Divyanshu67/squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
Thuringia

Environmental damage in Thuringia has been reduced to a large extent after 1990. The condition of forests, rivers and air was improved by modernizing factories, houses (decline of coal heating) and cars, and contaminated areas such as the former Uranium surface mines around Ronneburg have been remediated. Today's environmental problems are the salination of the Werra river, caused by discharges of K+S salt mines around Unterbreizbach and overfertilisation in agriculture, damaging the soil and small rivers.

Question: Since when has environmental damage in Thuringia been reduced?
Answer: 1990

Question: What is one thing that helped to improve condition of forests, rivers and air?
Answer: modernizing factories

Question: What has been done to former Uranium surface mines around Ronneburg?
Answer: Uranium surface mines around Ronneburg have been remediated

Question: What are today's big environmental problems?
Answer: the salination of the Werra river

Question: What is causing the salination of the Werra river?
Answer: discharges of K+S salt mines around Unterbreizbach

Question: When has environmental damage in Thuringia been increased since?

Question: What is one thing that helped to ruin condition of forests, rivers and air?

Question: What has never been done to former Uranium surface mines around Ronneburg?

Question: What are today's small environmental problems?

Question: What is helping improve the salination of the Werra river?
Thuringia

During the Middle Ages, Thuringia was situated at the border between Germanic and Slavic territories, marked by the Saale river. The Ostsiedlung movement led to the assimilation of Slavic people between the 11th and the 13th century under German rule. The population growth increased during the 18th century and stayed high until World War I, before it slowed within the 20th century and changed to a decline since 1990. Since the beginning of Urbanisation around 1840, the Thuringian cities have higher growth rates resp. smaller rates of decline than rural areas (many villages lost half of their population since 1950, whereas the biggest cities (Erfurt and Jena) keep growing).

Question: Where was Thuringia in the Middle Ages?
Answer: the border between Germanic and Slavic territories

Question: What was the result of the Ostsiedlung movement?
Answer: the assimilation of Slavic people between the 11th and the 13th century under German rule

Question: When did population growth in Thuringia peak?
Answer: World War I

Question: In what year did many cities in Thuringia lose half of their population?
Answer: 1950

Question: Where was Thuringia attacking in the Middle Ages?

Question: What was the fake result of the Ostsiedlung movement?

Question: When did population growth in Thuringia end?

Question: What year did many cities in Thuringia lose none of their population?
Thuringia

In July 2013, there were 41,000 non-Germans by citizenship living in Thuringia (1.9% of the population − among the smallest proportions of any state in Germany). Nevertheless, the number rose from 33,000 in July 2011, an increase of 24% in only two years. About 4% of the population are migrants (including persons that already received the German citizenship). The biggest groups of foreigners by citizenship are (as of 2012): Russians (3,100), Poles (3,000), Vietnamese (2,800), Turks (2,100) and Ukrainians (2,000). The amount of foreigners varies between regions: the college towns Erfurt, Jena, Weimar and Ilmenau have the highest rates, whereas there are almost no migrants living in the most rural smaller municipalities.

Question: How many non-Germans lived in Thuringia in 2013?
Answer: 41,000

Question: What was the increase in non-German population between 2011 and 2013?
Answer: 24%

Question: How much of the Thuringian population are migrants?
Answer: 4%

Question: What is the largest group of foreigners?
Answer: Russians

Question: Which towns have the highest immigrant population?
Answer: Erfurt, Jena, Weimar and Ilmenau

Question: How many non-Americans lived in Thuringia in 2013?

Question: What was the decrease in non-German population between 2011 and 2013?

Question: How much of the Thuringian population are against migrants?

Question: What is the smallest group of foreigners?

Question: Which towns have the smallest immigrant population?
Thuringia

The Thuringian population has a significant sex ratio gap, caused by the emigration of young women, especially in rural areas. Overall, there are 115 to 120 men per 100 women in the 25–40 age group ("family founders") which has negative consequences for the birth ratio. Furthermore, the population is getting older and older with some rural municipalities recording more than 30% of over-65s (pensioners). This is a problem for the regional labour market, as there are twice as many people leaving as entering the job market annually.

Question: What is the sex ratio gap in Thuringia?
Answer: 115 to 120 men per 100 women

Question: What caused the wide sex ratio gap in Thuringia?
Answer: emigration of young women

Question: How many citizens of Thuringia are over the age of 65?
Answer: more than 30%

Question: What is the problem facing the job market in Thuringia?
Answer: there are twice as many people leaving as entering the job market annually.

Question: What is the sex ratio gap in Thuringia falsely considered?

Question: What ended the wide sex ratio gap in Thuringia?

Question: How many citizens of Thuringia are dead before the age of 65?

Question: What is the solution facing the job market in Thuringia?

