indian cultivation close to the capital.

Question: What was the labor draft called?
Answer: the desagüe

Question: Who helped build infrastructure around the lake?
Answer: Indians

Question: What was the main problem with being so close to the lake?
Answer: flooding

Question: What was a negative of regulating the lake's water height?
Answer: changed the habitat for fish and birds

Question: How many Indians helped build the infrastructure? 
Answer: thousands
Mexico_City

The concept of nobility flourished in New Spain in a way not seen in other parts of the Americas. Spaniards encountered a society in which the concept of nobility mirrored that of their own. Spaniards respected the indigenous order of nobility and added to it. In the ensuing centuries, possession of a noble title in Mexico did not mean one exercised great political power, for one's power was limited even if the accumulation of wealth was not. The concept of nobility in Mexico was not political but rather a very conservative Spanish social one, based on proving the worthiness of the family. Most of these families proved their worth by making fortunes in New Spain outside of the city itself, then spending the revenues in the capital, building churches, supporting charities and building extravagant palatial homes. The craze to build the most opulent residence possible reached its height in the last half of the 18th century. Many of these palaces can still be seen today, leading to Mexico City's nickname of "The city of palaces" given by Alexander Von Humboldt.

Question: What is a common nickname for Mexico City?
Answer: The city of palaces

Question: How did mexican nobles spend money in Mexico City?
Answer: building churches, supporting charities and building extravagant palatial homes

Question: When did the construction of exuberant houses slow down?
Answer: the last half of the 18th century
Mexico_City

The Grito de Dolores ("Cry of Dolores") also known as El Grito de la Independencia ("Cry of Independence"), uttered from the small town of Dolores near Guanajuato on September 16, 1810, is the event that marks the beginning of the Mexican War of Independence and is the most important national holiday observed in Mexico. The "Grito" was the battle cry of the Mexican War of Independence by Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, a Roman Catholic priest. Hidalgo and several criollos were involved in a planned revolt against the Spanish colonial government, and the plotters were betrayed. Fearing his arrest, Hidalgo commanded his brother Mauricio as well as Ignacio Allende and Mariano Abasolo to go with a number of other armed men to make the sheriff release the pro-independence inmates there on the night of September 15. They managed to set eighty free. Around 6:00 am September 16, 1810, Hidalgo ordered the church bells to be rung and gathered his congregation. Flanked by Allende and Juan Aldama, he addressed the people in front of his church, encouraging them to revolt. The Battle of Guanajuato, the first major engagement of the insurgency, occurred four days later. Mexico's independence from Spain was effectively declared in the Declaration of Independence of the Mexican Empire on September 27, 1821, after a decade of war. Unrest followed for the next several decades, as different factions fought for control of Mexico.

Question: When did Mexico gain independence? 
Answer: September 27, 1821

Question: How long was the war?
Answer: a decade

Question: What was the first battle of the Mexican Independence war called? 
Answer: The Battle of Guanajuato

Question: What was the battle cry of the war?
Answer: Grito

Question: When did the war begin?
Answer: September 16, 1810
Mexico_City

The Battle for Mexico City was the series of engagements from September 8 to September 15, 1847, in the general vicinity of Mexico City during the Mexican–American War. Included are major actions at the battles of Molino del Rey and Chapultepec, culminating with the fall of Mexico City. The U.S. Army under Winfield Scott scored a major success that ended the war. The American invasion into the Federal District was first resisted during the Battle of Churubusco on August 8 where the Saint Patrick's Battalion, which was composed primarily of Catholic Irish and German immigrants, but also Canadians, English, French, Italians, Poles, Scots, Spaniards, Swiss, and Mexican people, fought for the Mexican cause repelling the American attacks. After defeating the Saint Patrick's Battalion, the Mexican–American War came to a close after the United States deployed combat units deep into Mexico resulting in the capture of Mexico City and Veracruz by the U.S. Army's 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th Divisions. The invasion culminated with the storming of Chapultepec Castle in the city itself.

