DemoTest0122/ScienceMetaBench105 huggingface dataset:
Membership datoriale e contrattazione collettiva in Italia: evidenze empiriche da un’indagine INAPP 
Authors: FRANCESCA BERGAMANTE, MANUEL MAROCCO
Published: 2018
Keywords: two-tier system of bargaining; decentralisation of collective bargaining; Italian firms
Abstract: Decentralization of collective bargaining is considered a key element to introduce innovations and changes work’s organization. Since 2011, European institutions too have promoted the dissemination of collective agreements more sensitive to corporate market conditions.
What is the role of employer’s associations in this context? The article intends to provide an analysis in this regard, using data from the INAPP-RIL survey conducted on a sample of about 26,000 Italian firms. After studying the trend of membership rates and membership density over time, as well as the determinants that influence membership, the article focuses on the latter's influence on the dissemination and coverage of collective cross-sector bargaining.
On the basis of the main evidence contained in the descriptive analyses, it may seemingly be stated that the barycentre of the Italian collective bargaining system - the «National Collective Labour Agreement» - has not been affected by the European, legislative and social partners “multilevel” drive in favour of its decentralisation.
Indeed the multi-employer bargaining has continued to be applied outside of an association membership logic: there has been an increase in the share of firms that state to apply a sectoral agreement spontaneously, without joining an Employers’ Association. The Employers’ Association fragmentation is a context which conceals the proliferation of the so called Pirate Agreements, that is a system characterised by a self-opting out of the collective agreement.
At the same time, and perhaps for the same reasons, second-level bargaining is at a standstill. In fact, traditional motivations related to competitiveness continue to make it preferable for small and medium sized firms to maintain the centrality of the national sectoral collective agreement.
A New Approach for the Facile Preparation of Metal–Organic Framework Composites Directly Contacting with Metal Nanoparticles through Arc Plasma Deposition
Authors: Masaaki Sadakiyo, Shotaroo Yoshimaru, Hidetaka Kasai, Kenichi Kato, Masaki Takata, Miho Yamauchi
Published: 2016
Abstract: The arc plasma deposition (APD) method is first applied to prepare metal–organic framework (MOF) composites loading metal nanoparticles having a direct contact with the MOF. We demonstrate the detailed growth mechanism of metal particles on the MOFs and the applicability of the APD for various combinations of metals and MOFs.
Gene Replacement by a Selectable Marker in the Filamentous Fungus Magnaporthe oryzae
Authors: Nalleli Garcia, Alexa N. Farmer, Richmond Baptiste, Jessie Fernandez
Published: 2023
Keywords: Magnaporthe oryzae, Primer design, Protoplast transformation, Gene deletion, Split marker, Homologous recombination, ILV1, Hygromycin, DNA extraction
Abstract: Magnaporthe oryzae is a filamentous fungus responsible for the detrimental rice blast disease afflicting rice crops worldwide. For years, M. oryzae has served as an excellent model organism to study plant pathogen interactions due to its sequenced genome, its amenability to functional genetics, and its capacity to be tracked in laboratory settings. As such, techniques to genetically manipulate M. oryzae for gene deletion range from genome editing via CRISPR-Cas9 to gene replacement through homologous recombination. This protocol focuses on detailing how to perform gene replacement in the model organism, M. oryzae, through a split marker method. This technique relies on replacing the open reading frame of a gene of interest with a gene conferring resistance to a specific selectable chemical, disrupting the transcription of the gene of interest and generating a knockout mutant M. oryzae strain.
Implementing VIPER for Imaging Cellular Proteins by Fluorescence Microscopy
Authors: Julia K. Doh, Caroline A. Enns, Kimberly E. Beatty
Published: 2019
Keywords: Protein tag, Fluorescence, Labeling, Microscopy, Cell biology, Peptide, Biochemistry
Abstract: Genetically-encoded tags are useful tools for multicolor and multi-scale cellular imaging. Versatile Interacting Peptide (VIP) tags, such as VIPER, are new genetically-encoded tags that can be used in various imaging applications. VIP tags consist of a coiled-coil heterodimer, with one peptide serving as the genetic tag and the other (“probe peptide”) delivering a reporter compatible with imaging. Heterodimer formation is rapid and specific, allowing proteins to be selectively labeled for live-cell and fixed-cell imaging. In this Bio-Protocol, we include a detailed guide for implementing the VIPER technology for imaging receptors on live cells and intracellular targets in fixed cells. This protocol is complemented by two other Bio-Protocols outlining the use of VIPER (Doh et al., 2019a and 2019b).
Isolation and ex vivo Expansion of Limbal Mesenchymal Stromal Cells
Authors: Naresh Polisetti, Lyne Sharaf, Thomas Reinhard, Günther Schlunck
Published: 2022
Keywords: Limbal mesenchymal stromal cells, Limbal niche cells, Limbal stem cells, Cornea, Isolation, Expansion
Abstract: Limbal mesenchymal stromal cells (LMSC), a cellular component of the limbal stem cell niche, have the capability of determining the fate of limbal epithelial progenitor cells (LEPC), which are responsible for the homeostasis of corneal epithelium. However, the isolation of these LMSC has proven to be difficult due to the small fraction of LMSC in the total limbal population, and primary cultures are always hampered by contamination with other cell types. We recently published the efficient isolation and functional characterization of LMSC from the human corneal limbus using CD90 as a selective marker. We observed that flow sorting yielded a pure population of LMSC with superior self-renewal capacity and transdifferentiation potential, and supported the maintenance of the LEPC phenotype. Here, we describe an optimized protocol for the isolation of LMSC from cadaveric corneal limbal tissue by combined collagenase digestion and flow sorting with expansion of LMSC on plastic.
Primed Track: Reliable Volumetric Single-cell Tracking and Lineage Tracing of Living Specimen with Dual-labeling Approaches
Authors: Maaike Welling, Konstantinos Kalyviotis, Periklis Pantazis
Published: 2020
Keywords: Pre-implantation embryos, Mouse, Lineage tracing, Tracking, Primed conversion, Photoconvertible proteins, Live imaging, Dual color fluorescent labeling
Abstract: Mammalian embryonic development starts with a single fertilized zygote that develops into a blastocyst embryo consisting of three cell types that evolve into either embryonic or extra-embryonic tissues. Lineage tracing of these cells can provide important information about the molecular and cellular dynamics contributing to fate allocation during early development. While global labeling techniques allow for visualization of all cells at the same time, lineage tracing of cells over several divisions can become complicated due to embryo movement and rotation as well as increasing cell densities. Here, we use green-to-red photoconvertible proteins for both global and sparse labeling of cells of interest in the developing murine embryo. We use primed conversion to achieve precise photoconversion of single nuclei in 4-cell stage embryos followed by volumetric live imaging to capture development up to the blastocyst stage. We developed an image analysis pipeline, called primed Track, that uses the dual labeling strategy for both straightforward segmentation and registration of all cells in the embryo as well as correction of rotational and spatial drift. Together, this strategy allows for reliable and fast tracking and lineage tracing of individual cells, even over increased imaging time intervals that result in a major reduction in data volume, all essential conditions for volumetric long-term imaging techniques.
