Divyanshu67/squad_v2 huggingface dataset:
Poultry

Poultry is the second most widely eaten type of meat in the world, accounting for about 30% of total meat production worldwide compared to pork at 38%. Sixteen billion birds are raised annually for consumption, more than half of these in industrialised, factory-like production units. Global broiler meat production rose to 84.6 million tonnes in 2013. The largest producers were the United States (20%), China (16.6%), Brazil (15.1%) and the European Union (11.3%). There are two distinct models of production; the European Union supply chain model seeks to supply products which can be traced back to the farm of origin. This model faces the increasing costs of implementing additional food safety requirements, welfare issues and environmental regulations. In contrast, the United States model turns the product into a commodity.

Question: Jo w common is the consumtion of poultry in the world?
Answer: Poultry is the second most widely eaten type of meat in the world, accounting for about 30% of total meat production worldwide

Question: How many animals of the poultry variety are raised for consumtion each year?
Answer: Sixteen billion birds are raised annually

Question: What type of enviornment is poultry most commonly raised in?
Answer: more than half of these in industrialised, factory-like production units

Question: How many industry models are followed for the production process of poultry?
Answer: There are two distinct models of production;

Question: What is the Europeon model of the poultry business ?
Answer: the European Union supply chain model seeks to supply products which can be traced back to the farm of origin

Question: What is the only type of meat that is eaten in the world?

Question: What type of environment is poultry always raised in?

Question: How many industry models are not followed for the production process of poultry?

Question: What country has never had poultry before?
Poultry

World production of duck meat was about 4.2 million tonnes in 2011 with China producing two thirds of the total, some 1.7 billion birds. Other notable duck-producing countries in the Far East include Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia, Myanmar, Indonesia and South Korea (12% in total). France (3.5%) is the largest producer in the West, followed by other EU nations (3%) and North America (1.7%). China was also by far the largest producer of goose and guinea fowl meat, with a 94% share of the 2.6 million tonne global market.

Question: How many ducks did China produce for consumption in 2011?
Answer: China producing two thirds of the total, some 1.7 billion birds

Question: What other countries are important to the duck husbandry business?
Answer: Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia, Myanmar, Indonesia and South Korea (12% in total)

Question: Who is the largest producer of duck meat among the western nations?
Answer: France (3.5%) is the largest producer in the West,

Question: What is the market percentage held by the country that controls the biggest share of the global market for goose and guinea fowl meat
Answer: 94% share

Question: How many ducks did China produce for cartoons in 2011?

Question: What country only eats goose and guinea fowl meat?

Question: Where is eating duck forbidden?

Question: Who is the only producer of duck meat among the western nations?
Poultry

Poultry is available fresh or frozen, as whole birds or as joints (cuts), bone-in or deboned, seasoned in various ways, raw or ready cooked. The meatiest parts of a bird are the flight muscles on its chest, called "breast" meat, and the walking muscles on the legs, called the "thigh" and "drumstick". The wings are also eaten (Buffalo wings are a popular example in the United States) and may be split into three segments, the meatier "drumette", the "wingette" (also called the "flat"), and the wing tip (also called the "flapper"). In Japan, the wing is frequently separated, and these parts are referred to as 手羽元 (teba-moto "wing base") and 手羽先 (teba-saki "wing tip").

Question: Is poultry available in various forms?
Answer: fresh or frozen, as whole birds or as joints (cuts), bone-in or deboned, seasoned in various ways, raw or ready cooked.

Question: What is the most substantial part of a birds antomy as it apples to consupmtion og the meat?
Answer: The meatiest parts of a bird are the flight muscles on its chest, called "breast" meat, and the walking muscles on the legs, called the "thigh" and "drumstick"

Question: Are certain parts of the bird used for particular reasons in relation to receipes?
Answer: wings are also eaten (Buffalo wings are a popular example in the United States) and may be split into three segments,

Question: What liquid form is poultry normally kept in?

Question: What kind of food can never be deboned?

Question: What part of the bird is considered poison?

Question: What kind of wings are no longer eaten in the US?
Poultry

Dark meat, which avian myologists refer to as "red muscle", is used for sustained activity—chiefly walking, in the case of a chicken. The dark colour comes from the protein myoglobin, which plays a key role in oxygen uptake and storage within cells. White muscle, in contrast, is suitable only for short bursts of activity such as, for chickens, flying. Thus, the chicken's leg and thigh meat are dark, while its breast meat (which makes up the primary flight muscles) is white. Other birds with breast muscle more suitable for sustained flight, such as ducks and geese, have red muscle (and therefore dark meat) throughout. Some cuts of meat including poultry expose the microscopic regular structure of intracellular muscle fibrils which can diffract light and produce iridescent colours, an optical phenomenon sometimes called structural colouration.

Question: Are there reasons for the dark meat  that poultry has?
Answer: The dark colour comes from the protein myoglobin, which plays a key role in oxygen uptake and storage within cells

Question: What is the white meat of chicken actually used for by the animal ?
Answer: White muscle, in contrast, is suitable only for short bursts of activity such as, for chickens, flying

Question: What causes the meat of some poultry to show rainbow like colr striations?
Answer: the microscopic regular structure of intracellular muscle fibrils which can diffract light and produce iridescent colours

Question: Do some varities of  poultry have more dark meat than others?
Answer: birds with breast muscle more suitable for sustained flight, such as ducks and geese, have red muscle (and therefore dark meat) throughout

Question: What is the only kind of meat available in birds?

