ORDER [ENTITY], J.
1. In all the aforesaid petitions, vires of Uttar Pradesh Cinema (Regulation of Exhibition by Means of Video) Rules, 1[SECTION][SECTION][SECTION] (hereinafter referred to as the Video Rules) has been questioned in some way or the other and all the petitions can be conveniently disposed of together. Learned counsel for the parties have agreed that the writ petitions may be disposed of finally at this stage. Writ Petition No. 1355[SECTION] of 1[SECTION][SECTION]1 shall be the leading petition.
2. Before dealing with the issues which are subject matter of determination in the aforesaid wirt petitions, it would be appropriate to mention in the brief the facts giving rise to the aforesaid petitions.
Writ Petition No. 1355[SECTION] of 1[SECTION][SECTION]1
3. In this petition, petitioner's case is that for running Video Cinema, Shri [ENTITY] who claims to be proprietor, constructed a permanent building in Sakaldiha Bazar, which is ouside the territory of Nagar Maha Palika, Varanasi and has a population of more than ten thousand. An application was filed on 22-12-1[SECTION][SECTION][SECTION] praying for a licence to exihibit films by means of Video. This application was considered under Uttar Pradesh Cinematograph Rules, 1[SECTION]51. By an order dated 2[SECTION]-1-1[SECTION][SECTION][SECTION] licence was granted for a period of six months under the aforesaid Rules, i.e. for the period beginning 2[SECTION]th January, 1[SECTION][SECTION][SECTION] to 2[SECTION]th July, 1[SECTION][SECTION][SECTION]. The licence so granted was further renewed for another period of six months ending on 2[SECTION]th January, 1[SECTION][SECTION][SECTION]. The aforesaid Video Rules were made and enforced with effect from 1st Sept. 1[SECTION][SECTION][SECTION]. Petitioner again applied for renewal of the licence and the licence was renewed for further period of six months, i.e. for the period [SECTION]th October, 1[SECTION][SECTION][SECTION] to [SECTION]th April, 1[SECTION][SECTION]0. The licence was further granted for two months, i.e. for the period 11th July, 1[SECTION][SECTION]0 to [SECTION]th Sept. 1[SECTION][SECTION]0 on the application of the petitioner. However, thereafter the renewal application was rejected by the licensing authority by order dated 25-[SECTION]-1[SECTION][SECTION]0 on the ground that a licence for permanent cinema, i.e. Saraswati Chhavi Grin has been granted and since the premises of the petitioner is situate within about one Kilometer, licence cannot be granted in view of the provisions contained in [SECTION] of the Video Rules. This order of the licensing authority was challenged before this Court in Writ Petition No. 25350 of 1[SECTION][SECTION]0 which was dismissed by order dated 1-2-1[SECTION][SECTION]1 on the ground of alternative remedy of appeal available to the petitioner before the State Government. Thereafter, the order was challenged in appeal unsuccessfully as appeal of the petitioner was dismissed by the State Government by order dated 11-4-1[SECTION][SECTION]1, aggrieved from which the present petition has been filed. In this petition counter and rejoinder affidavits have been exchanged. Petitioner has mainly challenged the provisions of and prohibition contained in [SECTION] of the Video Rules against granting licence for a Video Cinema where the cinema in a permanent building is already running.
Writ Petition No. 2[SECTION]544 of 1[SECTION][SECTION]1.
4. This petition is connected with the first petition. This Court by another order dated 24-[SECTION]-1[SECTION][SECTION]1 passed in Civil Misc. Writ Petition No. 1355[SECTION] of 1[SECTION][SECTION]1 directed the licensing authority to consider the petitioner's application to grant licence to the petitioner under [SECTION] of the Video Rules in accordance with law within a period of two weeks from the date of presentation of the certified copy of the order. The liensing authority obtained reports from Assistant Entertainment Tax Commissioner and from Sub Divisional Magistrate and after considering the aforesaid reports, by order dated [SECTION]-10-1[SECTION][SECTION]1 refused to grant licence under [SECTION]. The aforesaid order has been challenged in this petition.
Writ Petition No. 32[SECTION]5[SECTION] of 1[SECTION][SECTION]1
5. This petition has been filed through Shri [ENTITY] who claims himself to be proprietor of the Video Hall. It has been stated that in order to stand on his own legs, he decided to set up a travelling Video Cinema in town Chakia which is a Tahsil headquarter and is a town area with population of ten thousand according to 1[SECTION][SECTION]1 Census. It has also been stated that the town is outside the jurisdiction of Nagar Palika, Varanasi. The Hall consists of a pucca building, constructed of bricks and metals with a tin shed roof. The building has been taken on rent from one [ENTITY]. Other details by measurements of the building have also been mentioned. [ENTITY] moved an application on 22-3-1[SECTION][SECTION][SECTION] for grant of licence for exhibiting films by Video. On this application licence was granted for a period of six months, i.e. for the period from 30-3-1[SECTION][SECTION][SECTION] to 2[SECTION]-[SECTION]-1[SECTION][SECTION][SECTION] by order dated 2[SECTION]-3-1[SECTION][SECTION][SECTION]. The licence is Annexure 1 to the Writ Petition. It is noteworthy that a licence was granted in the name of Anand Video Hall and it was in the name of [ENTITY]. In para 4, it has been stated that at that time, name of petitioner's Video Hall was kept as Anand Video Hall and the licence was for total 300 seats. On 23-10-1[SECTION][SECTION][SECTION] another application was filed for grant of licence in the name of Payal Video Hall though it was in respect of the same building and place. The sets mentioned in the application were 125. The application is Annexure II to the writ petition. On this application by an order dated 30-12-1[SECTION][SECTION][SECTION] licence was granted for six months, i.e. for the period 25-12-1[SECTION][SECTION][SECTION] to 24-[SECTION]-1[SECTION][SECTION]0. Before the expiry of the aforesaid period, an application was filed on [SECTION]-[SECTION]-1[SECTION][SECTION]0 (Annexure 4 to the writ petition) praying for renewal of the licence for another six months. This application was rejected by an order dated 23-[SECTION]-1[SECTION][SECTION]0 on the ground that a cinema running in a permanent building is situate within one kilometer and in view of prohibitions contained in [SECTION] of the Video Rules, licence cannot be granted. A writ petition was filed in this Court on which an interim order was passed on 4-1-1[SECTION][SECTION]1, Annexure 5 to the writ petition, to consider the application of the petitioner for video cinema and to examine the facts afresh.
