JUDGMENT [ENTITY], J.
1. I have had the advantage of reading my brother's opinion and I may, with respect, say that I am in general agreement with his opinion. I agree that this appeal must fail and that the parties should bear their own costs of the appeal.
2. Since the appeal raised some interesting questions for determination I thought it desirable to, very briefly, indicate' my own views on some of the questions falling for determination.
3. The facts and the important controversies arising on those facts have been fully set out in my learned, brothers' judgment and hence I content myself with dealing specifically with only two questions; first, whether the Board of High School and Intermediate Education which was established by the [ACT] was a corporate body with all the privileges and liabilities of such a body, or whether the Board of High. School and Intermediate Education was merely a statutory body with no different existence from being a department of Government; and secondly, whether the appellant, even if he could be treated as an employee of a body which had been created under a statute necessarily, lost the character of a servant of the State Government when he, in fact, had been appointed by an officer who was invested, with powers under rules, made for guidance of officers of a Department of the State.
4. In order to be able to pronounce with an amount of certainty on the legal questions formulated above, it would be helpful to know the background in which the [ACT] came into existence. It was as a result of the recommendations contained in the Saddler Commission's Report that Government of this State, which then functioned as a 'Diarchy', appears to have conceived the idea of separating the Intermediate Education from the University and adding it to the School Education. One of the main arguments which was put out at the time to sustain the idea of separation was that the stage of 'School Leaving', as it obtained up to the year 1919-20 was not a sufficiently -advanced stage in the education of a young man to make him fitted for starting on a career with much confidence.
5. It was the belief of some of the educationists of the time that the School Education should be divided into three clear-cut stages:
(1) the primary stage, (2) the Secondary stage, and (3) the Higher Secondary stage.
6. I mentioned earlier that at the time the idea of separating the Intermediate Education, from the University was taken up by Government, there was, what was called, a 'Diarchy' in action and 'Education' was one of the 'transferred subjects" as those "responsibilities" of the State in respect of which Ministers acted were referred to.
7. The object of the Intermediate Act (to be referred to later as the Act) has been stated in the Act thus:
"Whereas it is expedient to establish a Board to take the place of the Allahabad University in regulating and supervising the system of High School and 'Intermediate Education in Uttar Pradesh and to prescribe courses thereof."
By looking at the object of the Act, quoted above, it would be fairly clear that the Board was created for the sole purpose of taking over the supervision of the system of High School and Intermediate Education the latter having been taken out of the purview of the Allahabad University. Under the Act the Board was not given the status of a 'Corporate Body', having a perpetual succession, a common seal, a right to sue and be sued in its own name, etc. It is interesting in this connection to note that the status of a "body corporate was conferred on the University while it was apparently denied to the Board even though both the Acts were of the year 1921 and passed in quick succession.
8. [SECTION] of the Act only says "the Board shall be established . The section does not speak of the Board being 'incorporated'. In contrast, this is what [SECTION] of the [ACT] says:
"The University shall have perpetual succession and a Common Seal and shall sue and be issued by the said name."
9. [SECTION] of the Act lays down the 'powers of the Board'. There is nothing in any of the sub-sections or the clauses of any of the subsections whereby any power was conferred on the Board to make appointments of any staff, to make arrangements for the payment of their salaries, etc. Mr. [ENTITY], counsel for the appellant, who argued this case with great ability and thoroughness, relied on [SECTION] for his contention that under this sub-section the Board could make appointments of servants, etc. I am not impressed by this contention: this sub-section conferred powers to do.
"all such other acts and things as may be requisite in order to further the objects of the Board as a body constituted for regulating and supervising High School and Intermediate Education."
The unstated powers visualised by Sub-section (12) had to directly relate to the functions of 'regulation' and 'supervision' of High School and Intermediate Education. Appointment of a staff and exercising powers of control in respect of such staff could not, in my view, legitimately fall under the words "other acts and things of [SECTION].
10. It was not shown to us that the Board was ever treated as a Corporation or a body incorporated or it exercised any privileges peculiar to such bodies. I could think of no law, and none was shown to us, on which it could be contended that simply because a certain body was created by statute that body could not function as a Department of Government so as to be outside the scope of the executive power of the Governor under [SECTION] of the [ACT]. Clause (2) (b) of this Article conferred powers on Parliament and the State Legislature under which either could confer by law functions on any authority subordinate to the Governor but because of the provisions of Clause (2) (a) the Governor could not exercise 'Executive power' where such functions had been, conferred on any other authority by any existing law.
