PETITIONER: STATE OF MADHYA PRADESH Vs. RESPONDENT: SHOBHARAM AND ORS. DATE OF JUDGMENT: [SECTION]/04/1966 BENCH: ACT: [ACT], [SECTION] violates [SECTION] of the [ACT]. [ACT], [SECTION] of accused to be defended by counsel-If ensures in cases when accused cannot be sentenced to imprisonment. HEADNOTE: The respondents were arrested by the police for the offence of trespass and were released on bail. They were tried and sentenced to pay a fine by the Nyaya Panchayat, a court established under the [ACT], with powers to impose only a sentence of fine. The conviction was set aside by the High Court on the ground that [SECTION] of the Act, which provides that no legal practi- tioner shall appear on behalf of any party in a proceeding before the Nyaya Panchayat, violated [SECTION] of the [ACT] and was therefore void. HELD:(Per [ENTITY] C.J., and [ENTITY], J.): The High Court was in error in setting aside the conviction. Under [SECTION] a person arrested has the constitutional right to consult a legal practitioner concerning his arrest; and, a person who has been arrested as well as one who though not arrested runs the risk of loss of personal liberty as a result of a trial, have the constitutional right to be defended by an advocate of their choice. But in a trial under a law which does not provide for an order resulting in the loss of his personal liberty, he is not entitled to the constitutional right, because, the Article is concerned only with giving protection to personal liberty. [241 H-242 C, 244 B-C]. The Act does not give any power to deprive any one of his personal liberty either by way of arrest before the trial or by way of sentence of imprisonment as a result of the trial; nor does it deprive an arrested person of his constitutional right to take steps against the arrest or to defend himself at a trial which might occasion the loss of his personal liberty. The fact that the respondents were arrested under another statute, namely, the [ACT] cannot make either the section or the Act void. [242 G-H; 243 C-D; 244 D-E] State of Bombay v. [ENTITY], [1951] S.C.R. 167 204, followed. QUAERE: Whether respondents were not entitled to the constitutional right because, at the trial they were on bail. [244 E] Per [ENTITY] and [ENTITY] JJ.: [SECTION] of the Act is violative of [SECTION] and is void to the extent that it denies any person who is arrested the right to be defended by a legal practitioner of his choice in any trial for the crime for which he is arrested. but, the order of the High Court, quashing the conviction, should be set 240 aside, because, the respondents did not claim that they should be defended at the trial by counsel, and the circumstances of the case, the existence of [SECTION] on the statute book did not cause them any prejudice. [257 G; 258 B-C] As soon as the respondents were arrested without warrants issued by a court, they acquired the rights guaranteed by [SECTION], and they continued to have those rights though they were released on bail at the time of trial. The rights include the right to be defended even in a trial in which they were in jeopardy of only being sentenced to a fine. because, the pronoun "he" in the second part of [SECTION] refers to "any person who is arrested'-. If in the exercise of the general powers under the [ACT], the police arrest a person on the accusation of a crime for which he is liable to be tried before a Special Criminal Court, the arrested person has the constitutional right to be defended by counsel at the trial before the Special Criminal Court in respect of the offence for which he was arrested. Even if the word "he" means "any person" there is no warrant for giving a restricted interpretation and limiting the right to be defended by counsel to a trial in which the arrested person is in jeopardy of being sentenced to death or to a term of imprisonment. [256 A-D, F-G; 257 A- B] State of Punjab v. [ENTITY], [PRECEDENT], referred to. QUAERE:Whether the tests of an arrest" laid down in [ENTITY]'s case are exhaustive. [257 C]. Per [ENTITY] J. (dissenting): The appeal should be dismissed. Under [SECTION], a person who is arrested for whatever reason, gets three independent rights. The first is the right to be told the reasons for the arrest as soon as an arrest is made, the second is the right to be produced before a Magistrate within 24 hours and the third is the right to be defended by an advocate of his choice. When the [ACT] lays down in absolute terms a right to be defended by one's own counsel, it cannot be taken away by ordinary law, and. it is not sufficient to say that the accused who was so deprived, of the right, did not stand in danger of losing his personal liberty. The words "nor shall he be denied the right to consult, and to be defended by, a legal practitioner of his choice," in [SECTION], refer to a person who is arrested. Personal liberty is invaded by arrest and continues to be restrained during the, period a person is on bail and, it is not sufficient to say that the accused who was so deprived prisonment. Before his release on bail he defends himself against his arrest and the charge for which he is arrested, and after his release on bail, against the charge he is to answer and for answering which, the bail requires him to be present. Therefore. [SECTION] of the Act, being inconsistent with the Article, is void. Though the contention was raised for the first time in the High Court, since it is a question of fundamental right it must be upheld. [248 H; 249 D-F; 251 A-B, F-H; 252 B]. [PRECEDENT]. [PRECEDENT] and State of Uttar Pradesh v. [ENTITY] [1962]. [CASE NUMBER]. referred to. JUDGMENT:
CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: [CASE NUMBER].
Appeal from the Judgment and order dated July 9, 1964 of the Madhya Pradesh High Court in [CASE NUMBER].
[ENTITY] and 1. [ENTITY], for the appellant.
[ENTITY], for the respondents.
[ENTITY], for Intervener No. 1.
[ENTITY], Advocate-General, Kerala, [ENTITY], [ENTITY] and [ENTITY] for Intervener No. 2.
The Judgment of [ENTITY] C.J. and [ENTITY] J. was delivered by [ENTITY] C.J. The Judgment of [ENTITY] and [ENTITY] JJ. was delivered by [ENTITY] J. [ENTITY] J. delivered a dissenting Opinion.
