Divyanshu67/squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
Anti-aircraft_warfare

Until the 1950s guns firing ballistic munitions were the standard weapon; guided missiles then became dominant, except at the very shortest ranges. However, the type of shell or warhead and its fuzing and, with missiles the guidance arrangement, were and are varied. Targets are not always easy to destroy; nonetheless, damaged aircraft may be forced to abort their mission and, even if they manage to return and land in friendly territory, may be out of action for days or permanently. Ignoring small arms and smaller machine-guns, ground-based air defence guns have varied in calibre from 20 mm to at least 150 mm.

Question: What was the standard weapon until the 1950s?
Answer: guns firing ballistic munitions

Question: After guns firing ballistic munitions lost their appeal, what weapon took their place?
Answer: guided missiles

Question: Which range did not use guided missiles?
Answer: the very shortest ranges

Question: Damaged aircraft can be out of action for days or what?
Answer: permanently

Question: What is the largest calibre ground-based air defence guns?
Answer: at least 150 mm
Anti-aircraft_warfare

The British recognised the need for anti-aircraft capability a few weeks before World War I broke out; on 8 July 1914, the New York Times reported that the British government had decided to 'dot the coasts of the British Isles with a series of towers, each armed with two quick-firing guns of special design,' while 'a complete circle of towers' was to be built around 'naval installations' and 'at other especially vulnerable points.' By December 1914 the Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve (RNVR) was manning AA guns and searchlights assembled from various sources at some nine ports. The Royal Garrison Artillery (RGA) was given responsibility for AA defence in the field, using motorised two-gun sections. The first were formally formed in November 1914. Initially they used QF 1-pounder "pom-pom" (a 37 mm version of the Maxim Gun).

Question: When did the British see the need to add anti-aircraft capability?
Answer: 8 July 1914

Question: Where did the New York times report say towers with guns should go?
Answer: the coasts of the British Isles

Question: What was built around naval installations?
Answer: complete circle of towers

Question: Who manned AA guns and searchlights?
Answer: Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve (RNVR)

Question: Who used motorised two-gun sections?
Answer: Royal Garrison Artillery (RGA)
Anti-aircraft_warfare

In Britain and some other armies, the single artillery branch has been responsible for both home and overseas ground-based air defence, although there was divided responsibility with the Royal Navy for air defence of the British Isles in World War I. However, during the Second World War the RAF Regiment was formed to protect airfields everywhere, and this included light air defences. In the later decades of the Cold War this included the United States Air Force's operating bases in UK. However, all ground-based air defence was removed from Royal Air Force (RAF) jurisdiction in 2004. The British Army's Anti-Aircraft Command was disbanded in March 1955, but during the 1960s and 1970s the RAF's Fighter Command operated long-range air -defence missiles to protect key areas in the UK. During World War II the Royal Marines also provided air defence units; formally part of the mobile naval base defence organisation, they were handled as an integral part of the army-commanded ground based air defences.

Question: Who provided part of the air defence of the British Isles in WWI
Answer: Royal Navy

Question: Who protected airfields in WWII?
Answer: RAF Regiment

Question: The United States Air Force helped protect the UK during what 'war'?
Answer: Cold War

Question: What year was ground-based air defence taken from RAF?
Answer: 2004

Question: What was disbanded in 1955?
Answer: British Army's Anti-Aircraft Command
Anti-aircraft_warfare

The British dealt with range measurement first, when it was realised that range was the key to producing a better fuse setting. This led to the Height/Range Finder (HRF), the first model being the Barr & Stroud UB2, a 2-metre optical coincident rangefinder mounted on a tripod. It measured the distance to the target and the elevation angle, which together gave the height of the aircraft. These were complex instruments and various other methods were also used. The HRF was soon joined by the Height/Fuse Indicator (HFI), this was marked with elevation angles and height lines overlaid with fuse length curves, using the height reported by the HRF operator, the necessary fuse length could be read off.

Question: What helped with better fuse setting?
Answer: range measurement

Question: What was the first model of HRF (Height Range Finder) used by the British?
Answer: Barr & Stroud UB2

Question: The HRF measured target distance and what else?
Answer: elevation angle

Question: What was the HRF used with to set fuses?
Answer: Height/Fuse Indicator (HFI)

Question: The fuse length could be set using height reported by whom?
Answer: HRF operator
Anti-aircraft_warfare

The Treaty of Versailles prevented Germany having AA weapons, and for example, the Krupps designers joined Bofors in Sweden. Some World War I guns were retained and some covert AA training started in the late 1920s. Germany introduced the 8.8 cm FlaK 18 in 1933, 36 and 37 models followed with various improvements but ballistic performance was unchanged. In the late 1930s the 10.5 cm FlaK 38 appeared soon followed by the 39, this was designed primarily for static sites but had a mobile mounting and the unit had 220v 24 kW generators. In 1938 design started on the 12.8 cm FlaK.

Question: What treaty was supposed to stop Germany from having antiaircraft weapons?
Answer: Treaty of Versailles

Question: When did covert antiaircraft training start in Germany?
Answer: in the late 1920s

Question: When did the 10.5 centimeter FlaK 38 appear in Germany?
Answer: In the late 1930s

Question: When did the design begin for the 12.8 centimeter FlaK?
Answer: 1938

Question: What did the FlaK 39 have?
Answer: 220v 24 kW generators
Anti-aircraft_warfare

However, the problem of deflection settings — 'aim-off' — required knowing the rate of change in the target's position. Both France and UK introduced tachymetric devices to track targets and produce vertical and horizontal deflection angles. The French Brocq system was electrical, the operator entered the target range and had displays at guns; it was used with their 75 mm. The British Wilson-Dalby gun director used a pair of trackers and mechanical tachymetry; the operator entered the fuse length, and deflection angles were read from the instruments.