There was no existing law, not certainly the Intermediate Act, that conferred on 'any other authority' the 'functions' contemplated by [SECTION]. The powers conferred by [SECTION] of the Act, to my mind, clearly indicated that the "Provincial Government" continued to exercise a very large amount of control over even those, special spheres of responsibility which had, by statute been placed on the Board constituted under the Act.
11. The appointment of the appellant was admittedly made by Government. The appellant was paid his salary in the same manner in, which any other servant in the State's employ was paid. Indeed, we found on the scrutiny of the Budget statements that all money taken as examination fees, etc., under the regulations framed under the Act was credited to Government Account and all money spent on the Board's business, so to speak, was spent out of the 'Funds' spent by the State under the head "Education". I am conscious of the fact that merely because a person was paid his salary from out of the funds of the State he did not thereby necessarily come under the civil employ of the State, but as their Lordships of the Supreme Court pointed out in the case of [ENTITY] v. Sangappa, 1959 SCR 1167 : (AIR 1958 SC 937).
"An office has to be held under some one for it is impossible to conceive of an office held under no one."
As I read [ENTITY]'s decision I read it to emphasise the circumstance of the appointment by the State. I attach particular significance to the following observation of their Lordships at page 1173 (of SCR) : (at p. 939 of AIR):-
"The appointment being by Government, the office to which it is made must be held under it, for there is no one else under whom it can be held."
The position in the instant case was the same: the appointment was made by an officer of Government under powers invested in him under rules. The Board had under the Act no power to make appointments or to have any person or persons under its employ. So that on the authority of the aforementioned decision the appellant's appointment could not but be under the State. Indeed, the appellant himself never contended that he was not a Government servant. His contention and this too at a fairly late stage was that he could not be transferred from the office of the Board and so any remissness on his part to comply with the order of transfer could not be visited with the penalty with which it had been so visited.
12. There could, in my view, be no doubt, on the object and the scheme of the enactment, that all that was done by the Legislature by passing the Intermediate Act was to confer certain powers on a 'Statutory body', powers which were exercisable on a limited field to attain a limited object.
13. As I have shown above, the Act did not confer on the Board the 'status' of a corporation. The appellant could be said to have worked under the direction and the 'administrative control' of the Secretary of the Board.
14. Under the Act the Secretary of the Board was appointed by the 'Provincial Government' upon such conditions and for such period as the Provincial Government thought fit. The Secretary was no doubt removeable from the office (of the Secretary) "by the votes of not less than three-fourths of the numbers present at a special meeting of the Board at which not less than one-half of the total number of members are present", but them what has to be noticed is that the Secretary could not be 'removed' from service; as indeed ho could not be, for the Board was not an authority which had anything to do with his appointment.
15. The schema of the Act, to my mind, clearly indicated that the Legislature only intended and hence provided for a 'statutory body' which could operate within a specified field. When aid for furthering its activities was required then, such aid came from the State in the shape of men, money and other means. In [SECTION] of the [ACT], among other matters, provision, had been made whereby the power to appoint, promote, punish (including removal and dismissal) etc., were conferred on certain officers, who were officers of the State. The Secretary of the Board was empowered under [SECTION].
"to appoint, promote, punish (including removal and dismissal) and grant leave admissible under the rules to (among others) clerks (other than the Head Clerk and the clerks of the confidential section) in his own office."
The Secretary, it may be noted, was given no power 'to transfer' any of the employees, even though appointed by him, to any other institution connected with education. The Director of Education had under [SECTION] of the [ACT] "Full power to transfer " an Assistant Secretary of the Board and clerks of the 'confidential department of the Intermediate board's office'. The Code does not appear "to invest the Director of Education with the power of transferring clerks other than those mentioned above. Therefore, we had to find out as to where the power of transfer was vested.
16. There was no controversy in this case that the order of transfer was made by the Governor and conveyed to the appellant in accordance with the procedure prescribed. Under [SECTION] of the [ACT] the Governor of a State was competent "to make rules regulating the recruitment, and the conditions of service of persons appointed to such service, and posts until provision in that behalf is made by or under an Act of the appropriate Legislature".
I referred earlier to the rules contained in the "[ACT] : the apparent authority for these rules would be what was provided for in [SECTION], the relevant portion of which I have quoted above. The rules, contained in the [ACT] did not invest either the Secretary of the Board or the Director of Education with the power of transferring clerks other than "clerks of the confidential section of the Intermediate Board's office". The act of transferring a servant from one place of employment to another was obviously an, exercise of "executive power . [SECTION] of the [ACT] yests "the executive power" of the State in the Governor and such power could be exercised by him either directly or through officers subordinate to him. The position, therefore, was that the appellant, who according to what I have already said, was an employee of the State, and therefore whether there was any specific rule providing for his transfer or not, he could be transferred by and under the orders of the Governor.