The application was rejected by the licensing authority on 25-1-1[SECTION][SECTION]1, annexure VII to the writ petition, on the ground that the building does not comply with the conditions of [SECTION] of Video Rules and further in view of the prohibition contained in [SECTION] the licence cannot be granted. The petitioner has challenged the order dated [SECTION]-1-1[SECTION][SECTION]1 passed by the District Magistrate, Varanasi though the licence was refused to the petitioner by order dated 25-1-1[SECTION][SECTION]1, The petitioner has also challenged the vires of [SECTION] and [SECTION] of the Video Rules.
Writ Petition No. 2[SECTION]2[SECTION]1 of 1[SECTION][SECTION]2
[SECTION]. This petition has been filed in the name of Anand Video Hall and Shri [ENTITY] has been mentioned as proprietor. It has been stated that the Hall is situate in Chauri Bazar, Varanasi that the petitioner in order to make out revenue for himself decided to set up a cinema business. However, on account of shortage of funds he decided to run a travelling video hall at the first instance. For this purpose, he constructed a building on his own land in Chauri Bazar, Varanasi. The building complies with the requirements of [SECTION] of the U. P. Video Rules, 1[SECTION][SECTION][SECTION]. In para [SECTION] of the writ petition it has been mentioned that petitioner constructed a pucca building on his own land and it has adequate place for exit and entrance. It also contains all the safety requirements prescribed under the Rules and the Act. It has been constructed over [SECTION][SECTION]5 sq. yards land which is duly owned by the petitioner. Since the petitioner's building does not substantially comply with the requirements of the Rules, it does not qualify as permanent building within the meaning of the Rules. However, the kind of building which the petitioner has constructed is categorised by the State Government as a semipermanent building. It has been further stated that petitioner applied for grant of a temporary licence under the Video Rules which was allowed by the District Magistrate/licencing authority, respondent No. 2, by order dated [SECTION]-[SECTION]-1[SECTION][SECTION]1. The licence has been filed as Annexure I to the writ petition, which was for a period of six months and was further extended for six months in continuation expiring on 14-[SECTION]-1[SECTION][SECTION]2. Application was again filed for renewal of the licence. However, renewal was refused by order dated 14-[SECTION]-1[SECTION][SECTION]2, annexure 5 to the writ petition, on the ground that under [SECTION] of Video Rules, licence for travelling Video cinema cannot be granted for a period beyond one year. Aggrieved by the aforesaid order, this petition has been filed. Petitioner has challenged the validity of [SECTION] and has prayed for quashing of the order dated 14-[SECTION]-1[SECTION][SECTION]2.
[SECTION]. Main arguments were heard in the first writ petition in which counter and rejoinder affidavits have been exchanged and the parties have agreed that on the basis of the arguments already heard in the first petition, all the petitions may be decided. For petitioners we heard Shri [ENTITY]. On behalf of the respondents we heard learned Advocate General, appearing along with learned Standing Counsel and Shri [ENTITY], senior counsel appearing with Shri [ENTITY].
[SECTION]. Learned counsel for petitioners submitted that petitioners have a fundamental right to freedom of speech and expression guaranteed under [SECTION] of the [ACT] which covers the exhibition of films and as the provisions contained in the Video Rules of 1[SECTION][SECTION][SECTION] prohibit, curtail or abridge the aforesaid fundamental right, the Rules have to satisfy the conditions of the provisions contained under [SECTION] of the [ACT] and any restriction in exercise of the aforesaid fundamental right beyond the limits provided by [SECTION] will be ultra vires and the Rules shall be liable to be struck down. It has been further submitted that petitioners have also a fundamental right to practice any profession or to carry on any occupation, trade or business under [SECTION] and the right of the petitioners to carry on the business of exhibition of films is protected under [SECTION] of the [ACT] and the Video Rules have to satisfy the test of Clause ([SECTION]) thereof also. Any restriction put by the Rules in exercise of the aforesaid right which is not in public interest cannot be sustained. Thus the challenge against the Video Rules of 1[SECTION][SECTION][SECTION] is on the ground of [SECTION] and [SECTION] of the [ACT]. Learned counsel for petitioners has submitted thai distance restriction contained in [SECTION] is wholly arbitrary and unreasonable and cannot stand the test of provisions contained in [SECTION] and [SECTION]. Learned counsel has submitted that this distance restriction is not necessary in the interest of sovereignty and integrity of India, security of the State, friendly relations with foreign States or for public order, decency or morality or in relation to contempt of Court, defamation or incitement to an offence, The restriction is thus wholly without authority as against the exercise of right to freedom of speech and expression, no restriccion could be put which has no connection with the grounds mentioned in [SECTION]. The grant of licence to the petitioners has been refused solely on the ground that there exists a permanent cinema, i.e. Saraswati Chhavi Grih within a distance of one kilometer. Learned counsel has made a fervent appeal that the exhibition of films by means of video provides a low cost entertainment to the poor section of the society and the impugned Rules are directed against and hit mainly the poor section. It has also been submitted that there is no provision contained in the [ACT] prohibiting healthy competition in the business. The exhibition of films by means of video is a consequence of a development in the technology and its benefit cannot be denied to the Society in the name of saving industry of cinema or exhibition of cinema through permanent buildings. It has been submitted that there is no prohibition against grant of licence to permanent cinema with reference to distance. Learned counsel has invited our attention to the several cinemas running in adjoining buildings in main cities of the State, namely Allahabad, Lucknow and Varanasi etc. It has been sub-milted that distance restriction contained in [SECTION] is per se arbitrary and unreasonable as it is neither in the public interest or necessary for maintaining the public order. The learned counsel has submitted that competition of the ideas must be given a free flow. The old technology if cannot stand the competition, it may be wiped out from the market and it shall be replaced by the new technology.