[ENTITY], C.J. On a complaint of trespass the police registered a case against the respondents under [SECTION] of the [ACT]. The respondents were later arrested by the police and released on the execution of surety bonds whereby the sureties undertook to produce them as required by the police. The case against the respondents was thereafter put up before the Nyaya Panchayat, a court established under the [ACT]. In ,'hat court, fresh bonds were executed by sureties on behalf of the respondents to ensure their presence during the trial. The Nyaya Panchayat, after trial, convicted and sentenced the respondents to a fine of Rs. 75 each. The conviction was upheld by the Additional Sessions Judge, [ENTITY]. The respondents then moved the High Court of Madhya Pradesh in revision which set aside the conviction. Hence the present appeal.
[SECTION] of the [ACT] provides that no legal prac- titioner shall appear on behalf of or shall plead for or defend any party in any dispute, case or proceeding pending before the Nyaya Panchayat. The High Court observed that in view of the provisions of [SECTION] of the [ACT], the section was void in respect of persons who were arrested. As the respondents had been arrested, it set aside their conviction. The question in this appeal is, whether the section violated [SECTION]. That provision has to be considered along with [SECTION] of the [ACT] and both are set out below:
"[SECTION]. No person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to procedure established by law.
[SECTION]. No person who is arrested shall be detained in custody without being informed, as soon as may be, of the grounds for such arrest nor shall he be denied the right to consult, and to be defended by, a legal practitioner of his choice."
It seems to us fairly clear that a person arrested has the constitutional right to consult a legal practitioner concerning his arrest. It is also clear that a person arrested has the constitutional right to be defended by a legal practitioner. But, against what is he to be defended? We think that the right to be defended by a legal practitioner would include a right to take steps through a legal practitioner for release from the arrest. Now, [SECTION] of the Act puts no ban on either of these rights. It cannot be said to be invalid as denying these rights. We may add that the Act is not concerned with arrest and gives no power to arrest. But, is the right to be defended by a legal practitioner conferred only on a person arrested? We do not think so. In our opinion, the right to be defended by a legal practitioner extends also to a case of defence in a trial which may result in the loss of personal liberty. On the other hand, in our view, where a person is subjected to a trial under a law which does not provide for an order resulting in the loss of his personal liberty, he is not entitled to the constitutional right to defend himself at the trial by a legal practitioner. The reason is that [SECTION] and [SECTION] of the [ACT] are concerned only with giving protection to personal liberty. That is strongly indicated by the language used in these Articles and by the context in which they occur in the [ACT]. That also appears to be the view which has been taken by this Court. Thus in State of Bombay v. [ENTITY](1) [ENTITY], J. (as he then was) observed:
" the implication of that article ([SECTION] was that a person could be deprived of his life or personal liberty provided such deprivation was brought about in accordance with procedure enacted by the appropriate Legislature. Having so provided in [SECTION], the framers of our [ACT] proceeded to Jay down certain procedural requirements which, as a matter of constitutional necessity, must be adopted and included in any procedure that may be enacted by the Legislature and in accordance with which a person may be deprived of his life or personal liberty. Those requirements are set forth in [SECTION] of the [ACT]."
It would follow that the requirement laid down in [SECTION] is not a constitutional necessity in any enactment which does not affect life or personal liberty.
Now we find that the Act expressly provides that the Nyaya Panchayat cannot inflict a sentence of imprisonment, not even one in default of payment of fine which it is authorised to impose. We also find that the Act does not give any power of arrest. The case against the respondents was one in which in the first instance a summons and not a war.-ant could issue and therefore no arrest was inevitably necessary. The arrest, if any that could (1) [CASE NUMBER].
be made if a warrant came to be issued, would have been under the [ACT] and not the [ACT]. The Act, does not lay down any procedure or law entailing or justifying an order depriving a person of his personal liberty. For such a law. the procedural requirement in [SECTION] is not a constitutional necessity. The Act does not violate [SECTION] and cannot be held to be invalid on that ground.
It is true that in this case the respondents had been arrested but they had been arrested not under the Act but under [SECTION] of the [ACT], the offence being cognizable. A cognizable offence when tried by any of the courts created by the Code is punishable with imprisonment. But the Code by [SECTION] entitles an accused person to be defended by a lawyer. We are however not concerned in this case with a trial by a court created by the Code. The question in this appeal is, whether the [ACT] is invalid. The Act does not deprive any arrested person of his constitutional right to take steps against the arrest or to defend himself in a trial which might occasion the loss of his personal liberty. It takes away no constitutional right at all.
Can the fact that the respondents were arrested under an- other law and thereafter tried under the Act give them the constitutional right to be defended at the trial by a legal practitioner? We do not think so. We think it clear that it cannot be said that the fact of arrest gives the arrested man the constitutional right to defend himself in all actions brought against him. Take the case of these respondents. Suppose that after the arrest an action was started against them for recovery of damages for wrongful trespass. Could they say that in view of [SECTION] they had a constitutional right to appear by a legal practitioner in that action? Could they say that if the law under which the trial was held denied the right to be represented by a legal practitioner. it was invalid as offending [SECTION]? We suppose the answer must plainly be in the negative. It would follow that it is not the fact of the arrest itself that gives the right to be defended by a lawyer in all matters.
