Case: Harinarayan G. Bajaj Vs. State of Maharashtra and Ors

V.S. SIRPURKAR, J. 1. Leave granted. 2. Interpretation of Section 319 of the Code of Criminal Procedure (hereinafter called "Cr.P.C." for short) and, more particularly, Sub-Section (4) thereof has fallen for consideration in this appeal. 3. The factual scenario: A complaint was filed against three accused persons, being respondent Nos.2, 3 and 4 herein for offence under Section 406 read with Section 114 of the Indian Penal Code (for short IPC) in the Court of the Metropolitan Magistrate. We need not go into the facts stated in the said complaint in view of the narrow question which falls for consideration in this appeal. The Trial Court took the cognizance of the offences on 03-04-1998 and issued process against respondent Nos.2 to 4. The Trial Court proceeded to examine the witnesses before framing the charge. Number of revision including the discharge application were filed by the accused and the trial went on up to 1509-2005 when the Bombay High Court expedited the trial. On 13-06-2006, the cross-examination of the first witness of the prosecution at the stage of evidence before charge was completed by the Advocate of the accused persons. This cross-examination ran into 115 pages. Since the matter could not be finished up to the date fixed by the Bombay High Court, it was extended up to 30-06-2006 for completion of trial. The time was further extended till December, 2006 and further up to 31-05-2007. In the meantime, the second witness was cross-examined which cross-examination consisted of 148 pages. Likewise, third witness of the prosecution was also examined on 11-05-2007. The Trial Court discharged Shri. Pramod Banka and Smt. Rani V. Agrawal and framed charge against the third respondent herein. The time was again extended by the High Court till 31-12-2007. This was challenged by way of the revision by the appellant, which was allowed. The third respondent also filed a revision which was dismissed by the High Court and the High Court directed the Trial to frame charge against respondent Nos.2 to 4 also under the provisions of Sections 403,409 read with Section 34, IPC. Ultimately, the charges came to be framed against respondent Nos.2 to 4 on 28-11-2007.4. At this stage, on 15-12-2007, the appellant herein filed an application under Section 319, Cr.P.C. requesting to array respondent No.5 herein as a co-accused in the said proceedings. On 31-12-2007, this application was allowed and the summons was issued to the 5th respondent, Creative Garments Ltd. a company incorporated under the Companies Act through its Managing Director.5. On 03-01-2008, the 5th respondent preferred an application to the Trial Court to commence the proceedings qua the 5th respondent from the stage of inquiry i.e. from the stage of Section 244, Cr.P.C. and to allow the cross-examination of the witnesses of the prosecution at the stage of evidence before charge. On 22-02-2008, this application came to be allowed. However, the Trial Court split the trial of respondent No.5 and the other respondent Nos.2 to 4. Respondent Nos.2 to 4 challenged the order dated 22-02-2008 splitting the trial. That order was quashed by the High Court by an order dated 31-03-2008. Further, an application came to be made by respondents on 15-04-2008 seeking the clarification of the High Courts order which clarification was given by the High Court on 23-04-2008 holding that the order was restricted only to the aspect of splitting of trial and not to any other matter.6. The appellant also filed a criminal application on 30-04-2008 seeking the quashing of the order dated 22-02-2008 by which the Trial Court had ordered the de novo proceedings as against respondent No.5 from the stage of inquiry. Further, a direction was sought to straightaway frame charge against respondent No.5 for the same offence with which respondent Nos.2 to 4 were charged. The High Court, however, rejected this application by the complainant (appellant herein) and held that there could be no dispute that the Court must commence de novo proceedings against respondent No.5 and it further observed that mere delay which might be caused to the complaint would be of no consequence.7. Shri. Naphade, learned Senior Counsel appearing on behalf of the complainant-appellant urges that the High Court has erred in confirming the order of the Trial Court permitting the de novo proceedings against respondent No.5 in the sense that it allowed the further cross-examination of the witness who were already examined before framing the charge. Contention by learned Senior Counsel is that there would be no question of such a permission of the cross-examination of the witnesses who were examined before framing of the charge since firstly, the charge against the other accused persons has already been framed and secondly, there is no such right of cross-examination under Sections 244, 245 and 246, Cr.P.C. The Counsel argues that the term evidence as mentioned in Sections 244, 245 and 246, Cr.P.C. The Counsel argues that the term ,evidence as mentioned in Section 244, Cr.P.C. does not necessarily include the cross-examination of the witnesses who were examined at that stage. The further contention of the counsel is that Section 319(4), Cr.P.C. does not require a de novo inquiry as has been ordered by the Trial Court and affirmed by the High Court. Reliance was placed on Rakesh Vs. State of Haryana [2001 (6) SCC 248 ]; Ram Gopal & Anr. Vs. State of U.P. [1999 Cri.L.J. 1865] and Michael Machado Vs. Central Bureau of Investigation [2000 (3) SCC 262 ]. 