17. The appellant was removed by the order of the Governor dated the 4th of January, 1956, from "service. This order of the removal by the Governor was communicated to the appellant in due course under an endorsement dated the 25th of January, 1956. The reason why the appellant was removed from service was that he refused to obey, in spite of several requests, an order of transfer. His refusal to obey the order was taken as indiscipline and wilful absence from "duty. The order of removal, in my opinion, did not suffer from any of the Infirmities on which such an order could be set aside by this Court while exercising powers under [SECTION] of the [ACT].
18. For the reasons indicated above, I, in agreement with my brother, would dismiss this appeal. I also agree with my brother that in the circumstances of this case the parties should bear their own costs of this appeal.
[ENTITY], J.
19. This is a special appeal against the order of a learned single Judge dismissing the petitioner's petitions under [SECTION] of the [ACT], and refusing to quash the order of Transfer dated 2-5-1961 by Sri [ENTITY] Director of Education U. P. from the post of permanent Assistant Clerk in the office of the Secretary Board of High School and Intermediate Education (hereinafter referred to as the Board) as noted and drafter to the, office of the District Inspector of School, Bahraich, and the order of suspension by the Director of Education (hereinafter referred to as the Director) dated 16-3-1954 and the order of removal with effect from the 16th March 1954 (the date of his suspension) by an order of the Additional Director dated the 4th January, 1956.
20. The material facts giving rise to this appeal may be stated: According to paragraph 3 of the petition under [SECTION] the appellant was appointed on 8-4-1938 as a clerk in the temporary leave vacancy in the office of the Board by the Secretary of the aforesaid Board, in exercise of the authority vested in him by paragraph 7 [SECTION] of the [ACT]; that by the order of the Secretary of the Board dated the 5th April, 1943, the petitioner was appointed substanitively as a Lower Division Assistant in the office of the Board with effect from the 1st April, 1943, in the scale of 30-24-50. On the 2nd September, 1946, he was appointed by the, Secretary of the Board temporarily in the higher scale of Rs. 65-3-80 with effect from the 1st of September, 1946. With effect from the 1st April, 1948, the appellant was promoted substantively to the post in the scale of Rs. 80-6-110EB-10-140 by an order of the Deputy Secretary of the Board dated 14th September, 1948. This was the Substantive post which the appellant continued to hold till the date of the order of the aforesaid transfer.
With effect from the 1st March, 1949, the appellant was appointed to a temporary post in the higher scale of Rs 80-240. He received two increments one in March, 1950 and the other in March, 1951. By an order dated the 2nd May 1951 (Annexure A) of Sri [ENTITY], Director of Education the appellant was transferred as noter and drafter to the Office of the District Inspector of Schools Bahraich. This transfer carried with it only the appellant's substantive scale of pay as Assistant Clerk in the scale of Rs. 80 to 140/- A copy of the order referred to above was forwarded to the Secretary of the Board requesting him to relieve the appellant from his post as a clerk in the Board's Office and to direct him to take over charge of his new post. It was further provided therein that [ENTITY] and [ENTITY], on transfer, shall continue to draw pay in the scale of Rs. 80-140 which will be personal to them, vide G. O. No. B655/XV-28(1)/1951. This G. O. is Annexure B to the counter affidavit (at page 94 of the paper book).
The relevant portion of this annexure B reads as follows :-
"With reference to your letter No. DDII 282/XXVII-16 dated January, Nil, 1951, I am directed to say that in the circumstances stated therein, the Governor has been pleased to allow you as a special case to transfer [ENTITY] and [ENTITY]' permanent clerk, in the scale of Rs. 80-6-110-EB-6-140 from the office of the Secretary to the Board of High School and Intermediate Education, Uttar Pradesh, to any office of the Regional Deputy Director of Education or District Inspector of Schools in the State but outside Allahabad and to fill up vacancies in the Board's office by transferring two clerks in the scale of Rs. 80-5-100-6-130 from any of the above offices. These clerks transferred from the office of the Board of High School and Intermediate Education, U. P. to the office of some Regional Deputy Director of Education or District Inspector of schools will continue to draw pay in their existing scale of pay of Rs. 80-140 which will be personal to them. (Underlining (here in ' ') mine).