Question: What did the tachymetric devices do?
Answer: track targets and produce vertical and horizontal deflection angles

Question: Which system had electrical tracking?
Answer: French Brocq

Question: What gun was the French Brocq system used with?
Answer: 75 mm

Question: Which system used a pair of trackers?
Answer: British Wilson-Dalby gun director

Question: Deflection settings were also called what?
Answer: aim-off
Anti-aircraft_warfare

Poland's AA defences were no match for the German attack and the situation was similar in other European countries. Significant AA warfare started with the Battle of Britain in the summer of 1940. 3.7-inch HAA were to provide the backbone of the groundbased AA defences, although initially significant numbers of 3-inch 20-cwt were also used. The Army's Anti-aircraft command, which was under command of the Air Defence UK organisation, grew to 12 AA divisions in 3 AA corps. 40-mm Bofors entered service in increasing numbers. In addition the RAF regiment was formed in 1941 with responsibility for airfield air defence, eventually with Bofors 40mm as their main armament. Fixed AA defences, using HAA and LAA, were established by the Army in key overseas places, notably Malta, Suez Canal and Singapore.

Question: Poland and other European countries could not defend against what?
Answer: German attack

Question: What battle marked the beginning of significant antiaircraft warfare?
Answer: Battle of Britain

Question: What was under command of the Air Defence UK orgnisation?
Answer: Army's Anti-aircraft command

Question: The Air Defence UK grew to have how many antiaircraft corps?
Answer: 3

Question: What was formed in 1941 to protect airfields?
Answer: RAF regiment
Anti-aircraft_warfare

Britain had successful tested a new HAA gun, 3.6-inch, in 1918. In 1928 3.7-inch became the preferred solution, but it took 6 years to gain funding. Production of the QF 3.7-inch (94 mm) began in 1937; this gun was used both on mobile carriages with the field army and transportable guns on fixed mountings for static positions. At the same time the Royal Navy adopted a new 4.5-inch (114 mm) gun in a twin turret, which the army adopted in simplified single-gun mountings for static positions, mostly around ports where naval ammunition was available. However, the performance of both 3.7 and 4.5-in guns was limited by their standard fuse No 199, with a 30-second running time, although a new mechanical time fuse giving 43 seconds was nearing readiness. In 1939 a Machine Fuse Setter was introduced to eliminate manual fuse setting.

Question: When was the successful test of the 3.6-inch HAA gun?
Answer: 1918

Question: When did the 3.7-inch HAA gun become preferred?
Answer: 1928

Question: What gun did the Royal Navy start using?
Answer: 4.5-inch (114 mm) gun in a twin turret

Question: How long of a running time did the Number 199 fuse have?
Answer: 30-second running time

Question: What was introduced in 1939?
Answer: Machine Fuse Setter
Anti-aircraft_warfare

Service trials demonstrated another problem however: that ranging and tracking the new high-speed targets was almost impossible. At short range, the apparent target area is relatively large, the trajectory is flat and the time of flight is short, allowing to correct lead by watching the tracers. At long range, the aircraft remains in firing range for a long time, so the necessary calculations can in theory be done by slide rules - though, because small errors in distance cause large errors in shell fall height and detonation time, exact ranging is crucial. For the ranges and speeds that the Bofors worked at, neither answer was good enough.

Question: What was shown to be practically not possible during service trials?
Answer: ranging and tracking the new high-speed targets

Question: Target area is relatively large at what range?
Answer: short range

Question: How was target lead watched at short range?
Answer: by watching the tracers

Question: At long range what, in theory, could be used to set ranging calculations?
Answer: slide rules

Question: What small errors caused large errors in shell fall height and the time until exploding?
Answer: small errors in distance
Anti-aircraft_warfare

Rheinmetall in Germany developed an automatic 20 mm in the 1920s and Oerlikon in Switzerland had acquired the patent to an automatic 20 mm gun designed in Germany during World War I. Germany introduced the rapid-fire 2 cm FlaK 30 and later in the decade it was redesigned by Mauser-Werke and became the 2 cm FlaK 38. Nevertheless, while 20 mm was better than a machine gun and mounted on a very small trailer made it easy to move, its effectiveness was limited. Germany therefore added a 3.7 cm. The first, the 3.7 cm FlaK 18 developed by Rheinmetall in the early 1930s, was basically an enlarged 2 cm FlaK 30. It was introduced in 1935 and production stopped the following year. A redesigned gun 3.7 cm FlaK 36 entered service in 1938, it too had a two-wheel carriage. However, by the mid-1930s the Luftwaffe realised that there was still a coverage gap between 3.7 cm and 8.8 cm guns. They started development of a 5 cm gun on a four-wheel carriage.

