Divyanshu67/squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
North_Carolina

College sports are also popular in North Carolina, with 18 schools competing at the Division I level. The Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC) is headquartered in Greensboro, and both the ACC Football Championship Game (Charlotte) and the ACC Men's Basketball Tournament (Greensboro) were most recently held in North Carolina. College basketball in particular is very popular, buoyed by the Tobacco Road rivalries between Duke, North Carolina, North Carolina State, and Wake Forest. The ACC Championship Game and The Belk Bowl are held annually in Charlotte's Bank of America Stadium, featuring teams from the ACC and the Southeastern Conference. Additionally, the state has hosted the NCAA Men's Basketball Final Four on two occasions, in Greensboro in 1974 and in Charlotte in 1994.

Question: How many colleges compete at the Division 1 level in North Carolina?
Answer: 18

Question: Where is the ACC headquarters?
Answer: Greensboro

Question: Where were the ACC football and basketball championships recently held?
Answer: North Carolina

Question: What stadium host the ACC championship game and the Belk Bowl each year?
Answer: Charlotte's Bank of America Stadium

Question: How many times has North Carolina hosted the NCAA final four?
Answer: two
North_Carolina

Every year the Appalachian Mountains attract several million tourists to the Western part of the state, including the historic Biltmore Estate. The scenic Blue Ridge Parkway and Great Smoky Mountains National Park are the two most visited national park and unit in the United States with over 25 million visitors in 2013. The City of Asheville is consistently voted as one of the top places to visit and live in the United States, known for its rich art deco architecture, mountain scenery and outdoor activities, and liberal and happy residents.

Question: How many people go to see the Appalachian Mountains each year?
Answer: several million

Question: What part of the state are the Appalachian Mountains in?
Answer: Western

Question: Great Smoky mountain and Blue Ridge Parkway are located in what mountain range?
Answer: Appalachian

Question: How many tourists visited the Smoky Mountains and Blue Ridge parkway in 2013?
Answer: over 25 million

Question: What North Carolina City is consistently voted one of the top places to live in the United States?
Answer: Asheville
North_Carolina

In Raleigh many tourists visit the Capital, African American Cultural Complex, Contemporary Art Museum of Raleigh, Gregg Museum of Art & Design at NCSU, Haywood Hall House & Gardens, Marbles Kids Museum, North Carolina Museum of Art, North Carolina Museum of History, North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences, North Carolina Sports Hall of Fame, Raleigh City Museum, J. C. Raulston Arboretum, Joel Lane House, Mordecai House, Montfort Hall, and the Pope House Museum. The Carolina Hurricanes NHL hockey team is also located in the city.

Question: What Hockey team is located in Raleigh?
Answer: Carolina Hurricanes

Question: What league do the Carolina Hurricanes belong to?
Answer: NHL

Question: What Hall of Fame is located in Raleigh?
Answer: North Carolina Sports Hall of Fame

Question: What arboretum is located in Raleigh?
Answer: J. C. Raulston Arboretum
North_Carolina

The Piedmont Triad, or center of the state, is home to Krispy Kreme, Mayberry, Texas Pete, the Lexington Barbecue Festival, and Moravian cookies. The internationally acclaimed North Carolina Zoo in Asheboro attracts visitors to its animals, plants, and a 57-piece art collection along five miles of shaded pathways in the world's largest-land-area natural-habitat park. Seagrove, in the central portion of the state, attracts many tourists along Pottery Highway (NC Hwy 705). MerleFest in Wilkesboro attracts more than 80,000 people to its four-day music festival; and Wet 'n Wild Emerald Pointe water park in Greensboro is another attraction.

Question: What is the center of North Carolina called?
Answer: The Piedmont Triad

Question: Where is the Krispy kreme headquarters located?
Answer: The Piedmont Triad

Question: What city is the North Carolina Zoo in?
Answer: Asheboro

Question: How many miles of shaded pathways does the Nort Carolina Zoo have?
Answer: five

Question: What North Carolina City hosts the Merlefest?
Answer: Wilkesboro
North_Carolina

North Carolina provides a large range of recreational activities, from swimming at the beach to skiing in the mountains. North Carolina offers fall colors, freshwater and saltwater fishing, hunting, birdwatching, agritourism, ATV trails, ballooning, rock climbing, biking, hiking, skiing, boating and sailing, camping, canoeing, caving (spelunking), gardens, and arboretums. North Carolina has theme parks, aquariums, museums, historic sites, lighthouses, elegant theaters, concert halls, and fine dining.

Question: Fishing, hunting, and birdwatching are what kind of activities that are provided in North Carolina?
Answer: recreational

Question: In the Fall, people go to North Carolina to see what?
Answer: fall colors

Question: What is another name for caving?
Answer: spelunking
North_Carolina

North Carolinians enjoy outdoor recreation utilizing numerous local bike paths, 34 state parks, and 14 national parks. National Park Service units include the Appalachian National Scenic Trail, the Blue Ridge Parkway, Cape Hatteras National Seashore, Cape Lookout National Seashore, Carl Sandburg Home National Historic Site at Flat Rock, Fort Raleigh National Historic Site at Manteo, Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Guilford Courthouse National Military Park in Greensboro, Moores Creek National Battlefield near Currie in Pender County, the Overmountain Victory National Historic Trail, Old Salem National Historic Site in Winston-Salem, the Trail of Tears National Historic Trail, and Wright Brothers National Memorial in Kill Devil Hills. National Forests include Uwharrie National Forest in central North Carolina, Croatan National Forest in Eastern North Carolina, Pisgah National Forest in the northern mountains, and Nantahala National Forest in the southwestern part of the state.

