PETITIONER: MISTRY PREMJIBHAI VITHALDAS Vs. RESPONDENT: GANESHBHAI KESHAVJI DATE OF JUDGMENT14/04/1977 BENCH: [ENTITY], [ENTITY] (CJ) BENCH: [ENTITY], [ENTITY] (CJ) [ENTITY], [ENTITY], P.S. CITATION: 1977 AIR 1707 1977 SCR (3) 569 1977 SCC (3) 11 ACT: [ACT] Protection against eviction Protection under [SECTION], when available-Statutory powers of the Court under [SECTION] of the Act. HEADNOTE: Under [SECTION] of the [ACT], a tenant is entitled to claim protection from eviction so long as he is willing and ready to pay the standard rent as defined in [SECTION] and permit- ted increases and observes other conditions of the Act. The protection is subject to the limitations contained in [SECTION] and [SECTION]. Under [SECTION] where the rent is pay- able by the month and there is no dispute regarding the amount of standard rent or permitted increases, if such rent or increases arc in arrears for a period of 6 months or more and the tenant neglects to make payment thereof until the expiration of the period of one mouth after notice referred to in sub-section (2), the court may pass a decree for eviction in any such suit for recovery of possession. Under a [SECTION] no decree for eviction shall be passed in any suit if on the first day of hearing of the suit or on or before such other date as the court may fix the tenant pays or tenders in court the standard rent and permitted in- creases then due and thereafter continues to pay or tender in court regularly such rent and permitted increases till the suit is finally decided and also pays costs of the suit as directed by the court. The respondent-tenant was in arrears of rent amounting to Rs. 990/- for the period from 6th March 1967 to 5th December 1969, house tax amounting to Rs. 27.49 and elec- tricity charges amounting to Rs. 210.18. The appellant landlord served a notice upon him under [SECTION] of the [ACT] terminating the tenancy and filed a suit for eviction. The respondent filed an application for fixation Of the standard rent within a month trader [SECTION] of the Act. He also filed an application for fixation of interim rent on the ground that he being a poor man was unable to pay rent and the total amount due at once. On these applications, the interim rent was fixed at Rs. 25/- by an order dated 3-2-1970 and he was directed to deposit arrears of rent and future rent at this rate on or before 1oth of the next month. These applications were dismissed for non-prosecution later on. The trial court held that as the respondent-tenant was "ready and willing" to pay the rent to the appellant-landlord, the suit for ejectment could not be decreed in spite of the fact it found that the notice was validly issued and the arrears were true and correct. The appellate court held that the unwillingness of the respondent to pay the rent which was apparent from the patent facts and admissions and conduct disentitled him from the protection under [SECTION] and decreed the suit for eject- ment. The High Court. however, relying on an affidavit dated 18-9-75 filed by the respondent allowed the revision application made by him under [SECTION] of the Act. Allowing the apppeal by special leave, the Court. HELD: (1) The statutory protection can only be given in accordance with the terms on which it is permissible. The [ACT] does not confer a power upon the court to excuse a violation of the provisions of the Act by making wrong assumptions or on compassionate grounds. The Court. could not, therefore, exercise what would be in effect a power to condone infringement of the Act. [575F, 576B] (2) In cases where there is no dispute regarding the amount of standard rent if the provisions of [SECTION] are nor shown to be complied with. 570 the Court is bound to pass a decree for eviction. Where a tenant does not prosecute an application for fixation of standard rent and deliberately permits to be dismissed for non-prosecution, it could be reasonably inferred that it was not a bona fide application at all. [575 G-H, 576 A] (3) A fixation of standard rent can only take place by means of the specified procedure provided for it. There is nothing in the instant case