Case: Raymond Limited Vs. Raymond Pharmaceuticals Private Limited

D.K. DESHMUKH, J:1. This Appeal takes exception to the order dated 15-02-2007 passed by the learned single Judge of this Court in Notice of Motion No.661 of 2006. That Notice of Motion was taken out by the Appellant in Suit No.437 of 2006. Suit No.437 of 2006 is filed by the present Appellant claiming a permanent injunction restraining the Defendant from infringing their trade-mark. The Plaintiff Raymond Limited is a company, which is the successor of Raymond Woollen Mills Ltd. incorporated under the Companies Act in 1925. Which had conceived and adopted the use of the word Raymond in a stylised manner for marketing its products. On 27th June, 1983, the plaintiff obtained registration for the trade mark Raymond under registration No.401766 registered in Class 25 in respect of textile piece goods including shirting, suiting and saris, dress materials, blankets, shawls, satin, bed and table covers, bed spreads, bed sheets, tissues, felts, curtains, flannel, handkerchiefs, linen, cloth linings, towels, woollen piece goods etc under the Trade and Merchandise Marks Act, 1958. They also have obtained registration under Copyright Act, 1957 for the word "Raymond" written in stylized manner. In short, for the goods in question, which are broadly wearing apparel, plaintiffs have registered copyright and registered trade mark for the word "Raymond". The Plaintiff claims that the use of the trade-mark of the Plaintiff i.e. Raymond in the corporate name of the Defendant amounts to infringement of the trade-mark of the Plaintiff. Therefore, the Plaintiff claims in the plaint a permanent injunction restraining the Defendant from infringing its trade-mark by using it as a part of its corporate name. A temporary injunction in similar terms was claimed in the Notice of Motion No.661 of 2006.2. The defence of the Defendants is that use of the word Raymond in the corporate name of the Defendant, which deals in totally different product than the product in relation to which the trade-mark of the Plaintiff is registered, does not result in infringement of the trade-mark of the Plaintiff. The Defendants claim that Raymond is a common word. It is Christian name and quite common. The Defendants claim that the Raymond itself means mighty protection in the English language, and therefore, it adopted that name in its corporate name. The Defendants manufacture and sell pharmaceuticals products. The nature of the business and the product of the Plaintiffs and the Defendants are totally different. The learned single Judge decided the Notice of Motion by order dated 15-02-2007. The learned single Judge rejected the Notice of Motion. The present Appeal is directed against the order of the learned single Judge rejecting the Notice of Motion.3. The learned Counsel appearing for the Appellants submitted that in the present case the provisions of Section 29(4) of the Trade-Mark Act, 1999 are attracted. It is submitted that the registered trade-mark of the Plaintiff has reputation in India and because the Respondents are using the mark without due cause and the use of the mark by the Respondents results in dilution of the mark, therefore, though the goods or products of the Respondents are dissimilar to the goods and products manufactured and marketed by the Plaintiffs, the Defendants are infringing the registered trade mark of the Plaintiffs. The learned Counsel appearing for the Appellants took us through the record to show that the Plaintiffs have built up formidable reputation in India. He also submitted that adoption of the mark by the Defendants is without due cause. He submitted that the use of the name Raymond in the corporate name by the Defendants amounts to dilution of the trade-mark of the Plaintiffs. The learned Counsel appearing for the Plaintiffs relied on several judgments in support of his argument as also relevant extracts from Kerlys law of Trade Marks and Trade Names, Thirteenth Edition.4. So far as the Defendants are concerned, the Defendants disputed the claim made on behalf of the Plaintiffs that they have built up formidable reputation in India. He also disputed that adoption of the name by the Defendants is without due cause. It was also disputed that the use of word Raymond in the trade-name of the Defendants amounts to dilution of the registered trade-mark of the Plaintiffs. The learned Counsel submitted that in fact as the products or goods manufactured and sold by the Defendants and the Plaintiffs are totally dissimilar, and as the registered trade-mark is only a part of the trade-name or corporate name of the Defendants, provisions of Section 29(4) of the Trade-mark Act are not attracted. It was submitted that the subject of use of registered trade-mark in a trade name by other party is governed not by Section 29(4) of the Trade-mark Act, but by Section 29(5) of the Trade-mark Act and therefore in order that use of registered trade-mark of one party in the trade-name by another party amount to infringement within the meaning of Trade-mark Act, the goods must be similar. If the goods marketed by the two parties