Question: Who commanded the U.S. Army in the battle against Mexico City?
Answer: Winfield Scott

Question: What war did America and Mexico fight in?
Answer: Mexican–American War

Question: When did the battle for Mexico City take place
Answer: September 8 to September 15, 1847

Question: What American divisions got into Mexico City?
Answer: U.S. Army's 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th
Mexico_City

During this battle, on September 13, the 4th Division, under John A. Quitman, spearheaded the attack against Chapultepec and carried the castle. Future Confederate generals George E. Pickett and James Longstreet participated in the attack. Serving in the Mexican defense were the cadets later immortalized as Los Niños Héroes (the "Boy Heroes"). The Mexican forces fell back from Chapultepec and retreated within the city. Attacks on the Belén and San Cosme Gates came afterwards. The treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was signed in what is now the far north of the city.

Question: Who led the 4th division?
Answer: John A. Quitman

Question: What treaty was signed?
Answer: Guadalupe Hidalgo

Question: Who were the future confederate generals?
Answer: George E. Pickett and James Longstreet

Question: Who carried the castle?
Answer: the 4th Division

Question: When did the castle fall?
Answer: on September 13
Mexico_City

During this era of Porfirian rule, the city underwent an extensive modernization. Many Spanish Colonial style buildings were destroyed, replaced by new much larger Porfirian institutions and many outlying rural zones were transformed into urban or industrialized districts with most having electrical, gas and sewage utilities by 1908. While the initial focus was on developing modern hospitals, schools, factories and massive public works, perhaps the most long-lasting effects of the Porfirian modernization were creation of the Colonia Roma area and the development of Reforma Avenue. Many of Mexico City's major attractions and landmarks were built during this era in this style.

Question: When was most of the urbanization completed? 
Answer: by 1908

Question: The extensive modernization started with what?
Answer: Many Spanish Colonial style buildings were destroyed

Question: What was built during the modernization?
Answer: hospitals, schools, factories and massive public works

Question: What famous street was built during this period of modernization?
Answer: Reforma Avenue
Mexico_City

Diaz's plans called for the entire city to eventually be modernized or rebuilt in the Porfirian/French style of the Colonia Roma; but the Mexican Revolution began soon afterward and the plans never came to fruition, with many projects being left half-completed. One of the best examples of this is the Monument to the Mexican Revolution. Originally the monument was to be the main dome of Diaz's new senate hall, but when the revolution erupted only the dome of the senate hall and its supporting pillars were completed, this was subsequently seen as a symbol by many Mexicans that the Porfirian era was over once and for all and as such, it was turned into a monument to victory over Diaz.

Question: What was turned into a monument after the war? 
Answer: the main dome of Diaz's new senate hall

Question: Who was the man behind the modernization of Mexico City?
Answer: Diaz

Question: Why wasn't Diaz's plan completed? 
Answer: the Mexican Revolution

Question: What was the overall design plan of Mexico City?
Answer: Porfirian/French style

Question: What was the main construction project in the Profirian/French style?
Answer: Colonia Roma
Mexico_City

Zapatist forces, which were based in neighboring Morelos had strengths in the southern edge of the Federal District, which included Xochimilco, Tlalpan, Tláhuac and Milpa Alta to fight against the regimes of Victoriano Huerta and Venustiano Carranza. After the assassination of Carranza and a short mandate by Adolfo de la Huerta, Álvaro Obregón took power. After willing to be re-elected, he was killed by José de León Toral, a devout Catholic, in a restaurant near La Bombilla Park in San Ángel in 1928. Plutarco Elias Calles replaced Obregón and culminated the Mexican Revolution.

Question: Who was the leader at the end of the Mexican Revolution?
Answer: Plutarco Elias Calles

Question: Where was Alvaro Obregon killed? 
Answer: in a restaurant near La Bombilla Park in San Ángel

Question: When was Alvaro Obregon killed? 
Answer: 1928

Question: Where were the Zapatist forces from?
Answer: Morelos

Question: Who was the third to last leader before the end of the Mexican Revolution?
Answer: Adolfo de la Huerta
Mexico_City

In 1980 half of all the industrial jobs in Mexico were located in Mexico City. Under relentless growth, the Mexico City government could barely keep up with services. Villagers from the countryside who continued to pour into the city to escape poverty only compounded the city's problems. With no housing available, they took over lands surrounding the city, creating huge shantytowns that extended for many miles. This caused serious air pollution in Mexico City and water pollution problems, as well as subsidence due to overextraction of groundwater. Air and water pollution has been contained and improved in several areas due to government programs, the renovation of vehicles and the modernization of public transportation.