Increasing the Membrane Permeability of a Fern with DMSO
Authors: Marcelo Garcés
Published: 2018
Keywords: Filmy ferns, Membrane permeability, DMSO, Propidium iodide
Abstract: Cell membrane prevents the entrance of extra molecules (e.g., transcription and translation inhibitors) into the cell. For studying the physiological effects of transcription and translation inhibitors on Hymenophyllum caudiculatum fronds, we incubate fronds with 0.1% DMSO to test if this increases cell membrane permeability relative to incubation with ultrapure water. The study showed that DMSO could significantly improve the cell membrane permeability of filmy fronds.
The Book of the Links
a Symposium on Golf
Authors: Martin H.E Sutton, Bernard Darwin, H.S. Colt
Abstract: The Book of the Links features selected writings from prominent golf figures of the early 20ᵗʰ century, including Martin H.E Sutton, Bernard Darwin, and H.S. Colt. Written in 1912, this collaborative guide provides rare insight into the methods and philosophies that were used to design, construct, and maintain the world’s most renowned golf courses.
According to Sutton, “In producing this volume, it has been my aim to provide in the first instance a compendium of information, of a more complete character than has before been compressed into a single volume, on all the points upon which golf secretaries, green committees, and greenkeepers desire instruction.” 
Inside this classic of golf literature, the authors detail the essential features of an ideal golf course and provide insight on the proper methods of greenkeeping and design. Along with their first-hand narrative, all of the original photos and sketches have been included, ensuring that every element of the first edition has a been carefully preserved.
Kann die Riester-Rente die Absenkung des Rentenniveaus kompensieren?
Authors: Tim Köhler-Rama
Published: 2012
Keywords: Pension reform in Germany, Riester pension, Riester subsidy
Abstract: Eine sozialpolitische Bewertung der Riester-Förderung ist auf der Grundlage der bislang verfügbaren Datenlage und Messkonzepte nicht möglich. Zum einen bedarf es einer transparenten und nach sozialen Kriterien differenzierten Darstellung der Leistungsrücknahmen in der gesetzlichen Rentenversicherung. Zum anderen muss die Frage beantwortet werden, ob das Ziel der Riester-Förderung erreicht wird, nämlich die reduzierten individuellen Ansprüche aus der ersten Säule mit neu erworbenen Ansprüchen aus der zweiten und dritten Säule zu kompensieren. Der Beitrag plädiert für Wirkungs- und Verteilungsanalysen von Rentenreformen, so wie sie für Arbeitsmarktreformen selbstverständlich existieren.
Wandel in der Arbeitswelt
Authors:    
Michael Arnold, Anselm Mattes, Cert G. Wagner, Aleksandar Zalkan, Claudia Kemfert, Stefan Bach
 
 
Published: 2016
Keywords: labor force participation, middle class, atypical employment, SOEP
Abstract: Since the 1980s, in (West)Germany has been a substantial decline in the number of people of working age who are not in paid employment. Accordingly, the share of 18- to 67-year-olds without a job has also fallen. This increase in employment figures primarily benefited those in marginal employment or solo entrepreneurs and had less of an impact on those in typical employment. In fact, the present analysis, based on data from the Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP) study, shows that there has been no decline in the share of those of working age who are in typical employment. However, individuals in atypical employment are exposed to some very specific risks. There are various possible measures that may help counteract this type of employment, including abolishing the special legislation on “mini-jobs” (salary of up to 450 euros per month), expanding childcare options, and introducing mandatory retirement and accident insurance for the uninsured self-employed.
基于 SOM 聚类的典型车况和动力匹配分析与决策
Authors: 高 涛, 丁伟东, 张敏, 谭魏盟, 赵祥模
Published: 2017
Keywords: 典型车况, 动力匹配分析, 自组织特征映射网络
Abstract: 在残酷的重型卡车市场竞争环境下，如何客观分析用户的动力配置需求，并对其进行最优配置是车企始终追求的目标。基于车速与车辆工况最强相关的观点，首先对车载数据终端所采集的样本数据进行预处理，采用自组织特征映射网络 (self-organizing feature map，SOM) 聚类分析方法进行速度分布聚类。然后针对不同类型车辆真实数据的聚类结果，总结出各 类车型的典型工况。最后结合典型工况与车辆具体配置进行动力匹配分析，从而挖掘出各类车辆的工况需求和动力配置要求。数据化的需求分析为车企在研发、生产、销售等环节消除了歧义，降低了质量投诉以及售后支出，这表明该方案在实践中有着重要的实用价值。
高职高专护理专业协同育人培养模式的探索与实践
Authors: 戢慧
Published: 2019
Keywords: 医教协同,护理教育,培养模式
Abstract: 如何培养高素质技能型护理人才是专科护理教育长期研究的重要课题。本研究以楚雄医药高等专科学校护理教学改革为切入点，在深入教学医院调研基础上，指出护理协同育人应重视医教协同宣传，明确实用型护理人才培养目标，加强师资队伍建设，推进教学模式改革。
气相色谱法测定地表水中三溴甲烷
Authors: 季向阳
Published: 2016
Keywords: 吹扫捕集,气相色谱法,地表水,三溴甲烷
Abstract: 建立了吹扫捕集气相色谱法测定地表水中三溴甲烷的方法。该方法具有灵敏度高、检出限低、定量准确、操作简便等特点。三溴甲烷在一定浓度范围内线性关系良好，当进样量为5mL时，检出限为0.08μg/L，加标回收率在93.9%~104.5%之间，适用于地表水中三溴甲烷的测定。
石粉含量对再生混凝土氯离子渗透性能的影响
Authors: 王磊, 张军豪, 洪陈凯, 白龙臻
Published: 2016
Keywords: 再生混凝土,石粉,氯离子渗透,拟合公式,作用机理
Abstract: 以C60混凝土破碎、筛分成再生骨料配置C30、C40、C50混凝土为试验对象，研究机制砂石粉含量变化对再生混凝土抗氯离子渗透性能影响. 研究结果表明，C40、C50混凝土石粉含量在8%左右，C30混凝土石粉含量在 12%左右，抗氯离子渗透性能最佳，并从微观角度给出了石粉对不同强度等级再生混凝土抗氯离子渗透性能作用机理. 同时，通过对氯离子渗透系数时变规律的研究，给出了C30~C50再生混凝土氯离子渗透系数的拟合公式.