21. It will thus be seem that there was an actual order of the Governor sanctioning the said transfer of the appellant from the Office of the Board to Office of the District Inspector of Schools. The necessity for obtaining the Governor's order will be adverted to later after all the facts have been set out. On the 3rd July, 1951, the appellant filed an appeal to the Secretary to Government Education Department through the Secretary of the Board. The Secretary of the Board relieved the appellant of his duties as an Assistant Clerk in the Board on the 5th July, 1951. Various applications for leave and representations to the Director of Education were made but no reply was received till the communication dated the 14th December, 1953, from the Deputy Director of Education dated the 10th December, 1953, asking the appellant to submit his leave in the prescribed form was received (Annexure P page 58). The appellant submitted bis application for leave in the prescribed form on December 20, 1953. A reminder was issued by him dated the 15th March, 1954, but no order or reply was received.
On the 16th March, 1954, the appellant was served with a charge sheet. (Annexure Q page 59) by the Deputy Director requiring him to put in his written statement within a fortnight. The main charge was that though he had been relieved from the Secretary's office he did not join, his new post at Bahraich and thereby he disregarded the order of the Director of Education directing him to take over as an Assistant clerk in the Office of the Inspector of Schools Bahraich, and the appellant furnished his explanation in April. 1954, (Annexure S page 61) denying the charges made against him, challenging the order of transfer as being void and illegal.
22. By an office memo dated July 14, 1954, (Ex. U page 73) from the Additional Director of Education, the appellant was furnished with a report of the Inquiring Officer which prima facie, showed the appellant to be guilty of disobedience of orders implying gross indiscipline and wilful absence from duty. A notice was, therefore, issued to show cause why he should not be removed from the service of the Government on the charges already communicated to him. To this a reply was sent by the appellant on the 26th July, 1954. (Annexure B page 74). On the 27th of September, 1954, the Additional Director of Education (Annexure W page 79) passed an order "dismissing the appellant 'from the service of Uttar Pradesh Government with effect from March 16, 1954' the date of his suspension. Against the aforesaid order of dismissal of the 28th October, 1954, the appellant filed an appeal to the Government. (Underlining there in single quotation marks Ed.) is mine).
23. Thereafter, the Additional Director of Education substituted the order of dismissal dated 27-10-1954 by an order of removal on December 2, 1954, (Annexure C page 41) and asked the appellant to resubmit his appeal after such modifications as he might care to make. The appellant thereafter re-submitted his appeal on the 14th December, 1954, without making any alterations, to the Government of Uttar Pradesh.
24. The appellant was thereafter informed on the 1st February, 1956, by means of a copy of G. O. dated January 4, 1956 endorsed to the appellant by an endorsement dated January 25, 1956, by the Additional Director of Education, The relevant portion of the said G. O. which is (Annexure D page 42) reads as follows:-
"With reference to the correspondence ending with your letter dated October 11, 1955 on the subject noted above, I am directed to say that after examining the case carefully, 'the Governor has ordered that Sri [ENTITY] be removed from the service' of this State with effect from March, 16, 1954, the date on which he was suspended by you".
2. I am also to say that the Governor has further ordered that the appeal of Sri [ENTITY] dated October 28, 1954, supplemented by his further appeal dated December 14, 1954, be rejected. Sri [ENTITY] should be informed accordingly." (underlining (Here in single quotation marks Ed.) mine).
25. Being aggrieved by the orders of the Governor of transfer, Suspension and removal from the post of the Assistant Clerk the appellant filed the writ petition under [SECTION] of the [ACT] on October 26, 1956, praying for the issue of a writ of certiorari to quash the aforesaid orders and for a mandamus to the Government to reinstate him in the temporary post which was within a higher scale than the substantive post in the office of the Board.
26. On a reading of the writ petition it appears that the appellant claimed his appointment in the Board's office made on April 8, 1938, to have been made "by the Secretary of the aforesaid Board in exercise of the authority vested in him under [SECTION] [SECTION] of the [ACT]."
It was alleged that the effect of the order of transfer was to reduce the rank of the petitioner; that the petitioner was never given any opportunity to show cause against such reduction and as such the order of transfer was in violation of [SECTION] of the [ACT]. In para 15 it was alleged that the order of transfer was ultra vires inasmuch as the services of the ministerial staff of the office of the Board were non-transferable. A G. O. dated April 13, 1951, Annexure K (page 50) was appended wherein it was observed:
"Particularly as the office of the Board of High School and Intermediate Education is separate from that of Director of Education and appointment to higher clerical posts in any one of those offices are to be confined to the clerks of that office only."
