JUDGMENT [ENTITY], J.
1. [ENTITY] and [ENTITY], appellants herein along with two other co-accused, were put to trial before learned Additional Sessions Judge No. 1 Bayana (Bharatpur), who vide judgment dated February 15, 2003 while acquitting co-accused, convicted and sentenced the appellants as under:
[ENTITY]:
Under [SECTION] [ACT]:
To suffer imprisonment for life and fine of Rs. 1000/-, in default to further suffer rigorous imprisonment for one month.
Under [SECTION] [ACT]:
To suffer rigorous imprisonment for ten years and fine of Rs. 1000/-, in default to further suffer rigorous imprisonment for one month.
Under [SECTION] [ACT]:
To suffer simple imprisonment for one month.
[ENTITY]:
Under [SECTION] [ACT]:
To suffer imprisonment for life and fine of Rs. 1000/-, in default to further suffer rigorous imprisonment for one month.
Under [SECTION] [ACT]:
To suffer rigorous imprisonment for ten years and fine of Rs. 1000/-, in default to further suffer rigorous imprisonment for one month.
Under [SECTION] [ACT]:
To suffer simple imprisonment for one month.
Substantive sentences were ordered to run concurrently.
2. The prosecution case as unfolded during trial is as under:
On receiving written information from the Hospital about fire arm incident, [ENTITY], Sub Inspector Police Station Bayana (Bharatpur) rushed to the hospital and recorded parcha bayan of [ENTITY] (PW. 2) on November 11, 1996 at 12.15 PM. [ENTITY] stated that on the said day around 11.45 AM while he and his son [ENTITY] were proceeding to meet one [ENTITY], they were belaboured near the well by [ENTITY], [ENTITY], [ENTITY] and one bearded boy, [ENTITY] then opened three fires from [ENTITY] on [ENTITY], that hit on his chest. [ENTITY] opened fire with 12 bore [ENTITY] at him ([ENTITY]) and caused injury on his hip. [ENTITY] who was armed with sword, left the sword and fled away. The assault was made because of old enmity. [ENTITY], [ENTITY] and [ENTITY] had seen the incident. [ENTITY] was removed to the hospital where he was declared dead. On that parcha bayan a case under [SECTION], [SECTION], [SECTION] [ACT] was registered and investigation commenced. Dead body was subjected to autopsy, necessary memos were drawn, statements of witnesses were recorded, accused were arrested and on completion of investigation charge sheet was filed. In due course the case came up for trial before the learned Additional Sessions Judge No. 1, Bayana, Charges under [SECTION], [SECTION], [SECTION], [SECTION] and [SECTION] [ACT] were framed against the appellants, who denied the charges and claimed trial. The prosecution in support of its case examined as may as 10 witnesses. In the explanation under [SECTION] [ACT], the appellants claimed innocence. Six witnesses in support of defence were examined. Learned trial Judge on hearing final submissions, while acquitting co-accused persons, convicted and sentenced the appellants as indicated herein above.
3. Death of [ENTITY] was undeniably homicidal in nature. As per Post Mortem Report (Ex. P. 16) following ante mortem injuries were found on the dead body:
1. Gunshot would circular 3cm in diameter margins (wound of entry) inverted, irregular & blackened over the anterior chest wall on left side 5 cm below at the nipple & 5 cm lateral to mid line.
2. Gunshot wound explored 6 pieces (5 made of plentic line maternal & 1 metal piece) removed from the wounds, sealed, preserved & handed over to police for ballistic examination.
On exploration costal cartilage Rib (7 & 8 rib) anterior chest wall fractured, Lt. side of wall ruptured, abdominal cavity is full of blood, stomach through & through ruptured.
Metal piece formed nerve L1-2 vertebra, inferior vena cava & descending aorta is lacerated in abdominal cavity.
In the opinion of Dr. [ENTITY] (PW. 7) the cause of death was shock due to gunshot injury to liver, stomach and large vessels in abdomen.