[SECTION]. Comparing the exhibition of the films with the circulation or distribution of the newspapers amongst the public, learned counsel for petitioners has sought to establish that the exhibition is an essential part or a necessary link for exercise of the right of freedom of speech and expression guaranteed under [SECTION] of the [ACT], as for circulation of the ideas amongst the public, the circulation of the newspapers is necessary, same way the exhibition of films is also necessary. It has been submitted that the right guaranteed under [SECTION] shall extend to all the necessary links necessary for exercise of this right and to make the ideas expressed or produced through films to reach to the general public. The rights so guaranteed may arise at different points and if the impugned Rules create any restriction at any point, it will have to satisfy the same test. Learned counsel submitted that though the right guaranteed under [SECTION] mainly protects production of films, it may be available to the exhibitor also as they form a necessary, link for propagating or circulating the idea contained in the film. Alternatively it has been submitted that if the Rule or Statute violates even a third party's fundamental right, it can be challenged before the Court. Citing various provisions of the Copyright Act, 1[SECTION]5[SECTION], learnd counsel for petitioner has sought to corroborate the submissions that the exhibitor will be entitled for the same protection under [SECTION] as the producer. Learned counsel has submitted that in the counter affidavit filed on behalf of the State the only justification for the Rules shown is the protection of permanent cinemas which is not covered either under [SECTION] or [SECTION] of the [ACT]. Learned counsel has submitted that the Rules are ultra vires and liable to be struck down. Learned counsel has placed reliance on several cases decided by Hon'ble Supreme Court and foreign judgments and also Articles published in various Journals and Books which shall be referred to at the appropriate places.
10. Learned Advocate General Shri [ENTITY], (as he then was), on the other hand, has submitted that the right guaranteed under [SECTION] i.e. the right to freedom of speech and expression is not available to the petitioner who is only exhibitor of the film. For his submissions, learned Advocate General has relied on the definition provided in [SECTION] of U.P. Cinemas (Regulation) Act, 1[SECTION]55 and has submitted that exhibition by means of video has been defined which means an exhibition of films in public on payment for admission which is solely a commercial activity and is not related with the right to freedom of speech and expression. It has been submitted that Video Rules of 1[SECTION][SECTION][SECTION] have been framed under [SECTION] of the aforesaid Act of 1[SECTION]55 which only deal with the trade or business and contain provisions for regulating the trade or business which is in the public interest and the Rules do not curtail any right of the petitioners guaranteed under [SECTION] of the [ACT]. The learned Advocate General has also referred to various provisions contained in U.P. Entertainments and Betting Tax Act, 1[SECTION][SECTION][SECTION] in support of his submission that the act of exhibition by petitioners is only a commercial activity. Reliance has also been placed on the observations of Hon'ble Supreme Court in the case. Smt. Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India, (AIR 1[SECTION][SECTION][SECTION] SC 5[SECTION][SECTION]).