Question: How many of the industrial jobs in the county were based in Mexico City in the late 20th century?
Answer: half

Question: What did the countryside workers make to live in? 
Answer: shantytowns

Question: What did the shantytowns create?
Answer: serious air pollution
Mexico_City

On Thursday, September 19, 1985, at 7:19 am local time, Mexico City was struck by an earthquake of magnitude 8.1 on the Richter scale. Although this earthquake was not as deadly or destructive as many similar events in Asia and other parts of Latin America, it proved to be a disaster politically for the one-party government. The government was paralyzed by its own bureaucracy and corruption, forcing ordinary citizens to create and direct their own rescue efforts and to reconstruct much of the housing that was lost as well.

Question: What day of the week did the major earthquake strike Mexico City?
Answer: Thursday

Question: How strong was the powerful earthquake that hit Mexico City in 1985?
Answer: 8.1 on the Richter scale

Question: What month did the 8.1 earthquake hit Mexico City in 1985?
Answer: September

Question: Why did the one-party government struggle after the major earthquake in 1985?
Answer: paralyzed by its own bureaucracy and corruption

Question: Who led the rescue effort after the earthquake of 1985?
Answer: ordinary citizens
Mexico_City

Mexico City is located in the Valley of Mexico, sometimes called the Basin of Mexico. This valley is located in the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt in the high plateaus of south-central Mexico. It has a minimum altitude of 2,200 meters (7,200 feet) above sea level and is surrounded by mountains and volcanoes that reach elevations of over 5,000 metres (16,000 feet). This valley has no natural drainage outlet for the waters that flow from the mountainsides, making the city vulnerable to flooding. Drainage was engineered through the use of canals and tunnels starting in the 17th century.

Question: What is the minimum height in meters of the region Mexico City is located in?
Answer: 2,200

Question: Where is Mexico City located?
Answer: Valley of Mexico

Question: How high do the mountains get in Mexico City's region?
Answer: 5,000 metres (16,000 feet)

Question: Why is Mexico City vulnerable to flooding?
Answer: no natural drainage outlet for the waters that flow from the mountainsides

Question: How does the city prevent flooding?
Answer: canals and tunnels
Mexico_City

Mexico city primarily rests on what was Lake Texcoco. Seismic activity is frequent here. Lake Texcoco was drained starting from the 17th century. Although none of the lake waters remain, the city rests on the lake bed's heavily saturated clay. This soft base is collapsing due to the over-extraction of groundwater, called groundwater-related subsidence. Since the beginning of the 20th century the city has sunk as much as nine metres (30 feet) in some areas. This sinking is causing problems with runoff and wastewater management, leading to flooding problems, especially during the rainy season. The entire lake bed is now paved over and most of the city's remaining forested areas lie in the southern boroughs of Milpa Alta, Tlalpan and Xochimilco.

Question: When did draining of Lake Texcoco begin?
Answer: 17th century

Question: How much water is there, approximately, in the lake Mexico City is on?
Answer: none

Question: How much has the city fallen?
Answer: as much as nine metres (30 feet)

Question: What does Mexico City rest on?
Answer: Lake Texcoco

Question: Where are most of the trees located in Mexico City?
Answer: southern boroughs
Mexico_City

The area receives about 820 millimetres (32.3 in) of annual rainfall, which is concentrated from June through September/October with little or no precipitation the remainder of the year. The area has two main seasons. The rainy season runs from June to October when winds bring in tropical moisture from the sea. The dry season runs from November to May, when the air is relatively drier. This dry season subdivides into a cold period and a warm period. The cold period spans from November to February when polar air masses push down from the north and keep the air fairly dry. The warm period extends from March to May when tropical winds again dominate but do not yet carry enough moisture for rain.

Question: How much rain falls on Mexico City?
Answer: 820 millimetres (32.3 in)

Question: When is it warm, yet does not rain?
Answer: March to May

Question: When does the majority of the rain fall in Mexico City?
Answer: June to October

Question: When is it coldest in Mexico City?
Answer: November to February

Question: What mostly controls the rain in Mexico City?
Answer: tropical winds
Mexico_City

Originally much of the valley laid beneath the waters of Lake Texcoco, a system of interconnected salt and freshwater lakes. The Aztecs built dikes to separate the fresh water used to raise crops in chinampas and to prevent recurrent floods. These dikes were destroyed during the siege of Tenochtitlan, and during colonial times the Spanish regularly drained the lake to prevent floods. Only a small section of the original lake remains, located outside the Federal District, in the municipality of Atenco, State of Mexico.