which could be "deemed" a fixa- tion under the Act. It being admitted that the agreed rent was Rs. 30/- per mensem that would be the standard rent as defined by [SECTION] of the Act. That was the rate on which the rent was payable. Non-prosecution of the application for standard rent indicate that there was no real dispute regarding standard rent or permitted increases. [571A 573G, 575FG] (4) [SECTION] applies only to cases where either on the first hearing of the suit or on such other dates as the court may fix for the purpose, the tenant pays or tenders in court the standard rent with permitted increases pays or In the instant case the respondent did not comply with the orders dated 3-2-1970 fixing the interim rent. Under the order dated 3-2-1970, the tenant had to deposit arrears of rent and in addition he had to deposit future rent at the rate fixed for the interim rent. The part of the order for future rent could not refer to arrears of rent. If the tenant was not quite clear about the meaning of the order, he could have applied to the court to clarify the orders and could have gone on depositing rent at Rs. 25/- per month after depositing arrears of rent so clarified. [575 FG, 574 B-C] [PRECEDENT]. referred to. (5) The readiness and willingness of the tenant to pay could be found only if he had complied with the provisions of the Act. The Act does not cover the case of a person who is unable to pay owing to want of means but is otherwise "ready and willing". The Act, unfortunately, does not enable courts to make special law for such hard cases which fall outside the statutory protection. The instant case is clearly outside the protection conferred upon tenants under [SECTION] of the Act. The tenant could not be said to be "ready and willing" to pay the rent so as to avoid passing of a decree for eviction against him, in the face of detailed findings given by the appellate court. After assuming quite erroneously that the standard rent was fixed for the first time in the appellate court and by accepting the version of the tenant-respondent that his default was due to his diffi- culty in finding money to pay the rent, the High Court had erroneously condoned all defaults in payment of rent right upto the time of the making of the application before it on 18-9-1975. [576 B-G] [PRECEDENT]. [PRECEDENT] applied. JUDGMENT:
CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: [CASE NUMBER].
Appeal by Special Leave from the Judgment' and Order of the Gujarat High Court dt. 18th/l9th September, 1975 in [CASE NUMBER].
[ENTITY], [ENTITY], [ENTITY] and (Miss) [ENTITY] for the Appellant.
[ENTITY] for the Respondent.
The Judgment of the Court was. delivered by [ENTITY] C.J. This is a landlord's appeal by special leave against the judgment and order of the High Court of, Gujarat allowing a revision application of the tenant under [SECTION] of the [ACT] (thereinaf- ter referred to as 'the Act') It appears from the statement of facts in the judgment of the High Court that there was no dispute that the monthly rent of the premises was Rs. 30/-and that the tenant had also to pay the charges for electricity consumed by him. It was, however, at first disputed whether the tenant had to pay house tax and the education cess also. The landlord had brought a suit for arrears of rent amounting to Rs. 990/- from 6-3-67 to 5-12-69 and also to recover a sum of Rs. 27.49 paid as house tax and another sum of Rs. 210.18 paid by the landlord for the electricity consumed by the tenant. On 5-1-1970, the landlord had served a notice upon the tenant terminating the tenancy on the ground that dues amounting to R[SECTION]27.67 had not been paid. The tenant filed an application for fixation of-the standard rent within a month of. the service of the above-mentioned no- tice. He also filed an application for fixation of interim rent on the ground that he, being a poor man, was unable to pay rent and the total amount due at once. On these appli- cations, the interim rent was fixed at Rs. 25/- and the applicant was directed "to deposit arrears of rent and future rent at this rate on or before 10th of the next month".
