Case: S.B. Adityan Vs. S. Kandaswami and Ors

A.K. Sarkar, J. 1. In the 1957 general elections, nine persons filed nomination papers for election to the Madras Legislative Assembly from the Sathankulam constituency all of which were found on scrutiny to be valid. Among these persons were the appellant, the respondent Kandaswami and two others called M. R. Meganathan and G. E. Muthu. Meganathan, Muthu and three others whom it is not necessary to name as they are not concerned with this appeal, did not go to the poll and dropped out of the election earlier. At the end the election was actually contested by the appellant, the respondent Kandaswami and two other candidates with whom also this appeal is not concerned. The appellant was successful at the poll and was on March 6, 1957, declared elected. 2. On April 15, 1957, the respondent Kandaswami whom we will hereafter refer to as the respondent, preferred an election petition under the provisions of the Representation of the People Act, 1951, for a declaration that the election of the appellant was void. The appellant was made the first respondent to the petition but Meganathan and Muthu were not made parties to it at all. Some of the other candidates at the election were also made parties to the petition but it is unnecessary for the purpose of this appeal to refer to them. 3. The petition was referred to an Election Tribunal for trial. The appellant then made an application to the Election Tribunal which was marked I. A. No. 1 of 1957 for the dismissal of the petition under S. 90 (3) of the Act. That Section provides that, The Tribunal shall dismiss an election petition which does not comply with the provisions of S. 81, S. 82 or S. 117. The appellants case was that the petition had not complied with the provisions of S. 82 Section 82 states: A petitioner shall join as respondents to his petition- ............................................................... (b) any other candidate against whom allegations of any corrupt practice are made in the petition. The appellant contended that allegations of corrupt practice were made in the petition against Meganathan and Muthu and they should, therefore, have been made parties to the petition under S. 82 and as that had not been done, that Section had not been complied with and so the petition had to be dismissed under S. 90 (3). It is not in dispute that non-compliance with the provisions of S. 82 entails the dismissal of an election petition. The respondents answer to the application was that no allegation of corrupt practice had been made in the petition against Meganathan or Muthu. The Tribunal accepted the contention of the respondent and dismissed the application of the appellant. 4. The appellant then moved the High Court at Madras by two applications, one for the issue of a writ of certiorari quashing the order of the Tribunal dismissing his application and the other for the issue of a writ of prohibition directing the Tribunal not to proceed with the hearing of the election petition. The High Court by its judgment dated November 1, 1957,*dismissed both the applications, taking the same view as the Tribunal. Hence this appeal. *See AIR 1958 Mad. 171 - Ed. 5. It is not in dispute that Meganathan and Muthu were candidates. A candidate has been defined in S. 79 of the Act as meaning among others, a person who has been duly nominated as a candidate at any election and both Meganathan and Muthu had been so nominated. 6. The only question that arises in this appeal is whether allegations of corrupt practice are made against them in the election petition. The statements in the petition which are said to constitute such allegations are in these terms: IV-A. The returned candidate has committed the following acts of bribery-corrupt practices according to S. 123 (1) of Act 43 of 1951:- ............................................................................. ............................................................................. (2) Sri M. R. Meganathan was candidate for Sattankulam and Tiruchandur Assembly Constituencies at the election. The first respondent and his election Agent paid him a gift of Rs. 10,000 to induce him to withdrawn from being a candidate at the election from Sattankulam Constituency and in pursuance thereof Sri M. R. Meganathan withdrew his candidature at the election from Sattankulam Constituency. ....................................................................... ......................................................................... (4) One Sri G. E. Muthu, candidate at the election in this Constituency was paid a gratification of Rs. 5,000 by the first respondent and his Election Agent for the purpose of making him retire from contest and in pursuance thereof he retired from the contest. ........................................................................... ........................................................................... 7. Putting it shortly, the allegations in the petition are that the appellant and his election agent paid Meganathan Rs. 10,000 and Muthu Rs. 5,000 to induce them to drop out of the election and they accordingly abandoned the election contest. So all that is said here against Meganathan and Muthu, - and we are concerned only with allegations against them - is that they accepted money paid to them to induce them to abandon the contest and actually abandoned the contest. 