油田数字化建设存在问题与对策分析
Authors: 吴迪
Published: 2022
Keywords: 油田数字化,建设,问题,对策
Abstract: 油田的数字化建设主要是在信息技术等高科技手段的加持下，采用地理信息数据、电子地图数据以及高分辨率的地理信息卫星来实现油田的勘探、开发、运输、销售的全流程作业，实现油田日常管理的高效与科学，同时在节省大量资源与成本的同时达到最高的经济效益。我国石油储量总量比较丰富，经过一段时间以来的发展，石油勘探开采已经取得了一定的成果，然而依然还存在着许多问题， 采用数字化的管理模式能够在一定程度上解决这些油田管理的痼疾，并实现石油企业的现代化升级，从而向着更高、更远的发展目标迈进。
房地产企业土地增值税税收筹划相关问题及对策
Authors: 黄小迪, 万伟
Published: 2023
Keywords: 房地产企业,土地增值税,税收筹划
Abstract: 房地产行业的健康发展对我国经济健康增长有举足轻重的作用。作为开发成本的重要组成部分， 土地增值税是房地产企业税收筹划的重要对象。本文在对土地增值税的理论概述基础上，基于目前我国房地产企业土地增值税税收筹划的四条路径和三项原则，提出了企业在税收筹划过程中面临的困境，并列出应对策略，以期对房地产企业的税收筹划提供经验参考，促进行业 的持续健康发展。
奥美拉唑预防应激性黏膜病变的临床观察
Authors: 林小玲
Published: 2016
Keywords: 应激性,奥美拉唑,黏膜病变
Abstract: 目的 探讨分析使用奥美拉唑预防应激性黏膜病变的临床效果和药效作用机制。方法 按数字表法随机选取 2013 年 5 月－2015 年 3 月就诊并接受骨科手术患者 100 例，根据用药的不同而分成对照组和观察组各 50 例，观察组使用奥美拉唑预防应激性黏膜病变，而对照组使用雷尼替丁加以预防，统计比较两组患者预防效果。 结果 观察组患者术后黑便、出血等应激反应发生率合计为24.00% ，而对照组各术后应激反应发生率合计则为 68.00% ，观察组应激反应发生率显著较低，且组间差异在统计学上有意义( P ＜ 0. 05) ; 观察组用药后抑酸效果相对观 察者速度较慢，但是最终 pH 值差异无统计学意义( P ＞ 0.05) ; 观察组患者用药后出现恶心、皮疹等不良用药反应概率合计12.0% 低于对照组的 26. 0% ，组间差异在统计学上无意义( P ＞ 0. 05) 。结论 使用奥美拉唑预防应激性黏膜病变效果明显，奥美拉唑能够改善患者胃液 pH 值、通过抑制胃酸分泌保护黏膜细胞，明显降低患者应激性黏膜病变的发生率，用药后患者感染、黑便等各应激反应发生率明显降低，且安全可靠。
移情在英语教学中的应用
Authors: 李君
Published: 2015
Keywords: 移情, 赏识, 英语教学
Abstract: 学生在教学中获得良好的情感体验，是提高其学习积极性与主动性的关键。在英语教学过程中，教师要科学运用教材的情感资源，进行移情性备课，并要以情移情，彰显教师的真爱。同时，教师要赏识学生，提高学生的自信心，让学生产生良好的情感体验，真正促进学生的学习。
基于GSM网络和485总线的农业监控系统设计
Authors: 可晓海, 张文超, 唐开辉, 路翀
Published: 2016
Keywords: 分体式, 监控系统, GSM, 485总线, 传感器
Abstract: 针对传统农业检测仪器的不足，结合西北地区实际需求，融合仪器仪表检测技术、自动化控制技术、传感器技术、远程监控和局域网技术，采用分体式模块结构的思想，设计一种远程监控、智能调节的农业仪器监控系统来调节大棚的环境气候，确保农作物处于适宜的生长环境。
3 种复合材料的体内相容性比较
Authors: 银保, 汤逊, 熊成东, 何祺, 尹劲
Published: 2016
Keywords: 聚-D，L-乳酸, β-磷酸三钙, 可吸收材料, 组织学, 电镜
Abstract: 目的 观察 3 种可吸收柱状材料植入动物体内的组织相容性，为临床应用提供依据。方法 选择 60 只 新西兰大白兔，按随机数字表法分成 3 组，每组 20 只，雌雄各半，分别将 6% β-磷酸三钙( β-TCP) /聚-D，L-乳 酸( PDLLA) 、12% β-TCP/PDLLA 和纯 PDLLA 3 种可吸收柱状材料植入兔右侧股骨髁及臀外侧肌肉内; 左侧为对照组。术后 4、8、12、16 及 24 周取出材料进行大体观察和光镜观察。6% β-TCP/PDLLA 复合材料行植入前及术后 8、16、24 周电镜观察。结果 所有动物术后一般情况良好。术后伤口无红肿，均一期愈合，2 周内缝线自行脱落。实验周期内无感染、化脓及组织液化。24 周时 6% β-TCP/PDLLA 组柱状材料，部分被新生骨组织吸收替代，骨小梁排列较整齐，可见哈弗管及致密骨形成; 12% β-TCP/PDLLA 组柱状材料见大量新生骨组织替代，也可见致密骨形成，但其降解吸收相对较快; 纯 PDLLA 组柱状材料骨组织形成相比另 2 组成骨量较少。6% β-TCP/PDLLA 材料 24 周时电镜下材料内层水解明显，因被降解吸收，多部位出现塌陷而结构紊乱破损，内部见大量无裂隙的扭曲样改变。对照组 24 周时骨小梁进行改建，可见致密的板层骨，但仍有较多腔隙。结论 3 种可吸收柱状材料的组织相容性良好，6% β-TCP/PDLLA 材料降解过程较另 2 组材料平稳，可能是较为理想的椎体重建可吸收复合材料。
Capturing the signalling dynamics of the MAPK-AKT-mTOR pathway in a single targeted phosphoproteomics assay
Authors: Donna O. Debets, Juan Manuel Valverde, Maarten Altelaar
Published: 2022
Abstract: The MAPK-AKT-mTOR protein network integrates extra- and intracellular signals to determine cellular fate, regulating pivotal biological processes such as cell growth and metabolism. Due to this crucial role, pathway dysregulation has been implicated in multiple diseases, such as metabolic disorders and cancer. The MAPK-AKT-mTOR pathway consists of dozens of proteins and signal transduction is primarily driven by protein phosphorylation. Here, we present a targeted phosphoproteomics assay to study the phosphorylation dynamics of the MAPK-AKT-mTOR pathway in detail with high sensitivity and in a high throughput manner. By using a multi-protease approach, we increased the pathway coverage with phosphosites that were previously inaccessible. This novel approach yields the most comprehensive method for the detailed study of mTOR signalling to date (covering 150 phosphopeptides on more than 70 phosphoproteins), which can be applied to in vitro and in vivo systems and has the sensitivity to be compatible with small sample amounts. We demonstrate the feasibility of this assay to monitor the plasticity of MAPK-AKT-mTOR phosphorylation dynamics in response to cellular stimuli with high temporal resolution and amino acid residue specificity. We found highly dynamic phosphorylation events upon treatment with growth factors, revealing the sequential nature of phosphosites in this signalling pathway. Furthermore, starvation of glucose and amino acids showed upregulation of AKT-targets PRAS40T246 and FOXO3T32, highlighting the role of AKT in cellular response to starvation. These findings illustrate the potential of this assay to obtain new biological insight when monitoring dynamics of functional phosphosites.
