DemoTest0122/ScienceMetaBench105 huggingface dataset:
Downward Nominal Wage Rigidity in Services: Direct Evidence from a Firm Survey
Authors: Daniel Radowski, Holger Bonin
Published: 2009
Keywords: nominal wage rigidity, efficiency wages, manufacturing, services, Germany
Abstract: The paper uses a new German employer survey on wage setting practices to analyze incidence and sources of nominal wage rigidity in services vs. manufacturing. We observe that wage freezes are significantly more frequent and wage cuts less frequent in services. Reasons preventing wage cuts reported by employers suggest that fear of excess worker turnover could explain this distinct behavior.
Family Ceremonies as a Constraint on Informal Sector Investment: The Case of Sénégal
Authors: John Bennett, Stephanie Levy
Published: 2018
Keywords: informality, investment behaviour, family ceremonies
Abstract: We analyze how intermittent large expenditures on family ceremonies may affect an entrepreneur’s investment decision in an informal enterprise. Our hypothesis is that the barrier between family and enterprise is thin and permeable. We test this hypothesis using a survey from Sénégal that combines informal sector and household data. We estimate a measure of exposure to spending on births, weddings and funerals, and show this has a significant negative relationship with the decision to invest and the amount of investment. These results are robust to changes in specifications of the determinants of investment, controlling for both enterprise- and family-related variables.
Disability in the Welfare State: An Unemployment Problem in Disguise?
Authors: Bernt Bratsberg, Elisabeth Fevang, Knut Røed
Published: 2010
Keywords: disability, displacement, social insurance, employment opportunities
Abstract: Economies with low unemployment often have high disability rates. In Norway, the permanent disability insurance rolls outnumber registered unemployment by four to one. Based on administrative register data matched with firms’ financial statements and closure data collected from bankruptcy proceedings, we show that a large fraction of Norwegian disability insurance claims can be directly attributed to job displacement and other adverse shocks to employment opportunities. For men, we estimate that job loss more than doubles the risk of entry to permanent disability and that displacements account for fully 28 percent of all new disability insurance claims. We conclude that unemployment and disability insurance are close substitutes.
Innovation, Employment and Skills in Advanced and Developing Countries: A Survey of the Literature
Authors: Marco Vivarelli 
Published: 2012
Keywords: technology, innovation, employment, skill, skill-biased technological change
Abstract: This paper critically discusses the theoretical and empirical literature on the quantitative and qualitative employment impact of technological change, compares the relative explanatory power of the competing theories, and explains in detail the macro and micro evidence on the issue, with reference both to the advanced economies and the developing countries (DCs).
Immigrant Networks and the U.S. Bilateral Trade: The Role of Immigrant Income
Authors: Kusum Mundra 
Published: 2010
Keywords: immigrant networks, immigrant assimilation, demand effect, trade
Abstract: demand effect. First, we examine the effect of immigration on trade when the immigrants consume more of the goods that are abundant in their home country than the natives in a standard Heckscher-Ohlin model and find that the effect of immigration on trade is a priori indeterminate. Our econometric gravity model consists of 63 major trading and immigrant sending countries for the U.S. over 1991-2000. We find that the immigrants’ income, mostly through the demand effect, has a significant negative effect on U.S. imports. However, if we include the effect of the immigrant income interacted with the size of the immigrant network, measured by the immigrant stock, we find that the higher the immigrant income the lower is the immigrant network effect for both U.S. exports and imports. This we find in addition to the immigrant stock elasticity of 0.27% for U.S. exports and 0.48% for U.S. imports. Capturing the immigrant assimilation with the level of immigrant income, this paper finds that the immigrant network effect on trade flows is weakened by the increasing level of immigrant assimilation.
Trainspotting: “Good Jobs”, Training and Skilled Immigration
Authors: Andrew Mountford, Jonathan Wadsworth
Published: 2019
Keywords: immigration, training, income distribution
Abstract: While skilled immigration ceteris paribus provides an immediate boost to GDP per capita by adding to the human capital stock of the receiving economy, might it also reduce the number of ‘good jobs’, i.e. those with training, available to indigenous workers? We analyse this issue theoretically and empirically. The theoretical model shows how skilled immigration can affect the sectoral allocation of labor and how it may have a positive or negative effect on the training and social mobility of native born workers. The empirical analysis uses UK data from 2001 to 2018 to show that training rates of UK born workers have declined in a period where immigration has been rising strongly, and have declined significantly more in high wage non-traded sectors. At a more disaggregated level however this link is much less strong, though there is evidence of different training effects of skilled immigration across traded and non-traded sectors. Hiring of UK born workers in high wage non-traded sectors has also been negatively affected by skilled immigration, although this effect is not large. Taken together the theoretical and empirical analyses suggest that skilled immigration may have some role in allocating native born workers away from ‘good jobs’ sectors but it is unlikely to be a major driver of social mobility.
