Case: Nar Singh & Another Vs. State of Uttar Pradesh

Bose, J.(1) Twenty-four persons, among them the two appellants, were tried for offences under sections 148. 307/149, I.P.C. Sixteen were acquitted and the remaining eight were convicted. On appeal to the High Court five more were acquitted and the only ones whose convictions were upheld were the two appellants, Nar Singh and Roshan Singh, and one Nanhu Singh.(2) By a curious misreading of the evidence this Nathu Singh was mixed up with Bechan Singh. What the High Court really meant to do was to convict Bechan Singh and acquit Nanhu Singh. Instead of that they acquitted Bechan Singh and convicted Nanhu Singh. As soon as the learned High Court Judges realised their mistake they communicated with the State Government and an order was thereupon passed by that Government remitting the sentence mistaken passed on Nanhu and directing that he be released.(3) This occasioned an application under Article 134(1) (c) of the Constitution by Nanhu Singh and the two appellants Nar Singh and Roshan Singh for a certificate. The High Court rightly considered that the certificate should issue in the case of Nanhu Singh because, despite the remission of his sentence by the State Government and his release, his conviction on, among, other things, a charge of murder, still stood, and the High Court, understandably, though that the stigma of that might affect him adversely in the future. As regards the other two, there was nothing in their cases of warrant the issue of a certificate but the learned High Court Judges thought (wrongly in our opinion) that they were bound to do so because Article 134(1) (c) speaks of a "case" and they considered that the only "case" before them was the appeal as a whole. That, in our opinion, is wrong, "Case" as used there means the case of each individual person. That would be so even if the trial had been by the High Court itself but it is even more so on appeal because, though several persons may join in presenting a common memorandum of appeal (if the Rules of the Court in question so permit), the appeal of each forms a separate "case" for those purposes. That is obvious from the fact that every person who is convicted need not appeal nor need several convicts appeal at the same time under a joint memorandum; and if it were necessary to sent up the "case" as a whole in the sense which the learned High Court Judges contemplate, it would be necessary to join even those who were acquitted so that the "case" (in that sense) could be reviewed in its entirety. We are clear that is not the meaning of the word in the context of Article 134(1) and that the High Court was wrong in thinking that it was.(4) Having obtained the certificate Nanhu did not appeal and the only ones who have come up here are the two convicts. Had they come up independently and presented a petition for special leave under Article 136 their petition would at once have been dismissed because there is nothing special in their cases to justify an appeal under that Article. The evidence against them is clear and it has been believed, accordingly, following our usual rule, we wold have rejected the petition in limine. But, it was contended on their behalf that having obtained a certificate we have now become an ordinary Court of appeal and are bound to hear their case as an appellate Court both on facts and on law. Reliance was placed on a decision of the Federal Court reported in - Subhanand Chowdhary v. Apurba Krishna Mitra. AIR 1940 FC 7 .(5) We do not think that judgment of the Federal Court can be applied to this case. It deals with section 305 of the Government of India Act, 1935 covering a different subject and does not use the same or similar words.(6) This Court has general powers of judicial superintendence over all Courts in India and is the ultimate interpreter and guardian of the Constitution. It has a duty to see that its provisions are faithfully observed and, where necessary, to expound them. Article 134(1) (c) uses the same languages as Art. 133(1) (c). A certificate is required under Art. 133(1) in each of the four cases set out there but the mere grant of the certificate would not preclude this Court from determining whether it was rightly granted and whether the conditions prerequisite to the grant are satisfied. In the case of clause (c) both of Art. 133(1) and Art. 134(1), the only condition is the discretion of the High Court but the discretion is a judicial one and must be judicially exercised along the well-established lines which govern these matters ; also the certificate must show on the face of it that the discretion conferred was invoked and exercised; - Radhakrishna Ayyar v. Swaminatha Ayyar, and - Radha Krishna Das v. Rai Krishna, Chand, 28 Ind App 182 If it is properly exercised on well-established and proper lines, then, as in all questions where an exercise of discretion is involved, there would be no interference except on very strong grounds : - Swaminarayan Jethalal v. Acharaya Devendraprasadji, and - Bhagbati Dei v. Muralidhar Sahu, But if, on the face of the order, it is apparent that the Court has misdirected itself and considered that its discretion was fettered when it was not, or that it had none, then the superior Court must either remit the case or exercise the discretion itself : - Brij Indar Singh v. Kanshi Ram. These are the well-known lines on which questions of discretion are dealt with in the superior courts and they apply with as much force to certificates under Art. 134(1) (c) as elsewhere.