Question: In the 1920s, which company developed the automatic 20 mm?
Answer: Rheinmetall

Question: Which Switzerland company obtained the patent for an automatic 20 mm gun during the first World War?
Answer: Oerlikon

Question: Which company redesigned the rapid fire 2 cm FlaK 30?
Answer: Mauser-Werke

Question: What did Germany add to the 20 mm to make it more effective?
Answer: a 3.7 cm

Question: When was the first 3.7 cm FlaK 18 introduced?
Answer: 1935
Anti-aircraft_warfare

The Germans developed massive reinforced concrete blockhouses, some more than six stories high, which were known as Hochbunker "High Bunkers" or "Flaktürme" flak towers, on which they placed anti-aircraft artillery. Those in cities attacked by the Allied land forces became fortresses. Several in Berlin were some of the last buildings to fall to the Soviets during the Battle of Berlin in 1945. The British built structures such as the Maunsell Forts in the North Sea, the Thames Estuary and other tidal areas upon which they based guns. After the war most were left to rot. Some were outside territorial waters, and had a second life in the 1960s as platforms for pirate radio stations.

Question: What were the large blockhouses called that the Germans developed?
Answer: Hochbunker "High Bunkers"

Question: Another name for the High Bunkers was what?
Answer: "Flaktürme" flak towers

Question: What was placed on the blockhouses by the Germans?
Answer: anti-aircraft artillery

Question: What city had some of the last buildings to fall in 1945?
Answer: Berlin

Question: What structure did the British build in the North Sea?
Answer: Maunsell Forts
Anti-aircraft_warfare

The developments during World War II continued for a short time into the post-war period as well. In particular the U.S. Army set up a huge air defence network around its larger cities based on radar-guided 90 mm and 120 mm guns. US efforts continued into the 1950s with the 75 mm Skysweeper system, an almost fully automated system including the radar, computers, power, and auto-loading gun on a single powered platform. The Skysweeper replaced all smaller guns then in use in the Army, notably the 40 mm Bofors. In Europe NATO's Allied Command Europe developed an integrated air defence system, NATO Air Defence Ground Environment (NADGE), that later became the NATO Integrated Air Defence System.

Question: Which military set up a large air defence network surrounding its larger cities?
Answer: the U.S. Army

Question: What US system was created in the 1950s that included radar and computers?
Answer: the 75 mm Skysweeper system

Question: The Skysweeper replaced the small guns that the Army was using, including which one?
Answer: the 40 mm Bofors

Question: What does NADGE stand for?
Answer: NATO Air Defence Ground Environment

Question: What did NADGE become?
Answer: the NATO Integrated Air Defence System
Anti-aircraft_warfare

Although the firearms used by the infantry, particularly machine guns, can be used to engage low altitude air targets, on occasion with notable success, their effectiveness is generally limited and the muzzle flashes reveal infantry positions. Speed and altitude of modern jet aircraft limit target opportunities, and critical systems may be armored in aircraft designed for the ground attack role. Adaptations of the standard autocannon, originally intended for air-to-ground use, and heavier artillery systems were commonly used for most anti-aircraft gunnery, starting with standard pieces on new mountings, and evolving to specially designed guns with much higher performance prior to World War II.

Question: What did the muzzle flashes of the firearms used by the infantry reveal?
Answer: infantry positions

Question: Along with speed of the modern jet, what else limits target opportunities?
Answer: altitude

Question: Heavier artillery systems were typically used for what?
Answer: most anti-aircraft gunnery
Anti-aircraft_warfare

Some nations started rocket research before World War II, including for anti-aircraft use. Further research started during the war. The first step was unguided missile systems like the British 2-inch RP and 3-inch, which was fired in large numbers from Z batteries, and were also fitted to warships. The firing of one of these devices during an air raid is suspected to have caused the Bethnal Green disaster in 1943. Facing the threat of Japanese Kamikaze attacks the British and US developed surface-to-air rockets like British Stooge or the American Lark as counter measures, but none of them were ready at the end of the war. The Germans missile research was the most advanced of the war as the Germans put considerable effort in the research and development of rocket systems for all purposes. Among them were several guided and unguided systems. Unguided systems involved the Fliegerfaust (literally "aircraft fist") as the first MANPADS. Guided systems were several sophisticated radio, wire, or radar guided missiles like the Wasserfall ("waterfall") rocket. Due to the severe war situation for Germany all of those systems were only produced in small numbers and most of them were only used by training or trial units.

Question: Rocket research began prior to which war in some countries?
Answer: World War II

Question: What unguided missile systems was fitted to warships?
Answer: the British 2-inch RP and 3-inch

Question: When did the Bethnal Green disaster occur?
Answer: 1943

Question: What was the US military's counterpart to the British Stooge to counter the attacks by Kamikazes?
Answer: American Lark

Question: Which country's research was ahead of all other countries for missiles?
Answer: Germans missile research
Anti-aircraft_warfare

The future of projectile based weapons may be found in the railgun. Currently tests are underway on developing systems that could create as much damage as a Tomahawk (missile), but at a fraction of the cost. In February 2008 the US Navy tested a railgun; it fired a shell at 5,600 miles (9,000 km) per hour using 10 megajoules of energy. Its expected performance is over 13,000 miles (21,000 km) per hour muzzle velocity, accurate enough to hit a 5-meter target from 200 nautical miles (370 km) away while shooting at 10 shots per minute. It is expected to be ready in 2020 to 2025.[verification needed] These systems while currently designed for static targets would only need the ability to be retargeted to become the next generation of AA system.