The Quest for Security in the Age of Austerity: Opportunities and Challenges
Authors: Alexandra Gheciu
Published: 2013
Abstract: Addressing the issue of transatlantic security in times of defense budget cuts, this article provides operational solutions to improve burden-sharing and enhance NATO’s strategic relevance in the coming decades. It analyzes how Smart Defense could help transatlantic partners balance their defense effort and military engagement in the world. It also examines the necessary evolutions that will be experienced by NATO in the near future, especially in terms of integration of new global partners.
城市分布式泵站排水系统综合节能与协调优化控制研究
Authors: 何中杰
Published: 2009
Keywords: 分布式泵站排水, 综合节能, 协调优化调度, 多目标, 机泵群, 分层控制结构
Abstract: 城市排水系统属多输入、多目标的广地域分布复杂非线性祸合系统，不合理的排放控制方式易造成泵站高能耗及污水溢出污染。针对城市分布式泵站排水系统综合节能与协调优化控制问题，本论文主要研究内容和成果如下：
（1）建立了基于机泵群控制、具有时滞和相互链级关系的分布式泵站排水控制系统模型。依据机泵相似律推导出调速特性模型通式，以及基于指数律的机泵调速特性数值模型。探讨了一种基于机泵调速特性模型的实时流量优化测算方法，通过实验检验了该方法的有效性。
（2）以分布式泵站的节能运行为目标，分析了降低静扬程和动扬程的综合节能机理，并给出了适用于不同工况的两种机泵调速节能优化方法针对扬程变化幅度大且不易控制、或扬程与机泵效率比值不满足递减规律的工况，推导了机泵保持等效运行的充要条件，从而得到一种跟随静扬程变化的自适应高效控制法对于静扬程易自主调节且扬程效率比可满足递减规律的一类工况，综合考虑机泵功率与效率，可得依据扬程效率比的节能法。通过实验比较了两种节能控制法的节能效果。
（3）针对广地域城市排水系统的协调优化需求，以及引入网络控制后带来的控制品质下降问题，构造了城市排水系统的分层协调控制结构。推导求证了区域泵站控制系统可控和可观测的充要条件。给出了一种初值匹配参数自适应辨识方法，以及结合该方法的多模型预测函数控制法仿真结果表明，将该方法用于区域泵站的闭环控制，系统辨识效果优于采用模型的参数辨识方法，且具有较好的控制鲁棒性。
（4）为改善广地域分布系统工况差异性带来的合流制溢流分流制溢流问题，提出了一种适用于分布式泵站排水系统的流量协调优化调度方法引入相互作用预测法，结合流量协调优化调度法，将最优控制转化为最优控制和协调优化调度的多目标综合协调优化。仿真结果表明，当入流量不超过各级泵站的排水能力之和时，综合协调优化能根据工况差异有效利用各分布泵站排水能力，确保全局无溢流，不受时滞和决策变量变化的影响。
（5）设计了一个基于开放标准以太网和的多回路并行网络结构，实现了城市分布式泵站排水网络控制系统中多类型、多回路控制器的网络协调优化调度，为基于分层控制结构的分布式泵站排水系统综合协调优化控制提供了软件平台。
鸡肉的热致变化研究
Authors: 吴兵
Published: 2011
Keywords: 三黄鸡, 清远麻鸡, 鸡胸肉, 鸡腿肉, 加热, 盐腌, 热致变化
Abstract: 本论文对三黄鸡和清远麻鸡的鸡胸肉和鸡腿肉在不同加热温度、时间及盐腌条件下的物理化学变化、嫩度、质构和肌纤维微观结构进行了研究和比较，初步探索肌肉蛋白在加热和盐腌条件下各种特性的变化机制及其对鸡肉品质的影响。具体研究内容和结果如下：
1、分别研究了在55℃、65℃、75℃、85℃、95℃下加热30min后，三黄鸡和清远麻鸡鸡胸肉和鸡腿肉的理化特性、嫩度及组织学状态的变化情况。结果表明：
（1）三黄鸡与清远麻鸡鸡胸肉和鸡腿肉的蒸煮损失分别在65~85℃和55~85℃间显著增加（p＜0.05），三黄鸡胸肉、腿肉的蒸煮损失比清远麻鸡的大；两种鸡种鸡腿肉在55-65℃间蒸煮损失比相应的鸡胸肉小，但是在温度超过75℃后，鸡腿肉的蒸煮损失大于相应的鸡胸肉。
（2）与生肉相比，热处理后鸡胸肉、腿肉pH值显著增大（p＜0.05），之后随温度的升高，pH变化不明显；清远麻鸡鸡胸肉pH值比三黄鸡的大，鸡腿肉pH值比鸡胸肉的大。
（3）加热后鸡胸肉的亮度值L*和黄度值b*显著增加（p＜0.05），之后随温度升高变化不明显，红度值a*变化不显著（p＞0.05）；鸡腿肉亮度值在受热后先增大，在65℃时达到最大值后又开始略有减小；黄度值则先显著增大（p＜0.05），在75℃时达到最大后则变化不显著（p＜0.05）；红度值随温度的升高呈现极显著下降趋势（p＜0.05）。
（4）随着热处理温度的升高，两种鸡胸肉、腿肉的硬度显著增大（p＜0.05）；咀嚼性、弹性及恢复性先显著增大（p＜0.05），在65-75℃时达到最大值后又显著降低；鸡胸肉硬度和恢复性比腿肉大，腿肉的弹性和咀嚼性比胸肉大，清远麻鸡鸡胸肉比三黄鸡鸡胸肉的硬度小，弹性、恢复性和咀嚼性大。
（5）鸡胸肉剪切力在65℃时剪切力值达到最小，之后在75~85℃之间又显著增大（p＜0.05）；鸡腿肉剪切力值随着温度的升高不断增大，三黄鸡鸡腿肉在55-75℃间剪切力值增加不显著（p＞0.05），在85-95℃间剪切力显著增加（p＜0.05），而清远麻鸡鸡腿肉在55-65℃间剪切力值增加不显著（p＞0.05），在65-85℃间显著增加（p＜0.05），之后随温度继续升高，剪切力值不存在明显变化；总体上清远麻鸡鸡胸肉加热后剪切力大于三黄鸡，鸡腿肉剪切力值大于胸肉剪切力值。
（6）随着温度的升高，鸡肉盐溶性蛋白溶解度不断减小，在75℃后变化不明显，且鸡种和鸡肉部位间的差异不显著（p＞0.05）；随着加热温度的增加，热溶性胶原蛋白溶解度不断增大，鸡腿肉的热溶性胶原蛋白溶解度大于鸡胸肉。
（7）从扫描电镜呈现的肌肉组织微观结构图可以得出如下变化规律：55℃时肌内膜和肌束膜发生轻微的弱化收缩，与肌纤维发生初步分离；65℃肌纤维结构发生明显收缩，肌纤维直径显著减小，肌纤维空隙清晰明显，肌内膜和肌束膜与肌纤维出现明显分离；75℃肌内膜和肌束膜完整性结构受到破坏，颗粒化现象更明显，肌纤维间隙有所减小；85℃颗粒化物质明显减少，肌纤维间进一步减小，肌纤维直径继续增大；95℃相邻肌纤维彼此排列紧实、致密，肌肉硬度在此时达到最大。
（8）随着温度的升高，鸡胸肉的肌纤维直径在分别在55-65℃和65-75℃两个温度区间内出现显著减小和显著增大（p＜0.05），而在75-95℃间变化不明显（p＞0.05）；温度及鸡种对鸡腿肉肌纤维直径变化的影响不显著（p＞0.05）。
（9）鸡肉全肌蛋白电泳图谱表明，大部分的蛋白条带如热稳定性较强的肌动蛋白在加热前后无明显变化，受热后伴有新的小分子蛋白条带产生和消失，而渗出液电泳图谱在75℃以上时检测出新的高分子量胶原蛋白谱带β，α1以及α2。
2、研究了80℃下，鸡胸肉和腿肉分别加热5min、10min、15min、20min、30min、40min后的热致变化情况。结果表明：在加热5-15min内，鸡肉蒸煮损失显著增加（p＜0.05）；在0-20min内鸡肉硬度、咀嚼性和弹性变化显著（p＜0.05），在加热30-40min内各指标无显著变化，说明在加热初期0-30min时间段内对鸡肉品质影响最为关键；在20-40min内剪切力值增加显著。
3、以鸡胸肉为原料，经浓度分别为0、2%、4%、6%（w/w）食盐溶液浸渍12h后，再经80℃加热30min，研究食盐溶液浓度对鸡肉热致改变的影响。结果如下：盐溶液浓度的增加，胸肉中肌球蛋白和肌动蛋白变性温度逐渐向低温方向移动；盐溶液浸渍处理对鸡胸肉肌原纤维蛋白的崩解起促进作用，肌原纤维结构棱廓模糊，经2%和4%氯化钠溶液处理鸡肉样的剪切力显著减小。
情商、逆商与工作绩效研究
Authors: 周蓓蓓
Published: 2012
Keywords: 情商, 逆商, 绩效, 正相关, 人力资源管理
Abstract: 随着科学技术的进步和经济的飞速发展，人们所面对的竞争和环境也日趋激烈和复杂。越来越多的人们意识到一个人的成功不单单依靠智商，而是各种能力综合作用的结果。因此各种商数名词随之产生，例如情商、逆商等。情商也称为情绪智力，是一个人后天形成的自我情绪认知、他人情绪认知、自我情绪管理、他人情绪管理能力的总和。逆商也称为逆境商，是一个人面对逆境、摆脱逆境和战胜逆境的能力。情商理论和逆商理论在世纪末盛行起来并得到广泛的关注和研究。但是情商和逆商作为一个心理学名词，关于它的研究多集中在心理学和教育领域，与其他学科的结合研究比较少。
情商、逆商理论在我国的发展还处在比较年轻的阶段，为了充实我国现有的情商和逆商方面的研究，使人力资源理论得到充实，特进行此研究。
本研究首先对情商、逆商理论的产生和发展进行梳理，然后从情商和逆商的定义与理论维度出发，在国内外研究的基础上，设计实验，做出两个假设：
1、情商和绩效之间存在显著地正向关系，即情商越高，工作绩效越高；
2、逆商和绩效之间存在显著地正向关系，即逆商越高，工作绩效越高。
通过调査问卷对国有企业和私营企业的员工的情商、逆商和绩效水平进行调查，运用和软件，采用相关分析和回归分析的技术方法，分别对情商与绩效、逆商与绩效的关系进行了研究，得出数据显示情商、逆商分别与绩效存在很显著的正向关系，假设得到验证。
现代先进的人力资源管理的发展趋势是由基于工作的转向基于能力的，该能力不仅指技术层面的，也包含精神、心里层面的能力，而且发挥着不可小觑的力量。因而，本研究对于现代先进的人力资源管理有重要的实践意义：情商可以帮助打破思维定势，整合优化企业的资源，为企业带来新的希望；逆商对绩效的影响贯穿人力资源管理始终，特别是在人力资源的管理的两个重要阶段—输入阶段和输出阶段有显著的作用。基于以上的分析，显然提高情商和逆商是十分有意义的。
为了使本研究的结论得到更好地应用，本研究也提出了提高情商、逆商的途径和方法，主要有加强理论教育和增加拓展性训练两个途径。理论教育可以帮助人们对于情商、逆商的定义和内容有清晰的了解，拓展训练可以根据情商、逆商理论的维度和参与者的情商、逆商现有水平设计活动，有针对性的对某一个或几个方面进行提高。
由于作者理论水平的限制，本研究还存在一些不足之处。本研究的结尾部分提出本研究的不足和对未来发展的展望。
药物与蛋白质的相互作用研究
Authors: 李道金
Published: 2007
Abstract: 人血清白蛋白（HSA）是体内最重要的转运蛋白质，能和许多内源和外源性的物质如代谢物、药物和其它具有生物活性的化合物结合，起到在储存和转运作用。因此对药物等小分子与 HSA 的相互作用的研究有助于理解药物的分配、传输、代谢和功效。溶菌酶（Lys）是一种球状蛋白质，具有水解细菌细胞壁杀死细菌的作用。过氧化氢酶（CAT）是一种重要的抗氧化剂，它能把过氧化氢分子氧化分解为水和氧气。Lys 和 CAT 像 HSA 一样也能和许多小分子物质如药物结合，从而对药物的代谢和功效以及酶的活性等产生影响。该领域已成为从事生命科学、化学和临床医学科研工作者共同关注的课题之一。本论文基于开展小分子与蛋白质相互作用的重要意义及国内外研究趋势，在前人工作的基础上，综合利用荧光光谱、紫外-可见吸收光谱、圆二色谱和计算机分子模拟技术，从以下几方面进行了创新性研究：
1. 研究了模拟生理条件下石吊兰素与几种蛋白质（HSA，Lys 和 CAT）的相互作用。根据 Stern-volmer 方程等研究了石吊兰素与蛋白质结合的作用机制（包括荧光猝灭机理、结合常数和结合位点数），并且计算了结合距离，讨论了主要作用力类型。
2. 探讨了 Stern-volmer 曲线向上弯曲的原因。
3. 利用圆二色谱考察了石吊兰素对蛋白质二级结构的影响。
4. 研究了石吊兰素对 Lys 和 CAT 活性的影响。
5. 用计算机模拟方法研究了石吊兰素与 HSA 的对接，获得与试验一致的结果。
论文共分为三部分：
第一章：简要介绍了蛋白质的结构、功能和性质综述了小分子物质与蛋白质相互作用的研究方法以及研究现状等。
第二章：利用荧光光谱、圆二色谱和分子模拟研究了模拟生理条件下石吊兰素与人血清白蛋白（HSA）的相互作用。实验结果表明，石吊兰素通过静态机理猝灭 HSA 的内在荧光，计算了不同温度下药物与 HSA 相互作用的结合常数及位点数，分析了药物对 HSA 二级结构的影响，并根据热力学参数确定了作用力类型。分子模拟结果显示药物很好地结合在 HSA 的 II A 子域（位置 I）。
第三章：利用荧光光谱、圆二色谱和酶的活性实验研究了模拟生理条件下石吊兰素与溶菌酶（Lys）和牛肝过氧化氢酶（BLC）的相互作用。系统阐述了石吊兰素猝灭 Lys 和 BLC 的内在荧光的机理。计算了不同温度下药物与 Lys 和 BLC 相互作用的结合常数及位点数，探讨了药物的结合对 Lys 和 BLC 构象产生的影响。热力学分析可知，药物与 Lys 或 BLC 之间主要以硫水作用为主。此外，Lys 和 BLC 的酶活性试验表明石吊兰素与 Lys 和 BLC 的结合引起了酶活性的减少。
关于静电开关动态响应的数学分析
Authors: 赵乐
Published: 2010
Keywords: 微电子机械系统, 静电开关, 能量方法
Abstract: 本文首先简要介绍了微电子机械系统的各种模型, 前人已做的工作, 发展前景等背景知识以及本文的主要结论.