Interplay between coding and exonic splicing regulatory sequences
Authors: Nicolas Controdona, Fabien Aubé, Jean-Baptiste Claude, Hélène Polvêche, Sébastien Lemaire, Léon-Charles Tranchevent, Laurent Modolo, Franck Mortreux, Cyril F. Bourgeois, Didier Auboeuf
Published: 2018
Abstract: The inclusion of exons during the splicing process depends on the binding of splicing factors to short low-complexity regulatory sequences. The relationship between exonic splicing regulatory sequences and coding sequences is still poorly understood. We demonstrate that exons that are coregulated by any splicing factor share a similar nucleotide composition bias. We next demonstrate that coregulated exons preferentially code for amino acids with similar physicochemical properties because of the non-randomness properties of the genetic code. Indeed, amino acids sharing physicochemical properties correspond to codons that have the same nucleotide composition bias. These observations reveal an unanticipated bidirectional interplay between the physicochemical features encoded by exons and exon splicing regulation by splicing factors. We propose that the splicing regulation of an exon by a splicing factor is tightly interconnected with the physicochemical properties of the exon-encoded protein domain depending on the splicing-factor affinity for specific nucleotides.
Elevated nest temperature has opposing effects on host species infested with parasitic nest flies
Authors: Lauren Albert, Samantha Rumschlag, Alexandra Parker, Grace Vaziri, Sarah A. Knutie
Published: 2022
Keywords: eastern bluebird, ectoparasites, host defenses, Protocalliphora sialia, 20 temperature effects, tree swallow, resistance
Abstract: Environmental factors, such as elevated temperature, can have varying effects on hosts and their parasites, which can have consequences for disease outcomes. The individual direct effects of temperature must be disentangled to determine the net-effect in host-parasite relationships, yet few studies have determined the net-effects in a multi-host system. To address this gap, we experimentally manipulated temperature and parasite presence in the nests of two host species infested by parasitic blowflies (Protocalliphora sialia). We conducted a factorial experiment by increasing temperature (or not) and removing all parasites (or not) in the nests of eastern bluebirds (Sialia sialis) and tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor). We then measured nestling morphometrics, blood loss, and survival and quantified parasite abundance. We predicted that if temperature had a direct effect on parasite fitness, then elevated temperature would cause similar directional effects on parasite abundance across host species. If temperature had a direct effect on hosts, and therefore an indirect effect on the parasite, parasite abundance would differ across host species. Heated swallow nests had fewer parasites compared to non-heated nests. In contrast, heated bluebird nests had more parasites compared to non-heated nests. The results of our study demonstrate that elevated temperature can have differential effects on host species, which can impact infestation susceptibility. Furthermore, changing climates could have complex net-effects on parasite fitness and host health across multi-host-parasite interactions.
iBRAB: in silico based-designed Broad-spectrum Fab against H1N1 Influenza A Virus
Authors: Phuc-Chau Do, Trung H. Nguyen, Uyen T.M. Vo, Ly Le
Published: 2020
Keywords: H1N1, antigen-binding fragment, protein modeling, flexible docking
Abstract: Influenza virus A is a significant agent involved in the outbreak of worldwide epidemics, causing millions of fatalities around the world by respiratory diseases and seasonal illness. Many projects had been conducting to investigate recovered infected patients for therapeutic vaccines that have broad-spectrum activity. With the aid of the computational approach in biology, the designation for a vaccine model is more accessible. We developed an in silico protocol called iBRAB to design a broad-reactive Fab on a wide range of influenza A virus. The Fab model was constructed based on sequences and structure of available broad-spectrum Abs or Fabs against a wide range of H1N1 influenza A virus. As a result, the proposed Fab model followed iBRAB has good binding affinity over 27 selected HA of different strains of H1 influenza A virus, including wild-type and mutated ones. The examination also took by computational tools to fasten the procedure. This protocol could be applied for a fast designed therapeutic vaccine against different types of threats.