In paragraph 34, it was stated that on the appellants protesting to the Additional Director of Education that the latter had no power to determine his appeal the papers were forwarded to the Governor of U. p. by the Additional Director. In paragraph 38 it was stated that there had been no delay in the filing of the writ petition as the final orders of the Government were received on the 1st of February, 1956, and on the 5th of February, 1956, he had consulted his counsel who wanted time to examine the legal aspects of the case. This advice was given in the third week of March 1956, and the petition was filed on the 26th of April 1956.
27. The findings of the learned Judge who dismissed the writ petition are-
(1) That the reliefs in respect of the transfer order dated May 2, 1951 and suspension order dated March 16, 1954, could not be granted to the appellant because of laches, as the petition had not been filed till the 26th April, 1956.
(2) That the only ground that survived was that of wrongful removal from service: that the tenure of service of the appellant was at the pleasure of the Governor and in view of the Division Bench rulings of our court in the case of [PRECEDENT] and [PRECEDENT], the removal order by the Governor could only be challenged on one or the other grounds contained in [SECTION] or [SECTION] of the [ACT] and inasmuch as the orders of the Governor were not challenged on any such ground contained in [SECTION] or [SECTION], but on the ground that the transfer order itself was illegal and void the order of the Governor removing the appellant was unassailable.
(3) That it was unnecessary to investigate whether the order passed by the Additional Director of Education was illegal Or not because even if that order is set aside the order of the Governor would still stand.
(4) That the order of transfer was valid, but even assuming that it was invalid the appellant was bound to have obeyed it.
28. The grounds of appeal taken against the aforesaid order of the learned single Judge were: that the transfer order dated the 2nd of May, 1951, amounted to a reduction in rank and it had imposed humiliating conditions without an opportunity being afforded to the appellant and in violation of the provisions of [SECTION] of the [ACT] and there had been a clear breach of the provisions contained in [SECTION], [SECTION] of the [ACT], Code which has the effect of a Rule regulating the conditions of service made by an Act of the appropriate legislature under [SECTION] of the [ACT]. The Director of Education, U. P. had no power under the said rule to transfer or to suspend or dismiss or remove the petitioner from service in the office of the Board which is a separate statutory body established by the Act of 1921 and whose administrative officer is the Secretary of the Board.
The rule in the said paragraph of the [ACT] continues to be in force under [SECTION] of the [ACT]; that there is no delay or laches in the filing of the petition; that the order of the Governor was not an independent order but only an order dismissing the appellant's petition of appeal; that even if the removal was by the Governor at his pleasure there had been an obvious infringement of the provisions of [SECTION] and [SECTION] of the [ACT], as by implication even under [SECTION] and [SECTION] of the [ACT] an opportunity must be given by the Governor to the appellant to defend himself.
29. From a reading of the petition and grounds of appeal it is clear that the appellant does not dispute that he is a civil servant under the State to whom [SECTION] and [SECTION] of the [ACT] apply and also that the [ACT] was applicable but under [SECTION], [SECTION] thereof the only authority which could have transferred, suspended or removed: him from service was the Secretary of the Board to whom the powers had been delegated under the said section by the Director who is appointed the head of the department under [SECTION] of the said Code.
30. If the order of suspension, removal, etc., had been made by the Secretary of the Board the appellant could have had no grievance. The transfer order from the Board to the office of the Inspector of Schools Bahraich by the Additional Director of Education and the suspension order dated 16th March, 1954 by the Director of Education and the order of removal dated the 4th January, vide order of the Government contained in the memorandum dated the 4th January, 1956, are however objected to.
31. Mr. [ENTITY], the learned counsel for the appellant has raised two main contentions-
32. Firstly that the Board was a statutory authority created under the [ACT] (Hereinafter called the Act) and it is not and could not be a department of the Government and as such the appellant was not a civil servant who could be said to hold office at the pleasure of the Governor within the meaning of [SECTION] of the [ACT]. The Act was a self-contained Act and as such a reference to the [ACT] could not be made but even if a reference could bemade the only authority that could transfer suspend or remove the appellant from the office of the Assistant Clerk in the office of the Board was the Secretary who was the only authority who had been delegated those powers and therefore the orders passed by any other authority were invalid and unenforceable. Reliance was placed On the unreported decision in State of U. P. v. [ENTITY] in [CASE NUMBER] decided by [ENTITY], C. J., and [ENTITY], J., on the 23-12-1960 (All). Reference was also made to the provisions of [SECTION] (Sub-clause 12) [SECTION], Section 11, Section 12 and Section 16 of [ACT] in order to show that the powers of the provincial Government and the powers of the Board to make regulations were specified and therefore it was not possible to travel beyond the ambit of the provisions contained therein.