Question: Howmany state parks are in North Carolina?
Answer: 34

Question: How many national parks are in North Carolina?
Answer: 14

Question: Where is the Uwharrie national Forest located?
Answer: central North Carolina

Question: Where is Croatan National Forest located?
Answer: Eastern North Carolina

Question: Where is the Guilford Courthouse National Military Park?
Answer: Greensboro
North_Carolina

North Carolina has rich traditions in art, music, and cuisine. The nonprofit arts and culture industry generates $1.2 billion in direct economic activity in North Carolina, supporting more than 43,600 full-time equivalent jobs and generating $119 million in revenue for local governments and the state of North Carolina. North Carolina established the North Carolina Museum of Art as the first major museum collection in the country to be formed by state legislation and funding and continues to bring millions into the NC economy. Also see this list of museums in North Carolina.

Question: What industry generates 1.2 billion in economic activity each year for North carolina?
Answer: nonprofit arts and culture

Question: How many full time jobs are held by those in the non profit arts and culture industry?
Answer: 43,600

Question: How much money does the nonprofit arts and culture industry raise for government?
Answer: $119 million

Question: What was the first museum in the country to be formed by legislature?
Answer: North Carolina Museum of Art

Question: How much money does the North Carolina Museum of art generate?
Answer: millions
North_Carolina

North Carolina has a variety of shopping choices. SouthPark Mall in Charlotte is currently the largest in the Carolinas, with almost 2.0 million square feet. Other major malls in Charlotte include Northlake Mall and Carolina Place Mall in nearby suburb Pineville. Other major malls throughout the state include Hanes Mall in Winston-Salem; Crabtree Valley Mall, North Hills Mall, and Triangle Town Center in Raleigh; Friendly Center and Four Seasons Town Centre in Greensboro; Oak Hollow Mall in High Point; Concord Mills in Concord; Valley Hills Mall in Hickory; and The Streets at Southpoint and Northgate Mall in Durham and Independence Mall in Wilmington, NC, and Tanger Outlets in Charlotte, Nags Head, Blowing Rock, and Mebane, NC.

Question: Where is SouthPark Mall located?
Answer: Charlotte

Question: What is the largest mall in the carolinas?
Answer: SouthPark Mall

Question: How big is SouthPark Mall?
Answer: 2.0 million square feet

Question: Where is the hanes Mall located?
Answer: Winston-Salem

Question: Where is the Four Seasons Town Center located?
Answer: Greensboro
North_Carolina

A culinary staple of North Carolina is pork barbecue. There are strong regional differences and rivalries over the sauces and methods used in making the barbecue. The common trend across Western North Carolina is the use of premium grade Boston butt. Western North Carolina pork barbecue uses a tomato-based sauce, and only the pork shoulder (dark meat) is used. Western North Carolina barbecue is commonly referred to as Lexington barbecue after the Piedmont Triad town of Lexington, home of the Lexington Barbecue Festival, which attracts over 100,000 visitors each October. Eastern North Carolina pork barbecue uses a vinegar-and-red-pepper-based sauce and the "whole hog" is cooked, thus integrating both white and dark meat.

Question: What is a culinary staple of North Carolina?
Answer: pork barbecue

Question: What cut of pork do those in western North carolina prefer for BBQ?
Answer: Boston butt

Question: What cut of pork do those in Western North Carolina prefer for BBQ?
Answer: pork shoulder

Question: What is another name for Western North Carolina Barbecue?
Answer: Lexington barbecue

Question: How many people visit the lexington Barbecue festival each year?
Answer: over 100,000
North_Carolina

Krispy Kreme, an international chain of doughnut stores, was started in North Carolina; the company's headquarters are in Winston-Salem. Pepsi-Cola was first produced in 1898 in New Bern. A regional soft drink, Cheerwine, was created and is still based in the city of Salisbury. Despite its name, the hot sauce Texas Pete was created in North Carolina; its headquarters are also in Winston-Salem. The Hardee's fast-food chain was started in Rocky Mount. Another fast-food chain, Bojangles', was started in Charlotte, and has its corporate headquarters there. A popular North Carolina restaurant chain is Golden Corral. Started in 1973, the chain was founded in Fayetteville, with headquarters located in Raleigh. Popular pickle brand Mount Olive Pickle Company was founded in Mount Olive in 1926. Fast casual burger chain Hwy 55 Burgers, Shakes & Fries also makes its home in Mount Olive. Cook Out, a popular fast-food chain featuring burgers, hot dogs, and milkshakes in a wide variety of flavors, was founded in Greensboro in 1989 and has begun expanding outside of North Carolina. In 2013, Southern Living named Durham - Chapel Hill the South's "Tastiest City."