8. As against this, Shri. Ponda, learned Counsel appearing on behalf of the respondent accused urged that the analysis of Section 319, Cr.P.C. itself would show that there has to be de novo inquiry in the sense that the newly joined accused in such a trial must be given a right to cross-examine the witnesses who were examined prior to the framing of charge. He pointed out that if the interpretation as canvassed by the appellant is given, then there is a likelihood of the complainant taking advantage of his own wrong and such an interpretation would give rise to a mischief.9. Learned counsel pointed out that the rulings pointed out by the appellant were not applicable to the controversy. Learned Counsel also urged that the use of the word evidence in Sections 244, 245, 246, Cr.P.C. supports that the accused under those Sections have the right of cross-examination and, more particularly, if such a right is not spelt out from the language, then it would only mean that the accused in the warrant trial based on the complaint case would have to helplessly watch the charge being framed. This is all the more true, according to learned Counsel, in a case where accused has been joined under Section 319, Cr.P.C. On these rival contentions, it is to be seen whether the Trial Court and the High Court were right in ordering a de novo inquiry. 10. The relevant part of Section 319, Cr.P.C. is as under 319(1): "(1) Where. in the course of any inquiry into, or trial of. an offence. it appears from the evidence that any person not being the accused has committed an-, offence for which such person could be tried together with the accused, the Court may proceed against such person for the offence which he appears to have committed.(2) XXX XXX(3) XXX XXX(4) Where the Court proceeds against such person under Sub-Section (1), then -(a) the proceedings in respect of such person shall be commenced afresh, and witnesses re-heard.(b) subject to the provisions of clause (a), the case may proceed as if such person had been an accused person when the Court took cognizance of the offence upon which an inquiry or trial was commenced." 11. Even a glance at this Section 319(4)(a) suggests that there is no escape from commencing the proceedings afresh and also that the witnesses have to be re-heard. Clause (a) is the basic provision and the use of the words proceedings and the term commence afresh has its own significance. If we accept the contention of Shri. Naphade that the newly joined accused has no right of cross-examination, it would mean that on being joined under Section 319(1), Cr.P.C., the only step that would be required would be framing of charge against him. In that, there would be a complete denial to such accused of an important right of cross-examination of the witnesses before the framing of the charge. It would only then mean that such accused would remain a mute spectator till the framing of the charge. 12. We would also give a meaningful interpretation of the word proceedings which has been deliberately used by the Legislature. The Legislature does not use the word trial which essentially begins after framing of the charge. If the Legislature had intended that the newly joined accused should not get the right of cross-examining the witnesses examined before framing of the charge, it might have used the word trial. The deliberate use of the word proceedings would then include not only the trial but also the inquiry which commences with Section 244, Cr.P.C. and ends with the framing of the charge under Section 246, Cr.P.C. The terminology commence afresh has also its own force. It indicates that the whole inquiry which commences from Section 244, Cr.P.C. must begin afresh. The interpretation that we give to the words proceedings is buttressed by the language of 319(b). Cr.P.C. The plain language takes back the whole proceedings to the stage of taking cognizance. If we accept the contention of the appellant herein, then subclause (b) would be rendered otiose. We have, therefore, no doubt that the language of Section 319. Cr.P.C. itself pushes the proceedings back to the stage of inquiry, once the order under Section 319(1) Cr.P.C. is passed by the Court and a new accused is joined therein.13. There is one more angle and that is the angle of mischief. If the interpretation given by the appellant is to be accepted then a complainant, wherein it is a case of multiple accused, may mischievously join only few of them and after getting the charge framed, make an application under Section 319, Cr.P.C. to join some other accused persons who would then have no right of cross-examination of the witnesses and who would be required to be the mute spectators to the charge being framed against which they could have successfully resisted by cross-examining the witnesses.14. There is one more aspect that before summoning the accused under Section 319(1), Cr.P.C. there is no requirement of allowing such accused person to cross-examine the witnesses. That stage comes only after an accused is summoned under sub-section (1). Therefore, it would be a case where the newly added accused who has not had the advantage of hearing the evidence would be put to prejudice because firstly. he has not heard the evidence and secondly, he cannot even cross-examine those witnesses in the warrant trial based on a private complaint. 15. This brings us to the question argued by Shri. Naphade on the basic right of cross-examination to the accused in the proceedings under Section 244, Cr.P.C. In fact, in view of our interpretation of Section 319(4), it is really not necessary to go into that question. However, since the Learned Senior Counsel argues that there is no right at all to Give opportunity of cross-examination to any accused whether brought before the Court initially or by way of Section 319(1), we proceed to consider the question. 