user: What are the treatments for Paranasal Sinus and Nasal Cavity Cancer ?

assistant: Key Points
                    - There are different types of treatment for patients with paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer.     - Patients with paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer should have their treatment planned by a team of doctors with expertise in treating head and neck cancer.    - Three types of standard treatment are used:         - Surgery      - Radiation therapy      - Chemotherapy         - New types of treatment are being tested in clinical trials.    - Patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial.    - Patients can enter clinical trials before, during, or after starting their cancer treatment.    - Follow-up tests may be needed.
                
                
                    There are different types of treatment for patients with paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer.
                    Different types of treatment are available for patients with paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer. Some treatments are standard (the currently used treatment), and some are being tested in clinical trials. A treatment clinical trial is a research study meant to help improve current treatments or obtain information on new treatments for patients with cancer. When clinical trials show that a new treatment is better than the standard treatment, the new treatment may become the standard treatment. Patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial. Some clinical trials are open only to patients who have not started treatment.
                
                
                    Patients with paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer should have their treatment planned by a team of doctors with expertise in treating head and neck cancer.
                    Treatment will be overseen by a medical oncologist, a doctor who specializes in treating people with cancer. The medical oncologist works with other doctors who are experts in treating patients with head and neck cancer and who specialize in certain areas of medicine and rehabilitation. Patients who have paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer may need special help adjusting to breathing problems or other side effects of the cancer and its treatment. If a large amount of tissue or bone around the paranasal sinuses or nasal cavity is taken out, plastic surgery may be done to repair or rebuild the area. The treatment team may include the following specialists:          -  Radiation oncologist.    -  Neurologist.    -  Oral surgeon or head and neck surgeon.    -  Plastic surgeon.    -  Dentist.    -  Nutritionist.    -  Speech and language pathologist.    -  Rehabilitation specialist.
                
                
                    Three types of standard treatment are used:
                    Surgery      Surgery (removing the cancer in an operation) is a common treatment for all stages of paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer. A doctor may remove the cancer and some of the healthy tissue and bone around the cancer. If the cancer has spread, the doctor may remove lymph nodes and other tissues in the neck.     Even if the doctor removes all the cancer that can be seen at the time of the surgery, some patients may be given chemotherapy or radiation therapy after surgery to kill any cancer cells that are left. Treatment given after surgery, to lower the risk that the cancer will come back, is called adjuvant therapy.       Radiation therapy     Radiation therapy is a cancer treatment that uses high-energy x-rays or other types of radiation to kill cancer cells or keep them from growing. There are two types of radiation therapy:             -  External radiation therapy uses a machine outside the body to send radiation toward the cancer. The total dose of radiation therapy is sometimes divided into several smaller, equal doses delivered over a period of several days. This is called fractionation.     -  Internal radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters that are placed directly into or near the cancer.           The way the radiation therapy is given depends on the type and stage of the cancer being treated. External and internal radiation therapy are used to treat paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer.    External radiation therapy to the thyroid or the pituitary gland may change the way the thyroid gland works. The thyroid hormone levels in the blood may be tested before and after treatment.       Chemotherapy     Chemotherapy is a cancer treatment that uses drugs to stop the growth of cancer cells, either by killing the cells or by stopping them from dividing. When chemotherapy is taken by mouth or injected into a vein or muscle, the drugs enter the bloodstream and can reach cancer cells throughout the body (systemic chemotherapy). When chemotherapy is placed directly into the cerebrospinal fluid, an organ, or a body cavity such as the abdomen, the drugs mainly affect cancer cells in those areas (regional chemotherapy). Combination chemotherapy is treatment using more than one anticancer drug.    The way the chemotherapy is given depends on the type and stage of the cancer being treated.    See Drugs Approved for Head and Neck Cancer for more information. (Paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer is a type of head and neck cancer.)
                
                
                    New types of treatment are being tested in clinical trials.
                    Information about clinical trials is available from the NCI website.
                