Question: Where can the future of projectile based weapons possibly be found?
Answer: the railgun

Question: Testing is being done on weapons to create as much damage as what missile at a much lower cost?
Answer: a Tomahawk

Question: When did the United States Navy test a railgun?
Answer: February 2008

Question: How fast was the shell that the Navy fired from the railgun?
Answer: 5,600 miles (9,000 km) per hour

Question: When is the railgun expected to be ready?
Answer: 2020 to 2025
Anti-aircraft_warfare

The ammunition and shells fired by these weapons are usually fitted with different types of fuses (barometric, time-delay, or proximity) to explode close to the airborne target, releasing a shower of fast metal fragments. For shorter-range work, a lighter weapon with a higher rate of fire is required, to increase a hit probability on a fast airborne target. Weapons between 20 mm and 40 mm caliber have been widely used in this role. Smaller weapons, typically .50 caliber or even 8 mm rifle caliber guns have been used in the smallest mounts.

Question: What are two types of fuses used for shells?
Answer: barometric, time-delay, or proximity

Question: At shorter ranges a light weapon with what is used on fast targets?
Answer: a higher rate of fire

Question: What size of weapon calibers are better hitting at short range fast targets?
Answer: between 20 mm and 40 mm caliber

Question: Smaller .50 caliber and 8 millimeter guns have been used in what?
Answer: smallest mounts
Anti-aircraft_warfare

Air defence in naval tactics, especially within a carrier group, is often built around a system of concentric layers with the aircraft carrier at the centre. The outer layer will usually be provided by the carrier's aircraft, specifically its AEW&C aircraft combined with the CAP. If an attacker is able to penetrate this layer, then the next layers would come from the surface-to-air missiles carried by the carrier's escorts; the area-defence missiles, such as the RIM-67 Standard, with a range of up to 100 nmi, and the point-defence missiles, like the RIM-162 ESSM, with a range of up to 30 nmi. Finally, virtually every modern warship will be fitted with small-calibre guns, including a CIWS, which is usually a radar-controlled Gatling gun of between 20mm and 30mm calibre capable of firing several thousand rounds per minute.

Question: Air defence in such places as a carrier group are built around what?
Answer: a system of concentric layers

Question: What protects the outer layer?
Answer: AEW&C aircraft combined with the CAP

Question: The next layer's surface-to-air missiles are carried by what?
Answer: the carrier's escorts

Question: What is the range in nautical miles of the RIM-67 Standard?
Answer: 100

Question: What is the rate of fire for a radar-controlled Gatling gun of 20 and 30 millimeter?
Answer: several thousand rounds per minute
Anti-aircraft_warfare

If current trends continue, missiles will replace gun systems completely in "first line" service.[citation needed] Guns are being increasingly pushed into specialist roles, such as the Dutch Goalkeeper CIWS, which uses the GAU-8 Avenger 30 mm seven-barrel Gatling gun for last ditch anti-missile and anti-aircraft defence. Even this formerly front-line weapon is currently being replaced by new missile systems, such as the RIM-116 Rolling Airframe Missile, which is smaller, faster, and allows for mid-flight course correction (guidance) to ensure a hit. To bridge the gap between guns and missiles, Russia in particular produces the Kashtan CIWS, which uses both guns and missiles for final defence. Two six-barrelled 30 mm Gsh-6-30 Gatling guns and 9M311 surface-to-air missiles provide for its defensive capabilities.

Question: What is likely to entirely replace gun systems?
Answer: missiles

Question: What is being lead to specialty roles?
Answer: Guns

Question: What gun is used in the Dutch Goalkeeper CIWS?
Answer: GAU-8 Avenger 30 mm seven-barrel Gatling gun

Question: What RIM weapon permits mid-flight course adjustments?
Answer: RIM-116 Rolling Airframe Missile

Question: What weapon's system uses guns and missiles?
Answer: Kashtan CIWS
Anti-aircraft_warfare

Most modern air defence systems are fairly mobile. Even the larger systems tend to be mounted on trailers and are designed to be fairly quickly broken down or set up. In the past, this was not always the case. Early missile systems were cumbersome and required much infrastructure; many could not be moved at all. With the diversification of air defence there has been much more emphasis on mobility. Most modern systems are usually either self-propelled (i.e. guns or missiles are mounted on a truck or tracked chassis) or easily towed. Even systems that consist of many components (transporter/erector/launchers, radars, command posts etc.) benefit from being mounted on a fleet of vehicles. In general, a fixed system can be identified, attacked and destroyed whereas a mobile system can show up in places where it is not expected. Soviet systems especially concentrate on mobility, after the lessons learnt in the Vietnam war between the USA and Vietnam. For more information on this part of the conflict, see SA-2 Guideline.

Question: Contemporary air defence systems are usually what?
Answer: mobile

Question: What are larger weapon systems usually mounted on?
Answer: trailers

Question: Radars, command posts and other such things are usually mounted on what?
Answer: a fleet of vehicles

Question: A mobile weapons system is likely to pop up where?
Answer: places where it is not expected

Question: What systems are really geared toward mobility?
Answer: Soviet
Anti-aircraft_warfare

Most Western and Commonwealth militaries integrate air defence purely with the traditional services, of the military (i.e. army, navy and air force), as a separate arm or as part of artillery. In the United States Army for instance, air defence is part of the artillery arm, while in the Pakistan Army, it was split off from Artillery to form a separate arm of its own in 1990. This is in contrast to some (largely communist or ex-communist) countries where not only are there provisions for air defence in the army, navy and air force but there are specific branches that deal only with the air defence of territory, for example, the Soviet PVO Strany. The USSR also had a separate strategic rocket force in charge of nuclear intercontinental ballistic missiles.