16. This Court has already held that right to cross-examine the witness who are examined before framing of the charge is a very precious right because it is only by cross-examination that the accused can show to the Court that there is no need of a trial against him. It is to be seen that before framing of the charge under Section 246, the Magistrate has to form an opinion about there being ground for presuming that the accused had committed offence triable under the Chapter. If it is held that there is no right of cross-examination under Section 244, then the accused would have no opportunity to show to the Magistrate that the allegations are groundness and that there is no scope for framing a charge against him. In Ajoy Kumar Ghose Vs. State of Jharkhand [Criminal Appeal No.485 of 2009], one of us (V.S. Sirpurkar, J.) held that there is a right to the accused to cross-examine the witnesses examined before framing the charge and that the said right is extremely important. It is observed in para 25: "the right of cross-examination is a very salutary right and the accused would have to be given an opportunity to cross-examine the witnesses who have been offered at the stage of Section 244(1), Cr.P.C." 17. Therefore, the situation is clear that under Section 244, Cr.P.C. the accused has a right to cross-examine the witnesses and in the matter of Section 319, Cr.P.C. when a new accused is summoned, he would have similar right to cross-examine the witness examined during the inquiry afresh. Again, the witness would have to be re-heard and then there would be such a right. Merely presenting such witnesses for cross-examination would be of no consequence. This Court has already held so in Shashi Kant Singh Vs. Tarkeshwar Singh & Anr. [2002(5) SCC 738]. 18. Though a feeble attempt was made to argue that in that ruling the Supreme Court had expressed, in short there has to be a de novo trial against him. The provision of de novo trial is mandatory and therefore, it is only a trial which has to be ordered and not the proceedings. The argument is absolutely incorrect because in Shashi Kant Singhs case (cited supra), the Court was dealing with a warrant trial case, not based on a private complaint and, therefore, the Supreme Court used the words de novo trial. The High Court has correctly appreciated this provision. 19. This takes us to the rulings cited which we must consider. In Rakesh Vs. State of Haryana [2001(6) SCC 248], this Court framed the question in paragraph 3 in the following words: "Whether the statement of a prosecution witness without the said witness having been cross-examined constitutes "evidence" within the meaning of Section 319, Cr.P.C." It is in that behalf that the Court expressed:- "....the contention that the term `evidence as used in Section 319 Criminal Procedure Code would mean evidence which is tested by cross-examination cannot be accepted". The Court, however, immediately expressed that the question of discharging the evidence by cross-examination would arise only after the addition of the accused and that there was no question of cross-examining the witnesses prior to adding such person as accused. It was further said that the Section does not contemplate an additional stage of first summoning the person and giving him the opportunity to cross-examine the witness who has deposed against him and thereby testing whether such person to be added as accused or not. Once the Sessions Court records the statement of the witnesses, it would be part of the evidence. Therefore, it was in different factual situation that this Court had made those observations. We do not think that such observations can be taken advantage of. This is apart from the fact that the Court has specifically held that the interpretation of the evidence was only for the purpose of Section 319, Cr.P.C. 20. To the similar effect was the ruling relied upon by the appellant in Ram Gopal & Anr. Vs. State, [1999 Cri.L.J. 1865]. In fact Ram Gopals case is also restricted to the interpretation of the word evidence as is used under Section 319, Cr.P.C. Though there are some other observations in respect of Section 244, Cr.P.C., we do not think that the observations in paragraph 29 are correct. In fact the observations in paragraph 35 therein clarified the ratio of that decision. In that view, that judgment will be of no help. 21. Our attention was also invited to R.S. Nayak Vs. A.R. Antulay [1986 (2) SCC 716 ] paragraphs 45 and 46. We do not think that there is any need on our part to comment on this case, more particularly, to assess the scope of Sections 244 and 245, Cr.P.C. because if Section 319(4), Cr.P.C. is interpreted in the manner that we have interpreted it, there would not be necessity of going into the scope of Section 244, Cr.P.C. as because of that interpretation all the proceedings would be relegated back and start afresh whereby there would be clear scope and right for the newly added accused to hear the evidence of witnesses examined before framing of charge and to cross-examine them. 22. A reference was also made to Michael Machado Vs. Central Bureau of Investigation [2000(3) SCC 262]. However, in our opinion Michael Machados case is not an authority on the true scope of Section 319(4), Cr.P.C. 23. Shri. Naphade also tried to suggest by taking to the old Section 252, Cr.P.C. to suggest that there is no right of cross examination. As we have already clarified, once we interpret the provision of Section 319(4), Cr.P.C. to mean that the proceedings have to go back and have to be commenced afresh and the witnesses have also to be reheard, then the right of cross-examination would be innate and under the circumstances there would be no necessity of specifically commenting upon the scope of Section 244, Cr.P.C.

