Case: Aluminium Corporation Vs. Their Workmen and Others

Das Gupta, J. 1. These appeals by special leave are against an award of the Fifth Industrial Tribunal, West Bengal, on the question of bonus for the year 1957-58 to workmen of the appellant-Company. The appellant which is engaged in the manufacture of aluminium from basic material has its factory at J. K. Nagar near Asansol in West Bengal. A dispute having arisen between the appellant and some of its workmen on the question of bonus for the year 1957-58 it was referred to the Fifth Industrial Tribunal, West Bengal, by an order of the Government of West Bengal. In another reference made by that Government to the same Tribunal on May 2, 1959 a dispute between the Company and its workmen employed at its factory at J. K. Nagar, Asansol, on the question of bonus for the year 1957-58 was one of the matters referred. In the first reference the Tribunal has awarded in favour of the workmen bonus equivalent to three months basic wages inclusive of the amount (equivalent to half a months basic wages) that has already been paid by the Company voluntarily. In the second reference the parties filed joint petitions before the Tribunal agreeing to abide by any decision or award whatsoever passed by the Tribunal regarding the bonus issue in the first reference and requesting that similar award be made regarding the issue of bonus in both references. The Tribunal accordingly passed an order in the second reference that the workmen would get the same bonus as awarded in the first reference. The result of this is that the workmen covered by the second reference would also be entitled to three months basic wages as bonus for the year 1957-58. 2. Applying the rules embodied in what is known as the Full Bench Formula evolved by the Labour Appellate Tribunal in 1950 and approved by this Court in Associated Cement Companies Ltd., v. Its Workmen([1959] S.C.R. 925.) for calculation of profit bonus the Tribunal held that the available surplus was Rs. 4.63 lacs. It pointed out that if bonus equivalent to three months basic wage was given to workmen, still the Company will have Rs. 3.91 lacs as the available surplus inclusive of the refund of incometax on account of bonus, which meant an expenditure of only Rs.. 0.72 lacs on this head by the Company. In reaching this figure of Rs. 4.63 lacs as the available surplus the Tribunal allowed Rs. 0.43 lacs as return on reserves used as working capital and allowed nothing under the head rehabilitation charge. In support of the appeals Mr. Vishwanatha Sastri has vehemently challenged the Tribunals view on both these matters.On the question of rehabilitation charge Mr. Sastri contended that there was no justification whatsoever for rejecting the claim on this head altogether. It has to be remembered in this connection that by a series of decisions of this Court it is now well settled that the burden to prove any prior charge under the head rehabilitation lies on the employer and that unless the employer has by proper evidence established its claim to some amount as rehabilitation charge the claim must be rejected. The appellant adopted a curious procedure. It examined its Manager and through him put in statements showing its calculations of available surplus. A number of statements were put, in each showing the available surplus as nil. While however in statements 1 and 11 the rehabilitation charge is shown as Rs. 6, 27234.00 it is shown as Rs. 5, 84, 534.00 in statements III and IV, and in statements V and VI the figure is Rs. 10, 25, 021.00 How such different figures could be arrived at has not been sought to be explained by its only witness, the Manager. The witness stated that the assets of the Company were revalued in 1956 by a Committee of which he was one of the members. He had added that each of the assets was ascertained with reference to the Companys registers and they were .divided in blocks according to their date of acquisition. A portion of the report made by the Revaluation Committee was put in. There is nothing however in this or in the witnesss evidence that throws any light on the important question of multiplier and divisor. On the question of multiplier the witness says that the multiplier was worked out according to the procedure as detailed in the Revaluation Report it, self. He has not tried himself to explain this basis. It is by no means clear that he has special knowledge and skill in the matter of replacement of the different machinery. The report was signed also by two other members, neither of whom has been examined. The materials on the basis of which these multipliers were arrived at have also not been established by any evidence.When we turn to the question of divisor the position is even more unsatisfactory. The witness has not vouchsafed a word as to how the divisor was arrived at. It is hardly necessary to point out that the mere submission of a statement prepared in the Companys office showing a certain divisor cannot meet the requirements of law unless and until the basis of this calculation is explained by testimony on oath which can be tested by cross-examination. The Tribunal -was therefore wholly justified in rejecting the claim for rehabilitation. 3. On the claim of prior charge under the head return on reserves used as working capital, the Tribunal, as already stated, has allowed Rs. 0.43 lacs. What the Company claims under this head is difficult to understand. For, as in the case of rehabilitation charge so also under this head, different figures have been shown in different statements. Statements Nos. 1, III and V show the reserves employed in business as Rs. 111, 74, 162.00, while in statements 11, TV and VI the amount is shown as Rs. 199, 56, 718.00. The difference is due to the fact that while in statements 1, III and V, the depreciation reserves is shown as Rs. 86 lacs, the corresponding figure in statements 11, IV and VI is more than double of this, being Rs. 173, 82, 556.00. 4. The very fact that such widely different estimates have been given is some justification for refusing to accept any of these as correct. Indeed, the way the Company has approached the calculations of reserves used as working capital makes one think that those responsible for these calculations did not treat the matter seriously at all and felt that by putting arbitrary figures under this head they could play havoc with the Full Bench Formula. This deserves strong condemnation. 