从《春波影》看徐士俊的戏曲观 ———兼与卓人月比较
Authors: 梁雪
Published: 2021
Keywords: 徐士俊, 《春波影》, 主情说, 卓人月, 悲怨说
Abstract: 明末清初文人徐士俊一生文学创作颇丰，诗、词、文、曲等创作成绩斐 然，特别是杂剧《春波影》问世后，产生很大反响。 《春波影》体现了徐士俊“主情说” 与“悲怨说”的戏曲观。 其“主情说” 提倡抒写真情，将摹写真情融入戏曲创作中。 “悲怨说”则是深受好友卓人月影响。 徐士俊通过作品主题、关注人物内心变化、故 事模式及故事结局，实践卓人月的“悲怨”曲论。 徐士俊与卓人月有着共同的戏曲观 念，即“主情”，徐、卓二人“悲怨”的戏曲观既存在相同之处，亦同中有异。 从《春波 影》看徐士俊的戏曲观，有利于深化对徐士俊戏曲思想的认识，对于了解明末清初文 人的戏曲思想具有重要意义。
要重视计量单位的规范化教学
Authors: 张善金
Published: 2000
Keywords: 计量单位,符号,标准
Abstract: 本文依据国家技术监督局颁布的中华人民共和国国家标准，概述了我国法定计量单位构成及其同时并用、科研和生产实践中易出现的非法定计量单位进行了归纳分析，给出了规范计量单位教学的一般原则和方法。
基于海外技术技能人才培养的工业汉语课程标准研究
Authors: 陈曼倩, 刘建国, 张向辉
Published: 2019
Keywords: 职业教育,国际化,工业汉语,课程标准
Abstract: 文章以国际化背景下工业汉语课程标准开发为研究对象，在系统阐释课程标准制定依据和开发思路的基础上，深入分析了工业汉语系列课程标准的设计路径与创新特色，并就课程标准实施提出若干建议，以突破传统研究概念化、浅层化、片面化的局限，以促进具有国际化视野和国际化素质的高技术技能人才的培养，同时，在国际舞台上传播中国先进技术与职业教育成果，增强我国高等职业教育的国际影响力。
电生理指标联合应用在颅内巨大动脉瘤手术中的作用
Authors: 姜燕, 许百男, 孙正辉, 姜金利, 卜博
Published: 2010
Keywords: 颅内动脉瘤, 诱发电位, 躯体感觉, 脑电描记术, 外科手术
Abstract: 目的 研究躯体感觉诱发电位（SEP）、脑电图、脑干听觉诱发电位（BAEP）联合应用在颅内巨大动脉瘤手术治疗中的影响及临床意义。方法 分别对23例颅内巨大动脉瘤患者进行手术直接夹闭或动脉瘤孤立加旁路移植手术，同时行SEP、脑电图和BAEP实时监测，观察手术操作对其的影响。结果 23例患者行颅内巨大动脉瘤手术操作时，均不同程度引起SEP、脑电图和BAEP的变化。其中SEP的N20、P25潜伏期延长3～5 ms，波幅较术前降低50%；BAEP的Ⅰ、Ⅲ、Ⅴ波潜伏期延长0.7～1.0 ms，Ⅰ～Ⅲ、Ⅲ～Ⅴ波幅间期及Ⅰ、Ⅴ波幅电位较术前降低30%～50%以上。结论 术中动态监测SEP、脑电图和BAEP的电位变化，可以提示颈动脉阻断后的脑灌注状态，对调整手术时间及手术方式具有重要的指导意义。
两类B样条模糊系统及其应用
Authors: 谭彦华, 李洪兴, 许吉祥
Published: 2011
Keywords: B样条, 模糊系统, 逼近精度, 模糊控制, 泛逼近性
Abstract: 能够同时逼近函数及其导函数的模糊系统在应用中具有重要意义．本文利用B样条函数作为推理前件，得到了两类能够同时逼近函数及其导函数的B样条模糊系统．其中第一类B样条模糊系统是插值系统且对函数及其一阶导函数分别具有二阶和一阶逼近精度，第二类B样条模糊系统是拟插值系统且对函数及其一阶、二阶导函数均具有二阶逼近精度．最后，将这两类模糊系统应用到一级倒立摆的稳定控制中，仿真结果表明利用这两类模糊系统设计的控制器是可行的，且具有一定的鲁棒性．
综合治疗疱疹样溃疡疗效观察 
Authors: 王雯
Published: 2011
Keywords: 疱疹样溃疡, 综合治疗, 疗效观察
Abstract: 目的 探讨综合疗法对疱疹样溃疡的治疗作用。方法 对96例疱疹样溃疡患者用甲硝唑联合利多卡因含漱液含漱，用消毒棉签蘸云南白药粉末涂敷病损面，口服余麦口咽合剂，评价其综合治疗效果。结果 痊愈70例，治愈率73%，好转24例，好转率25%，无效2例，无效率2%，总有效率98%。结论 疱疹样溃疡为复发性口腔溃疡（RAU）中的一种，采取综合疗法治疗具有较好临床疗效，能缩短病程、有效降低复发率。
右美托咪定复合氟哌利多预防剖宫产术中卡前列素氨丁三醇不良反应效果观察
Authors: 孙宇睿, 陈建平
Published: 2021
Keywords: 右美托咪定, 氟哌利多, 卡前列素氨丁三醇, 剖宫产, 药品不良反应
Abstract: 目的 观察剖宫产术中右美托咪定复合小剂量氟哌利多预防卡前列素氨丁三醇不良反应的临床效果。方法 选择山西白求恩医院2018年12月至2019年6月收治的足月妊娠行择期剖宫产手术患者60例，按随机数字表法分为氟哌利多组（A组）和右美托咪定复合氟哌利多组（B 组），各 30 例。两组产妇剖宫产术中子宫体肌层注射卡前列素氨丁三醇，A 组给予氟哌利多，B 组给予氟哌利多+右美托咪定。结果 两组注射卡前列素氨丁三醇后5 min（T1 ）的血压及心率较入室静卧5 min（T0 ）显著升高，且A组显著高于B组（P < 0.05）。两组手术结束即刻（T2 ）平均动脉压及心率较T1时均显著降低，且B组显著低于A组（P < 0.05）。B组恶心呕吐及面部潮红发生率显著低于A组（P < 0.05）。结论 右美托咪定泵注复合氟哌利多能有效减少剖宫产术中应用卡前列素氨丁三醇所引起的不良反应，血流动力学相对稳定，且镇静满意，效果优于单用氟哌利多，安全性好。
DEBT OVERHANG, ROLLOVER RISK, AND CORPORATE INVESTMENT: EVIDENCE FROM THE EUROPEAN CRISIS
Authors: Sebnem Kalemli-Ozcan, Luc Laeven, David Moreno
Published: 2018
Abstract: We quantify the role of financial factors behind the sluggish post-crisis performance of European firms. We use a firm-bank-sovereign matched database to identify separate roles for firm and bank balance sheet weaknesses arising from changes in sovereign risk and aggregate demand conditions. We find that firms with higher debt levels and a higher share of short-term debt reduce their investment more after the crisis. This negative effect is stronger for firms linked to weak banks with exposures to sovereign risk, signifying increased rollover risk. These financial channels explain about 60% of the decline in aggregate corporate investment.