are different, then in such a case it does not amount to infringement.5. The learned Counsel appearing for the Plaintiffs-Appellants, on the other hand, submitted that the arguments of the Defendants based on Section 29(5) is misplaced for several reasons. According to the learned Counsel, Section 29 enumerates or lists the different circumstances in which the trade mark may be infringed. Section 29(5) does not exhaust the circumstances in which they may be infringed by use of a trade name. It is submitted that various sub-clauses of Section 29 are enumerative and as long as we fall in any one or more categories, infringement will be established. It was submitted that the real difference between Section 29(5) and Section 29(4) is that the condition in Section 29(4) are substantially more onerous. However, this does not in any way suggest that infringement by use of an identical or similar trade name is exhausted in Section 29(5) alone.6. From the rival submissions and the record following can be taken as an admitted position:(i) That according to averments in the plaint, the trade-mark of the Plaintiffs Raymond is registered or is applied for in relation to the goods in Clauses 3, 6, 19, 22, 23, 24 & 25;(ii) The Defendants use the word Raymond as a part of its corporate name and it is not its trade-mark. The Defendants use various trade-mark like LAC for marketing its products;(iii) That the goods marketed by the Plaintiffs and the Defendants are totally dissimilar;(iv) That the Defendants are using Raymond as a part of their corporate name since 1983;(v) It is the case of the Plaintiffs that the use of word Raymond which is the registered trade-mark of the Plaintiffs by the Defendants as a part of their corporate name amounts to infringement of the registered trade-mark of the Plaintiffs within the meaning of Section 29(4) of Trade-mark Act.7. Section 28 of the Trade-mark Act 1999 (hereinafter referred to as the Act) lays down that the registration of the trade-mark confers exclusive rights on the owner to use that trade-mark. The registration also gives right to the registered owner of trade-mark to obtain reliefs in respect of the infringement of the trade-mark in the manner provided by the Act. Sub-section 1 of Section 28 is relevant for the present purpose. It reads as under:"28. Rights conferred by registration.-(1) Subject to the other provisions of this Act, the registration of a trade mark shall, if valid, give to the registered proprietor of the trade mark the exclusive right to the use of the trade mark in relation to the goods or services in respect of which the trade mark is registered and to obtain relief in respect of infringement of the trade mark in the manner provided by this Act.8. Perusal of the above quoted provisions shows that it is Section 28 which confers right on the owner of the registered trade-mark to obtain relief in respect of infringement of the trade-mark in the manner provided by the Act. Section 135 of the Trade-mark Act lays down the relief that the court can grant in a suit for infringement of the trade-mark. Thus, the Act confers power on the court to grant an injunction in favour of the owner of the trade-mark, in case the trade-mark is infringed by the Defendant. As to what amounts to infringement of the registered trade-mark is defined by Section 29 of the Act. Section 29 has nine sub-clauses.Section 29 reads as under:"29. Infringement of registered trade marks.(1) A registered trade mark is infringed by a person who, not being a registered proprietor or a person using by way of permitted use, uses in the course of trade, a mark which is identical with, or deceptively similar to, the trade mark in relation to goods or services in respect of which the trade mark is registered and in such manner as to render the use of the mark likely to be taken as being used as a trade mark.(2) A registered trade mark is infringed by a person who, not being a registered proprietor or a person using by way of permitted use, uses in the course of trade, mark which because of –(a) its identity with the registered trade mark and the similarity of the goods or services covered by such registered trade mark; or(b) its similarity to the registered trade mark and the identity or similarity of the goods or services covered by such registered trade mark; or(c) its identity with the registered trade mark and the identity of the goods or services covered by such registered trade mark, is likely to cause confusion on the part of the public, or which is likely to have an association with the registered trade mark.(3) In any case falling under clause (c) of sub-section (2), the court shall presume that it is likely to cause confusion on the part of the public.(4) A registered trade mark is infringed by a person who, not being a registered proprietor or a person using by way of permitted use, uses in the course of trade, a mark which-(a) is identical with or similar to the registered trade mark; and(b) is used in relation to goods or services which are not similar to those for which the trade mark is registered; and(c) the registered trade mark has a reputation in India and the use of the mark without due cause takes unfair advantage of or is detrimental to, the distinctive character or repute of the registered trade mark.