Question: Is change in bodily distribution of fat and muscle the same or different between males and females during puberty?
Answer: different

Question: Do boys or girls experience a more significant increase in body fat?
Answer: girls

Question: Do boys or girls grow muscle faster during puberty?
Answer: boys

Question: What is the ratio between muscle and fat among post-pubertal boys?
Answer: three to one

Question: What is the ratio between muscle and fat amoung post-pubertal girls?
Answer: five to four

Question: What is a secondary sex characteristic change?
Answer: every change that is not directly related to sexual reproduction

Question: How many Tanner stages are there?
Answer: five

Question: What was the occupation of the person who devised the Tanner categorization system?
Answer: pediatrician

Question: Elevation of the breasts, development of pubic hair, and elevation of the nippes are examples of what type of changes?
Answer: Changes in secondary sex characteristics

Question: Is deepening of the voice in males a primary or secondary sex characteristic?
Answer: secondary

Question: Are children or adolescents more likely to question assertions and less likely to accept facts?
Answer: adolescents

Question: Is refraining from touching a hot stoce a common sense or culturally-relative standard?
Answer: common sense

Question: Is not dating until a certain age a common sense or culturally-relative standard?
Answer: culturally-relative

Question: Who was the first president of the American Psychological Association?
Answer: G. Stanley Hall

Question: From the '50s to the '80s, was the field's focus devoted to describing patterns of behavior or explaining them?
Answer: describing

Question: What was the title of the publication that started the formal study of adolescent psychology?
Answer: Adolescence in 1904

Question: Which theorist is known for his beliefs on evolution?
Answer: Darwin

Question: Do children or adolescents define themselves based on values, thoughts, and opinions?
Answer: adolescents

Question: Which idea is known as the ability of a person to have opinions and beliefs that are defined confidently, consistent, and stable?
Answer: self-concept

Question: How do children tend to define themselves?
Answer: by physical traits

Question: Greater self-awareness, greater awareness of others, and the ability to consider multiple possiblities at once are examples of what kind of developments?
Answer: cognitive

Question: Which adolescent ethninticy is most often studied?
Answer: white

Question: What social class of adolescents is most often studied?
Answer: middle class

Question: The period of one's life that spans late adolescence and early adulthood is known as what?
Answer: youth

Question: Is an inner city or crime-driven neighborhood more or less likely to be detrimental to one's development?
Answer: more likely

Question: Why are children from suburban communities more likely to participate in activies that benefit their identity?
Answer: exposed to more opportunities and better situations in general

Question: What has the largest affect over one's social development?
Answer: relationships

Question: Do a teen's friends have a large or small impact on their social development?
Answer: large

Question: Do adolescents become heavily emotionally invested in friends or are they generally anti-social?
Answer: heavily emotionally invested in friends

Question: Does communication with peers increase or decrease during adolescence?
Answer: increases

Question: Do children or adolescents tend to associae with friends of the opposite sex more?
Answer: Adolescents

Question: How is adolescence defined socially?
Answer: a period of development characterized by a dramatic increase in time spent with peers and a decrease in adult supervision

Question: Did adolescents report more sexual or social events to researchers?
Answer: social events

Question: Why do researchers believe the social event reporting by adolescents (rather than sexual activity) is important?
Answer: focus on the more positive aspects of adolescents

Question: Holding hands with one's partner and telling others about a relationship are examples of what kind of adolescent event?
Answer: romantic

Question: What are the three main types of autonomy?
Answer: emotional independence, behavioral autonomy, and cognitive autonomy

Question: How is behavioral autonomy defined?
Answer: encompasses an adolescent's developing ability to regulate his or her own behavior, to act on personal decisions, and to self-govern

Question: Adolescent cultural differences are especially visible in which type of autonomy?
Answer: Behavioral

Question: How is cognitive autonomy defined?
Answer: the capacity for an adolescent to partake in processes of independent reasoning and decision-making without excessive reliance on social validation

Question: Is an adolescent's mental health at its best when their feelings of autonomy match closely with their parents or when they are at odds?
Answer: match closely

Question: Do American teenagers spend more or less time in shool than adolescents in other countires?
Answer: less

Question: Do American teenagers spend more or less time on leisure activities than adolescents in other countries?
Answer: more

Question: Does the amount of time adolescents spend on work and leisure vary from culture to culture or reman relatively constant?
Answer: varies greatly

Question: What are two potential reasons that adolescents in different cultures spend varying time on work and leisure activities?
Answer: cultural norms and expectations, as well as various socioeconomic factors

Question: Is teenage alcohol drug use at al all-time high or low?
Answer: low

Question: Do teens smoke marijuana or cigarettes more commonly?
Answer: marijuana

Question: Are male or female late adolescents more likely to smoke cigarettes?
Answer: male

Question: What is one possible explanation for the shift towards marijuana and away from cigarettes?
Answer: recent changing social and political views towards marijuana

Question: Are motives behind teen alcohol use varied or uniform across different cultures?
Answer: uniform

Question: What two reasons for adolescent drinking are shared across cultural contexts?
Answer: Social engagement and personal enjoyment

Question: What percentage of Argentenian teens reported drinking to improve a bad mood?
Answer: 7%

Question: What is the most common reason for drinking among adolescents according to surveys in Argentina, Hong Kong, and Canada?
Answer: pleasure and recreation

Question: In Hong Kong, did males or females most frequently report drinking to feel the effects of the alcohol?
Answer: males

Question: The transition from child-to-adulthood can be broadly defined as what?
Answer: adolescence

Question: How long does the United States believe adolescence lasts?
Answer: nearly a decade

Question: Does the time frame of adolescence vary from culture to culture or remain universally agreed upon?
Answer: varies drastically by culture

Question: Leaving school, starting a full-time job, getting married, and becoming a parent for the first time are markers in what stage of one's development, according to Hogan & Astone?
Answer: adolescence

Question: Is adolescence usually accompanied by increased parental supervision or increased independence?
Answer: independence

Question: Do milestones such as driving a vechile, serving on a jury, voting, and marriage all have a common age of responsibility?
Answer: different ages

Question: Is the end of adolescence and beginning of adulthood easily agreed upon or does it vary by country?
Answer: varies by country

Question: When do the first facial hairs present in pubescent males?
Answer: between 14 to 17 years of age

Question: For how long does facial hair continue to get darker, coarser, and thicker?
Answer: 2–4 years after puberty