Question: Why is white meat of chicken never actually used by the animal?

Question: What birds have no breast muscle?

Question: What kind of meat is considered dangerous to eat?
Poultry

A 2011 study by the Translational Genomics Research Institute showed that 47% of the meat and poultry sold in United States grocery stores was contaminated with Staphylococcus aureus, and 52% of the bacteria concerned showed resistance to at least three groups of antibiotics. Thorough cooking of the product would kill these bacteria, but a risk of cross-contamination from improper handling of the raw product is still present. Also, some risk is present for consumers of poultry meat and eggs to bacterial infections such as Salmonella and Campylobacter. Poultry products may become contaminated by these bacteria during handling, processing, marketing, or storage, resulting in food-borne illness if the product is improperly cooked or handled.

Question: When is it possible for baccteria is enter into poultry before you get it home?
Answer: Translational Genomics Research

Question: What percentage of poultry is tainted with Staphylococcus bacteria?
Answer: 47%

Question: Are the bacteria that is found on poultry easy to get rid of?
Answer: Thorough cooking of the product would kill these bacteria,

Question: What considerations do consumers need when using safe handling procedures with poultry regardless of cooking method used??
Answer: a risk of cross-contamination from improper handling of the raw product is still present

Question: Why can't bacteria enter poultry?

Question: What percentage of medicine is tainted with Staphylococcus bacteria?

Question: What bacterial infections are not possible as of today?

Question: What is a common myth about poultry and bacteria?
Poultry

In general, avian influenza is a disease of birds caused by bird-specific influenza A virus that is not normally transferred to people; however, people in contact with live poultry are at the greatest risk of becoming infected with the virus and this is of particular concern in areas such as Southeast Asia, where the disease is endemic in the wild bird population and domestic poultry can become infected. The virus possibly could mutate to become highly virulent and infectious in humans and cause an influenza pandemic.

Question: Is the Avian flu a risk only to animals?
Answer: people in contact with live poultry are at the greatest risk of becoming infected with the virus

Question: What portion of the world is considered to be most at risk for the rapid spread of the avian flu?
Answer: areas such as Southeast Asia, where the disease is endemic in the wild bird population and domestic poultry can become infected

Question: What is the danger to humans in regards to the spread of avian flu to humans ?
Answer: The virus possibly could mutate to become highly virulent and infectious in humans and cause an influenza pandemic.

Question: Can the avian flu be sread from wild birds to birds kept in husbandry?
Answer: the disease is endemic in the wild bird population and domestic poultry can become infected.

Question: Why is the Avian flu only a risk to animals?

Question: What portion of the world is immune to the flu?

Question: Why is the avian influenza considered to be completely safe?

Question: What kind of poultry are immune to avian influenza?

Question: What is most commonly found in people compared to birds?
Poultry

Bacteria can be grown in the laboratory on nutrient culture media, but viruses need living cells in which to replicate. Many vaccines to infectious diseases can be grown in fertilised chicken eggs. Millions of eggs are used each year to generate the annual flu vaccine requirements, a complex process that takes about six months after the decision is made as to what strains of virus to include in the new vaccine. A problem with using eggs for this purpose is that people with egg allergies are unable to be immunised, but this disadvantage may be overcome as new techniques for cell-based rather than egg-based culture become available. Cell-based culture will also be useful in a pandemic when it may be difficult to acquire a sufficiently large quantity of suitable sterile, fertile eggs.

Question: What are poultry eggs used for aside from consumption?
Answer: Many vaccines to infectious diseases can be grown in fertilised chicken eggs.

Question: What is the major difficulty faced in using poultry to cultivate vaccines?
Answer: egg allergies are unable to be immunised

Question: How long does it take for the flu vaccine to be fully ready for deployment into the population ?
Answer: process that takes about six months

Question: In order to make a vaccine , what do viruses require that bacteria does not?
Answer: viruses need living cells in which to replicate

Question: What new technology is being used in teh vaccine making process that will make vaccines safer and eaier for most consumers?
Answer: . Cell-based culture

Question: Why are poultry eggs useless aside from consumption?

Question: Why is there no difficulty faced in using poultry to cultivate vaccines?

Question: What do viruses need in order to replicate in the laboratory?

Question: What is a simple process that takes about one month to prepare?

Question: What food is least commonly associated with allergy?
Poultry

Poultry meat and eggs provide nutritionally beneficial food containing protein of high quality. This is accompanied by low levels of fat which have a favourable mix of fatty acids. Chicken meat contains about two to three times as much polyunsaturated fat as most types of red meat when measured by weight. However, for boneless, skinless chicken breast, the amount is much lower. A 100-g serving of baked chicken breast contains 4 g of fat and 31 g of protein, compared to 10 g of fat and 27 g of protein for the same portion of broiled, lean skirt steak.