(5) A registered trade mark is infringed by a person if he uses such registered trade mark, as his trade name or part of his trade name, or name of his business concern or part of the name, of his business concern dealing in goods or services in respect of which the trade mark is registered.(6) For the purposes of this section, a person uses a registered mark, if, in particular he-(a) affixes it to goods or the packaging thereof;(b) offers or exposes goods for sale, puts them on the market, or stocks them for those purposes under the registered trade mark, or offers or supplies services under the registered trade mark;(c) imports or exports goods under the mark; or(d) uses the registered trade mark on business papers or in advertising.(7) A registered trade mark is infringed by a person who applies such registered trade mark to a material intended to be used for labelling or packaging goods; as a business paper, or for advertising goods or services, provided such person, when he applied the mark, knew or had reason to believe that the application of the mark was not duly authorized by the proprietor or a licensee.(8) A registered trade mark is infringed by any advertising of that trade mark if such advertising-(a) takes unfair advantage of and is contrary to honest practices in industrial or commercial matters; or(b) is detrimental to its distinctive character; or(c) is against the reputation of the trade mark.(9) Where the distinctive elements of a registered trade mark consist of or include words, the trade mark may be infringed by the spoken use of those words as well as by their visual representation and reference in this section to the use of a mark shall be construed accordingly".9. Analysis of the provisions of Section 29 for the purpose which is relevant for deciding this appeal shows that (a) so far as sub-section (1) of Section 29 is concerned, it lays down that use of a trade-mark which is either identical or deceptively similar to the registered trade-mark by the Defendant in relation to the goods in respect which the trade mark is registered amounts to infringement of the registered trade-mark. Thus to attract sub-section 1 of Section 29 the Plaintiff will have to establish that the trade-mark of the Defendant is either identical or deceptively similar to the registered trade mark of the Plaintiff and the Defendant is using the trade mark to market his goods which are the goods in relation to which the Plaintiffs trade-mark is registered; (b) So far as Sub-section 2 of Section 29 is concerned, it lays down that a registered trade-mark can be said to be infringed if (i) the trade-mark of the Defendant is identical to the registered trade-mark of the Plaintiff and is used in respect of similar goods by the Defendant (ii) the mark of the Defendant is similar to the registered mark and there is an identity or similarity with the goods in relation to which the trade-mark of the Plaintiff is registered or (iii) the trade-mark of the Defendant is identical to the registered trade-mark of the Plaintiff and is used in relation to identical goods by the Defendant, and that such use is likely to cause confusion on the part of the public or is likely to be taken to have an association with the registered trade-mark. For application of Section 29(2) to a case, the Plaintiff has to show that the Defendants trade-mark is either identical or similar to his registered trade-mark and that the Defendant is using that mark in relation to goods which are similar or identical to the goods in relation to which the Plaintiffs trade-mark is registered, and such use by the Defendant should be shown to result in confusion on the part of the public. A comparison of the provisions of sub-section 1 and sub-section 2 of Section 29 shows that for attracting sub-section 1 of Section 29 the Defendants mark should be identical or deceptively similar to the mark of the Plaintiff and must be used in relation to the same goods with respect to which the Plaintiff mark is registered and such use would lead one to think that the Defendant is using the Plaintiffs mark. To attract the provisions of sub-section 2 of Section 29 the Defendants mark need not be identical to the registered trade-mark, it may be similar, not necessarily deceptively similar to the mark of the Plaintiff. The Defendant need not be shown to have used the mark in relation to the same goods. Even if it is shown that the Defendant is using the mark in relation to identical or similar goods, it would be enough. It is also to be shown that such use results in confusion of public mind. But once ingredients of sub-section 2 of Section 29 are established by the Plaintiff, because of sub-section 3 it is presumed, till contrary is proved by the Defendant, that such use by the Defendant causes confusion in public mind. So far as Sub-section (4) of Section 29 is concerned, it provides that registered trade-mark of a Plaintiff is infringed if the Defendant uses a mark which