Question: What has positive consequences for the birth ratio?
Thuringia

Migration plays an important role in Thuringia. The internal migration shows a strong tendency from rural areas towards the big cities. From 2008 to 2012, there was a net migration from Thuringia to Erfurt of +6,700 persons (33 per 1000 inhabitants), +1,800 to Gera (19 per 1000), +1,400 to Jena (14 per 1000), +1,400 to Eisenach (33 per 1000) and +1,300 to Weimar (21 per 1000). Between Thuringia and the other German states, the balance is negative: In 2012, Thuringia lost 6,500 persons to other federal states, the most to Bavaria, Saxony, Hesse and Berlin. Only with Saxony-Anhalt and Brandenburg the balance is positive. The international migration is fluctuating heavily. In 2009, the balance was +700, in 2010 +1,800, in 2011 +2,700 and in 2012 +4,800. The most important countries of origin of the Thuringia migrants from 2008 to 2012 were Poland (+1,700), Romania (+1,200), Afghanistan (+1,100) and Serbia/Montenegro/Kosovo (+1,000), whereas the balance was negative with Switzerland (−2,800) and Austria (−900).

Question: How many people migrated to Thuringia between 2008 and 2012?
Answer: +6,700 persons

Question: How many migrants went to Eisenach? 
Answer: +1,400

Question: Is the migration to Thuringia steady or fluctuating? 
Answer: The international migration is fluctuating heavily

Question: How many people left Thuringia between 2008 and 2012?

Question: How many migrants bombed Eisenach?

Question: What has never fluctuated?

Question: How much was the balance positive with Switzerland?
Thuringia

Of the approximately 850 municipalities of Thuringia, 126 are classed as towns (within a district) or cities (forming their own urban district). Most of the towns are small with a population of less than 10,000; only the ten biggest ones have a population greater than 30,000. The first towns emerged during the 12th century, whereas the latest ones received town status only in the 20th century. Today, all municipalities within districts are equal in law, whether they are towns or villages. Independent cities (i.e. urban districts) have greater powers (the same as any district) than towns within a district.

Question: How many municipalities are in Thuringia? 
Answer: 850

Question: How many municipalities in Thuringia are classified as towns?
Answer: 126

Question: How many towns have populations greater than 30,000?
Answer: ten

Question: What was the latest a town was established in Thuringia?
Answer: the 20th century

Question: Which regions of Thuringia have the most political power?
Answer: Independent cities (i.e. urban districts) have greater powers (the same as any district) than towns within a district.

Question: How many municipalities are destroyed in Thuringia?

Question: How many municipalities in Thuringia are classified as hostile?

Question: How many towns have populations greater than 300,000?

Question: What was the latest a town was demolished in Thuringia?

Question: Which regions of Thuringia have no political power?
Thuringia

Agriculture and forestry have declined in importance over the decades. Nevertheless, they are more important than in the most other areas of Germany, especially within rural regions. 54% of Thuringia's territory is in agricultural use. The fertile basins such as the large Thuringian Basin or the smaller Goldene Aue, Orlasenke and Osterland are in intensive use for growing cereals, vegetables, fruits and energy crops. Important products are apples, strawberries, cherries and plums in the fruit sector, cabbage, potatoes, cauliflower, tomatoes (grown in greenhouses), onions, cucumbers and asparagus in the vegetable sector, as well as maize, rapeseed, wheat, barley and sugar beets in the crop sector.

Question: What is something more important to Thuringia than most areas of Germany?
Answer: Agriculture and forestry

Question: How much of Thuringia's territory is in agricultural use?
Answer: 54%

Question: What is the largest fertile area of Thuringia?
Answer: the large Thuringian Basin

Question: Where do they grow tomatoes in Thuringia?
Answer: greenhouses

Question: Which regions value agriculture most?
Answer: rural regions

Question: What is something no longer important to Thuringia compared to most areas of Germany?

Question: How much of Thuringia's territory is in agricultural ruin?

Question: What is the worst fertile area of Thuringia?

Question: Where do they grow meat in Thuringia?

Question: Which regions don't value agriculture?
Thuringia

Like most other regions of central and southern Germany, Thuringia has a significant industrial sector reaching back to the mid-19th-century industrialisation. The economic transition after the German reunification in 1990 led to the closure of most large-scale factories and companies, leaving small and medium-sized ones to dominate the manufacturing sector. Well-known industrial centres are Jena (a world centre for optical instruments with companies like Carl Zeiss, Schott and Jenoptik) and Eisenach, where BMW started its car production in the 1920s and an Opel factory is based today. The most important industrial branches today are engineering and metalworking, vehicle production and food industries. Especially the small and mid-sized towns in central and southwestern Thuringia (e.g. Arnstadt, Schmalkalden and Ohrdruf) are highly industrialised, whereas there are fewer industrial companies in the northern and eastern parts of the Land. Traditional industries like production of glass, porcelain and toys collapsed during the economic crises between 1930 and 1990.

Question: How far back does Thuringia's industrial sector go back?
Answer: the mid-19th-century industrialisation

Question: What was the result of the economic transition after the German reunification in 1990?
Answer: the closure of most large-scale factories and companies

Question: Where in Thuringia did BMW get it's start in the 1920's?
Answer: Eisenach

Question: Where in Thuringia are there fewer industrial companies?
Answer: the northern and eastern parts of the Land.