Question: What is the nutitional value to humans of poultry and poultry products?
Answer: protein of high quality

Question: What is the fat and protien content of a 100g ram serving of baked chicken breast contain ?
Answer: 4 g of fat and 31 g of protein

Question: How much healthy fat in in the average serving of poultry?
Answer: two to three times as much polyunsaturated fat as most types of red meat

Question: Does chicken contain fat?
Answer: low levels of fat which have a favourable mix of fatty acids

Question: What meat has no nutritional value to humans?

Question: What meat's protein is the lowest quality?

Question: How many full pounds of fat are found in an average chicken breast?

Question: What food is considered toxic when mixed with poultry?

Question: Why does chicken have the lowest fat content of any meat?
Dutch_language

Outside of the Low Countries, it is the native language of the majority of the population of Suriname, and also holds official status in the Caribbean island nations of Aruba, Curaçao and Sint Maarten. Historical minorities on the verge of extinction remain in parts of France and Germany, and in Indonesia,[n 1] while up to half a million native speakers may reside in the United States, Canada and Australia combined.[n 2] The Cape Dutch dialects of Southern Africa have evolved into Afrikaans, a mutually intelligible daughter language[n 3] which is spoken to some degree by at least 16 million people, mainly in South Africa and Namibia.[n 4]

Question: In what place with the word "name" in it do most people speak Dutch?
Answer: Suriname

Question: Islands in the Caribbean that include Dutch as an official language include Curaçao, Sint Maarten, and what other place?
Answer: Aruba

Question: It's been estimated that up to what number of native Dutch speakers live in Australia, the U.S., and Canada?
Answer: half a million

Question: In Southern Africa, Dutch has developed over many years into what daughter language?
Answer: Afrikaans

Question: What the low estimate for the number of people who speak Afrikaans?
Answer: 16 million
Dutch_language

Dutch is one of the closest relatives of both German and English[n 5] and is said to be roughly in between them.[n 6] Dutch, like English, has not undergone the High German consonant shift, does not use Germanic umlaut as a grammatical marker, has largely abandoned the use of the subjunctive, and has levelled much of its morphology, including the case system.[n 7] Features shared with German include the survival of three grammatical genders—albeit with few grammatical consequences[n 8]—as well as the use of modal particles, final-obstruent devoicing, and a similar word order.[n 9] Dutch vocabulary is mostly Germanic and incorporates more Romance loans than German but fewer than English.[n 10]

Question: Which two languages does Dutch most closely resemble?
Answer: German and English

Question: Which Germanic accent mark do both the English and the Dutch language not use?
Answer: umlaut

Question: Unlike English, both German and Dutch use how many genders in their grammar?
Answer: three

Question: Which verb tense have both English and Dutch mostly gotten rid of?
Answer: subjunctive

Question: Does Dutch borrow more or less from Romance languages for its vocabulary than German?
Answer: more
Dutch_language

While Dutch generally refers to the language as a whole, Belgian varieties are sometimes collectively referred to as Flemish. In both Belgium and the Netherlands, the native official name for Dutch is Nederlands, and its dialects have their own names, e.g. Hollands "Hollandish", West-Vlaams "Western Flemish", Brabants "Brabantian". The use of the word Vlaams ("Flemish") to describe Standard Dutch for the variations prevalent in Flanders and used there, however, is common in the Netherlands and Belgium.

Question: What are variations on Dutch used in Belgium sometimes called?
Answer: Flemish

Question: What is the Dutch language officially called in the Netherlands?
Answer: Nederlands

Question: What would someone in Belgium call the variation of Dutch spoken in Flanders?
Answer: Vlaams

Question: What is the Dutch name for the "Hollandish" dialect of the language?
Answer: Hollands

Question: If "Vlaams" is "Flemish," what would English speakers call "West-Vlaams"?
Answer: Western Flemish
Dutch_language

The Dutch language has been known under a variety of names. In Middle Dutch, which was a collection of dialects, dietsc was used in Flanders and Brabant, while diets or duutsc was in use in the Northern Netherlands. It derived from the Old Germanic word theudisk, one of the first names ever used for the non-Romance languages of Western Europe, meaning (pertaining to the language) of the people, that is, the native Germanic language. The term was used as opposed to Latin, the non-native language of writing and the Catholic Church. In the first text in which it is found, dating from 784, it refers to the Germanic dialects of Britain. In the Oaths of Strasbourg (842) it appeared as teudisca to refer to the Germanic (Rhenish Franconian) portion of the oath.

Question: What Old Germanic term was used to describe the non-Romance languages that developed in Europe?
Answer: theudisk

Question: What language was used for writing and by the Catholic Church instead of the language "of the people"?
Answer: Latin

Question: The word "theudisk" was first found in a text from what year?
Answer: 784

Question: What year were the Oaths of Strasbourg written?
Answer: 842

Question: What word was used in the Oaths of Strasbourg for the oath's Germanic section?
Answer: teudisca
Dutch_language

Until roughly the 16th century, speakers of all the varieties of the West Germanic languages from the mouth of the Rhine to the Alps had been accustomed to refer to their native speech as Dietsch, (Neder)duyts or some other cognate of theudisk. This let inevitably to confusion since similar terms referred to different languages. Therefore, in the 16th century, a differentiation took place. Owing to Dutch commercial and colonial rivalry in the 16th and 17th centuries, the English term came to refer exclusively to the Dutch. A notable exception is Pennsylvania Dutch, which is a West Central German variety called Deitsch by its speakers. Jersey Dutch, on the other hand, as spoken until the 1950s in New Jersey, is a Dutch-based creole.