Question: What happened to the dikes the Aztecs built?
Answer: destroyed during the siege of Tenochtitlan

Question: Where does the lake still remain?
Answer: municipality of Atenco, State of Mexico

Question: Who first built the dikes in Lake Texcoco?
Answer: The Aztecs

Question: What made up Lake Texcoco?
Answer: a system of interconnected salt and freshwater lakes

Question: Where is the lake located in Atenco?
Answer: Federal District
Mexico_City

By the 1990s Mexico City had become infamous as one of the world's most polluted cities; however the city has become a model for dramatically lowering pollution levels. By 2014 carbon monoxide pollution had dropped dramatically, while levels of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide were nearly three times lower than in 1992. The levels of signature pollutants in Mexico City are similar to those of Los Angeles.[citation needed] Despite the cleanup, the metropolitan area is still the most ozone-polluted part of the country, with ozone levels 2.5 times beyond WHO-defined safe limits.

Question: How bad is the ozone in Mexico City?
Answer: 2.5 times beyond WHO-defined safe limits

Question: Carbon Monoxide levels are about 3 times lower now than in what year?
Answer: 1992

Question: What city is similar to Mexico City in terms of pollution?
Answer: Los Angeles

Question: When Mexico one of the worst cities in terms of pollution? 
Answer: 1990s

Question: Who decides safe levels of o-zone in cities?
Answer: WHO
Mexico_City

To clean up pollution, the federal and local governments implemented numerous plans including the constant monitoring and reporting of environmental conditions, such as ozone and nitrogen oxides. When the levels of these two pollutants reached critical levels, contingency actions were implemented which included closing factories, changing school hours, and extending the A day without a car program to two days of the week. The government also instituted industrial technology improvements, a strict biannual vehicle emission inspection and the reformulation of gasoline and diesel fuels. The introduction of Metrobús bus rapid transit and the Ecobici bike-sharing were among efforts to encourage alternate, greener forms of transportation.

Question: What is the bus system called in Mexico City?
Answer: Metrobús

Question: What is the bike-sharing program called in Mexico City?
Answer: Ecobici

Question: How many days a week does the city encourage people to go without a car?
Answer: two days

Question: What pollutants does the city closely monitor?
Answer: ozone and nitrogen oxides

Question: How often do citizens need to get their cars examined?
Answer: biannual
Mexico_City

The Acta Constitutiva de la Federación of January 31, 1824, and the Federal Constitution of October 4, 1824, fixed the political and administrative organization of the United Mexican States after the Mexican War of Independence. In addition, Section XXVIII of Article 50 gave the new Congress the right to choose where the federal government would be located. This location would then be appropriated as federal land, with the federal government acting as the local authority. The two main candidates to become the capital were Mexico City and Querétaro.

Question: What was the other city in the running to become capital of Mexico?
Answer: Querétaro

Question: What part of the constitution established the right to create a capital city?
Answer: Section XXVIII of Article 50

Question: When was the federal constitution signed? 
Answer: October 4, 1824

Question: What type of land is Mexico City?
Answer: federal

Question: Who is in charge of the land of Mexico City according to the original constitution?
Answer: federal government
Mexico_City

Due in large part to the persuasion of representative Servando Teresa de Mier, Mexico City was chosen because it was the center of the country's population and history, even though Querétaro was closer to the center geographically. The choice was official on November 18, 1824, and Congress delineated a surface area of two leagues square (8,800 acres) centered on the Zocalo. This area was then separated from the State of Mexico, forcing that state's government to move from the Palace of the Inquisition (now Museum of Mexican Medicine) in the city to Texcoco. This area did not include the population centers of the towns of Coyoacán, Xochimilco, Mexicaltzingo and Tlalpan, all of which remained as part of the State of Mexico.