Question: When did traditional industries like glass and toy making collapse?
Answer: between 1930 and 1990

Question: When was Thuringia's industrial sector eliminated?

Question: What was the result of the economic transition after the German reunification in 1982?

Question: Where in Thuringia did BMW get it's start in the 1960's?

Question: Where in Thuringia are there no industrial companies?

Question: When did modern industries like glass and robot making collapse?
Thuringia

Mining was important in Thuringia since the later Middle Ages, especially within the mining towns of the Thuringian Forest such as Schmalkalden, Suhl and Ilmenau. Following the industrial revolution, the old iron, copper and silver mines declined because the competition from imported metal was too strong. On the other hand, the late 19th century brought new types of mines to Thuringia: the lignite surface mining around Meuselwitz near Altenburg in the east of the Land started in the 1870s, and two potash mining districts were established around 1900. These are the Südharzrevier in the north of the state, between Bischofferode in the west and Roßleben in the east with Sondershausen at its centre, and the Werrarevier on the Hessian border around Vacha and Bad Salzungen in the west. Together, they accounted for a significant part of the world's potash production in the mid-20th century. After the reunification, the Südharzrevier was abandoned, whereas K+S took over the mines in the Werrarevier. Between 1950 and 1990, uranium mining was also important to cover the Soviet Union's need for this metal. The centre was Ronneburg near Gera in eastern Thuringia and the operating company Wismut was under direct Soviet control.

Question: Which towns in Thuringia are known as mining towns?
Answer: Schmalkalden, Suhl and Ilmenau

Question: Why did the iron, copper and silver mines fail?
Answer: because the competition from imported metal was too strong

Question: What is one of the two mining districts were established around 1900?
Answer: the Südharzrevier

Question: What did the Thuringian miners do to help the Soviet Union?
Answer: uranium mining was also important to cover the Soviet Union's need for this metal

Question: When did the Südharzrevier close?
Answer: After the reunification

Question: Which towns in Thuringia are falsely known as mining towns?

Question: Why did the iron, copper and silver mines thrive?

Question: What is one of the two mining districts were established around 1800?

Question: What did the Thuringian miners do to stop the Soviet Union?

Question: When did the Südharzrevier open indefinitely?
Thuringia

The GDP of Thuringia is below the national average, in line with the other former East German Lands. Until 2004, Thuringia was one of the weakest regions within the European Union. The accession of several new countries, the crisis in southern Europe and the sustained economic growth in Germany since 2005 has brought the Thuringian GDP close to the EU average since then. The high economic subsidies granted by the federal government and the EU after 1990 are being reduced gradually and will end around 2020.

Question: Where is the GDP of Thuringia?
Answer: below the national average

Question: For how long was Thuringia one of the weakest regions in the EU?
Answer: Until 2004

Question: What has helped to improve Thuringia? 
Answer: The accession of several new countries, the crisis in southern Europe and the sustained economic growth

Question: When will government subsidies to Thuringia end?
Answer: around 2020

Question: Where is the GDP of Thuringia never at?

Question: How long was Thuringia one of the strongest regions in the EU?

Question: What has helped to sabotage Thuringia?

Question: When will government subsidies to Thuringia renew?
Thuringia

The unemployment rate reached its peak of 20% in 2005. Since then, it has decreased to 7% in 2013, which is only slightly above the national average. The decrease is caused on the one hand by the emergence of new jobs and on the other by a marked decrease in the working-age population, caused by emigration and low birth rates for decades. The wages in Thuringia are low compared to rich bordering Lands like Hesse and Bavaria. Therefore, many Thuringians are working in other German Lands and even in Austria and Switzerland as weekly commuters. Nevertheless, the demographic transition in Thuringia leads to a lack of workers in some sectors. External immigration into Thuringia has been encouraged by the government since about 2010 to counter this problem.

Question: When did the unemployment rate of Thuringia peak?
Answer: 20% in 2005

Question: What is the current state of unemployment in Thuringia? 
Answer: it has decreased to 7%

Question: How do wages in Thuringia compare to their neighbors?
Answer: The wages in Thuringia are low compared to rich bordering Lands like Hesse and Bavaria.

Question: What do many Thuringian workers do to earn better wages?
Answer: working in other German Lands and even in Austria and Switzerland as weekly commuters

Question: What has lead to a lack of workers in some sectors?
Answer: demographic transition

Question: When did the unemployment rate of Thuringia crash?

Question: What is the current state of employment in Thuringia?

Question: How do wages in Thuringia sadden their neighbors?

Question: What do many Thuringian workers do to earn lower wages?

