Case: M/s. Bisra Stone Lime Company Limited and Another Vs. Orissa State Electricity Board and Another

GOSWAMI, J.1. This judgment will govern both the above mentioned appeals2. We may take the facts briefly from Civil Appeal No. 107 of 19753. The Orissa Textile Mills Limited is a public limited company (briefly the company) and is engaged in manufacture of textile articles. It is located at Choudwar in the district of Cuttack (Orissa). On May 12, 1960, the company (described in the agreement as Consumer) entered into an agreement with the State of Orissa (described in the agreement as the Supplier) for supply of electric power. The contract was for a period of five years from the date of supply of electric power, namely, February 1, 1963 and it was thereafter to so continue unless and until the same was determined by either party giving to the other six calendar months notice in writing of the intention to terminate the agreement. It is common ground that the agreement has not been terminated4. It may be appropriate at this stage to refer to a few clauses in the agreement. Clause 12 provides for charges to be paid by the consumer as well as about maximum demand. Clause 13 reads as followsThe tariff and conditions of supply mentioned in this Agreement shall be subject to any revision that may be made by the Supplier from time to time. Clause 22 deals with extra charge regarding domestic lighting, fans, domestic power and street lighting, etc. in the colony of the mills. Clause 23 reads as followsAny dispute or difference arising between the Consumer and the Supplier or their respective Electrical Engineers as to the supply of electrical energy hereunder or the pressure thereof or as to the interpretation of this Agreement or the right of the Supplier or the Consumer respectively to determine the same or any other question, matter or thing arising hereunder shall be referred to a single arbitrator who shall be mutually agreed upon by both parties. The arbitrators decision thereon shall be final and the provisions of the Arbitration Act of 1940 (X of 1940) or of any other statutory modification thereof for the time being in force shall apply to any such reference5. On April 1, 1962, the Orissa State Electricity Board (briefly the Board) was constituted by the State Government under Section 5 of the Electricity (Supply) Act, 1948 (briefly the Act). Under Section 60(1) of the Actall debts and obligations incurred, all contracts entered into and all matters and things engaged to be done by, with or for the State Government for any of the purposes of this Act before the first constitution of the Board shall be deemed to have been incurred, entered into or engaged to be done by, with or for the BoardBy this section, therefore, the Board assumed all obligations of the State Government in respect of matters to which the Act applied. It is common ground that the contract entered between the company and the State Government is binding on both6. The Board decided to levy a surcharge of 10 per cent on the power tariff then in force with effect from July 1, 1972, and a press note was issued accordingly. The material portion of the press note may be extractedThe Orissa State Electricity Board has decided to levy a general and uniform surcharge of 10 per cent on the power tariff now in force except on the following categories of consumers who will pay the existing tariff :-(1) Power Intensive Industries which are governed by Special Agreements(2) Domestic power and lightingIn respect of irrigation loads (pumping and agriculture) the power tariff will be Re.0.16 p. (sixteen paise) per unit (Kwh) with a rebate of Re.0.01 p. (one paisa) per unit Kwh for timely paymentThe above levy of surcharge of 10 per cent is also applicable to the power supply to the Hindustan Steel Ltd., Rourkela and Kalinga Iron Works, BarbilThe levy of 10 per cent surcharge will be on demand charges, unit charges, maximum and minimum charges and reservation chargesThe levy of surcharge and revised tariff for irrigation loads has become necessary for improving the Boards overall financial return and enabling it to undertake large developmental programmes like rural electrificationIt appears that the second purpose in the above press note with reference to "larger developmental programmes like rural electrification" was omitted by a revised press note7. The company unsuccessfully challenged the levy of the surcharge by an application under Article 226 of the Constitution in the Orissa High Court. Several contentions were raised in the petition before the High Court. The surcharge was inter alia, challenged as being violative of Article 14 of the Constitution. This objection was repelled by the High Court and the learned Counsel appearing on behalf of the company was unable to press the same before us in view of the Presidential suspension of that article during the emergency8. Some other grounds, including that Clause 13 is ultra vires the Act, were taken before the High Court but have not been pressed before us9. Mr. Gupte, the learned Counsel appearing on behalf of the appellants, submits as follows(1) The Board has no power to levy a surcharge under the provisions of the Act(2) Clause 13 of the agreement cannot take in the levy of surcharge. It is, therefore, not a matter for reference to arbitration under Clause 23 of the agreement(3) Assuming it has power under the Act or under Clause 13 to levy a surcharge, the Board in exempting certain categories and imposing surcharge upon the appellants is guilty of discrimination which is impermissible under Section 49 of the Act and clause (2) of Schedule I to the agreement10. With regard to his first contention Mr. Gupte submits that surcharge is unknown