Although, the trial Court held the notice terminating the tenancy to be legally valid and the agreed rate of rent to be Rs. 30/- p.m., so that the plaintiff was entitled to the decree for arrears of rent from 6-3-67 to 5-12-1969 and also the amount of Rs. 27.49 as house tax and Rs. 210.18 towards electricity charges, making up the total of R[SECTION]27.67, yet, it held that as the defendant-tenant was "ready and willing" to pay the rent to the plaintiff. Hence, the suit for ejectment could not be decreed. The appellate Court, on the other hand, held that the unwilling- ness of the defendant-respondent to pay the rent, which was apparent from the patent facts and admissions and conduct of the defendant-respondent, disentitled him for protection sought. It, therefore, decreed the suit for ejectment. Learned counsel for the appellant has contended that the High Court had proceeded upon the wrong assumption that the standard rent was fixed in the lower appellate Court for the first time when the appeal was decided. It is very diffi- cult to find the basis for this opinion of the High Court. The application for fixing the standard rent, initiating a separate proceeding, was dismissed, as is admitted on behalf of the tenant respondent, for non-prosecution. Hence, no standard rent could be fixed u/[SECTION], [SECTION] defines standard rent as follows :
5. Definitions. In this Act unless there is anything repugnant to the subject or context
(10) "Standard rent" in relation to any prem- ises means
(a) "Where the standard rent is fixed by the Court and the Controller respectively under the [ACT], or the [ACT], such standard rent; or
(b) where the standard rent is not so fixed subject to the provisions of [SECTION],
(i) the rent at which the premises were let on the first day of September 1940, or
(ii) where they were not let on the first day of September 1940, the rent at which they were first let before that day, or
(iii) where they were first let after the first day of September 1940, the rent at which they were first let, or
(iv) in any of the cases specified in [SECTION], the rent fixed by the Court".
Both the sides before us are agreed that no question of a standard rent actually and finally fixed u/[SECTION] of the Act arose in the circumstances of this case. [SECTION] of the Act reads as follows :
"11. Court may fix standard rent and permit increases in certain cases.
(1) In any of the following cases the Court may, upon an application made to it for that purpose, or in any suit or proceeding, fix the standard rent at such amount as, having regard to the provisions of this Act and the circumstances of the case, the Court deems just
(a) where any premises are first let after the specified date and the rent at which they are so let is in the opinion of the Court exces- sive; or
(b) where the Court is satisfied that there is no sufficient evidence to ascertain the rent at which the premises were let in any one of the cases mentioned in sub-clauses (i) to
(iii) of clause (b) of sub-section (10) of section 5; or
(c) where by reason of the premises having been let at one time as a whole or in parts and at another time in parts or as a whole, or for any other reasons, any difficulty arises in giving effect to this Part; or
(d) where any premises have been or are let rentfree or at a nominal rent or for some consideration in addition to rent; or
(e) where there is any dispute be-
tween the landlord and the tenant regarding the amount of standard rent.
(2 ) If there is any dispute between the landlord and the tenant regarding the amount of permitted increases the court may determine such amount.
(3) If an application for fixing the standard rent or for determining the permitted increases is made by a tenant who has received a notice from his landlord under [SECTION], the Court shall make an order directing the tenant to deposit in Court forthwith and thereafter monthly or periodi- cally, such amount of rent or permitted in- creases as the Court considers to be reasona- bly due to the landlord pending the final decision of the application, and a copy of such order shall be served upon the landlord. Out of the amount so deposited, the Court may make order for the payment of such reasonable sum to the landlord towards payment of rent or increases due to. him, as it thinks fit. If the tenant fails to deposit such amount, his application shall be. dismissed.
(4) Where at any stage of a suit for recovery of rent whether with or without a claim for possession of the premises, the Court is satisfied that the tenant is withholding the rent on the ground that the rent is excessive and standard rent should be fixed the Court shall, and in any other case if it appears to the Court that it is just and proper to make such an order the Court may, make an order directing the tenant to deposit in Court forthwith such amount of rent as the Court considers to be reasonably due to the land- lord. The Court may further make an order directing the tenant to deposit in Court, monthly or periodically, such amount as it considers proper as interim standard rent during the pendency of the suit. The Court may also direct that if the tenant fails to comply with any such order within such time as may be allowed by it he shall not be entitled to appear in or defend the suit except with leave of the Court which leave may be granted subject to such terms and conditions as the. court may specify.
(5) No appeal shall lie from any order of the Court made under sub-section (3) or (4). (6) An application under this section may be made jointly by all or any of the tenants interested in respect of the premises situated in the same building".