Question: In what century was a differentiation made to clear up confusion about West Germanic languages?
Answer: 16th

Question: What West Central German dialect of Dutch contains the name of a U.S. state?
Answer: Pennsylvania Dutch

Question: What's the native Pennsylvania Dutch word for the language?
Answer: Deitsch

Question: In what decade did people in New Jersey stop speaking Jersey Dutch?
Answer: 1950s
Dutch_language

In Dutch itself, Diets went out of common use - although Platdiets is still used for the transitional Limburgish-Ripuarian dialects in the north-east of Belgium. Nederlands, the official Dutch word for "Dutch", did not become firmly established until the 19th century. This designation had been in use as far back as the end of the 15th century, but received competition from the more popular terminology Nederduits, "Low Dutch", for several reasons. One of them was it reflected a distinction with Hoogduits, "High Dutch", meaning the language spoken in Germany. The Hoog was later dropped, and thus, Duits narrowed down in meaning to refer to the German language.

Question: Dutch people didn't have an officially established word for the "Dutch" language until what century?
Answer: 19th

Question: What word meaning "Low Dutch" was sometimes used to distinguish Dutch from Germany's language?
Answer: Nederduits

Question: Instead of "German," what word used to refer to the language of the country of Germany?
Answer: Hoogduits

Question: What does "Hoogduits" translate to in English?
Answer: High Dutch

Question: Now that "Nederlands" is used for Dutch in Dutch, what do Dutch speakers call German?
Answer: Duits
Dutch_language

The term Nederduits, however introduced new confusion, since the non standardised dialects spoken in the north of Germany came to be known as Niederdeutsch as well, and thus the Duits reference in the name was dropped, leading to Nederlands as designation to refer to the Dutch language. The repeated use of Neder (or "low") to refer to the Dutch language is a reference to the Netherlands' downriver location at the Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta near the North Sea, harking back to Latin nomenclature, e.g. Germania Inferior. See also: Netherlands (toponymy).

Question: What was the new word for Dutch that still caused some confusion with the language spoken in Germany?
Answer: Nederduits

Question: What does the word "Neder" translate to in English?
Answer: low

Question: The Netherlands are "low" because of their placement near what delta by the North Sea?
Answer: Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta

Question: What language started the trend of referring to the Netherlands as "Germania Inferior"?
Answer: Latin

Question: "Nederduits" often caused people to mix up the language of the Netherlands with that spoken in what directional area of Germany? 
Answer: north
Dutch_language

Three Germanic dialects were originally spoken in the Low Countries: Frisian in the north and along the western coast; Saxon in the east (contiguous with the Low German area); and Franconian in the centre and south. It is the Franconian dialects that is designated as Old Dutch, and that would develop in Middle Dutch and later Modern Dutch. The division in these development phases is mostly conventional, since the transition between them was very gradual. One of the few moments linguists can detect somewhat of a revolution is when the Dutch standard language emerged and quickly established itself. The development of the Dutch language is illustrated by the following sentence in Old, Middle and Modern Dutch:

Question: How many different versions of a Germanic language were spoken in the Low Countries?
Answer: Three

Question: Which Germanic dialect was spoken in the eastern region?
Answer: Saxon

Question: Which dialects are referred to as "Old Dutch"?
Answer: Franconian

Question: Was the transition from Old Dutch to Modern Dutch gradual, or did it happen quickly?
Answer: gradual

Question: Which Germanic dialect was spoken in the north and west of the Low Countries? 
Answer: Frisian
Dutch_language

Within the Indo-European language tree, Dutch is grouped within the Germanic languages, which means it shares a common ancestor with languages such as English, German, and Scandinavian languages. All Germanic languages are united by subjection to the sound shifts of Grimm's law and Verner's law which originated in the Proto-Germanic language and define the basic differentiating features from other Indo-European languages. This assumed to have originated in approximately the mid-first millennium BCE in Iron Age northern Europe.

Question: Which language tree groups Dutch with English?
Answer: Indo-European

Question: What group of languages have to comply with Grimm's law?
Answer: Germanic

Question: In what age did the sound patterns that distinguish Germanic languages develop?
Answer: Iron Age

Question: Along with Grimm's law, what's the other rule for Germanic-sounding speech called?
Answer: Verner's law

Question: What does a language need to share with the group in order to be classified as Germanic?
Answer: common ancestor
Dutch_language

The Germanic languages are traditionally divided into three groups: West, East and North Germanic. They remained mutually intelligible throughout the Migration Period. Dutch is together with English and German part of the West Germanic group, that is characterized by a number of phonological and morphological innovations not found in North and East Germanic. The West Germanic varieties of the time are generally split into three dialect groups: Ingvaeonic (North Sea Germanic), Istvaeonic (Weser-Rhine Germanic) and Irminonic (Elbe Germanic). It appears that the Frankish tribes fit primarily into the Istvaeonic dialect group with certain Ingvaeonic influences towards the northwest, still seen in modern Dutch.