to the provisions in the Act and the Board has no power under the Act to levy a surcharge. It is not possible to accede to the submission that the demand of surcharge cannot be included in the revision of rates of tariff11. The word surcharge is not defined in the Act, but etymologically, inter alia, surcharge stands for an additional or extra charge or payment (see Shorter Oxford English Dictionary). Surcharge is thus a super-added charge, a charge over and above the usual or current dues. Although, therefore, in the present case it is in the form of a surcharge, it is in substance an addition to the stipulated rates of tariff. The nomenclature, therefore, does not alter the position. Enhancement of the rates by way of surcharge is well within the power of the Board to fix or revise the rates of tariff under the provisions of the Act. The first submission of Counsel is, therefore, of no avail12. Before we deal with the second submission of Counsel, we may refer to a recent decision of this Court in M/s. Titagarh, Paper Mills Ltd. v. Orissa State Electricity Board (1975 2 SCC 436 ) (briefly the Titagarhs case) to which one of us was a party. This Court following the decision in the Indian Aluminium Company v. Kerala State Electricity Board (1975 2 SCC 414 ) with regard to the scope of Sections 49 and 59 of the Act held in the Titagarhs case (supra) as follows : [p. 443, para 8]neither Section 49 nor Section 59 confers any authority on the Board to enhance the rates for supply of electricity where they are fixed under a stipulation made in an agreement. The board has no authority under either of these two sections to override a contractual stipulation and enhance unilaterally the rates for the supply of electricityIt is clear from the above decision that an agreement entered in exercise of the power conferred by the statute, such as under Section 49(3) of the Act, cannot be set at naught by unilateral exercise of power by the Board under the Act to enhance the rates agreed upon between the parties in the absence of any provision in that behalf in the agreement itself. In the Indian Aluminium Companys case (supra) there was no provision in the agreement with regard to the revision of tariff, such as we find the Clause 13 of the present agreement. This Court, therefore, had not to consider in that case about the effect of a clause like Clause 13. In the Titagarhs case, however, this Court had to take into consideration Clause 13 of the agreement therein which is the identical clause in the present case13. Sub-sections (1) and (2) of Section 49 empower the Board to fix uniform rates of tariff. Sub-section (3) of Section 49 on the other hand reserves to the Board the power of fixing different tariffs having regard to certain factors mentioned therein. Section 49(3) contemplates what are known as special agreements. Power under Section 49(1) and (2) cannot be invoked during the subsistence of special agreements providing for stipulation of rates of tariff in absence of any reservation therein. Exercise of power under Section 49(1) and (2) as also that under Section 59 will remain suspended during the currency of the special agreement between the parties and no unilateral enhancement of rates is permissible under the law. There is only a pro tempore ban on revision of rates during the subsistence of statutory special agreements entered in conformity with Section 49(3) of the Act14. Mr. Gupte, however, submits that since there have been special agreements between the parties the stipulated rates could not be increased by adding the surcharge in question. This argument proceeds on a wrong assumption that surcharge is absolutely different from rates of tariff. Besides the submission fails to take count of Clause 13 of the agreement with regard to revision of rates. The ratio of the Indian Aluminium Companys case (supra) will be available on all fours only where there is nothing in the special agreement with regard to revision of rates during the subsistence of the agreement15. With regard to the second submission, which overlaps to some extent with the first, Mr. Gupte points out that revision of tariff under Clause 13 cannot include levy of surcharge which is distinct from tariff. He also draws our attention to the various clauses in the press note where both the expressions surcharge and tariff are freely used. On the other hand, the learned Advocate General submits that the import of surcharge depends upon the nature of the original charge. If the surcharge is appended to a tariff it partakes of the character of tariff16. When the press note introduces the surcharge in addition to tariff rates, not much can be made of for use of the two words separately. We have already noted the meaning of the word surcharge while dealing with the first submission of the learned Counsel. We may only add that this Court in Titagarhs case (supra) put the matter beyond controversy in the following words : [p. 443, para 8]Now, the effect of the levy of coal surcharge would be to enhance the rates for the supply of electricity stipulated under the agreement17. Besides in the Titagarhs case (supra) this Court further observed as follows : [p. 444, para 9]Questions such as : whether the Board has power under clause (13) of the agreement to levy any coal surcharge at all when no such power was conferred on it by the Act, whether the action of the Board in levying the coal surcharge on the appellant under clause (13) of the agreement was arbitrary and unreasonable or whether it was based on extraneous and irrelevant considerations and whether, on the facts and circumstances of the case, the Board was justified under clause (13) of the agreement to levy the coal surcharge on the appellant, are