is identical or similar to the trade mark of the Plaintiff, but the goods in relation to which the mark is used are not similar. But in order to enable the owner of the registered trade-mark in such a case to claim infringement of his trade-mark he has to establish that he has reputation in India and that use of the mark by the Defendant is without due cause and is detrimental to the distinctive character or the reputation of the registered trade-mark. In order to attract the application of sub-section (4) of section 29 the Plaintiff has to show that the Defendants mark is identical or similar to the Plaintiffs registered mark and the Defendant is using the mark in relation to the goods which are dissimilar to the goods in relation to which the mark of the Plaintiff is registered and the Plaintiff has to establish some other grounds which are mentioned in Section 29(4). A comparison of Section 29(2) and Section 29(4) shows that in both the cases the trade-mark of the Defendant has to be shown to be identical or similar. But for attracting section 29(2), the goods of the Defendant should be identical or similar, however in so far as Section 29(4) is concerned the goods of the Defendant may be dissimilar. Scrutiny of the provisions of sub-sections 1, 2 and 4 of Section 29 shows that they deal with the use of a trade mark by the Defendant which is either identical or similar or deceptively similar to the registered trade-mark of the Plaintiff and that use of the Defendant in relation to goods which are either the same as the goods of the Plaintiff or are goods which are identical or similar or dissimilar to the goods of the Plaintiff. In short, these three provisions deal with use by the Defendant of the trade-mark in relation to the goods or services. In other words, these provisions do not deal with the situation where the Defendant is not using the trademark of the Plaintiff in relation to any goods or services, but is using the registered trade-mark as a part of his trade-name. Sub-section 5 of Section 29 deals with that situation. It deals with the situation where the Defendant is not using the registered trade-mark as a trade-mark, but is using the registered trade-mark as a part of its trade name. Use of such a registered trade-mark as a part of trade name by the Defendant also amounts to infringement, but subject to one condition namely that the Defendant must be dealing in goods in relation to which the trade-mark is registered. For attracting the application of sub-section 5 of Section 29, the Plaintiff has to show that the Defendant is using Plaintiffs trade-mark and not a mark which is identical or deceptively similar or similar to the Plaintiffs registered trademark as his trade-name or part of his trade-name and such business concern of the Defendant must be shown to be dealing in the same goods in relation to which the trademark of the Plaintiff is registered. If these two things are established, it is not necessary for the Plaintiff to show that such use of the trade-mark results in deception of the public or dilution of the Plaintiffs mark etc. It thus becomes clear that subsections 1, 2, 4 and 5 of Section 29 deal with different types of infringements of registered trade-mark and it is not merely enumerative.Sub-section 5 of Section 29 by necessary implication lays down that when a registered trade-mark is used by a Defendant as a part of the trade-name and the Defendant is dealing in the same goods in relation to which the trade-mark is registered, then only it will amount to infringement. In other words, if the Defendant uses the registered trade-mark as a part of his trade-name, but he does not deal in the same goods in respect of which the trade-mark is registered, then it does not amount to infringement for the purpose of Trade-mark Act.10. Controversy in this appeal is when the Defendants admittedly are using the registered trade-mark of the Plaintiffs, not as their trade-mark, but as a part of their trade-name, can the Plaintiffs claim that it amounts to infringement of their registered trade-mark under sub-section 4 of Section 29. The defence of the Defendant as observed above is that provisions of Section 29(4) do not apply and that the subject of use by the Defendant of the registered trade-mark of the Plaintiff as a part of his trade-name is governed by Section 29(5).Perusal of Section 159 shows that by 1999 Act the Trade and Merchandise Marks Act 1958 has been repealed. Comparison of the provisions of 1958 Act and the 1999 Act shows that 1958 Act did not have a provision corresponding to sub-section 5 of Section 29. Perusal of the statement of objects and reasons of sub-section 5 of Section 29 shows that it is a new provision and it has been incorporated to prevent a person from adopting some one elses trade-mark as that person_ s trade-name in certain situation. Relevant part of statement of objects and reasons reads as under:Sub-clause (5) seeks to prevent a person from adopting someone elses trade mark as part of that persons trade name or business name by explicitly providing that such action shall also constitute an infringement under this Act. This provision will bring this clause in harmony with the proposed amendments to sections 20 and 22 of the Companies Act, 1956.11. Perusal of Section 158 of the 1999 Act shows that apart from repealing 1958 Act, certain provisions of the Companies Act were also amended by Act 47 of 1999. Two provisions of the Companies Act which have been amended by Act 47 of 1999 are sections 20 and 22 of the Companies Act. Section 20 and 22 of the Companies Act reads as under:20. Companies not to be registered with undesirable names.