(7) In the present case, the learned High Court Judges though they had no option. They misdirected themselves about the law and as a consequence did not exercise the discretion which is vested in them. They are quite clear as to what they would have done if, in their judgment, the law had left them scope for the exercise of any discretion, for they say - "Ordinarily no certificate can be granted to them as there is nothing of an exceptional nature in their cases." We hold therefore that the certificate was wrongly granted to the appellants and will treat their case as one under Art. 135(1) for special leave.(8) Regarded from the angle, this is not a proper case for special leave. The High Court gives a clear finding that there were more than five persons and believes the eye-witnesses who identify the two appellants. The mere fact that only two out of the band of attackers were satisfactorily identified does not weaken the force of the finding that more than five were involved. The use of section 149, I.P.C. was therefore justified and the convictions are proper.(9) We see no reason to interfere with the sentences. A number of persons joined in an attack at two in the morning on helpless persons who were asleep in bed. At least one of the assailants was armed either with a gun or a pistol. He shot one man dead and attempted to murder another, and the band looted their property.

Decision:
0[ds](3) This occasioned an application under Article 134(1) (c) of the Constitution by Nanhu Singh and the two appellants Nar Singh and Roshan Singh for a certificate. The High Court rightly considered that the certificate should issue in the case of Nanhu Singh because, despite the remission of his sentence by the State Government and his release, his conviction on, among, other things, a charge of murder, still stood, and the High Court, understandably, though that the stigma of that might affect him adversely in the future. As regards the other two, there was nothing in their cases of warrant the issue of a certificate but the learned High Court Judges thought (wrongly in our opinion) that they were bound to do so because Article 134(1) (c) speaks of a "case" and they considered that the only "case" before them was the appeal as a whole. That, in our opinion, is wrong, "Case" as used there means the case of each individual person. That would be so even if the trial had been by the High Court itself but it is even more so on appeal because, though several persons may join in presenting a common memorandum of appeal (if the Rules of the Court in question so permit), the appeal of each forms a separate "case" for those purposes. That is obvious from the fact that every person who is convicted need not appeal nor need several convicts appeal at the same time under a joint memorandum; and if it were necessary to sent up the "case" as a whole in the sense which the learned High Court Judges contemplate, it would be necessary to join even those who were acquitted so that the "case" (in that sense) could be reviewed in its entirety. We are clear that is not the meaning of the word in the context of Article 134(1) and that the High Court was wrong in thinking that it was.(4) Having obtained the certificate Nanhu did not appeal and the only ones who have come up here are the two convicts. Had they come up independently and presented a petition for special leave under Article 136 their petition would at once have been dismissed because there is nothing special in their cases to justify an appeal under that Article. The evidence against them is clear and it has been believed, accordingly, following our usual rule, we wold have rejected the petition inWe do not think that judgment of the Federal Court can be applied to this case. It deals with section 305 of the Government of India Act, 1935 covering a different subject and does not use the same or similarIn the present case, the learned High Court Judges though they had no option. They misdirected themselves about the law and as a consequence did not exercise the discretion which is vested in them. They are quite clear as to what they would have done if, in their judgment, the law had left them scope for the exercise of any discretion, for they say - "Ordinarily no certificate can be granted to them as there is nothing of an exceptional nature in their cases." We hold therefore that the certificate was wrongly granted to the appellants and will treat their case as one under Art. 135(1) for special leave.(8) Regarded from the angle, this is not a proper case for special leave. The High Court gives a clear finding that there were more than five persons and believes the eye-witnesses who identify the two appellants. The mere fact that only two out of the band of attackers were satisfactorily identified does not weaken the force of the finding that more than five were involved. The use of section 149, I.P.C. was therefore justified and the convictions are proper.(9) We see no reason to interfere with the sentences. A number of persons joined in an attack at two in the morning on helpless persons who were asleep in bed. At least one of the assailants was armed either with a gun or a pistol. He shot one man dead and attempted to murder another, and the band looted their property.