11. Shri [ENTITY], learned counsel for respondent No. 3, has submitted that [SECTION] of the Video Rules of 1[SECTION][SECTION][SECTION] has been enacted by the State in exercise of the power to make the facility of video available in rural areas and it has been done to achieve the object provided in the Directive Principles of State under [SECTION] which provides that the State shall endeavour to eliminate ene-qualities in status, facilities and opportunities, not only amongst individuals but also amongst group of people residing in different areas or engaged in different vocations. Learned counsel has submitted that as in urban areas the facility and opportunity to have the ideas through cinemas is already available, the object behind the Rules appears to be that this facility should be provided to the rural areas by exhibiting films through videos. Learned counsel has further submitted that as the Rules are giving effect to the policy of the State towards securing the principles laid down in [SECTION] of the [ACT], they are protected under [SECTION] of the [ACT]. Learned counsel has further submitted that the policy of the legislature may be inferred from [SECTION] and [SECTION] of Video Rules and the local area defined under [SECTION]. Learned counsel has submitted that the idea is that the facility should go to uncatered areas to develop and cultivate permanent viewership. The restriction by the State is justified and there was no necessity of keeping such positive restrictions so far as urban areas are concerned. It has also been submitted that the restriction is necessary in the interest of entire motion picture industry. Rules are also necessary to preserve the interest of the State with regard to collection of revenue as if the exhibition of films by means of video is left uncontrolled, the revenue shall be severely depleted. Thus the Rules are in public interest. The learned counsel has pointed out various disadvantages which may be faced by the public in general if the exhibition of films by means of video are left uncontrolled. It has been submitted that preferential treatment given by the State to exhibition of films by cinema in permanent buildings does not suffer from any illegality as the same is in public interest and there is a valid classification having reasonable nexus with the object sought to be achieved by Video Rules of 1[SECTION][SECTION][SECTION]. The object sought to be achieved is to prevent the mushroom growth of the Video cinema halls wbich may cause irreparable harm to the society in various ways. Learned counsel has placed reliance in a case Deepak Theatre v. State of Punjab, AIR 1[SECTION][SECTION]2 SC [SECTION]1[SECTION]. Learned counsel has further submitted that the petitioners cannot be allowed to challenge the provisions contained in [SECTION] of the Video Rules as the petitioners applied for grant of a travelling video cinema licence. It has been submitted that the petitioners' challenge of the provisions of [SECTION] cannot be thus entertained. Learned counsel has further submitted that there is no fundamental right to carry profession or business at a place of choice and in regulating the business and trade place may be earmarked or defined by the State. The petitioners have no fundamental right to exhibit films by video in local areas as defined under the Rules. The learned counsel has placed reliance in cases: Sodan Singh v. New Delhi Municipal Committee, AIR 1[SECTION][SECTION][SECTION] SC 1[SECTION][SECTION][SECTION], T. B. Ibrahim v, The Regional Transport Authority, Tanjore, AIR 1[SECTION]53 SC [SECTION][SECTION], Janardhana Raja v. Collector of Northern Arcot Distt. Vellore, AIR 1[SECTION][SECTION]4 (NOC) 201, State of Karnataka v. Javeed Hyder, AIR 1[SECTION][SECTION]1 Karnataka 235, Sujatha Touring Talkies v. State of Karnataka, AIR 1[SECTION][SECTION][SECTION] Karnataka 21, Shri Laxmi Touring Talkies v. The State of Karnataka, AIR 1[SECTION][SECTION]5 Karnataka 3[SECTION].
12. We have heard learned counsel for parties at length and we have also the advantage to look into the original record with regard to Sitar Video and Payal Video Hall which was handed over to us by the learned Standing Counsel. After considering various arguments raised before us, in our opinion, the following questions are to be determined by this Court for deciding whether the relief claimed by petitioners in the writ petitions may be given or not. The questions are:
(i) Whether the right to exhibit films by means of video by petitioners is a fundamental right guaranteed under [SECTION], i.e. right to freedom of speech and expression?
(ii) Whether the right to exhibit films is a fundamental right guaranteed under [SECTION] and the petitioners have right to carry on the trade or business of exhibiting films?
(iii) If answer of the aforesaid two questions comes in favour of petitioners, whether the impugned Video Rules of 1[SECTION][SECTION][SECTION] can be justified under [SECTION] and [SECTION] of the [ACT]?
(iv) Whether the restrictions contained in the impugned Video Rules are prohibitory and restrictive in nature and arbitrary and unreasonable and violative of trie fundamental rights of the petitioners guaranteed under [SECTION]?
(v) Whether the impugned Video Rules, 1[SECTION][SECTION][SECTION] have been made by the legislature with an idea to fulfil the objects set by the Directive Principles of the State and are thus protected under [SECTION] of the [ACT].
(vi) Whether the impugned orders refusing to grant the licence to the petitioners otherwise suffer from any error of law on which basis the petitioners may be entitled for the relief under [SECTION] of the [ACT].
13. In our opinion, the most important question for determination in the writ petitions is as to whether the right to exhibit films as claimed by the petitioners is fundamental right guaranteed under [SECTION] of the [ACT]. Had this right been claimed by the producer of the films, there could have been no difficulty to answer the question that the right to exhibit films is a fundamental right contemplated under the aforesaid Article. However, in the present petitions the right has been claimed by the petitioners to exhibit films as a commercial activity for earning profits. The freedom of speech or expression makes the right to express ones opinion by words of mouth, writing, printing, picture or in any other manner by which such opinion may be understood by others. It would thus include the freedom of communication and the right to propagate or publish opinion. The communication of ideas could be made through any medium including the movie. The question is whether the petitioners want to exhibit the movie with an object to express their own opinion or even the producer's opinion for purpose of arousing any public opinion or for propagating any idea. In our considered opinion the petitioners have no such object to achieve in exhibiting the films.
14. Learned counsel for petitioner placed reliance on the cases [ENTITY] v. Union of India, AIR 1[SECTION][SECTION]1 SC 4[SECTION]1, Raj Kapoor v. Lakshman, AIR 1[SECTION][SECTION]0 SC [SECTION]05, Odyssey communications Pvt. Ltd. v. Lok Vidayan San-gathan, AIR 1[SECTION][SECTION][SECTION] SC 1[SECTION]42, Ramesh v. Union of India, AIR 1[SECTION][SECTION][SECTION] SC [SECTION][SECTION]5 and S. Rangarajan v. P. Jagjiwan Ram, 1[SECTION][SECTION][SECTION] (2) SCC 5[SECTION]4.
[SECTION]. We have gone through all the aforesaid cases. However, in all the aforesaid cases it was right of the producer which was under
consideration before Hon'ble the Supreme Court and we do not find anything in the aforesaid cases on which basis it may be said that the right to exhibit films as claimed by the petitioners is a right contemplated under [SECTION] of the [ACT]. Learned Counsel has also placed reliance on some foreign decisions, namely Freedmen v. Maryland (1[SECTION][SECTION][SECTION]) 3[SECTION]0 U.S. 51 and Beman v. Post Master General (1[SECTION][SECTION][SECTION]) 3[SECTION]1 US 301 and also cited Books "Selected Words of [ENTITY]" at page 40[SECTION] and "Selected Essays on [ACT]al Law" article 'Freedom of Expression' at page 4.
