IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION CRIMINAL APPEAL NO. 157 OF 2011 [ENTITY] D & others Appellants Versus [ENTITY] Respondent J U D G M E N T
[ENTITY], J.
This appeal is directed against judgment and order dated 2.3.2010, passed by the High Court of judicature at Calcutta in [CASE NUMBER] whereby said Court has dismissed the appeal and upheld the conviction and sentence recorded by the Additional Sessions Judge, 1st Court, Nadia, in [CASE NUMBER], against accused/appellants [ENTITY], [ENTITY] and [ENTITY] under [SECTION] of [ACT] ([ACT]).
2. We have heard learned counsel for the parties and perused the papers on record.
3. Prosecution story, in brief, is that PW-1 [ENTITY] and his sister's husband [ENTITY] purchased two pieces of land situated on northern side of Panchanantaal of village Garibpur about a month before the incident. Both of them started cultivation on the land purchased and planted seeds of "Baro" paddy. Accused [ENTITY] (appellant No. 1) had his land on the west of the land purchased by the [ENTITY]. On 1.12.1983 at about 8.00 a.m., PW-1 [ENTITY] and his brother-in-law [ENTITY] came to know that accused [ENTITY] along with many others was digging an irrigation channel through the land of [ENTITY] to his land. On this, PW-1 [ENTITY] along with [ENTITY] and his three brothers [ENTITY], [ENTITY] and [ENTITY], and his son [ENTITY], rushed towards the land where the digging work was on. They saw that accused [ENTITY] with the help of co-accused [ENTITY], [ENTITY], [ENTITY] (appellant No. 2), [ENTITY], [ENTITY] (appellant No. 3) and 27 others, was engaged in digging the land of [ENTITY] and constructing irrigation channel. [ENTITY] objected to and asked the appellant No. 1 as to why his land was being dug without his permission. This enraged the three appellants and their associates who brought [ENTITY], [ENTITY], [ENTITY], Bow and Arrow, sticks, etc. from the village and chased PW-1 [ENTITY], [ENTITY], [ENTITY] and [ENTITY], upto the field of [ENTITY], and assaulted them and left them bleeding at the spot. Out of the injured, [ENTITY] succumbed to the injuries, and rest of the injured PW-4 [ENTITY], PW-2 [ENTITY], PW-3 [ENTITY] and [ENTITY] were taken to hospital for medical treatment.
4. The First Information Report of the incident was given orally by PW-1 [ENTITY] to PW-6 [ENTITY] of Police Station Tehatta on the very day (1.12.1983) at about 10.30 a.m. Said report was recorded as Ex. 1, and the crime was registered at 11.55 a.m. at the police station against 30 accused, namely, [ENTITY] (appellant No. 1), [ENTITY], [ENTITY], [ENTITY] (appellant No. 2), [ENTITY], [ENTITY], [ENTITY] (appellant No. 3), [ENTITY], [ENTITY], [ENTITY], [ENTITY], [ENTITY], [ENTITY], [ENTITY], [ENTITY], [ENTITY], [ENTITY], [ENTITY], [ENTITY], [ENTITY], [ENTITY], [ENTITY], [ENTITY], [ENTITY], [ENTITY], [ENTITY], [ENTITY], [ENTITY], [ENTITY] and [ENTITY], in respect of offences punishable under [SECTION], [SECTION], [SECTION], [SECTION], [SECTION] and [SECTION] [ACT].
5. PW-6 [ENTITY], along with police personnel, after getting the case registered, as above, went to the spot, took the dead body of [ENTITY] into possession, sealed the same and prepared the inquest report. He interrogated the witnesses. The dead body was sent for post mortem examination. CW-1 Dr. [ENTITY] conducted autopsy on the dead body of the deceased on 2.12.1983 and recorded as many as eight ante mortem injuries, including six incised wounds. The Medical Officer prepared the Post Mortem Report (Ex. 5) and opined that the deceased had died due to shock and haemorrhage due to the ante mortem injuries suffered by him. The Investigating Officer arrested the accused and on completion of investigation, submitted charge sheet against as many as thirty accused, including appellants [ENTITY], [ENTITY] and [ENTITY]. The case was committed to the Court of Sessions for trial.