Question: Into how many groups are Germanic languages usually split?
Answer: three

Question: In what historical period did the different types of Germanic languages stop being collectively understood?
Answer: the Migration Period

Question: What group of Germanic languages includes Dutch, English, and German?
Answer: West Germanic

Question: What's the West Germanic dialect spoken in the North Sea region called?
Answer: Ingvaeonic

Question: Which dialect group included most Frankish tribes?
Answer: Istvaeonic
Dutch_language

A Frankish identity emerged and so did their Frankish or Franconian language. The language itself is poorly attested. A notable exception is the Bergakker inscription, found near the Dutch city of Tiel, which may represent a primary record of 5th-century Frankish. Although some placenames recorded in Roman texts could arguably be considered as the oldest "Dutch" single words, like vadam (modern Dutch: wad, English: "mudflat"), the Bergakker inscription yields the oldest evidence of Dutch morphology, but there is no consensus on the interpretation of the rest of the text.

Question: What's another term for "Frankish"?
Answer: Franconian

Question: What city is closest to the Bergakker inscription?
Answer: Tiel

Question: To which century do some researchers attribute the Bergakker inscription?
Answer: 5th

Question: What word found in Roman writings became "wad" in modern Dutch?
Answer: vadam

Question: What does the Dutch word "wad" mean in English?
Answer: mudflat
Dutch_language

Old Low Franconian or Old Dutch is regarded as the primary stage in the development of a separate Dutch language. The "Low" in Old Low Franconian refers to the Frankish spoken in the Low Countries where it was not influenced by the High German consonant shift, as opposed to Central and high Franconian in Germany. The latter would as a consequence evolve with Allemanic into Old High German. At more or less the same time the Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law led to the development of Old Saxon, Old Frisian (Anglo-Frisian) and Old English (Anglo-Saxon). Hardly influenced by either development, Old Dutch remained close to the original language of the Franks, the people that would rule Europe for centuries. The language however, did experienced developments on its own, like final-obstruent devoicing in a very early stage. In fact, by judging from the find at Bergakker, it would seem that the language already experienced this characteristic during the Old Frankish period.

Question: What's another name for Old Frisian?
Answer: Anglo-Frisian

Question: What's another name for Old English?
Answer: Anglo-Saxon

Question: What language stayed very similar to the language spoken by Franks?
Answer: Old Dutch

Question: What period is the Bergakker inscription from that shows characteristics of the Old Dutch language?
Answer: Old Frankish

Question: What's another name for Old Dutch that demonstrates its difference from German Franconian?
Answer: Old Low Franconian
Dutch_language

Attestations of Old Dutch sentences are extremely rare. The oldest one first recorded has been found in the Salic law. From this Frankish document written around 510 the oldest sentence has been identified as Dutch: Maltho thi afrio lito (I say to you, I free you, serf) used to free a serf. Another old fragment of Dutch is Visc flot aftar themo uuatare (A fish was swimming in the water). The oldest conserved larger Dutch text is the Utrecht baptismal vow (776-800) starting with Forsachistu diobolae [...] ec forsacho diabolae (Do you forsake the devil? [...] I forsake the devil). Probably the most famous sentence Hebban olla vogala nestas hagunnan, hinase hic enda tu, wat unbidan we nu (All birds have started making nests, except me and you, what are we waiting for), is dated around the year 1100, written by a Flemish monk in a convent in Rochester, England.

Question: Are written records of Old Dutch rare or common?
Answer: rare

Question: What Frankish document contains the oldest recorded instance of Dutch?
Answer: the Salic law

Question: What creature is swimming in the Dutch phrase "Visc flot aftar themo uuatare"?
Answer: fish

Question: Where did the monk who wrote the most famous Old Dutch sentence live?
Answer: Rochester, England

Question: What historically significant Dutch document begins with the phrase "Forsachistu diobolae"?
Answer: the Utrecht baptismal vow
Dutch_language

Old Dutch naturally evolved into Middle Dutch. The year 1150 is often cited as the time of the discontinuity, but it actually marks a time of profuse Dutch writing and during this period a rich Medieval Dutch literature developed. There was at that time no overarching standard language; Middle Dutch is rather a collective name for a number of closely related dialects whose ancestor was Old Dutch. But they were all mutually intelligible. In fact, since Dutch is a rather conservative language, the various literary works of that time today are often very readable for modern-day speakers.