Question: What military forces usually integrate air defnce as a separate arm or part of artillery?
Answer: Western and Commonwealth militaries

Question: Air defence in the US Army is part of what arm?
Answer: artillery arm

Question: Air defence in Pakistan was separated from the Army in what year?
Answer: 1990

Question: What type of countries have set branches for territorial air defence?
Answer: largely communist or ex-communist

Question: Who had a separate military force for controlling nuclear ICBMs?
Answer: USSR
Anti-aircraft_warfare

Armies typically have air defence in depth, from integral MANPADS such as the RBS 70, Stinger and Igla at smaller force levels up to army-level missile defence systems such as Angara and Patriot. Often, the high-altitude long-range missile systems force aircraft to fly at low level, where anti-aircraft guns can bring them down. As well as the small and large systems, for effective air defence there must be intermediate systems. These may be deployed at regiment-level and consist of platoons of self-propelled anti-aircraft platforms, whether they are self-propelled anti-aircraft guns (SPAAGs), integrated air-defence systems like Tunguska or all-in-one surface-to-air missile platforms like Roland or SA-8 Gecko.

Question: What do armies tend to have in depth?
Answer: air defence

Question: Angara and Patriot are two examples of what type of system?
Answer: army-level missile defence systems

Question: Stinger and Igla are two examples of what type of system?
Answer: smaller force levels

Question: What does SPAAG stand for?
Answer: self-propelled anti-aircraft guns

Question: What kind of platform are Roland and SA-8 Gecko?
Answer: all-in-one surface-to-air missile platforms
Anti-aircraft_warfare

Israel, and The US Air Force, in conjunction with the members of NATO, has developed significant tactics for air defence suppression. Dedicated weapons such as anti-radiation missiles and advanced electronics intelligence and electronic countermeasures platforms seek to suppress or negate the effectiveness of an opposing air-defence system. It is an arms race; as better jamming, countermeasures and anti-radiation weapons are developed, so are better SAM systems with ECCM capabilities and the ability to shoot down anti-radiation missiles and other munitions aimed at them or the targets they are defending.

Question: In agreement with NATO members, the US Air Force and which country has created tactics for air defence suppression?
Answer: Israel

Question: The goal of what is to suppress opposing air defence systems?
Answer: Dedicated weapons

Question: As better weapons are created, what systems continue to improve as well to counter them?
Answer: SAM systems with ECCM capabilities
Anti-aircraft_warfare

NATO defines anti-aircraft warfare (AAW) as "measures taken to defend a maritime force against attacks by airborne weapons launched from aircraft, ships, submarines and land-based sites." In some armies the term All-Arms Air Defence (AAAD) is used for air defence by non-specialist troops. Other terms from the late 20th century include GBAD (Ground Based AD) with related terms SHORAD (Short Range AD) and MANPADS ("Man Portable AD Systems": typically shoulder-launched missiles). Anti-aircraft missiles are variously called surface-to-air missile, abbreviated and pronounced "SAM" and Surface to Air Guided Weapon (SAGW).

Question: What does AAAD stand for?
Answer: All-Arms Air Defence

Question: What does GBAD stand for?
Answer: Ground Based AD

Question: What does SHORAD stand for?
Answer: Short Range AD

Question: What does MANPADS stand for?
Answer: Man Portable AD Systems

Question: What does SAGW stand for?
Answer: Surface to Air Guided Weapon
Anti-aircraft_warfare

Throughout the 20th century air defence was one of the fastest-evolving areas of military technology, responding to the evolution of aircraft and exploiting various enabling technologies, particularly radar, guided missiles and computing (initially electromechanical analog computing from the 1930s on, as with equipment described below). Air defence evolution covered the areas of sensors and technical fire control, weapons, and command and control. At the start of the 20th century these were either very primitive or non-existent.

Question: What was one of the quickest areas to evolve in military technology in the 20th century?
Answer: air defence

Question: The evolution of air defence was in answer to the evolution of what?
Answer: aircraft

Question: In addition to radar and computing, what else did air defence want to exploit?
Answer: guided missiles

Question: In addition to sensors and technical fire control, and weapons, what else did air defence evolution cover?
Answer: command and control
Anti-aircraft_warfare

Batteries are usually grouped into battalions or equivalent. In the field army a light gun or SHORAD battalion is often assigned to a manoeuvre division. Heavier guns and long-range missiles may be in air-defence brigades and come under corps or higher command. Homeland air defence may have a full military structure. For example, the UK's Anti-Aircraft Command, commanded by a full British Army general was part of ADGB. At its peak in 1941–42 it comprised three AA corps with 12 AA divisions between them.

