Question: To what study did Mimamsa give rise?
Answer: philology

Question: What did the Mimamsa school think that language was meant to describe?
Answer: proper, correct and right

Question: What school thought that language was supposed to be widened to describe and develop?
Answer: Vedantins

Question: What parts of the Vedas did the Mimamsa school emphasize?
Answer: early parts

Question: What sections of the Vedas did the Verdanta school favor?
Answer: latter parts

Question: On which sutras did the Vedanta school focus?
Answer: Upanishads and Brahma

Question: In what time did the Vedanta school become active?
Answer: first millennium BCE

Question: Which is the most developed and well known of the Hindu schools?
Answer: Vedānta

Question: How many ways did the Vedantins have of gaining knowledge?
Answer: five or six methods

Question: On what was dependent for the choice of methods in gaining knowledge?
Answer: sub-school

Question: What did the Vedanta school represent in Hindu philosophy?
Answer: knowledge-centered understanding

Question: On what aspects of Vedic did the Vedanta understanding focus?
Answer: jnana

Question: On what did the Vedanta school lessen focus?
Answer: ritualism

Question: Due to differences in text interpretations,into  what did the Vedanta school separate?
Answer: many sub-schools

Question: What metaphysical concepts were included in the Vedanta school? 
Answer: ātman and Brahman

Question: What means 
Answer: Advaita

Question: According to a school of Vedanta, what is all reality?
Answer: Brahman

Question: What concepts of metaphysics are included in Vedanta?
Answer: māyā and ātman

Question: How is the reality of maya viewed in Vedanta?
Answer: always changing

Question: To what does the concept of atman refer?
Answer: soul

Question: To what do Advaita Vedantins view atman as the same?
Answer: Brahman

Question: What is the philosophy of dualism?
Answer: Viśiṣṭādvaita

Question: Who was the leader in pushing the philosophy of Visistadvaita?
Answer: Ramanuja

Question: When did Ramanuja live?
Answer: c. 1037–1137

Question: For the existence of what did the Visistadvaita philosophy argue?
Answer: Supreme Being

Question: What being did Ramanuja believe was the personification of Brahman
Answer: Vishnu

Question: Of what does Dvaita Vedanta theorize the existence?
Answer: two separate realities

Question: To what entity is the Vedanta Vishnu similar in other religions?
Answer: monotheistic God

Question: How is the God of Dvaita different from that of Advaita in actions?
Answer: takes on a personal role

Question: As what did the Dvaita school view dualism?
Answer: permanent

Question: Who did the Dvaita school identify as the Supreme Being?
Answer: Vishnu

Question: What early philosopher proposed Dvaitadvaita?
Answer: Nimbarka

Question: In what century did Nimbarka live?
Answer: 13th-century

Question: How many categories of existence are there in Dvaitadvaita?
Answer: three

Question: What are the categories of existence in Dvaitadvaita?
Answer: Brahman, soul, and matter

Question: Who is named as the highest entity worshiped in Dvaitadvaita?
Answer: Krishna

Question: In what text is Shaivism recounted?
Answer: Śvetāśvatara Upanishad

Question: When was the text on Shaivism written?
Answer: 400 – 200 BCE

Question: Who reported the major schools of Shaivism?
Answer: Vidyaranya

Question: How many major schools of Shaivism did Vidyaranya mention?
Answer: three

Question: What is the Kashmir Shaivism mentioned by Vidyaranya?
Answer: Pratyabhijña

Question: What is the oldest school of Shaivism?
Answer: Pāśupata Shaivism

Question: Who organized the Pasupata philosophy?
Answer: Lakulish

Question: When did Lakulish systematize the Pasupata Shaivism? 
Answer: 2nd century CE

Question: What school of philosophy did the Pasupatas dislike?
Answer: Vaishnava theology

Question: What aspect of Vaishnava was unpalatable for the Pasupatas?
Answer: servitude of souls

Question: What group divided the world into two parts?
Answer: Pāśupatas

Question: Into what parts did the Pasupatas divide the world?
Answer: insentient and the sentient

Question: In what staet was the insentient considered to be?
Answer: unconscious

Question: How was the sentient seen as being?
Answer: conscious

Question: For the Pasupatas, how was the union of the soul with God achieved?
Answer: through the intellect

Question: What type of philosophy does both Kasmir Shaivism and Advaita Vedanta share?
Answer: non-dual

Question: What aspect do non-dual philosophies give to the highest order of worship?
Answer: Universal Consciousness

Question: As what does Kashmir Shaivism view the conscious world?
Answer: real

Question: Which group sees the world as illusion?
Answer: Advaita

Question: According to Kashmir Shaivism, what is the goal in belief?
Answer: merge in Shiva

Question: What are the two most powerful political parties in the United States?
Answer: Democratic Party and the Republican Party

Question: Name a nation that has a one-party political system.
Answer: China

Question: How are political parties elected in democracies? 
Answer: the electorate

Question: What are some countries that have multiple powerful political parties?
Answer: Germany and India

Question: Around what time did the first political factions start to emerge?
Answer: late-17th-century England

Question: Who was the dominate political party for the first half of the 18th century?
Answer: Whigs

Question: Who was the leader if the Whigs?
Answer: Robert Walpole

Question: In what year did the jacobite rising fail?
Answer: 1715

Question: Who's liberal political ideas influenced the Whigs?
Answer: John Locke

Question: Name the two people who's concepts of universal rights influenced the Whigs.
Answer: Locke and Algernon Sidney

Question: Did the Whigs want to limit the monarch's power?
Answer: championing constitutional monarchy with strict limits on the monarch's power

Question: Did the Whigs support or oppose the Catholic king?
Answer: the Whigs adamantly opposed a Catholic king as a threat to liberty

Question: Who did the Tories oppose?
Answer: Whigs

Question: Who did the Tories occasionally cooperate with?
Answer: the "Opposition Whigs"

Question: When did the Tories regain power?
Answer: 1760

Question: For how long were the Tories dismissed from office?
Answer: half a century

Question: Why could the Tories and the Opposition Whigs never form a single party?
Answer: ideological gap

Question: Who was the first distinctive Whig party that emerged from the chaos?
Answer: the Rockingham Whigs

Question: Who was the leader of the Rockingham Whigs?
Answer: Charles Watson-Wentworth

Question: What was the description for the basic framework of the Rockingham Whigs party?
Answer: "a body of men united for promoting by their joint endeavours the national interest, upon some particular principle in which they are all agreed"

Question: Did the Rockingham Whigs ever regain power as a opposition to the government?
Answer: remained out of power as a united opposition to government.

Question: What was the modern Conservative party created from?
Answer: the 'Pittite' Tories

Question: Who Issued the Tamworth manifesto?
Answer: Robert Peel

Question: Which party did the Whigs, along with others form?
Answer: the Liberal Party

Question: In what year was the Tamworth manifesto introduced?
Answer: 1834

Question: What were the two proto-political parties?
Answer: the Federalist Party and the Democratic-Republican Party

Question: In which year did the period known as the "Era of Good Feelings" begin?
Answer: 1816

Question: What did the founding fathers not intend American politics to become?
Answer: partisan

Question: Who were the leaders of the Federalist and Democratic-Republican parties?
Answer: Framers Alexander Hamilton and James Madison

Question: Who was the leader of the Irish political party in the 1880s?
Answer: Charles Stewart Parnell