plainly questions arising under the agreement and they are covered by the arbitration provision contained in clause (23) of the agreement. All the contentions raised by the appellant against the claim to justify the levy of the coal surcharge by reference to clause (13) of the agreement would, therefore, seem to be covered by the arbitration agreement and there is no reason why the appellant should not pursue the remedy of arbitration which it has solemnly accepted under c18. Although this Court was dealing with the coal surcharge in the above decision, there is no distinction in principle between the coal surcharge or a surcharge simpliciter and the ratio of the above decision will be applicable in this case. The second submission of the learned Counsel, therefore, fails and the point is squarely covered by the above decision. The matter is, therefore, covered by the arbitration Clause 23 of the agreement19. With regard to the last submission regarding discrimination founded upon Section 49 of the Act and clause (2) of the Schedule I to the agreement, Mr. Gupte relied upon sub-section (4) of Section 49 which provides that in fixing the tariff and terms and conditions for the supply of electricity, the Board shall not show undue preference to any person. He also draws our attention to clause (2) of the conditions of supply in the first Schedule to the agreement to the effect thatthe Department shall not be entitled to discriminate between different consumers in fixing the charges for the supply of energyThe agreement is entered under the provisions of Section 49(3) of the Act. If we read Section 49 as a whole we find that under sub-section (1) of that section, the Board in supplying electricity to any person not being a licensee "may for the purposes of such supply frame uniform tariffs". However, under sub-section (2) of that section in fixing the uniform tariffs the Board shall have regard to the various factors under four heads (a), (b), (c) and (d). Then comes sub-section (3) which preserves the power of the Boardif it considers it necessary or expedient to fix different tariffs for the supply of electricity to any person not being a licensee having regard to the geographical position of any area, the nature of the supply and purpose for which supply is required and any other relevant factors20. Mr. Gupte submits that there is no reason why the power intensive industries, which are governed by special agreements, should have been exempted from the levy of surcharge in the press note. He further points out that there are eight industries referred to in paragraph 20 of the special leave petition which have not been subjected to the aforesaid 10 per cent surcharge even though the rates of electricity charged per unit in their case are less than those of the Orissa Textile Mills21. It is enough to point out that the industries referred to in the special leave petition were covered by special agreements and we are not even told whether these special agreements had a similar clause like Clause 13 in the present case. This Court has held that special agreements entered under Section 49(3) cannot be given a go-by while exercising the power of revision of rates under Section 49 read with Section 59. That being the position, the objection on the score of discrimination loses all importance. The totality of the provisions under Section 49 does not give any scope for the plea of discrimination raised in this case and in view of Clause 13 in the agreement itself22. We can appreciate the handicap of Counsel in advancing his arguments under the head of discrimination having lost the protective amulet of Article 14 of the Constitution under the Presidential embargo during the emergency. A plea of discrimination which is available when Article 14 is in free play is not at par with the interdict of undue favour under Section 49 of the Act. Apart from this, when law makes it obligatory for certain special agreements to continue in full force during their currency stultifying the power of the Board to revise the rates during the period, no ground of discrimination can be made out on the score of exempting such industries as are governed by special agreements23. Although the press note in the instant case did not recite any provisions of the Act under which the same was issued, mere omission to do so does not disentitle the Board to rely upon Clause 13 of the agreement for a claim to revision of the rates, although in the form of a surcharge in this case. We, therefore, do not give any significance to the omission in the press note to refer to Clause 13 or to any other provision of the Act. The matter is, therefore, covered by the arbitration Clause 23 of the agreement. It is not for this Court to speculate what answers the arbitrator will enter with regard to the disputed questions that may be raised before him. We are not to be understood as expressing any opinion on the merits of the dispute or difference between the parties with regard to the surcharge24. It is then submitted that this Court should not use its discretion in favour of arbitration in a matter where it is a pure question of law as to the power of the Board to levy a surcharge. This submission would have great force if the sole question involved were the scope and ambit of the power of the Board under Sections 49 and 59 of the Act to levy a surcharge, as it was sought to be initially argued. The question in that event may not have been within the content of Clause 23 of the agreement. But all questions of law, one of which may be interpretation of the agreement, need not necessarily be withdrawn from the domestic forum because the court has discretion under Section 34 of the Arbitration Act or under Article 226 of the Constitution and that the court is better posted to decide such questions. The arbitration Clause 23 is a clause of wide amplitude taking in its sweep even interpretation of the agreement and necessarily, therefore, of Clause 13 therein. We are, therefore, unable to accede to th