- (1) No company shall be registered by a name which, in the opinion of the Central Government, is undesirable.(2) Without prejudice to the generality of the foregoing power, a name which is identical with, or too nearly resembles,-(i) the name by which a company is existence has been previously registered; or(ii) a registered trade mark, or a trade mark which is subject of an application for registration, of any other person under the Trade Marks Act, 1999, may be deemed to be undesirable by the Central Government within the meaning of sub-section (1).(3) The Central Government may, before deeming a name as undesirable under clause (ii) of sub-section (2), consult the Registrar of Trade Marks.)22. Rectification of name of company.-(1) If, through inadvertence or otherwise, a company on its first registration or on its registration by a new name, is registered by a name which,-(i) in the opinion of the Central Government, is identical with, or too nearly resembles, the name by which a company in existence has been previously registered, whether under this Act or any previous companies law, the first-mentioned company, or(ii) on an application by a registered proprietor of a trade mark, is in the opinion of the Central Government identical with, or too nearly resembles, a registered trade mark of such proprietor under the Trade Marks Act, 1999, such company,-)(a) may, by ordinary resolution and with the previous approval of the Central Government signified in writing, change its name or new name; and(b) shall, if the Central Government so directs within twelve months of its first registration or registration by its new name, as the case may be, or within twelve months of the commencement of this Act, whichever is later, by ordinary resolution and with the previous approval of the Central Government signified in writing change its name or new name within a period of three months from the date of the direction or such longer period as the Central Government may think fit to allow:(Provided that no application under clause (ii) made by a registered proprietor of a trade mark after five years of coming to notice of registration of the company shall be considered by the Central Government)(2) If a company makes default in complying with any direction given under clause (b) of sub-section (1), the company, and every officer who is in default, shall be punishable with fine which may extend to (one thousand rupees) for every day during which the default continues.Perusal of the above quoted provisions of the Companies Act shows that if the name of the company of which registration is sought resembles to a registered trade-mark, then the registration of the company in that name can be refused on an information being given by the Registrar of the Trade-mark. A person who is owner of the registered trade-mark also has been given a remedy of getting the registration of such a company with such a name being cancelled.12. Reading the provisions of Trade-mark Act and the Companies Act together shows that a new provision has been incorporated in subsection 5 of Section 29 for a definite purpose. It is clear that section 29 deals with different situations when an act on the part of the Defendant would amount to infringement of the registered trade-mark. A registered trade-mark can be adopted by a Defendant as its trade-name in two situations, (i) when the Defendant is dealing in the goods in respect of which the trademark is registered and (ii) when the Defendant is not dealing in the goods in respect of which the trade-mark is registered. The Legislature obviously was aware of this situation, still the Legislature provided that only when the Defendant adopts the registered trade-mark as a part of its trade-name, and deals in goods in respect of which the trade-mark is registered, then only it will amount to infringement. In other words, by necessary implication it is laid down that if the Defendant adopts the Plaintiffs trade mark as his trade-name, but is not dealing in the goods in respect of which the Plaintiffs trade-mark is registered, then it does not amounts to infringement.It was urged on behalf of the plaintiff that the use of the trade mark of the plaintiff as a part of the name of the defendant Company is covered by sub-section (4) of section 29 of the Act relying on the definition of the term Mark found in sub-section (2)(1)(m) of the Act. It reads as under:-2(1)(m) mark includes a device, brand, heading, label, ticket, name, signature, word, letter, numeral, shape of goods, packaging or combination of colours or any combination thereof;13. It was