8. Is an allegation then, that a candidate accepted money paid to him to induce him to drop out of the election contest and actually so dropped out, an allegation of corrupt practice against such a candidate? The High Court held that it was not and that only the giving of a bribe was a corrupt practice and not an acceptance of it. We are in agreement with this view. 9. The Act contemplates various kinds of corrupt practices and defines them in S. 123. We are concerned with the corrupt practice of bribery which is the corrupt practice alleged in the petition. Bribery again is of several varieties. We are concerned with a gift to a candidate for inducing him to abandon his candidature. This form of the corrupt practice of bribery is thus defined in the Act: Section 123 - The following shall be deemed to be corrupt practices for the purposes of this Act:- 1. Bribery, that is to say, any gift, offer or promise by candidate or his agent or by any other person, of any gratification to any person whomsoever, with the object, directly or indirectly of inducing - (a) a person to stand or not the stand as, or to withdraw from being, a candidate, or to retire from contest, at an election; ........................................................................ Explanation . - For the purpose of this clause the term gratification is not restricted to pecuniary gratifications or gratifications estimable in money and it includes all forms of entertainment and all forms of employment for reward; but it does not include the payment of any expenses bona fide incurred at, or for the purpose of, any election and duly entered in the account of election expenses referred to in S. 78. 10. Is an acceptance of a bribe, by which word we mean a gift made with the intention specified, a corrupt practice within this definition?We do not think it is. What this definition makes the corrupt practice of bribery is a gift, offer or promise by a candidate or his agent or by any other person, of any gratification made with the object mentioned. The words gift, offer or promise by a candidate or his agent or by any other person clearly show that what is contemplated is the making of a gift. These words are wholly inappropriate to describe the acceptance of a gift. The words with the object, directly or indirectly, of inducing also indicate that only the making of a gift is contemplated, for the object is of the person making the gift, and clearly not of the person accepting it.Mr. Sastri who appeared for the appellant contended that the words by a candidate or his agent or by any other person are not to be read with the word gift but only with the words offer or promise. It seems to us that this is an impossible reading of the Section as it is framed. Even on this reading, the Section would still contemplate a gift to any person and therefore only the giving and not an acceptance, of it. 11. That S. 123 (1) does not contemplate the acceptance of a gift to be a corrupt practice is also apparent from a consideration of S. 124 of the Act which was deleted by an amendment made by Act XXVII of 1956. Under Cl. (3) of that section the receipt of or an agreement to receive a gift with substantially the same object as mentioned in S. 123 was a corrupt practice. As legislative provisions are not duplicated, such a receipt of or an agreement to receive a gratification was clearly not a corrupt practice within S. 123 (1) as it stood before the amendment. The amending Act has dropped the provision making acceptance and an agreement to accept a bribe, a corrupt practice but has made no change in S. 123 (1) to bring within it these cases. Section 123 (1) cannot therefore be read as including within the definition of a bribe contained in it an acceptance of it. By omitting S. 124(3) from the Act therefore the legislature intended that acceptance of a bribe was no longer to be treated as a corrupt practice. In view of this clear indication of intention it would be idle to enquire why the legislature thought fit to exclude the acceptance of a bribe from the definition of corrupt practice. If the omission is accidental, then it is for the legislature to take the necessary action in that behalf. We cannot allow any consideration of the reason for the omission to affect the plain meaning of the language used in S. 123(1). 12. Mr. Sastri then contended that in view of the provisions of the Transfer of Property Act, there can be no gift without an acceptance of it by the donee, and therefore whenever a gift is mentioned both the giving and the acceptance of the thing given are necessarily simultaneously contemplated. He said that, it followed from this that the corrupt practice of bribery by a gift mentioned in S. 123(1) included the acceptance of the gift.It is true that a gift contemplates both a giving and an acceptance; but these are none the less different acts and it is open to the legislature of attach certain consequence to one of them only. It was therefore open to the legislature in enacting S. 123(1) to provide that the making, that is to say, the giving of a gift alone should be a corrupt practice. This is what it has done : it has not made the receipt of a gift a corrupt practice. It has deliberately omitted the acceptance of a gift from corrupt practices described in the Act. Though a gift cannot be made without an acceptance of it, such acceptance has not been made a corrupt practice. 