Question: When was Mexico City declared the capital?
Answer: November 18, 1824

Question: How large was the area the federal government would proclaim to be the capital?
Answer: two leagues square (8,800 acres)

Question: Where was the state government located when Mexico City was declared the capital?
Answer: Palace of the Inquisition

Question: What is the Palace of the Inquisition known as now?
Answer: Museum of Mexican Medicine

Question: Where was the government of Mexico City moved to at the time it was declared capital of Mexico?
Answer: Texcoco
Mexico_City

In 1854 president Antonio López de Santa Anna enlarged the area of the Federal District almost eightfold from the original 220 to 1,700 km2 (80 to 660 sq mi), annexing the rural and mountainous areas to secure the strategic mountain passes to the south and southwest to protect the city in event of a foreign invasion. (The Mexican–American War had just been fought.) The last changes to the limits of the Federal District were made between 1898 and 1902, reducing the area to the current 1,479 km2 (571 sq mi) by adjusting the southern border with the state of Morelos. By that time, the total number of municipalities within the Federal District was twenty-two.

Question: How many smaller cities did Mexico City make up at its height?
Answer: twenty-two

Question: What is the current area of Mexico City?
Answer: 1,479 km2 (571 sq mi)

Question: How large was Mexico City at its largest?
Answer: 1,700 km2

Question: When was the boundaries of the city last adjusted? 
Answer: 1902

Question: Who increased the size of Mexico City to it's largest?
Answer: Antonio López de Santa Anna
Mexico_City

While the Federal District was ruled by the federal government through an appointed governor, the municipalities within it were autonomous, and this duality of powers created tension between the municipalities and the federal government for more than a century. In 1903, Porfirio Díaz largely reduced the powers of the municipalities within the Federal District. Eventually, in December 1928, the federal government decided to abolish all the municipalities of the Federal District. In place of the municipalities, the Federal District was divided into one "Central Department" and 13 delegaciones (boroughs) administered directly by the government of the Federal District. The Central Department was integrated by the former municipalities of Mexico City, Tacuba, Tacubaya and Mixcoac.

Question: When were the powers of the municipalities of Mexico City first reduced?
Answer: 1903

Question: When was the autonomy of the municipalities eliminated?
Answer: 1928

Question: How many boroughs did the city consist of when they were first established? 
Answer: 13

Question: Who first reduced the power of the municipalities of Mexico City?
Answer: Porfirio Díaz

Question: Who led Mexico City?
Answer: an appointed governor
Mexico_City

In 1941, the General Anaya borough was merged to the Central Department, which was then renamed "Mexico City" (thus reviving the name, but not the autonomous municipality). From 1941 to 1970, the Federal District comprised twelve delegaciones and Mexico City. In 1970 Mexico City was split into four different delegaciones: Cuauhtémoc, Miguel Hidalgo, Venustiano Carranza and Benito Juárez, increasing the number of delegaciones to sixteen. Since then, in a de facto manner, the whole Federal District, whose delegaciones had by then almost formed a single urban area, began to be considered a synonym of Mexico City.

Question: When was the General Anaya borough officially merged into Mexico City?
Answer: 1941

Question: How man boroughs was the borough of Mexico City split into in 1970?
Answer: four

Question: How many districts does the federal government control in 1970?
Answer: sixteen

Question: Which boroughs was the Mexico City borough split into?
Answer: Cuauhtémoc, Miguel Hidalgo, Venustiano Carranza and Benito Juárez
Mexico_City

Mexico City, being the seat of the powers of the Union, did not belong to any particular state but to all. Therefore, it was the president, representing the federation, who used to designate the head of government of the Federal District, a position which is sometimes presented outside Mexico as the "Mayor" of Mexico City.[citation needed] In the 1980s, given the dramatic increase in population of the previous decades, the inherent political inconsistencies of the system, as well as the dissatisfaction with the inadequate response of the federal government after the 1985 earthquake, residents began to request political and administrative autonomy to manage their local affairs.[citation needed] Some political groups even proposed that the Federal District be converted into the 32nd state of the federation.

Question: If Mexico City was declared a state, how many states would be in the federation?
Answer: 32

Question: What event caused the citizens to reconsider how the government of Mexico City was set up?
Answer: the 1985 earthquake

Question: What do people call the leader of Mexico City?
Answer: Mayor

Question: Who declared the "Mayor" of Mexico City?
Answer: the president

Question: What state does Mexico City belong to?
Answer: all
Mexico_City

In response to the demands, in 1987 the Federal District received a greater degree of autonomy, with the elaboration the first Statute of Government (Estatuto de Gobierno), and the creation of an Assembly of Representatives.[citation needed] In the 1990s, this autonomy was further expanded and, starting from 1997, residents can directly elect the head of government of the Federal District and the representatives of a unicameral Legislative Assembly (which succeeded the previous Assembly) by popular vote.