                
                    Patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial.
                    For some patients, taking part in a clinical trial may be the best treatment choice. Clinical trials are part of the cancer research process. Clinical trials are done to find out if new cancer treatments are safe and effective or better than the standard treatment.   Many of today's standard treatments for cancer are based on earlier clinical trials. Patients who take part in a clinical trial may receive the standard treatment or be among the first to receive a new treatment.   Patients who take part in clinical trials also help improve the way cancer will be treated in the future. Even when clinical trials do not lead to effective new treatments, they often answer important questions and help move research forward.
                
                
                    Patients can enter clinical trials before, during, or after starting their cancer treatment.
                    Some clinical trials only include patients who have not yet received treatment. Other trials test treatments for patients whose cancer has not gotten better. There are also clinical trials that test new ways to stop cancer from recurring (coming back) or reduce the side effects of cancer treatment.   Clinical trials are taking place in many parts of the country. See the Treatment Options section that follows for links to current treatment clinical trials. These have been retrieved from NCI's listing of clinical trials.
                
                
                    Follow-up tests may be needed.
                    Some of the tests that were done to diagnose the cancer or to find out the stage of the cancer may be repeated. Some tests will be repeated in order to see how well the treatment is working. Decisions about whether to continue, change, or stop treatment may be based on the results of these tests.   Some of the tests will continue to be done from time to time after treatment has ended. The results of these tests can show if your condition has changed or if the cancer has recurred (come back). These tests are sometimes called follow-up tests or check-ups.
                
		        
		            Treatment Options by Stage
		            
		                
		                    Stage I Paranasal Sinus and Nasal Cavity Cancer
		                    Treatment of stage I paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer depends on where cancer is found in the paranasal sinuses and nasal cavity:         - If cancer is in the maxillary sinus, treatment is usually surgery with or without radiation therapy.     - If cancer is in the ethmoid sinus, treatment is usually radiation therapy and/or surgery.     - If cancer is in the sphenoid sinus, treatment is the same as for nasopharyngeal cancer, usually radiation therapy. (See the PDQ summary on Nasopharyngeal Cancer Treatment for more information.)    - If cancer is in the nasal cavity, treatment is usually surgery and/or radiation therapy.    - If cancer is in the nasal vestibule, treatment is usually surgery or radiation therapy.    - For inverting papilloma, treatment is usually surgery with or without radiation therapy.     - For melanoma and sarcoma, treatment is usually surgery with or without radiation therapy and chemotherapy.     - For midline granuloma, treatment is usually radiation therapy.         Check the list of NCI-supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with stage I paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer. For more specific results, refine the search by using other search features, such as the location of the trial, the type of treatment, or the name of the drug. Talk with your doctor about clinical trials that may be right for you. General information about clinical trials is available from the NCI website.
		                
		                
		                    Stage II Paranasal Sinus and Nasal Cavity Cancer
		                    Treatment of stage II paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer depends on where cancer is found in the paranasal sinuses and nasal cavity:         - If cancer is in the maxillary sinus, treatment is usually high-dose radiation therapy before or after surgery.     - If cancer is in the ethmoid sinus, treatment is usually radiation therapy and/or surgery.     - If cancer is in the sphenoid sinus, treatment is the same as for nasopharyngeal cancer, usually radiation therapy with or without chemotherapy. (See the PDQ summary on Nasopharyngeal Cancer Treatment for more information.)     - If cancer is in the nasal cavity, treatment is usually surgery and/or radiation therapy.     - If cancer is in the nasal vestibule, treatment is usually surgery or radiation therapy.    - For inverting papilloma, treatment is usually surgery with or without radiation therapy.     - For melanoma and sarcoma, treatment is usually surgery with or without radiation therapy and chemotherapy.     - For midline granuloma, treatment is usually radiation therapy.         Check the list of NCI-supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with stage II paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer. For more specific results, refine the search by using other search features, such as the location of the trial, the type of treatment, or the name of the drug. Talk with your doctor about clinical trials that may be right for you. General information about clinical trials is available from the NCI website.
		                
