Divyanshu67/squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
Cubism

The most extreme forms of Cubism were not those practiced by Picasso and Braque, who resisted total abstraction. Other Cubists, by contrast, especially František Kupka, and those considered Orphists by Apollinaire (Delaunay, Léger, Picabia and Duchamp), accepted abstraction by removing visible subject matter entirely. Kupka’s two entries at the 1912 Salon d'Automne, Amorpha-Fugue à deux couleurs and Amorpha chromatique chaude, were highly abstract (or nonrepresentational) and metaphysical in orientation. Both Duchamp in 1912 and Picabia from 1912 to 1914 developed an expressive and allusive abstraction dedicated to complex emotional and sexual themes. Beginning in 1912 Delaunay painted a series of paintings entitled Simultaneous Windows, followed by a series entitled Formes Circulaires, in which he combined planar structures with bright prismatic hues; based on the optical characteristics of juxtaposed colors his departure from reality in the depiction of imagery was quasi-complete. In 1913–14 Léger produced a series entitled Contrasts of Forms, giving a similar stress to color, line and form. His Cubism, despite its abstract qualities, was associated with themes of mechanization and modern life. Apollinaire supported these early developments of abstract Cubism in Les Peintres cubistes (1913), writing of a new "pure" painting in which the subject was vacated. But in spite of his use of the term Orphism these works were so different that they defy attempts to place them in a single category.

Question: What were Kupka's two entries at the Salon d'Automne? 
Answer: Amorpha-Fugue à deux couleurs and Amorpha chromatique chaude

Question: What were the titles of Delaunay's paintings in 1912? 
Answer: Simultaneous Windows,

Question: During what years did  Leger produce Contrasts of Forms? 
Answer: 1913–14

Question:  What were Kupka's three entries at the Salon d'Automne?

Question:  What were the titles of Delaunay's paintings in 1914?

Question:  During what years did Leger not produce Contrasts of Forms?

Question: Who produced the series called Non-contrast of Forms?
Cubism

Also labeled an Orphist by Apollinaire, Marcel Duchamp was responsible for another extreme development inspired by Cubism. The ready-made arose from a joint consideration that the work itself is considered an object (just as a painting), and that it uses the material detritus of the world (as collage and papier collé in the Cubist construction and Assemblage). The next logical step, for Duchamp, was to present an ordinary object as a self-sufficient work of art representing only itself. In 1913 he attached a bicycle wheel to a kitchen stool and in 1914 selected a bottle-drying rack as a sculpture in its own right.

Question: By whom was Marcel Duchamp labeled an Orphanist? 
Answer: Apollinaire

Question: What two items did Duchamp attach together in 1913? 
Answer: a bicycle wheel to a kitchen stool

Question: What object did Duchamp select in 1914 as a scuplture by itself? 
Answer: bottle-drying rack

Question:  By whom was Marcel Duchamp labeled not an Orphanist?

Question:  What three items did Duchamp attach together in 1913?

Question:  What object did Duchamp select in 1912 as a scuplture by itself?

Question: What was Duchamp not responsible for?
Cubism

The Section d'Or, also known as Groupe de Puteaux, founded by some of the most conspicuous Cubists, was a collective of painters, sculptors and critics associated with Cubism and Orphism, active from 1911 through about 1914, coming to prominence in the wake of their controversial showing at the 1911 Salon des Indépendants. The Salon de la Section d'Or at the Galerie La Boétie in Paris, October 1912, was arguably the most important pre-World War I Cubist exhibition; exposing Cubism to a wide audience. Over 200 works were displayed, and the fact that many of the artists showed artworks representative of their development from 1909 to 1912 gave the exhibition the allure of a Cubist retrospective.

Question: How many works displayed at The Salon de la Section d'Or at the Galerie La Boétie in Paris, October 1912?
Answer: Over 200

Question: How many works displayed at The Salon de la Section d'Or at the Galerie La Boétie in Paris, October 1922?

Question: What was also known as Non-Groupe de Puteaux?

Question: What's another term for The Section d'voures?

Question: What was developed in 1913?
Cubism

The fact that the 1912 exhibition had been curated to show the successive stages through which Cubism had transited, and that Du "Cubisme" had been published for the occasion, indicates the artists' intention of making their work comprehensible to a wide audience (art critics, art collectors, art dealers and the general public). Undoubtedly, due to the great success of the exhibition, Cubism became recognized as a tendency, genre or style in art with a specific common philosophy or goal: a new avant-garde movement.

Question: What did the 1912 exhiibtion of Cubism show?
Answer: indicates the artists' intention of making their work comprehensible to a wide audience

Question: What did the 1912 exhibtion of Cubism not show?

Question: What type of audience did the exhibition not appeal to?

Question: What came out of the exhibit failing?

Question: What did not become a genre after the exhibition?