Question: How are batteries typically grouped?
Answer: into battalions

Question: What type of battalion is normally tasked to a manoeuvre division in the field army?
Answer: light gun or SHORAD

Question: Which military section could have a full military structure?
Answer: Homeland air defence

Question: Who commanded the UK's Anti-Aircraft Command?
Answer: a full British Army general

Question: How many corps was the UK's Anti-Aircraft Command?
Answer: three AA corps
Anti-aircraft_warfare

German air attacks on the British Isles increased in 1915 and the AA efforts were deemed somewhat ineffective, so a Royal Navy gunnery expert, Admiral Sir Percy Scott, was appointed to make improvements, particularly an integrated AA defence for London. The air defences were expanded with more RNVR AA guns, 75 mm and 3-inch, the pom-poms being ineffective. The naval 3-inch was also adopted by the army, the QF 3 inch 20 cwt (76 mm), a new field mounting was introduced in 1916. Since most attacks were at night, searchlights were soon used, and acoustic methods of detection and locating were developed. By December 1916 there were 183 AA Sections defending Britain (most with the 3-inch), 74 with the BEF in France and 10 in the Middle East.

Question: Air attacks headed by  Germany increased in 1915 in what area?
Answer: the British Isles

Question: Who was tasked with the job to make improvements to the AA as a result of the German attacks?
Answer: Royal Navy gunnery expert, Admiral Sir Percy Scott

Question: What was used because of night attacks?
Answer: searchlights

Question: How many AA Sections were defending Britain by December 1916?
Answer: 183

Question: How many AA Sections were with the BEF in France during the same time?
Answer: 74
Anti-aircraft_warfare

As aircraft started to be used against ground targets on the battlefield, the AA guns could not be traversed quickly enough at close targets and, being relatively few, were not always in the right place (and were often unpopular with other troops), so changed positions frequently. Soon the forces were adding various machine-gun based weapons mounted on poles. These short-range weapons proved more deadly, and the "Red Baron" is believed to have been shot down by an anti-aircraft Vickers machine gun. When the war ended, it was clear that the increasing capabilities of aircraft would require better means of acquiring targets and aiming at them. Nevertheless, a pattern had been set: anti-aircraft weapons would be based around heavy weapons attacking high-altitude targets and lighter weapons for use when they came to lower altitudes.

Question: What was many times unpopular with other troops?
Answer: AA guns

Question: What was mounted on poles by forces?
Answer: machine-gun based weapons

Question: What type of weapon is thought to have shot down the Red Baron?
Answer: anti-aircraft Vickers machine gun

Question: What made acquiring targets and aiming more required?
Answer: increasing capabilities of aircraft

Question: Heavy weapons shot at high-altitude targets and what shot at low-altitude targets?
Answer: lighter weapons
Anti-aircraft_warfare

In 1925 the British adopted a new instrument developed by Vickers. It was a mechanical analogue computer Predictor AA No 1. Given the target height its operators tracked the target and the predictor produced bearing, quadrant elevation and fuse setting. These were passed electrically to the guns where they were displayed on repeater dials to the layers who 'matched pointers' (target data and the gun's actual data) to lay the guns. This system of repeater electrical dials built on the arrangements introduced by British coast artillery in the 1880s, and coast artillery was the background of many AA officers. Similar systems were adopted in other countries and for example the later Sperry device, designated M3A3 in the US was also used by Britain as the Predictor AA No 2. Height finders were also increasing in size, in Britain, the World War I Barr & Stroud UB 2 (7 feet optical base) was replaced by the UB 7 (9 feet optical base) and the UB 10 (18 feet optical base, only used on static AA sites). Goertz in Germany and Levallois in France produced 5 metre instruments. However, in most countries the main effort in HAA guns until the mid-1930s was improving existing ones, although various new designs were on drawing boards.

Question: What year did the British adopt the new Vickers instrument?
Answer: 1925

Question: What was the Vickers device adopted by the British named?
Answer: Predictor AA No 1

Question: What was the designation name of the Sperry device in the US?
Answer: M3A3

Question: What did the British designate the Sperry device as?
Answer: Predictor AA No 2

Question: What replaced the UB 2?
Answer: UB 7
Anti-aircraft_warfare

After the Dambusters raid in 1943 an entirely new system was developed that was required to knock down any low-flying aircraft with a single hit. The first attempt to produce such a system used a 50 mm gun, but this proved inaccurate and a new 55 mm gun replaced it. The system used a centralised control system including both search and targeting radar, which calculated the aim point for the guns after considering windage and ballistics, and then sent electrical commands to the guns, which used hydraulics to point themselves at high speeds. Operators simply fed the guns and selected the targets. This system, modern even by today's standards, was in late development when the war ended.

Question: When year did the Dambusters raid happen?
Answer: 1943

Question: What did the new system designed after the Dambusters raid supposed to do?
Answer: knock down any low-flying aircraft with a single hit

Question: What replaced the 50 millimeter gun that was not accurate?
Answer: a new 55 mm gun

Question: What type of control system did the 55 millimeter gun use?
Answer: a centralised control system

Question: What was used to aim the guns after electrical commands were sent?
Answer: hydraulics
Anti-aircraft_warfare

AAA battalions were also used to help suppress ground targets. Their larger 90 mm M3 gun would prove, as did the eighty-eight, to make an excellent anti-tank gun as well, and was widely used late in the war in this role. Also available to the Americans at the start of the war was the 120 mm M1 gun stratosphere gun, which was the most powerful AA gun with an impressive 60,000 ft (18 km) altitude capability. No 120 M1 was ever fired at an enemy aircraft. The 90 mm and 120 mm guns would continue to be used into the 1950s.