		                
		                    Stage III Paranasal Sinus and Nasal Cavity Cancer
		                    Treatment of stage III paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer depends on where cancer is found in the paranasal sinuses and nasal cavity.   If cancer is in the maxillary sinus, treatment may include the following:          -  High-dose radiation therapy before or after surgery.    - A clinical trial of fractionated radiation therapy before or after surgery.        If cancer is in the ethmoid sinus, treatment may include the following:          - Surgery followed by radiation therapy.    - A clinical trial of combination chemotherapy before surgery or radiation therapy.    - A clinical trial of combination chemotherapy after surgery or other cancer treatment.        If cancer is in the sphenoid sinus, treatment is the same as for nasopharyngeal cancer, usually radiation therapy with or without chemotherapy. (See the PDQ summary on Nasopharyngeal Cancer Treatment for more information.)   If cancer is in the nasal cavity, treatment may include the following:          - Surgery and/or radiation therapy.    - Chemotherapy and radiation therapy.    - A clinical trial of combination chemotherapy before surgery or radiation therapy.    - A clinical trial of combination chemotherapy after surgery or other cancer treatment.        For inverting papilloma, treatment is usually surgery with or without radiation therapy.   For melanoma and sarcoma, treatment may include the following:         - Surgery.    - Radiation therapy.    - Surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy.        For midline granuloma, treatment is usually radiation therapy.   If cancer is in the nasal vestibule, treatment may include the following:         -  External radiation therapy and/or internal radiation therapy with or without surgery.    - A clinical trial of combination chemotherapy before surgery or radiation therapy.    - A clinical trial of combination chemotherapy after surgery or other cancer treatment.        Check the list of NCI-supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with stage III paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer. For more specific results, refine the search by using other search features, such as the location of the trial, the type of treatment, or the name of the drug. Talk with your doctor about clinical trials that may be right for you. General information about clinical trials is available from the NCI website.
		                
		                
		                    Stage IV Paranasal Sinus and Nasal Cavity Cancer
		                    Treatment of stage IV paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer depends on where cancer is found in the paranasal sinuses and nasal cavity.   If cancer is in the maxillary sinus, treatment may include the following:         -  High-dose radiation therapy with or without surgery.    - A clinical trial of fractionated radiation therapy.    - A clinical trial of chemotherapy before surgery or radiation therapy.    - A clinical trial of chemotherapy after surgery or other cancer treatment.    - A clinical trial of chemotherapy and radiation therapy.        If cancer is in the ethmoid sinus, treatment may include the following:          - Radiation therapy before or after surgery.    - Chemotherapy and radiation therapy.    - A clinical trial of chemotherapy before surgery or radiation therapy.    - A clinical trial of chemotherapy after surgery or other cancer treatment.    - A clinical trial of chemotherapy and radiation therapy.        If cancer is in the sphenoid sinus, treatment is the same as for nasopharyngeal cancer, usually radiation therapy with or without chemotherapy. (See the PDQ summary on Nasopharyngeal Cancer Treatment for more information.)   If cancer is in the nasal cavity, treatment may include the following:          - Surgery and/or radiation therapy.    - Chemotherapy and radiation therapy.    - A clinical trial of chemotherapy before surgery or radiation therapy.    - A clinical trial of chemotherapy after surgery or other cancer treatment.    - A clinical trial of chemotherapy and radiation therapy.        For inverting papilloma, treatment is usually surgery with or without radiation therapy.   For melanoma and sarcoma, treatment may include the following:         - Surgery.    - Radiation therapy.    - Chemotherapy.        For midline granuloma, treatment is usually radiation therapy.   If cancer is in the nasal vestibule, treatment may include the following:         -  External radiation therapy and/or internal radiation therapy with or without surgery.    - A clinical trial of chemotherapy before surgery or radiation therapy.    - A clinical trial of chemotherapy after surgery or other cancer treatment.    - A clinical trial of chemotherapy and radiation therapy.        Check the list of NCI-supported cancer clinical trials that are now accepting patients with stage IV paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer. For more specific results, refine the search by using other search features, such as the location of the trial, the type of treatment, or the name of the drug. Talk with your doctor about clinical trials that may be right for you. General information about clinical trials is available from the NCI website.