33. Secondly, it was contended that there was no laches in the filing of the writ petition.
33a. The real questions which arise for consideration are-
(1) Whether the Board is a statutory authority, and if so, whether it is possible to create a statutory body as a department of Government?
(2) If the Legislature under [ACT]; has fixed the ambit and scope of the powers to be exercised by such statutory body can any one else interfere therewith or enlarge their scope?
34. On the part of the first question posed there cannot be the slightest doubt that the Board was constituted under an Act of the State Legislature and that as such it is a statutory body. This Act received the assent of the Governor on, the 30th September, 1921. It was however not declared to be a body corporate with a seal of its own and with the right of perpetual succession. It is not without significance that the same Legislature when enacting the [ACT] (received assent of the Governor on the 3rd December, 1921), by virtue of [SECTION] the University was declared (sic) as a body corporate with perpetual succession. Municipalities are as a rule given the status of a body corporate. The [ACT] also confers the status of a body corporate on the District Board. So does [SECTION] of the [ACT].
From the absence of such status given to the Board under the Act it does not necessarily follow that the Legislature intended to create the Board as one of its departments of govern-merit. A careful study of the scheme of the Act, however, leads to the only reasonable conclusion that the Legislature intended the Board to be independent only in certain respects subject to the overriding fiscal and general administrative control of the Government. The correct status and position of the Board is probably as set out in the G. O. dated the 13th April 1951, by the Secretary to Government Annexure K (page 50) where it is observed that the office of the Board of High School is separate from that of the Director of Education and the appointments to higher clerical posts in any one of those offices are to be confined to the clerics of that office only. This only means that for certain purposes the Board is treated as separate from the Education Department and that normally higher clerical posts are not interchangeable. The appellant was certainly riot in a higher clerical post. His substantive appointment was only that of an assistant clerk. The office of the Board may be separate from the Education Department but that would not necessarily prevent it from being a department of the Government.
35. The object of the Act as set out in the preamble is to establish a Board to take the place in regulating and supervising the system of High School and Intermediate Education and to prescribe courses therefor. Under [SECTION] the Director of the Education was to be the Ex-Office Chairman. The other Members of the Board are also specified thereunder. [SECTION] enumerates and specifies the powers of the Board which are (1) to prescribe courses of instructions (2) to grant diplomas or certificates (3) to conduct examination, (4) to recognise institutions (5) to admit candidates (6) to admit and receive such fees as may be prescribed in the Regulations, (7) to publish the results of examination (8) to submit to the provincial Government its views on any matter with which it is concerned. Sub-clause (12) is the residuary clause which empowers the Board to do such other acts and things as may be requisite in order to further the objects of the Board as a body constituted for regulating and supervising the High School and Intermediate Education. This residuary clause must, on the principle of ejusdem generis, be confined to the powers of the Board which are analogous to those given in the eleven clauses which precede it. It cannot, as claimed by learned counsel for the appellant, be interpreted to enlarge the powers of the Board to the extent of giving it the power to appoint, suspend, transfer and dismiss its employees, as admittedly no such Regulations have been framed by the Board.
Of course, it can well be argued, on the basis of the observations of their Lordships of the Supreme Court in the case of [PRECEDENT] that if the Board is required to perform certain duties specified under [SECTION] of the Act it can only do so by employing the necessary staff, and if there is nothing in the Act which permits it to employ such staff nor is there any prohibition in regard to the matter contained in that Act, then the original power on which certain duties are cast on the Board must be presumed to clothe the Board with the necessary powers. It would be possible to place such an interpretation on. [SECTION] provided the Legislature intended to make the Act a self-contained one. The specific provisions made in [SECTION] of the [ACT] in which [SECTION], and [SECTION] fall, the latter being the one on which the appellant himself relied on, shows that the Government intended to treat the Board as one of its departments though independent in respect of the powers specifically given to it. Under [SECTION] of the Code, the powers to appoint, promote, punish (including removal and dismissal) and grant leave admissible under the Rules were specifically delegated to the Secretary of the Board. No such provision could have been made in the Code, if Government was not treating the Board as one of its departments. Under [SECTION] of the Code the Director of Education was specifically nominated as the Head of the Department.
