Case: Lalji Raja & Sons Vs. Firm Hansraj Nathuram

Hegde, J. (with Sikri, C. J., Mitter and Bhargava JJ.)1. This is an execution appeal. The decreeholders are the appellants herein. This case has a long and chequered history. The decree-holders obtained a decree against the respondents in the Court of Sub-Judge, Bankura (West Bengal) for a sum of over Rs. 12,000/-, on December 3, 1949. On March 28, 1950 they applied to the Court which passed the decree to transfer the decree together with a certificate of non-satisfaction to the Court at Morena in the then State of Madhya Bharat for execution. It was ordered accordingly. The execution proceedings commenced in the Court of Additional District Judge at Morena on September 21, 1950 (Money Execution Case No. 8 of 1950). The judgment-debtors resisted the execution on the ground that the Court had no jurisdiction to execute the same as the decree was that of a foreign Court and that the same had been passed ex parte. The Court accepted that contention and dismissed the execution petition on December 29, 1950. On April 1, 1951 the Code of Civil Procedure (Amendment) Act, (Act II of 1951) came into force. As a result of that the Code of Civil Procedure (in short the Code) was extended to the former State of Madhya Bharat as well as to various other places. Meanwhile the decree-holders appealed against the order of the learned Additional District Judge, Morena dismissing the execution petition, to the High Court of Madhya Pradesh. The Madhya Pradesh High Court allowed their appeal. As against that the judgment-debtors appealed to this Court. This Court allowed the appeal of the judgment debtors and restored the order of the learned Additional District Judge, Morena. The decision of this Court is reported in Hansraj Nathu Ram v. Lalji Raja and Sons of Bankura, (1963) 2 SCR 619 = (AIR 1963 SC 1180 ). Therein this Court ruled that the transfer ordered by the Bankura Court was without jurisdiction as on that date the Code did not apply to the Morena Court. This Court held that Morena Court not being a Court to which the Code applied, the decree could not have been transferred to it. It further held that Sections 38 and 39 of the Code did not afford justification for such a transfer. It may be noted that at the time the Bankura Court ordered the transfer of the decree, the Morena Court was governed by the Indian Code of Civil Procedure as adapted by the Madhya Bharat Adaptation Order, 1948. In other words it was governed by a law passed by the then Madhya Bharat State. In the course of its judgment this Court observed that under the Code "a decree can be executed by a Court which passed the decree or to which it was transferred for execution and the decree which could be transferred has to be a decree passed under the Code and the Court to which it could be transferred has to be a Court which was governed by the Indian Code of Civil Procedure". The first stage of the execution proceedings came to an end by the decision of this Court rendered on April 30, 1962.2. On February 15, l963, the decree-holders filed another execution case before the Bankura Court. Therein they prayed for the transfer of the decree again to the Morena Court for execution. As noticed earlier, by that time the Code had been extended to the Madhya Bharat State which later became a part of the State of Madhya Pradesh. The Bankura Court again ordered the transfer of the decree to the Morena Court. The execution proceedings were started afresh in the Morena Court on August 31, 1963 (Execution Case No. 1 of 1963). The judgment-debtors resisted the execution on various grounds viz, (a) that it is barred by res judicata in view of the decision of this Court referred to earlier. (b) that it is barred by Section 48 of the Code; (c) that it is barred by limitation and (d) that the decree is not executable as it is a decree of a foreign Court.3. The learned Additional District Judge rejected the objections raised by the judgment-debtors. The judgment-debtor, appeals against that order to the High Court of Madhya Pradesh. The High Court agreed with the executing Court that the execution petition is neither barred by res judicata nor by Section 48 of the Code, nor is there any bar of limitation but it disagreed with that Court and held that the decree was not executable as the Court which passed the decree was a foreign Court. In arriving at that conclusion it purported to rely on the decision of this Court in Raj Rajendra Sardar Moloji Narsingh Rao Shitole v Sri Shankar Saran, (1963) 2 SCR 577 = (AIR 1962 SC 1737 ). Aggrieved by that decision, the decree-holders have brought this appeal by special leave.4. From the contentions advanced before us, two questions arise for decision. They are (1) whether the decree under execution is not executable by Courts situate in the area comprised in the former State of Madhya Bharat and (2) whether the decree is barred by Section 48 of the Code.5. The contention of the judgment-debtors is that the decree under execution being a decree of a foreign Court is a nullity-qua the Courts in the former State of Madhya Bharat and therefore the same is not executable in the Morena Court. According to the decree-holders the