Question: What wasn't a new avant-garde style?
Cubism

The Cubism of Picasso, Braque and Gris had more than a technical or formal significance, and the distinct attitudes and intentions of the Salon Cubists produced different kinds of Cubism, rather than a derivative of their work. "It is by no means clear, in any case," wrote Christopher Green, "to what extent these other Cubists depended on Picasso and Braque for their development of such techniques as faceting, 'passage' and multiple perspective; they could well have arrived at such practices with little knowledge of 'true' Cubism in its early stages, guided above all by their own understanding of Cézanne." The works exhibited by these Cubists at the 1911 and 1912 Salons extended beyond the conventional Cézanne-like subjects—the posed model, still-life and landscape—favored by Picasso and Braque to include large-scale modern-life subjects. Aimed at a large public, these works stressed the use of multiple perspective and complex planar faceting for expressive effect while preserving the eloquence of subjects endowed with literary and philosophical connotations.

Question: What did Christopher Green say of the difference between traditional cubist and Salon Cubists?
Answer: It is by no means clear, in any case

Question: Whom did Braque and Picasso aim their works at? 
Answer: large public

Question: What did Christopher Green say of the similarities between traditional cubist and Salon Cubists?

Question: Who said "It is clear, in any case"?

Question:  Whom did Braque and Picasso not aim their works at?

Question: What happened in 1913?
Cubism

In Du "Cubisme" Metzinger and Gleizes explicitly related the sense of time to multiple perspective, giving symbolic expression to the notion of ‘duration’ proposed by the philosopher Henri Bergson according to which life is subjectively experienced as a continuum, with the past flowing into the present and the present merging into the future. The Salon Cubists used the faceted treatment of solid and space and effects of multiple viewpoints to convey a physical and psychological sense of the fluidity of consciousness, blurring the distinctions between past, present and future. One of the major theoretical innovations made by the Salon Cubists, independently of Picasso and Braque, was that of simultaneity, drawing to greater or lesser extent on theories of Henri Poincaré, Ernst Mach, Charles Henry, Maurice Princet, and Henri Bergson. With simultaneity, the concept of separate spatial and temporal dimensions was comprehensively challenged. Linear perspective developed during the Renaissance was vacated. The subject matter was no longer considered from a specific point of view at a moment in time, but built following a selection of successive viewpoints, i.e., as if viewed simultaneously from numerous angles (and in multiple dimensions) with the eye free to roam from one to the other.

Question: In Du Cubisme who so Metzinger and Gleizes  relate the sense of time to? 
Answer: Henri Bergson

Question: The Cubist used what kind of treatment of space and time?
Answer: The Salon Cubists

Question: In Du Cubisme who so Metzinger and Gleizes not relate the sense of time to?

Question:  The Cubist didn't use what kind of treatment of space and time?

Question: What was not a symbolic expression?

Question: What type of philosopher was Henri Bergson?
Cubism

This technique of representing simultaneity, multiple viewpoints (or relative motion) is pushed to a high degree of complexity in Gleizes' monumental Le Dépiquage des Moissons (Harvest Threshing), exhibited at the 1912 Salon de la Section d'Or, Le Fauconnier’s Abundance shown at the Indépendants of 1911, and Delaunay's City of Paris, shown at the Indépendants in 1912. These ambitious works are some of the largest paintings in the history of Cubism. Léger’s The Wedding, also shown at the Salon des Indépendants in 1912, gave form to the notion of simultaneity by presenting different motifs as occurring within a single temporal frame, where responses to the past and present interpenetrate with collective force. The conjunction of such subject matter with simultaneity aligns Salon Cubism with early Futurist paintings by Umberto Boccioni, Gino Severini and Carlo Carrà; themselves made in response to early Cubism.

Question: What did the technique in Gliezes' piece Le Depiquage represent?
Answer: relative motion)

Question: Who painted the Wedding, show at Salon des Independants in 1912?
Answer: Léger

Question: Which of Gliezes pieces was featured at Salon de la Section d'Or? 
Answer: Le Dépiquage des Moissons (Harvest Threshing)

Question: What did the technique in Gliezes' piece Le Depiquage not represent?

Question: Who painted the Wedding, show at Salon des Independants in 1913?

Question:  Which of Gliezes pieces was not featured at Salon de la Section d'Or?

Question: Who did not make a response in early cubism?

Question: What did not give form to the notion of simultaneity?
Cubism

Cubism and modern European art was introduced into the United States at the now legendary 1913 Armory Show in New York City, which then traveled to Chicago and Boston. In the Armory show Pablo Picasso exhibited La Femme au pot de moutarde (1910), the sculpture Head of a Woman (Fernande) (1909–10), Les Arbres (1907) amongst other cubist works. Jacques Villon exhibited seven important and large drypoints, his brother Marcel Duchamp shocked the American public with his painting Nude Descending a Staircase, No. 2 (1912). Francis Picabia exhibited his abstractions La Danse à la source and La Procession, Seville (both of 1912). Albert Gleizes exhibited La Femme aux phlox (1910) and L'Homme au balcon (1912), two highly stylized and faceted cubist works. Georges Braque, Fernand Léger, Raymond Duchamp-Villon, Roger de La Fresnaye and Alexander Archipenko also contributed examples of their cubist works.

