Question: What did the Supreme Court cite as the intent of Congress in enacting the Endangered Species Act?
Answer: to halt and reverse the trend toward species extinction, whatever the cost

Question: Which two federal agencies administer the Act?
Answer: the United States Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)

Question: In what year did the Endangered Species Act become law?
Answer: 1973

Question: What was the historical range of the whooping crane?
Answer: central Canada South to Mexico, and from Utah to the Atlantic coast

Question: What two issues caused steady decline in the whooping crane population?
Answer: Unregulated hunting and habitat loss

Question: What was the estimated population of the whooping crane in 1941?
Answer: 16 birds

Question: How many years after the noted absence of the whooping crane from its breeding range did the first law regulating wildlife commerce pass
Answer: eight years

Question: What was the first federal law that regulated wildlife commerce?
Answer: Lacey Act of 1900

Question: What did the first federal wildlife commerce law prohibit?
Answer: interstate commerce of animals killed in violation of state game laws

Question: What wildlife was covered by the first federal wildlife commerce regulation?
Answer: all fish and wildlife and their parts or products, as well as plants

Question: What law passed in 1940 regarding the population of the U.S. national bird?
Answer: Bald Eagle Protection Act of 1940

Question: What did the Endangered Species Act authorize the Secretary of the Interior to do?
Answer: list endangered domestic fish and wildlife

Question: The Endangered Species Act permitted how much annual expenditure by the US Fish and Wildlife Service for habitat purchase?
Answer: $15 million per year

Question: The Endangered Species Act gave the Secretary of the Interior administrative power of what organization?
Answer: the National Wildlife Refuge System

Question: How did the Endangered Species Act impact wildlife commerce?
Answer: The act did not address the commerce in endangered species and parts

Question: How did the Endangered Species Act impact other agencies not specifically mentioned in the Act?
Answer: Other public agencies were encouraged, but not required, to protect species

Question: What is the nickname given to the first listing of endangered species?
Answer: "Class of '67"

Question: How was the first listing limited in what species were listed?
Answer: It included only vertebrates

Question: What was concluded to be the biggest threat to the listed species?
Answer: habitat destruction

Question: How did being listed initially impact species?
Answer: the animals on the endangered species list still were not getting enough protection, thus further threatening their extinction

Question: When was the Endangered Species Conservation Act passed?
Answer: December, 1969

Question: How did the Endangered Species Conservation Act benefit endangered species?
Answer: by prohibiting their importation and subsequent sale in the United States

Question: What did the Endangered Species Conservation Act add to the wildlife definition of the Lacey Act?
Answer: mammals, reptiles, amphibians, mollusks and crustaceans

Question: What two reptiles were particularly of interest for the inclusion of "reptiles" in the Endangered Species Conservation Act?
Answer: alligators and crocodiles

Question: What important precedent did this set for invertebrates?
Answer: This law was the first time that invertebrates were included for protection

Question: Who led the team of lawyers and scientists who crafted the Endangered Species Act of 1973?
Answer: Dr. Russell E. Train

Question: The team leader was the first appointed head of what organization?
Answer: the Council on Environmental Quality

Question: Who wrote the most challenged section of the Act?
Answer: Dr. Gerard A. "Jerry" Bertrand

Question: Who was the core staffer to the legislation that worked for the EPA and continued to work in the Office of Endangered Species?
Answer: Dr. Earl Baysinger

Question: What Congress called for the drafting of the Endangered Species Act of 1973?
Answer: the 93rd United States Congress

Question: How many different ways can a species be added to the endangered list?
Answer: two ways

Question: What federal program is used to list a species?
Answer: candidate assessment program

Question: How long is the screening period of an individual's or organization's petition to add a species to the list
Answer: 90-day screening period

Question: In the case of vertebrates, what is the most lenient interpretation of "species"?
Answer: a "distinct population segment."

Question: What word was added to the Endangered Species Act in 1982?
Answer: "solely"

Question: Because of the change to the Endangered Species Act in 1982, what is the only consideration for being listed as endangered?
Answer: the biological status of the species

Question: Which president issued an Executive Order that required financial consideration of all government actions?
Answer: Ronald Reagan

Question: What did Congress do to the Executive Order that would have included financial considerations as a factor for a species to be listed?
Answer: Congress rejected

Question: How is public notice given regarding a listing?
Answer: through legal notices in newspapers, and communicated to state and county agencies within the species' area

Question: How long after a published notice of the listing may a public hearing regarding the listing be requested?
Answer: 45 days

Question: Do listing notices cross international soil?
Answer: Foreign nations may also receive notice of a listing

Question: What section of the Endangered Species Act establishes critical habitat regulations?
Answer: Section 4

Question: Critical habitat regulation links what two topics?
Answer: habitat protection and recovery goals

Question: What does critical habitat regulation require?
Answer: the identification and protection of all lands, water and air necessary to recover endangered species

Question: What is an example of a critical habitat consideration that would apply to plant wildlife?
Answer: seed germination and dispersal needs

Question: How are non-federal government activities that might impact critical habitat often subject to the Endangered Species Act?
Answer: require a federal permit

Question: What are some non-regulation actions that critical habitats encourage?
Answer: land purchases, grant making, restoration, and establishment of reserves

Question: What does the Endangered Species Act detail about government action regarding critical habitats?
Answer: federal agencies are prohibited from authorizing, funding or carrying out actions that "destroy or adversely modify" critical habitats

Question: What is the time limit for designating a species critical habitat after the species has been added to the endangered list?
Answer: within one year

Question: Which presidential adminstration limited the protective status of critical habitat in 1986?
Answer: the Reagan Administration

Question: After the limitations placed on critical habitat were lifted by the courts, where were critical habitats established primarily?
Answer: Hawaii, California and other western states

Question: Where have the majority of critical habitats in the Midwest and Eastern states been located geographically?
Answer: primarily on rivers and coastlines

Question: What four topics are required in an Endangered Species Recovery Plan?
Answer: goals, tasks required, likely costs, and estimated timeline to recover endangered species

Question: What is the time limit for completing an Endangered Species Recovery Plan?
Answer: The ESA does not specify when a recovery plan must be completed.

Question: What Recovery Plan duration the does Fish and Wildlife Service plan for in their policies?
Answer: completion within three years