1[SECTION]. We have considered the aforesaid cases and the Books relied on by the learned counsel for petitioners and, in our opinion, they can also not be helpful to petitioners in present cases, the prime reason for which is that the frame-work of our [ACT] basically differs from the First Amendment to the [ACT]. The First Amendment to the [ACT] guarantees the freedom of speech and press in absolute terms and it admits no restriction. However, in our [ACT] protection to fundamental right is qualified as clear from the provisions contained in [SECTION]. To appreciate this difference, observations of [ENTITY], J. in Kingsley Corporation v. Regents of the University of Newyork reported in 3 Led. [SECTION]12 ([SECTION]22) while considering the question of censorship by prior restraint may be quoted with advantage :
"If we had a provision in our [ACT] for "reasonable" regulation of the press such as India has included in hers, there would be room for argument that censorship in the interests of morality would be permissible. Judges sometimes try to read the word "reasonable" into the First Amendment or make the rights it grants subject to reasonable regulation But, its language in terms that are absolute is utterly at war with censorship "
1[SECTION]. Same way, C. J. late Shri [ENTITY], in the case of K A. Abbas mentioned above after considering various American and British decisions, expressed the view that they cannot be decisive and certain for inter-
preting fundamental right with regard to freedom of speech and expression in our country. Hon. Supreme Court in case of Pathumma v. State of Kerala reported in AIR 1[SECTION][SECTION][SECTION] SC [SECTION][SECTION]1 clearly observed that the Supreme Court need no refer to the American cases nor rely on the American [ACT] for the purpose of examining the seven freedoms contained in [SECTION] because the social conditions and the habits of our people are different. We are in respectful agreement with the aforesaid observations and in our opinion the American decisions cited by the learned counsel and strongly relied on cannot provide a proper and good guidance for determining the question involved in the present petitions.
1[SECTION]. Learned Counsel for petitioners, however, laid much emphasis on his submission that the exhibition of the films should be considered same way as the circulation or distribution of newspapers is concerned. Learned counsel placed reliance in cases of Ramesh Thaper v. State of Madras, AIR 1[SECTION]50 SC 124 : (1[SECTION]50 (51) Cri LJ [SECTION]14, Indian Express v. Union of India, AIR 1[SECTION]5[SECTION] SC 5[SECTION][SECTION] (sic), Sakal papers (p) Ltd. v. Union of India, AIR 1[SECTION][SECTION]2 SC 305, Bennett Coleman & Co. v. Union, AIR 1[SECTION][SECTION]3 SC 10[SECTION] and Indian Express Newspapers v. Union of India, AIR 1[SECTION][SECTION][SECTION] SC 5[SECTION]: (1[SECTION][SECTION]5 Tax LR 2451).
1[SECTION]. We have throughly considered this aspect of the case also. However, in our opinion, right to exhibit movies cannot be compared with the circulation or distribution of the newspapers in the market for various reasons. Hon'ble Supreme Court in the case of [ENTITY] considered this aspect of the case. An article written by Shri [ENTITY] himself entitled as "Creative Expression" was also quoted with approval which may be reproduced below:
"But even if we believe that a novelist or a painter or a musician should be free to write, paint and compose music without the interference of the State machinery, I doubt if anyone will advocate the same freedom to be extended to the commercial exploitation of a powerful medium of expression and entertainment like the cinema. One can imagine the results if an unbridled commercial cinema is allowed to cater to the lowest common denominator of popular taste, specially in a country which, after two centuries of political and cultural domination, is still suffering from a confusion and debasement of cultural values." "Freedom of Expression cannot and should not, be interpreted as a licence for the cinemagnates to make money by pandering to, and thereby propagating shoddy and vulgar taste."
20. After considering the aforesaid article and the special nature of the film media, the Hon'ble Supreme Court in para 22 of the judgment observed as under :
"Further it has been almost universally recognised that the treatment of motion pictures must be different from that of other forms of art and expression. This arises from the instant appeal of the motion picture its versatility, realism (often surrealism), and its co-ordination of the visual and aural senses. The art of the cameraman, with trick photography vista-vision and three dimensional representation thrown in, has made the cinema picture more true to life than even the theatre or indeed any other form of representative an. The motion picture is able to stir up emotions more deeply than any other product of art. Its effect particularly on children and adolescents is very great since their immaturity makes them more willingly suspend their disbelief than mature meh and women. They also remember the action in the picture and try to emulate or imitate what they have seen. Therefore, classification of films into two categories of 'U' films and 'A' films is a reasonable classification. It is also for this reason that motion pictures must be regarded differently from other forms of speech and expression. A person reading a book or other writing or hearing a speech or viewing a painting or sculpture is not so deeply stirred as by seeing a motion picture. Therefore, the treatment of the latter on a different footing is also a valid classification."
21. In case of S. Rangarajan reported in 1[SECTION][SECTION][SECTION] (2) SCC 5[SECTION]4, the observations of Hon'ble Supreme Court are to the like effect. "It can, therefore, be said that the movie has unique capacity to disturb and arouse feelings.