6. The trial court, after hearing the parties, framed charge of offences punishable under [SECTION], [SECTION], [SECTION] and [SECTION] [ACT] against all the thirty accused on 4.9.1989 to which they pleaded not guilty and claimed to be tried. On this, the prosecution got examined PW-1 [ENTITY] (informant and eye witness), PW-2 [ENTITY], PW-3 [ENTITY], PW-4 [ENTITY] (all the three eye witnesses), PW-5 [ENTITY], PW-6 [ENTITY] (who recorded First Information Report and prepared the Inquest Report), PW- 7 [ENTITY] (Driver of the police vehicle), PW-8 [ENTITY] (Arresting Officer of some of the accused), PW-9 [ENTITY], and PW-10 Const. [ENTITY]. Apart from this, CW-1, Dr. [ENTITY] (who conducted post mortem examination) was also examined.
7. The oral and documentary evidence was put to the accused under [SECTION] of the [ACT] (for short "[ACT]") on 19.7.1994 in Bangla, in reply to which they stated that they knew nothing about the incident, and pleaded that the evidence adduced against them, is false. However, no evidence in defence appears to have been given.
8. After hearing the parties, the trial court came to the conclusion that accused [ENTITY], [ENTITY] and [ENTITY], with some others, in furtherance to common object, committed murder of [ENTITY], and held all the three guilty of charge of offence punishable under [SECTION] [ACT] on 5.8.1994. As to the rest of the accused, the trial court found that the prosecution has failed to prove charge as against them, as such they were acquitted. The Public Prosecutor and the counsel for the accused, thereafter, were heard on sentence, and each one of the three convicts [ENTITY], [ENTITY] and [ENTITY] were sentenced to imprisonment for life and directed to pay fine of Rs.1000/-, in default of payment of which the defaulter was directed to undergo rigorous imprisonment for a further period of two years. Aggrieved by said judgment and order dated 5.8.1994, the three convicts challenged the same before the High Court and filed [CASE NUMBER]. The High Court, on re-assessment of the evidence, concurring with the view taken by the trial court, dismissed the appeal. Hence, this appeal through special leave.
9. Before further discussion, we think it just and proper to mention the ante mortem injuries found on the body of the deceased ([ENTITY]) recorded by CW-1 Dr. [ENTITY], after post mortem examination, in Ex. 5. The same are reproduced as under: -
"1) One incised wound 5" x 1" muscle deep over the front of right elbow.
2) One incised wound 3" x 1" bone deep over the right side of head beyond right ear.
On exploring the wound, the temporal bone was found cut.
3) One incised wound 2" x " muscle deep over the right side angle of jaw.
4) One incised wound 2" x 1" muscle deep over the lateral side of right knee.
5) One incised wound 4" x 1" muscle deep over the lateral side of right leg. Bone fibula was found cut in two pieces.
6) One incised wound 6" x 2" over the right scapula region.
Bone scapula was found cut.
7) One incised wound 2" x 1" muscle deep over the left side of neck.
8) A number of bruises over different parts of the body."
The Medical Officer opined that the deceased had died of shock and haemorrhage resulting from the ante mortem wounds described above. He further mentioned in his report (Ex. 5) that the ante mortem injuries were homicidal in nature. CW-1 Dr. [ENTITY] stated that the wounds suffered by the deceased could have been caused by [ENTITY], [ENTITY] and the death could have been resulted in ordinary course of nature by such injuries. From the evidence of the Medical Officer read with the autopsy report, it is proved on the record that [ENTITY] died a homicidal death.