Question: What has lead to a surplus of workers in some sectors?
Thuringia

During the 1930s, the first two motorways were built across the Land, the A4 motorway as an important east-west connection in central Germany and the main link between Berlin and south-west Germany, and the A9 motorway as the main north-south route in eastern Germany, connecting Berlin with Munich. The A4 runs from Frankfurt in Hesse via Eisenach, Gotha, Erfurt, Weimar, Jena and Gera to Dresden in Saxony, connecting Thuringia's most important cities. At Hermsdorf junction it is connected with the A9. Both highways were widened from four to six lanes (three each way) after 1990, including some extensive re-routing in the Eisenach and Jena areas. Furthermore, three new motorways were built during the 1990s and 2000s. The A71 crosses the Land in southwest-northeast direction, connecting Würzburg in Bavaria via Meiningen, Suhl, Ilmenau, Arnstadt, Erfurt and Sömmerda with Sangerhausen and Halle in Saxony-Anhalt. The crossing of the Thuringian Forest by the A71 has been one of Germany's most expensive motorway segments with various tunnels (including Germany's longest road tunnel, the Rennsteig Tunnel) and large bridges. The A73 starts at the A71 south of Erfurt in Suhl and runs south towards Nuremberg in Bavaria. The A38 is another west-east connection in the north of Thuringia running from Göttingen in Lower Saxony via Heiligenstadt and Nordhausen to Leipzig in Saxony. Furthermore, there is a dense network of federal highways complementing the motorway network. The upgrading of federal highways is prioritised in the federal trunk road programme 2015 (Bundesverkehrswegeplan 2015). Envisaged projects include upgrades of the B247 from Gotha to Leinefelde to improve Mühlhausen's connection to the national road network, the B19 from Eisenach to Meiningen to improve access to Bad Salzungen and Schmalkalden, and the B88 and B281 for strengthening the Saalfeld/Rudolstadt region.

Question: When were the first motorways built in Thuringia?
Answer: During the 1930s

Question: When were the two motorways expanded?
Answer: Both highways were widened from four to six lanes (three each way) after 1990

Question: When were three additional roads built?
Answer: during the 1990s and 2000s

Question: Which motorway is Thuringia's most expensive?
Answer: The crossing of the Thuringian Forest by the A71

Question:   What is the top priority of the federal trunk road programme 2015?
Answer: The upgrading of federal highways

Question: What is the bottom priority of the federal trunk road programme 2015?

Question: When were the first motorways buried in Thuringia?

Question: When were the two motorways shortened?

Question: When were eight additional roads built?

Question: Which motorway is Thuringia's cheapest?
Thuringia

The traditional energy supply of Thuringia is lignite, mined in the bordering Leipzig region. Since 2000, the importance of environmentally unfriendly lignite combustion has declined in favour of renewable energies, which reached an amount of 40% (in 2013), and more clean gas combustion, often carried out as Cogeneration in the municipal power stations. The most important forms of renewable energies are Wind power and Biomass, followed by Solar energy and Hydroelectricity. Furthermore, Thuringia hosts two big pumped storage stations: the Goldisthal Pumped Storage Station and the Hohenwarte Dam.

Question: What is Thuringia's traditional energy supply?
Answer: lignite

Question: Where does Thuringia get it's lignite?
Answer: mined in the bordering Leipzig region

Question: How is most of Thuringia's clean gas consumption carried out?
Answer: carried out as Cogeneration in the municipal power stations

Question: What are Thuringia's most important renewable energy sources?
Answer: Wind power and Biomass

Question: What is Hohenwarte Dam?
Answer: big pumped storage stations

Question: What is Thuringia's new energy supply?

Question: Where does Thuringia steal it's lignite?

Question: How is most of Thuringia's clean gas consumption forbidden as being?

Question: What are Thuringia's least important renewable energy sources?

Question: What is Hohenwarte Dam never able to become?
Thuringia

Health care in Thuringia is currently undergoing a concentration process. Many smaller hospitals in the rural towns are closing, whereas the bigger ones in centres like Jena and Erfurt get enlarged. Overall, there is an oversupply of hospital beds, caused by rationalisation processes in the German health care system, so that many smaller hospitals generate losses. On the other hand, there is a lack of family doctors, especially in rural regions with increased need of health care provision because of overageing.

Question: Which hospitals are being expanded?
Answer: bigger ones in centres like Jena and Erfurt

Question: Why are there too many hospital beds?
Answer: rationalisation processes in the German health care system

Question: Where is it the most difficult to find a family doctor?
Answer: rural regions with increased need of health care provision because of overageing.

Question: Which hospitals are being demolished?

Question: Why are there no hospital beds?

Question: Where is it the most easy to find a family doctor?

Question: What never close?
Thuringia

Early-years education is quite common in Thuringia. Since the 1950s, nearly all children have been using the service, whereas early-years education is less developed in western Germany. Its inventor Friedrich Fröbel lived in Thuringia and founded the world's first Kindergartens there in the 19th century. The Thuringian primary school takes four years and most primary schools are all-day schools offering optional extracurricular activities in the afternoon. At the age of ten, pupils are separated according to aptitude and proceed to either the Gymnasium or the Regelschule. The former leads to the Abitur exam after a further eight years and prepares for higher education, while the latter has a more vocational focus and finishes with exams after five or six years, comparable to the Hauptschule and Realschule found elsewhere in Germany.

