Question: What was the benefit of being a Vestal?
Answer: political influence

Question: To whom did the Vestal answer?
Answer: Pontifex Maximus

Question: What vow was required of Vestals?
Answer: chastity

Question: How were the Vestals' devotion to Rome's security viewed to be ?
Answer: essential

Question: What was the punishment for the loss of a Vestal's chastity?
Answer: buried alive

Question: What was a Vestal expected to be to her duties?
Answer: devoted

Question: What was the honor granted a Vestal ?
Answer: religious

Question: Where could a householder rekindle the home's flame?
Answer: Vesta's flame

Question: For what state artifacts did the Vestals care?
Answer: Lares and Penates

Question: What was the Vestal festival called?
Answer: Vestalia

Question: To what part of official state sacrifices did the Vestals attend?
Answer: mola salsa

Question: What was the nature of the role of the Vestals in state sacrifices?
Answer: Indirect

Question: What group's status was improved by Augustus' religious reforms?
Answer: Vestals

Question: What advantage was there in being a Vestal at games?
Answer: seating

Question: For whose cult were the Vestals appointed as priestesses?
Answer: Livia

Question: Until what time did the Vestal retain their social distinctions?
Answer: 4th century

Question: Which emperor disbanded the Vestals?
Answer: Theodosius I

Question: In what area did public rites take place in Rome?
Answer: sacred precinct

Question: What person marked the religious area ritually?
Answer: augur

Question: What was the original meaning of the templum in Latin?
Answer: sacred space

Question: Who designated the first boundary of Rome?
Answer: Romulus

Question: What did augers seek to understand through observances?
Answer: divine will

Question: What process did haruspicy use to divine the will of the gods?
Answer: examination of entrails

Question: Which of the entrails was especially important to augury?
Answer: liver

Question: To which group can haruspicy to traced?
Answer: Etruscan

Question: What type of private  individual had several generals and politicians used to validate their actions?
Answer: diviners

Question: What type of diviners did the armies use to determine the will of the gods?
Answer: public haruspices

Question: What were considered to be natural transgressions by the Romans?
Answer: Prodigies

Question: Of what were prodigies predictors?
Answer: conflict and misfortune

Question: What did prodigies show the Romans?
Answer: divine anger

Question: What did the expiation of a prodigy impose?
Answer: dedicated rites

Question: What group determined the truth of a prodigy?
Answer: Senate

Question: What author wrote of disaster prodigies?
Answer: Livy

Question: What type of sacrifices were required to expiate the minor prodigies ?
Answer: lesser victims

Question: Of what did the greater prodigies require in sacrifice?
Answer: greater victims

Question: Of what did Livy think the prodigies proved about Roman religion?
Answer: widespread failure

Question: What is the only proof of religious success over prodigies?
Answer: Rome's victory

Question: From what source does information of Roman thought about the afterlife come?
Answer: educated elite

Question: What type of practices were those affecting the care of the dead?
Answer: archaic

Question: What did the ancient Romans expect after death?
Answer: afterlife

Question: With whom did the  early Romans expect to associate?
Answer: gods

Question: What did later Romans invest in rather than grave offerings?
Answer: monumental endowments

Question: What type of rites varied in accordance with status and religion?
Answer: Funeral and commemorative

Question: What was the grave sacrifice in Cicero's time?
Answer: sow

Question: What class gave only wine and food as a grave offering?
Answer: less well-off

Question: What was the multi day of remembrance for the dead? 
Answer: Parentalia

Question: What goddess was an intermediary  between the dead and the living?
Answer: Ceres

Question: What group's burial practices over-lapped with the Roman's?
Answer: Christian

Question: What items were shared among Christian and non- Christians?
Answer: Tombs

Question: What did St Augustine believe that funeral feasts gave an opportunity for?
Answer: alms of food

Question: When was Christian attendance at Parentalia become forbidden by the Christians?
Answer: AD 567

Question: How did the Romans view the corpse of the dead?
Answer: ritual pollution

Question: How were Roman camps laid out?
Answer: standard pattern

Question: For what purpose were Roman camps arranged?
Answer: defense and religious ritual

Question: Of what were Roman camps diminutive versions?
Answer: Rome

Question: What was in the center of each Roman camp?
Answer: commander's headquarters

Question: What does the religious rites performed before battle suggest that the camp has become?
Answer: divine templum

Question: What type of personnel did every camp have?
Answer: religious

Question: What officer headed the religious personnel of a Roman camp?
Answer: senior magistrate-commander

Question: In the Imperial era, what cult did legionnaires follow?
Answer: emperor

Question: Even in other places, of what did the legions keep observance?
Answer: Rome's official festivals

Question: What person was considered to be "Mother of the camp''?
Answer: Empress

Question: What was a Roman general's most extreme offering?
Answer: devotio

Question: What Roman general had a dream of his fate in battle?
Answer: Decius Mus

Question: With what does the devotio link to military ethics?
Answer: Roman gladiator

Question: By dying what did Decius avoid for the battle?
Answer: disastrous consequences

Question: Who wrote a detailed account of the demise of Decius Mus?
Answer: Livy

Question: What general was consul in 249 BC?
Answer: Publius Claudius Pulcher

Question: What type of campaign did Publius fight?
Answer: sea

Question: What was Publius's critical mistake in his sea campaign?
Answer: defiance of the omen

Question: How did Publius fare in his battle?
Answer: defeated

Question: What was the cause of Publius's failures according to Roman feeling?
Answer: impiety

Question: What was the amount of participation by women in religious observances?
Answer: limited

Question: What religious act did women not perform?
Answer: animal sacrifice

Question: What priesthood was reserved solely for women?
Answer: Vestals

Question: What Roman rites excluded men?
Answer: Bona Dea

Question: With what are many deities aligned for women in Rome's religions? 
Answer: motherhood

Question: What was excessive religious fervor in Rome's religions?
Answer: superstitio

Question: What was excessive religio equated with in Rome?
Answer: superstition

Question: What was the basis of Roman religion?
Answer: knowledge

Question: Doing what type of actions were considered to be wrong in Rome?
Answer: more than was necessary

Question: What type of knowledge seeking was superstitio considered to be?
Answer: inappropriate

Question: What type of diviners were suspect in Rome?
Answer: private diviners

Question: What was the purpose to be discovered by state sanctioned diviners?
Answer: will of the gods

Question: What action was not to be sought by state diviners?
Answer: foretelling the future

Question: What group of people were several times expelled from Rome?
Answer: Astrologers and magicians

Question: What had an astrologer predicted to warrant from Rome by Tiberius?
Answer: death

Question: What word was used by the Romans for practitioners of magic?
Answer: magi

Question: To what did the term magi originally refer?
Answer: Persian priests

Question: Who wrote a skeptical work outlining magic and its use?
Answer: Pliny the Elder

Question: What was the title of Pliny's work on magic?
Answer: "History of magical arts"

Question: Who was a noted magician who could vanish into thin air?
Answer: Apollonius of Tyana