Question: Which event destroyed the former patronage and corporatism of France and allowed women to participate in society?
Answer: French Revolution

Question: Where was Bibliotheque Bleue located?
Answer: Troyes, France

Question: For what audience were the books of the Bibliotheque Bleue written?
Answer: largely rural and semi-literate

Question: Which two influential periodicals  were closely associated with London coffee house culture and were sold from 1909 to 1714? 
Answer: The Tatler and The Spectator

Question: What collection of cheaply produced books represents the lower class' desire to participate in the Enlightenment?
Answer: Bibliothèque Bleue

Question: Who was the target audience of natural history?
Answer: French polite society

Question: Many texts had explicit instructive purposes as Naturalists catered to polite society's desire for what?
Answer: erudition

Question: The idea of what quality was a social indicator that provided a new source of legitimacy for the dominant class?
Answer: taste (le goût)

Question: Was the target audience of natural history evidenced more by the price of publications or its specific discourse of the genre?
Answer: specific discourse of the genre

Question: Who drafted the first technical dictionary?
Answer: John Harris

Question: What was the first technical dictionary drafted by John Harris titled?
Answer: Lexicon Technicum: Or, An Universal English Dictionary of Arts and Sciences

Question: Did the Lexicon Technicum focus on theological and biographical entries or science and technology?
Answer: science and technology

Question: What year was the Lexicon Technicum published?
Answer: 1704

Question: In what language was the Lexicon Technicum written?
Answer: English

Question: What book was published in 1686 specifically for women with an interest in scientific writing?
Answer: Conversations on the Plurality of Worlds

Question: Who was the author of Conversations on the Plurality of Worlds (1686)?
Answer: Bernard de Fontenelle

Question: Who wrote a successful natural history textbook for children titled The Easy Introduction to the Knowledge of Nature (1782)?
Answer: Sarah Trimmer

Question: How many editions were published of Sarah Trimmer's history textbook for children?
Answer: eleven

Question: Emilie du Chatelet's translation of what Newton work was published after her death in 1756?
Answer: Principia

Question: The practice of contests dates back to what time period?
Answer: Middle Ages

Question: Previous to 1725, what subject matter was focused on by the concours academiques?
Answer: generally religious and/or monarchical

Question: Which topics of public controversy became more widely discussed around 1725?
Answer: theories of Newton and Descartes, the slave trade, women's education, and justice

Question: Were the concours academiques public or private matters?
Answer: public

Question: Where did the first English coffeehouse open in 1650?
Answer: Oxford

Question: According to Brian Cowan, was learning more or less formal in coffehouses as opposed to private institutions?
Answer: less

Question: What term did Brian Cowan give Oxford coffeehouses?
Answer: penny universities

Question: Diderot, Voltaire, Mozart, Goethe, and Benjamin Franklin were all members of what secret network?
Answer: Freemasonry

Question: To whom was Freemasonry most attractive?
Answer: powerful aristocrats and politicians as well as intellectuals, artists and political activists

Question: Freemasonry expanded rapidly to nearly every country in which continent?
Answer: Europe

Question: Trying to apply Enlightenment thought on religious and political tolerance became known as what?
Answer: enlightened absolutism

Question: Which two Americans travelled to Europe during the Enlightenment and actively contributed to the scienific and political debate?
Answer: Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson

Question: The ideals of the Enlightenment were incorporated into which two United States documents?
Answer: Declaration of Independence and the Constitution

Question: Did the scientific revolution precede or follow the Age of Enlightenment?
Answer: preceded

Question: Kant's work continued to shape German thought and European philosophy well into what century?
Answer: 20th

Question: In what year was Immanuel Kant born?
Answer: 1724

Question: For which work is Mary Wollstonecraft best known?
Answer: A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1791)

Question: In what year was A Vindication on the Rights of Woman published?
Answer: 1791

Question: Mary Wollstonecraft argued for a society based on what idea?
Answer: reason

Question: The basis of classical liberalism comes from whose philosophical concepts?
Answer: Hume

Question: Whose philosophical concepts directly influenceed James Madison and thus the U.S. Constitution?
Answer: Hume

Question: Who popularised Hume's philosophical concepts?
Answer: Dugald Stewart

Question: What did Locke, Hobbes, and Rousseau agree was necessary for a man to live in civil society?
Answer: social contract

Question: Who wrote Discourse on Inequality?
Answer: Rousseau

Question: Which theorist wrote Two Treatises of Government?
Answer: Locke

Question: For what reason did Rousseau feel people joined into civil society?
Answer: to achieve unity while preserving individual freedom

Question: From which state does Locke believe it is virtually improssible to break free?
Answer: state of war

Question: Leaders of the Enlightenment that helped design laws and programs to reform the court system are called what by historians?
Answer: enlightened despots

Question: Which enlightened despot was so over-enthusiastic that revolts broke out and nearly all of his programs were reversed?
Answer: Joseph II of Austria

Question: In what country was the model constitution of 1791 in effect for only one year?
Answer: Poland

Question: From what country was Enlightenment leader Catherine the Great?
Answer: Russia

Question: Did Mendelssohn and Spinoza judge religion on its moral fruits or logic of its theology??
Answer: moral fruits

Question: What did Enlightenment scholars seek to curtail and thereby prevent another age of intolerant religious war?
Answer: organized religion

Question: Spinoza was determined to remove what from contemporary and historical theology?
Answer: politics

Question: Did Moses Mendelssohn advise to follow a specific organized religion, or to whatever one found most convincing?
Answer: what they found most convincing

Question: Who did Voltaire say that France looked to for ideas of civilization?
Answer: Scotland

Question: What was the profession of James Anderson?
Answer: agronomist

Question: Who was the first modern geologist?
Answer: James Hutton

Question: William Cullen and Joseph Black shared what two occupations?
Answer: physicist and chemist

Question: In what year was the French term Lumieres first used?
Answer: 1733

Question: What term became the German equivalent to the French term Lumieres?
Answer: Aufklärung

Question: In what century did the term Enlightenment emerge in English?
Answer: 19th

Question: What is the Italian equivalent to the French term Lumieres?
Answer: illuminismo

Question: Did the terms, Enlightenment, Lumieres, Aufklarung and illuminismo refer to distinct or overlapping movements?
Answer: overlapping

Question: Did rising efficiency in production and communication lower or raise the prices of consumer goods?
Answer: lowered

Question: Was the variety of goods available to consumers increased or decreased by the economic and social change of the Industrial Revolution?
Answer: increased

Question: The context for the rise of the public sphere was the econoic and social change associated with what revolution?
Answer: Industrial Revolution

Question: A the economy and middle class expanded, what artistic profession had an increasing number of members?
Answer: musicians