We may put the matter from a different point of view. Assume a case in which a law creating an offence provides that on conviction a person shall be sentenced to a certain term of imprisonment but states that it shall not be necessary to arrest the person accused of that offence before he is put up for his trial. We should suppose that in such a case the person would be entitled to the constitutional right of being defended at the trial by a legal practitioner and any provision that denies that right to him would be void as violating [SECTION]. We think this would be in consonance with the decision of this Court in [ENTITY]'s case(1). We do not think that the Constitu-
(1) [1951] S.C.R. 167.
tion could have intended that a person who ran the risk of loss of personal liberty as a result of a trial, would not have the right to defend himself by a legal practitioner at the trial because he had not been arrested. There would be no principle to support such a view. Likewise, we do not think that the [ACT] makers intended that a person arrested would have the right to be defended by a legal practitioner at a trial which would not result in the deprivation of his personal liberty. He, of course, had the right to seek relief against the arrest through a legal practitioner. We would interpret the words "nor shall he"
in [SECTION] as not being confined to a person who has been presently arrested but also as including a person who though not arrested runs the risk of loss of personal liberty. It seems to us that we would thereby be carrying out the spirit of the [ACT].
The question before us is, whether the [ACT] is void as offending [SECTION] because it contains [SECTION]. In our view, it is not void because it does not give any power to deprive anyone of his personal liberty either by way of arrest before the trial or by way of a sentence of imprisonment as a result of the trial. It would appear that the High Court took the same view when it said that the section was void "in the case of persons arrested". In our opinion, the High Court was in error. The validity of an Act cannot depend on the facts of a case but on its terms. The fact that the respondents were arrested under another statute, cannot, in our opinion. make the Act void. A question was mooted at the Bar that since at the trial the respondents were not under arrest having been released on execution of bonds, they were no longer entitled to the constitutional right conferred by [SECTION]. As at present advised, we are not inclined to accede to this view. We consider it unnecessary to pursue this matter further in the present case.
For the reasons earlier stated, in our view, the Act is per- fectly valid. No question therefore arises of the conviction being bad on the ground that the Act was invalid. In our view, the High Court was in error in setting aside the conviction.
We would, therefore, allow the appeal, set aside the judg- ment of the High Court and restore that of the courts below it.
[ENTITY], J. In my opinion this appeal should fail. The short question in this appeal is whether [SECTION] of the [ACT] is inapplicable to criminal trials owing to its inconsistency with [SECTION] of the [ACT]. The [ACT] was passed on June 17, 1949 and under its provisions the Nyaya Panchayats are empowered to try certain offences including the offence of criminal trespass punishable under [SECTION], [ACT]. The Act, however, places a limitation on the powers of these courts by enacting that they can impose a sentence of fine but not imprisonment. The respondents were arrested by the Police without a warrant from a Magistrate, for an alleged offence under [SECTION], [ACT] and were released on bail. After investigation the case was sent for trial before the Nyaya Panchayat, [ENTITY]. Fresh bail bonds were obtained from them by the Nyaya Panchayat. The respondents were fined Rs. 75 each. but no sentence of imprisonment in lieu of fine was imposed on them. The respondents were not defended by a lawyer at the trial pre- sumably because of [SECTION] of the Act which reads:
"No legal practitioner shall appear on behalf of or shall plead for or defend any party in any dispute, case or proceedings pending before the Nyaya Panchayat".
The respondents filed an application for revision before the Additional Sessions Judge, [ENTITY] but were unsuccessful. They then filed a second application for revision in the High Court of Madhya Pradesh and inter alia contended that the trial was vitiated because they were deprived of their right to be defended by counsel guaranteed under [SECTION] of the [ACT]. They also submitted that [SECTION] of the Act was rendered void by reason of [SECTION] in view of its inconsistency with this guaranteed right. A learned single Judge of the High Court referred the second point for con- sideration by a larger Bench but the Divisional Court declined to consider it because, in its opinion, the decision of this Court in the State of Punjab v. [ENTITY] and Anr.(1) had distinctly laid down that [SECTION] was not applicable to persons held in custody or bail under an order of a court and, therefore, the point did not arise for decision. The case was remitted to the learned single Judge who, by the order under appeal, July 9, 1964 allowed the application for revision holding that the trial was vitiated as the respondents were deprived of their fundamental right to be defended by a counsel of their choice. He accordingly set aside their conviction but did not record an acquittal. The question thus arises whether [SECTION] of the [ACT] (in the setting of the powers of the Nyaya Panchayat) can be said to offend [SECTION] and for that reason to be void in so far as it takes away the right of a person who is arrested to be defended by a legal practitioner of his choice in a trial before the Nyaya Panchayat. My brother [ENTITY] has held the section to be inapplicable to criminal trials before the Panchayat courts. He has, however, set aside the order of the High Court on the ground that the respondents did not seek to exercise their right at the trial and cannot, therefore, be said to have been deprived of it. I agree with him on the first point but in view of the importance of the question which affects some other statutes and involves a very valuable right, I consider it necessary to express my views upon it. ([PRECEDENT].
[SECTION] is in [SECTION] of the [ACT] in a sub- chapter headed "Right to Freedom". It is one of three articles immediately following [SECTION]. Under [SECTION] certain fundamental rights are protected subject to restrictions which may be imposed on those Tights by law. Those restrictions are specified in relation to each of the guaranteed right in the article itself. We are not concerned with the rights or the restrictions because they do not touch the present matter. [SECTION] which comes next consists of three clauses which are somewhat inadequately described by the marginal note "Protection in respect of conviction for offences". The first clause gives protection against retroactive penal laws. the second against double jeopardy and the third against testimonial compulsion. We are again not concerned with any of these rights. The next article is a general declaration relating to protection of life and personal liberty. It reads:
"21. Protection of life and personal liberty. No person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to procedure established by law."