13. Mr. Sastri also contended that S. 99 of the Act showed that the receipt of a bribe was a corrupt practice. Section 98 states that at the conclusion of the trial of an election petition the Tribunal shall make one or other of the orders therein mentioned. Then comes S. 99 which states that in certain circumstances besides these orders, certain other orders have also to be made by the Tribunal. The material portion of the Section is in these terms: S. 99 - (1) At the time of making an order under S. 98 the Tribunal shall also make an order - (a) Where any charge is made in the petition of any corrupt practice having been committed at the election, recording - (i) a finding whether any corrupt practice has or has not been proved to have been committed by, or with the consent of, any candidate or his agent at the election, and the nature of that corrupt practice; and (ii) the names of all persons, if any, who have been proved at the trial to have been guilty of any corrupt practice and the nature of that pratice; and ................................................................ 14. Mr. Sastri contended that under this Section the Tribunal has to record a finding whether a corrupt practice has been committed with the consent of any candidate. He said that when a candidate accepts a gift made to him with the object of inducing him to withdraw his candidature, he consents to the corrupt practice of bribery being committed and such a candidate is liable to be named under the Section. He added that in order that such a candidate can be so named a charge of the corrupt practice has to be made against him in the election petition. The result, therefore, according to Mr. Sastri, is that a candidate who consents to a bribe being paid to him to withdrawn his candidature is guilty of a corrupt practice and therefore an allegation of such a corrupt practice can be made in the petition if it is intended to have him named under S. 99 and once such an allegation is made in the petition, S. 82 (b) would be attracted and the candidate has to be made a party to the petition. He says such allegations were made against Meganathan and Muthu.15. This contention seems to us to be clearly fallacious. Section 99 does not purport to define a corrupt practice.The definition of corrupt practice occurs in S. 123 and the corrupt practice mentioned in S. 99 has to be a corrupt practice as so defined. A corrupt practice committed with the consent of a candidate is not in itself a new kind of corrupt practice. When S. 99 talks of a corrupt practice having been committed with the consent of a candidate it means a corrupt practice as defined in S. 123 having been committed, and a candidate having consented to its commission.The consent by a candidate to the commission of a corrupt practice by some one else whatever its consequences under the Act may be, is not itself a corrupt practice.Therefore, to say that a candidate consented to a corrupt practice being committed by accepting a gift made to him to induce him to withdraw his candidature, is not to say that he himself committed a corrupt practice. Such a statement in an election petition is not an allegation of corrupt practice against the consenting candidate. Hence S. 82 (b) does not require that he should be made a party to the petition. We wish to make it clear that we are not to be understood as holding that a candidate accepting a gift made to him to induce him to withdraw his candidature is one who consents to a corrupt practice being committed.We do not think it necessary to say anything on that question in this case. 16. Mr. Sastri then said that the term gratification in S. 123 was very wide and would include the withdrawal of his candidature by a candidate to induce another candidate to stand at an election. He contended that the affording of such a gratification would amount to a corrupt practice within S. 123. He submitted that such corrupt practices had been alleged in the petition against Meganathan and Muthu and they should therefore have been made parties to the petition under S. 82 (b).We are wholly unable to agree that the withdrawal of his candidature by a candidate to induce another candidate to stand at an election would be gratification within S. 123. But assume it is so. That does not help the appellant at all.Here, there is no allegation in the petition that Meganathan and Muthu withdrew their candidature in order to induce the appellant to stand at the election, so there is no allegation in the petition of corrupt practices having been committed by them by so withdrawing their candidature. It was therefore not necessary to make Meganathan and Muthu parties to the petition under S. 82 (b). 17. Lastly, Mr. Sastri contended that S. 82 (b) talked of allegations of any corrupt practice and it therefore contemplated any allegation relating to or concerning, a corrupt practice. He said that the election petition contained allegations against Meganathan and Muthu, relating to a corrupt practice inasmuch as it stated that they accepted the gratifications paid to them to withdraw their candidature and actually withdrew such candidature. Hence, he said, S. 82 (b) required that they should have been made parties to the petition.We are of opinion that when S. 82 (b) talks of allegations of corrupt practice against a candidate it means allegations that a candidate has committed a corrupt practice. Allegations can hardly be said to be against one unless they impute some default to him. So allegations of corrupt practice against a candidate must mean that the candidate was guilty of corrupt practice.We are also unable to appreciate how an allegation that a candidate accepted a gratification paid to him to withdraw his candidature is an allegation relating to a corrupt practice. The acceptance of the gratification does not relate to any corrupt practice, for we have earlier shown that the corrupt practice consists in the giving of the gift and not in the acceptance of it.