It has as much potential for evil as it has for good. It has an equal potential to instil or cultivate violent or good behaviour. With these qualities and since it caters for mass audience who are generally not selective about what they watch, the movie cannot be equated with other modes of communication. It cannot be allowed to function in a free market place just as does the newspapers or magazines."
22. In our opinion, the aforesaid judgments of the Hon'ble Supreme Court in two of the leading cases on the subject are conclusive that the exhibition of the films cannot be compared with other mediums of expression. The exhibition of films in itself independently constitutes an industry or business which has no link with the production of films. The situation is entirely different so far as newspapers and magazines are concerned The circulation of newspapers and magazines continues with the publisher but the film after being produced goes out of the hand of the producer for being exhibited by the persons who are totally unconnected having no links with the producer. Exhibition of the films thus is a purely commercial activity with a motive of profit so far as the present petitioners are concerned. What we have said above should not be understood to cover all kinds of exhibition of films. There may be cases where exhibition of the films may be with an object to propagate some idea, political or social, amongst the masses and not for any gain which may not be termed as a commercial activity.
23. Learned counsel for petitioners, however submitted that the right to freedom of speech and expression should be seen and protected at every link which is necessary to make the idea or opinion expressed to reach to the masses. If the submissions of the learned counsel are accepted, the right guaranteed under [SECTION] shall cover all steps and stages necessary for production and exhitition of a film and same right may be claimed by several persons engaged in the production of the film as well as those who are engaged in exhibition of the film. In our opinion, the sacred right guaranteed under [SECTION] cannot be stretched to such an extent as suggested by the learned counsel It protects the right of those who have an idea or opinion for the people and also to those who are interested in propagating such ideas amongst the masses with an object of goodness for the masses. It may have several forms. The submissions of the learned counsel can- not be accepted.
24. Hon'ble Supreme Court in case of Hamdard Dawakhana v. Union of India reported in AIR 1[SECTION][SECTION]0 SC 554 : (1[SECTION][SECTION]0 Cri LJ [SECTION]35) while considering the right guaranteed under [SECTION] with regard to the advertisement clearly held that the advertisement being a commercial activity does not fall within the concept of the freedom of speech as the object is not propagation of ideas social, political or economic. The relevant extract of para 1[SECTION] of the judgment may be reproduced here:
"An advertisement is no doubt a form of speech but its true character is reflected by the object for the promotion of which it is employed. It assumes the attributes and elements of the activity under [SECTION] which it seeks to aid by bringing it to the notice of the public. When it takes the form of a commercial advertisement which has an element of trade or commerce it no longer falls within the concept of freedom of speech for the object is not propagation of ideas social, political or economic or furtherance of literature or human thought; but as in the present case the commendation of the efficacy, value and importance in treatment of particular diseases by certain drugs and medicines. In such a case, advertisement is part of business even though as described by Mr. [ENTITY] its creative part, and it was being used for the purpose of furthering the business of the petitioners and had no relationship with what may be called the essential concept of the freedom of speech. It cannot be said that the right to publish and distribute commercial advertisements advertising an individual's personal business is a part of freedom of speech guaranteed by the [ACT] "
25. The view we have expressed above is fully corroborated by the observations of Hon'ble Supreme Court. Learned counsel for the petitioners, however, submitted that if the provisions are prohibitory in nature and are affecting the right guaranteed under [SECTION] even though the right of third party, namely producer may have been affected, but it shall be open to the petitioners to challenged the vires of the Rules. For this submission learned counsel for the petitioners has placed reliance in cases Dwarika Das v. Sholapur Spinning and Weaving Company, AIR 1[SECTION]54 SC 11[SECTION], Shri Krishna Ranganath Madholkar v. Gujarat University, AIR 1[SECTION][SECTION]2 Guj [SECTION][SECTION] (FB), Dr. [ENTITY] v. M/s. S. Lal and Company, AIR 1[SECTION][SECTION]3 SC 2[SECTION]20 and Rajendra Prasad v. State of U. P., 1[SECTION][SECTION][SECTION] ALJ [SECTION]24 (DB).
2[SECTION]. We have considered the aforesaid judgments and in our opinion, the facts and circumstances of the cases were entirely different and cannot be applied in the present case. Hon'ble Supreme Court in re, Dr. [ENTITY] clearly observed that ordinarily the right which is the foundation for exercising jurisdiction under [SECTION] or [SECTION] is the personal or individual right. When it is made by a stranger, the court considers whether the public interest demands its intervention. In either case it is a matter which rests ultimately in the discretion of the court. We have considered the case with this angle and we do not find that in the facts of the present case the public interest demands to test the legality of the impugned Rules with reference to [SECTION] of the [ACT].
2[SECTION]. Learned counsel has also placed reliance on various provisions of the Copyright Act, 1[SECTION]5[SECTION] and tried to persuade us to hold that the petitioners as exhibitor also exercised right to freedom of speech and expression under [SECTION]. We have examined the various provisions of the Act, 1[SECTION]5[SECTION]. However, we are unable to infer from the provisions any such right in favour of petitioners. The object and purpose of the Copyright Act, 1[SECTION]5[SECTION] and extending the right of author to assigness hirers is with different purpose and object.
2[SECTION]. For the reasons mentioned above, our conclusion is that right to exhibit films which the petitioners want to exercise is not covered by [SECTION] of our [ACT] and thus it does not appear necessary for us to consider the validity of the impugned Video Rules of 1[SECTION][SECTION][SECTION] in terms of [SECTION] thereof.