decree in question is not a decree of a foreign Court as contemplated by the Code and the Court to which the decree is transferred for execution namely the Morena Court is a Court as contemplated by Sections 38 and 39 of the Code and therefore there can be no valid objection to its execution in the Morena Court. Before referring: to the decided cases on the point it is necessary to read the relevant provisions of the Code as the execution is sought in accordance with provisions therein.6. Foreign Court is defined in Section 2 (5) of the Code. That definition as it stood on the date the decree under execution was passed read thus:““foreign Court" means a Court situate beyond the limits of British India which has no authority in British India and is not established or continued by the Central Government".7. A new definition of "foreign Court" was substituted by the Code of Civil Procedure (Amendment) Act, II of 1951. That definition reads:““foreign Court" means a Court situate outside India and not established or continued by the authority of the Central Government".8. Whether we take the earlier definition or the present definition into consideration the Bankura Court cannot be considered as a "foreign Court" within the meaning of that expression in the Code. Foreign judgment is defined in the Code as the judgment of a foreign Court. (Section 2 (6) of the Code). Hence the decree under execution cannot be considered as a foreign decree for the purpose of the Code.9. Section 13 of the Code provides that "A foreign judgment shall be conclusive as to any matter thereby directly adjudicated upon between the same parties or between parties under whom they or any of them claim litigation under the same title except.........(b) where it has not been given on the merits of the case"10. The judgment with which we are concerned in this case was an ex parte judgment. The Bankura Court had no jurisdiction over the judgment-debtors. The judgment-debtors did not submit themselves to the jurisdiction of that Court though they were served with a notice of the suit. Hence if the Bankura Court can be considered as a foreign Court then Section 13 (b) would have come to the rescue of the judgment-debtors and it would have enabled them to plead that the judgment in question was not conclusive and consequently the decree is not binding against them. But as the judgment in question cannot be considered as a judgment of a foreign Court, they can take no assistance from Section 13 (b). But assistance was sought to be taken from Section 13 (d) which says that the foreign judgments are not conclusive "where the proceedings in which the judgment was obtained are opposed to natural justice". It was urged on behalf of the judgment-debtors that as the decree under execution was an ex parte decree, we must hold that the proceedings in which the judgment was obtained were opposed to natural justice. We are unable to accede to this contention. As mentioned earlier, the judgment-debtors were served with the notice of the suit. They did not choose to appear before the Court. Hence there is no basis for the contention that any principle of natural justice had been contravened. Further as held earlier the judgment question is not a foreign judgment.11. Reliance was placed on Private International Law in support of the contention that in a personal action, a decree pronounced in absentem by a foreign Court, to the jurisdiction of which the defendant had not in anyway submitted himself is an absolute nullity. It was urged that the Bankura Court had no jurisdiction over the judgment-debtors and therefore the decree passed being one pronounced in absentem is a nullity. In support of this contention reliance was placed on the decision of the Judicial Committee in Sirdar Gurdyal Singh v. The Rajah of Faridkote. (1894) 21 Ind App 171. Therein the Judicial Committee observed:"In a personal action, to which none of these causes of jurisdiction apply, a decree pronounced in absentem by a foreign Court. to the jurisdiction of which the Defendant has not in any way submitted himself. is by International Law an absolute nullity",But the Board qualified those observations by the following words :"He is under no obligation of any kind to obey it and it must be regarded as a mere nullity by the Courts of every nation except (when authorised by special local legislation) in the country of the forum by which it was pronounced".12. The above remarks of the Board indicate that even a decree which is pronounced in absentem by a foreign Court is valid and executable in the country of the forum by which it was pronounced when authorised by special local legislation. A decree passed by a foreign Court to whose jurisdiction a judgment-debtor had not submitted is an absolute nullity only if the local legislature had not conferred jurisdiction on the domestic Courts over the foreigners either generally or under specified circumstances. Section 20 (c) of the Code confers jurisdiction on a Court in India over the foreigners if the cause of action arises within the jurisdiction of that Court. Hence the observation of the Board quoted in some of the decisions of the Courts in India including the decision of this Court