It will be noticed that there is no mention here of any particular, law. nor of the articles that follow. [SECTION], with which we are concerned, deals with several matters which are compendiously described in the marginal note as "Protection against arrest and detention in certain cases". It consists of seven clauses of which [SECTION] deal with preventive detention and the special requirements of such cases. They need not be considered here. Clause (3) excludes the operation of the first two clauses in respect of alien enemies and persons detained under any law providing for preventive detention. They do not touch our case. This leaves cls. (1) and, (2) which may be quoted here:
"[SECTION]. Protection against arrest and detention in certain cases.
(1) No person who is arrested shall be detained in custody without being informed, as soon as may be, of the grounds for such arrest nor shall he be denied the right to consult, and to be defended by, a legal practitioner of his choice.
(2) Every person who is arrested and detained in custody shall be produced before the nearest magistrate within a period of twenty-four hours of such arrest excluding the time necessary for the journey from the place of arrest to the court of the magistrate and no such person shall be detained in custody beyond the said period without the authority of a magistrate.
[SECTION] and [SECTION] in a sense go together but, in my opinion, they cannot be treated as interrelated or interdependent. [SECTION] prohibits arbitrary deprivation of life and personal liberty by laying down that these two possessions can only be taken away in accordance with procedure established by law. No authority ill India (legislative, executive or judicial) can deprive a person of his life or personal liberty unless it can justify its action under a procedure established by law. [SECTION] does not indicate what that law must be nor does [SECTION] say this. [SECTION], no doubt, advances in a way the purpose of [SECTION], when it specifies some guaranteed rights available to persons arrested or detained and lays down the manner in which persons detained preventively must ,be dealt with, But the force of the declaration in [SECTION] is much greater than that because it makes law as the sole basis of State action to deprive a person of his life and personal liberty.
We are not concerned in this case with arbitrary deprivation of life and personal liberty. The respondents were considered to have committed an offence of criminal trespass and were arrested and tried by procedure established by law. The only defect in that procedure was that they were unable to get assistance of counsel because of a provision of law which they claim to be void by reason of [SECTION]. 1 proceed to examine the question.
[SECTION] is in two parts and it gives to persons arrested it two-fold protection. The first is that an arrested person shall not be detained in custody without being told the grounds of such an arrest and the other is that he shall be entitled to consult and to be defended by a legal practitioner of his choice. [SECTION] gives a third protection and it is that every person arrested and detained in custody must be produced before the nearest Magistrate within 24 hours excluding the time necessary for the journey from the place of arrest to the court of the Magistrate. In [ENTITY]'s case(1) it was held that by "arrest" in the article is meant physical restraint put on a person as a result of an allegation or accusation that he has committed a crime or an offence of a quasi-criminal nature or that he has acted in a manner which is prejudicial to the State or public interest. It was further held that as arrests under warrants issued by courts almost always indicate the reasons for the arrest and require the person executing the warrant to produce the person arrested Wore the court, such arrests are outside [SECTION]. It was thus held that the article was designed to give protection against the act of the executive or other non-judicial authority. That case arose under the [ACT] under which persons abducted from Pakistan were rescued. Such persons were taken in custody and delivered to the custody of an officer-in-charge of a camp for the purpose of return to Pakistan. In deciding that this (1) [PRECEDENT], was not the kind of arrest contemplated by [SECTION] the court examined what meaning could be given to the word arrest. But the Bench guarded itself by observing as follows:-
" it is not, however, our purpose, nor do we consider it desirable, to attempt a precise and meticulous enunciation of the scope and ambit of this fundamental right or to enumerate exhaustively the cases that come within its protection ".
The case cannot be treated as having laid down the law finally or exhaustively. Similarly, in [PRECEDENT] involving arrest and deportation of a person it was held by majority that it was not necessary to produce such a person before the Magistrate if he was produced before the High Court and the High Court remitted the person back to the same custody. Mr. Justice [ENTITY] dissented with this view. [ENTITY]'s case(1) was also not exhaustive because the majority observed:
"In view of the very limited question before us we do not feel called upon to deal with the scope of [SECTION] or of the two clauses read together in relation to the taking into custody of a person for the purpose of executing a lawful order of deportation "
I consider that there is room for further deliberation on the point. I do not see how we can differentiate between arrests of different kinds. Arrest is arrest, whatever the reason. In so far as the first part of [SECTION] is concerned it enacts a very simple safeguard for persons arrested. It merely says that an arrested person must be told the grounds of his arrest. In other words, a person's personal liberty cannot be curtailed by arrest without in- forming him, as soon as is possible, why he is arrested. Where the arrest is by warrant, the warrant itself must tell him, where it is by an order, the order must tell him and where there is no warrant or order the person making the arrest must give that information. However the arrest is made, this must be done and that is all that the first part of [SECTION] lays down. I find nothing in [SECTION] to limit this requirement to arrests of any particular kind. A warrant of a court and an order of any authority must show on their face the reason for arrest. Where there is no such warrant or order, the person making the arrest must inform the person the reason of his arrest. In other words, [SECTION] means what it says in its first part.
I now come to the latter part of [SECTION]. Here again, the language is extremely clear. The words "nor shall be denied the right to consult, and to be defended by, a legal practitioner of his choice" refer to a person who is arrested. This is the sense of the [CASE NUMBER].
matter and the grammatical construction of the words. It is contended by Mr. [ENTITY] that the article only affords a person to get released from arrest and the word 'defended' means that the person who is arrested has a right to consult a legal practitioner of his choice and to take his aid to get out of the arrest. He contends that if a person has already been released on bail either by the authority making the arrest or by an order of the court, the purpose of the article is served and occasion for the exercise of the guaranteed right is over. He argued, therefore, that in the present case the section cannot be characterized as unconstitutional because the respondents were not under arrest during their trial Lind they were not in danger of losing their personal liberty in any way since the Nyaya Panchayat had no power to impose a sentence of imprisonment. I do not agree.