其次研究了静电开关动态响应中不含阻尼项的达芬系统, 得到周期解的存在条件和非周期解的存在条件.
再次研究了静电开关动态响应中含阻尼项却不含非线性劲度的方程, 得到局部解的存在性, 整体解的存在条件和平衡解的稳定性.
剪力墙结构在地震作用下的Pushover分析研究
Authors: 侯少颖
Published: 2008
Keywords: 剪力墙结构, 地震作用, Pushover 分析, 破坏机理, 加载模式, 非线性时程分析, 薄弱层
Abstract: 由于国民经济的飞速发展和人口数量的增长，大量的高层建筑不断涌现，剪力墙作为一种有效的抗侧力构件得到广泛应用，近年来世界各地的地震也显示出剪力墙在结构安全体系中扮演着很重要的角色。Pushover分析 (也称为非线性静力分析)被认为是基于性能设计中一个重要的工具，已被引入我国新的建筑结构抗震设计规范，很多学者对该分析方法进行了不同方面的研究，但是该方法在结构分析中的合理运用仍然存在许多问题。本文主要采用Pushover分析对剪力墙结构体系进行分析和探讨。
首先对不同类型剪力墙结构在地震作用下的破坏机理进行了研究，论述了其现状和进展。由此可知目前对于剪力墙结构的破坏形态主要是针对结构的某个部分进行研究，而对整体剪力墙抗震性能评估的研究甚少。因此本文对整体剪力墙结构在强烈地震作用下受力特性和抗震性能进行分析研究，有很强的理论与工程应用价值。
由于Pushover分析方法目前处于研究阶段，对于加载模式的合理运用还有待探讨，本文分别采用均匀分布、倒三角分布和多振型分布三种水平加载模式对一座12层整体剪力墙结构进行分析，并与非线性时程分析结果相对比，探讨加载模式选取的合理性。
最后得出Pushover分析在考虑高阶振型影响的情况下得到的结果更加准确可靠，通过楼层的层间位移角、二阶差值位移角曲线判断出整体剪力墙结构的薄弱层，为剪力墙结构在Pushover分析中侧向力的选取提出了建议。
慢性间歇性低压低氧对发育大鼠心脏的保护作用及其热休克蛋白机制
Authors: 布会敏
Published: 2009
Keywords: 慢性间歇性低压低氧, 热休克蛋白, 急性低氧/复氧, 心脏功能, 大鼠
Abstract: 目的：大量研究表明，慢性间歇性低压低氧（CIHH）对成年大鼠具有明显的心脏保护作用，显著提高心肌抗缺血/再灌注或缺氧/复氧损伤能力，减轻缺血/再灌注后心脏舒缩功能的降低，预防缺血/再灌注心律失常的发生。幼年动物心脏与成年动物心脏在形态、功能等多方面存在差异，而有关CIHH对发育心脏作用的研究甚少。亦未见有关CIHH对发育大鼠心脏热休克蛋白表达的研究报道。本研究旨在应用功能学及分子生物学方法探讨CIHH对发育大鼠心脏的保护作用，及其热休克蛋白机制。
方法：60只新生雄性Sprague-Dawley（SD）大鼠，随机分为六组：CIHH处理28天组（CIHH28）、CIHH处理42天组（CIHH42）和CIHH处理56天组（CIHH56）、28天对照组（Con28）、42天对照组（Con42）和56天对照组（Con56）。CIHH动物（连同母鼠）置于低压氧舱，分别接受28、42、56天相当于3000米海拔（Pb=525mmHg, P₀₂=108.8mmHg）低压低氧处理（5hrs/day）。对照组动物除不给予慢性低氧外其余处理同CIHH动物。应用导管法描记动脉血压（BP）、心率（HR）、左室收缩压（LVSP）、左室舒张末压（LVEDP），左室压力最大变化速率（±LVdp/dtmax），并观察急性低氧/复氧对其影响。应用半定量RT-PCR和Western-blotting技术检测各组动物心肌热休克蛋白 27（HSP27）、热休克蛋白 70（HSP70）和热休克蛋白 90（HSP90）mRNA 及蛋白的表达。
结果：1、常氧状态下，Con 各组动物左心室功能无明显差异（P>0.05）。Con28 大鼠 HR 明显快于 Con42 和 Con56 大鼠（P<0.05）；CIHH28 组动物 LVSP 和 +LVDp/dtmax 明显高于 CIHH42 和 CIHH56 组动物（P<0.05）。CIHH28 组动物 LVSP 亦明显高于 Con28 动物（P<0.05）。急性低氧/复氧导致大鼠心功能损伤，表现为 BP、HR、LVSP 和±LVDp/dtmax、LVEDP 升高（P<0.05），但 CIHH 大鼠各心功能参数变化明显小于对照动物（P<0.05）。CIHH 动物相比较，CIHH28 动物抗心肌急性低氧/复氧损伤作用明显好于 CIHH42 和 CIHH56 动物（P<0.05）。
2、常氧状态下，各组动物 HSP mRNA 表达无明显差异（P>0.05）。急性低氧/复氧状态下，Con 动物 HSP90 mRNA 表达均明显增加（P<0.05）；CIHH 动物 HSP27 mRNA、HSP70 mRNA 和 HSP90 mRNA 表达均显著增加（P<0.05），而 CIHH28 动物 HSP70 mRNA 和 HSP90 mRNA 表现尤为突出（P<0.05）。与 Con 动物相比较，CIHH 动物 HSPs mRNA 表达明显增加（P<0.05）。
3、常氧状态下，28 天 Con 组动物左心室 HSP 蛋白表达明显高于 42 天和 56 天 Con 组（P<0.01）；CIHH 能增强大鼠 HSP27、HSP70 和 HSP90 蛋白基础表达（P<0.05-0.01），且 CIHH28 大鼠三种 HSPs 表达明显高于 CIHH42 和 CIHH56 大鼠。急性低氧/复氧导致所有动物 HSP27、HSP70 蛋白表达增加（P<0.05），而 CIHH 动物 HSPs 蛋白表达明显大于 Con 动物（P＜0.05），CIHH28 动物 HSPs 表达最为显著。
结论：慢性间歇性低压低氧可通过增加心肌热休克蛋白 mRNA 及其蛋白表达，增强发育大鼠心脏抗急性低氧/复氧损伤能力。
木兰县农业保险发展对策研究
Authors: 刘赛
Published: 2014
Keywords: 农民, 灾害, 农业保险, 体系建设
Abstract: 农业作为农民生产生活的根本，是全国各行业赖以运行的根本，也是国民经济发展的根本。然而，农业生产是存在较大风险的，尤其木兰县的种植业由于地形、地貌等各种自然原因导致风险相对较大，这就迫切要求加快木兰县农业保险体系建设。年“中央一号文件”明确提出加大农业保险支持力度。鼓励保险机构开展特色优势农产品保险，有条件的地方提供保费补贴，中央财政通过以奖代补等方式予以支持。可见政府在农业保险的发展方面将做出较大的投入，也只有通过政府的政策扶持，农业保险才能够快速稳定的发展。
文中运用定性分析与定量分析相结合的方法，对黑龙江省木兰县种植业的农业保险体系建设进行了分析，通过分析可以看出，尽管近年来木兰县的农业保险发展较为迅速，但是从整体来看，仍然存在极大的发展空间。本文首先对当前木兰县农业保险的发展现状进行了描述，从侧面提出了木兰县发展农业保险的必要性；其次，分析了木兰县农业保险发展中存在的问题及影响因素，再次，根据实际提出的问题给出了相应的对策建议。
本文综合运用外部性理论、市场失灵理论、信息不对称理论、马克思关于农业保险的理论以及新制度经济学理论等相关理论，以木兰县农业保险为研究对象，运用文献法、定性分析与定量分析相结合以及静态分析和动态分析相结合等研究方法，在研究思路上，对国内外关于农业保险的相关研究成果进行梳理，以形成本研究的切入点，以此为基础，对木兰县农业保险现状进行分析，阐述木兰县农业发展现状、农业灾害概况、农业保险机构概况，并对木兰县农业保险市场进行调查，研究发现木兰县农业保险的发展中存在农购买力与购买意愿低、农民投保意识低、投保人结构恶化、法制不完善、农业保险经营技术落后、政府补贴尚欠完善以及政府政策引导力不足等问题，最后，根据木兰县农业保险发展过程中存在的问题提出针对性的对策建议。木兰县以种植业为主，具有较强的事实根据和较强的代表性，本人查阅大量资料，对每一个不同的问题都从不同的角度加以分析并提出对策。希望本文具有较强的理论指导意义和应用价值，以期在农业保险存在的问题及相应解决对策方面有所贡献。