Question: What was the name of the show that introduced Cubism to the USA?
Answer: Armory Show

Question: In what city did the show that introduced Cubism to the USA take place? 
Answer: New York City

Question: Which 1907 piece did Picasso present in the show that introduced Cubism to the USA? 
Answer: Les Arbres

Question: What 1910 piece did Albert Gleizes present in that show that introduced Cubism to the USA? 
Answer: La Femme aux phlox

Question: What was the name of the show that introduced Cubism to China?

Question: In what city did the show that introduced Cubism to Canada take place?

Question: Where did the show go after Boston?

Question: Where did the show go before New York?

Question: Which 1907 piece did Picasso present in the show that introduced Cubism to China?
Cubism

Cubist sculpture developed in parallel to Cubist painting. During the autumn of 1909 Picasso sculpted Head of a Woman (Fernande) with positive features depicted by negative space and vice versa. According to Douglas Cooper: "The first true Cubist sculpture was Picasso's impressive Woman's Head, modeled in 1909–10, a counterpart in three dimensions to many similar analytical and faceted heads in his paintings at the time." These positive/negative reversals were ambitiously exploited by Alexander Archipenko in 1912–13, for example in Woman Walking. Joseph Csaky, after Archipenko, was the first sculptor in Paris to join the Cubists, with whom he exhibited from 1911 onwards. They were followed by Raymond Duchamp-Villon and then in 1914 by Jacques Lipchitz, Henri Laurens and Ossip Zadkine.

Question: What was the name of the 1909 Cubist sculpture Picassos created?
Answer: Head of a Woman

Question: What Douglas Cooper call Picasso's 1909 Cubist sculpture?
Answer: The first true Cubist sculpture

Question: Which  Alexander Archipenko piece was similar to other Cubist scupltures of that time?
Answer: Woman Walking

Question: What was the name of the 1907 Cubist sculpture Picassos created?

Question: Who sculpted arm of a woman?

Question: When was Leg of a Woman sculpted?

Question: Which Alexander Archipenko piece was different from other Cubist scupltures of that time?

Question: What did Alexander Archipenko paint in 1915?
Cubism

A significant modification of Cubism between 1914 and 1916 was signaled by a shift towards a strong emphasis on large overlapping geometric planes and flat surface activity. This grouping of styles of painting and sculpture, especially significant between 1917 and 1920, was practiced by several artists; particularly those under contract with the art dealer and collector Léonce Rosenberg. The tightening of the compositions, the clarity and sense of order reflected in these works, led to its being referred to by the critic Maurice Raynal (fr) as 'crystal' Cubism. Considerations manifested by Cubists prior to the outset of World War I—such as the fourth dimension, dynamism of modern life, the occult, and Henri Bergson's concept of duration—had now been vacated, replaced by a purely formal frame of reference.

Question: What did the critic Maurice Raynal begin to refer to Cubism in around 1917-1920?
Answer: 'crystal' Cubism

Question: Who's concept of duration was left  behind for a for more concrete frame's of references? 
Answer: Henri Bergson's

Question: What was the first time period that a significant change began to happen in Cubism?
Answer: 1914 and 1916

Question: What was the second time period that a significant change began to happen in Cubism?
Answer: between 1917 and 1920

Question: What did the critic Maurice Raynal stop referring to Cubism in around 1917-1920?

Question: Whose concept of duration was not left behind for a for more concrete frame's of references?

Question: What was the first time period that no change began to happen in Cubism?

Question: What was the last time period that a significant change did not happen in Cubism?
Cubism

The most innovative period of Cubism was before 1914. After World War I, with the support given by the dealer Léonce Rosenberg, Cubism returned as a central issue for artists, and continued as such until the mid-1920s when its avant-garde status was rendered questionable by the emergence of geometric abstraction and Surrealism in Paris. Many Cubists, including Picasso, Braque, Gris, Léger, Gleizes, and Metzinger, while developing other styles, returned periodically to Cubism, even well after 1925. Cubism reemerged during the 1920s and the 1930s in the work of the American Stuart Davis and the Englishman Ben Nicholson. In France, however, Cubism experienced a decline beginning in about 1925. Léonce Rosenberg exhibited not only the artists stranded by Kahnweiler’s exile but others including Laurens, Lipchitz, Metzinger, Gleizes, Csaky, Herbin and Severini. In 1918 Rosenberg presented a series of Cubist exhibitions at his Galerie de l’Effort Moderne in Paris. Attempts were made by Louis Vauxcelles to claim that Cubism was dead, but these exhibitions, along with a well-organized Cubist show at the 1920 Salon des Indépendants and a revival of the Salon de la Section d’Or in the same year, demonstrated it was still alive.

Question: Before what year was Cubism considered the most innovative? 
Answer: 1914

Question: With the assistance of what dealer did Cubism return as  a central consideration for artists after World War I?
Answer: Léonce Rosenberg

Question: In what year did Rosenberg exhibit Cubist works at  Galerie de l’Effort Moderne?
Answer: 1918

Question: In which city did Galerie de l’Effort Moderne take place? 
Answer: Paris

Question: Before what year was Cubism considered the least innovative?

Question: With the assistance of what dealer did Cubism return as a central consideration for artists after World War II?

Question: What did not decline in 1925?