Question: What language did Middle Dutch come from?
Answer: Old Dutch

Question: What year do some researchers say marked the point when Old Dutch morphed?
Answer: 1150

Question: Rather than a single language, what group sharing origins in Old Dutch does the term "Middle Dutch" refer to?
Answer: closely related dialects

Question: Would a text written in Middle Dutch be readable or unintelligible for a Dutch speaker today?
Answer: readable
Dutch_language

A process of standardisation started in the Middle Ages, especially under the influence of the Burgundian Ducal Court in Dijon (Brussels after 1477). The dialects of Flanders and Brabant were the most influential around this time. The process of standardisation became much stronger at the start of the 16th century, mainly based on the urban dialect of Antwerp. In 1585 Antwerp fell to the Spanish army: many fled to the Northern Netherlands, where the Dutch Republic declared its independence from Spain. They particularly influenced the urban dialects of the province of Holland. In 1637, a further important step was made towards a unified language, when the Statenvertaling, the first major Bible translation into Dutch, was created that people from all over the new republic could understand. It used elements from various, even Dutch Low Saxon, dialects but was predominantly based on the urban dialects of Holland of post 16th century.

Question: What court in Dijon prior to 1477 had a hand in standardizing Dutch?
Answer: Burgundian Ducal Court

Question: Which two Dutch dialects had the greatest influence in the Middle Ages?
Answer: Flanders and Brabant

Question: Which century marked great progress in Dutch standardization brought on by Antwerp?
Answer: 16th

Question: What year did the Spanish conquer Antwerp?
Answer: 1585

Question: What was the first Dutch Bible translation called?
Answer: Statenvertaling
Dutch_language

In the Southern Netherlands (now Belgium and Luxembourg) developments were different. Under Spanish, then Austrian, and then French rule standardisation of Dutch language came to a standstill. The state, law, and increasingly education used French, yet more than half the Belgian population were speaking a Dutch dialect. In the course of the nineteenth century the Flemish movement stood up for the rights of Dutch, mostly called Flemish. But in competing with the French language the variation in dialects was a serious disadvantage. Since standardisation is a lengthy process, Dutch-speaking Belgium associated itself with the standard language that had already developed in the Netherlands over the centuries. Therefore, the situation in Belgium is essentially no different from that in the Netherlands, although there are recognisable differences in pronunciation, comparable to the pronunciation differences between standard British and standard American English. In 1980 the Netherlands and Belgium concluded the Language Union Treaty. This treaty lays down the principle that the two countries must gear their language policy to each other, among other things, for a common system of spelling.

Question: What was the old name for the geographical region that's now Belgium and Luxembourg?
Answer: Southern Netherlands

Question: What people ruled the Southern Netherlands after the Austrians?
Answer: French

Question: What year did the Netherlands and Belgium agree on a treaty to accommodate each other's language?
Answer: 1980

Question: What was the name of the treaty that brought the dialects of Belgium and the Netherlands together?
Answer: Language Union Treaty

Question: The commonality between Dutch spoken by people in the Netherlands and Dutch-speaking Belgium can be compared to the relationship between British English and what language?
Answer: American English
Dutch_language

Dutch belongs to its own West Germanic sub-group, West Low Franconian, paired with its sister language Limburgish, or East Low Franconian. Closest relative is the mutual intelligible daughter language Afrikaans. Other West Germanic languages related to Dutch are German, English and the Frisian languages, and the non standardised languages Low German and Yiddish. Dutch stands out in combining a small degree of Ingvaeonic characteristics (occurring consistently in English and Frisian and reduced in intensity from 'west to east' over the continental West Germanic plane) with mostly Istvaeonic characteristics, of which some of them are also incorporated in German. Unlike German, Dutch (apart from Limburgish) has not been influenced at all by the 'south to north' movement of the High German sound shift, and had some changes of its own. The cumulation of these changes resulted over time in separate, but related standard languages with various degrees of similarities and differences between them. For a comparison between the West Germanic languages, see the sections Morphology, Grammar and Vocabulary.

Question: What's the "cheesy" name for East Low Franconian?
Answer: Limburgish

Question: What language has the most in common with the East Low Franconian dialect of Dutch?
Answer: Afrikaans

Question: Along with German and English, what standardized West Germanic language is similar to Dutch?
Answer: Frisian

Question: Non-standardized languages similar to Dutch include Yiddish and what other West Germanic language?
Answer: Low German

Question: As opposed to Dutch, what language was influenced by the High German sound shift?
Answer: German
Dutch_language

In the east there is a Dutch Low Saxon dialect area, comprising the provinces of Groningen, Drenthe and Overijssel, and parts of the province of Gelderland as well. The IJssel river roughly forms the linguistic watershed here. This group, though not being Low Franconian and being close to the neighbouring Low German, is regarded as Dutch, because of a number of reasons. From the 14th to 15th century onward, its urban centers (Deventer, Zwolle and Kampen as well as Zutphen and Doesburg) have been increasingly influenced by the western written Dutch and became a linguistically mixed area. From the 17th century onward, it was gradually integrated into the Dutch language area. In other words, this group is Dutch synchronically but not diachronically.[citation needed]

Question: What dialect of Dutch is spoken in Drenthe?
Answer: Dutch Low Saxon

Question: What's the name of the river that marks a dialect divide in the Netherlands?
Answer: IJssel

Question: Although Dutch Low Saxon is similar to Low German, it's synchronically included with which language?
Answer: Dutch

Question: Which Dutch province is only partially comprised of speakers of Dutch low Saxon?
Answer: Gelderland

Question: When did cities like Diventer and Zutphen start becoming more linguistically diverse?
Answer: 14th to 15th century
Dutch_language

Dutch dialects and regional languages are not spoken as often as they used to be. Recent research by Geert Driessen shows that the use of dialects and regional languages among both Dutch adults and youth is in heavy decline. In 1995, 27 percent of the Dutch adult population spoke a dialect or regional language on a regular basis, while in 2011 this was no more than 11 percent. In 1995, 12 percent of the primary school aged children spoke a dialect or regional language, while in 2011 this had declined to 4 percent. Of the three officially recognized regional languages Limburgish is spoken most (in 2011 among adults 54%, among children 31%) and Dutch Low Saxon least (adults 15%, children 1%); Frisian occupies a middle position (adults 44%, children 22%).