Question: Krispy kreme is a chain of what kind of stores?
Answer: doughnut

Question: Where is the Krispy kreme headquarters?
Answer: Winston-Salem

Question: When was pepsi-Cola first produced?
Answer: 1898

Question: Where was pepsi first produced?
Answer: New Bern

Question: What city was Cheerwine created and based in?
Answer: Salisbury
North_Carolina

Over the last decade, North Carolina has become a cultural epicenter and haven for internationally prize-winning wine (Noni Bacca Winery), internationally prized cheeses (Ashe County), "L'institut International aux Arts Gastronomiques: Conquerront Les Yanks les Truffes, January 15, 2010" international hub for truffles (Garland Truffles), and beer making, as tobacco land has been converted to grape orchards while state laws regulating alcohol content in beer allowed a jump in ABV from 6% to 15%. The Yadkin Valley in particular has become a strengthening market for grape production, while Asheville recently won the recognition of being named 'Beer City USA.' Asheville boasts the largest breweries per capita of any city in the United States. Recognized and marketed brands of beer in North Carolina include Highland Brewing, Duck Rabbit Brewery, Mother Earth Brewery, Weeping Radish Brewery, Big Boss Brewing, Foothills Brewing, Carolina Brewing Company, Lonerider Brewing, and White Rabbit Brewing Company.

Question: What international prize winning winery is located in North Carolina?
Answer: Noni Bacca Winery

Question: What prized cheeses are made in North Carolina?
Answer: Ashe County

Question: Much tobacco land has been transformed into what kind of orchards?
Answer: grape

Question: North carolina state law allowed a jump in alcohol volume from 6% to what percent?
Answer: 15%.

Question: What city was named Beer City USA?
Answer: Asheville
North_Carolina

Tobacco was one of the first major industries to develop after the Civil War. Many farmers grew some tobacco, and the invention of the cigarette made the product especially popular. Winston-Salem is the birthplace of R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company (RJR), founded by R. J. Reynolds in 1874 as one of 16 tobacco companies in the town. By 1914 it was selling 425 million packs of Camels a year. Today it is the second-largest tobacco company in the U.S. (behind Altria Group). RJR is an indirect wholly owned subsidiary of Reynolds American Inc., which in turn is 42% owned by British American Tobacco.

Question: What was one of the first growing industries to develope after the civil war?
Answer: Tobacco

Question: The invention of cigarettes made what popular?
Answer: Tobacco

Question: Winston Salem is the headquarters of what tobacco Company?
Answer: R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company

Question: What year was RJ Reynolds Tobacco Company founded?
Answer: 1874

Question: How many packs of camel cigarettes were sold per year in 1914?
Answer: 425 million
North_Carolina

Located in Jacksonville, Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune, combined with nearby bases Marine Corps Air Station (MCAS) Cherry Point, MCAS New River, Camp Geiger, Camp Johnson, Stone Bay and Courthouse Bay, makes up the largest concentration of Marines and sailors in the world. MCAS Cherry Point is home of the 2nd Marine Aircraft Wing. Located in Goldsboro, Seymour Johnson Air Force Base is home of the 4th Fighter Wing and 916th Air Refueling Wing. One of the busiest air stations in the United States Coast Guard is located at the Coast Guard Air Station in Elizabeth City. Also stationed in North Carolina is the Military Ocean Terminal Sunny Point in Southport.

Question: Where is Camp Lejeune located?
Answer: Jacksonville

Question: What is Camp Lejeune?
Answer: Marine Corps Base Camp

Question: Bases making up the larges concentration of marines and sailors in the world is located in what NC city?
Answer: Jacksonville

Question: Where is Seymour johnson air force base located?
Answer: Goldsboro

Question: Where is the military Ocean Terminal Sunny Point stationed?
Answer: Southport
Heian_period

The Heian period (平安時代, Heian jidai?) is the last division of classical Japanese history, running from 794 to 1185. The period is named after the capital city of Heian-kyō, or modern Kyōto. It is the period in Japanese history when Buddhism, Taoism and other Chinese influences were at their height. The Heian period is also considered the peak of the Japanese imperial court and noted for its art, especially poetry and literature. Although the Imperial House of Japan had power on the surface, the real power was in the hands of the Fujiwara clan, a powerful aristocratic family who had intermarried with the imperial family. Many emperors actually had mothers from the Fujiwara family. Heian (平安?) means "peace" in Japanese.

Question: What is the name of the last period of classical Japanese history?
Answer: Heian

Question: The Heian period is named after what city?
Answer: Heian-kyō

Question: What does heian mean in Japanese?
Answer: peace

Question: What was the name of the prominent clan during the Heian period?
Answer: Fujiwara

Question: The Heian period was known for what types of art?
Answer: poetry and literature

Question: What period marks the end of Japanese history?

Question: What Japanese dynasty was named after the city of Heian-kyo?

Question: What Chinese influences where waning in the Heian period?

Question: What was declining along with the imperial court?

Question: What family did many Japanese Emperors belong to?
Heian_period

The Heian period was preceded by the Nara period and began in 794 A.D after the movement of the capital of Japan to Heian-kyō (present day Kyōto京都), by the 50th emperor, Emperor Kanmu. Kanmu first tried to move the capital to Nagaoka-kyō, but a series of disasters befell the city, prompting the emperor to relocate the capital a second time, to Heian. The Heian Period is considered a high point in Japanese culture that later generations have always admired. The period is also noted for the rise of the samurai class, which would eventually take power and start the feudal period of Japan.