非利息收入对我国上市商业银行风险的影响研究
Authors: 吴雨翘
Published: 2014
Keywords: 商业银行, 非利息收入, 银行风险
Abstract: 原先严格的分业经营制度在一定程度上限制了我国资本市场与货币市场的联系，随着近年来我国逐步放松对外资银行、民营资本准入的限制，利率市场化进程的实质性改革，社会融资方式的多样化均导致间接融资规模及占比逐年下降，商业银行传统的利差模式已经无法满足其稳健增长的目标，银行业愈发感受到金融脱媒带来的阵阵凉意，开始将新的利润增长点放到了非利息业务上。年起我国商业银行非利息收入增长率已经超越净利息收入，进入蓬勃发展时期，但是在大力发展非利息业务的进程中，也应该理性的认识到，商业银行开展的非利息业务在带来效益的同时是否会改变银行的风险状况。
从商业银行的非利息业务出发，本文首先简要介绍了国内外相关文献的研究成果，并对非利息收入的相关概念、发展背景及其必要性进行了梳理，然后分析了我国上市商业银行年的非利息业务发展情况。实证部分，首先阐述了非利息业务与银行风险之间关系的理论基础及风险传导机制，并在此基础上建立回归模型，选取我国家上市商业银行年第季度到年第季度的面板数据，对非利息收入与银行风险之间的关系进行了考察并得出以下结论：（1）手续费及佣金收入占比与银行风险之间呈负相关关系，即手续费及佣金收入占比的增加会导致银行风险的减少；（2）投资收益占比与银行风险呈正相关关系，即投资收益占比的提高会加剧银行风险；（3）除此以外的其他非利息收入包括公允价值变动损益、汇兑损益、其他业务收入三者在内的占比与银行风险的关系不显著，但系数显示此项收入占比的增加会减小银行风险；（4）非利息收入中具备降低银行风险功能的业务恰好构成中间业务，商业银行应大力发展中间业务。最后结合发展现状与实证分析结果，为我国商业银行发展非利息收入提供一些新的思路，以期对商业银行业务转型及风险控制优化起到指导和警示意义。
企业全面预算管理优化研究--以 G 公司为例
Authors: 白芸萱
Published: 2017
Keywords: 全面预算管理, 经营预算, 预算优化
Abstract: 全面预算管理在现代社会和现代的单位中，是一种综合而又全面的管理系统，它不断地引起各类单位的不断重视，并且全面预算管理系统在单位实现自己经营目标水平上发挥着让人意想不到的作用，努力推进全面预算管理成了企业的投资者和经营高管人员在当今新形势之下的必然选择,是现代国有企业和大型企业中财务管理与经营管理高度融合下的一种管理方式，也是公司内部控制的一种主要综合的手段。它从一开始的计划变成到目前的既能控制、又能评价这一系列功能的全面性的、实现公司经营战略的预算系统。实践证明，要想强化单位的经营风险管控能力，使单位的发展能力和综合价值达到一个更好的平台，以及使得单位领导可以更好的掌控公司和使单位创造利润的水平达到一个更高的水平，进而更好的达到提升公司经营水平，那么就可以通过运用完善的全面预算的系统。
预算管理水平需要进一步的提高和发展，在我国相当部分的企业中都是只重视财务方面的预算，只看重现金的掌控，涉及的范围比较狭窄，不广泛。即使在财务预算中也只是单纯的编制一些企业在管理方面必须的支出和一些为了销售商品等连带的支出。而且，现在大多数的电力企业对企业预算的重视还提不上日程，它分析的内容比较简单。而且这个理论在以电为主营业务产品的这个行业的起步比较慢也比较迟，加上这个行业的特征也特别具有它自己的独特性，在单位的进一步实施中有不少主观的思想方面和实践上的误区，他的科学性和合理性还等着更好的发展。在上述背景下，本论文主要内容是在G单位全面预算管理的编制过程中，通过全面预算管理的相关理论概念，进而引出G单位的现在基本情况的概述，然后通过大量篇幅说明它从始至终的编制过程。来分析G单位在编制中发挥出来的作用以及G单位在全面预算中存在的问题，最后根据在编制过程中发现的问题来提出解决问题的有针对性的建议。这样，为G单位以后作为电力企业的龙头企业可以在市场上越走越远奠基。
儿童生长发育状况与血液微量元素浓度的相关性研究
Authors: 陈亚楠
Published: 2017
Keywords: 儿童, 健康管理, 体格生长, 微量元素, 相关性
Abstract: 目的：以儿童生长发育及儿童健康管理为理论基础，了解不同性别、不同年龄组儿童的生长发育状况与血液微量元素浓度情况，分析不同生长发育状态下血液微量元素浓度差异性及血液微量元素与儿童生长发育的相关性，进一步探索不同血液微量元素之间的相关性，为临床及日常生活中应用微量元素促进儿童良好的生长发育提供研究依据，不断提升儿童的健康及营养水平。
方法：选取2015年12月~2016年12月浙江省某市级妇幼保健院儿保科716名儿童为研究对象，通过实验室检测和体格测量获取其血液微量元素浓度和体格生长情况，采用标准差离差法对体格生长测量值和微量元素测定值进行标化，利用独立样本t检验比较不同性别的血液微量元素浓度差异，卡方检验比较不同性别、年龄组微量元素的异常率，方差分析比较不同年龄组、不同体格生长水平下儿童血液微量元素的差异，利用Pearson相关分析了解儿童生长发育情况与血液微量元素间的相关性及微量元素之间的关联，多重线性回归了解不同血液微量元素对体格生长状况影响的程度。
结果：
（1）基本情况716例研究对象中男童418例（58.3%），女童298例（41.7%）；婴儿期0~1岁组34例（4.8%），幼儿期~3岁组138例（19.3%），学龄前期~6.5岁组191例（26.7%），学龄期~15岁组353例（49.2%）。716例研究对象中低血锌47例（6.6%），低血铁46例（6.4%），低血钙75例（10.5%）；高血铅3例（0.4%），高血锌1例（0.1%）。
（2）不同性别、年龄组儿童血液微量元素的比较男童血铅元素浓度高于女童，男童血钙浓度低于女童（p＜0.05）；男女微量元素异常率比较差异无统计学意义（p＞0.05）。不同年龄组血液微量元素浓度差异有统计学意义（p＜0.05），其中铅、锌、铁浓度随着年龄的增长呈现增高的趋势，而铜、钙、镁元素则相反。各年龄组低铁、低锌、低钙发生率比较有统计学意义（p＜0.05）：1~3岁组低铁率最高，6~15岁组低锌率、低钙率高与其他三组。
（3）不同生长发育状况的血液微量元素的比较身高、体重处于低水平组儿童的血锌浓度均低于其中等水平和高水平组的血锌浓度，BMI低水平组的血锌浓度高于其中等和高水平组的血锌；身高、体重、BMI处于低水平组儿童的血铁浓度低于其高水平组的血铁，BMI低水平的血铁低于其中等水平的血铁；身高、体重、BMI低水平组的血镁低于其高水平组的血镁，BMI低水平的血镁低于其中等水平的血镁；骨龄延迟组的血锌、血铁低于骨龄超前组的血锌、血铁浓度。
（4）儿童生长发育状况与血液微量元素的关系在本研究的取值范围内，血液锌、铁、镁均与身高、体重水平呈正相关，血锌对身高、体重影响较大（p＜0.05）；血液铁、镁与BMI水平正相关，血锌与BMI水平显著负相关，血铁对BMI的影响较大（p＜0.05）；血液微量元素与骨龄的相关无统计学意义（p＞0.05）；血液铅、钙、镁、铜对身高、体重及BMI影响无统计学意义（p＞0.05）。
（5）血液微量元素之间的关联血液铜、铁浓度与铅浓度呈负相关（p＜0.05）；血液铜、铁、钙浓度与血锌浓度呈正相关，与血镁浓度呈正相关（p＜0.05）；血钙浓度与血铜浓度显著正相关，血镁浓度与血锌浓度正相关（p＜0.05）。
结论：
（1）0~15岁儿童存在明显的血液低钙、低铁、低锌及高铅情况，低钙人数最多。