Question: When did the Federal District receive more power? 
Answer: 1987

Question: When did citizens receive the right to elect the head of the Federal District?
Answer: 1997

Question: How is the leader of Mexico City now established?
Answer: popular vote

Question: What gave the Federal District more autonomy? 
Answer: first Statute of Government
Mexico_City

The first elected head of government was Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas. Cárdenas resigned in 1999 to run in the 2000 presidential elections and designated Rosario Robles to succeed him, who became the first woman (elected or otherwise) to govern Mexico City. In 2000 Andrés Manuel López Obrador was elected, and resigned in 2005 to run in the 2006 presidential elections, Alejandro Encinas being designated by the Legislative Assembly to finish the term. In 2006, Marcelo Ebrard was elected for the 2006–2012 period.

Question: Who was elected to be the head of government in 2006?
Answer: Marcelo Ebrard

Question: Why did the first elected head of government of Mexico City resign?
Answer: to run in the 2000 presidential elections

Question: Who was the second head of government elected?
Answer: Andrés Manuel López Obrador

Question: Who was head of government after the first elected head of government?
Answer: Rosario Robles

Question: Who was the first woman to run Mexico City?
Answer: Rosario Robles
Mexico_City

The Legislative Assembly of the Federal District is formed, as it is the case in all legislatures in Mexico, by both single-seat and proportional seats, making it a system of parallel voting. The Federal District is divided into 40 electoral constituencies of similar population which elect one representative by first-past-the-post plurality (FPP), locally called "uninominal deputies". The Federal District as a whole constitutes a single constituency for the parallel election of 26 representatives by proportionality (PR) with open-party lists, locally called "plurinominal deputies".

Question: What is the local government of Mexico City called?
Answer: The Legislative Assembly of the Federal District

Question: How is the local government of Mexico City formed?
Answer: parallel voting

Question: What is the proportionality voting referred to in Mexico City?
Answer: plurinominal deputies

Question: How many representatives make up the Federal District?
Answer: 26
Mexico_City

Even though proportionality is confined to the proportional seats to prevent a part from being overrepresented, several restrictions apply in the assignation of the seats; namely, that no party can have more than 63% of all seats, both uninominal and plurinominal. In the 2006 elections leftist PRD got the absolute majority in the direct uninominal elections, securing 34 of the 40 FPP seats. As such, the PRD was not assigned any plurinominal seat to comply with the law that prevents over-representation. The overall composition of the Legislative Assembly is:

Question: What is the maximum percentage of seats a single party can control?
Answer: 63

Question: How many seats of the uninominal elections did the PRD get in the 2006 elections?
Answer: 34

Question: Why does the government prevent more than 63% of a party to control the legislature? 
Answer: over-representation
Mexico_City

The politics pursued by the administrations of heads of government in Mexico City since the second half of the 20th century have usually been more liberal than those of the rest of the country, whether with the support of the federal government—as was the case with the approval of several comprehensive environmental laws in the 1980s—or through laws recently approved by the Legislative Assembly. In April of the same year, the Legislative Assembly expanded provisions on abortions, becoming the first federal entity to expand abortion in Mexico beyond cases of rape and economic reasons, to permit it regardless of the reason should the mother request it before the twelfth week of pregnancy. In December 2009, the Federal District became the first city in Latin America, and one of very few in the world, to legalize same-sex marriage.

Question: When was gay marriage legalized in Mexico City?
Answer: December 2009

Question: What political leaning does Mexico City take?
Answer: more liberal than those of the rest of the country

Question: When were the economic laws passed in Mexico City?
Answer: 1980s

Question: Compared to other cities in Latin America, how early did Mexico City legalize same sex marriage?
Answer: first
Mexico_City

For administrative purposes, the Federal District is divided into 16 "delegaciones" or boroughs. While not fully equivalent to a municipality, the 16 boroughs have gained significant autonomy, and since 2000 their heads of government are elected directly by plurality (they were previously appointed by the head of government of the Federal District). Given that Mexico City is organized entirely as a Federal District, most of the city services are provided or organized by the Government of the Federal District and not by the boroughs themselves, while in the constituent states these services would be provided by the municipalities. The 16 boroughs of the Federal District with their 2010 populations are:

