Question: Multilateral treaties are often entered into by countries that share the same what?
Answer: region

Question: What are caveats to a state's acceptance of a treaty?
Answer: Reservations

Question: What are unilateral statements purporting to exclude or to modify the legal obligation and its effects on a state?
Answer: Reservations

Question: When must reservations be included in a treaty?
Answer: at the time of signing or ratification

Question: What are parties to a treaty forbidden to do after they have already joined a treaty?
Answer: add a reservation

Question: A reserving party to a treaty may include a statement that attempts to do what to its legal obligations or their effects?
Answer: exclude or to modify

Question: A more permissive rule regarding what emerged to encourage the largest number of states to join treaties?
Answer: reservations

Question: Reservations are generally permitted so long as they are not what?
Answer: inconsistent with the goals and purposes of the treaty

Question: How did international law originally respond to treaty reservations?
Answer: rejecting them

Question: Originally reservations were rejected under international law unless which parties of the treaty accepted them?
Answer: all parties

Question: Because they are generally accepted under international law, a treaty must forbid reservations in what manner to prevent their adoption?
Answer: expressly

Question: When a state adds reservations to a treaty, other parties to the treaty can respond to those reservations in what ways?
Answer: accept those reservations, object to them, or object and oppose them

Question: Who remains unaffected when a party's reservation is accepted by a second party?
Answer: other parties to the treaty

Question: What happens to the parts of the treaty affected by a rejected reservation as they concern the reserving and rejecting parties?
Answer: drop out completely

Question: What legal obligations exist between two state parties if one objects and opposes the other's reservations?
Answer: no legal obligations

Question: If a state party objects and opposes another state's reservations it essentially refuses to acknowledge what?
Answer: the reserving state is a party to the treaty

Question: How many ways are there to amend an existing treaty?
Answer: three

Question: What must state parties to a treaty repeat to adopt a formal amendment to the treaty?
Answer: the ratification process

Question: What amendment process is generally reserved for changes that rectify obvious errors in the text?
Answer: a procès-verbal

Question: Parties to an original treaty and an amended treaty are bound to what terms?
Answer: the terms they both agreed upon

Question: In addition to the often long and protracted nature of treaty renegotiation, what negative outcome might result from the process?
Answer: some parties to the original treaty will not become parties to the amended treaty

Question: What is a treaty that supplements a previous treaty in international law?
Answer: a protocol

Question: A protocol may either amend a previous treaty or do what?
Answer: add additional provisions

Question: Do parties to a treaty have an obligation to adopt a later protocol?
Answer: not required

Question: What do we sometimes call an agreement that supplements a treaty especially when few parties to the treaty support the protocol?
Answer: an "optional protocol"

Question: A protocol may add additional provisions to a treaty or else do what?
Answer: amend the previous treaty

Question: The Kyoto Protocol is associated with what treaty?
Answer: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

Question: The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change was supplemented by what protocol?
Answer: the Kyoto Protocol

Question: The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change established a framework for the development of what?
Answer: binding greenhouse gas emission limits

Question: While the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change established a framework for developing greenhouse gas emission limits, the Kyoto Protocol contained what?
Answer: the specific provisions and regulations later agreed upon

Question: The agreement that contained specific provisions related to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change is an example of what agreement that supplements a treaty?
Answer: Protocol

Question: A treaty that puts all of its obligations in action simply by becoming a party to it is known as what?
Answer: self-executing

Question: What do non-self-executing treaties typically require from a party to enable it to fulfill its obligations?
Answer: implementing legislation

Question: What is "implementing legislation" that is required by a party to a treaty to enable it to fulfill its obligations under the treaty?
Answer: a change in the domestic law of a state party

Question: A treaty requiring local prosecution by a party for particular crimes is an example of which type of treaty?
Answer: non-self-executing

Question: Signing a self-executing treaty automatically does what for a party?
Answer: puts the treaty and all of its obligations in action

Question: What type of treaty cannot be acted on without the proper change in domestic law?
Answer: a non-self-executing treaty

Question: A state party may be in default of its obligations under a non-self-executing treaty if its legislature fails to do what?
Answer: pass the necessary domestic laws

Question: What institution of a party to a treaty must act to fulfill the party's obligations under a non-self-executing treaty?
Answer: its legislature

Question: The often unclear division between a self-executing treaty and a non-self-executing treaty can lead to a treaty being what if disagreements exist within a party?
Answer: politicized

Question: A treaty may be politicized due to disagreements within a party because the division between a self-executing treaty and a non-self-executing treaty can often be described as what?
Answer: not clear

Question: What principle is often invoked by legal experts when interpreting the language of treaties?
Answer: principle of maximum effectiveness

Question: The principle of maximum effectiveness interprets the language of treaties as having what effect to establish obligations between parties?
Answer: the fullest force and effect

Question: What states that treaties are to be interpreted "in good faith" according to the "ordinary meaning given to the terms of the treaty in their context and in light of its object and purpose?"
Answer: The Vienna Convention

Question: What property of treaties must often be interpreted when it's not clear?
Answer: The language

Question: Besides unclear language what might also arise that necessitates the interpretation of the language of a treaty?
Answer: a perhaps unforeseen circumstance

Question: No one party to a treaty can do what to the other parties?
Answer: impose its particular interpretation of the treaty

Question: What may be implied of other parties fail to explicitly disavow a party's initially unilateral interpretation of a treaty?
Answer: Consent

Question: Consent for a party's unilateral interpretation of a treaty may be implied if that state has acted upon its view of the treat without what from another party?
Answer: complaint

Question: Consent by all parties to a treaty to a particular interpretation of the treaty has what legal effect?
Answer: adding another clause to the treaty

Question: The legal effect of adding another clause to a treaty that occurs when all parties to a treaty consent to a particular interpretation of the treaty is commonly known as what?
Answer: an 'authentic interpretation'

Question: What are international tribunals and arbiters often called upon to resolve in regards to treaties?
Answer: substantial disputes over treaty interpretations