5. Mr.Sastri made no attempt to justify these calculations of reserves used as working capital. He tried to persuade us however that the balance-sheet of the Company would by itself show what part of reserves was used as working capital. Learned counsel submitted that are easy and safe way of ascertaining the correct figure under this head is by deducting the current liabilities of the Company in the balance-sheet from the current assets as shown therein. There is undoubtedly support in standard books on account- ancy for the proposition that the excess of the readily realisable, liquid, or current assets of a concern over its current liabilities is the proper measure of the working capital. (See Croppers Higher Book-Keeping and Accounts 7th Edition, p. 301 and Pickles on Accountancy, 2nd Edition p. 1325).There are however two difficulties in the way of accepting Mr. Sastris contention. The first is that the mere state- ments in the balance-sheet as regards current assets and current liabilities cannot be taken as sacrosanct. As has been emphasised in more than one case by this Court, the correctness of the figures as shown in the balance-sheet itself are to be established by proper evidence in Court by those responsible for preparing the balance-sheet or by other competent witnesses. (Petlad Turkey Dye Works v. Dyes and Chemical Workers Union([1960] 2 S.C.R. 906.) and Khandesh Spg. and Weaving Mills Case([1960] 2 S.C.R. 841.)). This was recently emphasised again in Bengal Kagabkal Mazdoor Union v. The Titagarh Paper Mills Co. Ltd.([1964] S.C.R. 38.). 6. The second difficulty is that the task here is not to ascertain the total working capital of the concern, but to find out what portion of the reserves has been used as work- ing capital. It may often happen that the whole of the working capital is provided from what remained of the subscribed capital after the acquisition of the fixed assets. There may be other cases where a portion of the working capital is provided from the subscribed capital and the remainder is met from the reserves. There appears to be a tendency on the part of some employers to show the entire amount of reserves available for use as working capital as the actual amount used for that purpose. This is obviously wrong. 7. It would be improper and indeed impossible in most cases to come to a correct conclusion on these matters by scrutiny of the balance-sheet itself. Whenever a Company claims deductions from the gross profits under the head return on reserves used as working capital, as prior charge, for ascertaining the available surplus under the Full Bench Formula it is necessary and proper that the accountant, or other competent officers of the Company should come into the witness-box and assist the Tribunals in coming to a satisfactory conclusion on the question.No such attempt was made in this case and we find it impossible to say from the evidence on the record as to what portion, if any, of the reserves was actually used as working capital. The tribunal would have been justified in rejecting in toto the Companys claim under this head. The allowance of Rs. 0.43 lacs as prior charge on return on reserves used as working capital was therefore an error in favour of -the appellant. There is no reason therefore for reducing the figure as found by the Tribunal as the available surplus. 8. Lastly it was suggested by Mr. Sastri that in deciding what should be allowed as bonus out of this available surplus the Tribunal should have proceeded on the basis that one months basic wages amount to Rs. 90, 000 and not Rs. 50, 00 as mentioned by the Tribunal. This figure of Rs. 90, 000/- has been given by the Companys Manager as the total wage of the workmen and the employees, including officers. We are told that the officers were also paid bonus and that also has to come out of the available surplus. So Mr. Sastri argued, though rather faintly, that the bonus should have been fixed on the basis of Rs. 90, 000 wage bill. We do not think that to be the correct approach. The Industrial Tribunal is not concerned with what is paid by the Company to its officers. It is concerned only with the workmens claim of bonus. For deciding therefore what part of the available surplus should be paid to the workmen as bonus the wage bill of the workmen only has to be considered. It is -not disputed that the wage bill (basic wage) of the workmen, excluding the officers, was Rs. 50, 000. The Tribunal has therefore committed no error in fixing the bonus figures on this basis. 9. We wish to make it clear that what we have said in this judgment will not stand in the way of the employer substantiating a claim for rehabilitation charge by proper evidence, in any future dispute on that question.

Decision:
0[ds]It would be improper and indeed impossible in most cases to come to a correct conclusion on these matters by scrutiny of the balance-sheet itself. Whenever a Company claims deductions from the gross profits under the head return on reserves used as working capital,as prior charge, for ascertaining the available surplus under the Full Bench Formula it is necessary and proper that the accountant, or other competent officers of the Company should come into the witness-box and assist the Tribunals in coming to a satisfactory conclusion on the question.No such attempt was made in this case and we find it impossible to say from the evidence on the record as to what portion, if any, of the reserves was actually used as working capital. The tribunal would have been justified in rejecting in toto the Companys claim under this head. The allowance of Rs. 0.43 lacs as prior charge on return on reserves used as working capital was therefore an error in favour of -the appellant. There is no reason therefore for reducing the figure as found by the Tribunal as the available surplusLastly it was suggested by Mr. Sastri that in deciding what should be allowed as bonus out of this available surplus the Tribunal should have proceeded on the basis that one months basic wages amount to Rs. 90, 000 and not Rs. 50, 00 as mentioned by the Tribunal. This figure of Rs. 90, 000/- has been given by the Companys Manager as the total wage of the workmen and the employees, including officers.We are told that the officers were also paid bonus and that also has to come out of the available surplus. So Mr. Sastri argued, though rather faintly, that the bonus should have been fixed on the basis of Rs. 90, 000 wage bill. We do not think that to be the correct approach. The Industrial Tribunal is not concerned with what is paid by the Company to its officers. It is concerned only with the workmens claim of bonus. For deciding therefore what part of the available surplus should be paid to the workmen as bonus the wage bill of the workmen only has to be considered. It is -not disputed that the wage bill (basic wage) of the workmen, excluding the officers, was Rs. 50, 000. The Tribunal has therefore committed no error in fixing the bonus figures on this basisWe wish to make it clear that what we have said in this judgment will not stand in the way of the employer substantiating a claim for rehabilitation charge by proper evidence, in any future dispute on that question