Decision:
0[ds]That S. 123 (1) does not contemplate the acceptance of a gift to be a corrupt practice is also apparent from a consideration of S. 124 of the Act which was deleted by an amendment made by Act XXVII of 1956. Under Cl. (3) of that section the receipt of or an agreement to receive a gift with substantially the same object as mentioned in S. 123 was a corrupt practice. As legislative provisions are not duplicated, such a receipt of or an agreement to receive a gratification was clearly not a corrupt practice within S. 123 (1) as it stood before the amendment. The amending Act has dropped the provision making acceptance and an agreement to accept a bribe, a corrupt practice but has made no change in S. 123 (1) to bring within it these cases. Section 123 (1) cannot therefore be read as including within the definition of a bribe contained in it an acceptance of it. By omitting S. 124(3) from the Act therefore the legislature intended that acceptance of a bribe was no longer to be treated as a corrupt practice. In view of this clear indication of intention it would be idle to enquire why the legislature thought fit to exclude the acceptance of a bribe from the definition of corrupt practice. If the omission is accidental, then it is for the legislature to take the necessary action in that behalf. We cannot allow any consideration of the reason for the omission to affect the plain meaning of the language used in S. 123(1)15. This contention seems to us to be clearly fallacious. Section 99 does not purport to define a corrupt practice.The definition of corrupt practice occurs in S. 123 and the corrupt practice mentioned in S. 99 has to be a corrupt practice as so defined. A corrupt practice committed with the consent of a candidate is not in itself a new kind of corrupt practice. When S. 99 talks of a corrupt practice having been committed with the consent of a candidate it means a corrupt practice as defined in S. 123 having been committed, and a candidate having consented to its commission.The consent by a candidate to the commission of a corrupt practice by some one else whatever its consequences under the Act may be, is not itself a corrupt practice.Therefore, to say that a candidate consented to a corrupt practice being committed by accepting a gift made to him to induce him to withdraw his candidature, is not to say that he himself committed a corrupt practice. Such a statement in an election petition is not an allegation of corrupt practice against the consenting candidate. Hence S. 82 (b) does not require that he should be made a party to the petition. We wish to make it clear that we are not to be understood as holding that a candidate accepting a gift made to him to induce him to withdraw his candidature is one who consents to a corrupt practice being committed.We do not think it necessary to say anything on that question in this caseWe are of opinion that when S. 82 (b) talks of allegations of corrupt practice against a candidate it means allegations that a candidate has committed a corrupt practice. Allegations can hardly be said to be against one unless they impute some default to him. So allegations of corrupt practice against a candidate must mean that the candidate was guilty of corrupt practice.We are also unable to appreciate how an allegation that a candidate accepted a gratification paid to him to withdraw his candidature is an allegation relating to a corrupt practice. The acceptance of the gratification does not relate to any corrupt practice, for we have earlier shown that the corrupt practice consists in the giving of the gift and not in the acceptance of it.