Question: In what year did Rosenberg refuse to exhibit Cubist works at Galerie de l’Effort Moderne?

Question:  In which city was Galerie de l’Effort Moderne banned from?
Cubism

The reemergence of Cubism coincided with the appearance from about 1917–24 of a coherent body of theoretical writing by Pierre Reverdy, Maurice Raynal and Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler and, among the artists, by Gris, Léger and Gleizes. The occasional return to classicism—figurative work either exclusively or alongside Cubist work—experienced by many artists during this period (called Neoclassicism) has been linked to the tendency to evade the realities of the war and also to the cultural dominance of a classical or Latin image of France during and immediately following the war. Cubism after 1918 can be seen as part of a wide ideological shift towards conservatism in both French society and culture. Yet, Cubism itself remained evolutionary both within the oeuvre of individual artists, such as Gris and Metzinger, and across the work of artists as different from each other as Braque, Léger and Gleizes. Cubism as a publicly debated movement became relatively unified and open to definition. Its theoretical purity made it a gauge against which such diverse tendencies as Realism or Naturalism, Dada, Surrealism and abstraction could be compared.

Question: Name the three artists who were in part resonsible for the reemergence of Cubism between 1917 and 1924.
Answer: Gris, Léger and Gleizes

Question: Name the three writers who were in part resonsible for the reemergence of Cubism between 1917 and 1924.
Answer: Pierre Reverdy, Maurice Raynal and Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler

Question: In 1918 which way did the French idealogies shift that effected Cubism?
Answer: conservatism

Question: Name the four artists who were in part resonsible for the reemergence of Cubism between 1917 and 1924.

Question: In 1919 which way did the French idealogies shift that effected Cubism?

Question: What did not remain evolutionary?

Question: What happened to Cubism before 1918?
Cubism

Cubism formed an important link between early-20th-century art and architecture. The historical, theoretical, and socio-political relationships between avant-garde practices in painting, sculpture and architecture had early ramifications in France, Germany, the Netherlands and Czechoslovakia. Though there are many points of intersection between Cubism and architecture, only a few direct links between them can be drawn. Most often the connections are made by reference to shared formal characteristics: faceting of form, spatial ambiguity, transparency, and multiplicity.

Question: What two things did Cubism in the early 20th century form an important link between?
Answer: art and architecture.

Question: What are the four formal characteristics that are usually connected with Cubism?
Answer: faceting of form, spatial ambiguity, transparency, and multiplicity.

Question: In which four countries were the impacts of avant garde art particularly strong?
Answer: France, Germany, the Netherlands and Czechoslovakia

Question: What four things did Cubism in the early 20th century form an important link between?

Question: What two things did Cubism in the early 19th century form an important link between?

Question: What are the four formal characteristics that are never connected with Cubism?

Question: In which four countries were the impacts of avant garde art particularly weak?

Question: What was the reception like in Italy?
Cubism

Architectural interest in Cubism centered on the dissolution and reconstitution of three-dimensional form, using simple geometric shapes, juxtaposed without the illusions of classical perspective. Diverse elements could be superimposed, made transparent or penetrate one another, while retaining their spatial relationships. Cubism had become an influential factor in the development of modern architecture from 1912 (La Maison Cubiste, by Raymond Duchamp-Villon and André Mare) onwards, developing in parallel with architects such as Peter Behrens and Walter Gropius, with the simplification of building design, the use of materials appropriate to industrial production, and the increased use of glass.

Question: In Cubism what was architechtural interested base on?
Answer: the dissolution and reconstitution of three-dimensional form

Question: Who said that Cubism was becoming an influetial aspect in modern architecture ? 
Answer: Raymond Duchamp-Villon and André Mare

Question: Increased use of what material marked Cubism influence in architecture?
Answer: glass

Question: In Cubism what was not architechtural interested base on?

Question: Who said that Cubism was not becoming an influetial aspect in modern architecture ?

Question: Increased use of what material marked Cubism non-influence in architecture?
Cubism

Cubism was relevant to an architecture seeking a style that needed not refer to the past. Thus, what had become a revolution in both painting and sculpture was applied as part of "a profound reorientation towards a changed world". The Cubo-Futurist ideas of Filippo Tommaso Marinetti influenced attitudes in avant-garde architecture. The influential De Stijl movement embraced the aesthetic principles of Neo-plasticism developed by Piet Mondrian under the influence of Cubism in Paris. De Stijl was also linked by Gino Severini to Cubist theory through the writings of Albert Gleizes. However, the linking of basic geometric forms with inherent beauty and ease of industrial application—which had been prefigured by Marcel Duchamp from 1914—was left to the founders of Purism, Amédée Ozenfant and Charles-Édouard Jeanneret (better known as Le Corbusier,) who exhibited paintings together in Paris and published Après le cubisme in 1918. Le Corbusier's ambition had been to translate the properties of his own style of Cubism to architecture. Between 1918 and 1922, Le Corbusier concentrated his efforts on Purist theory and painting. In 1922, Le Corbusier and his cousin Jeanneret opened a studio in Paris at 35 rue de Sèvres. His theoretical studies soon advanced into many different architectural projects.

