Question: Which economic class expansion led to the emergence of music magazines and reviews?
Answer: middle

Question: Women increased their presence in the amateur performers scene with what instrument, especially?
Answer: keyboard

Question: Which musican mediums were the majority of amateur music works published for?
Answer: keyboard, voice and keyboard, and chamber ensemble

Question: By what century in France had the men of letters fused with the elites?
Answer: mid-18th century

Question: What was the term for the oppositional literary sphere of a "multitude of versifiers and would-be-authors"?
Answer: Grub Street

Question: Could the London market support the large numbers of writers that were emerging?
Answer: not

Question: Were men travelling to London to become authors paid well or poorly by the publishing-bookselling guilds?
Answer: very poorly

Question: During which movement were the first scientific and literary journals established?
Answer: the Enlightenment

Question: What was the title of the first scientific and literary journal?
Answer: the Parisian Journal des Sçavans

Question: In what year did the first scientific and literary journal appear?
Answer: 1665

Question: Which two languages were the most dominant languages of scientific and literary publications?
Answer: French and Latin

Question: Where were the vast majority of French language periodicals produced?
Answer: Holland

Question: Which work published in 1712 explained terms that usefully described the trades and scientific and commercial education?
Answer: The Marperger Curieuses Natur-, Kunst-, Berg-, Gewerkund Handlungs-Lexicon

Question: In the Jablonski Allgemeines Lexicon (1721) how many colums of text were dedicated to wine?
Answer: over five

Question: Was the Jablonski Allgemeines Lexicon (1721) more dedicated to technical subjects or scientific theory?
Answer: technical subjects

Question: In what year was the first edition of the Encyclopaedia Britannica published?
Answer: 1771

Question: The Encyclopaedia Britannica was modelled along the same lines as a work from which country?
Answer: Germany

Question: What enforced contest rule guaranteed that neither gender nor social rank would determine the judging?
Answer: anonymity

Question: Were the vast majority of contest participants from the wealthier strata of society or the popular classes?
Answer: wealthier strata of society

Question: Women's education common stressed which literary genre?
Answer: poetry

Question: How many prize competitions did women win out of the 2300 in France?
Answer: 49

Question: What literary genre were the majority of female winning contest entries?
Answer: poetry

Question: Where was the Cafe Procope established in 1686?
Answer: Paris

Question: By the 1720s. how many cafes were in Paris?
Answer: around 400

Question: In which Cafe was the Encyclopedie created?
Answer: The Café Procope

Question: Were bruits or newspapers allegedly a better source of information?
Answer: bruits

Question: Where did Freemasonry originate?
Answer: Scotland

Question: Where did Freemasonry first spread?
Answer: England

Question: In what country was Freemaonry particularly prevalent?
Answer: France

Question: What was the most popular of all Enlightenment associations?
Answer: Freemasonry

Question: Which group was copied from the Freemasons and founded in Bavaria in 1776?
Answer: Illuminati

Question: Who is known for his statement that individuals have a right to "Life, Liberty and Property"?
Answer: Locke

Question: Locke believed that the natural right to property is derived from what?
Answer: labor

Question: Locke's theory of natural rights influenced what French document?
Answer: French National Constituent Assembly's Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen

Question: Which king of Prussia saw himself as the leader of the Enlightenment?
Answer: Frederick the Great

Question: Which Enlightenment theorist was extended an invitation to live at the palace after being iprisoned by the French government?
Answer: Voltaire

Question: Who was the king of Prussia from 1740 to 1786?
Answer: Frederick the Great,

Question: Which American Enlightenment sympathiser was known for his political activism and advances in physics?
Answer: Benjamin Franklin

Question: Did the cultural exchange during the Age of Enlightenment travel exclusively to America or did information travel in both directions, back across the Atlantic to Europe?
Answer: both directions

Question: As diests, Americans were influenced by the ideas of which two Enlightenment followers?
Answer: John Toland (1670–1722) and Matthew Tindal (1656–1733)

Question: All supernatural aspects were removed from which Thomas Paine work?
Answer: The Age of Reason

Question: Attempts to reconcile which two fields resulted in a widespread rejection of prophecy?
Answer: science and religion

Question: What term was given to the writers of Grub Street?
Answer: the Grub Street Hacks

Question: Libelles were generally written in what form?
Answer: pamphlets

Question: Which group inherited the "revolutionary spirit" once displayed by the philosophes, according to Darnton?
Answer: the Grub Street hacks

Question: Which works by the Grub Street Hacks "slandered the court, the Church, the aristocracy, the academies, the salons, everything elevated and respectable, including the monarchy itself."?
Answer: the libelles

Question: Which venue created a unique environment in which people from many different walks of life could gather and share ideas?
Answer: Coffeehouses

Question: Coffehouses were criticized by which group of people, fearing the possiblity of an environmentin which class was disregarded?
Answer: nobles

Question: Which societal group believed they held a divine right to rule and resented the idea of their subjects convening to discuss political matters?
Answer: Monarchs

Question: What societal group derived much of their power from the disparity between classes of people?
Answer: Monarchs

Question: Did natural history in particular become increasingly popular amoung the upper or lower classes?
Answer: upper

Question: Which type of history encompassed botany, zoology, meteorolgy, hydrology, and mineralogy?
Answer: natural history

Question: Who wrote the Histoire naturelle des insectes?
Answer: René-Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur

Question: In what decade did the first Masonic lodges appear on the Continent?
Answer: 1730s

Question: The Freemason embodiment of what country's values was seen as threatening by Continental authorities?
Answer: British

Question: Which lodge that met in the mid 1720s was composed of English Jacobite exiles?
Answer: the Parisian lodge

Question: Which lodges assigned themselves the duty to "initate the unenlightened"?
Answer: British

Question: What is the masonic term for the deistic divine being who created a scientifically ordered universe?
Answer: Grand Architect

Question: Which venue represents a turning point in history during which people discovered that they could have enjoyable social lives within their communities?
Answer: Coffeehouses

Question: Coffehouses were essential to what movement by becoming centers of free-thinking and self-discovery?
Answer: the Enlightenment

Question: In what year was The Spectator published?
Answer: 1711

Question: Which literary work used the fictional narrator Mr. Spectator to entertain and provoke discussion regarding serious philosophical matters?
Answer: The Spectator

Question: Who was the major opponent to Freemasonry?
Answer: Roman Catholic Church

Question: Which countries had a large Catholic element and therefore had confrontation with Freemasons?
Answer: France, Italy, Spain, and Mexico

Question: Do American historians downplay or attribute the importance of Freemasonry in causing the American Revolution?
Answer: downplay

Question: Who was the political enemy of the Patriots?
Answer: the Loyalists