Commodity Price Cycles: The Perils of Mismanaging the Boom
Authors: Gustavo Adler, Sebastián Sosa
Published: 2011
Keywords: Commodity prices, terms of trade, economic policies
Abstract: Commodity-exporting countries have significantly benefited from the commodity price boom of recent years. At the current juncture, however, uncertain global economic prospects have raised questions about their vulnerability to a sharp fall in commodity prices and the policies that can shield it from such a shock. To address these questions, this paper takes a long term (4 decade) view at emerging markets’ commodity dependence, the history of commodity price busts and the role of policies in mitigating or amplifying their economic impact. The paper highlights the stark difference in trends between Latin America—one of the most vulnerable regions given its high, and rising, commodity dependence—and emerging Asia—which has evolved from being a net exporter to a net importer of commodities in the last 40 years. We find evidence, however, that while commodity dependence is an important ingredient, a country’s ultimate degree of vulnerability to commodity price shocks is to a great extent determined by the flexibility and quality of its policy framework. Policies in the run-up of sharp terms-of-trade drops—especially when those are preceded by booms—play a particularly important role. Limited exchange rate flexibility, a weak external position, and loose fiscal policy tend to amplify the negative effects of these shocks on domestic output. Financial dollarization also appears to act as a shock “amplifier.”
农民失地及其附属权利的丧失
Authors: 谭术魁
Keywords: 农民, 失地问题, 土地权利
Abstract: 农民失地问题表面上看是农民失去土地本身，其本质内容则是农民丧失多种土地附属权利。本文借助充足的数据和实例，对农民丧失土地占有使用权、承包权、收益权、经营决策权、知情参与权等附属权利作了专门剖析。
Pedagogy versus School Readiness: The Impact of a Randomized Reading Instruction Intervention and Community-Based Playgroup Intervention on Early Grade Reading Outcomes in Tonga
Authors: Kevin Macdonald, Sally Brinkman, Wendy Jarvie, Myrna Machuca-Sierra, Kris McDonall, Souhila Messaoud-Galusi, Siosiana Tapueluelu and Binh Thanh Vu
Published: 2017
Keywords: early literacy
Abstract: Identifying cost-effective interventions to improve early literacy is vital to developing countries, given the importance of early literacy for an individual’s future education outcomes and subsequent human capital formation. This paper presents the impact on early grade reading outcomes of two low-cost randomized interventions in Tonga: a reading instruction intervention and a community play-based activity intervention. The first intervention aims to improve early grade reading outcomes specifically; estimated impacts are approximately 0.3 standard deviation, although in some reading domains impacts are substantial, ranging from 0.6 to 0.7 standard deviation. The second intervention aims to improve school readiness and subsequently early grade reading outcomes, by providing communities with support to establish a community play-based activity. Using an instrumental variables approach, the play-based activity demonstrates positive impacts of around 0.2 standard deviation in many but not all reading domains. For the domains where a statistically significant impact is measured, the community play-based activity intervention is as at least as cost effective as the reading instruction intervention. The play-based activity intervention is shown to improve test scores by 0.21 to 0.47 standard deviation per US$100, depending on the reading test domain. The reading instruction intervention improves test scores by 0.08 to 0.34 standard deviation per US$100. These findings contribute further evidence on the effectiveness of reading instruction interventions, and possibly the first estimates of the impact of play group-type interventions on primary school reading outcomes
Understanding Poverty Reduction in Sri Lanka: Evidence from 2002 to 2012/13
Authors: Lidia Ceriani, Gabriela Inchauste, Sergio Olivieri
Published: 2015
Keywords: poverty, micro-decompositions, micro-simulations, Sri Lanka
Abstract: This paper quantifies the contributions to poverty reduction observed in Sri Lanka between 2002 and 2012/13. The methods adopted for the analysis generate entire counterfactual distributions to account for the contributions of demographics, labor, and non-labor incomes in explaining poverty reduction. The findings show that the most important contributor to poverty reduction was growth in labor income, stemming from an increase in the returns to salaried nonfarm workers and higher returns to self-employed farm workers. Although some of this increase in earnings may point to improvements in productivity, defined as higher units of output per worker, some of it may simply reflect increases in food and commodity prices, which have increased the marginal revenue product of labor. To the extent that there have been no increases in the volumes being produced, the observed changes in poverty are vulnerable to reversals if commodity prices were to decline significantly. Finally, although private transfers (domestic and foreign) helped to reduce poverty over the period, public transfers were not as effective. In particular, the reduction in the real value of transfers of the Samurdhi program during 2002 to 2012/13 slowed down poverty reduction.
LESSONS FROM THE FAMILY PLANNING EXPERIENCE FOR COMMUNITY-BASED ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION
Authors: Winifred Weekes-Vagliani
Published: 1992
Abstract: This paper starts out reviewing and comparing the World Population Plan of Action and the UNESCO-UNEP Global Strategy for Environmental Education: the objectives, tactics, actors and institutions. Subsequently, the examination of numerous materials from the family planning field provides some examples to be emulated by community-based environmental activities in developing countries. Population, cultural and gender variables are also sought in some existing environmental education and protection efforts. It is hoped that such information will increase the ability to integrate these concerns into environmental education and public awareness programmes. The analysis builds on the author's previous research on gender issues.
ORGANISED DECENTRALISATION OF COLLECTIVE BARGAINING – CASE STUDIES OF GERMANY, NETHERLANDS AND DENMARK
Authors: Christian Lyhne Ibsen, Maarten Keune
Published: 2018
Abstract: This paper investigates different varieties of so called organised decentralisation of collective bargaining in Germany, the Netherlands and Denmark. Organised decentralisation occurs within the framework of sector agreements, which explicitly allow determination of terms and conditions at company level, and often set certain (minimum) level standards as well as procedure that have to be respected. German decentralisation is based on its dual-channel system and extensive use of opening clauses, which make workplace derogation from sector-level agreements possible. Dutch decentralisation is based on the dual-channel system and on framework agreements that allow company level bargaining as long as minimum stipulations are observed. Finally, Denmark combines a single-channel system with framework agreements setting minimum levels. Germany stands out as the least organised of the three. Opening and derogation clauses mean that terms and conditions in multi-employer agreements can be undercut. Vertical control over these derogations has suffered from the dual-channel representation in which works councils have a new role. The Netherlands exhibit some, very limited, elements of disorganisation and stable bargaining coverage. Decentralisation has mainly happened through framework agreements setting minimum levels or through the organised transfer of competencies to works councils. The Danish system leaves a lot of scope for local bargaining, the minimum levels are generally observed and bargaining coverage has not suffered. Based on these findings, we draw the conclusion that organised decentralisation requires articulation that preserves a regulatory function of multi-employer agreements. Preservation of multi-employer agreements in turn requires high bargaining coverage.