Question: The ideas of which Cubo Futurist influenced the avant-garde in architecture?
Answer: Filippo Tommaso Marinetti

Question: The De Stijl movement took part in the aesthetic principles of what?
Answer: Neo-plasticism

Question: Who developed Neo Plasticism? 
Answer: Piet Mondrian

Question: Who linked De Stijl to Cubist theory? 
Answer: Gino Severini

Question: Who did Le Corbusier open his Paris studio with in 1922?
Answer: his cousin Jeanneret

Question: The ideas of which Cubo Futurist did not influence the avant-garde in architecture?

Question: Who wrote squarist theory?

Question: What was prefigured by Duchamp in 1915?

Question: What years did Le Corbusier not concentrate his efforts?

Question: What happened in 1912?
Cubism

At the 1912 Salon d'Automne an architectural installation was exhibited that quickly became known as Maison Cubiste (Cubist House), signed Raymond Duchamp-Villon and André Mare along with a group of collaborators. Metzinger and Gleizes in Du "Cubisme", written during the assemblage of the "Maison Cubiste", wrote about the autonomous nature of art, stressing the point that decorative considerations should not govern the spirit of art. Decorative work, to them, was the "antithesis of the picture". "The true picture" wrote Metzinger and Gleizes, "bears its raison d'être within itself. It can be moved from a church to a drawing-room, from a museum to a study. Essentially independent, necessarily complete, it need not immediately satisfy the mind: on the contrary, it should lead it, little by little, towards the fictitious depths in which the coordinative light resides. It does not harmonize with this or that ensemble; it harmonizes with things in general, with the universe: it is an organism...". "Mare's ensembles were accepted as frames for Cubist works because they allowed paintings and sculptures their independence", writes Christopher Green, "creating a play of contrasts, hence the involvement not only of Gleizes and Metzinger themselves, but of Marie Laurencin, the Duchamp brothers (Raymond Duchamp-Villon designed the facade) and Mare's old friends Léger and Roger La Fresnaye". La Maison Cubiste was a fully furnished house, with a staircase, wrought iron banisters, a living room—the Salon Bourgeois, where paintings by Marcel Duchamp, Metzinger (Woman with a Fan), Gleizes, Laurencin and Léger were hung—and a bedroom. It was an example of L'art décoratif, a home within which Cubist art could be displayed in the comfort and style of modern, bourgeois life. Spectators at the Salon d'Automne passed through the full-scale 10-by-3-meter plaster model of the ground floor of the facade, designed by Duchamp-Villon. This architectural installation was subsequently exhibited at the 1913 Armory Show, New York, Chicago and Boston, listed in the catalogue of the New York exhibit as Raymond Duchamp-Villon, number 609, and entitled "Facade architectural, plaster" (Façade architecturale).

Question: What was La Maison Cubiste ?
Answer: a fully furnished house

Question: Which Metzinger piece was hung in La Maison Cubiste?
Answer: Woman with a Fan

Question: How big was the model of La Maison Cubiste? 
Answer: 10-by-3-meter

Question: What type of boat was La Maison Cubist?

Question:  Which Metzinger piece was not hung in La Maison Cubiste?

Question:  How big was the model of Be Maison Cubiste?
Cubism

The original Cubist architecture is very rare. There is only one country in the world where Cubism was really applied to architecture – namely Bohemia (today Czech Republic) and especially its capital, Prague. Czech architects were the first and only ones in the world to ever design original Cubist buildings. Cubist architecture flourished for the most part between 1910–1914, but the Cubist or Cubism-influenced buildings were also built after the World War I. After the war, the architectural style called Rondo-Cubism was developed in Prague fusing the Cubist architecture with round shapes.

Question: Is original Cubist architecture rare?
Answer: Cubist architecture is very rare

Question: Which country applied Cubism to architecture the most?
Answer: Bohemia (today Czech Republic

Question: What was for the form of architectural Cubism in Prague called?
Answer: Rondo-Cubism

Question:  What was for the form of architectural Cubism in France called?

Question: What was built after World War II?

Question: What was built before WWI?

Question:  Which country did not apply Cubism to architecture the most?
Cubism

In their theoretical rules, the Cubist architects expressed the requirement of dynamism, which would surmount the matter and calm contained in it, through a creative idea, so that the result would evoke feelings of dynamism and expressive plasticity in the viewer. This should be achieved by shapes derived from pyramids, cubes and prisms, by arrangements and compositions of oblique surfaces, mainly triangular, sculpted facades in protruding crystal-like units, reminiscent of the so-called diamond cut, or even cavernous that are reminiscent of the late Gothic architecture. In this way, the entire surfaces of the facades including even the gables and dormers are sculpted. The grilles as well as other architectural ornaments attain a three-dimensional form. Thus, new forms of windows and doors were also created, e. g. hexagonal windows. Czech Cubist architects also designed Cubist furniture.

Question: What was the essential piece Cubist architects explained in their theoretical rules? 
Answer: dynamism

Question: What's  window shapes di Czech Cubist architects use? 
Answer: hexagonal

Question: What feelings should Cubist architecture evoke in viewer?
Answer: dynamism and expressive plasticity

Question: What was the essential piece Cubist architects explained in their non-theoretical rules?