submitted that because a name is included in the definition of the term mark if the defendant uses a name which is identical or similar to the registered trade mark, then it will amount to infringement within the meaning of infringement of the registered mark, within the meaning of sub-section (4) of section 29 of the Act. If this submission on behalf of the plaintiff is accepted, then it can be seen that use of registered trade mark of the plaintiff as part of the trade name when the goods marketed by the defendant are similar to the goods marketed by the plaintiff would be covered by sub-section (1) of section 29 and may also be covered by sub-section (2) of section 29. In other words, if this submission of the plaintiff is accepted, then in case where the defendant uses as a part of his trade name registered trade mark of the plaintiff, if the goods are similar, identical or the same as that of the plaintiff, the case will be covered by subsections (1) and (2) of section 29 of the Act and if the goods of the defendant are dissimilar, it will be covered by sub-section (4) of section 29 and sub-section (5) of section 29 will become otiose. The provisions of various sub-sections of section 29 are in a scheme and none of the provisions are either surplus or otiose. As a matter of legislative policy, it appears, the Legislature decided to treat cases where the defendant uses registered trade mark of the plaintiff as a part of his trade name as a distinct subject for the purpose of laying down law in relation to infringement of registered trade mark and legislated that if the defendant uses registered trade mark of the plaintiff as a part of his trade name, then if the goods in relation to which the defendant is using the trade mark are the same as the goods in respect of which the plaintiffs trade mark is registered, then only it will amount to infringement and not in case where the goods of the defendant are dissimilar. Holding that where the defendant is using registered trade mark of the plaintiff as a part of the trade name of the defendant, where the goods are the same, subsection (5) of section 29 will apply but if the goods of the defendant are dissimilar, sub-section (4) of section 29 will apply, will be contrary to the legislative scheme of section 29.14. There is another way in which the situation can be looked into. Use of a registered trade-mark as a part of trade-name was a known phenomena. Passing of action was initiated in such cases. A special provision has now been made to deal with that situation by incorporating sub-section 5 of Section 29 and therefore, so far as subject of using of registered trade mark as a trade-name is concerned, provision is contained in subsection 5 of Section 29 and therefore on that subject no other provision would apply. Generalia Specialibus non derogant is a cardinal principle of interpretation. It means that the general provision will always yield to a special provision. Construed in accordance with the fundamental principle, a special provision governing cases of a defendant using a registered mark as a part of his trade-name is incorporated in Section 29(5) and therefore, that subject will be governed only by that provision and therefore reliance on any other provision including Section 29(4) is ruled out. Thus, we have no doubt in our mind that the Plaintiffs could not have relied on the provisions of Section 29(4) of the Trade-mark Act. In the present case, there is no dispute that the Defendants do not deal in the goods in respect of which the trade-mark of the Plaintiffs is registered. What is to be noted here is that the phrase used by sub-section 5 is dealing in goods or services in respect of which the trade-mark is registered. The Legislature has not used the phrase - goods similar or goods identical to the goods in respect of which the trade mark is registered. Thus, in order to claim that use of a registered trade-mark as part of trade-name by the Defendants amounts to infringement, the Plaintiffs have to establish that the Defendants are dealing in the goods in respect of which the mark is registered. In other words, if the Defendants are not dealing in goods in respect of which the trade-mark is registered, then the use of the registered trade-mark as a part of trade-name by the Defendant would not amount to infringement. In the present case admittedly the Defendants are not dealing in the goods in respect of which the trade-mark of the Plaintiffs is registered and therefore, there is no question of the Plaintiffs being entitled to any temporary injunction.15. We thus find that the submission of the learned counsel appearing for plaintiff that the use of the registered trade mark of the plaintiff by the defendant as a part of his trade name when the goods in which the defendant deals are dissimilar to the goods in which the plaintiff deals is covered by sub-section (4) of section 29 cannot be accepted and therefore, we do not think it necessary to deal with the various judgments delivered under other trade-mark legislations which were cited before us to show as to how use of the registered trade mark of the plaintiff by defendant as a part of his trade name amounts to infringement. We also do not consider it necessary to refer to the material which was produced by the plaintiff to contend that the registered trade mark of the plaintiff has reputation in India, that the adoption of the mark by the defendant is without due cause and the use of the mark by the defendant results in diluting the registered trade mark of the plaintiff.