（2）男童血铅浓度高于女童，血钙浓度低于女童;血液铅、锌、铁浓度随着年龄增长呈现增加趋势，铜、钙、镁则相反。
（3）身高、体重均与血液锌、铁、镁正相关，BMI与血液铁、镁正相关，但与血锌负相关，骨龄成熟情况与血液微量元素相关无统计学意义。
（4）血锌浓度对身高、体重影响较大，血铁浓度对BMI影响较大。
（5）血液微量元素之间存在紧密的关联。
明代文昌信仰研究
Authors: 刘娇娇
Published: 2017
Keywords: 明代, 文昌信仰, 文昌宫, 科举神
Abstract: 文昌帝君是掌管士人功名利禄的神祇。文昌信仰伴随着科举制度的发展在中国延续千年，对中国政治思想、文化教育和社会生活等方面都产生了重大而深刻的影响。明代是文昌信仰发展的关键时期，而学界系统论述明代文昌信仰的成果颇少，本文分以下三方面论述了明代文昌信仰。
明代文昌帝君的神职已集中到执掌功名桂籍上，而其余神职，如掌管生育、庇护官员，或多或少均与其掌功名桂籍相关。而唐宋时期惩治内叛，抵御外敌之职，在明代已消失无踪。与之相适应，文昌帝君武将形象消失，文职官员形象则成为明代最为普遍的形象。同时文昌帝君有了自己的神灵体系，有了侍从天聋和地哑。随着文昌信仰的发展，文昌宫祠遍布全国，在经济发达的江南地区更是普遍。同时出现了与文昌帝君相关的民俗，如敬惜字纸、文昌洞经音乐。
文昌帝君的地位在明代起伏较大。明初，文昌帝君的发展受到明王朝的支持。明英宗重修京师文昌庙。然弘治元年（1488），明孝宗却同意礼部尚书周洪谟等人贬抑文昌帝君的请求。明王朝对文昌信仰态度的转变，其原因有四：一是弘治初年，明廷财政困难，拆毁文昌祠可省无益之费；二是文昌信仰源流不清，本身存在缺陷；三是崇祀文昌帝君与儒家思想有抵牾；四是明孝宗为肃清社会风气，整顿祀典。明王朝对文昌帝君的贬抑，在执行过程中却因监督不力、政策的倡议者或逝世，或离职、士子对崇祀文昌帝君看法不一及文昌信仰深入人心等原因，明廷的一纸禁令已难以抑制文昌信仰的发展。
宋时，文昌帝君偶尔有奉祀于学宫的现象。至明代，文昌宫祠普遍附祀于学宫。文昌宫祠普遍附祀学宫的原因有三：一是文昌信仰可弥补科举考试的缺陷；二是修筑文昌宫祠可振兴地方文风；三是士子普遍奉祀。对于文昌帝君附祀学宫，士人意见不一，有持反对意见者，认为文昌信仰源流不清，应撤出学宫。有持支持意见者，认为文昌信仰“在有功于儒教”。
山东黄金矿业多金属综合回收技术经济分析
Authors: 姚福善
Published: 2014
Keywords: 黄金,多金属,技术指标,经济分析,评价
Abstract: 黄金矿业企业在我国是一个特殊行业。次贷危机引发的经济通胀使黄金价格居高不下，随着欧美经济的复苏，使得黄金价格牛市已尽。尽管目前黄金市场供不应求，但多数黄金矿业企业已经处于微利宭境，甚至徘徊在成本边缘。通过对黄金矿企多金属综合回收技术经济分析研究，实现对矿产资源的充分利用，达到企业效益的最大化，摆脱企业在成本边缘挣扎的微利局面，为企业的可持续发展提供技术和管理方面的指导。
本文以山东黄金矿业企业为分析研究主体，通过工艺矿物学研究，在大量的试验数据基础上，从技术、经济、环保等方面分析研究开展多金属综合回收的重要性，从经济效益、社会效益、环境效益分析研究开展多金属回收的必要性；同时对企业多金属综合回收进行相关评价。主要研究内容为：（黄金矿业企业开展多金属综合回收的可行性、必要性以及行业影响。（山东黄金矿业企业开展多金属综合回收的技术分析、经济效益分析、社会效益分析、环境效益分析。（对山东黄金矿业企业开展多金属综合回收的综合评价。通过开展多金属回收利用，达到对矿产资源的充分利用，实现矿业企业向生态矿业的发展，为企业的可持续发展提供技术和经济支撑。所幵展的金精矿工艺矿物学研究，为今后黄金行业的规划、设计、工艺选择提供技术支撑。
螺内酯通过miRNA-1调节大鼠心肌梗死后HCN通道蛋白表达的研究
Authors: 余华东
Published: 2015
Keywords: 心肌梗死, HCN2, HCN4, 螺内酯, miRNA-1
Abstract: 目的：多项研究发现心肌梗死（myocardial infarction, MI）后室性心律失常与超极化活化环核苷酸门控通道（hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channel, HCN）基因在心室异常表达密切相关，最新证据已显示醛固酮阻断剂（aldosterone blockers, ABs）减少了心肌梗死病人室性心律失常的发生，但具体机制尚不明确。我们研究探讨了螺内酯调节大鼠心肌梗死后缺血心肌中HCN通道蛋白表达的机制，从而为醛固酮阻断剂在心肌梗死后抗室性心律失常的治疗提供理论基础。
方法：通过开胸结扎冠状动脉左前降支的方法成功建立大鼠心肌梗死模型，心梗后24小时存活的18只大鼠随机分为三组：MI组，Sham组，螺内酯组。6只Sham组的大鼠仅穿线绕过左冠状动脉前降支而不结扎动脉。心肌梗死后一周取心梗大鼠的梗死周边区心肌组织，而假手术组取相对应的心肌组织，用荧光定量PCR方法检测HCN2、HCN4的mRNA水平和miRNA-1水平，用Western blot方法检测HCN2、HCN4的蛋白水平。
结果：螺内酯明显增加了心肌梗死后miRNA-1的水平，而下调了HCN2、HCN4的蛋白以及mRNA水平。用antagomir-1沉默miRNA-1后明显增加了HCN2、HCN4的蛋白水平，然而对HCN2、HCN4的mRNA水平却无影响。
结论：螺内酯能增加心肌梗死后缺血心肌中miRNA-1的表达，而上调的miRNA-1在转录后水平抑制了HCN蛋白的表达，这可能是螺内酯减少心肌梗死相关的室性心律失常发生的机制之一。
Transformers for Ischemic Stroke Infarct Core Segmentation from Spatio-temporal CT Perfusion Scans
Authors: Lucas de Vries, Bart Emmer, Charles Majoie, Henk Marquering, Efstratios Gavves
Published: 2021
Keywords: CT Perfusion, Transformers, Ischemic stroke, Infarct core segmentation
Abstract: The infarct core size is a crucial biomarker for treatment selection for ischemic stroke patients. For this purpose, we present a novel approach to perform infarct core segmentation using CT perfusion (CTP) source data, without ordinary deconvolution analysis. We propose the use of transformers to encode sequential CTP scans in spatial attention maps, which we subsequently use for infarct core segmentation. We report new top results on the ISLES 2018 challenge test data set for infarct core segmentation. This work presents a primary benchmark for infarct core segmentation from CTP source data using transformers.