As I have stated already a person who is arrested gets three rights which are guaranteed. The first is that he must be told why he is arrested. This requirement cannot be dispensed with by taking bail from him. The need to tell him why he is arrested, remains still. The next is that the person arrested must not be detained in custody more than 24 hours without being produced before a Magistrate. This requirement is dispensed with when the person arrested is admitted to bail. Otherwise it remains. The third is that he gets a right to consult and to be defended by a legal practitioner of his choice. This is. of course, so while the arrest continues but there are no words to show that the right is lost no sooner than lie is released on bail. The word 'defended' clearly includes the exercise of the right so long as the effect of the arrest continues. Before his release on bail the person defends himself against his arrest and the charge for which he is arrested and after his release on bail, against the charge he is to answer and, for answering which, the bail requires him to remain present, The narrow meaning of the word "defended" cannot be accepted.
The framers of our [ACT] must have been aware of the long struggle that took place in England before the right to be represented by counsel and to be told the grounds of arrest was established. No doubt the Crown was then concerned with traitors and other law-breakers and in a desire to put them down denied them these privileges. The system then was inquisitorial as against the accusatorial which we have adopted. Although the trial was open (which was better than the continental trial behind doors), defence as late as 1640 meant in the words of Sir [ENTITY]), a mixture of formality and informality which consisted of an altercation between the accused and the prosecutor and his witness. The prisoner was not told what charge he had to meet because lie was not informed why he was arrested and no copy of the indictment was handed to him(1). He was closely questioned by the examining (1) De Repubica Anglorum Bk. 11 c. 23 quoted by [ENTITY], History of English Law Vol. IX, p. [SECTION]5.
(2) [ENTITY]: History of Criminal Law Vol. 1. pp. 325, 330-
31. Magistrate and then by the Judge at the trial and the prosecuting counsel. Thus it was that [ENTITY], as an accused, was first subjected to lengthy cross-examination and had to argue even points of law in which at least he got the better of the Judge and the King's counsel and secured a verdict of not guilty from the jury. It is, of course, a matter of history, which is well-known, that the jury were themselves punished(1). Sir [ENTITY] was also denied assistance of counsel and was cross-examined by [ENTITY] C.J. without being warned or confronted with witnesses whose statements were used against him(1). College had legal advice but he fared no better because. at the trial his papers containing instructions for his defence were taken away from him on the ground; that this would be tantamount to getting assistance from counsel(1). By an Act of 1695 only persons accused of high treason were given assistance of counsel and by 6 and 7 William IV, c. 114 (in the year 1837) the [ACT] gave persons accused of felony the right to be defended by counsel. This history of English law makes it clear that the right to be defended by counsel and to be informed the reason for arrest is not an empty declaration coming to an end with release on bail. Nearer to our times we have the example of the United States of America. Right to counsel is considered so fundamental to a criminal trial that the Supreme Court of the United States ruled that there was a mistrial when [ENTITY] could not afford a counsel and the State did not furnish one to him. [ENTITY] was not charged with anything more serious than "the crime of breaking and entering with the intent to commit a misdemeanor, to wit, petty larceny". In the American [ACT] there is no provision that an accused has a right to counsel but the Supreme Court stretched the due process clause to cover such a case. It is significant that at the retrial, with counsel, [ENTITY] was acquitted of the charge on which he was first convicted. No doubt this was considered by the, Supreme Court of America from the point of legal aid to persons accused of crime and our laws view legal aid differently. Under our jurisdiction providing counsel to an accused who cannot afford one (,except in capital cases) is not a right. Our law in respect of legal aid is similar to that declared by the Lord Chief Justice of England in [PRECEDENT] who pointed out that the right to be defended by counsel is (in all save murder and treason cases) one ultimately for the discretion of the court to confer or deny.
(1) [CASE NUMBER]. (2) [CASE NUMBER]. North C.J.after examining the papers said-
"forthat which contains the names of the witnesses,that you have again for other matters, the instructions in point of law, if they had been written in the first person, in your own name, that we might believe it was your writing, it would have been something; but when it is written in the second person, you should do so and so, by which it appears to be written by another person, it is an ill precedent permit such things; that were to give you counsel in an indirect way, which the law gives you not directly". ibid p.
585. (4) [PRECEDENT].