Decision:
0[ds]6. From the rival submissions and the record following can be taken as an admitted position:(i) That according to averments in the plaint, thetrademark of thePlaintiffs Raymond is registered or is applied for in relation to the goods in Clauses 3, 6, 19, 22, 23, 24 & 25;(ii) The Defendants use the word Raymond as a part of its corporate name and it is not itsThe Defendants use variouslike LAC for marketing its products;(iii) That the goods marketed by the Plaintiffs and the Defendants are totally dissimilar;(iv) That the Defendants are using Raymond as a part of their corporate name since 1983;(v) It is the case of the Plaintiffs that the use of word Raymond which is the registeredtrademark of thePlaintiffs by the Defendants as a part of their corporate name amounts to infringement of the registeredtrademark of thePlaintiffs within the meaning of Section 29(4) of. Analysis of the provisions of Section 29 for the purpose which is relevant for deciding this appeal shows that (a) so far as(1) of Section 29 is concerned, it lays down that use of awhich is either identical or deceptively similar to the registeredby the Defendant in relation to the goods in respect which the trade mark is registered amounts to infringement of the registeredThus to attract1 of Section 29 the Plaintiff will have to establish that thetrademark of theDefendant is either identical or deceptively similar to the registered trade mark of the Plaintiff and the Defendant is using the trade mark to market his goods which are the goods in relation to which the Plaintiffsis registered; (b) So far as2 of Section 29 is concerned, it lays down that a registeredcan be said to be infringed if (i) thetrademark of theDefendant is identical to the registeredtrademark of thePlaintiff and is used in respect of similar goods by the Defendant (ii) the mark of the Defendant is similar to the registered mark and there is an identity or similarity with the goods in relation to which thetrademark of thePlaintiff is registered or (iii) thetrademark of theDefendant is identical to the registeredtrademark of thePlaintiff and is used in relation to identical goods by the Defendant, and that such use is likely to cause confusion on the part of the public or is likely to be taken to have an association with the registeredFor application of Section 29(2) to a case, the Plaintiff has to show that the Defendantsis either identical or similar to his registeredand that the Defendant is using that mark in relation to goods which are similar or identical to the goods in relation to which the Plaintiffsis registered, and such use by the Defendant should be shown to result in confusion on the part of the public. A comparison of the provisions ofion 2 of Section 29 shows that for attracting1 of Section 29 the Defendants mark should be identical or deceptively similar to the mark of the Plaintiff and must be used in relation to the same goods with respect to which the Plaintiff mark is registered and such use would lead one to think that the Defendant is using the Plaintiffs mark. To attract the provisions of2 of Section 29 the Defendants mark need not be identical to the registeredit may be similar, not necessarily deceptively similar to the mark of the Plaintiff. The Defendant need not be shown to have used the mark in relation to the same goods. Even if it is shown that the Defendant is using the mark in relation to identical or similar goods, it would be enough. It is also to be shown that such use results in confusion of public mind. But once ingredients of2 of Section 29 are established by the Plaintiff, because of3 it is presumed, till contrary is proved by the Defendant, that such use by the Defendant causes confusion in public mind. So far as(4) of Section 29 is concerned, it provides that registeredof a Plaintiff is infringed if the Defendant uses a mark which is identical or similar to the trade mark of the Plaintiff, but the goods in relation to which the mark is used are not similar. But in order to enable the owner of the registeredin such a case to claim infringement of hishe has to establish that he has reputation in India and that use of the mark by the Defendant is without due cause and is detrimental to the distinctive character or the reputation of the registeredIn order to attract the application of(4) of section 29 the Plaintiff has to show that the Defendants mark is identical or similar to the Plaintiffs registered mark and the Defendant is using the mark in relation to the goods which are dissimilar to the goods in relation to which the mark of the Plaintiff is registered and the Plaintiff has to establish some other grounds which are mentioned in Section 29(4). A comparison