4. Injuries sustained by [ENTITY] (PW. 1) were examined and as per injury report (Ex. P. 5) following injuries were found on his person:
1. Gunshot wound 3 cm x 2 cm over gluetal region in lower & inner margin inverted quadrant (wound of entry) two
2. wound of exit 3 cm x 2 cm on Rt. side & lateral margin
5. We have heard the submissions advanced before us and scrutinised the evidence adduced at the trial.
6. The witness [ENTITY] (PW. 8) and [ENTITY] (PW 9) named in the FIR did not support the prosecution case and they were declared hostile. The only eye witness, who deposed against the appellant is [ENTITY] (PW. 2). In his deposition [ENTITY] stated that all the four assailants were armed with [ENTITY]s and they surrounded [ENTITY]. When he ([ENTITY]) made attempt to intervene, [ENTITY] exhorted to kill him also. In the meanwhile [ENTITY] opened fire, that hit on the chest of [ENTITY]. He ([ENTITY]) then ran for his life but [ENTITY] followed him and opened fire at him that hit on his left hip. Testimony of [ENTITY] was attacked from various angles by the learned counsel for the appellant. It was contended that [ENTITY] was a history,sheeter and involved in many criminal cases. Even [ENTITY] was also a dangerous criminal of that area. Learned counsel took us through the cross examination of [ENTITY] and the evidence of defence witnesses. It is true that [ENTITY] and [ENTITY] were involved in few criminal cases but this fact itself cannot be a ground to discard the testimony of [ENTITY]. The testimony of a single witness can be sufficient to prove the guilt of the accused, if found entirely reliable. In case of the sole ocular witness, however the court should be on their tip toe and guard and must scrutinise the evidence with greater care and caution. [SECTION] of the [ACT] provides that no particular number of witness shall in any case be required for the proof of any fact.
7. It was canvassed by the learned counsel for the appellants that in view of the contradictions in the statement of [ENTITY] he could not be ranked as wholly reliable witness therefore his testimony ought to have been outrightly discarded. Learned counsel pointed out the embellishment made by the witness in his cross examination. Learned counsel placed reliance on [PRECEDENT] , [PRECEDENT] , [PRECEDENT], Ramesh v. State of Rajasthan 1996 (1) RLW (Raj. 5[SECTION]), [PRECEDENT] , [PRECEDENT] and [PRECEDENT].
8. Having gone through the testimony of [ENTITY], we although find discrepancies, they however do not affect the core of the prosecution case. In [PRECEDENT] , the Hon'ble Supreme Court indicated that while appreciating the evidence of a witness, minor discrepancies on trivial matters without affecting the core of the prosecution case, ought not to prompt the court to reject evidence in its entirety. If the general tenor of the evidence given by the witness and the trial court upon appreciation of evidence forms opinion about the credibility thereof, in the normal circumstances the appellate court would not be justified to review it once again without justifiable reasons. It is the totality of the situation, which has to be taken note of. In [PRECEDENT] , where the discrepancies in description by eye witnesses of guns and rifles in the hands of accused persons were not found material. It was held that there is hardly any difference between gun and rifle for a common man. In [PRECEDENT] , it was observed by the Apex Court that there would hardly be a witness whose evidence does not contain some amount of exaggeration or embellishment.
9. In the case on hand we find some variations in the testimony of [ENTITY], but there exist no major contradictions on record. The evidence of the witness cannot be discarded in its entirety. In order to find out the truth from the evidence, the court can sift the chaff from the grain.
10. That takes us to the question as to whether the appellant [ENTITY] can be held vicarious liable with the aid of [SECTION] [ACT]. [SECTION] [ACT] recognises the principle of vicarious liability in criminal jurisprudence. It makes a person liable for action of an offence not committed by him but by another person with whom he shared the common intention. It is a rule of evidence and does not create a substantive offence. The section gives statutory recognition to the commonsense principle that if more than two persons intentionally do a thing jointly, it is just the same as if each of them had done it individually. A common intention presupposes prior concert, which requires a prearranged plan of the accused participating in an offence. Such preconcert or preplanning may develop on the spot or faring the course of commission of the offence but the crucial test is that such plan must precede the act constituting an offence,. Common intention can be formed previously or in the course of occurrence and on the spur of the moment. The existence of a common intention is a question of fact in each case to be proved mainly as a matter of inference from the circumstances of the case.