Question: What was the name of the period before the Heian era?
Answer: Nara

Question: The Heian period began in what year?
Answer: 794 A.D

Question: What warrior class rose during the Heian era?
Answer: samurai

Question: Heian-kyo is now what present-day city?
Answer: Kyōto

Question: What was the name of the emperor who moved Japan's capital to Heian?
Answer: Kanmu

Question: When did the Nara period begin?

Question: Where was the capital of Japan prior to 794 A.D.?

Question: Where did Emperor Kanmu try to move the capital after Heian-kyo?

Question: Why have later generations always admired the Nara period?

Question: What class declined in the Heian-kyo period?
Heian_period

Nominally, sovereignty lay in the emperor but in fact power was wielded by the Fujiwara nobility. However, to protect their interests in the provinces, the Fujiwara and other noble families required guards, police and soldiers. The warrior class made steady political gains throughout the Heian period. As early as 939 A.D, Taira no Masakado threatened the authority of the central government, leading an uprising in the eastern province of Hitachi, and almost simultaneously, Fujiwara no Sumitomo rebelled in the west. Still, a true military takeover of the Japanese government was centuries away, when much of the strength of the government would lie within the private armies of the shogunate.

Question: What noble family wielded power during the Heian period?
Answer: Fujiwara

Question: Who threatened the authority of Japan's central government?
Answer: Taira no Masakado

Question: Masakado led an uprising in what province?
Answer: Hitachi

Question: What member of the Fujiwara family rebelled in western Japan?
Answer: Fujiwara no Sumitomo

Question: In what year did Masakado begin his rebellion?
Answer: 939 A.D

Question: Who ruled the Fujiwara family in Japan?

Question: Who needed guards and soldiers to protect their interests in the imperial court?

Question: Who's political power declined during the Heian period?

Question: Who threatened the central governments authourity during the 9th century A.D.?

Question: What did Fujiwara no Sumitoma lead in the east?
Heian_period

When Emperor Kammu moved the capital to Heian-kyō (Kyōto), which remained the imperial capital for the next 1,000 years, he did so not only to strengthen imperial authority but also to improve his seat of government geopolitically. Nara was abandoned after only 70 years in part due to the ascendancy of Dōkyō and the encroaching secular power of the Buddhist institutions there. Kyōto had good river access to the sea and could be reached by land routes from the eastern provinces. The early Heian period (784–967) continued Nara culture; the Heian capital was patterned on the Chinese Tang capital at Chang'an, as was Nara, but on a larger scale than Nara. Kammu endeavoured to improve the Tang-style administrative system which was in use. Known as the ritsuryō, this system attempted to recreate the Tang imperium in Japan, despite the "tremendous differences in the levels of development between the two countries". Despite the decline of the Taika-Taihō reforms, imperial government was vigorous during the early Heian period. Indeed, Kammu's avoidance of drastic reform decreased the intensity of political struggles, and he became recognized as one of Japan's most forceful emperors.

Question: Heian was Japan's capital for how many years?
Answer: 1,000

Question: Nara was the former capital for how many years?
Answer: 70

Question: What religion was gaining popularity in Nara?
Answer: Buddhist

Question: What time period was the early Heian era?
Answer: 784–967

Question: Kanmu modeled his government after what Chinese capital?
Answer: Tang

Question: Why did Emperor Kammu move the capital to Heian0kyo after a 1,000 years?

Question: Why was Nara maintained as the capital for 70 years?

Question: What did Nara have besides good river acess?

Question: Which system did the Tang imperium recreate?
Heian_period

Although Kammu had abandoned universal conscription in 792, he still waged major military offensives to subjugate the Emishi, possible descendants of the displaced Jōmon, living in northern and eastern Japan. After making temporary gains in 794, in 797 Kammu appointed a new commander, Sakanoue no Tamuramaro, under the title Sei-i Taishōgun (Barbarian-subduing generalissimo). By 801 the shogun had defeated the Emishi and had extended the imperial domains to the eastern end of Honshū. Imperial control over the provinces was tenuous at best, however. In the ninth and tenth centuries, much authority was lost to the great families, who disregarded the Chinese-style land and tax systems imposed by the government in Kyoto. Stability came to Japan, but, even though succession was ensured for the imperial family through heredity, power again concentrated in the hands of one noble family, the Fujiwara which also helped Japan develop more.

Question: What was the name of the possible descendants of Jōmon?
Answer: Emishi

Question: What was the name of the new commander Kanmu appointed in the year 797?
Answer: Sakanoue no Tamuramaro

Question: What was Tamuramaro's military title?
Answer: Sei-i Taishōgun

Question: The Emishi were defeated in what year?
Answer: 801

Question: The imperial capital extended to the eastern edge of which Japanese island?
Answer: Honshū

Question: What did the Emishi abandon in 793?

Question: Who was Kammu descended from?

Question: Who did Kammu appoint as commander in 794?

Question: Who did the Emishi defeat in 801?

Question: Who had firm control of the provinces?
Heian_period

Following Kammu's death in 806 and a succession struggle among his sons, two new offices were established in an effort to adjust the Taika-Taihō administrative structure. Through the new Emperor's Private Office, the emperor could issue administrative edicts more directly and with more self-assurance than before. The new Metropolitan Police Board replaced the largely ceremonial imperial guard units. While these two offices strengthened the emperor's position temporarily, soon they and other Chinese-style structures were bypassed in the developing state. In 838 the end of the imperial-sanctioned missions to Tang China, which had begun in 630, marked the effective end of Chinese influence. Tang China was in a state of decline, and Chinese Buddhists were severely persecuted, undermining Japanese respect for Chinese institutions. Japan began to turn inward.