Question:  What's window shapes di Czech Cubist architects not use?

Question:  What feelings should Cubist architecture not evoke in viewer?

Question: What type of doors were not used?
Cubism

The leading Cubist architects were Pavel Janák, Josef Gočár, Vlastislav Hofman, Emil Králíček and Josef Chochol. They worked mostly in Prague but also in other Bohemian towns. The best-known Cubist building is the House of the Black Madonna in the Old Town of Prague built in 1912 by Josef Gočár with the only Cubist café in the world, Grand Café Orient. Vlastislav Hofman built the entrance pavilions of Ďáblice Cemetery in 1912–1914, Josef Chochol designed several residential houses under Vyšehrad. A Cubist streetlamp has also been preserved near the Wenceslas Square, designed by Emil Králíček in 1912, who also built the Diamond House in the New Town of Prague around 1913.

Question: Who were the leading Cubist architects? 
Answer: Pavel Janák, Josef Gočár, Vlastislav Hofman, Emil Králíček and Josef Chochol

Question: Where did the leading Cubist architects work?
Answer: Prague

Question: What is the best known Cubist architecture building? 
Answer: House of the Black Madonna

Question: Where is the House of the Black Madonna located? 
Answer: Old Town of Prague

Question: Who built the House of the Black Madonna?
Answer: Vlastislav Hofman

Question:  Who weren't the leading Cubist architects?

Question:  Where did the leading Cubist architects study?

Question:  What is the least known Cubist architecture building?

Question:  Where is the House of the White Madonna located?

Question:  Who built the House of the White Madonna?
Cubism

The influence of cubism extended to other artistic fields, outside painting and sculpture. In literature, the written works of Gertrude Stein employ repetition and repetitive phrases as building blocks in both passages and whole chapters. Most of Stein's important works utilize this technique, including the novel The Making of Americans (1906–08). Not only were they the first important patrons of Cubism, Gertrude Stein and her brother Leo were also important influences on Cubism as well. Picasso in turn was an important influence on Stein's writing.

Question: Did cubism influence other fields outside of painting and scuplture?
Answer: The influence of cubism extended to other artistic fields,

Question: Who's written works used repitition that was similar to Cubist art?
Answer: Gertrude Stein

Question: What was Gertrude Stein's brother's name?
Answer: Leo

Question: What was the title of Gertrude Stein's 1906-1908 book?
Answer: The Making of Americans

Question: What artistic fields did not inspire other cubism work?

Question: What novel came out in 2008?

Question: Who wrote The Making of French?

Question: Who was not influencial on Cubism?
Cubism

The poets generally associated with Cubism are Guillaume Apollinaire, Blaise Cendrars, Jean Cocteau, Max Jacob, André Salmon and Pierre Reverdy. As American poet Kenneth Rexroth explains, Cubism in poetry "is the conscious, deliberate dissociation and recombination of elements into a new artistic entity made self-sufficient by its rigorous architecture. This is quite different from the free association of the Surrealists and the combination of unconscious utterance and political nihilism of Dada." Nonetheless, the Cubist poets' influence on both Cubism and the later movements of Dada and Surrealism was profound; Louis Aragon, founding member of Surrealism, said that for Breton, Soupault, Éluard and himself, Reverdy was "our immediate elder, the exemplary poet." Though not as well remembered as the Cubist painters, these poets continue to influence and inspire; American poets John Ashbery and Ron Padgett have recently produced new translations of Reverdy's work. Wallace Stevens' "Thirteen Ways of Looking at a Blackbird" is also said to demonstrate how cubism's multiple perspectives can be translated into poetry.

Question: Which poets are closely alligned with Cubism?
Answer: Guillaume Apollinaire, Blaise Cendrars, Jean Cocteau, Max Jacob, André Salmon and Pierre Reverdy

Question: What is the name of the american Poet who is associated with talking about the rigiorous architecture of Cubism?
Answer: Kenneth Rexroth

Question: Which two American poets have recently created new traslations of Reverdy's work?
Answer: John Ashbery and Ron Padgett

Question: What is the name of Wallace Steven's work that explains how cubism can be translated into poetry? 
Answer: Thirteen Ways of Looking at a Blackbird

Question: Which poets are not aligned with Cubism?

Question: What is the name of the american Poet who is not associated with talking about the rigiorous architecture of Cubism?

Question: Which three American poets have recently created new traslations of Reverdy's work?

Question: Who wrote Fifteen ways of Looking at Blackbird?
Political_philosophy

Chinese political philosophy dates back to the Spring and Autumn Period, specifically with Confucius in the 6th century BC. Chinese political philosophy was developed as a response to the social and political breakdown of the country characteristic of the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States period. The major philosophies during the period, Confucianism, Legalism, Mohism, Agrarianism and Taoism, each had a political aspect to their philosophical schools. Philosophers such as Confucius, Mencius, and Mozi, focused on political unity and political stability as the basis of their political philosophies. Confucianism advocated a hierarchical, meritocratic government based on empathy, loyalty, and interpersonal relationships. Legalism advocated a highly authoritarian government based on draconian punishments and laws. Mohism advocated a communal, decentralized government centered on frugality and ascetism. The Agrarians advocated a peasant utopian communalism and egalitarianism. Taoism advocated a proto-anarchism. Legalism was the dominant political philosophy of the Qin Dynasty, but was replaced by State Confucianism in the Han Dynasty. Prior to China's adoption of communism, State Confucianism remained the dominant political philosophy of China up to the 20th century.