As we are not concerned with legal aid I need not say more but it is at least clear that when our [ACT] lays down in absolute terms a right to be defended by one's own counsel it cannot be taken away by ordinary law and it is not sufficient to say that the accused who was so deprived of this right, did not stand in danger of losing his personal liberty. If he was exposed to penalty, he had a right to be defended by counsel. If this were not so then instead of providing for punishment of imprisonment, penal laws might provide for unlimited fines and it would be easy to leave the man free but a pauper, and, that too without a right to be defended by counsel(1). If this proposition were accepted as true we might be in the Middle Ages. The [ACT] allows the right to be defended by counsel but that is not a guaranteed right. The framers of the [ACT] have well-thought of this right and by including the prescription in the [ACT] have put it beyond the power of any authority to alter it without the [ACT] being altered. A law which provides differently must necessarily be obnoxious to the guarantee of the [ACT]. There is nothing in the words of the [ACT] which permits any authority to alter this condition even on grounds of public interest as is the case with the guaranteed rights in [SECTION]. Nor can we by a niggling argument lessen the force of the declaration so explicit in its terms or whittle down its meaning by a specious attempt at supposed harmony between rights which are not interdependent. There are three rights and each stands by itself. The first is the right to be told the reason of the arrest as soon as an arrest is made, the second is the right to be produced before a Magistrate within twenty-four hours and the third is the right to be defended by a lawyer of one's choice. In addition there is the declaration that no person shall be deprived of his personal liberty except by procedure established by law. The declaration is general and insists on legality of the action. The rights given by [SECTION] are absolute in themselves and do not depend on other laws. There is no force in the submission that if there is only a punishment of fine and there is no danger to personal liberty the protection of [SECTION] is not available. Personal liberty is invaded by arrest and continues to be restrained during the period a person is on bail and it matters not whether there is or is not a possibility of imprisonment. A person arrested and put on his defence against a criminal charge, which may result in penalty, is entitled to the right to defend himself with the aid of counsel and any law that takes away this right offend s against the [ACT]. In my judgment, therefore, [SECTION] of the [ACT] being inconsistent with [SECTION] ,came void on the inauguration of the [ACT] in so far as it took away the right of an arrested person to be defended by a legal practitioner,of his choice.
(1) [CASE NUMBER].
My brother [ENTITY] has reached the same conclusion but has reversed the order of the High Court and restored the conviction and penalty on the ground that no request was made at the trial for permission to be defended by counsel. I find it difficult to accept this result. It is true that the contention raised in the High Court has the appearance of an after-thought because no complaint was made before the Sessions Judge. But it is nevertheless a question of a fundamental right. Since a request to bring in counsel would have been doomed to failure, I feel I should not hold that the respondents go by default. As this objection is taken in the criminal case itself, albeit at a late stage, and not by a belated collateral proceeding, I would allow the High Court order to stand. After all the prosecution will be free to start the case again, if it is so desired, and the accused will have the opportunity to defend themselves with the assistance of counsel if they so care. I would, therefore, dismiss the appeal.
[ENTITY], J On or about November 15, 1962, on receipt of a first information report charging the respondents with an offence under [SECTION] of the [ACT], the Station Officer. [ENTITY] registered the offence and arrested the respondents. The arrests were made without warrants issued by a magistrate. Subsequently, the respondents were released by the Station Officer on execution of bail bonds with sureties for appearance in the Court of Nyaya Panchayat, [ENTITY] and other courts. On November 20, 1962, the Station Officer submitted to the Nyaya Panchayat, Bar- wani a charge-sheet against all the respondents. On the same day, the respondents appeared before the Nyaya Panchayat, and executed fresh bonds with sureties for appearance before the Nyaya Panchayat. The case was heard on several days, and on January 31, 1963, the Nyaya Panchayat convicted all the respondents under [SECTION] and sentenced each of them to pay a fine of Rs. 75 / -. On April 9, 1963, the Additional Sessions Judge, [ENTITY] dismissed a revision application filed by the respondents. The respondents filed a revision petition before the High Court of Madhya Pradesh, Indore Bench, and contended for the first time that [SECTION] of the [ACT] is violative of [SECTION] of the [ACT] and their trials and convictions were illegal. The High Court accepted these contentions, and by its order dated July 9. 1964 declared that [SECTION] is void to the extent that it denied the res- pondents the right to be defended by a legal practitioner of their choice in the trial before the Nyaya Panchayat, quashed the convictions and sentences and directed that they be dealt with in accordance with law. The State of Madhya Pradesh now appeals to this Court on a certificate granted by the High Court.
Mr. [ENTITY] appeared on behalf of the appellant. Mr. [ENTITY]. who was appointed as amicus curiae by an order of this Court, argued the case of the respondents. In view of the constitutional questions raised in this case, notices were issued to the Advocates General of all the States. Mr. [ENTITY] appeared on behalf of the Advocate-General of Kerala, and he stated that there was no provision similar to [SECTION] of the [ACT] in the State of Kerala. Mr. [ENTITY] appeared on behalf of the Advocate, General of Madras, and he drew our attention to [SECTION] of the [ACT].
The [ACT] was passed on June 17, 1949. By [SECTION] of the Act, the Nyaya Panchayat is empowered to try certain offences committed within its jurisdiction including offences under [SECTION]. The Nyaya Panchayat has power to impose a fine not exceeding Rs. 100/-, but it has no power to inflict a substantive sentence of imprisonment nor a sentence of imprisonment in default of payment of fine. [SECTION] provides that if at any time it appears to the Nyaya Panchayat (a) that it has no jurisdiction to try any case before it or (b) that the offence is one for which it cannot award adequate punishment or (c) that the complaint is such or that it is so complicated that it should be tried by a Court of Justice, the Nyaya Panchayat shall return the complaint to the complainant directing him to file it before a Sub-Divisional Magistrate having jurisdiction to try the case. By. [SECTION], the decision of the Nyaya Panchayat in its criminal jurisdiction is final and not appealable except that it is subject to revision by the Sessions Judge. [SECTION] provides that subject to the provisions of [SECTION]. any party may appear before a Nyaya Panchayat by a duly authorised 1, preventative. [SECTION] provides:
"No legal practitioner shall appear on behalf of or shall plead for or defend any party in any dispute, case or proceedings pending before the Nyaya Panchayat."
The question is whether this section infringes [SECTION] of the [ACT]. The second part of [SECTION] reads:
nor shall he be denied the right to consult, and to be defended by, a legal practitioner of his choice."