in Shitoles case, (1963) 2 SCR 577 = (AIR 1962 SC 1737 ) (supra) that such a decree is an absolute nullity may not be apposite. It may be more appropriate to say that the decree in question is not executable in Courts outside this country. The board itself had noticed that this rule of Private International Law is subject to special local legislation. Clause (c) of Section 20 of the Code provided at the relevant time and still provides that subject to the limitations mentioned in the earlier sections of the Code, a suit can be instituted in a Court within the local limits of whose jurisdiction the cause of action, wholly or in part, arises. There is no dispute in this case that the cause of action for the suit which led up to the decree under execution arose within the jurisdiction of Bankura Court. Hence it must be held that the suit in question was a properly instituted suit. From that it follows that the decree in question is a valid decree though it might not have been executable at one stage in Courts in the former Indian States.13. This takes us to Ss. 38 and 39 of the Code. Section 38 provides that a decree may be executed either by the court which passed it, or by the court to which it is sent for execution. Section 39 (l) to the extent it is material for our present purpose prescribes:"The Court which passed a decree may, on the application of the decree holder, send it for execution to another Court -(a) if the person against whom the decree is passed actually and voluntarily resides or carries on business, or personally works for gain within the local limits of the jurisdiction of such other Court . ."Section 40 prescribes:"where a decree is sent for execution in another State, it shall be sent to such Court and executed in such manner as may be prescribed by rules in force in that State."14. Rules are defined in S. 2 (12) as meaning Rules and Forms contained in the 1st Schedule or made under S. 122 or S. 125 of the Code. On a combined reading of Ss. 2 (12), 38, 39 and 40, it follows that a decree can be transferred for execution only to a court to which the Code applies. This is what was ruled by this Court in (1963) 2 SCR 619 = (AIR 1963 SC 1180 ) (supra). But by the date the impugned transfer was made, the Code had been extended to the whole of India. In fact the court to which the decree was transferred is now an entirely new court in the eye of the law - see the decision of this Court in Shitoles case, (1963) 2 SCR 577 = (AIR 1962 SC 1737 ) (supra).15. From the foregoing discussion, it follows that the decree under execution is not a foreign decree and its transfer to the Morena court is in accordance with the provisions of the Code. That being so, the decree under execution satisfies the dictum of this Court in (1963) 2 SCR 619 =(AIR 1963 SC 1180 ) (supra) that;"a decree can be executed by a court which passed the decree or to which it was transferred for execution and the decree which could be transferred has to be a decree passed under the Code and the Court to which it could be transferred has to be a Court which was governed by the Indian Code of Civil Procedure."16. It was next urged on behalf of the judgment-debtors that in view of the decision of this Court in Shitoles case, (1963) 2 SCR 577 = (AIR 1962 SC 1737 ) (supra) we must hold that the decree is a nullity and that it cannot be executed at all in the courts situate in the former State of Madhya Bharat. In Shitoles case, (1963) 2 SCR 577 = (AIR l962 SC 1737) (supra) this Court was called upon to consider a converse case. Therein the decree under execution was one passed by a court in Gwalior State in a suit instituted in May 1947. The defendants were the residents of U. P. They did not appear before the Gwalior Court though served with the notice. An ex parte decree was passed against them in November, 1948. On September, 1951, the Gwalior court transferred the decree for execution to Allahabad and on October 16, 1951 the decree-holder filed an application for execution of the decree before the Allahabad court. The judgment-debtors contended that the decree being a decree of a foreign court to whose jurisdiction they had not submitted, was a nullity and the execution application in respect thereof was not maintainable. That contention was accepted by this Court. It may be noted that the Gwalior Court was not a court constituted under the provisions of the Code. It was admittedly a foreign court for the purpose of any proceedings under the Code. The ratio of that decision is wholly inapplicable to the present case. The question whether a decree is a foreign decree or whether it can be transferred to another court for execution has to be judged by the provisions of the Code.17. It was next contended that in view of S. 20 cl. (1) of the Code of Civil Procedure (Amendment) Act, 1951 by which the Code is extended to Madhya Bharat and other areas, the judgment-debtors right to resist the execution of the decree is protected. Section 20 (1) of the Act deals with Repeals and Savings. That section to the extent relevant for our present purpose reads:"If, immediately before the date on which the said Code comes into force in any part B State corresponding to the said Code, that