Question: What proposition explains the equivalency of the recieving pattern of an antenna?
Answer: reciprocity theorem of electromagnetics

Question: Can the antenna serve more than one fungtion at a time?
Answer: either transmitting or receiving

Question: What is one electrical trait of an antenna?
Answer: radiation pattern

Question: What are the most diverse group of land plants?
Answer: angiosperms

Question: How many species of flowering plants are there about?
Answer: 350,000

Question: What does an angiosperm produce its seeds within?
Answer: an enclosure

Question: What do angiosperms have in common with gymnosperms?
Answer: seed-producing plants

Question: What is the Greek word for "case" or "casing"?
Answer: angeion

Question: How long have higher plants lived on land?
Answer: at least 475 million years

Question: How did early plants reproduce sexually?
Answer: with flagellated, swimming sperm

Question: Upright meisporangia allowed what to be dispersed to new habitats?
Answer: spores

Question: What are the nearest algal relatives existing today?
Answer: Charophycean green algae

Question: What is the common name for Selaginella?
Answer: the spike-moss

Question: What did Charles Darwin call the sudden appearance of nearly modern flowers in the fossil record?
Answer: abominable mystery

Question: What type of fossil is the recently discovered Archaefructus?
Answer: angiosperm

Question: What fossil evidence is lacking when it comes to flowers?
Answer: evidence showing exactly how flowers evolved

Question: From what period does fossilized pollen suggest an older date for angiosperm origin?
Answer: Middle Triassic

Question: What relationship proposed on the basis of morphological evidence has recently been disputed?
Answer: relationship between angiosperms and gnetophytes

Question: How many distinct rounds of genome duplication events are suspected in the evolution of seed plants?
Answer: two

Question: When did the first whole genome duplication event occur?
Answer: 319 million years ago

Question: What type of event perhaps created the line which led to modern flowering plants?
Answer: whole genome duplication

Question: How are duplication events studied?
Answer: by sequencing the genome of an ancient flowering plant

Question: Who coined the term "abominable mystery"?
Answer: Darwin

Question: When is the earliest known macrofossil identified as an angiosperm dated?
Answer: about 125 million years BP

Question: What is the earliest known angiosperm?
Answer: Archaefructus liaoningensis

Question: What pushes the age of angiosperm 5 million years further back?
Answer: pollen

Question: How long ago has circumstantial evidence has been found for the existence of angiosperms?
Answer: 250 million years ago

Question: What group of now extinct seed plants had many of the traits of what are now flowering plants?
Answer: Gigantopterids

Question: When does a great diversity of angiosperms appear in the fossil record?
Answer: approximately 100 million years ago

Question: What is the appearance of a large amount of angiosperms in the fossil record known as?
Answer: great angiosperm radiation,

Question: When did the division of the eight main groups of angiosperms occur?
Answer: 40 million years ago

Question: What were the angiosperms up to by the late Cretaceous?
Answer: dominated environments

Question: Beech and maple had already appeared by what period?
Answer: Cretaceous

Question: What is one proposed explanation for the instant appearance of flowering plants?
Answer: Island genetics

Question: What is island genetics thought to be a default source of?
Answer: speciation

Question: What did radical adaptations seem to have required?
Answer: inferior transitional forms

Question: How did an isolated setting like an island help flowering plants evolve?
Answer: highly specialized relationship with some specific animal

Question: What are bees descended from?
Answer: wasps

Question: What are animals also a part of?
Answer: distribution of seeds

Question: What did the enlargement of flower parts evolve to form?
Answer: Fruit

Question: What does a plant get out of forming fruit?
Answer: seed-dispersal

Question: What are many mutualistic relationships, thus failing to survive competition? 
Answer: fragile

Question: What turned out to be unusually effective for plants to reproduce?
Answer: flowering

Question: What uses a combination of genes to form new shoots?
Answer: Flower ontogeny

Question: What were plant parts like in their primitive days?
Answer: separate from (but in contact with) each other

Question: How did flowers become bixsexual?
Answer: grow in a spiral pattern

Question: What did some plant parts do as they evolved?
Answer: fused together

Question: What is a term for a plant with a specific sex per flower?
Answer: "ovary-inferior"

Question: How long has flower evolution occurred? 
Answer: present day

Question: What heritage do many modern domesticated flower species have?
Answer: formerly simple weeds

Question: Humans have effected some flowers so much they can no longer do what in nature?
Answer: pollinated

Question: Why did weeds grow with human crops?
Answer: symbiotic companion plant relationships

Question: What feature helped flowers not get plucked?
Answer: prettiest

Question: What three groups were the first to diverge from angiosperm?
Answer: Amborellales, Nymphaeales, and Austrobaileyales

Question: What term refers to the first three groups to diverge from angiosperm?
Answer: basal

Question: How clear is the relationship between the broadest of the three non-basal angiosperm groups?
Answer: unclear

Question: What group do some analyses seem to indicate diverged first?
Answer: magnoliids

Question: What term did Paul Hermann come up with in 1690?
Answer: Angiosperm

Question: What did Hermann use the term angiosperm a primary division of in the plant kingdom?
Answer: primary

Question: Who restricted the application of the angiosperm term?
Answer: Carl Linnaeus

Question: What did Robert Brown establish the existence of in Cycadeae and Coniferae?
Answer: naked ovules

Question: What is the group-name angiosperm has been used for by botanical writers?
Answer: other dicotyledonous plants

Question: In taxonomies, what type of group are flowering plants treated?
Answer: coherent

Question: What does anthophyta mean?
Answer: flowering plants

Question: What do the Wettstein and Engler systems use at the assigned rank of subdivision?
Answer: Angiospermae

Question: How does the APG system of 1998, with its 2003 and 2009 revisions, treat flowering plants?
Answer: a clade called angiosperms

Question: What formal subclass classification were flowering plants given in 2009?
Answer: Magnoliidae

Question: What consensus is the AGP trying to reach?
Answer: how the flowering plants should be arranged

Question: What internal component has undergone considerable revision?
Answer: classification

Question: What system did Arthur Cronquist put forth in 1968, but not publish in full form until 1981?
Answer: The Cronquist system

Question: Who published an influential reclassification of the angiosperms in 1998?
Answer: APG

Question: What type of groups do monocots form, based on a recent APG studies?
Answer: monophyletic

Question: Eudicots or tricolpates are part of a monophyletic group formed by what species?
Answer: dicot

Question: What third major clade can many dicot species be found in?
Answer: magnoliids

Question: How many species dicot species are magnoliids?
Answer: about 9,000

Question: Basal angiosperms are what type of grouping of primitive species?
Answer: paraphyletic

Question: What is the estimated range for the number of flowering plants?
Answer: 250,000 to 400,000

Question: How many species of moss is there?
Answer: 12,000

Question: What does the large number of flowering plant species indicate is true of them in general?
Answer: diverse