Question: What was also utilized to control ground targets?
Answer: AAA battalions

Question: Along with the 88, what other AAA battalion gun made a good anti-tank weapon?
Answer: 90 mm M3 gun

Question: What did the Americans use at the beginning of the war?
Answer: 120 mm M1 gun stratosphere gun

Question: What was the altitude range in feet of the stratosphere gun?
Answer: 60,000 ft

Question: What decade were the 90 and 120 millimeter guns used until?
Answer: 1950s
Anti-aircraft_warfare

The allies' most advanced technologies were showcased by the anti-aircraft defence against the German V-1 cruise missiles (V stands for Vergeltungswaffe, "retaliation weapon"). The 419th and 601st Antiaircraft Gun Battalions of the US Army were first allocated to the Folkestone-Dover coast to defend London, and then moved to Belgium to become part of the "Antwerp X" project. With the liberation of Antwerp, the port city immediately became the highest priority target, and received the largest number of V-1 and V-2 missiles of any city. The smallest tactical unit of the operation was a gun battery consisting of four 90 mm guns firing shells equipped with a radio proximity fuse. Incoming targets were acquired and automatically tracked by SCR-584 radar, developed at the MIT Rad Lab. Output from the gun-laying radar was fed to the M-9 director, an electronic analog computer developed at Bell Laboratories to calculate the lead and elevation corrections for the guns. With the help of these three technologies, close to 90% of the V-1 missiles, on track to the defence zone around the port, were destroyed.

Question: What did advanced ally technology showcase it could defend against?
Answer: German V-1 cruise missiles

Question: Where did the US Army's 419th and 601st locate at to defend London?
Answer: Folkestone-Dover coast

Question: Where did the US Army 419th and 601st relocate to as part of the Antwerp X project?
Answer: Belgium

Question: What city got attacked by more V-1 and V-2 missiles than any other?
Answer: Antwerp

Question: What acquired and automatically tracked incoming targets?
Answer: SCR-584 radar
Anti-aircraft_warfare

In the 1982 Falklands War, the Argentine armed forces deployed the newest west European weapons including the Oerlikon GDF-002 35 mm twin cannon and SAM Roland. The Rapier missile system was the primary GBAD system, used by both British artillery and RAF regiment, a few brand-new FIM-92 Stinger were used by British special forces. Both sides also used the Blowpipe missile. British naval missiles used included Sea Dart and the older Sea Slug longer range systems, Sea Cat and the new Sea Wolf short range systems. Machine guns in AA mountings was used both ashore and afloat.

Question: In what war did the armed forces from Argentina use the SAM Roland?
Answer: 1982 Falklands War

Question: What two units used the Rapier missile system?
Answer: British artillery and RAF regiment

Question: What older system did the British naval use?
Answer: Sea Slug longer range systems

Question: What new short range systems did the British naval use?
Answer: Sea Wolf

Question: What was used in AA mountings on both land and water?
Answer: Machine guns
Anti-aircraft_warfare

Larger SAMs may be deployed in fixed launchers, but can be towed/re-deployed at will. The SAMs launched by individuals are known in the United States as the Man-Portable Air Defence Systems (MANPADS). MANPADS of the former Soviet Union have been exported around the World, and can be found in use by many armed forces. Targets for non-ManPAD SAMs will usually be acquired by air-search radar, then tracked before/while a SAM is "locked-on" and then fired. Potential targets, if they are military aircraft, will be identified as friend or foe before being engaged. The developments in the latest and relatively cheap short-range missiles have begun to replace autocannons in this role.

Question: What can be deployed in fixed launchers but re-deploy at will?
Answer: Larger SAMs

Question: What are the SAMs called that are launched by individuals in the US?
Answer: MANPADS

Question: What does MANPADS mean?
Answer: Man-Portable Air Defence Systems

Question: How are targets aquired for non-ManPAD SAMs?
Answer: air-search radar

Question: Short range missiles are replacing what weapons?
Answer: autocannons
Anti-aircraft_warfare

However, as stealth technology grows, so does anti-stealth technology. Multiple transmitter radars such as those from bistatic radars and low-frequency radars are said to have the capabilities to detect stealth aircraft. Advanced forms of thermographic cameras such as those that incorporate QWIPs would be able to optically see a Stealth aircraft regardless of the aircraft's RCS. In addition, Side looking radars, High-powered optical satellites, and sky-scanning, high-aperture, high sensitivity radars such as radio telescopes, would all be able to narrow down the location of a stealth aircraft under certain parameters. The newest SAM's have a claimed ability to be able to detect and engage stealth targets, with the most notable being the S-400, which is claimed to be able to detect a target with a 0.05 meter squared RCS from 90 km away.

Question: What continues to grow along with stealth technology?
Answer: anti-stealth technology

Question: What can detect stealth aircraft?
Answer: Multiple transmitter radars

Question: What can see stealth aircraft even with RCS?
Answer: Advanced forms of thermographic cameras

Question: What is the most notable SAM that can detect a stealth target?
Answer: the S-400

Question: How far away can the S-400 detect a target?
Answer: 90 km away
Sanskrit

Sanskrit (/ˈsænskrɪt/; Sanskrit: saṃskṛtam [səmskr̩t̪əm] or saṃskṛta, originally saṃskṛtā vāk, "refined speech") is the primary sacred language of Hinduism, a philosophical language in Buddhism, Hinduism, Sikhism and Jainism, and a literary language that was in use as a lingua franca in Greater India. It is a standardised dialect of Old Indo-Aryan, originating as Vedic Sanskrit and tracing its linguistic ancestry back to Proto-Indo-Iranian and Proto-Indo-European. Today it is listed as one of the 22 scheduled languages of India and is an official language of the state of Uttarakhand. As one of the oldest Indo-European languages for which substantial written documentation exists, Sanskrit holds a prominent position in Indo-European studies.