Question: What specifically dates back with Confucius in the 6th century BC?
Answer: Chinese political philosophy

Question: Chinese political philosophy dates back to what century?
Answer: 6th century BC

Question: Chinese political philosophy was developed as a response to what?
Answer: the social and political breakdown of the country

Question: What advocated a communal, decentralized government centered on frugality and ascetism?
Answer: Mohism

Question: What dates back to the 6th century AD?

Question: What was a response to increased social and political awareness in China?

Question: What advocated a communal, centralized government centered on frugality and accetism?

Question: Who advocated a government based on empathy, loyalty and personal relationships?

Question: Who advocated a peasant uprising and egalitarianism?

Question: When did Agrarianism begin?

Question: What is attributed to Mencius in the 6th Century BC?

Question: What attribute did all of the philosophies share?

Question: In what Spring and Autumn period was Legalism dominant?

Question: In the Qin Dynasty, what replaced Legalism?
Political_philosophy

Western political philosophy originates in the philosophy of ancient Greece, where political philosophy dates back to at least Plato. Ancient Greece was dominated by city-states, which experimented with various forms of political organization, grouped by Plato into four categories: timocracy, tyranny, democracy and oligarchy. One of the first, extremely important classical works of political philosophy is Plato's Republic, which was followed by Aristotle's Nichomachean Ethics and Politics. Roman political philosophy was influenced by the Stoics, including the Roman statesman Cicero.

Question: Western political philosophy originates in what philosophy?
Answer: ancient Greece

Question: What philosophy has dates back to at least Plato?
Answer: philosophy of ancient Greece

Question: Ancient Greece was dominated by what?
Answer: city-states

Question: What originated with Western  philosophy?

Question: What philosophy dates back to sme time after Plato?

Question: What civilization was dominated by independent towns that experimented with different governments?

Question: What Roman statesman was influenced by Plato?

Question: What 4 catagories did Aristotle divide greek political organizations into?

Question: What is the first important work of political organization?

Question: What example of Stoic influence followed Plato's?

Question: What was the western political philosophy dominated by?

Question: How was ancient Greece's government grouped by Cicero?

Question: What was influenced by timocracy in Rome?
Political_philosophy

Indian political philosophy evolved in ancient times and demarcated a clear distinction between (1) nation and state (2) religion and state. The constitutions of Hindu states evolved over time and were based on political and legal treatises and prevalent social institutions. The institutions of state were broadly divided into governance, administration, defense, law and order. Mantranga, the principal governing body of these states, consisted of the King, Prime Minister, Commander in chief of army, Chief Priest of the King. The Prime Minister headed the committee of ministers along with head of executive (Maha Amatya).

Question: What demarcates a clear distinction between nation and state, as well as religion and state?
Answer: Indian political philosophy

Question: What was divided into governance, administration, defense, law and  order?
Answer: The institutions of state

Question: What was the governing body of the Hindu states?
Answer: Mantranga

Question: What political philosophy does not make a clear distinction between nation and state or religion state

Question: What evolved over time and is based on legal treaties and obscure social institutions?

Question: Who state institutions were divided into narrow well-defined entities?

Question: What governing body of the states listed of the Prime Minister and civil servants?

Question: What did political and legal treatisies consist of in Indian government?

Question: What were the constitutions of Maha states based on?

Question: How was the committee of ministers divided?

Question: What prevalant social institution made a clear line between nation and religion?

Question: What was the governing body of the head of executive?
Political_philosophy

Chanakya, 4th Century BC Indian political philosopher. The Arthashastra provides an account of the science of politics for a wise ruler, policies for foreign affairs and wars, the system of a spy state and surveillance and economic stability of the state. Chanakya quotes several authorities including Bruhaspati, Ushanas, Prachetasa Manu, Parasara, and Ambi, and described himself as a descendant of a lineage of political philosophers, with his father Chanaka being his immediate predecessor. Another influential extant Indian treatise on political philosophy is the Sukra Neeti. An example of a code of law in ancient India is the Manusmṛti or Laws of Manu.

Question: Who was the 4th Century BC Indian political philosopher?
Answer: Chanakya

Question: What provides an account of the science of politics for a wise ruler?
Answer: The Arthashastra

Question: What is an example of a code of law in ancient India?
Answer: the Manusmṛti or Laws of Manu

Question: Who was the Indian political philosopher in the fourth century A.D.?

Question: What provides an account of the science of economics for a wise ruler?

Question: "What authorities does Ambi quote?

Question: Who is a predecessor of Chanaka?

Question: Where is Sukra Neeti an example of a code of law?

Question: Who was the 4th BC Indian Arthashastra?

Question: What are a few examples the Bruhaspati gives for governance?