Question: In what year did Emperor Kanmu die?
Answer: 806

Question: What office replaced the imperial guards?
Answer: Metropolitan Police Board

Question: What new office allowed government to issue administrative orders faster?
Answer: Emperor's Private Office

Question: Tang China's influence over Japan ended in what year?
Answer: 838

Question: who's sons died in 806?

Question: What administative structure was abolished in 806?

Question: What office eliminatedthe need for the emorer to issue administrative edicts?

Question: Who did the imperial guard replace

Question: Who's influence began to increase in 630?
Heian_period

As the Soga clan had taken control of the throne in the sixth century, the Fujiwara by the ninth century had intermarried with the imperial family, and one of their members was the first head of the Emperor's Private Office. Another Fujiwara became regent, Sesshō for his grandson, then a minor emperor, and yet another was appointed Kampaku. Toward the end of the ninth century, several emperors tried, but failed, to check the Fujiwara. For a time, however, during the reign of Emperor Daigo (897-930), the Fujiwara regency was suspended as he ruled directly.

Question: In what century did the Soga family take the throne?
Answer: sixth

Question: A member of what clan became the head of the Emperor's Private Office?
Answer: Fujiwara

Question: Which emperor suspended the Fujiwara clan's power?
Answer: Daigo

Question: Emperor Daigo ruled during what years?
Answer: 897-930

Question: What family took control of the throne in the 600's?

Question: What family usurped the throne in the 9th century?

Question: Which emperor gave the Fujiware more power?

Question: Who was the first Japanese Emperor to rule directly?
Heian_period

Nevertheless, the Fujiwara were not demoted by Daigo but actually became stronger during his reign. Central control of Japan had continued to decline, and the Fujiwara, along with other great families and religious foundations, acquired ever larger shōen and greater wealth during the early tenth century. By the early Heian period, the shōen had obtained legal status, and the large religious establishments sought clear titles in perpetuity, waiver of taxes, and immunity from government inspection of the shōen they held. Those people who worked the land found it advantageous to transfer title to shōen holders in return for a share of the harvest. People and lands were increasingly beyond central control and taxation, a de facto return to conditions before the Taika Reform.

Question: What type of property obtained legal status during the early Heian period?
Answer: shōen

Question: Farm laborers traded titles to shoen holders in exchange for what?
Answer: a share of the harvest

Question: The Fujiwara and other noble families became richer during which century?
Answer: early tenth century

Question: Who was demoted during the reign of Deigo?

Question: Where was central control growing?

Question: Who's shoen and wealth were declining?

Question: What reform moved control of people and land from the central government?

Question: when did religious establishments obtain legal status?
Heian_period

Despite their usurpation of imperial authority, the Fujiwara presided over a period of cultural and artistic flowering at the imperial court and among the aristocracy. There was great interest in graceful poetry and vernacular literature. Two types of phonetic Japanese script: katakana, a simplified script that was developed by using parts of Chinese characters, was abbreviated to hiragana, a cursive syllabary with a distinct writing method that was uniquely Japanese. Hiragana gave written expression to the spoken word and, with it, to the rise in Japan's famous vernacular literature, much of it written by court women who had not been trained in Chinese as had their male counterparts. Three late tenth century and early eleventh century women presented their views of life and romance at the Heian court in Kagerō Nikki by "the mother of Fujiwara Michitsuna", The Pillow Book by Sei Shōnagon and The Tale of Genji by Murasaki Shikibu. Indigenous art also flourished under the Fujiwara after centuries of imitating Chinese forms. Vividly colored yamato-e, Japanese style paintings of court life and stories about temples and shrines became common in the mid- and late Heian periods, setting patterns for Japanese art to this day.

Question: What script was developed with parts of Chinese characters?
Answer: katakana

Question: What was the name of the cursive script that gave expression to spoken words?
Answer: hiragana

Question: Who is the author of The Pillow Book?
Answer: Sei Shōnagon

Question: Who is the author of The Tale of Genji?
Answer: Murasaki Shikibu

Question: What was the name of the brightly colored paintings depicting court life?
Answer: yamato-e

Question: What declined while the Fujiwara controled the imperial court?

Question: Where did Japan borrow the writting style of hiragana from?

Question: What writting style led to a decline in Japan's vernacular literature?

Question: What was written by court women trained in Chinese?

Question: What still influences Chinese art today?
Heian_period

As culture flourished, so did decentralization. Whereas the first phase of shōen development in the early Heian period had seen the opening of new lands and the granting of the use of lands to aristocrats and religious institutions, the second phase saw the growth of patrimonial "house governments," as in the old clan system. (In fact, the form of the old clan system had remained largely intact within the great old centralized government.) New institutions were now needed in the face of social, economic, and political changes. The Taihō Code lapsed, its institutions relegated to ceremonial functions. Family administrations now became public institutions. As the most powerful family, the Fujiwara governed Japan and determined the general affairs of state, such as succession to the throne. Family and state affairs were thoroughly intermixed, a pattern followed among other families, monasteries, and even the imperial family. Land management became the primary occupation of the aristocracy, not so much because direct control by the imperial family or central government had declined but more from strong family solidarity and a lack of a sense of Japan as a single nation.

