Case: The State Of West Bengal  Vs. Shaikh Serajuddin Batley

S.R. Das, J.1. This is an appeal by special leave by the State of West Bengal from the judgment and decree passed on the 9th March 1950 by a Division Bench of the Calcutta High Court affirming the judgment and decree pronounced by Sinha, J., on the 4th August 1949 in exercise of the ordinary original Civil Jurisdiction of that Court. The question for consideration in this appeal is whether on a proper interpretation of Articles 8 and 9 of the Indian Independence (Rights, Property and Liabilities) Order, 1947, the appellant can be held liable for payment of rent and taxes for a period prior to the 15th August 1947 in respect of a premises which has been taken on lease by the undivided Province of Bengal.2. The relevant facts are shortly these. By an indenture of lease dated the 22nd February 1947 the respondent demised to the Governor of the undivided Province of Bengal the first, second and third floors of premises No. 73, Dharmtolla Street in the town of Calcutta for a term of three years commencing from the 1st day of February 1947 yielding and paying unto the lessor therefor during the said term a monthly rent of Rs. 1,800/- only clear of all deductions by equal monthly payment on the 5th day of each and every month for the month immediately preceding and also the sum of Rs. 150/- per quarter towards payment of occupiers share of municipal taxes. By the lease the lessee covenanted that he would, during the said term, use the demised premises only for a hostel for the students of the Campbell Medical School and shall not at any time during the said term use the demised premises or any part thereof for any other purpose whatsoever. The lessee further agreed to pay the costs of and incidental to the lease.On the 15th August 1947 the partition of India took place and amongst other things, two new provinces came into existence, namely, West Bengal and East Bengal in place of the old Province of Bengal. The Province of West Bengal formed part of the Dominion of India and is now the State of West Bengal in the Union of India while the Province of East Bengal became and is still a part of the Dominion of Pakistan. The Indian Independence Act, 1947, by Section 9 empowered the Governor-General, amongst other things, to make such provision as appeared to him to be necessary or expedient for dividing between the new provinces to be constituted under that Act the powers rights, properties, duties and liabilities of the provinces which under that Act were to cease to exist. In exercise of that power the Governor-General promulgated an Order called the Indian Independence (Rights, Property and Liabilities) Order, 1947, hereinafter referred to as the said Order, to deal with the powers, rights, property, duties and liabilities of the respective Governments of West Bengal and East Bengal. Article 8 (2) of that Order, which is material for the purposes of this appeal, was in the following terms:"Any contracts made on behalf of the Province of Bengal before the appointed day shall, as from that day-(a) if the contract is for purposes which as from that day are exclusively purposes of the Province of West Bengal, be deemed to have been made on behalf of the Province instead of the Province of Bengal; and(b) in any other case be deemed to have been made on behalf of the Province of East Bengal instead of the Province of Bengal; and all rights and liabilities which have accrued or may accrue under any such contract shall, to the extent to which they would have been rights or liabilities of the Province of Bengal, be rights or liabilities of the Province of West Bengal or the Province of East Bengal, as the case may be."Clause (6) of Article 8 provided that the provisions of that Article would have effect subject to the provisions of Article 9 of that Order. The relevant portion of Article 9 was as follows :"9. All liabilities in respect of such loans, guarantee and other financial obligations of the Governor-General in Council or of a Province as are outstanding immediately before the appointed day shall as from that day-(a) ........................(b) in the case of liabilities of the Province of Bengal, be liabilities of the Province of East Bengal."3. On the 8th May 1948 the respondent filed a suit in the Calcutta High Court against the appellant claiming Rs. 21,600 as arrears of rent at Rs. 1,800/- per month from February 1947 to January 1948, Rs. 600/- as occupiers share of municipal tax for the same period and Rs. 523/9/3 being the costs of and incidental to the lease, aggregating to Rs. 22,723/9/3. During the pendency of this suit, the appellant paid Rs. 9,250/- being the arrears of rent and taxes from the 15th August 1947 but denied liability for the arrears of rent or taxes for any period prior to that date or for the costs of the lease.4. The case was heard by Sinha, J., who by his judgment dated the 10th August 1947 held, amongst other things, that the lease was entered into for purposes which as from the 15th August 1947 were exclusively purposes of the Province of West Bengal and that under Article 8(2)(a) of the said Order the appellant was clearly liable for the rents which has accrued previous to the appointed day, that is to say, the 15th August 1947, and decreed the suit for Rs. 13,473/9/3 with costs and interest on judgment at 6 per cent. The Province of West Bengal preferred an appeal from that judgment but a Division Bench of the said High Court (Harries, C. J., and Banerjee, J.) affirmed the decree and dismissed the appeal with costs. The State of West Bengal which took the place of the Province of Went Bengal applied for leave to appeal but that application was dismissed. The State of West Bengal thereafter