Question: What is one reason for homologs to appear?
Answer: gene duplication within an organism's genome

Question: What are genes that occur from duplication within an organism's genome called?
Answer: paralogous genes

Question: What are genes that result from divergence of the genes after a speciation event called?
Answer: orthologous genes

Question: What does comparing the sequence alignment of genes' DNA measure?
Answer: The relationship between genes

Question: What is the degree of sequence similarity between homologous genes called?
Answer: conserved sequence

Question: How do genes typically accumulate mutations over time?
Answer: by neutral molecular evolution

Question: Under what type of selection are genes constrained so they change more slowly?
Answer: stabilizing

Question: What type of analyses can the sequence differences between genes be used for?
Answer: phylogenetic

Question: What is the most common source of new genes in eukaryotic lineages?
Answer: gene duplication

Question: What creates copy number variation of an existing gene in the genome?
Answer: gene duplication

Question: What are the genes that result from eukaryotic gene duplication called?
Answer: paralogs

Question: What type of copy can gene duplication sometimes result in?
Answer: nonfunctional

Question: What are functional copies of a gene which have a loss of function due to mutation called?
Answer: pseudogenes

Question: What is a gene whose sequence shows no similarity to existing genes called?
Answer: De novo or "orphan" genes

Question: What is the estimate of the number of orphan genes in the human genome?
Answer: 18 to 60

Question: How do the lengths of orphan genes compare to most eukaryotic genes?
Answer: typically shorter

Question: How does the structure of orphan genes compare to most eukaryotic genes?
Answer: simpler in structure

Question: What is one primary source of orphan protein-coding genes?
Answer: gene duplication followed by extremely rapid sequence change

Question: What is the  transfer of genetic material through a mechanism other than reproduction known as?
Answer: Horizontal gene transfer

Question: In what type of organism is horizontal gene transfer a common source of new genes?
Answer: prokaryotes

Question: What is one trait that horizontal gene transfer is a common means of spreading?
Answer: antibiotic resistance

Question: In what type of organism is horizontal gene transfer rare?
Answer: eukaryotes

Question: What is one example of horizontal gene transfer in eukaryotes?
Answer: alga genomes containing genes of bacterial origin

Question: What is one characteristic that varies widely between organisms?
Answer: genome size

Question: In which type of organism do the smallest genomes occur?
Answer: viruses

Question: What is the smallest number of protein coding genes that a virus can have?
Answer: 2

Question: Which organism acts as a single non coding RNA gene?
Answer: viroids

Question: What is the estimate for the total number of protein coding genes on Earth?
Answer: 5 million

Question: Since when has the number of base pairs of DNA in the human genome been known?
Answer: the 1960s

Question: What was the highest initial theoretical prediction of the number of human genes?
Answer: 2,000,000

Question: What sort of variants did the Human Genome Project indicate that many of the measured transcripts were?
Answer: alternative variants

Question: After the Human Genome Project, how many genes were encoded on the mitochondrial genome?
Answer: 13

Question: What percentage of the human genome consists of protein coding genes?
Answer: 1–2%

Question: What are the set of genes which are thought to be crucial for the survival of an organism?
Answer: Essential genes

Question: What does the definition of essential genes assume an absence of?
Answer: environmental stress

Question: How many genes are essential for Escherichia coli?
Answer: 250–400

Question: What fraction of Escherichia coli's essential genes are orthologs?
Answer: Half

Question: How many essential genes does Saccharomyces cerevisiae have?
Answer: 1000 genes

Question: What type of genes are necessary for performing basic cell functions?
Answer: Housekeeping genes

Question: At what relative level are housekeeping genes expressed at?
Answer: constant

Question: When investigating gene expression, what type of genes are used as a control for experiments?
Answer: housekeeping genes

Question: How are some essential genes regulated?
Answer: developmentally

Question: When are some essential genes expressed?
Answer: at certain times during the organism's life cycle

Question: What committee has established gene nomenclature for every known human gene?
Answer: HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)

Question: How can the gene nomenclature be accessed? 
Answer: through a database maintained by HGNC

Question: How many symbols does each gene have?
Answer: only one

Question: With what is it preferred that symbols are kept consistent with?
Answer: homologs in other species

Question: What type of model does the mouse play a role for?
Answer: common model

Question: What is known as the modification of an organism's genome through biotechnology?
Answer: Genetic engineering

Question: When did techniques begin to be developed to add, remove and edit genes?
Answer: the 1970s

Question: What sort of enzymes do recently developed genome engineering techniques use?
Answer: engineered nuclease enzymes

Question: What sort of DNA repair is created by modern genetic engineering techniques?
Answer: targeted

Question: What term refers to extensive genetic engineering of an organism?
Answer: synthetic biology

Question: What has become a common research tool with model organisms?
Answer: Genetic engineering

Question: What do scientists explore by adding genes to mice with a certain gene's function disrupted?
Answer: that gene's function

Question: What is an application for which organisms have been modified for?
Answer: agriculture

Question: What is another for which  organisms have been modified for?
Answer: industrial biotechnology

Question: What is yet another application for which  organisms have been modified for?
Answer: medicine

Question: For what sort of organisms is the embryo normally engineered?
Answer: multicellular organisms

Question: What techniques can be used to alter the genomes of an adult organism to treat genetic disease?
Answer: gene therapy techniques

Question: What part of the organism is usually created which becomes a developed genetically altered organism?
Answer: the embryo

Question: What can be changed in an adult organism using gene therapy techniques?
Answer: the genomes of cells

Question: What can be treated using genetic engineering?
Answer: genetic diseases

Question: What is the official name for Guinea-Bissau?
Answer: the Republic of Guinea-Bissau

Question: Where is Guinea-Bissau located?
Answer: West Africa

Question: How many square miles is Guinea-Bissau?
Answer: 13,948 sq mi

Question: What is the estimated population of Guinea-Bissau?
Answer: 1,704,000

Question: How many kilometers does Guinea-Bissau cover?
Answer: 36,125

Question: What kingdom was Guinea-Bissau once part of?
Answer: Gabu

Question: What empire was Guinea-Bissau once part of?
Answer: Mali Empire

Question: What year was Guinea-Bissau declared independent?
Answer: 1973

Question: What country did Guinea-Bissau seek to differentiate itself from?
Answer: Guinea (formerly French Guinea)

Question: Guinea-Bissau has a history of what since independence?
Answer: political instability

Question: What percentage of the population speaks Portuguese?
Answer: 14%

Question: What percentage of the population speaks Crioulo?
Answer: 44%

Question: What are the two main religions?
Answer: African traditional religions and Islam

Question: What is their gross domestic product status?
Answer: one of the lowest in the world