law shall on that date stand repealed.Provided that the repeal shall not affect-(b) any right, privilege, obligation or liability acquired, accrued or incurred under any law so repealed..... as if this Act had not been passed."18. This provision undoubtedly protects the rights acquired and privileges accrued under the law repealed by the amending Act. Therefore the question for decision is whether the non-executability of the decree in the Morena court under the law in force in Madhya Bharat before the extension of the Code can be said to be a right accrued under the repealed law. We do not think that even by straining the language of the provision it can be said that the non-executability of a decree within a particular territory can be considered as a privilege. Therefore the only question that we have to consider is whether it can be considered as a right accrued within the meaning of S. 20 (1) (b) of the Code of Civil Procedure (Amendment) Act, 1951. In the first place, in order to get the benefit of that provision, the non-executability of the decree must be a right and secondly it must be a right that had accrued from the provisions of the repealed law. It is contended on behalf of the judgment-debtors that when the decree was passed, they had a right to resist the execution of the decree in Madhya Bharat in view of the provisions of the Indian Code of Civil Procedure (as adapted) which was in force in the Madhya Bharat at that time and the same is a vested right. It was further urged on their behalf that that right was preserved by Section 20 (1) (b) of the Code of Civil Procedure Amendment Act, 1951.It is difficult to consider the non-executability of the decree in Madhya Bharat as a vested right of the judgment-debtors. The non-executability in question pertains to the jurisdiction of certain courts and not to the rights of the judgment-debtors. Further the relevant provisions of the Civil Procedure Code in force in Madhya Bharat did not confer the right claimed by the judgment-debtors. All that has happened in view of the extension of the Code to the whole of India in l951 is that the decrees which could have been executed only by courts in British India are now made executable in the whole of India. The change made is one relating to procedure and jurisdiction. Even before the Code was extended to Madhya Bharat the decree in question could have been executed either against the person of the judgment-debtors if they had happened to come to British India or against any of their properties situate in British India. The execution of the decree within the State of Madhya Bharat was not permissible because the arm of the Code did not reach Madhya Bharat. It was the invalidity of the order transferring the decree to the Morena court that stood in the way of the decree-holders in executing their decree in that court on the earlier occasion and not because of any vested rights of the judgment-debtors. Even if the judgment-debtors had not objected to the execution of the decree; the same could not have been executed by the court at Morena on the previous occasion as that court was not properly seized of the execution proceedings. By the extension of the Code to Madhya Bharat, want of jurisdiction on the part of the Morena court was remedied and that court is now made competent to execute the decree.19. That a provision to preserve the right accrued under a repealed Act "was not intended to preserve the abstract rights conferred by the repealed Act....It only applies to specific rights given to an individual upon happening of one or the other of the events specified in statute": see Lord Atkins observations in Hamilton Gell v. White, (1922) 2 KB 422. The mere right, existing at the date of repealing statute, to take advantage of provisions of the statute repealed is not a "right accrued" within the meaning of the usual saving clause: see Abbot v. Minister for Lands (1895) AC 425 and G. Ogden Industries Pvt. Ltd. v. Lucas, (1969) 1 All ER 121.20. From what has been said above, it follows that the view taken by the High Court that the decree in question is a nullity qua the Morena court cannot be accepted as correct. The decree in question is neither a foreign decree as contemplated by the Code nor its transfer to the Morena court impermissible under the Code. By the provisions of the Code the Morena court is required to proceed with the execution unless there is any valid objection.21. We now come to the question whether the execution is barred by S. 48 of the Code. (That section was repealed in 1963). Both the executing court as well as the High Court have taken the view that on the facts of this case, the limitation prescribed in S. 48 of the Code is extended under S. 14 (2) of the Limitation Act, 1908. Both those courts have concurrently come to the conclusion that the previous execution proceedings had been prosecuted by the decree-holders with due diligence and with good faith and the same became infructuous in view of the fact that the Morena Court had no jurisdiction to proceed with the execution. The finding that the previous execution proceedings were carried on with due diligence and good faith and that the same became infructuous for want