Mr. [ENTITY] submitted that "he" means a person who is arrested and detained, and as the respondents were not detained at the time of the trial before the Nyaya Panchayat, the constitutional guarantee is not available to them. Alternatively, he submitted that "he" means "any parson". He argued that in the case of The State of Punjab v. [ENTITY] and another(1), this Court has restricted the constitutional guarantee embodied in the first part of [SECTION] to persons arrested otherwise than under a warrant issued by a Court, and he submitted that this restricted interpretation should not be given to the second part, the two parts should be read independently of each other and the protection of the second part should be extended to all persons. But he also submitted that in the context of [SECTION] the right given by the second part of [SECTION].
should be limited to trials in which any person is deprived of his life or personal liberty or is in jeopardy of being so deprived. He pointed out that the Nyaya Panchayat has no power to inflict a sentence of imprisonment and be, therefore, submitted that the constitutional guarantee embodied in the second part of [SECTION] did not apply to a trial before a Nyaya Panchayat.It will thus appear that Mr. [ENTITY] asked us on the one hand to give a liberal interpretation to the second part of [SECTION] by applying it to all persons, whether arrested or not and whether arrested under or without a warrant issued by a Court, and, on the other hand, he asked us to give it a restricted interpretation by limiting its operation to a trial in which the accused is in jeopardy of being deprived of life or liberty. Mr. [ENTITY] submitted that "he" means "any person who is arrested". He argued that the second part of [SECTION] is an injunction on the arresting and detaining authority not to prevent consultation and defence by a legal practitioner, and it gives no right to be defended at a trial. Mr. [ENTITY] adopted the arguments of Mr. [ENTITY]. Mr. [ENTITY] submitted that "he" means any person who is arrested and that any person who is arrested has the right to be defended at the trial for the offer for which he is arrested.
Our duty is to listen to the clear words of the [ACT], understand its message and then interpret it. [SECTION] reads:
"No person who is arrested shall be detained in custody without being informed, as soon as may be, of the grounds for such arrest
Every person is prima facie entitled to his personal liberty. If any person is arrested, he is entitled to know forthwith why he is being deprived of his liberty, so that he may take immediate steps to regain his freedom. [SECTION] then continues:
" nor shall he be denied the right to consult, and to be defended by, a legal practitioner of his choice." Who is this "he" in the second part of [SECTION]? The pronoun "he" must refer to the last antecedent. "He" therefore means "any person who is arrested". He has the right to consult his lawyer and to be defended by him, so that he may guard himself against the accusation for which he is arrested.
Both parts of [SECTION] thus come into play as soon as any person is arrested. [SECTION] then goes on to give every person who is arrested and detained the right to be produced before a magistrate within 24 hours and the right to freedom from detention beyond the said period without the authority of a magistrate. [ENTITY], J, therefore, observed in [PRECEDENT]
"Clauses (1) and (2) of [SECTION] lay down the procedure that has to be followed when a man is arrested. They ensure four things: (a) right to be informed regard-
[CASE NUMBER].
ing grounds of arrest, (b) right to consult, and to be defended by, a legal practitioner of his choice, (c) right to be produced before a magistrate within 24 hours and (d) freedom from detention beyond the said period except by order of the magistrate."
Clauses (1) and (2) of [SECTION] safeguard the rights of the person arrested. The arrest of any person on a criminal charge is a step in an intended criminal proceeding against him. Save where the magistrate dispenses with his personal attendance and permits him to appear by a pleader, the first step in a criminal proceeding is to bring the accused before the magistrate. The trial before the magistrate proceeds "when the accused appears or is brought before him." The attendance of the accused before the magistrate is secured by summons or by arrest under or without a warrant. Upon arrest, he may either be released on bail or be remanded into custody. If he is released on bail, the bail bond ensures his attendance at the trial. Summonses, warrants, arrests without warrant and bail bonds are all machinery for securing the attendance of the accused before the Court. The arrest of the accused on a criminal charge has thus an intimate connection with his eventual trial on the charge. It is at the trial in the criminal Court that the accused defends or is defended by counsel. [SECTION] of the [ACT], therefore, provides that any person accused of any offence before a criminal Court may, of right, be defended by a pleader. In this background, the right of defence by a legal practitioner given by [SECTION] must extend to defence in a trial in a criminal Court. [SECTION] guarantees that no person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to procedure established by law. [SECTION] guarantees the minimum rights which any person who is arrested shall enjoy. In support of his contention that the right of defence of the arrested person given by [SECTION], should be restricted to trial of offences in which the accused is in jeopardy of being deprived of his life or liberty, Mr. [ENTITY] relied upon the observations of [ENTITY], J. in [PRECEDENT] that [SECTION] sets forth certain procedural requirements which, as a matter of constitutional necessity, must be adopted and included in any procedure that may be enacted by the legislature and it accordance with which a person may be deprived of his life or personal liberty. He also relied upon the following ob- servations of [ENTITY], J. in [PRECEDENT] at p. 325 "[SECTION] lay down the procedure that has to be followed when a man is arrested." For the purposes of this case, let us give these observations their full effect. When any person is arrested, he is deprived of his liberty, the procedure third down in [SECTION] must then be followed, and he must be allowed the right to be defended by counsel of his choice. No (1) [CASE NUMBER].