applied for and obtained special leave to appeal from this Court and the appeal has now come up before us for final disposal.5. The learned Advocate-General of West Bengal appearing in support of this appeal fairly and frankly conceded that in the absence of anything else this case would be wholly covered by Article 8(2)(a) but contended that by virtue of Article 8(6) that Article was to have effect subject to the provisions of Article9. In the circumstances, the question whether the contract was for purposes which as from the appointed day were exclusively purposes of the Province of West Bengal and whether Article 8(2) made any distinction between liabilities which had accrued or which might accrue need not be considered.6. The argument before us has been confined only to the interpretation of Article9. Learned Advocate-General contends that the liability to pay rent under the lease comes within the expression "other financial obligations" to be found in that Article. According to him all obligations to pay money under a contract whether by reason of covenant to pay money or by way of damages for breach of contract may be properly described as "financial obligations". It is no doubt true an obligation to pay money under a contract or for breach thereof is in a sense a "financial obligation" but the question is not what may popularly be described as "financial obligation" but what is the meaning of the expression "other financial obligations" in the context in which it has been used. To accept the argument of the learned Advocate-General will be to rob Article 8 of practically the whole of its content excepting claims for injunction or specific performance of the contract or the like.Such, we apprehend, could not have been the intention of the framers of that Article. This difficulty does not arise if the expression be construed ejusdem generis, for so construed it implies an obligation in the nature of an obligation in respect of loans and guarantees incurred or undertaken by the Stateas held by Harries, C. J., in - "Province of West Bengal v. Midnapur Zemindary Co. Ltd.. AIR 1950 Cal 159 (A), which has been followed by Chunder. J., in - Iswar Madan Gopal Jiu v. Province of West Bengal, AIR 1950 Cal 463 (B) and by Kapur J., in - The State of Punjab v. Mohan Lall, AIR 1951 Punjab 382 (C).The phrase "loans, guarantees and other financial obligations" occurred in Section 178 in Part VII of the Government of India Act. 1935 and there cannot be any doubt that those expression used in that section did not refer to all and sundry pecuniary obligations of the State arising out of contracts of every description. The loans and guarantees there referred to meant, it would seem, the special kinds of contracts relating to State loans and State guarantees. In that context "financial obligations" would mean obligations arising out of arrangement or agreements relating to State finance such as distribution of revenue, the obligation to grant financial assistance by the Union to any State or the obligation of a State to make contributions and the like. It is, however, not necessary or desirable to attempt an exhaustive definition of the expression "financial obligations". The Court will have to consider in each case whether a particular obligation which may be the subject-matter of discussion fails within the expression "financial obligations" within the meaning of Article9. Whatever liabilities may or may not come within that expression we are clearly of opinion, in agreement with the High Court, that the liability to pay rent under a lease certainly does not come within that expression.

Decision:
0[ds]To accept the argument of the learned Advocate-General will be to rob Article 8 of practically the whole of its content excepting claims for injunction or specific performance of the contract or the like.Such, we apprehend, could not have been the intention of the framers of that Article. This difficulty does not arise if the expression be construed ejusdem generis, for so construed it implies an obligation in the nature of an obligation in respect of loans and guarantees incurred or undertaken by the Stateas held by Harries, C. J., in - "Province of West Bengal v. Midnapur Zemindary Co. Ltd.. AIR 1950 Cal 159   (A), which has been followed by Chunder. J., in - Iswar Madan Gopal Jiu v. Province of West Bengal, AIR 1950 Cal 463   (B) and by Kapur J., in - The State of Punjab v. Mohan Lall, AIR 1951 Punjab 382 (C).The phrase "loans, guarantees and other financial obligations" occurred in Section 178 in Part VII of the Government of India Act. 1935 and there cannot be any doubt that those expression used in that section did not refer to all and sundry pecuniary obligations of the State arising out of contracts of every description. The loans and guarantees there referred to meant, it would seem, the special kinds of contracts relating to State loans and State guarantees. In that context "financial obligations" would mean obligations arising out of arrangement or agreements relating to State finance such as distribution of revenue, the obligation to grant financial assistance by the Union to any State or the obligation of a State to make contributions and the like. It is, however, not necessary or desirable to attempt an exhaustive definition of the expression "financial obligations". The Court will have to consider in each case whether a particular obligation which may be the subject-matter of discussion fails within the expression "financial obligations" within the meaning ofWhatever liabilities may or may not come within that expression we are clearly of opinion, in agreement with the High Court, that the liability to pay rent under a lease certainly does not come within that expression.