Music Symbol Detection with Faster R-CNN Using Synthetic Annotations
Authors: Kwon-Young Choi, Bertrand Coüasnon, Yann Ricquebourg, Richard Zanibbi
Keywords: Optical Music Recognition, Deep Learning, Symbol Detection
Abstract: Accurately detecting music symbols in images of historical, complex, dense orchestral or piano printed scores can be challenging due to old printing techniques or time degradations. Because segmentation problems can vary widely, a data driven approach like the use of deep learning detectors is needed. However, the production of detection annotations (symbol bounding boxes + classes) for such systems is costly and time consuming. We propose to train such model with synthetic data and annotations produced by a music typesetting program. We analyze which classes are relevant to the detection task and present a first selection of music score typesetting files that will be used for training. To evaluate our model, we plan to compute quantitative results on a synthetic test set and provide qualitative results on a few manually annotated historical music scores.
Deep Learning for Model Correction in Cardiac Electrophysiological Imaging
Authors: Victoriya Kashtanova, Ibrahim Ayed, Andony Arrieula6, Mark Potse, Patrick Gallinari, Maxime Sermesant
Published: 2022
Keywords: Physics-based learning, Electrophysiology, Deep learning, Simulations
Abstract: Imaging the electrical activity of the heart can be achieved with invasive catheterisation. However, the resulting data are sparse and noisy. Mathematical modelling of cardiac electrophysiology can help the analysis but solving the associated mathematical systems can become unfeasible. It is often computationally demanding, for instance when solving for different patient conditions. We present a new framework to model the dynamics of cardiac electrophysiology at lower cost. It is based on the integration of a low-fidelity physical model and a learning component implemented here via neural networks. The latter acts as a complement to the physical part, and handles all quantities and dynamics that the simplified physical model neglects. We demonstrate that this framework allows us to reproduce the complex dynamics of the transmembrane potential and to correctly identify the relevant physical parameters, even when only partial measurements are available. This combined model-based and data-driven approach could improve cardiac electrophysiological imaging and provide predictive tools.
Automatic planning of liver tumor thermal ablation using deep reinforcement learning
Authors: Krishna Chaitanya, Chloé Audigier, Laura Elena Balascuta, Tommaso Mansi
Published: 2022
Keywords: Deep reinforcement learning (DRL), liver tumor ablation, thermal ablation, proximal policy optimization (PPO), double deep Q networks (DDQN)
Abstract: Thermal ablation is a promising minimally invasive intervention to treat liver tumors. It requires a meticulous planning phase where the electrode trajectory from the skin surface to the tumor inside the liver as well as the ablation protocol are defined to reach a complete tumor ablation while considering multiple clinical constraints such as avoiding too much damage to healthy tissue. The planning is usually done manually based on 2D views of pre-operative CT images and can be extremely challenging for large or irregularly shaped tumors. Conventional optimization methods have been proposed to automate this complex task, but they suffer from high computation time. To alleviate this drawback, we propose to leverage a deep reinforcement learning (DRL) approach to find the optimal electrode trajectory that satisfies all the clinical constraints and does not require any labels in training. Here, we define a custom environment as the 3D mask with tumor, surrounding organs, skin labels along with an electrode line and ablation zone. An agent, represented by a neural network, interacts with the custom environment by displacing the electrode and therefore can learn an optimal policy. The reward assignment is done based on the clinical constraints. We explore discrete and continuous action-based approaches with double deep Q networks and proximal policy optimization (PPO), respectively. We perform an evaluation on the publicly available liver tumor segmentation (LITs) challenge dataset and obtain solutions that satisfy all clinical constraints comparable to the conventional method. The DRL method does not need any post-processing steps, allowing a mean inference time of 13.3 seconds per subject compared to the conventional optimization method’s mean time of 135 seconds. Moreover, the best DRL method (PPO) yields a valid solution irrespective of the tumor location within the liver that demonstrates its robustness.
Overcoming Interpretability and Accuracy Trade-off in Medical Imaging
Published: 2023
Keywords: Interpretability, concept based explanations
Abstract: Neural networks are considered black boxes. Deploying them into the healthcare domain poses a challenge in understanding model behavior beyond final prediction. There have been recent attempts to establish the trustworthiness of a model. Concept learning models provide insight into the model by introducing a bottleneck layer before the final prediction. They encourage interpretable insights into deep learning models by conditioning final predictions on intermediate predictions of explainable high-level concepts. However, using concept-based models causes a drop in performance which poses an accuracy vs explainability trade-off. To overcome this challenge we propose Coop-CBM, a novel concept learning model. We validate the performance of Coop-CBM on diverse dermatology and histopathology images.
PlanT: Explainable Planning Transformers via Object-Level Representations
Authors: Katrin Renz, Kashyp Chitta, Otniel-Bogdan Mercea, A. Sophia Koepke, Zeynep Akata, Andreas Geiger
Published: 2022
Keywords: Autonomous Driving, Transformers, Explainability
Abstract: Planning an optimal route in a complex environment requires efficient reasoning about the surrounding scene. While human drivers prioritize important objects and ignore details not relevant to the decision, learning-based planners typically extract features from dense, high-dimensional grid representations containing all vehicle and road context information. In this paper, we propose PlanT, a novel approach for planning in the context of self-driving that uses a standard transformer architecture. PlanT is based on imitation learning with a compact object-level input representation. On the Longest6 benchmark for CARLA, PlanT outperforms all prior methods (matching the driving score of the expert) while being 5.3× faster than equivalent pixel-based planning baselines during inference. Combining PlanT with an off-the-shelf perception module provides a sensor-based driving system that is more than 10 points better in terms of driving score than the existing state of the art. Furthermore, we propose an evaluation protocol to quantify the ability of planners to identify relevant objects, providing insights regarding their decision-making. Our results indicate that PlanT can focus on the most relevant object in the scene, even when this object is geometrically distant.
老年护理机构本土化安宁疗护模式的构建
Authors: 王华萍, 朱华杰, 祝春满, 潘丹红
Published: 2022
Keywords: 老年患者, 护理机构, 本土化, 安宁疗护, 德尔菲技术
Abstract: 背景随着社会老龄化的发展，慢病共病、失能失智患者日益增加的同时，安宁疗护的推行模式值得探讨研究。目的建立科学、规范、可行的老年护理机构安宁疗护模式。方法 通过文献检索和半结构式访谈，初步建立老年护理机构本土化安宁疗护模式函询问卷，选取上海市安宁疗护医疗、护理、行政管理及社工等领域 15 名专家进行 2 轮函询，并邀请资深安宁疗护专家进行团体访谈。结果 通过 2 轮专家函询及团体访谈，确定了老年护理机构本土化安宁疗护模式的构建，包括需具备的资源和条件、内容和流程、考核指标等 3 个一级条目及 36 个二级条目。结论 老年护理机构本土化安宁疗护模式的科学性和可靠性较好，为老年患者的生命末期优质医疗卫生服务提供了借鉴。
高校图书馆服务乡村振兴的知识信息转移模型探讨
Authors: 杨玲梅
Published: 2024
Keywords: 乡村振兴, 高校图书馆, 知识信息转移模式, 农民, 知识服务
Abstract: [目的/意义]为了更好地服务乡村振兴战略，高校图书馆挖掘已有资源潜力，服务乡村振兴的知识信息转移，以期提高农民的文化与信息素质、提高农业生产力、丰富农民精神与物质生活，值得探讨。[方法/过程]本文分析了影响农民吸收知识信息的主要原因，高校图书馆服务乡村振兴知识信息转移的变化特点，目前高校服务乡村振兴的主要路径模式及不足。为更有效做好对大多数农民的知识信息转移服务，笔者选取高校图书馆、农村图书馆、涉农企业、农民作为从高校图书馆发出到农民接收的知识信息转移的过程主体，探讨构建了两条知识信息转移的新路径模型和构建了4种知识信息转移的过程模式。[结果/结论]提出了创新高校图书馆体制机制，建设“三农”精准知识资源库与传播系统，提升乡村人员获取知识信息能力，拓宽知识信息转移渠道，缩小知识信息转移情境差距等对策，以实现高效将知识与信息转移给农民，为中国实施乡村振兴作贡献。
Gases, God and the balance of nature: a commentary on Priestley (1772) ‘Observations on different kinds of air’
Authors: John G. McEvoy
Published: 2014
Keywords: air(s), phlogiston, pneumatic chemistry, aerial philosopher
Abstract: Historians of chemistry usually associate the eighteenth century with the Chemical Revolution, but it could just as readily be called ‘the century of gases’ (or ‘airs’, as they were called in the eighteenth century). In the early part of the century, the British pneumatic chemists struggled to replace the traditional notion ‘Air’, understood as an inert chemical element, with the concept of ‘air’, regarded as the third state of matter, encompassing a wide variety of chemical species. These developments constituted a necessary condition for the Chemical Revolution, which occurred in the latter part of the century. In ‘Observations’, Priestley took pneumatic chemistry to a new level, with the discovery of eight simple inorganic gases. Motivated by his belief in a benevolent God and a pious utilitarianism, Priestly explored the role of the atmosphere in the balance of nature and the politics of the state, which he linked to the movement of Rational Dissent. He styled himself an ‘aerial philosopher’ to signal the interdisciplinary nature of his inquiries, which he regarded not as a branch of ordinary chemistry, but as a mode of thought that encompassed physics, chemistry and natural theology. Priestley saw it as a source of principles and secrets of nature more extensive than that of ‘gravity itself’. This commentary was written to celebrate the 350th anniversary of the journal Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society.