Question: What became the aristocracy's primary occupation?
Answer: Land management

Question: What grew during the second phase of shoen development?
Answer: "house governments,"

Question: What governmental reorganization lapsed during the period of shoen development?
Answer: Taihō Code

Question: Succession to the throne was determined by what clan?
Answer: Fujiwara

Question: What flourished along with centralization?

Question: What became the primary occupation as a result of declining control by the central government?

Question: What code moved beyond its cerimonial functions?

Question: What did public institutions become?

Question: Who saw Japan as a single nation?
Heian_period

Under the early courts, when military conscription had been centrally controlled, military affairs had been taken out of the hands of the provincial aristocracy. But as the system broke down after 792, local power holders again became the primary source of military strength. The re-establishment of an efficient military system was made gradually through a process of trial-and-error. At that time the imperial court did not possess an army but rather relied on an organization of professional warriors composed mainly of oryoshi, which were appointed to an individual province and tsuibushi, which were appointed over imperial circuits or for specific tasks. This gave rise to the Japanese military class. Nonetheless final authority rested with the imperial court.

Question: The early courts' military conscription broke down around what year?
Answer: 792

Question: Warriors appointed to a province were called what?
Answer: oryoshi

Question: Warriors appointed for specific tasks were called what?
Answer: tsuibushi

Question: Where did final authority over the military lie?
Answer: imperial court

Question: What was in the hands of the provincial aristocracy in he early courts?

Question: What process allowed provincial aristocracy to take control slowly?

Question: Who made up the imerial courts army?

Question: What authority rested with the Japanese military class?
Heian_period

Shōen holders had access to manpower and, as they obtained improved military technology (such as new training methods, more powerful bows, armor, horses, and superior swords) and faced worsening local conditions in the ninth century, military service became part of shōen life. Not only the shōen but also civil and religious institutions formed private guard units to protect themselves. Gradually, the provincial upper class was transformed into a new military elite based on the ideals of the bushi (warrior) or samurai (literally, one who serves).

Question: Who had increased access to better military technology?
Answer: Shōen holders

Question: Which institutions also hired private guards for protection?
Answer: civil and religious

Question: Which class became a new military elite?
Answer: provincial upper class

Question: What does the word "bushi" mean?
Answer: warrior

Question: What did Shoen lack access to?

Question: What deprived the Shoen of manpower?

Question: What was nolonger part of the Shoen life after the ninth century?

Question: What institutions were forbidden to form private guards?

Question: Whom comprised most of the ordinary military?
Heian_period

Bushi interests were diverse, cutting across old power structures to form new associations in the tenth century. Mutual interests, family connections, and kinship were consolidated in military groups that became part of family administration. In time, large regional military families formed around members of the court aristocracy who had become prominent provincial figures. These military families gained prestige from connections to the imperial court and court-granted military titles and access to manpower. The Fujiwara family, Taira clan, and Minamoto clan were among the most prominent families supported by the new military class.

Question: Bushi formed new associations in what century?
Answer: tenth

Question: How did military families gain prestige?
Answer: connections to the imperial court

Question: Who were the three prominent families during the rise of the warrior classes?
Answer: Fujiwara family, Taira clan, and Minamoto clan

Question: Who had limited intrests in the tenth century?

Question: What groups became part of the centraladministration?

Question: What formed around provincial aristocracy?

Question: What did provincial aristocracy grant to the imperial court?
Heian_period

The Fujiwara controlled the throne until the reign of Emperor Go-Sanjō (1068-1073), the first emperor not born of a Fujiwara mother since the ninth century. Go-Sanjo, determined to restore imperial control through strong personal rule, implemented reforms to curb Fujiwara influence. He also established an office to compile and validate estate records with the aim of reasserting central control. Many shōen were not properly certified, and large landholders, like the Fujiwara, felt threatened with the loss of their lands. Go-Sanjo also established the In-no-cho (ja:院庁 Office of the Cloistered Emperor), which was held by a succession of emperors who abdicated to devote themselves to behind-the-scenes governance, or insei.

Question: Who was the first non-Fujiwara emperor since the ninth century?
Answer: Go-Sanjō

Question: Who implemented reforms to reduce the Fujiwara's influence on government?
Answer: Go-Sanjō

Question: What term was used for behind the scenes governance?
Answer: insei

Question: Who was the last emperor born to a Fujiwara mother?

Question: Who's influence grew under Go-Sanjo?

Question: What did the Fjiware try to compile and validate?

Question: Who felt threatened by the Fujiware attempt to validate estate records?

Question: What office did the emperor rule through?
Heian_period

The In-no-cho filled the void left by the decline of Fujiwara power. Rather than being banished, the Fujiwara were mostly retained in their old positions of civil dictator and minister of the center while being bypassed in decision making. In time, many of the Fujiwara were replaced, mostly by members of the rising Minamoto family. While the Fujiwara fell into disputes among themselves and formed northern and southern factions, the insei system allowed the paternal line of the imperial family to gain influence over the throne. The period from 1086 to 1156 was the age of supremacy of the In-no-cho and of the rise of the military class throughout the country. Military might rather than civil authority dominated the government.