(2) [1950] S.C.R. 88.
law which permits deprivation of his personal liberty by arrest can deny him this right. Why should this right be limited to a trial in, which he may be sentenced to death or to a term of imprisonment? Why should this right be denied to him in a trial in which he is in jeopardy of being convicted and sentenced to a heavy fine? The clear words of [SECTION] furnish no basis for this limitation. On this branch of his argument, Mr. [ENTITY] submitted that "he" in the second part of [SECTION] should be read as "any person" in order that this part of [SECTION] may not suffer from the restricted interpretation of "arrest" given in [ENTITY]'s case(1). It is impossible to accept this argument. The narrow interpretation of the expression "arrest" given in that case is not a ground for giving an unnatural meaning to the expression "he". The context of [SECTION] suggests that "he" refers to any person who is arrested. But let us assume that it is possible to give a more liberal interpretation to "he" and the operation of the second part of the clause should be extended to "any person". Even on this view, we find no warrant for giving a restricted interpretation to the second part of the clause by reference to [SECTION] and for saying that the right to be defended by counsel is limited to a trial in which the arrested person is in jeopardy of being sentenced to death or to a term of imprisonment.
It has been suggested that the right of defence by counsel given by [SECTION] does not extend to a trial of an offence before the Nyaya Panchayat because the [ACT] does not authorise any arrest and, as a matter of fact. the respondents were arrested by the police in the exercise of its powers under [SECTION] of the [ACT]. We are unable to accept this suggestion. Suppose a statute sets tip a special criminal Court for the trial of certain offences, and it gives no power to the police to arrest any person. Nevertheless, the police has under its general powers under the [ACT] to arrest any person concerned in any cogniscible offence. If in the exercise of these powers the police arrests some person on the accusation of a crime for which he is liable to be tried before the special criminal Court, the arrested person has the constitutional right to be defended by counsel at the trial before the special criminal Court in respect of the offence for which he was arrested. It has also been suggested that the trial of an offence before the Nyaya Panchayat is akin to an action for recovery of money and as an arrested person has no constitutional right to be defended by counsel in the action for recovery of money, so, also he has no such right in a trial of all offence before the Nyaya Panchayat We are unable to accept this line of reasoning. A person arrested on the accusation of a crime has the constitutional right to be defended by counsel at a subsequent trial of the crime for which he is arrested. He cannot, therefore. claim this right in a subsequent action against him for recovery of money, but he can claim this right in a subsequent trial of the offence before the Nyaya Panchayat.
(1)[19531 S.C.R. 254.
As soon as the respondents were arrested without warrants issued by a Court, they acquired the rights guaranteed by [SECTION]. It is true that they were subsequently released on bail and at the time of the trial before the Nyaya Panchayat they were not being detained. But the right attaching to them on their arrest continued though they were not under detention at the time of the trial. The right was not lost because they were released on bail. The respondents were arrested otherwise than under a warrant issued by a Court on the accusation that they had committed crimes. Their arrests, therefore, satisfy the test laid down in [ENTITY]'s case(1), and are within the purview of [SECTION]. We express no opinion on the question whether the test of an arrest laid down in that case is exhaustive.
We may now briefly notice a few decisions under other Pan- chayat Acts. In [PRECEDENT], the Allababad High Court held that a provision of the [ACT] under which no counsel was permitted to appear in the Court of the Panchayati Adalat did not infringe any right of an accused who had not been arrested. In [PRECEDENT], the Punjab High Court held that a provision of the [ACT] under which the accused was not allowed to be defended by counsel of his choice did not infringe any right under [SECTION]. In [PRECEDENT], the Orissa High Court held that no 'tight of the accused was infringed by [SECTION] of the [ACT], which prohibited any legal practitioner from appearing before an Adalti Panchayat, having power to award a sentence of imprisonment in lieu of fine. The reports of the two last cases do not set out full facts. Presumably, in both cases the accused were not arrested at all, and if so, there could be no infringement of any right under Art.
[SECTION]. We do not approve of these decisions if and so far as they might have held that the right of an arrested person to be defended by a legal practitioner of his choice before the Panchayati Adalat was not infringed by the provisions precluding such defence.
We, therefore, hold that [SECTION] of the [ACT] is violative of [SECTION] and is void to the extent it denies any person who is arrested the right to be defended by a legal practitioner of his choice in any trial of the crime for which he is arrested. Most of the safeguards embodied in [SECTION] are to be found in the [ACT]. But the [ACT] makes the fundamental change that the rights guaranteed by [SECTION] are no longer at the mercy of the legislature. No legislature can enact a law which is repugnant to the (1) [PRECEDENT].
(2) [CASE NUMBER].
(3) [CASE NUMBER]. 149.
(4) [CASE NUMBER] 28.1.
[ACT]. A pre-[ACT] law which is inconsistent with the provisions of [SECTION] is, to the extent of such inconsistency, void.
The next question is whether the trial and convictions were illegal. During the trial, the respondents never claimed that they should be defended by counsel. Had they wanted the assistance of counsel, the Nyaya Panchayat might have under [SECTION] returned the complaint for being filed before a magistrate. They were happy and content to be tried before the Nyaya Panchayat without the assistance of counsel. There was no occasion for enforcing the provisions of [SECTION] against them. Even if [SECTION] were repealed or struck down before the trial, they would not have engaged any counsel for their defence. The existence of [SECTION] on the statute book did not cause them any prejudice. In the circumstances, the High Court ought not to have quashed the trial and convictions.
In the result, we declare that [SECTION] of the [ACT] is violative of [SECTION] of the [ACT], and is void to the extent that it denies any person who is arrested, the right to be defended by a legal practitioner of his choice in any trial of the crime for which he is arrested. Subject to this declaration, the appeal is allowed, the order of the High Court is set aside and the convictions and sentences passed by the Nyaya Panchayat, [ENTITY] are restored.
ORDER In view of the majority, the Appeal is allowed, the judgment of the High Court is set aside and that of the Courts below is restored.