How arbitrary is language?
Authors: Padraic Monaghan, Richard C. Shillcock, Morten H. Christiansen, Simon Kirby
Published: 2013
Keywords: language acquisition, language evolution, vocabulary, arbitrariness of the sign
Abstract: It is a long established convention that the relationship between sounds and meanings of words is essentially arbitrary—typically the sound of a word gives no hint of its meaning. However, there are numerous reported instances of systematic sound–meaning mappings in language, and this systematicity has been claimed to be important for early language development. In a large-scale corpus analysis of English, we show that sound–meaning mappings are more systematic than would be expected by chance. Furthermore, this systematicity is more pronounced for words involved in the early stages of language acquisition and reduces in later vocabulary development. We propose that the vocabulary is structured to enable systematicity in early language learning to promote language acquisition, while also incorporating arbitrariness for later language in order to facilitate communicative expressivity and efficiency.
Transcatheter aortic valve thrombosis: a review of potential mechanisms
Authors: Vrishank Raghav, Prem Midha, Rahul Sharma, Vasilis Babaliaros, Ajit Yoganathan
Published: 2021
Keywords: transcatheter aortic valve, thrombosis, mechanisms
Abstract: Transcatheter aortic valve (TAV) thrombosis has been recognized as a significant problem that sometimes occurs as early as within 30 days after valve implantation, leading to increased concerns of stroke and long-term valve durability. In this article, a critical summary of the relevant literature on identifying potential mechanisms of TAV thrombosis from the perspective of the well-known Virchow’s triad, which comprises blood flow, foreign materials and blood biochemistry, is presented. Blood flow mechanisms have been the primary focus thus far, with a general consensus on the flow mechanisms with respect to haemodynamic conditions, the influence of TAV placement and expansion and the influence of coronary flow. Less attention has been paid to the influence of blood biochemistry and foreign materials (and related endothelial damage), with little consensus among studies with regards to platelet and/or microparticle levels post-TAV implantation. Finally, we discuss the future outlook for research with unanswered scientific questions.
The relationship between health and mating success in humans
Authors: Yong Zhi Foo, Leigh W. Simmons, Gillian Rhodes
Published: 2016
Keywords: health, humans, mating success, sexual selection
Abstract: Health has been claimed to play an important role in human sexual selection, especially in terms of mate choice. Our preferences for attractive individuals are said to represent evolved adaptations for finding high-quality, healthy mates. If this is true, then we expect health to predict mating success in humans. We tested this hypothesis using several important physiological indicators of health, including immune function, oxidative stress and semen quality, and self-reported measures of sexual behaviour that contribute to mating success. In contrast to our hypothesis, we did not find a relationship between the physiological measures of health and sexual behaviour. Our results provide little support for claims that health, at least the health measures we used, increases mating success in relatively healthy humans.
Nash谈判解预测能力的实验证据
Authors: 李建标, 李晓义
Published: 2006
Keywords: 双边讨价还价,Nash谈判解,第4公理
Abstract: 讨价还价是人们最基本的交易规则之一。在非结构化的讨价还价中，Nash 谈判解具有重要的预测意义，但之前的实验研究表明，Nash 谈判解的第 4 公理，即效用线性变换无关性公理，并没有得到实验结果支持。本文的工资分配谈判实验表明，即使在完全信息条件下，第 4 公理仍然是不可拒绝的，即 Nash 谈判解具有完全的预测能力。
美国关于医疗卫生费用的理论研究与政策争论
Authors: 张奇林
Published: 2007
Keywords: 美国, 医疗卫生费用, 理论研究, 政策争论
Abstract: 如何认识和控制医疗卫生费用的上涨 ,长期以来一直是美国理论界研究和争论的一个焦点问题。技术进步是推动费用上涨最重要的因素。而医疗卫生费用的快速上涨既会 损害公平 ,也会损害效率。政府管制与市场竞争是控制费用的两种理念与方法。但是 ,在美国 这样一个利益分化、文化多元、政治分权的社会 ,要想在医疗卫生费用问题上 ,特别是在费用控制问题上达成某种共识 ,尚有很长的路要走。
论冯契的广义认识论
Authors: 杨国荣
Published: 2006
Keywords: 广义认识论,冯契
Abstract: 冯契先生既没有将哲学的演进视为从本体论向狭义认识论的单一衍化，也不赞同将认识论作为克服的对象。以广义认识论为视域，冯契先生将知识与智慧的统一引入认识论，这是对何为哲学与哲学何为一元哲学问题的澄明。
自我效能干预与运动愉悦感：年龄差异和相关因素分析
Authors: 胡亮,吕佳颖,杨涛,朱燕燕
Published: 2011
Keywords: 运动愉悦感, 自我效能, 社会认知理论, 健康促进
Abstract: 对自我效能进行干预可以影响人们对运动的情感体验，但在我国还没有研究通过自我效能干预的方式对运动—自我效能—愉悦感之间关系的年龄差异和影响运动愉悦感的其他社会心理因素进行深入分析。本研究以 56 名老年人、33 名大学生、和 44 名初中生为研究对象，分别将其随机分为高、低自我效能干预组，分别在运动测试后给予积极和消极两种相反的运动能力反馈。结果发现：1）运动能力反馈在老年人和大学生中都未能产生自我效能变化的组间差异；2）高自我效能干预组与低自我效能干预组的初中生相比，自我效能显著提高，对于运动感到更为愉悦；3）老年人的运动愉悦感最高，大学生次之，中学生最低；4）自我效能的改变、特质焦虑和年龄是和运动愉悦感显著相关的因素，这三个指标可以解释运动愉悦感变异的 43%。本研究验证了自我效能干预与愉悦感之间的密切联系，讨论了如何通过调控自我效能，提高人们参与运动的积极体验，更好地进行锻炼和健康促进。
经济增长、电力消费与环境污染关系研究——来自珠江三角洲的证据
Authors: 张华, 朱泯静
Published: 2014
Keywords: 电力消费, 经济增长, 环境污染, 面板VAR, 面板协整检验
Abstract: 本文主要基于珠江三角洲9个城市1996-2011年的面板数据，运用IPS、LLC、Fisher以及individualADF单位根检验、Westerlund多变量面板协整检验、面板误差修正模型、面板脉冲响应分析与面板格兰杰因果分析对经济增长、电力消费与环境污染三者的关系进行分析。实证结果表明：第一，三个变量均为非平稳序列，且存在长期稳定的协整关系，当三者的均衡关系在短期内偏离长期均衡时，将以57.16%的调整速度将其调整至均衡；第二，电力消费与经济增长存在双向格兰杰因果关系，而电力消费、经济增长分别对环境污染存在单向格兰杰因果关系；第三，珠三角地区9个城市环境污染对GDP的弹性系数排前四位的分别是：佛山、肇庆、惠州、广州，而排在最后两位的是中山和深圳。
我国公共图书馆集成管理系统的调查与分析
Authors: 刘鎏
Keywords: 公共图书馆, 集成管理系统, 图书馆管理
Abstract: 基于调查结果的分析，本文对国内公共图书馆使用或设计图书馆集成管理系统提出了若干建议，包括实现 系统的高可用性、加强集群化管理能力、应用图书馆开源软件和构建基于云计算理念的图书馆集成管理系统。
浅谈我国《宪法》中的社会保障思想
Authors: 刘永涛
Keywords: 04年宪法,社会保障,效率,公平
Abstract: 我国现行宪法在82年宪法的基础上，历经了四次修正。在 04年宪法中，明确提出了“国家建立健全同经济发展水平相适应的社会保障制度。”本文将从宪法的第十四条第三款、宪法第四十四条以及第四十五条入手深入挖掘其中体现的社会保障思想，希望能够为我国社会保障法律体系的建设提供一些依据。
PRODUCTION AND DECAY PROCESSES INVOLVING VECTOR MESONS
Authors: William G. Wagner
Published: 1962
Abstract: Many resonances in the scattering of fundamental particles have been recently discovered, which may be interpreted in terms of unstable particles. One of these may be a vector meson coupled to the hypercharge current, whose decay rates are calculated. Predictions are given for the total decay rate, and branching ratios, in terms of $\gamma_{H}^{2}/4\pi$, the strength of the hypercharge coupling. Another resonance may be correlated with the missing member, $\chi$, of an octet of pseudoscalar mesons in the "Eightfold Way" of Gell-Mann; a reasonable estimate of the branching ratio $\Gamma(\chi \to 2\gamma)/\Gamma(\chi \to \pi^{-} + \pi^{+} + \gamma)$ is obtained. A resonance in the K-$\pi$ system may be Gell-Mann's M-meson; the role of M in the associated production of $\Lambda$'s by pions and in $\Lambda$ production by $\bar{K}$'s is examined. The existence of a new class of asymptotic cross section equalities, which are generalizations of the Pomeranchuk relations, is demonstrated. The pion plus lepton decays of the kaon are considered, and it is shown that they cannot be determined by an intermediate M-meson. The fraction of $\rho$'s, the vector mesons that appear as a resonance in the two-pion system, that decay into four pions is estimated to be less than 1%.