Question: The decline of the Fujiwara's governmental power was filled by what?
Answer: In-no-cho

Question: The members of what clan gradually replaced the Fujiwaras?
Answer: Minamoto

Question: What allowed the paternal line of the imperial family to gain influence over royal succession?
Answer: insei system

Question: The In-no-cho was prominent during what years?
Answer: 1086 to 1156

Question: Who left a void for the Fujiwara to fill?

Question: Who did the emperor banish?

Question: Who was sought out in decision making?

Question: What other family was replaced by the Fujiwara?
Heian_period

A struggle for succession in the mid-twelfth century gave the Fujiwara an opportunity to regain their former power. Fujiwara no Yorinaga sided with the retired emperor in a violent battle in 1156 against the heir apparent, who was supported by the Taira and Minamoto (Hōgen Rebellion). In the end, the Fujiwara were destroyed, the old system of government supplanted, and the insei system left powerless as bushi took control of court affairs, marking a turning point in Japanese history. In 1159, the Taira and Minamoto clashed (Heiji Rebellion), and a twenty-year period of Taira ascendancy began.

Question: What member of the Fujiwara attempted to rebel in the mid-twelfth century?
Answer: Fujiwara no Yorinaga

Question: What battle resulted in the destruction of the Fujiwara?
Answer: Hōgen Rebellion

Question: What clans fought during the Heiji Rebellion?
Answer: Taira and Minamoto

Question: In what year did the Heiji Rebellion occur?
Answer: 1159

Question: After the Heiji Rebellion, what clan grew in power?
Answer: Taira

Question: What struggle occured in the 1200's?

Question: Who had the opportunity to regain their former power in the 1200's?

Question: In what year did no Yorinaga side with the emerors heir apparent?

Question: Who supported the retired emperor in the 11th century?

Question: What rebellion occured in the 11th century?
Heian_period

Taira Kiyomori emerged as the real power in Japan following the Minamoto's destruction, and he would remain in command for the next 20 years. He gave his daughter Tokuko in marriage to the young emperor Takakura, who died at only 19, leaving their infant son Antoku to succeed to the throne. Kiyomori filled no less than 50 government posts with his relatives, rebuilt the Inland Sea, and encouraged trade with Sung China. He also took aggressive actions to safeguard his power when necessary, including the removal and exile of 45 court officials and the razing of two troublesome temples, Todai-ji and Kofuku-ji.

Question: What military commander gained power after the fall of the Minamoto clan?
Answer: Taira Kiyomori

Question: How old was Emperor Takakura when he died?
Answer: 19

Question: What was the name of Takakura's successor?
Answer: Antoku

Question: Kiyomori removed how many court officials to protect his power?
Answer: 45

Question: What were the names of the temples that Kiyomori destroyed?
Answer: Todai-ji and Kofuku-ji

Question: Who's destruction led to Minamoto emering as the real power in Japan?

Question: What was the name of Minamato's daughter?

Question: Whose daughter died at 19?

Question: Who discouraged trade with Sung China?

Question: Who buildt two temples during their time in power?
Heian_period

With Yoritomo firmly established, the bakufu system that would govern Japan for the next seven centuries was in place. He appointed military governors, or daimyos, to rule over the provinces, and stewards, or jito to supervise public and private estates. Yoritomo then turned his attention to the elimination of the powerful Fujiwara family, which sheltered his rebellious brother Yoshitsune. Three years later, he was appointed shogun in Kyoto. One year before his death in 1199, Yoritomo expelled the teenage emperor Go-Toba from the throne. Two of Go-Toba's sons succeeded him, but they would also be removed by Yoritomo's successors to the shogunate.

Question: What was the term used to describe military governors?
Answer: daimyos

Question: What was the term used to describe supervisors of estates?
Answer: jito

Question: What was the name of the emperor that Yoritomo removed from the throne?
Answer: Go-Toba

Question: What system did Yoritomo end?

Question: What areas did stewards rule over?

Question: Who supervised the imerial court?

Question: Who strengthened the Fujiwara family during their rule?

Question: Who did Yoshitsune remove from the throne?
Heian_period

Buddhism began to spread throughout Japan during the Heian period, primarily through two major esoteric sects, Tendai and Shingon. Tendai originated in China and is based on the Lotus Sutra, one of the most important sutras of Mahayana Buddhism; Saichō was key to its transmission to Japan. Shingon is the Japanese transmission of the Chinese Chen Yen school. Shingon, brought to Japan by the monk Kūkai, emphasizes Esoteric Buddhism. Both Kūkai and Saichō aimed to connect state and religion and establish support from the aristocracy, leading to the notion of 'aristocratic Buddhism'. An important element of Tendai doctrine was the suggestion that enlightenment was accessible to "every creature". Saichō also sought independent ordination for Tendai monks. A close relationship developed between the Tendai monastery complex on Mount Hiei and the imperial court in its new capital at the foot of the mountain. As a result, Tendai emphasized great reverence for the emperor and the nation. Kammu himself was a notable patron of the otherworldly Tendai sect, which rose to great power over the ensuing centuries. Kūkai greatly impressed the emperors who succeeded Emperor Kammu, and also generations of Japanese, not only with his holiness but also with his poetry, calligraphy, painting, and sculpture. Shingon, through its use of "rich symbols, rituals and mandalas" held a wide-ranging appeal.