Question: How long is Thuringian primary school?
Answer: four years

Question: For how long have Thuringian children been using the current education system?
Answer: Since the 1950s

Question: When do children graduate from primary school in Thuringia?
Answer: At the age of ten

Question: Who invented the early years education in Thuringia? 
Answer: Friedrich Fröbel

Question: How many years of school do students attend after primary?
Answer: eight years

Question: How long is Thuringian primary school banned?

Question: How long have Thuringian children been outside the current education system?

Question: When do children quit primary school in Thuringia?

Question: Who destroyed the early years education in Thuringia?

Question: How many years of school do students miss after primary?
Thuringia

The German higher education system comprises two forms of academic institutions: universities and polytechnics (Fachhochschule). The University of Jena is the biggest amongst Thuringia's four universities and offers nearly every discipline. It was founded in 1558, and today has 21,000 students. The second-largest is the Technische Universität Ilmenau with 7,000 students, founded in 1894, which offers many technical disciplines such as engineering and mathematics. The University of Erfurt, founded in 1392, has 5,000 students today and an emphasis on humanities and teacher training. The Bauhaus University Weimar with 4,000 students is Thuringia's smallest university, specialising in creative subjects such as architecture and arts. It was founded in 1860 and came to prominence as Germany's leading art school during the inter-war period, the Bauhaus.

Question: What is the biggest school in Thuringia?
Answer: The University of Jena

Question: How many universities are there in Thuringia?
Answer: four

Question: How many students attend The University of Erfurt?
Answer: 5,000

Question: What is Germany's leading art school in Thuringia?
Answer: The Bauhaus University Weimar

Question: When was The Bauhaus University Weimar founded?
Answer: 1860

Question: What is the worst school in Thuringia?

Question: How many universities are missing in Thuringia?

Question: How many students boycott The University of Erfurt?

Question: What is Germany's unknown art school in Thuringia?

Question: When was The Bauhaus University Weimar remodeled?
Thuringia

The polytechnics of Thuringia are based in Erfurt (4,500 students), Jena (5,000 students), Nordhausen (2,500 students) and Schmalkalden (3,000 students). In addition, there is a civil service college in Gotha with 500 students, the College of Music "Franz Liszt" in Weimar (800 students) as well as two private colleges, the Adam-Ries-Fachhochschule in Erfurt (500 students) and the SRH College for nursing and allied medical subjects (SRH Fachhochschule für Gesundheit Gera) in Gera (500 students). Finally, there are colleges for those studying for a technical qualification while working in a related field (Berufsakademie) at Eisenach (600 students) and Gera (700 students).

Question: Where is the civil service college of Thuringia?
Answer: Gotha

Question: How many students attend the college of music in Thuringia?
Answer: 800

Question: How many schools offer polytechnics?
Answer: Erfurt (4,500 students), Jena (5,000 students), Nordhausen (2,500 students) and Schmalkalden

Question: Where is the civil service college of Thuringia restricted?

Question: How many students dislike the college of music in Thuringia?

Question: How many schools forbid polytechnics?

Question: What does not allow studying for technical qualifications?
Thuringia

The first railways in Thuringia had been built in the 1840s and the network of main lines was finished around 1880. By 1920, many branch lines had been built, giving Thuringia one of the densest rail networks in the world before World War II with about 2,500 km of track. Between 1950 and 2000 most of the branch lines were abandoned, reducing Thuringia's network by half compared to 1940. On the other hand, most of the main lines were refurbished after 1990, resulting in improved speed of travel. The most important railway lines at present are the Thuringian Railway, connecting Halle and Leipzig via Weimar, Erfurt, Gotha and Eisenach with Frankfurt and Kassel and the Saal Railway from Halle/Leipzig via Jena and Saalfeld to Nuremberg. The former has an hourly ICE/IC service from Dresden to Frankfurt while the latter is served hourly by ICE trains from Berlin to Munich. In 2017, a new high speed line will be opened, diverting long-distance services from these mid-19th century lines. Both ICE routes will then use the Erfurt–Leipzig/Halle high-speed railway, and the Berlin-Munich route will continue via the Nuremberg–Erfurt high-speed railway. Only the segment west of Erfurt of the Frankfurt-Dresden line will continue to be used by ICE trains after 2017, with an increased line speed of 200 km/h (currently 160 km/h). Erfurt's central station, which was completely rebuilt for this purpose in the 2000s (decade), will be the new connection between both ICE lines. The most important regional railway lines in Thuringia are the Neudietendorf–Ritschenhausen railway from Erfurt to Würzburg and Meiningen, the Weimar–Gera railway from Erfurt to Chemnitz, the Sangerhausen–Erfurt railway from Erfurt to Magdeburg, the Gotha–Leinefelde railway from Erfurt to Göttingen, the Halle–Kassel railway from Halle via Nordhausen to Kassel and the Leipzig–Hof railway from Leipzig via Altenburg to Zwickau and Hof. Most regional and local lines have hourly service, but some run only every other hour.