CHARACTERIZATION OF MOLECULAR EVENTS IN THE PATHOGENESIS AND DEVELOPMENT OF BREAST CANCER
Authors: Susan Jane Done
Published: 2000
Abstract: Breast cancer may arise from a progressive accumulation of genetic alterations. The complete spectrum of these and the stages at which they occur is not known. Epidemiological evidence links mammary epithelial hyperplasias and carcinoma in-situ (so called "early lesions") with invasive breast cancer. However, whether these lesions represent direct precursors or are merely markers of increased risk is unclear. This thesis is based on the hypothesis that the characterization of the mutational status of genes, such as p53, and loss of heterozygosity (LOH) status of chromosomal regions, in normal tissue, pre-malignant lesions, pre-invasive and invasive breast cancer will yield novel insights into the molecular etiology of breast tumorigenesis.
A LOH study of the chromosomal region 11q23 in axillary lymph node-negative (ANN) breast cancers found that loss at this location was associated with a higher rate of estrogen receptor (ER) positivity. The onset of LOH in "early lesions" surrounding invasive breast cancer was found to be variable between loci, between cases and within cases. Study of a group of synchronous primary breast cancers revealed a markedly lower rate of LOH when compared to a group of solitary ANN tumours.
Study of the tumour suppressor gene p53 showed that when a mutation was present in an invasive breast cancer the same mutation could also be found in all surrounding areas of DCIS but not in any areas of epithelial hyperplasia or normal breast tissue. The spectrum of mutations that could be recognized by a widely used anti-p53 antibody (DO7 clone, Novocastra) was characterized. This knowledge was used to screen a panel of new DCIS cases by immunohistochemistry prior to mutational analysis, aiding detection of p53 mutations in DCIS not associated with invasive disease.
Patterns of LOH in early lesions and synchronous primary tumours is suggestive of an overlapping field effect leading to an hierarchical distribution of genetic alterations with p53 mutation occurring prior to the onset of invasion. Further characterization of these fields could provide improved patient assessment and management. Knowledge of the early genetic steps in breast cancer tumourigenesis may result in new approaches to diagnosis and disease prevention.
An Ultra-high Throughput Droplet Microfluidics Platform for the Generation and Screening of SICLOPPS Cyclic Peptide Libraries In Vitro
Authors: Catrin Sohrabi
Published: 2018
Abstract: In vitro compartmentalisation (IVC) has emerged as an attractive cell-free based technological platform for the miniaturisation and mass parallelisation of biochemical reactions in microscopic aqueous-in-oil emulsion droplets. In implementing this emulsion-based technology, this thesis describes the development of an ultra-high throughput drug discovery platform for the IVC of split-intein based SICLOPPS cyclic peptide libraries in femtolitre-sized aqueous compartments for the rapid identification of novel protein-protein interaction (PPI) inhibitors. In utilising the unique thermoresponsive properties of agarose, the efficient encapsulation and isothermally-mediated pre-DNA amplification of single plasmid DNA copies in approximately 113 fL agarose-in-oil femtodroplets is performed, yielding porous agarose beads comprising highly condensed concentrations of DNA. Solidified beads are thereafter employed in in vitro transcription/translation (IVTT) of the encoded cyclic peptide genes alongside a pETDuet-1 co-encoded Aβ42-GFP fusion assay, whereby the aggregation state of the Aβ42 Alzheimer's disease peptide is linked to the correct folding of GFP, by co-encapsulating individual agarose particles alongside PURExpress IVTT machinery. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) is subsequently used to demonstrate the feasibility through which beads exhibiting increased levels of GFP fluorescence, and thus of those comprising cyclic peptides with the ability to modulate the aggregation state of Aβ42, may be efficiently and selectively recovered at rates exceeding 107 per hour. Collectively, the isolation and recovery of a diverse Npu SICLOPPS cyclic peptide library via FACS is achieved, demonstrating the value and widespread utility of the droplet microfluidics screening platform as described herein for the prompt discovery of novel cyclic peptide inhibitors of challenging PPIs.
Strain Heterogeneity in the Anterior Cruciate Ligament and Constitutive Modeling with Full-Field Methods
Authors: Callan M. Luetkemeyer
Published: 2020
Abstract: Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury rates are rising, particularly for women and young people. These injuries are debilitative; they typically require surgical reconstruction and lead to osteoarthritis within ten years. Still, there is little consensus about what puts someone at risk for an ACL injury, and this knowledge is critical to the development of injury prevention strategies. Finite element models provide an effective platform for systemically determining the effect of proposed injury risk factors on ACL strain concentrations, and thus, determining whether they predispose an individual to injury. However, the accuracy of a finite element model relies on the accuracy of the material models used in its construction.
Initially, I examined how the shape of the ligament-bone attachment (enthesis) might affect injury risk. Two factors were found to increase effective strain concentrations: more acute attachment angles and more concave enthesis shapes, both of which are more common in women. However, I also discovered that enthesis shape significantly affects the macroscopic (global) mechanical response of the model ligament. As such, I concluded that enthesis geometry (and the deformation heterogeneity it creates) would need to be considered in the construction of material models.
I also explored the effect of collagen fiber splay (material direction heterogeneity) on the macroscopic mechanical response of the ACL bundles and the patellar tendon (PT), a commonly used graft for ACL reconstruction. Using analytical, computational, and experimental approaches, results clearly demonstrate that splay geometry significantly affects the macroscopic mechanical response of ligaments. Since material properties are, by definition, independent of geometry, this indicates fiber splay is a structural property that prevents the identification of true material properties with standard modeling techniques.
Hence, in the finale of this work, I used displacement-encoded magnetic resonance maging (MRI) to measure full-volume deformation fields of the ovine PT and both ACL bundles under tension. I then employed the virtual fields method (VFM) – a full-field inverse method – to calibrate material models with this data, accounting for strain heterogeneity, material direction heterogeneity (fiber splay), and enthesis shape. Most constitutive parameters were consistent among all specimen groups, demonstrating the universality of ligament material constituents. A material parameter describing the degree of anisotropy, or collagen fiber alignment, however, showed statistically significant differences between groups. It indicated that collagen fibers in the anteromedial (AM) bundle of the ACL were significantly more aligned than those in the posterolateral (PL), which is congruent with optical measurements. My work demonstrates that (when strain heterogeneity and structural properties are accounted for) ligament material microstructure is detectable with measures of mechanical function.
COUPLING AGENT EFFECTS ON THE INTERFACIAL ADHESION IN A SHEATH/CORE TYPE BICOMPONENT FIBER
Authors: Jian-xing Li
Published: 1989
Abstract: Rayon/nylon-6 and rayon/polypropylene bicomponent S/C fibers were produced by a coating process. The purpose of this research is to promote the interfacial adhesion between skin and core materials to improve the durability of the coating.
Fiber pretreatment techniques were used to improve the surface properties of fiber before it was coated in order to promote the interfacial adhesion of the S/C fiber. Water was used to remove the spin finishes on the synthetic fiber. Coupling agent solutions were used to pretreat the fibers. Both pretreatment techniques were sufficient to promote the interfacial adhesion at the certain conditions. The effects of the pretreatment on both adhesion and tensile properties of the S/C fibers were determined.