10. Now, we have to examine as to whether the courts below have rightly found that the appellants, along with others, with common object, committed murder by causing the ante mortem injuries suffered by the deceased, or not. On this point there are four eye witnesses who have deposed about the role of the appellants in commission of the Crime. PW-1 [ENTITY] has narrated the entire prosecution story and deposed about the role of the appellants [ENTITY], [ENTITY] and [ENTITY], and some other accused. He has also explained as to how the quarrel started over digging the field of [ENTITY] by the accused. In his deposition he has specifically stated that the accused-appellants armed with "[ENTITY]s" (sharp edge weapons) caused death of [ENTITY] by assaulting him with the help of said weapon.
11. PW-2 [ENTITY], PW-3 [ENTITY] and PW-4 [ENTITY] (all eye witnesses) have corroborated the oral testimony of PW-1 [ENTITY]. No doubt, these eye witnesses are related to the informant (PW-1), but merely for that reason their testimony cannot be disbelieved, particularly, when their presence with the appellants at the spot appears to be natural. It is relevant to mention here that the incident had taken place in village Garibpur, and all the four witnesses belong to the same village. There appears to be no personal enmity on the part of these witnesses as against the appellants.
12. On behalf of the appellants it is argued that only three of the accused have been found guilty of the charge of offence punishable under [SECTION] [ACT], and unless it is proved on the record that unlawful assembly was formed by five or more persons, the appellants could not have been convicted with the aid of [SECTION].
13. We have examined the lower court record and we concur with the view taken by the courts below that there was assembly of more than five persons with a common object to use the criminal force against the deceased. Only for the reason that 27 others got acquitted as the charge could not be proved against them beyond reasonable doubt, it cannot be said that the persons who committed the crime were only three in number or that the assembly was of three persons only. There is ample evidence on the record to suggest that the appellants whose role is specifically proved on the record, were accompanied with others. Even otherwise, since there is sufficient evidence proving the role of the appellants that they caused injuries, as quoted above, to the deceased which resulted in his death, even without aid of [SECTION] [ACT] they are liable to be held guilty for causing death of [ENTITY] with common intention with the aid of [SECTION] [ACT].
14. In [PRECEDENT], in paragraph 6 this Court has made following observations: -
" the fact that a large number of accused have been acquitted and the remaining who have been convicted are less than five cannot vitiate the conviction under [SECTION] read with the substantive offence if - as in this case the Court has taken care to find - there are other persons who might not have been identified or convicted but were party to the crime and together constituted the statutory number."
15. In [PRECEDENT], in paragraph 10, expressing similar opinion, this Court observed as under: -
" If, for example, only five known persons are alleged to have participated in an attack but the courts find that two of them were falsely implicated, it would be quite natural and logical to infer or presume that the participants were less than five in number. On the other hand, if the Court holds that the assailants were actually five in number, but there could be a doubt as to the identity of two of the alleged assailants, and, therefore, acquits two of them, the others will not get the benefit of doubt about the identity of the two accused so long as there is a firm finding, based on good evidence and sound reasoning, that the participants were five or more in number."
16. In [PRECEDENT], in paragraph 20, this Court has held as under: -
"20. Undoubtedly, this Court has categorically held that in such a situation, a conviction cannot be made with the aid of [SECTION] [ACT], particularly when, upon the acquittal of some of the accused, the total number of accused stands reduced to less than five, and it is not the case of the prosecution that there are in fact, some other accused who have not yet been put to trial. However, it is also a settled legal proposition that in such a fact situation, the High Court could most certainly have convicted the appellants, under [SECTION] read with [SECTION] [ACT]."
17. In [PRECEDENT], this Court , in paragraph 12, has observed as under: -
"12. In view of the decision of the Constitution Bench in [PRECEDENT], in the case on hand, even after acquittal of the two accused from all the charges levelled against them, if there is any material that they were members of the unlawful assembly, the conviction under [SECTION] can be based with the aid of [SECTION]."