of jurisdiction on the part of the Morena court was not challenged before us. But it was urged on behalf of the judgment-debtors that S. 48 prescribed a bar and not a period of limitation and consequently the decree-holders cannot take the benefit of Section 14 (2) of the Limitation Act. It is necessary to examine the correctness of this contention.22. Section 48 read thus:"(1) Where an application to execute a decree not being a decree granting an injunction has been made, no order for the execution of the same decree shall be made upon any fresh application presented after the expiration of 12 years from -(a) the date of the decree sought to be executed, or,(b) where the decree or any subsequent order directs any payment of money or the delivery of any property to be made at a certain date or at recurring periods, the date of the default in making the payment or delivery in respect of which the applicant seeks to execute the decree.(2) Nothing in this section shall be deemed -(a) to preclude the Court from ordering the execution of a decree upon an application presented after the expiration of the said term of twelve years where the judgment-debtor has, by fraud or force, prevented the execution of the decree at some time within twelve years immediately before the date of the application; or(b) to limit or otherwise affect the operation of Article 183 of the First Schedule to the Indian Limitation Act, 1908".23. Article 183 of the Indian an Limitation Act, 1908 read thus:"Description of application.Period of Limitation.Time from which period begins to run.To enforce a judgment, decree or order of any Court established by Royal Charter in the exercise of its ordinary original civil jurisdiction or an order of the Supreme Court.Twelve Years.When a present right to enforce the judgment decree or order accrues to some person capable of releasing the right:Provided that when the judgment decree or order has been revived, or some part of the principal money secured thereby or some interest on such money has been paid, or some acknowledgement of the right thereto has been given in writing signed by the person liable to pay such principal or interest or his agent, to the person, entitled thereto or his agent, the twelve years shall be computed from the date of such revivor, payment or acknowledgment or the latest of such revivors payments or acknowledgments, as the case may be."24. At this stage it is also necessary to read Art. 181 of the Limitation Act of 1908. That Article prescribed that an application for which no period of limitation is provided elsewhere in the Schedule to the Limitation Act, 1908 or by S. 48 of the Code, the period of limitation is three years and that period begins to run when the right to apply accrues. Article 182 of that Act provided that for the execution of a decree or order of any Civil Court not provided for by Article 183 or by S. 48 of the Code, the period of limitation is three years or where a certified copy of the decree or order has been registered-six years, The time from which the period was to run is set out in the 3rd column of the Schedule.25. The argument advanced on behalf of the judgment-debtors is that S. 48 is a self-contained Code and the period prescribed therein is a bar and not a period of limitation and hence the decree-holders cannot take the benefit of S. 14 (2). In support of this argument reliance is placed on sub-section 2 (a) of S. 48 of the Code. That sub-section undoubtedly lends some support to the contention of the judgment-debtors. It indicates as to when the period prescribed under S. 48 (1) can be extended. By implication it can be urged that the period prescribed under S. 48 (1) of the Code can only be extended under the circumstances mentioned in that clause and not otherwise. But in assessing the correctness of that contention we have to take into consideration cl. (b) of sub-section (2) of S. 48 of the Code as well as Arts. 181 and 182 of the Limitation Act, 1908.These provisions clearly go to indicate that the period prescribed under S. 48 (1) of the Code is a period of limitation. This conclusion of ours is strengthened by the subsequent history of the legislation. By the Limitation Act 1963, S. 48 of the Code is deleted. Its place has now been taken by Art. 136 of the Limitation Act of 1963.26. At one stage, there was considerable conflict of judicial opinion as to whether S. 48 is controlled by the provisions of the Limitation Act 1908. But the High Courts which had earlier taken the view that S. 48 prescribes a bar and not limitation have now revised their opinion.The opinion amongst the High Courts is now unanimous that S. 48 of the Code is controlled by the provisions of the Limitation Act, 1908-see Kandaswami Pillai v. Kannappa Chetty: AIR 1952 Mad 186 (FB) Durg v. Pancham ILR (l939) All 647 = (AIR 1939 All 403 ) Sitaram v. Chunnilalsa, ILR (19441 Nap 250 = (AIR 1944 Nag 155) Amarendra v. Manindra, AIR 1955 Cal 269 Krishna Chandra v. Paravatamma, AIR 1953 Orissa 13 and Ramgopal v Sidram, AIR 1943 Bom 164 .27. We are of the opinion that the ratio of the above decisions correctly lay down the law. That apart, it would not be appropriate to unsettle the settled position in law.