2[SECTION]. Now, coming to the second question as to whether the right to exhibit films claimed by the petitioners is a fundamental right guaranteed under [SECTION] of the [ACT], there is no difficulty in accepting that the exhibition of films for profit or gain is a business guaranteed under [SECTION] and the impugned Rules must stand the test of [SECTION] of the [ACT] which provides that the reasonable restrictions on the exercise of the right conferred under [SECTION] may be imposed in the interest of the general public. Now, it has to be seen whether the restrictions provided by the Video Rules of 1[SECTION][SECTION][SECTION] in exhibiting films are reasonable and in public interest.
30. Before entering into the discussion about the reasonableness of the restrictions, it would be appropriate to examine the provisions contained in Video Rules, 1[SECTION][SECTION][SECTION]. These Rules have been made in exercise of the powers under [SECTION] of the U.P. Cinemas (Regulation) Act, 1[SECTION]55. These Rules as provided under [SECTION] apply to exhibition by means of Video in a permanent building with seating capacity not exceeding 125 and such exhibition in all temporary buildings. A Note has been appended below this Rule which may be reproduced hereunder:
"Note. Exhibition by means of Video in a Video Cinema with seating capacity exceeding 125 seats shall mutatis mutandis be governed and regulated by the Uttar Pradesh Cinematograph Rules, 1[SECTION]51 with such relaxation as may be granted by the State Government."
31. Thus, from [SECTION] and the Note appended thereto it is clear that the Rules are applicable only for exhibition of films in a permanent or temporary building with a seating capacity not exceeding 125. [SECTION] provides definitions of various words used in the Rules. [SECTION] puts a restriction that no person shall be granted licence unless the licensing authority is satisfied that the pro-
visions of the Act and the Rules have been complied with. [SECTION] provides for the requirement of a permanent building. [SECTION], [SECTION], [SECTION], [SECTION] and [SECTION] provide for seating, ventilation, senitation, arrangement for drinking water, electric installation etc. [SECTION] contain provisions with regard to grant of licence. [SECTION] provides provision for appeal against refusal of licence. Rest of the provisions are not relevant for the present case. The challenge of the petitioners is confined to [SECTION] and [SECTION] which are being reproduced below :
11. Other conditions for grant of licence.-
(1) Licence shall not be granted for a video cinema if it is situated:
(i) within the limits of a local area already having a cinema in a permanent building or where the same is under construction;
(ii) within the radius of 500 meters of the outer limits of a local area with population exceeding 5 lakhs and having a cinema in a permanent building;
(iii) within the radius of 1000 meters of the outer limits of a local area with population exceeding 50,000 but not exceeding 5 lakhs and having a cinema in a permanent building;
(iv) within the radius of [SECTION]00 meters of the outer limits of a local area with population up to 50,000 and having a cinema in a permanent building;
(v) within 500 meters of another video cinema;
(vi) in a restaurant or any other establishment, by whatever name called, engaged in serving or catering meals, snacks, hot or cold drinks etc. (2) A travelling video cinema shall not be licenced within the radius of 2 kms. of cinema in a permanent building."
"[SECTION]. Validity of licence. (1) Except in the case of travelling video cinema a licence for exhibition by means of video may be granted or renewed by the licensing authority for a period not exceeding three years at a time.
(2) A licence to a travelling video cinema for a particular place shall initially be granted for a period not exceeding six months which may be extended for a further period not exceeding six months."
32. The distance restrictions provided under [SECTION] and [SECTION] have been vehemently challenged by the learned Counsel for petitioners as arbitrary, unreasonable and not in public interest. It may be very important to mention here that all the petitioners applied for grant of the licence for exhibiting films in temporary buildings and so far as the applications of the petitioners are concerned only [SECTION] is relevant. [SECTION] provides for the exhibition of films by video in permanent buildings. Learned Counsel challenged both [SECTION] and [SECTION]. However, since petitioners have never applied for grant of licence for exhibiting films from a permanent building, we do not propose to consider the challenge with regard to [SECTION]. The licence has been refused to the petitioners of Sitar Video Hall and Payal Video Hall under [SECTION] which provides that a travelling video cinema shall not be licensed within a radius of two kms. of a cinema in a permanent building. The reasonableness of this restriction has to be considered. It cannot be disputed that the State Government is entitled to legislate and enact laws to control the exhibition of films for purposes of entertainment and amusement. The learned Counsel, however, submitted that the burden is on the respondent-State to show that the restriction provided by [SECTION] is in public interest. Learned Counsel has placed reliance in a number of cases; namely, Saghir Ahmad v. State of U. P., AIR 1[SECTION]54 SC [SECTION]2[SECTION] : (1[SECTION]55 All LJ 3[SECTION]); Faruq v. State of M. P., (1[SECTION][SECTION][SECTION]) 1 SCC [SECTION]53: (AIR 1[SECTION][SECTION]0 SC [SECTION]3); Bachan Singh v. State of Punjab, AIR 1[SECTION][SECTION]0 SC [SECTION][SECTION][SECTION]: (1[SECTION][SECTION]0 Cri LJ [SECTION]3[SECTION]) and Bachan Singh v. State of Punjab, AIR 1[SECTION][SECTION]2 SC 1325: (1[SECTION][SECTION]2 Cri LJ (NOC) 1[SECTION]3). There cannot be any dispute so far the legal position is concerned that the burden is on the State to show the reasonableness of the restriction imposed in exercise of fundamental right. Learned Counsel has referred to the counter-affidavits filed and has submitted that there is nothing to justify that the restriction imposed by [SECTION] is reasonable and in the public interest.