Question: Who are the authorities Ambi quotes?

Question: Who is Prachetasa a descendant of?

Question: Who is the father of Ushanas?
Political_philosophy

The early Christian philosophy of Augustine of Hippo was heavily influenced by Plato. A key change brought about by Christian thought was the moderatation of the Stoicism and theory of justice of the Roman world, as well emphasis on the role of the state in applying mercy as a moral example. Augustine also preached that one was not a member of his or her city, but was either a citizen of the City of God (Civitas Dei) or the City of Man (Civitas Terrena). Augustine's City of God is an influential work of this period that attacked the thesis, held by many Christian Romans, that the Christian view could be realized on Earth.

Question: Who heavily influenced the early Christian philosophy of Augustine of Hippo?
Answer: Plato

Question: What was a key change brought about by Christian thought?
Answer: the moderatation of the Stoicism

Question: Who also preached that one was not a member of his or her city?
Answer: Augustine

Question: What does Civitas terrena mean?
Answer: City of Man

Question: What does Civitas Dei mean?
Answer: City of God

Question: Who influenced the Christian philosophy of Hippo of Augustine?

Question: What philosophy modernized Christian thought?

Question: What mean city of mankind?

Question: What Christian belief was challenged by Augustine's city of man?

Question: Who taught that one was a member of their city?

Question: Who influenced Terrena's view of the moderation of the Stoicism?

Question: What was one change brought about by Augustine?

Question: What did Plato mention people were a member of?

Question: What does Hippo's view attack regarding what Christians believed?

Question: What is one thing that Plato changed in the Roman world?
Political_philosophy

The rise of Islam, based on both the Qur'an and Muhammad strongly altered the power balances and perceptions of origin of power in the Mediterranean region. Early Islamic philosophy emphasized an inexorable link between science and religion, and the process of ijtihad to find truth—in effect all philosophy was "political" as it had real implications for governance. This view was challenged by the "rationalist" Mutazilite philosophers, who held a more Hellenic view, reason above revelation, and as such are known to modern scholars as the first speculative theologians of Islam; they were supported by a secular aristocracy who sought freedom of action independent of the Caliphate. By the late ancient period, however, the "traditionalist" Asharite view of Islam had in general triumphed. According to the Asharites, reason must be subordinate to the Quran and the Sunna.

Question: What strongly altered the power balances and perceptions of origin of power in the Mediterranean region?
Answer: The rise of Islam

Question: What emphasized an inexorable link between science and religion?
Answer: Early Islamic philosophy

Question: Who challenged the early Islamic philosophy's views?
Answer: the "rationalist" Mutazilite philosophers

Question: What type of views did the "rationalist" Mutaziite philosophers hold?
Answer: Hellenic view

Question: What help to balance the power in the Mediterranean region?

Question: What early philosophy emphasize a separation between science and religion?

Question: What philosophers placed revelation above reason?

Question: Who were the first theologies of Islam?

Question: Who said the Koran must be subordinate to reason?

Question: What focused on a link between reason and freedom of action?

Question: The rise of what was based on modern scholars views and science?

Question: What group challenged the Hellenic view of Islam?

Question: What must reason be subordinate to according to Mutazilite philosophers?

Question: What process did speculative theologians use to find truth?
Political_philosophy

Islamic political philosophy, was, indeed, rooted in the very sources of Islam—i.e., the Qur'an and the Sunnah, the words and practices of Muhammad—thus making it essentially theocratic. However, in the Western thought, it is generally supposed that it was a specific area peculiar merely to the great philosophers of Islam: al-Kindi (Alkindus), al-Farabi (Abunaser), İbn Sina (Avicenna), Ibn Bajjah (Avempace), Ibn Rushd (Averroes), and Ibn Khaldun. The political conceptions of Islam such as kudrah (power), sultan, ummah, cemaa (obligation)-and even the "core" terms of the Qur'an—i.e., ibadah (worship), din (religion), rab (master) and ilah (deity)—is taken as the basis of an analysis. Hence, not only the ideas of the Muslim political philosophers but also many other jurists and ulama posed political ideas and theories. For example, the ideas of the Khawarij in the very early years of Islamic history on Khilafa and Ummah, or that of Shia Islam on the concept of Imamah are considered proofs of political thought. The clashes between the Ehl-i Sunna and Shia in the 7th and 8th centuries had a genuine political character.

Question: The clashes between Ehl-i Sunna and Shia had what kind of character? 
Answer: political

Question: Islamic political philosophy was rooted in what sources? 
Answer: Islam

Question: What is taken as the basis of an analysis?
Answer: The political conceptions of Islam

Question: What political philosophy was rooted in theology?

Question: What are the religious conceptions of Islam?

Question: What clashed up until the seventh and eighth century?

Question: What is the religious conception of Islam taken as?

Question: What kind of character did the clashes between Bajjah and Rushd have in the 7th and 8th centuries?

Question: What sources are Avicenna based on?

Question: How did the ilah generally suppose Islamic philosophy was rooted?

Question: What did Ehl-i-Sunna and Shia pose regarding Islam?

Question: What do the ideas of general political character give proof of in early Islamic history?