Cross-Country Comparison of Farm Size Distribution
Authors: Raushan Bokusheva, Shingo Kimura 
Published: 2016
Keywords: Agriculture, farm size distribution, structural change
Abstract: This report summarises selected measures of the farm size distribution for fourteen OECD countries: Canada, Estonia, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Korea, Latvia, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, the United Kingdom (England) and the United States over the period 1995-2010. The farm size statistics are presented for four major production systems: crop, dairy, cattle and pig farming. The report documents consolidation of agricultural production in large-scale farms in most countries and sub-sectors covered by the report. Nevertheless, farm size growth rates show substantial differences across countries and periods which underlines the importance of country-specific natural, social, and economic conditions and the regulatory and policy environment for the evolution of farm structures. Increased inequality in farm size distributions, as captured using Gini coefficients, indicates a trend towards more polarized farm structures.
Optimal predictiOn pools
Authors: John Geweke, Gianni Amisano
Published: 2009
Keywords: forecasting, GARCH, log scoring, Markov mixture, model combination, S&P 500 returns, stochastic volatility
Abstract: A prediction model is any statement of a probability distribution for an outcome not yet observed. This study considers the properties of weighted linear combinations of n prediction models, or linear pools, evaluated using the conventional log predictive scoring rule. The log score is a concave function of the weights and, in general, an optimal linear combination will include several models with positive weights despite the fact that exactly one model has limiting posterior probability one. The paper derives several interesting formal results: for example, a prediction model with positive weight in a pool may have zero weight if some other models are deleted from that pool. The results are illustrated using S&P 500 returns with prediction models from the ARCH, stochastic volatility and Markov mixture families. In this example models that are clearly inferior by the usual scoring criteria have positive weights in optimal linear pools, and these pools substantially outperform their best components.
Hepatotoxicity in hyperthyroid patient after consecutive methimazole and propylthiouracil therapies
Authors: Fernando Gomez-Peralta, Pablo Velasco-Martínez, Cristina Abreu, María Cepeda and Marta Fernández-Puente
Published: 2018
Abstract: Methimazole (MMI) and propylthiouracil (PTU) are widely used antithyroid drugs (ATD) that have been approved for the treatment of hyperthyroidism. Hepatotoxicity may be induced by these drugs, though they exert dissimilar incidence rates of hepatotoxicity and, possibly, with different underlying pathogenic mechanisms. We report the case of a 55-year-old woman with no relevant medical history diagnosed with hyperthyroidism due to Graves’ disease, who developed two episodes of acute hepatitis concurrent with the consecutive administration of two different ATDs, first MMI and then PTU. Given the impossibility of administering ATDs, it was decided to perform a total thyroidectomy because the patient was found to be euthyroid at that point. Pathological anatomy showed diffuse hyperplasia and a papillary thyroid microcarcinoma of 2mm in diameter. Subsequent clinical check-ups were normal. This case suggests the importance of regular monitoring of liver function for hyperthyroid patients. Due to the potential severity of this side effect, it is recommended to determine baseline liver function prior to initiation of treatment.
Doppler Echocardiography Assessment of Coronary Microvascular Function in Patients With Angina and No Obstructive Coronary Artery Disease
Authors: Jakob Schroder, Eva Prescott
Published: 2021
Keywords: coronary flow velocity reserve, stress echocardiography, coronary microvascular dysfunction, prognosis, sex
Abstract: Echocardiographic evaluation is an essential part of the diagnostic work-up in patients with known or suspected cardiovascular disease. Transthoracic Doppler echocardiography (TTDE) enables straightforward and reliable visualization of flow in the left anterior descending artery. In the absence of obstructive coronary artery disease, low TTDE-derived coronary flow velocity reserve (CFVR) is considered a marker of coronary microvascular dysfunction (CMD). TTDE CFVR is free from ionizing radiation and widely available, utilizing high-frequency transducers, pharmacologic vasodilator stress, and pulsed-wave Doppler quantification of diastolic peak flow velocities. European Society of Cardiology guidelines recommend TTDE CFVR evaluation only following preceding anatomic invasive or non-invasive coronary imaging excluding obstructive CAD. Accordingly, clinical use of TTDE CFVR is limited and CMD frequently goes undiagnosed. An evolving body of evidence underlines that low CFVR is an important and robust predictor of adverse prognosis and continuing symptoms in angina patients both with and without obstructive CAD. The majority of angina patients have no obstructive CAD, particularly among women. This has led to the suggestion that there may be a gender-specific female atherosclerotic phenotype with less epicardial obstruction, and a low CFVR signifying CMD instead. Nevertheless, available evidence indicates low CFVR is an equally important prognostic marker in both men and women. In this review, TTDE CFVR was evaluated regarding indication, practical and technical aspects, and interpretation of results. Association with symptoms and prognosis, comparison with alternative invasive and non-invasive imaging modalities, and possible interventions in angina patients with low CFVR were discussed, and key research questions were proposed.