Decision:
1[ds]We are unable to accede to this contention. As mentioned earlier, the judgment-debtors were served with the notice of the suit. They did not choose to appear before the Court. Hence there is no basis for the contention that any principle of natural justice had been contravened. Further as held earlier the judgment question is not a foreignmay be more appropriate to say that the decree in question is not executable in Courts outside this country. The board itself had noticed that this rule of Private International Law is subject to special local legislation. Clause (c) of Section 20 of the Code provided at the relevant time and still provides that subject to the limitations mentioned in the earlier sections of the Code, a suit can be instituted in a Court within the local limits of whose jurisdiction the cause of action, wholly or in part, arises. There is no dispute in this case that the cause of action for the suit which led up to the decree under execution arose within the jurisdiction of Bankura Court. Hence it must be held that the suit in question was a properly instituted suit. From that it follows that the decree in question is a valid decree though it might not have been executable at one stage in Courts in the former Indianwas admittedly a foreign court for the purpose of any proceedings under the Code. The ratio of that decision is wholly inapplicable to the present case. The question whether a decree is a foreign decree or whether it can be transferred to another court for execution has to be judged by the provisions of the Code.This provision undoubtedly protects the rights acquired and privileges accrued under the law repealed by the amending Act. Therefore the question for decision is whether the non-executability of the decree in the Morena court under the law in force in Madhya Bharat before the extension of the Code can be said to be a right accrued under the repealed law. We do not think that even by straining the language of the provision it can be said that the non-executability of a decree within a particular territory can be considered as a privilege. Therefore the only question that we have to consider is whether it can be considered as a right accrued within the meaning of S. 20 (1) (b) of the Code of Civil Procedure (Amendment) Act, 1951. In the first place, in order to get the benefit of that provision, the non-executability of the decree must be a right and secondly it must be a right that had accrued from the provisions of the repealed law. It is contended on behalf of the judgment-debtors that when the decree was passed, they had a right to resist the execution of the decree in Madhya Bharat in view of the provisions of the Indian Code of Civil Procedure (as adapted) which was in force in the Madhya Bharat at that time and the same is a vested right. It was further urged on their behalf that that right was preserved by Section 20 (1) (b) of the Code of Civil Procedure Amendment Act, 1951.It is difficult to consider the non-executability of the decree in Madhya Bharat as a vested right of the judgment-debtors. The non-executability in question pertains to the jurisdiction of certain courts and not to the rights of the judgment-debtors. Further the relevant provisions of the Civil Procedure Code in force in Madhya Bharat did not confer the right claimed by the judgment-debtors. All that has happened in view of the extension of the Code to the whole of India in l951 is that the decrees which could have been executed only by courts in British India are now made executable in the whole of India. The change made is one relating to procedure and jurisdiction. Even before the Code was extended to Madhya Bharat the decree in question could have been executed either against the person of the judgment-debtors if they had happened to come to British India or against any of their properties situate in British India. The execution of the decree within the State of Madhya Bharat was not permissible because the arm of the Code did not reach Madhya Bharat. It was the invalidity of the order transferring the decree to the Morena court that stood in the way of the decree-holders in executing their decree in that court on the earlier occasion and not because of any vested rights of the judgment-debtors. Even if the judgment-debtors had not objected to the execution of the decree; the same could not have been executed by the court at Morena on the previous occasion as that court was not properly seized of the execution proceedings. By the extension of the Code to Madhya Bharat, want of jurisdiction on the part of the Morena court was remedied and that court is now made competent to execute thethe executing court as well as the High Court have taken the view that on the facts of this case, the limitation prescribed in S. 48 of the Code is extended under S. 14 (2) of the Limitation Act, 1908. Both those courts have concurrently come to the conclusion that the previous execution proceedings had been prosecuted by the decree-holders with due diligence and with good faith and the same became infructuous in view of the fact that the Morena Court had no jurisdiction to proceed with the execution. The finding that the previous execution proceedings were carried on with due diligence and good faith and that the same became infructuous for want of jurisdiction on the part of the Morena court was not challenged before us. But it was urged on behalf of the judgment-debtors that S. 48 prescribed a bar and not a period of limitation and consequently the decree-holders cannot take the benefit of Section 14 (2) of the Limitation Act. It is necessary to examine the correctness of thissub-section undoubtedly lends some support to the contention of the judgment-debtors. It indicates as to when the period prescribed under S. 48 (1) can be extended. By implication it can be urged that the period prescribed under S. 48 (1) of the Code can only be extended under the circumstances mentioned in that clause and not otherwise. But in assessing the correctness of that contention we have to take into consideration cl. (b) of sub-section (2) of S. 48 of the Code as well as Arts. 181 and 182 of the Limitation Act, 1908.These provisions clearly go to indicate that the period prescribed under S. 48 (1) of the Code is a period of limitation. This conclusion of ours is strengthened by the subsequent history of the legislation. By the Limitation Act 1963, S. 48 of the Code is deleted. Its place has now been taken by Art. 136 of the Limitation Act of 1963.We are of the opinion that the ratio of the above decisions correctly lay down the law. That apart, it would not be appropriate to unsettle the settled position in law.