Question: How many boroughs make up Mexico City?
Answer: 16

Question: How are the heads of the boroughs elected?
Answer: plurality

Question: How were the heads of the boroughs originally established? 
Answer: appointed by the head of government of the Federal District

Question: Who provides the city services?
Answer: Government of the Federal District

Question: When did election of borough heads begin?
Answer: 2000
Mexico_City

The boroughs are composed by hundreds of colonias or neighborhoods, which have no jurisdictional autonomy or representation. The Historic Center is the oldest part of the city (along with some other, formerly separate colonial towns such as Coyoacán and San Ángel), some of the buildings dating back to the 16th century. Other well-known central neighborhoods include Condesa, known for its Art Deco architecture and its restaurant scene; Colonia Roma, a beaux arts neighborhood and artistic and culinary hot-spot, the Zona Rosa, formerly the center of nightlife and restaurants, now reborn as the center of the LGBT and Korean-Mexican communities; and Tepito and La Lagunilla, known for their local working-class foklore and large flea markets. Santa María la Ribera and San Rafael are the latest neighborhoods of magnificent Porfiriato architecture seeing the first signs of gentrification.

Question: What is the oldest part of the city?
Answer: The Historic Center

Question: How old are the oldest buildings in Mexico City?
Answer: 16th century

Question: What used to be the main party district of Mexico City?
Answer: Zona Rosa

Question: What is the center of the LGBT community in Mexico City?
Answer: Art Deco architecture

Question: What district is known for its Art Deco Architecture? 
Answer: Condesa
Mexico_City

West of the Historic Center (Centro Histórico) along Paseo de la Reforma are many of the city's wealthiest neighborhoods such as Polanco, Lomas de Chapultepec, Bosques de las Lomas, Santa Fe, and (in the State of Mexico) Interlomas, which are also the city's most important areas of class A office space, corporate headquarters, skyscrapers and shopping malls. Nevertheless, areas of lower income colonias exist in some cases cheek-by-jowl with rich neighborhoods, particularly in the case of Santa Fe.

Question: Where are many of the wealthy neighborhoods located? 
Answer: West of the Historic Center

Question: What is the Mexican name for the historic center?
Answer: Centro Histórico

Question: Which rich neighborhood has a strong problem of impoverished lands around it?
Answer: Santa Fe

Question: Where are many of the corporate headquarters and other tall buildings located?
Answer: along Paseo de la Reforma
Mexico_City

North of the Historic Center, Azcapotzalco and Gustavo A. Madero have important industrial centers and neighborhoods that range from established middle-class colonias such as Claveria and Lindavista to huge low-income housing areas that share hillsides with adjacent municipalities in the State of Mexico. In recent years much of northern Mexico City's industry has moved to nearby municipalities in the State of Mexico. Northwest of Mexico City itself is Ciudad Satélite, a vast middle to upper-middle-class residential and business area.

Question: Where is much of the industry now located?
Answer: nearby municipalities in the State of Mexico

Question: What is Ciudad Satelite?
Answer: a vast middle to upper-middle-class residential and business area.

Question: Where is Gustavo A. Madero?
Answer: North of the Historic Center
Mexico_City

The Human Development Index report of 2005  shows that there were three boroughs with a very high Human Development Index, 12 with a high HDI value (9 above .85) and one with a medium HDI value (almost high). Benito Juárez borough had the highest HDI of the country (.9510) followed by Miguel Hidalgo which came up 4th nationally with a HDI of (.9189) and Coyoacán (5th nationally) with a HDI value of (.9169). Cuajimalpa, Cuauhtémoc and Azcapotzalco had very high values; respectively .8994 (15th nationally),.8922 (23rd) and .8915 (25th).

Question: How many boroughs had very high HDI scores in 2005?
Answer: three

Question: How many boroughs had high (not very high) HDI scores?
Answer: 12

Question: Which borough had the highest HDI score?
Answer: Benito Juárez

Question: What borough was the second highest HDI score?
Answer: Miguel Hidalgo

Question: What year was the report that said 3 boroughs had very high HDI scores?
Answer: 2005