Question: When was Thuringia's first railway built?
Answer: the 1840s

Question: When were most of the branch lines of the railway abandoned? 
Answer: Between 1950 and 2000

Question: When will the new high speed train be open? 
Answer: In 2017, a new high speed line will be opened,

Question: When was Thuringia's worst railway built?

Question: When were most of the branch lines of the railway adopted?

Question: When will the new high speed train be closed?

Question: What is an imaginary railway?
Predation

In an ecosystem, predation is a biological interaction where a predator (an organism that is hunting) feeds on its prey (the organism that is attacked). Predators may or may not kill their prey prior to feeding on them, but the act of predation often results in the death of the prey and the eventual absorption of the prey's tissue through consumption. Thus predation is often, though not always, carnivory. Other categories of consumption are herbivory (eating parts of plants), fungivory (eating parts of fungi), and detritivory (the consumption of dead organic material (detritus)). All these consumption categories fall under the rubric of consumer-resource systems. It can often be difficult to separate various types of feeding behaviors. For example, some parasitic species prey on a host organism and then lay their eggs on it for their offspring to feed on it while it continues to live in or on its decaying corpse after it has died. The key characteristic of predation however is the predator's direct impact on the prey population. On the other hand, detritivores simply eat dead organic material arising from the decay of dead individuals and have no direct impact on the "donor" organism(s).

Question: What must a species do in order to be classified as a predator?
Answer: direct impact on the prey population

Question: How would you describe a predator that primarily eats plants?
Answer: herbivory

Question: A predator must do what to the prey after it is killed? 
Answer: absorption of the prey's tissue through consumption

Question: A species that uses a host body to survive and reproduce is classified as a what?
Answer: parasitic species

Question: How would you describe a diet of a species that eats primarily dead organic material? 
Answer: detritivory

Question: What does an herbivore eat?
Answer: plants

Question: Do detritivores have a direct impact on "donor" organisms?
Answer: no

Question: What term is given to an organism that is being hunted?
Answer: prey

Question: What term is given to the biological interaction where a predator feeds upon prey?
Answer: predation

Question: What do detritivores eat?
Answer: dead organic material

Question: What is the key characteristic of predation?
Answer: predator's direct impact on the prey population

Question: What is the definition of a host system?

Question: What does prey eventually do to its predator's tissue in defense?

Question: What is the feeding nature of some prey?

Question: When does a carnivore know when it has a parasite?

Question: What does a detrivore have a direct impact on while its trying to mature?
Predation

Classification of predators by the extent to which they feed on and interact with their prey is one way ecologists may wish to categorize the different types of predation. Instead of focusing on what they eat, this system classifies predators by the way in which they eat, and the general nature of the interaction between predator and prey species. Two factors are considered here: How close the predator and prey are (in the latter two cases the term prey may be replaced with host) and whether or not the prey are directly murdered by the predator is considered, with true predation and parasitoidism involving certain death.

Question: How many synergetic qualities are there in the predator-prey mechanism? 
Answer: Two factors

Question: Proximity and the ending of life is called? 
Answer: true predation

Question: If the prey is not killed the predator-prey interaction is called? 
Answer: parasitoidism

Question: Instead of what predators eat, how else can they be classified?
Answer: the way in which they eat

Question: Certain death is involved with true predation and what other classification?
Answer: parasitoidism

Question: The study in which ecologists examine the way predators interact with their prey is called what?
Answer: predation

Question: What is one way prey is classified?

Question: Who is involved in classifying different types of prey?

Question: What method is used to keep track of how prey tries to escape their predator?

Question: How many factors are used when studying how prey avoids their predator?

Question: What is the study of how prey evades capture by a predator called?
Predation

A true predator can commonly be known as one that kills and eats another living thing. Whereas other types of predator all harm their prey in some way, this form kills them. Predators may hunt actively for prey in pursuit predation, or sit and wait for prey to approach within striking distance, as in ambush predators. Some predators kill large prey and dismember or chew it prior to eating it, such as a jaguar or a human; others may eat their (usually much smaller) prey whole, as does a bottlenose dolphin swallowing a fish, or a snake, duck or stork swallowing a frog. Some animals that kill both large and small prey for their size (domestic cats and dogs are prime examples) may do either depending upon the circumstances; either would devour a large insect whole but dismember a rabbit. Some predation entails venom that subdues a prey creature before the predator ingests the prey by killing, which the box jellyfish does, or disabling it, found in the behavior of the cone shell. In some cases, the venom, as in rattlesnakes and some spiders, contributes to the digestion of the prey item even before the predator begins eating. In other cases, the prey organism may die in the mouth or digestive system of the predator. Baleen whales, for example, eat millions of microscopic plankton at once, the prey being broken down well after entering the whale. Seed predation and egg predation are other forms of true predation, as seeds and eggs represent potential organisms. Predators of this classification need not eat prey entirely. For example, some predators cannot digest bones, while others can. Some may eat only part of an organism, as in grazing (see below), but still consistently cause its direct death.