A "fixation" of standard rent can only take place by means of the specified procedure provided for it. There is nothing in the case before us which could be "deemed" a fixation under the Act. Apparently, the High Court thought that the dismissal of an application for fixation of rent meant an automatic "fixation" of it at Rs. 30/- p.m. In the face of detailed findings 'given by the Appellate Court, which the High Court could not upset without a good enough legal ground for 10 502 SCI/77 doing so and did not actually set aside, it is difficult to see how the tenant could be said to be "ready and willing"
to pay the rent so as to avoid passing of a decree for eviction against him. On behalf of the landlord appellant, it is submitted that, in an affidavit dated 18-9-75, which the respondent himself filed in the High Court, it is admit- ted that the tenant had not been paying the rent regularly as contemplated by 'the order of 3-2-70. Under that order, the tenant had to deposit arrears of rent. In addition, he had to deposit future rent at the rate fixed for the "interim rent". The part of the order for future rent could not refer to arrears of rent. However, if the tenant was not quite clear about the meaning of the order, he could have applied to the Court to clarify the order and could have gone on depositing rent at Rs. 25/- p.m. after depositing "arrears of rent" so clarified. Learned counsel for the respondent could only contend that the deposit of future rent on or before the 10th of the next month indicat- ed that the deposit could be made at any time before the rent was due and could cover subsequent accruals of rent so that it could cover several months if amount deposited was enough for that.
Learned counsel for the appellant points out that the interpretation put forward on behalf of the respondent tenant is not only an unreason? able one but would not, even if accepted, justify defaults admitted by the respondent tenant even if an advance deposit could wipe off the effects of some defaults. The High Court had itself not only not set aside the finding relating to the defaults found by the appellate court. but, after assuming, quite erroneously. that the standard rent was fixed for the first time in the Appellate Court, it had condoned all defaults in payment of rent right up to the time of the making of the application before the High Court on 18-9-75 and the accept- ance of a fresh deposit in the High Court itself to cover the arrears. The question is whether the statutory powers of the Court laid down in [SECTION] of the Act could be used in this manner.
[SECTION] of the Act reads as follows :
"12. No ejectment ordinarily to he made if tenant pays or is ready and willing to pay standard rent and permitted increases ( 1 ) A landlord shall not be entitled to the recov- ery of possession of any premises so long as the tenant pays, or is ready and willing to pay, the amount of the standard rent and permitted increases, if any, and observes and performs the other conditions of the tenancy, in so far as they are consistent with the provisions of this Act.
(2) No suit for recovery of possession shall he instituted by a landlord against a tenant on the ground of non-payment of the standard rent or permitted increases due, until the expiration of one month next after notice in writing of the demand of the standard rent or permitted increases has been served upon the tenant in the manner provided in [SECTION] of the [ACT].
(3) (a). Where the rent is payable by the month and there is no dispute regarding the amount of standard rent or permitted in-
creases, if such rent or increases are in arrears for a period of six months or more and the tenant neglects to make payment thereof until the expiration of the period of one month after notice referred to in sub-section (2), the Court may pass a decree for evic- tion in any such suit for recovery of posses- sion.
(b) In any other case, no decree for eviction shall be passed in any such suit if, on the first day of heating of the suit or on or before such other date as the court may fix, the tenant pays or tenders in Court the standard rent and permitted increases then due and thereafter continues to pay or tender in Court regularly such rent and permitted in- creases till the suit is finally decided and also pays costs of the suit as directed by the Court.
(4) Pending the disposal of any such suit, the Court may out of any amount paid or tendered by the tenant pay to the landlord such amount towards payment of rent or permit- ted increases due to him as the Court thinks fit.