11. In [PRECEDENT] , the Apex Court indicated that:
[SECTION] [ACT] lays down the rule of joint responsibility for criminal acts performed by plurality of persons who joined together in doing the criminal act, provided that such commission is in furtherance of the common intention of all of them. Even the doing of separate, similar or diverse acts by several persons, so long as they are done in furtherance of a common intention, render each of such persons liable for the result of them all, as if he had done them himself, for the whole of the criminal action - be it that it was not over or was only a covert act or merely an omission constituting an illegal omission. The section is, therefore, attracted even where the acts committed by the different confederates are different when it is established in one way or the other that all of them participated and engaged themselves in furtherance of the common intention which might be of a pre-concerted or prearranged plan or one manifested or developed at the spur of the moment in the course of the commission of the offence. The common intention or the intention of the individual concerned in furtherance of the common intention could be proved either from direct evidence or by inference from the acts or attending circumstances of the case and conduct of the parties. The ultimate decision, at any rate, would invariably depend upon the inference deducible from the circumstances of each case.
11.1 In [PRECEDENT] , the Apex Court had occasion to consider [SECTION] [ACT] and it was held thus:
The dominant feature for attracting [SECTION] [ACT] is the element of participation in absence resulting in the ultimate "criminal act". For appreciating the ambit and scope of [SECTION], the preceding [SECTION] and [SECTION] have always to be kept in mind. Under [SECTION] acts include illegal omissions. [SECTION] defines the "act" to mean as well a series of acts as a single act and the word "omission" denotes as well a series of omissions as a single omission. The "act" referred to in the later part of [SECTION] means the ultimate criminal act with which the accused is charged of sharing the common intention. The accused is, therefore, made responsible for the ultimate criminal act done by several persons in furtherance of the common intention of all. The section does not envisage the separate act by all the accused persons for becoming responsible for the ultimate criminal act. If such an interpretation is accepted, the purpose of [SECTION] shall be rendered infructuous, Participation in the crime in furtherance of the common intention cannot conceive of some independent criminal act by all accused persons, besides the ultimate criminal act because for that individual act law takes care of making such accused responsible under the other provisions of the Code. What is required under law is that the accused persons sharing the common intention must be physically present at the scene of occurrence and be shown not to have dissuaded themselves from the intended criminal act for which they shared the common intention. Culpability under [SECTION] cannot be excluded by mere distance from the scene of occurrence, the presumption of constructive intention, however, has to be arrived at only when the court can, with judicial servitude, hold that the accused must have preconceived the result that ensued in furtherance of the common intention.
12. Having closely gone through the testimony of [ENTITY], we find that appellant [ENTITY] did not share common intention with [ENTITY] in the act of opening fire at [ENTITY]. It was the individual act of appellant [ENTITY]. Similarly, the appellant [ENTITY] individually chased [ENTITY] and while [ENTITY] entered into a street [ENTITY] opened fire at him that hit on left hip of [ENTITY]. In our opinion, the testimony of [ENTITY] is found consistent and creditworthy so far it relates to the charges under [SECTION] [ACT] against appellant [ENTITY] and under [SECTION] [ACT] against appellant [ENTITY].
13. For these reasons, we dispose of instant appeal in the following terms:
(i) We dismiss the appeal of [ENTITY] and maintain his conviction and sentence under [SECTION] [ACT]. We however acquit him of the charges under [SECTION] and [SECTION] [ACT].
(ii) We partly allow the appeal of appellant [ENTITY] and acquit him of the charges under [SECTION] and [SECTION] [ACT]. We however maintain his conviction under [SECTION] [ACT]. Looking to the fact that the appellant has already undergone confinement for a period more than six years and five months, the ends of justice would be met in sentencing him to the'period already undergone by him in confinement. Appellant [ENTITY], who is in jail, shall be set at liberty forthwith, if he is not required to be detained in any other case.
(iii) The impugned judgment of learned trial Court stands modified as indicated above.