[SECTION] of the Act on which great reliance is placed by learned counsel for the appellant does not show that the Provincial Government had completely abdicated its powers in favour of the Board. It only shows that the Board was completely independent in respect of the powers enumerated to [SECTION] of the Act. Even on those specific powers the Government had reserved a right to itself to address the Board with reference to any of the work conducted or done by the Board and to communicate to the Board its views on any matter with which the Board is concerned. Under [SECTION] an obligation is also cast on the Board not to ignore the communication, of the Government on the plea that it is an independent body in regard to the powers so conferred on it and the Board is obligated to report to the Provincial Government such action, if any, as it proposes to take on the Government communication. Sub-clause (3) enables the Government, in "the event of the Board not furnishing a reply, to issue such directions consistent with the Act as it may think fit and the Board shall comply with such directions. In an emergency, under Clause (4) the Government may even act without previous consultation with the Board.
36. There, is, as far as I can, see, no inherent impossibility in a statutory authority being at the same time a department of Government unless the Act itself, which creates the authority, gives it a separate legal status i.e. provides it with the right of perpetual succession, a common seal and the right to sue and be sued in its own name. Such a body as the Board, cannot have a separate legal existence for all purposes. It must, necessarily, in the matter of administration and fiscal control, be under the authority of some one else. The Legislature, which passed the [ACT] in the same year, gave it the status of a body Corporate by [SECTION] of that Act, but in respect of [ACT] under which the Board was constituted the status of a body Corporate was denied to it, or at least not specifically given. This clearly indicates that the Legislature intended the Board to be independent only in certain respects in the matter of the powers given to the Board under [SECTION] of the Act, and not for all purposes.
It is true that the Act itself nowhere says that it shall be a department of Government but when the historical background is taken into consideration the appointments of the staff from the very inception of the Board were made by the Government, salaries to the ministerial staff were paid by the Government; the appointments, transfers, suspension and removal were always by the Government the budget provisions for the Board were made by the State Government shows that the Board was always treated as a department of Government for all purposes other than those powers which the Act itself had specifically conferred and made the Board autonomous to that extent.
37. That apart, the appellant himself had no doubt either at the time when he filed his appeal to the Governor against his suspension and removal or at the time when he filed the writ petition under [SECTION] of the [ACT] or even at the time when the case was argued before the learned single Judge that he was a civil servant in the service of the State and that in any event he held a civil post in the State- He relied, as already noticed herein, above specifically on [SECTION] of the [ACT] which he could not have done if he was not a Civil servant within, the meaning of [SECTION] of the [ACT]. He also specifically relied on [SECTION] of the [ACT], which according to him, was a Code validly enacted by the appropriate Legislature under [SECTION] of the [ACT]. It is, therefore, a little late in the day for Mr. [ENTITY] to raise the contention that the appellant was not a civil servant but was in the service of a Corporate authority and therefore not liable to dismissal or removal by any one but by the Secretary of the Board.
38. The question as to whether the appellant was a civil servant at all not having been made one of the grounds upon which the relief was asked for in the petition as it was a, question of fact, in our opinion it cannot be allowed to be agitated now. Even assuming that the point could be agitated the answer would have to be given against the appellant as on his own admissions in the petition he had held himself and considered himself to be a servant of the State.
39. In the Full Bench decision reported in [PRECEDENT], where one of us was a member, tests were laid down for determining as to who was a member of a civil service or held a civil post under the Union or the State. It was there laid down that the question had primarily to be determined in relation to the functions which were performed, if the duties relate to activities which fall directly within the sphere of the Union or the State and the services were under the direction and control, as also the appointment was by either the Union or the State then such a person would fall within the services contemplated either by [SECTION] of the [ACT] or by [SECTION] of the [ACT], but if the sphere of activities of the employee fell within the, sphere of activity of a local authority constituted under some statute having a separate legal existence then the position of that employee even though the State or the Union controlled some of his activities and gave him directions in the discharge of his functions fell outside the scope of either [SECTION] of the [ACT] or [SECTION] of the [ACT]. In that case the [ACT] had given the Improvement Trust an independent legal status by giving it perpetual succession and a seal of its own. On the facts of that case and applying the tests aforesaid it was held that an employee of the Trust was not in the service of the State or holding a civil post under the, State. In the instant case as already observed no independent legal status had been given to the Board.
40. In the case of [PRECEDENT] it was held that the office of village [ENTITY] appointed under the. [ACT] was an office under the State within the meaning of that term in [SECTION] of the [ACT].
41. In [PRECEDENT] affirmed that under the [ACT] servants of the Crown hold their offices during the pleasure of the Crown, not by virtue of any special prerogative of the Crown but because such are the terms of their engagement as is well understood throughout the public service.
42. In the case of [PRECEDENT] a Division Bench of this Court held that an Assistant Advocate General was a State servant holding a civil post within the meaning of [SECTION] of the [ACT], although the advocate was free to pursue his practice and was not a servant of the State as such.