Question: What do household animals prey upon? 
Answer: large and small prey

Question: Name an exemplar of an predator that uses digestion to kill and gain nutrients from it's prey.
Answer: Baleen whales

Question: To be classified as a predator, what action must be performed?
Answer: harm their prey in some way

Question: What requirement must a true predator fulfill?
Answer: kills and eats another living thing

Question: What is different about a true predator?
Answer: Whereas other types of predator all harm their prey in some way, this form kills them

Question: All types of predators do what?
Answer: harm their prey in some way

Question: How do ambush predators hunt?
Answer: sit and wait for prey to approach within striking distance

Question: What do box jellyfish use to hunt their pray?
Answer: venom

Question: What is one thing prey can do if they know a predator is approaching?

Question: What do prey sometimes consume as food?

Question: What do rabbits like to do with their food when foraging?

Question: What do large insects do at night after the sun goes down?

Question: What have cats sometimes been seen doing in the yard of their home?
Predation

Grazing organisms may also kill their prey species, but this is seldom the case. While some herbivores like zooplankton live on unicellular phytoplankton and therefore, by the individualized nature of the organism, kill their prey, many only eat a small part of the plant. Grazing livestock may pull some grass out at the roots, but most is simply grazed upon, allowing the plant to regrow once again. Kelp is frequently grazed in subtidal kelp forests, but regrows at the base of the blade continuously to cope with browsing pressure. Animals may also be 'grazed' upon; female mosquitos land on hosts briefly to gain sufficient proteins for the development of their offspring. Starfish may be grazed on, being capable of regenerating lost arms.

Question: Animals that consume parts of their prey are considered to be
Answer: Grazing organisms

Question: Prey that can regrow leaves or arms have learned to deal with what?
Answer: browsing pressure

Question: Give an example of an animal that feeds off of other animals for reproduction? 
Answer: mosquitos

Question: Give an example of a predator that specializes in eating autotrophic species
Answer: zooplankton

Question: What is an organism that grazes upon other animals?
Answer: female mosquitos

Question: What is an organism that can regrow lost arms?
Answer: Starfish

Question: Do grazing organisms often kill their prey?
Answer: seldom

Question: How do grass and kelp deal with being grazed upon?
Answer: regrows at the base

Question: What organism can kill their prey by biting?

Question: What does zooplankton gain for its offspring by attaching to a host?

Question: What does zooplankton need to get enough protein to help the development of?

Question: How much of a starfish does phytoplnakton eat when it attaches to it?

Question: What does zooplankton have to cope with when eaten by starfish?
Predation

Parasites can at times be difficult to distinguish from grazers. Their feeding behavior is similar in many ways, however they are noted for their close association with their host species. While a grazing species such as an elephant may travel many kilometers in a single day, grazing on many plants in the process, parasites form very close associations with their hosts, usually having only one or at most a few in their lifetime. This close living arrangement may be described by the term symbiosis, "living together", but unlike mutualism the association significantly reduces the fitness of the host. Parasitic organisms range from the macroscopic mistletoe, a parasitic plant, to microscopic internal parasites such as cholera. Some species however have more loose associations with their hosts. Lepidoptera (butterfly and moth) larvae may feed parasitically on only a single plant, or they may graze on several nearby plants. It is therefore wise to treat this classification system as a continuum rather than four isolated forms.

Question: Species that rely on few or a single prey are called?
Answer: Parasites

Question: Predator and prey relationships that improve fitness for both species are classified as this type of relationship.
Answer: mutualism

Question: Give an example of an animal that will travel several miles in a single day.
Answer: elephant

Question: What plant associated with kissing during the holidays is also parasitic? 
Answer: mistletoe

Question: How are parasites distiguished from grazers?
Answer: close association with their host species

Question: How many hosts do parasites typically have?
Answer: one or at most a few in their lifetime

Question: How should parasite classification be viewed instead of as four isolated forms?
Answer: a continuum

Question: What does the term symbiosis mean?
Answer: living together

Question: What kind of relationship do grazers have with their host more so than parasites?

Question: Cholera is limited to how many spots to feed in its lifetime?

Question: What is another word for macroscopic?

Question: How many forms are used to classify a single plant?

Question: What is damaged in a mutual relationship?
Predation

Parasitoids are organisms living in or on their host and feeding directly upon it, eventually leading to its death. They are much like parasites in their close symbiotic relationship with their host or hosts. Like the previous two classifications parasitoid predators do not kill their hosts instantly. However, unlike parasites, they are very similar to true predators in that the fate of their prey is quite inevitably death. A well-known example of a parasitoids are the ichneumon wasps, solitary insects living a free life as an adult, then laying eggs on or in another species such as a caterpillar. Its larva(e) feed on the growing host causing it little harm at first, but soon devouring the internal organs until finally destroying the nervous system resulting in prey death. By this stage the young wasp(s) are developed sufficiently to move to the next stage in their life cycle. Though limited mainly to the insect order Hymenoptera, Diptera and Coleoptera parasitoids make up as much as 10% of all insect species.