Effects of pyrroloquinoline quinone supplementation on growth performance and small intestine characteristics in weaned pigs
Authors: Xindi Yin, Dongxu Ming, Lili Bai, Fei Wu, Hu Liu, Yifan Chen, Linlin Sun, Yidong Wan, Philip Alfred Thacker, Guoyao Wu
Published: 2018
Abstract: This study was conducted to explore the effect of graded levels of pyrroloquinoline quinone disodium (PQQ·Na₂) on the performance and intestinal development of weaned pigs. A total of 216 pigs weaned at 28 d were assigned in a randomized complete block design to 6 diets containing 0, 1.5, 3.0, 4.5, 6.0, or 7.5 mg/kg PQQ·Na₂ for 28 d. Performance, diarrhea incidence, intestinal morphology, redox status, cytokines, and the expression of tight junction proteins were determined. Pig had increased ADG (linear, P < 0.01), GF (quadratic, P < 0.01), and lower diarrhea incidence (P < 0.01) with the increase of PQQ·Na₂ supplementation. Villus height increased (quadratic, P < 0.01) in all segments of the small intestine, and crypt depth in the duodenum and jejunum was decreased (linear, P < 0.05) in pigs with the increase of PQQ·Na₂ supplementation. Pigs fed PQQ·Na₂-supplemented diets had higher (P < 0.05) activities of antioxidant enzymes including total superoxide dismutase in duodenum, jejunum, and ileum; glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) in jejunum and ileum; catalase (CAT) in duodenum and ileum; and lower (P < 0.05) malondialdehyde concentrations in the intestinal mucosa of all segments. In the intestinal mucosa, cytokines including interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-2, and interferon-γ were significantly decreased (P < 0.05) in pigs fed PQQ·Na₂-supplemented diets. The protein expression of zonula occludens protein-1 (ZO-1) and occludin in jejunum was significantly increased (P < 0.05) in pigs fed diets containing PQQ·Na₂. In conclusion, these results have indicated that dietary PQQ·Na₂ supplementation improves growth performance and gut health in weaned pigs. Moreover, pigs fed diet with as low as 1.5-mg/kg PQQ·Na₂ have better performance compared with pigs fed no PQQ·Na₂-supplemented diet; pigs fed diet with 4.5-mg/kg PQQ·Na₂ have highest GF among treatments during the whole period.
An unexpected role for RNA-sensing toll-like receptors in a murine model of DNA accrual
Authors: S. Pawaria, K.L. Moody, P. Busto, K. Nündel, R. Baum, S. Sharma, E.M. Gravallese, K.A. Fitzgerald, A. Marshak-Rothstein
Published: 2015
Keywords: TLR7, TLR9, DNaseII, arthritis, autoantibody, anti-nuclear antibody, splenomegaly, extramedullary haematopoiesis, STING, bifunctional antibody
Abstract: Objective. The goal of this study was to determine whether endosomal Tolllike receptors (TLRs) contribute to the clinical manifestation of systemic autoimmunity exhibited by mice that lack the lysosomal nuclease DNaseII.
Methods. DNaseII/IFNaR double deficient mice were intercrossed with Unc93b13d/3d mice to generate DNaseII-/- mice with non-functional endosomal TLRs. The resulting triple deficient mice were evaluated for arthritis, autoantibody production, splenomegaly, and extramedullary haematopoiesis. B cells from both strains were evaluated for their capacity to respond to endogenous DNA by using small oligonucleotide based TLR9 ligands and a novel class of bifunctional anti-DNA antibodies.
Results. Mice that fail to express DNaseII, IFNaR, and Unc93b1 still develop arthritis but do not make autoantibodies, develop splenomegaly, or exhibit extramedullary haematopoiesis. DNaseII-/- IFNaR-/- B cells can respond to synthetic ODNs, but not to endogenous dsDNA.
Conclusion. RNA-reactive TLRs, presumably TLR7, are required for autoantibody production, splenomegaly, and extramedullary haematopoiesis in the DNaseII-/- model of systemic autoimmunity.
Processes of change, pros, cons, and self‑efficacy as variables associated with stage transitions for effective stress management over a month: a longitudinal study
Authors: Ke Deng, Akira Tsuda, Satoshi Horiuchi, Shuntaro Aoki
Published: 2022
Abstract: Background: The transtheoretical model of intentional health behavior change categorizes people into experiencing five stages in understanding the process of initiating and maintaining effective stress management (i.e., engagement in any form of healthy activity that is practiced for at least 20 min per day). The first purpose of this study was to observe whether any cases would disclose stage misclassification over one month. The second was to examine whether different model’s variables are associated with the stage transitions for effective stress management at different stages.
Methods: Data from 946 Chinese students and workers were subjected to analyses. This study is a part of a larger, longitudinal web-based study in which three surveys were conducted in March, April, and September 2014. This study analyzes the data of demographic variables, perceived stress, stages of change, processes of change, pros, cons, and self-efficacy at the point of the first survey and stages of change at the point of the second survey.
Results: Of 144 participants who progressed from the pre-Action stages to the post-Action stages, 44 then progressed to Maintenance (practicing effective stress management for six months or longer). These patterns could not technically occur, and thus, these participants were excluded from the following analyses. Data from the remaining 902 participants were subject to a series of logistic regression analyses. Generally, the model’s variables failed to predict the stage transitions. Exceptions were found that higher experiential processes (the cognitive activities required to progress through stages) and lower self-efficacy (the confidence that one can engage in effective stress management despite barriers to it) predicted the forward and backward stage transitions from Precontemplation (with no intention to initiate effective stress management in the next six months) and Action/Maintenance (practicing effective stress management).
Conclusions: Evidence of stage misclassification indicated the limitations of the model’s stage classification. Experiential processes and self-efficacy as predictors at different stages were in line with the model’s assumption that different variables are assumed to be predictors of stage transitions at different stages, partially supporting the utility of the stage classification.
An integrated approach to the safety assessment of food additives in early life
Authors: Anne Constable, Brinda Mahadevan, Peter Pressman, Jossie A Garthoff, Leo Meunier, Dieter Schrenk, Gerrit Speijers, Aaron O’Sullivan, and A Wallace Hayes
Published: 2017
Keywords: Infant formula, food additives, early life, juvenile toxicity, safety assessments
Abstract: During the development of international standards by the Codex Alimentarius Commission, infant foods and their constituent ingredients are subject to rigorous risk analysis and are strictly regulated by many authorities. Various jurisdictions have approved only a limited number of additives specifically with regard to infant foods to fulfill specific technical requirements of quality. As part of the approval process, a rigorous safety assessment is essential to confirm that the use of additives does not pose any health risk for the consumer. An acceptable daily intake (ADI) may be derived from the toxicological databases. However, the ADI may not be applicable to infants because of the possible developmental sensitivities and potentially high exposure scenarios, leading to possible lower margins of safety than would often be determined for adult populations. There is interest in defining better food safety assessment approaches for pre-weaned infants aged less than 12–16 weeks. To confirm safe use in infants, we reviewed the suitability of the existing safety databases of six additives with historical uses in infant nutrition products. To determine further toxicity testing strategies, it is necessary to understand whether the chemical used in the additives is identical to endogenous physiological metabolites and/or whether immature organs of infants are targets of toxicity. Combined with an in-depth review of the existing relevant toxicological and nutritional studies, this integrated approach will facilitate decision-making. We propose a decision tree as a tool within this approach to help guide appropriate data requirements and identify data gaps. In cases of reasonable uncertainty, studies of targeted juvenile should be considered to investigate the safe use levels in food products.