43. Once it is conceded, as it has been in the petition in this case, that [SECTION] of the [ACT] and [SECTION] of the [ACT] apply then the only question which can arise is whether the transfer and removal was made by an authority which was subordinate to the appointing authority.
44. In substance and reality the main grievance of the appellant only was that his transfer to the Office of the District Inspector of Schools, Behraich amounted to a reduction in rank. [SECTION] of the Fundamental Rules makes it clear that a Government servant shall not be transferable substantively to a post carrying less pay than the pay of the permanent post on which he holds as lien. As against the temporary scale of pay of Rs. 80-240, which he was drawing in an officiating capacity in the office of the Board he was on transfer to be reduced to his substantive scale of Rs. 80-140. It is manifest that the transfer as such did not involve any reduction in rank as no one can claim to have a lien or right to an officiating temporary post. The appellant's right was only to his substantive scale of pay and that by the order of transfer was in no way affected. The main grievance of the appellant, therefore was without any substance at all.
45. As regards the other question as to whether the transfer and suspension wad by an authority subordinate to the appointing authority does not really arise in this case. It has "been amply established on the record that the Governor had specifically sanctioned the transfer by annexure B (at page 94) as well as the removal of the appellant from the service of the State with effect from the 16th March 1.953 vide Annexure D (at page 42). All civil servants of a State hold office at the pleasure of the [ENTITY]. As the aforesaid orders were passed by him, it is idle for the appellant to contend, that the transfer or suspension could only have been made by the Secretary of the Board and by no one else.
In this respect the sheet anchor of Mr. [ENTITY]'s argument was the aforesaid judgment in [ENTITY]'s case [CASE NUMBER], D/- 23-12-1960 (All). This, however, can be of little or no assistance to him in the instant case. It is true, that in that case also it was a clerk in the Board who was officiating in the scale of Rs. 80/- to Rs. 240/- who was transferred by the Director of Education as a clerk in the Government Intermediate College, Allahabad in the substantive scale of 85-130 and he had contended that the transfer by the Director of Education was invalid as it amounted to a reduction in rank. The learned single Judge [ENTITY] J. had accepted these contentions holding that the Director of Education; had no power to transfer a clerk from the Board to any other office. On appeal the learned Chief Justice who delivered the judgment of the Division Bench, when considering [SECTION] of the Fundamental Rules, as in force in 1955, found that a local Government had the right to transfer a Government servant from one post to another provided that power had been delegated to any of its officers, in that case, however, he found that the Director of Education had not been delegated any powers by the Government to transfer clerks from the office of the Board, and admittedly there was no provision in the Board for the engagement of an office staff. It was also conceded that the clerks in the Board's office (other than head clerks) are appointed by the Secretary of the Board and their terms and conditions of service are admittedly the same as those of clerks directly appointed in the Education Department; that their salaries are not paid By the Board but out of the funds of the department and that the clerks of the Board are under the Director of Education as the Head of the Department of Education.
Notwithstanding all this, the learned Chief Justice held that as the Governor had not, under the provisions of [SECTION] of the [ACT], delegated his powers to the Director of Education to employ or remove clerks and the Director of Education was not an authority mentioned in [SECTION] of the [ACT], the order of transfer of a clerk from the Board's office by the Director was without authority.
46. In the instant case, as already stated, the orders transferring and removing the appellant from service were passed by the Governor himself and as such the ruling in [ENTITY]'s case can be of no avail to the appellant. It is incontrovertible that all executive power vests and flows from the Governor and if the transfer and removal is by him then, such orders are no longer open to challenge.
47. In the circumstances I see no good and sufficient reason to differ from the view taken by the learned single Judge in this refusal to issue the writs of certiorari or mandamus prayed for by the appellant.
48. In this view of the matter it is unnecessary to consider the question, of laches in the filing of the petition which had been raised by the opposite party and was acceded to by the learned single Judge. If it were necessary to give a decision thereon I would be inclined to hold that in the instant case there was no such delay in the filing of the petition as would merit its dismissal on the ground of laches. From the facts set out hereinabove it is manifest that after the final orders removing the appellant from service were communicated, to him he had acted with promptitude and due diligence in filing the writ petition.
49. For the reasons aforesaid the appeal is dismissed. In the circumstances of the case I would direct that the parties bear their own costs.
50. BY THE COURT: For the reasons given in our respective judgments this appeal must fail and it is hereby dismissed. The parties would bear their own costs of the appeal.