33. On behalf of the State two counter-affidavits have been filed, one by Shri [ENTITY], Entertainment Tax Inspector which is of the date [SECTION]-[SECTION]-1[SECTION][SECTION]1 and another is by Shri [ENTITY], Assistant Entertainment Tax Commissioner, which is of the date 2-5-1[SECTION][SECTION]2. We have perused both the counter-affidavits. In counter-affidavit dated 2-5-1[SECTION][SECTION]2 in paras [SECTION] to [SECTION], it has been stated that [SECTION] does not impose any restriction on the fundamental right of the petitioners and the Rules have been made in the interest of general public. Various facts have been stated that travelling video cinema in which the petitioners want to exhibit file as does not contain the necessary facilities like permanent cinemas and the exhibition of the films from permanent cinema cannot be equated with the travelling video cinema. The safety and convenience of viewers is the main thrust on which basis the reasonableness of the Rules has been stated.
34. We have considered the submissions of the learned Counsel at length. A perusal of [SECTION] shows that temporary building means a building which is not a permanent building and includes both, tent or a simitar structure. Licence for the travelling video cinema may be granted in respect of a temporary building. It cannot be denied that the temporary building cannot contain all the facilities and safety measures which are generally required in a permanent building for exhibiting films. The large number of viewers come in shifts and convenience and safety of such people coming for entertainment and pleasure is a relevant consideration. In a temporary building all these safety measures and facilities and convenience cannot be provided and if the State has made Rules to restrict such exhibitions from temporary buildings frequently and for longer period, we do not think that the restrictions contained are in any way unreasonable and not in public interest. Hon'ble Supreme Court in case of Puthamma v. State of Kerala, AIR 1[SECTION][SECTION][SECTION] SC [SECTION][SECTION]1, has laid down the guidelines for testing reasonableness. If the restrictions imposed by the Rules for exhibition of films by travelling video cinema are considered in that light they cannot be said to be un- reasonable. Licences for travelling video cinema are granted for a short term so that they may cater to the need of those who may not go to the cities on account of long distances and may thus have the facility of entertainment on cheap rates nearer to the place of their residence. In our opinion, the distance restriction provided under [SECTION] serves with twin purposes, firstly, it prevents the mushroom growth of such cinemas inside the populated areas and already having cinemas running from permanent building and, secondly, it provides facility of entertainment to those who are not able to cover long distances. Considered both ways, in our opinion, the restrictions put are reasonable. If the exhibition of films from such temporary buildings is left uncontrolled, the dangerous consequences to society in general may be well imagined. Out of anxiety to earn money such exhibitions may be started from every place having no regard to the propriety of the place for the purpose. It shall also create a serious law and order situation, as the law-enforcing authorities may not be able to cover all such places and the viewers shall be exposed to such places for purpose of entertainment having no necessary facilities and safeguards. In our opinion, the restrictions imposed by the Rules are reasonable and in public interest. It may also be observed at this place that the rules apply only to exhibition of films through video at places with seating capacity not exceeding 125. The petitioners are not thus facing the total prohibition of the business. It is open to them to apply for a licence to exhibit films from a building with a seating capacity of more than 125 and in that case the impugned Rules will not be applicable to them. Thus the restriction is not complete but it is only partial and regulatory. In law, there is a presumption with regard to the constitutionality of the Rules. We have thoroughly considered the various aspects of the case and we do not find anything on which basis it may be said that the restrictions contained in the Rules, specially [SECTION] and [SECTION], are unreasonable and not in public interest.
35. On behalf of the petitioners it is also submitted that the Rules are discriminatory and violative of [SECTION] of the [ACT]. It is submitted that the impugned Rules tend to discriminate to the exhibition of films by means of video and the intention appears to curb the growth of the new technology. However, we are not impressed with the submissions made. The petitioners who want to exhibit films by means of temporary Video Cinema from a different class and, as already observed earlier, the exhibition of films from unhygienic and unsafe places cannot be permitted frequently and for longer period. The Rules create a reasonable classification for puttting restrictions contemplated thereunder which has a definite nexus with the purpose to achieve i.e. safety and convenience of the viewers.
3[SECTION]. We have perused the impugned orders rejecting the licence of the petitioners and, in our opinion, as we have upheld the vires of the Video Rules of 1[SECTION][SECTION][SECTION], the applications of petitioners have been rightly rejected for grant of travelling video cinema licence. The licences to the Sitar Video Hall and Payal Video Hall have been rejected on the ground that there is already a cinema in a permanent building and in view of the restrictions contained in [SECTION], the licences could not be granted to them. Similarly, licence has been refused to Anand Video Hall as it has already availed the maximum period of one year under [SECTION] and no further licence could be granted. A Division Bench of this Court in case of Rajbir Singh v. State of U. P., (1[SECTION][SECTION]2) 1[SECTION] ALR 52[SECTION], has already considered the validity of such restriction with reference to [SECTION] of the U. P. Cinematograph Rules, 1[SECTION]51 and has upheld the same. The restriction has been held to be justified. We are in respectful agreement with the view expressed by the aforesaid Division Bench. Thus, otherwise also, we do not find the petitioners entitled for any relief in these petitions.
3[SECTION]. As the contention of the petitioners challenging the vires of the Video Rules of 1[SECTION][SECTION][SECTION] has not been accepted and the orders refusing to grant licences have not been found otherwise bad in law, it does not appear necessary to examine the submission of the learned Counsel for the respondents with regard to [SECTION] of the [ACT].
3[SECTION]. For the reasons recorded above, these petitions have no force and are accordingly dismissed. There will be no order as to costs.
3[SECTION]. Petitions dismissed.