Question: What organization researched the use of regional Dutch dialects and found their usage declining?
Answer: Geert Driessen

Question: What percentage of adults in the Netherlands spoke a dialect or regional language in 1995?
Answer: 27

Question: How many primary school aged children were found to speak a dialect or regional language by 2011?
Answer: 4 percent

Question: What's the most commonly spoken regional language in the Netherlands?
Answer: Limburgish

Question: In 2011, what percentage of Dutch adults spoke Frisian?
Answer: 44%
Dutch_language

Next to sound shifts, there are ample examples of suffix differences. Often simple suffix shifts (like switching between -the, -ske, -ke, -je, ...), sometimes the suffixes even depend on quite specific grammar rules for a certain dialect. Again taking West Flemish as an example. In that language, the words "ja" (yes) and "nee" (no) are also conjugated to the (often implicit) subject of the sentence. These separate grammar rules are a lot more difficult to imitate correctly than simple sound shifts, making it easy to recognise people who didn't grow up in a certain region, even decades after they moved.

Question: What's the West Flemish word for "no"?
Answer: nee

Question: How would you tell a West Flemish speaker "yes"?
Answer: ja

Question: What piece of a sentence does West Flemish match the case of a "yes" or "no" to?
Answer: subject

Question: Would linguistic differences make it difficult or easy to point out someone who moved from a different region of the Netherlands?
Answer: easy

Question: Which is easier for a non-native speaker to imitate: grammar rules or sound shifts?
Answer: sound shifts
Dutch_language

Some Flemish dialects are so distinct that they might be considered as separate language variants, although the strong significance of language in Belgian politics would prevent the government from classifying them as such. West Flemish in particular has sometimes been considered a distinct variety. Dialect borders of these dialects do not correspond to present political boundaries, but reflect older, medieval divisions. The Brabantian dialect group, for instance, also extends to much of the south of the Netherlands, and so does Limburgish. West Flemish is also spoken in Zeelandic Flanders (part of the Dutch province of Zeeland), and by older people in French Flanders (a small area that borders Belgium).

Question: What Dutch dialect is so distinct that it's often considered a language variant?
Answer: West Flemish

Question: What kind of governmental boundary does dialect distribution transcend, reflecting medieval divisions?
Answer: political boundaries

Question: What province is Zeelandic Flanders in?
Answer: Zeeland

Question: What area that abuts Belgium still has some older people who speak West Flemish?
Answer: French Flanders

Question: Along with Limburgish, what other Dutch dialect is spoken down into a lot of the southern Netherlands?
Answer: Brabantian
Dutch_language

Many native speakers of Dutch, both in Belgium and the Netherlands, assume that Afrikaans and West Frisian are dialects of Dutch but are considered separate and distinct from Dutch: a daughter language and a sister language, respectively. Afrikaans evolved mainly from 17th century Dutch dialects, but had influences from various other languages in South Africa. However, it is still largely mutually intelligible with Dutch. (West) Frisian evolved from the same West Germanic branch as Old English and is less akin to Dutch.

Question: What dialect is considered a sister language to Dutch?
Answer: West Frisian

Question: Which Dutch dialect is so distinct that it's often called a daughter language?
Answer: Afrikaans

Question: Afrikaans is mostly derived from the Dutch spoken in what century?
Answer: 17th

Question: The Dutch influence on Afrikaans was seasoned with languages from what country?
Answer: South Africa

Question: What two-word phrase describes the relationship whereby Dutch and Afrikaans speakers can understand each other?
Answer: mutually intelligible
Dutch_language

In Europe, Dutch is the majority language in the Netherlands (96%) and Belgium (59%) as well as a minority language in Germany and northern France's French Flanders, where it is in the ultimate stage of language death. Though Belgium as a whole is multilingual, the two regions into which the country is divided (Flanders, francophone Wallonia, bilingual Brussels and small 'facility' zones) are largely monolingual. The Netherlands and Belgium produce the vast majority of music, films, books and other media written or spoken in Dutch. Dutch is a monocentric language, with all speakers using the same standard form (authorized by the Dutch Language Union) based on a Dutch orthography employing the Latin alphabet when writing. In stark contrast to its written uniformity, Dutch lacks a prestige dialect and has a large dialectal continuum consisting of 28 main dialects, which can themselves be further divided into at least 600 distinguishable varieties.