of Section 29(2) and Section 29(4) shows that in both the cases thetrademark of theDefendant has to be shown to be identical or similar. But for attracting section 29(2), the goods of the Defendant should be identical or similar, however in so far as Section 29(4) is concerned the goods of the Defendant may be dissimilar. Scrutiny of the provisions ofsubsections 1, 2and 4 of Section 29 shows that they deal with the use of a trade mark by the Defendant which is either identical or similar or deceptively similar to the registeredtrademark of thePlaintiff and that use of the Defendant in relation to goods which are either the same as the goods of the Plaintiff or are goods which are identical or similar or dissimilar to the goods of the Plaintiff. In short, these three provisions deal with use by the Defendant of thein relation to the goods or services. In other words, these provisions do not deal with the situation where the Defendant is not using thetrademark of thein relation to any goods or services, but is using the registeredas a part of hisn 5 of Section 29 deals with that situation. It deals with the situation where the Defendant is not using the registeredrk, but is using the registeredas a part of its trade name. Use of such a registeredas a part of trade name by the Defendant also amounts to infringement, but subject to one condition namely that the Defendant must be dealing in goods in relation to which theis registered. For attracting the application ofsubsection 5 of Section29, the Plaintiff has to show that the Defendant is using Plaintiffsand not a mark which is identical or deceptively similar or similar to the Plaintiffs registered trademark as hisor part of hisand such business concern of the Defendant must be shown to be dealing in the same goods in relation to which thetrademark of theis registered. If these two things are established, it is not necessary for the Plaintiff to show that such use of theresults in deception of the public or dilution of the Plaintiffs mark etc. It thus becomes clear that4 and 5 of Section 29 deal with different types of infringements of registeredand it is not merely5 of Section 29 by necessary implication lays down that when a registeredis used by a Defendant as a part of theand the Defendant is dealing in the same goods in relation to which theis registered, then only it will amount to infringement. In other words, if the Defendant uses the registeredas a part of hisbut he does not deal in the same goods in respect of which theis registered, then it does not amount to infringement for the purpose ofAct.10. Controversy in this appeal is when the Defendants admittedly are using the registeredtrademark of thePlaintiffs, not as theirbut as a part of theircan the Plaintiffs claim that it amounts to infringement of their registeredon 4 of Section 29. The defence of the Defendant as observed above is that provisions of Section 29(4) do not apply and that the subject of use by the Defendant of the registeredtrademark of theas a part of hisis governed by Section 29(5).Perusal of Section 159 shows that by 1999 Act the Trade and Merchandise Marks Act 1958 has been repealed. Comparison of the provisions of 1958 Act and the 1999 Act shows that 1958 Act did not have a provision corresponding tosubsection 5 of Section29. Perusal of the statement of objects and reasons ofsubsection 5 of Section29 shows that it is a new provision and it has been incorporated to prevent a person from adopting some one elsesas that person_ sin certain situation. Relevant part of statement of objects and reasons reads as(5) seeks to prevent a person from adopting someone elses trade mark as part of that persons trade name or business name by explicitly providing that such action shall also constitute an infringement under this Act. This provision will bring this clause in harmony with the proposed amendments to sections 20 and 22 of the Companies Act, 1956.11. Perusal of Section 158 of the 1999 Act shows that apart from repealing 1958 Act, certain provisions of the Companies Act were also amended by Act 47 of 1999. Two provisions of the Companies Act which have been amended by Act 47 of 1999 are sections 20 and 22 of the Companies Act. Section 20 and 22 of the Companies Act reads as under:20. Companies not to be registered with undesirable names.(1) No company shall be registered by a name which, in the opinion of the Central Government, is undesirable.(2) Without prejudice to the generality of the foregoing power, a name which is identical with, or too nearlythe name by which a company is existence has been previously registered; or(ii) a registered trade mark, or a trade mark which is subject of an application for registration, of any other person under the Trade Marks Act, 1999, may be deemed to be undesirable by the Central Government within the meaning of(1).(3) The Central Government may, before deeming a name as undesirable under clause (ii) of(2), consult the Registrar of Trade Marks.)22. Rectification of name ofIf, through inadvertence or otherwise, a company on its first registration or on its registration by a new name, is registered by a name