Question: During what time of year is the Umhlanga Reed Dance?
Answer: late August or early September

Question: What individuals can take part in the Umhlanga Reed Dance?
Answer: childless, unmarried girls

Question: As it relates to girls, what is the purpose of the Umhlanga Reed Dance?
Answer: to preserve girls' chastity

Question: Until what date was Swaziland bound by umchwasho?
Answer: 19 August 2005

Question: What occurs during the custom of umchwaso in Swaziland?
Answer: If any girl became pregnant outside of marriage, her family paid a fine

Question: Who became bound by umchwaso in Swaziland?
Answer: all young girls

Question: From where did the Reed Dance originate?
Answer: the old "umchwasho" custom

Question: What would the end of umchwasho be marked with?
Answer: dancing and feasting

Question: What Latin word does the English word translation come from?
Answer: translatio

Question: What languages use equivalents of the English term "translation" that come from the same Latin source?
Answer: Romance

Question: What does Latin's traducere mean in English?
Answer: "to lead across"

Question: Slavic and Germanic languages also use a similar loanword from what source?
Answer: Latin

Question: What does the Dutch word "vertaling" roughly translate to?
Answer: "re-language-ing"

Question: How much has translation changed since antiquity?
Answer: hardly

Question: What have general been prudent about?
Answer: seeking equivalents

Question: For crucial values, what type of values do translators use where possible?
Answer: literal

Question: What kind of diversity has the practice of translation had?
Answer: theoretical

Question: When were there some extreme metaphrasers?
Answer: early Christian period and the Middle Ages

Question: What have translators tried to preserve?
Answer: context itself

Question: How do translators preserve context?
Answer: reproducing the original order of sememes

Question: What is it sometimes necessary to reinterpret when translating?
Answer: grammatical structure

Question: What is the active voice sometimes shifted to when needed?
Answer: passive

Question: What are the syntax characteristics of a text's source language adjusted to for a target language?
Answer: syntactic requirements

Question: A greater ratio of metaphrase to paraphrase can be used translating when there as been greater what between languages?
Answer: contact and exchange

Question: What is a common etymology sometimes misleading as?
Answer: guide to current meaning

Question: What does the French "actuel" mean in English?
Answer: present

Question: How would you convey that something is "presently of importance" in Swedish?
Answer: aktuell

Question: To indicate something is feasible in Polish, what word could be used?
Answer: aktualny

Question: How long has a translator's part in bridging values between cultures been discussed?
Answer: at least since Terence

Question: What did Terence adapt from the Greek's?
Answer: comedies

Question: A translator's role is less like a robot and more like a what?
Answer: artist

Question: Where was the concept of parallel creation found?
Answer: Cicero

Question: Who remarked about Alexander Pope playing Homer on a flageolet?
Answer: Samuel Johnson

Question: When it comes to translation, what is less commonly used today?
Answer: earlier approaches

Question: When do earlier approaches to translation still have relevance for historians?
Answer: when historians view ancient or medieval records

Question: What do historians try to piece together from pre-Western environments?
Answer: events

Question: What do Chinese and related translations retain unique to their tradition?
Answer: theories and philosophies

Question: When did translation of material into Arabic begin to increase?
Answer: 5th century

Question: What allowed the expansion of Arabic translations during the 5th century?
Answer: creation of Arabic script

Question: What material was initial Arab translations primarily focused on?
Answer: politics

Question: What cultures' classical works were later translated into Arabic?
Answer: Greek and Persian

Question: What type of translation drew heavily on earlier Near Eastern traditions?
Answer: Arabic

Question: Why are Arabic translation efforts important to Western translation traditions?
Answer: centuries of close contacts and exchanges

Question: When did Europeans begin more intense studying of Arabic translations of classical works?
Answer: after the Renaissance

Question: What did Arabic, and to a less extent Persian, become to Europeans?
Answer: important sources of material

Question: What helped revitalize Western translation traditions from Arabic?
Answer: techniques

Question: What would Western traditions eventually do?
Answer: overtake the Islamic and oriental traditions

Question: What transformed Arabic languages?
Answer: movement to translate English and European texts

Question: What came to be valued over previous convolutions?
Answer: new words, simplified syntax, and directness

Question: Who expressed skepticism regarding the transformation of Arabic?
Answer: Educated Arabs and Turks

Question: What was legitimate knowledge no longer defined by?
Answer: texts in the religious schools

Question: What was a neologism expressing the introduction of new ideas via translation?
Answer: Darwinism

Question: What two countries divvied up the Middle East's countries after WWI?
Answer: Britain and France

Question: What was the dividing up of the Middle Eastern countries in violation of?
Answer: solemn wartime promises of postwar Arab autonomy

Question: A reaction to Britain and France's actions was the emergence of what group in Egypt?
Answer: Muslim Brotherhood

Question: de Bellaigne attributed the growth of Islamism and militarism to what Western catalyst?
Answer: empire-builders

Question: What did the aspirations of the Muslim world's translators find themselves yielding to?
Answer: retrograde currents

Question: Where do many non-transparent translation theories delve for concepts?
Answer: German Romanticism

Question: What nationality was Friedrich Schleiermacher?
Answer: German

Question: When did Schleiermacher publish his lecture "On the Different Methods of Translation"?
Answer: 1813

Question: Moving the writer toward the reader would be an example of what type of translation method?
Answer: transparency

Question: What method of translation did Schleiermacher favor?
Answer: extreme fidelity to the foreignness of the source text

Question: What is sometimes used to check the accuracy of a translation?
Answer: Comparison of a back-translation with the original text

Question: How are mathematical operations checked?
Answer: by reversing the operation

Question: What operations are results from not always completely reliable?
Answer: reverse-translation operations

Question: What symbol set has a defining property of ambiguity?
Answer: linguistic

Question: What symbol set has the property of being intentionally unequivocal?
Answer: mathematical

Question: Who provided a humorous example of the unreliability of back-translation? 
Answer: Mark Twain

Question: When was Twain's back-translation published?
Answer: 1903

Question: For what language did Twain create a back-translation?
Answer: French

Question: What include a synopsized adaptation of Twain's story?
Answer: "Private History of the 'Jumping Frog' Story"

Question: What had been thought for a while to be an independent ancient Greek precursor to Twain's story?
Answer: "The Athenian and the Frog"

Question: What do researchers use back-translation to try to reconstruct when a document survives only in translation?
Answer: the original text

Question: Who was Jan Potocki?
Answer: Polish aristocrat

Question: What language was The Saragossa Manuscript originally written in?
Answer: French

Question: When had Edmund Chojecki translated portions of the Saragossa Manuscript into Polish from French?
Answer: 1847