Question: This species relies on other species to provide a reproductive host for their offspring.
Answer: ichneumon wasps

Question: It is believed that parasitoids account for what percentage of the total insect population? 
Answer: 10%

Question: During a parasitoid-host interaction what will happen to the host?
Answer: death

Question: What is the term given to organisms living and feeding on their host?
Answer: Parasitoids

Question: How many organisms in the insect species are Diptera or Cleoptera parasitoids?
Answer: 10%

Question: Which type of wasp is a well-known example of a parasitoid?
Answer: ichneumon

Question: How do the larvae of the parasitoid wasps kill their prey?
Answer: devouring the internal organs until finally destroying the nervous system

Question: How do caterpillars feed during the day?

Question: What does a caterpillar living on an organism do to the organism?

Question: What kind of relationship to caterpillars have with their host?

Question: How do caterpillars harm their hosts?

Question: What percent of insect species are catepillars?
Predation

Among predators there is a large degree of specialization. Many predators specialize in hunting only one species of prey. Others are more opportunistic and will kill and eat almost anything (examples: humans, leopards, dogs and alligators). The specialists are usually particularly well suited to capturing their preferred prey. The prey in turn, are often equally suited to escape that predator. This is called an evolutionary arms race and tends to keep the populations of both species in equilibrium. Some predators specialize in certain classes of prey, not just single species. Some will switch to other prey (with varying degrees of success) when the preferred target is extremely scarce, and they may also resort to scavenging or a herbivorous diet if possible.[citation needed]

Question: Species that aren't considered specialized are called what? 
Answer: opportunistic

Question: Predator and prey interactions that involve specialization result in a balance called?
Answer: equilibrium

Question: When a specialized species resorts to foraging and eating other diets, it's like because it's primary food source is?
Answer: scarce

Question: What do specialized predators and prey rely on to get the upper hand? 
Answer: evolution

Question: What are some predators that will kill and eat nearly anything?
Answer: humans, leopards, dogs and alligators

Question: What term is used for predators and prey being well suited to hunt and evade each other?
Answer: evolutionary arms race

Question: What is the purpose of an evolutionary arms race?
Answer: keep the populations of both species in equilibrium

Question: If scavengers' food becomes scarce, they may turn to what type of diet?
Answer: herbivorous

Question: What is there a large degree of among herbivores?

Question: What is an example of a predator that eat only certain prey classes?

Question: What are single prey species always well suited for?

Question: What term describes how predators occasionally switch to a scavenging or herbivorous diet?

Question: When alligators turn to an herbivorous diet what does this action maintain in their habitat?
Predation

Predators are often another organism's prey, and likewise prey are often predators. Though blue jays prey on insects, they may in turn be prey for cats and snakes, and snakes may be the prey of hawks. One way of classifying predators is by trophic level. Organisms that feed on autotrophs, the producers of the trophic pyramid, are known as herbivores or primary consumers; those that feed on heterotrophs such as animals are known as secondary consumers. Secondary consumers are a type of carnivore, but there are also tertiary consumers eating these carnivores, quartary consumers eating them, and so forth. Because only a fraction of energy is passed on to the next level, this hierarchy of predation must end somewhere, and very seldom goes higher than five or six levels, and may go only as high as three trophic levels (for example, a lion that preys upon large herbivores such as wildebeest, which in turn eat grasses). A predator at the top of any food chain (that is, one that is preyed upon by no organism) is called an apex predator; examples include the orca, sperm whale, anaconda, Komodo dragon, tiger, lion, tiger shark, Nile crocodile, and most eagles and owls—and even omnivorous humans and grizzly bears. An apex predator in one environment may not retain this position as a top predator if introduced to another habitat, such as a dog among alligators, a skunk in the presence of the great horned owl immune to skunk spray, or a snapping turtle among jaguars; a predatory species introduced into an area where it faces no predators, such as a domestic cat or a dog in some insular environments, can become an apex predator by default.

Question: What is the the strata of predator prey interaction called?
Answer: trophic level

Question: What is the top predator in an environment called? 
Answer: apex predator

Question: When a new apex predator moves into an area this changes. 
Answer: trophic pyramid

Question: What limits the size of a trophic pyramid? 
Answer: energy

Question: Which organisms are known as primary consumers?
Answer: Organisms that feed on autotrophs

Question: What makes an organism a secondary consumer?
Answer: feed on heterotrophs

Question: What is an organism at the top of the food chain called?
Answer: apex predator

Question: How many levels does a predatory pyramid or heirarchy typically climb?
Answer: five or six levels

Question: In what pyramid position is an organism not preyed upon by any other predators?
Answer: the top

Question: By what level is prey classified?

Question: How many levels does the classifying of prey usually go?

Question: What happens to their position when prey is introduced into another habitat?

Question: What is an autotroph called when its on top of the food chain?

Question: What happens when you put autotrophs in an area without prey?