Decision:
1[ds]12. We would also give a meaningful interpretation of the word proceedings which has been deliberately used by the Legislature. The Legislature does not use the word trial which essentially begins after framing of the charge. If the Legislature had intended that the newly joined accused should not get the right of cross-examining the witnesses examined before framing of the charge, it might have used the word trial. The deliberate use of the word proceedings would then include not only the trial but also the inquiry which commences with Section 244, Cr.P.C. and ends with the framing of the charge under Section 246, Cr.P.C. The terminology commence afresh has also its own force. It indicates that the whole inquiry which commences from Section 244, Cr.P.C. must begin afresh. The interpretation that we give to the words proceedings is buttressed by the language of 319(b). Cr.P.C. The plain language takes back the whole proceedings to the stage of taking cognizance. If we accept the contention of the appellant herein, then subclause (b) would be rendered otiose. We have, therefore, no doubt that the language of Section 319. Cr.P.C. itself pushes the proceedings back to the stage of inquiry, once the order under Section 319(1) Cr.P.C. is passed by the Court and a new accused is joined therein.13. There is one more angle and that is the angle of mischief. If the interpretation given by the appellant is to be accepted then a complainant, wherein it is a case of multiple accused, may mischievously join only few of them and after getting the charge framed, make an application under Section 319, Cr.P.C. to join some other accused persons who would then have no right of cross-examination of the witnesses and who would be required to be the mute spectators to the charge being framed against which they could have successfully resisted by cross-examining the witnesses.14. There is one more aspect that before summoning the accused under Section 319(1), Cr.P.C. there is no requirement of allowing such accused person to cross-examine the witnesses. That stage comes only after an accused is summoned under sub-section (1). Therefore, it would be a case where the newly added accused who has not had the advantage of hearing the evidence would be put to prejudice because firstly. he has not heard the evidence and secondly, he cannot even cross-examine those witnesses in the warrant trial based on a private complaint.This Court has already held that right to cross-examine the witness who are examined before framing of the charge is a very precious right because it is only by cross-examination that the accused can show to the Court that there is no need of a trial against him. It is to be seen that before framing of the charge under Section 246, the Magistrate has to form an opinion about there being ground for presuming that the accused had committed offence triable under the Chapter. If it is held that there is no right of cross-examination under Section 244, then the accused would have no opportunity to show to the Magistrate that the allegations are groundness and that there is no scope for framing a charge against him. In Ajoy Kumar Ghose Vs. State of Jharkhand [Criminal Appeal No.485 of 2009], one of us (V.S. Sirpurkar, J.) held that there is a right to the accused to cross-examine the witnesses examined before framing the charge and that the said right is extremely important. It is observed in pararight of cross-examination is a very salutary right and the accused would have to be given an opportunity to cross-examine the witnesses who have been offered at the stage of Section 244(1), Cr.P.C.Therefore, the situation is clear that under Section 244, Cr.P.C. the accused has a right to cross-examine the witnesses and in the matter of Section 319, Cr.P.C. when a new accused is summoned, he would have similar right to cross-examine the witness examined during the inquiry afresh. Again, the witness would have to be re-heard and then there would be such a right. Merely presenting such witnesses for cross-examination would be of no consequence. This Court has already held so in Shashi Kant Singh Vs. Tarkeshwar Singh & Anr. [2002(5) SCC 738].