Explanation In any case where there is a dispute as to the amount of standard rent or permitted increases recoverable under this Act the tenant shall be deemed to be ready and willing to pay such amount, if, before the expiry of the period of one month after notice referred to in sub-section (2) he makes an application to the Court under [SECTION] and thereafter pays or tenders the amount of rent or permitted increases specified in the order made by the court In Vora [ENTITY] Alimahomed v. Haji Gulamnabi Haji Safibhai,(1) it was held that, according to s. [SECTION]
(a) of the Act, the Court was bound to pass the decree for eviction if statutory terms are not complied with. The answer given on behalf of the respondenttenant was that the case before us is governed by the provisions of [SECTION] of the Act. But, this section applies only to cases where either on the date of first heating of the suit or on such other dates as the Court may fix for the purpose, the tenant pays or tenders in Court the standard rent with permitted increases. It was laid down in [ENTITY]'s case (supra) that the' explanation to [SECTION] introduces only a rule of evidence.
It appears to us that where a tenant does not prosecute an application for fixation of standard rent and deliber- ately permits it to be dismissed for non-prosecution it could be reasonably inferred that it was not a bona fide application at all. In the case before us, it being admit- ted that the agreed rent was Rs. 30/- p.m. that should be the "standard rent" as defined by [SECTION] of the Act. That was the rate at which rent was payable. Non-prosecution of the application for [CASE NUMBER].
standard rent indicated that there was no real dispute regarding the standard rent or permitted increases. In such cases, if the provisions of [SECTION] are not shown to be complied with, the Court is bound to pass a decree for eviction.
The statutory protection can only be given in accordance with the terms on which it is permissible. The Act certain- ly does not confer a power upon the Court to excuse a viola- tion of the provisions of the Act by making wrong assump- tions or on compassionate grounds. The Court could not, therefore, exercise what would be, in effect, a power to condone infringement of the provisions of the Act. In [PRECEDENT] this Court explained the provisions of [SECTION] of the Act and laid down that a failure to deposit the rent regularly as required by the Act will take the case out of the provisions of [SECTION]. On facts found, there was such a failure to deposit in the case before us. The High Court appears to have condoned the defaults by accept- ing the version of the defendant-respondent that the default was due to his difficulty in finding money to pay up the rent. Hence, on the admission of the defendant-respondent also, it seems a clear case of defaults which deprive the defendant-respondent of the protection of [SECTION] of the Act. Learned counsel for the plaintiff-appellant has, very rightly, pointed out that the High Court had not set aside the findings of the fact arrived at by the appellate Court which took the case of the defendant-respondent clearly outside the protection conferred by the Act The High Court seems to have accepted the erroneous. view that stand- ard rent was actually fixed by the appellate Court for the first time whereas what had happened was that the applica- tion for fixation of standard rent had been dismissed for non-prosecution. This was not "fixation" of standard rent, as already pointed out. Hence, no question of giving time to pay up arrears after a "fixation" of standard rent arose here. We think that the case is clearly outside the protec- tion conferred upon tenants under the Act. The readiness and the willingness of the tenant to pay could be ,found: only if he had complied with the provi- sions of the Act. The Act does not cover the case of a person who is unable to pay owing to want of means but is otherwise "ready and willing". Such a case is no doubt a hard one, but, unfortunately, it does not enable Courts to make a special law for such hard cases which fall outside the statutory protection.
We understand that the defendant-respondent is a Carp.enter. If he is unable to find means to pay rent we cannot dismiss the suit for his eviction on the ground of non-payment of rent. In view of his disability, on account of alleged illness, we propose to modify the decree of the appellate Court to the extent that he will have four months' time from 5th April 1977 before the eviction order can be executed against him provided he deposits within a month from today all the arrears due
(i) [PRECEDENT].
and goes on depositing Rs. 30/- p.m. regularly, in advance, before the 5th of each month on which his tenancy begins. He must however, vacate the premises before 5th August, 1977, and may leave it earlier if he is unable to pay the required rent regularly in advance. The decree for eviction will become executable on breach of the conditions laid down, or, after 5th August, 1977.
The result is that we set aside the judgment and order of the High Court and restore the decree of the appellate Court subject to the modification indicated above. The parties will bear their own costs.
S.R. Appeal allowed.