Question: What religion spread during the Heian period?
Answer: Buddhism

Question: What were the two Japanese sects of Buddhism?
Answer: Tendai and Shingon

Question: Who brought Shingon Buddhism to Japan?
Answer: Kūkai

Question: Tendai Buddhism suggested that enlightenment was accessible to who?
Answer: every creature

Question: What philosophy had little influence during the Haian period?

Question: What were the two Chinese sects of Buddhism?

Question: Where did Kukai bring Tendai Buddhism to?

Question: Who thought all Buddist monks should be ordinated together?

Question: What court did Shingon develop a close relationship with?
Heian_period

Poetry, in particular, was a staple of court life. Nobles and ladies-in-waiting were expected to be well versed in the art of writing poetry as a mark of their status. Every occasion could call for the writing of a verse, from the birth of a child to the coronation of an emperor, or even a pretty scene of nature. A well-written poem or haiku could easily make or break one's reputation, and often was a key part of social interaction.Almost as important was the choice of calligraphy, or handwriting, used. The Japanese of this period believed handwriting could reflect the condition of a person's soul: therefore, poor or hasty writing could be considered a sign of poor breeding. Whether the script was Chinese or Japanese, good writing and artistic skill was paramount to social reputation when it came to poetry. Sei Shonagon mentions in her Pillow Book that when a certain courtesan tried to ask her advice about how to write a poem to the empress Sadako, she had to politely rebuke him because his writing was so poor.

Question: What artform became a mark of status in the courts?
Answer: poetry

Question: During the Heian period, what did the Japanese think could reflect one's soul?
Answer: handwriting

Question: What was said to show low status or "poor breeding"?
Answer: poor or hasty writing

Question: Who was expected to be able to read poetry?

Question: What were verses believed to reflect?

Question: What was a sign of good breeding?

Question: Who rebuked the empress for poor writing?
Heian_period

The lyrics of the modern Japanese national anthem, Kimi ga Yo, were written in the Heian period, as was The Tale of Genji by Murasaki Shikibu, one of the first novels ever written. Murasaki Shikibu's contemporary and rival Sei Shōnagon's revealing observations and musings as an attendant in the Empress' court were recorded collectively as The Pillow Book in the 990s, which revealed the quotidian capital lifestyle. The Heian period produced a flowering of poetry including works of Ariwara no Narihira, Ono no Komachi, Izumi Shikibu, Murasaki Shikibu, Saigyō and Fujiwara no Teika. The famous Japanese poem known as the Iroha (いろは), of uncertain authorship, was also written during the Heian period.

Question: What is the name of the Japanese national anthem?
Answer: Kimi ga Yo

Question: What famous poem with an unknown author was written during the Heian period?
Answer: Iroha

Question: The Pillow Book was a collection of whose observations of the imperial court?
Answer: Sei Shōnagon

Question: When were the lyrics of the ancient japanese anthem written.

Question: What was the title of the forst ever novel written by Sei Shonagon?

Question: When did Fujiwara no Teika write Iroha?
Heian_period

While on one hand the Heian period was an unusually long period of peace, it can also be argued that the period weakened Japan economically and led to poverty for all but a tiny few of its inhabitants. The control of rice fields provided a key source of income for families such as the Fujiwara and were a fundamental base for their power. The aristocratic beneficiaries of Heian culture, the Ryōmin (良民 "Good People") numbered about five thousand in a land of perhaps five million. One reason the samurai were able to take power was that the ruling nobility proved incompetent at managing Japan and its provinces. By the year 1000 the government no longer knew how to issue currency and money was gradually disappearing. Instead of a fully realised system of money circulation, rice was the primary unit of exchange. The lack of a solid medium of economic exchange is implicitly illustrated in novels of the time. For instance, messengers were rewarded with useful objects, e.g., an old silk kimono, rather than paid a fee.

Question: What crop was a primary source of income during the Heian period?
Answer: rice

Question: What was the name of the beneficiaries of Heian culture?
Answer: Ryōmin

Question: Currency gradually disappeared around what year?
Answer: 1000

Question: What crop became the primary unit of exchange?
Answer: rice

Question: What was a short period of peace?

Question: How was Japan strengthened during the Heian period?

Question: What could average people avoid by acessing rice fields?

Question: Who provided to be compitent at ruling the provinces?

Question: Who were paid fees for theiir services?
Heian_period

The Fujiwara rulers failed to maintain adequate police forces, which left robbers free to prey on travelers. This is implicitly illustrated in novels by the terror that night travel inspired in the main characters. The shōen system enabled the accumulation of wealth by an aristocratic elite; the economic surplus can be linked to the cultural developments of the Heian period and the "pursuit of arts". The major Buddhist temples in Heian-kyō and Nara also made use of the shōen. The establishment of branches rurally and integration of some Shinto shrines within these temple networks reflects a greater "organizational dynamism".

Question: Buddhist temples in which two cities made use of the shoen system?
Answer: Heian-kyō and Nara

Question: Why were travelers often robbed under Fujiwara rule?
Answer: The Fujiwara rulers failed to maintain adequate police forces

Question: The integration of Shinto shrines into government branches reflected a greater what?
Answer: organizational dynamism

Question: Who always maintained adequate police forces?

Question: What system kept the aristocrates from accumulating too much wealth?

Question: What was integrated into Shinto shrines?

Question: What kept travelers safe during the Heian period?