Question: What percentage of people in Belgium speak Dutch?
Answer: 59%

Question: What country in Europe has the highest percentage of Dutch speakers?
Answer: the Netherlands

Question: What region in France is experiencing Dutch language death?
Answer: French Flanders

Question: What's the name of the institution that ensures Dutch is monocentric?
Answer: Dutch Language Union

Question: How many different major dialects of Dutch are there?
Answer: 28
Dutch_language

Outside of the Netherlands and Belgium, the dialect around the German town of Kleve (South Guelderish) both historically and genetically belongs to the Dutch language. In Northeastern France, the area around Calais was historically Dutch-speaking (West Flemish) of which an estimated 20,000 daily speakers. The cities of Dunkirk, Gravelines and Bourbourg only became predominantly French-speaking by the end of the 19th century. In the countryside, until World War I, many elementary schools continued to teach in Dutch, and the Catholic Church continued to preach and teach the catechism in Flemish in many parishes.

Question: What town in Germany has always had mostly Dutch speakers?
Answer: Kleve

Question: About how many people around Calais, France speak Dutch every day?
Answer: 20,000

Question: It took until the end of what century for people in French cities like Gravelines to finally switch over to French from Dutch?
Answer: 19th

Question: Which church often preached in Flemish prior to World War I?
Answer: the Catholic Church

Question: In what area of France is Calais located?
Answer: Northeastern France
Dutch_language

During the second half of the 19th century Dutch was banned from all levels of education by both Prussia and France and lost most of its functions as a cultural language. In both Germany and France the Dutch standard language is largely absent and speakers of these Dutch dialects will use German or French in everyday speech. Dutch is not afforded legal status in France or Germany, either by the central or regional public authorities and knowledge of the language is declining among younger generations.

Question: In what country other than France did Dutch lose most of it usage in the 19th century?
Answer: Prussia

Question: In France and Germany, what languages will often be substituted by native speakers of Dutch dialects?
Answer: German or French

Question: In what segment of the population is the decline in usage of Dutch most prominent?
Answer: younger generations

Question: Other than France, what country does not give Dutch legal status as a language?
Answer: Germany

Question: What language did France and Prussia ban from use in education in the late 19th century?
Answer: Dutch
Dutch_language

As a foreign language, Dutch is mainly taught in primary and secondary schools in areas adjacent to the Netherlands and Flanders. In French-speaking Belgium, over 300,000 pupils are enrolled in Dutch courses, followed by over 23,000 in the German states of Lower Saxony and North Rhine-Westphalia, and about 7,000 in the French region of Nord-Pas-de-Calais (of which 4,550 are in primary school). At an academic level, the largest number of faculties of neerlandistiek can be found in Germany (30 universities), followed by France (20 universities) and the United Kingdom (5 universities).

Question: About how many students in Belgium are studying Dutch?
Answer: 300,000

Question: How many primary school students are learning Dutch in Nord-Pas-de-Calais?
Answer: 4,550

Question: What country has the most universities offering courses in neerlandistiek?
Answer: Germany

Question: How many universities in France offer neerlandistiek courses?
Answer: 20

Question: Besides North Rhine-Westphalia, which German state has the most pupils of Dutch?
Answer: Lower Saxony
Dutch_language

Despite the Dutch presence in Indonesia for almost 350 years, as the Asian bulk of the Dutch East Indies, the Dutch language has no official status there and the small minority that can speak the language fluently are either educated members of the oldest generation, or employed in the legal profession, as some legal codes are still only available in Dutch. Dutch is taught in various educational centres in Indonesia, the most important of which is the Erasmus Language Centre (ETC) in Jakarta. Each year, some 1,500 to 2,000 students take Dutch courses there. In total, several thousand Indonesians study Dutch as a foreign language. Owing to centuries of Dutch rule in Indonesia, many old documents are written in Dutch. Many universities therefore include Dutch as a source language, mainly for law and history students. In Indonesia this involves about 35,000 students.

Question: For how long have there been Dutch speakers in Indonesia?
Answer: almost 350 years

Question: In what profession is Dutch often required in the Dutch East Indies?
Answer: the legal profession

Question: What institution in Jakarta still teaches Dutch?
Answer: Erasmus Language Centre

Question: About how many pupils in all of Indonesia study Dutch as part of their coursework?
Answer: 35,000

Question: In addition to students pursuing law degrees, what other course of study often includes Dutch?
Answer: history
Dutch_language

Unlike other European nations, the Dutch chose not to follow a policy of language expansion amongst the indigenous peoples of their colonies. In the last quarter of the 19th century, however, a local elite gained proficiency in Dutch so as to meet the needs of expanding bureaucracy and business. Nevertheless, the Dutch government remained reluctant to teach Dutch on a large scale for fear of destabilising the colony. Dutch, the language of power, was supposed to remain in the hands of the leading elite.

Question: Towards the end of what century did it become important for more people in Dutch colonies to speak Dutch?
Answer: 19th

Question: What VIP segment of the population in Dutch colonies learned Dutch to participate in business and government?
Answer: local elite

Question: What was the Dutch government afraid of doing if they taught their colonies Dutch?
Answer: destabilising the colony

Question: Leaders wanted to hang onto knowledge of the Dutch language because it's the language of what?
Answer: power