Question: Sanskrit is the primary sacred language of which religion?
Answer: Hinduism

Question: How many scheduled languages are there in present-day India?
Answer: 22

Question: Which Indian state has Sanskrit as its official language?
Answer: Uttarakhand

Question: Sanskrit is used as a pkilsosophical language in Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism and which other religion?
Answer: Sikhism

Question: Sanskrit is a standardized dialect of which language?
Answer: Old Indo-Aryan

Question: What language is the sacred language of Hinduism?
Answer: Sanskrit

Question: Besides its uses as language of religions, for what other application can Sanskrit be used?
Answer: lingua franca

Question: Where is Sanskrit usually found?
Answer: India

Question: From what is Sanskrit an adaption?
Answer: Old Indo-Aryan

Question: From what language did Sanskrit originate?
Answer: Vedic Sanskrit

Question: What literary philosophical language was used in Greater India?

Question: What is concidered a sacred language in Buddhism?

Question: How many lanuages are spoken in India?

Question: Which Indian state does not formally reckognize Sanskirt?

Question: What Indo[European language only has a small amount of written documentation?

Question: What is the primary sacred language of Buddhism?

Question: What is a philosophical language in Islam?

Question: Where was Sanskrit a classical language?

Question: What is listed as one of the 25 languages of India?

Question: Where does the study of Sanskrit hold a less than prominent position?
Sanskrit

Over 90 weeklies, fortnightlies and quarterlies are published in Sanskrit. Sudharma, a daily newspaper in Sanskrit, has been published out of Mysore, India, since 1970, while Sanskrit Vartman Patram and Vishwasya Vrittantam started in Gujarat during the last five years. Since 1974, there has been a short daily news broadcast on state-run All India Radio. These broadcasts are also made available on the internet on AIR's website. Sanskrit news is broadcast on TV and on the internet through the DD National channel at 6:55 AM IST.

Question: In what year was the daily newspaper Sudharma first published?
Answer: 1970

Question: Where are Sanskrit Vartman Patram and Vishwasya Vrittantam published?
Answer: Gujarat

Question: In what year did daily news broadcasts in Sankrit begin on state-run All India Radio?
Answer: 1974

Question: Approximately how many weeklies, fortnightlies and quarterlies published in Sanskrit?
Answer: Over 90

Question: What is the broadcast time for Sanskrit news on the DD National channel?
Answer: 6:55 AM IST

Question: What is the publication, Sudharma?
Answer: daily newspaper

Question: What language are many periodicals published in in India?
Answer: Sanskrit

Question: Where is the newspaper Sudharma published?
Answer: Mysore, India

Question: Since what year has there been a daily broadcast on All India Radio?
Answer: 1974

Question: Where can the Sanskrit broadcasts be found online?
Answer: AIR's website

Question: How many weeklies are published in Sanskrit?

Question: What news paper was first published in 1974?

Question: What first appeared in Sanskrit on All India Radio in 1970?

Question: What publications have been published out of Myrosa since 1970?

Question: What has been published out of Mumbai India since 1970?

Question: Which publication in Gujarat started more than five years ago?

Question: What year did weekly broadcasts start on All India Radio?

Question: What broadcast is only found on the internet?

Question: What channel can the Sanskrit news be found on a 9:55 AM IST?
Sanskrit

Sanskrit linguist Madhav Deshpande says that when the term "Sanskrit" arose it was not thought of as a specific language set apart from other languages, but rather as a particularly refined or perfected manner of speaking. Knowledge of Sanskrit was a marker of social class and educational attainment in ancient India, and the language was taught mainly to members of the higher castes through the close analysis of Vyākaraṇins such as Pāṇini and Patanjali, who exhorted proper Sanskrit at all times, especially during ritual. Sanskrit, as the learned language of Ancient India, thus existed alongside the vernacular Prakrits, which were Middle Indo-Aryan languages. However, linguistic change led to an eventual loss of mutual intelligibility.

Question: In Ancient India, which vernacular languages existed alongside Sanskrit?
Answer: Prakrits

Question: The works of which two scholars were used to teach Sanskrit to the higher castes of India?
Answer: Pāṇini and Patanjali

Question: The use of Sanskrit was considered to be a marker of what in Ancient India?
Answer: social class and educational attainment

Question: What type of language were Prakrits?
Answer: Middle Indo-Aryan

Question: Which Sanskrit linguist describes Sanskrit as a "particularly refined or perfected manner of speaking?"
Answer: Madhav Deshpande

Question: What style of speech did linguist Madhav Deshpande say Sanskrit started out as?
Answer: perfected manner

Question: Of what was Sanskrit once thought to be a divider?
Answer: social class

Question: How was Sanskrit originally used?
Answer: ritual

Question: Where was Sanskrit a learned language of the high classes?
Answer: Ancient India

Question: With what did Sanskrit exist beside?
Answer: vernacular Prakrits

Question: Who said that Sanskrit was a specific language set apart?

Question: In what country did the lower class study Sanskrit?

Question: What language exists alongside Sanskrit in modern India?

Question: What two scholars were instrumental in teaching Sanskrit to the lower class?

Question: What vernacular language was used only by the upper social class in India?