18. Shri [ENTITY], learned senior counsel for the appellants, next submitted before us that even if the prosecution story is taken to be true, the act allegedly committed by the appellants only constitutes culpable homicide not amounting to murder, punishable under [SECTION] [ACT]. In this connection, attention of this Court is drawn to [SECTION] [ACT], which reads as under: -
"Exception 4 - Culpable homicide is not murder if it is committed without premeditation in a sudden fight in the heat of passion upon a sudden quarrel and without the offender having taken undue advantage or acted in a cruel or unusual manner.
Explanation - It is immaterial in such cases which party offers the provocation or commits the first assault."
19. On appreciation of evidence on record of the present case, we agree with the contention of the learned senior counsel for the appellants that since it is a case of sudden fight and there was no premeditation on the part of the appellants and the offenders have not acted in "unusual manner", their acts are covered under [SECTION] [ACT]. In the similar case in [PRECEDENT], in paragraph 29, this Court has discussed the issue as to when the conviction can be converted from an offence punishable under [SECTION] [ACT] to [SECTION] or [SECTION] [ACT] and the same is reproduced hereunder: -
"29. Therefore, the court should proceed to decide the pivotal question of intention, with care and caution, as that will decide whether the case falls under [SECTION] or [SECTION] or [SECTION]. Many petty or insignificant matters - plucking of a fruit, straying of cattle, quarrel of children, utterance of a rude word or even an objectionable glance, may lead to altercations and group clashes culminating in deaths. Usual motives like revenge, greed, jealousy or suspicion may be totally absent in such cases. There may be no intention. There may be no premeditation. In fact, there may not even be criminality. At the other end of the spectrum, there may be cases of murder where the accused attempts to avoid the penalty for murder by attempting to put forth a case that there was no intention to cause death. It is for the courts to ensure that the cases of murder punishable under [SECTION], are not [pic]converted into offences punishable under [SECTION]/II, or cases of culpable homicide not amounting to murder, are treated as murder punishable under [SECTION]. The intention to cause death can be gathered generally from a combination of a few or several of the following, among other, circumstances: (i) nature of the weapon used; (ii) whether the weapon was carried by the accused or was picked up from the spot; (iii) whether the blow is aimed at a vital part of the body; (iv) the amount of force employed in causing injury; (v) whether the act was in the course of sudden quarrel or sudden fight or free for all fight;
(vi) whether the incident occurs by chance or whether there was any premeditation; (vii) whether there was any prior enmity or whether the deceased was a stranger; (viii) whether there was any grave and sudden provocation, and if so, the cause for such provocation; (ix) whether it was in the heat of passion; (x) whether the person inflicting the injury has taken undue advantage or has acted in a cruel and unusual manner; (xi) whether the accused dealt a single blow or several blows. The above list of circumstances is, of course, not exhaustive and there may be several other special circumstances with reference to individual cases which may throw light on the question of intention. Be that as it may."
20. In view of the above principle of law laid down by this Court, and considering the facts and circumstances of the case at hand, particularly, the fact that in the present case it is clear that there was a sudden fight between the appellants and the deceased who was accompanied by PW-1 [ENTITY], PW-2 [ENTITY], PW-3 [ENTITY] and PW-4 [ENTITY], and further considering that there was no premeditation on the part of the appellants to commit the murder, we are of the view that it is a fit case to hold that the offence committed by the appellants is not punishable under [SECTION] [ACT], but under [SECTION] [ACT].
21. Accordingly, the appeal is partly allowed. Conviction and sentence recorded by the courts below under [SECTION] [ACT] is set aside. Instead, all the three appellants, namely, [ENTITY], [ENTITY] and [ENTITY], are convicted under [SECTION] [ACT], and each one of them is sentenced to rigorous imprisonment for a period of seven years. The period of sentence already undergone by them shall be set off from the sentence awarded by this Court.
J. [[ENTITY]] J. [[ENTITY]] New Delhi;
April 16, 2015.
[1] (1974) 4 SCC 603 [2] (1975) 2 SCC 596 [3] (2012) 10 SCC 256 [4] (2011) 5 SCC 423 [5] (2006) 11 SCC 444