Decision:
0[ds]It is not possible to accede to the submission that the demand of surcharge cannot be included in the revision of rates of tariff11. The word surcharge is not defined in the Act, but etymologically, inter alia, surcharge stands for an additional or extra charge or payment (see Shorter Oxford English Dictionary). Surcharge is thus a super-added charge, a charge over and above the usual or current dues. Although, therefore, in the present case it is in the form of a surcharge, it is in substance an addition to the stipulated rates of tariff. The nomenclature, therefore, does not alter the position. Enhancement of the rates by way of surcharge is well within the power of the Board to fix or revise the rates of tariff under the provisions of the Act. The first submission of Counsel is, therefore, of nois clear from the above decision that an agreement entered in exercise of the power conferred by the statute, such as under Section 49(3) of the Act, cannot be set at naught by unilateral exercise of power by the Board under the Act to enhance the rates agreed upon between the parties in the absence of any provision in that behalf in the agreement itself. In the Indian Aluminium Companys case (supra) there was no provision in the agreement with regard to the revision of tariff, such as we find the Clause 13 of the present agreement. This Court, therefore, had not to consider in that case about the effect of a clause like Clause 13. In the Titagarhs case, however, this Court had to take into consideration Clause 13 of the agreement therein which is the identical clause in the presentargument proceeds on a wrong assumption that surcharge is absolutely different from rates of tariff. Besides the submission fails to take count of Clause 13 of the agreement with regard to revision of rates. The ratio of the Indian Aluminium Companys case (supra) will be available on all fours only where there is nothing in the special agreement with regard to revision of rates during the subsistence of theAlthough this Court was dealing with the coal surcharge in the above decision, there is no distinction in principle between the coal surcharge or a surcharge simpliciter and the ratio of the above decision will be applicable in this case. The second submission of the learned Counsel, therefore, fails and the point is squarely covered by the above decision. The matter is, therefore, covered by the arbitration Clause 23 of theIt is enough to point out that the industries referred to in the special leave petition were covered by special agreements and we are not even told whether these special agreements had a similar clause like Clause 13 in the present case. This Court has held that special agreements entered under Section 49(3) cannot be given a go-by while exercising the power of revision of rates under Section 49 read with Section 59. That being the position, the objection on the score of discrimination loses all importance. The totality of the provisions under Section 49 does not give any scope for the plea of discrimination raised in this case and in view of Clause 13 in the agreement itself22. We can appreciate the handicap of Counsel in advancing his arguments under the head of discrimination having lost the protective amulet of Article 14 of the Constitution under the Presidential embargo during the emergency. A plea of discrimination which is available when Article 14 is in free play is not at par with the interdict of undue favour under Section 49 of the Act. Apart from this, when law makes it obligatory for certain special agreements to continue in full force during their currency stultifying the power of the Board to revise the rates during the period, no ground of discrimination can be made out on the score of exempting such industries as are governed by special agreements23. Although the press note in the instant case did not recite any provisions of the Act under which the same was issued, mere omission to do so does not disentitle the Board to rely upon Clause 13 of the agreement for a claim to revision of the rates, although in the form of a surcharge in this case. We, therefore, do not give any significance to the omission in the press note to refer to Clause 13 or to any other provision of the Act. The matter is, therefore, covered by the arbitration Clause 23 of the agreement. It is not for this Court to speculate what answers the arbitrator will enter with regard to the disputed questions that may be raised before him. We are not to be understood as expressing any opinion on the merits of the dispute or difference between the parties with regard to thesubmission would have great force if the sole question involved were the scope and ambit of the power of the Board under Sections 49 and 59 of the Act to levy a surcharge, as it was sought to be initially argued. The question in that event may not have been within the content of Clause 23 of the agreement. But all questions of law, one of which may be interpretation of the agreement, need not necessarily be withdrawn from the domestic forum because the court has discretion under Section 34 of the Arbitration Act or under Article 226 of the Constitution and that the court is better posted to decide such questions. The arbitration Clause 23 is a clause of wide amplitude taking in its sweep even interpretation of the agreement and necessarily, therefore, of Clause 13 therein. We are, therefore, unable to accede to