Question: Why were some political commentaries attempting to attach natural selection to human races?
Answer: to provide scientific evidence for the superiority of Caucasians over non white races and justify European imperialism

Question: What uses of his ideology did Darwin object to being used?
Answer: to justify military aggression and unethical business practices

Question: What theory about humanity did Darwin oppose?
Answer: he opposed polygenism, the idea that human races were fundamentally distinct and did not share a recent common ancestry.

Question: What view did Louis Agassiz have of On the Origin of Species?
Answer: strongly opposed to the ideas in the book

Question: What view did some clergymen in the Church of England take of the theory of natural selection?
Answer: interpreted natural selection as an instrument of God's design

Question: What did Darwin do to show that he admired the cleric Charles Kingsley? 
Answer: Darwin quoted Kingsley as "a celebrated cleric", and added the phrase "by the Creator" to the closing sentence,

Question: What did some commentators think about Darwin changing the phrasing in his book?
Answer: some commentators have taken this as a concession to religion that Darwin later regretted

Question: What were Darwin's views on the part of God in his theory?
Answer: Darwin's view at the time was of God creating life through the laws of nature

Question: What was Baden Powell's opinion of On the Origin of Species?
Answer: Baden Powell praised "Mr Darwin's masterly volume [supporting] the grand principle of the self-evolving powers of nature"

Question: What did the pamphlet that Asa Gray published defend?
Answer: defending the book in terms of theistic evolution, Natural Selection is not inconsistent with Natural Theology.

Question: What was a way that theologians compromised with the information in Darwin's book?
Answer: Theistic evolution became a popular compromise

Question: What was later realized that caused naturalistic mechanisms such as neo-Lamarckism to be embraced?
Answer: supernatural intervention could not be a scientific explanation

Question: How did people attempt to rationalize or reconcile the concept of natural selection?
Answer: by supposing there was some supernatural intervention on the path leading to humans

Question: Which scientist argued that Darwinism was atheism?
Answer: Charles Hodge

Question: What controversy around Darwin's book began in the 1920s?
Answer: the American creation–evolution controversy

Question: What official position did the Vatican take on the subject of evolution in 1950?
Answer: The Vatican stated its official position in a 1950 papal encyclical, which held that evolution was not inconsistent with Catholic teaching.

Question: What branching common descent theory has become the most unifying one of the life sciences?
Answer: Darwin's theory of evolution

Question: What does the theory of evolution explain about living organisms?
Answer: The theory explains the diversity of living organisms and their adaptation to the environment.

Question: In what fields has Darwin's theory of evolution become particularly essential?
Answer: medicine and agriculture

Question: What kind of controversy has begun within school systems about Darwin's theory?
Answer: a religion-based political controversy

Question: What kinds of things have been done by scholars interested in Darwin's work?
Answer: scholars have generated an extensive literature, the Darwin Industry, about his life and work.

Question: What has been created in 1959 and filled with information about changes in every edition of On the Origin of Species?
Answer: a variorum

Question: What was done on the 150th anniversary of the publication of On the Origin of Species?
Answer: Worldwide commemorations

Question: What were the celebrants honoring with their commemorations?
Answer: They celebrated the ideas which "over the last 150 years have revolutionised our understanding of nature and our place within it".

Question: On what date did the Soviet Union dissolve?
Answer: December 26, 1991

Question: What entity was created in place of the Soviet Union?
Answer: Commonwealth of Independent States

Question: Who was president of the Soviet Union when it came to an end?
Answer: Mikhail Gorbachev,

Question: Who became president of Russia after Gorbachev left office?
Answer: Boris Yeltsin

Question: Which flag replaced the Soviet flag at the Kremlin?
Answer: pre-revolutionary Russian flag.

Question: Who was General Secretary prior to Mikhail Gorbachev?
Answer: Konstantin Chernenko

Question: What caused Chernenko to leave office?
Answer: death

Question: How old was Gorbachev when he was elected as the General Secretary? 
Answer: 54

Question: What entity was responsible for Gorbachev's being elected?
Answer: Politburo

Question: To which two people did Gorbachev grant membership into the Politburo for his own reasons? 
Answer: Yegor Ligachev and Nikolai Ryzhkov,

Question: What party did Gorbachev belong to?
Answer: Communist Party

Question: What was the name of the legislative body that was brought into existance in 1989?
Answer: Congress of People's Deputies

Question: When were opposition parties first allowed in the Soviet Union?
Answer: 1990

Question: In which country did Warsaw Pact regime remain in place?
Answer: Romania

Question: What were some of the downsides of the more liberal Soviet Union?
Answer: nationalist movements and ethnic disputes

Question: When was Gorbachev's speech addressing alcohol abuse?
Answer: May 1985

Question: Other than increasing pricing what was another measure that was introduced to decrease alcohol consumption?
Answer: rationing

Question: What was censored?
Answer: drinking scenes from old movies

Question: Whose anti-alcohol program did Gorbachev's remind people of?
Answer: Tsar Nicholas II

Question: When did Tsar Nicholas II ban alcohol?
Answer: during World War I,

Question: When did Eduard Shevardnadze gain full membership in the Politburo?
Answer: July 1, 1985

Question: Who was responsible for Shevardnadze's membership?
Answer: Gorbachev

Question: Who was minister of foreign affairs prior to Shevardnadze?
Answer: Andrei Gromyko

Question: What was Gromyko's western nickname?
Answer: "Mr Nyet"

Question: Which person did Gorbachev kick out of the Politburo on the first of July?
Answer: Grigory Romanov

Question: Who became Chairman of the Council of Ministers in 1985?
Answer: Nikolai Ryzhkov

Question: Who was Chairman of the Council of Ministers prior to Ryzhkov?
Answer: Nikolai Tikhonov

Question: How old was Tikhonov when he stopped being Chairman?
Answer: 79-year-old

Question: Who was the new chairman of the State Planning Committee in 1985?
Answer: Nikolai Talyzin

Question: What is an analogous office to Chairman of the Council of Ministers?
Answer: chairman of the State Planning Committee

Question: What party was Helsinki-86 in disagreement with?
Answer: Communist

Question: What group was the first to oppose the Soviet government publicly?
Answer: Helsinki-86

Question: Who created the CTAG?
Answer: Linards Grantiņš, Raimonds Bitenieks, and Mārtiņš Bariss.

Question: What is the English translation of the word Jeltoqsan?
Answer: December

Question: Who was fired by Gorbachev causing riots?
Answer: Dinmukhamed Konayev

Question: What position did Konayev hold in Kazakhstan prior to his removal?
Answer: First Secretary of the Communist Party

Question: Who took the place of Konayev?
Answer: Gennady Kolbin

Question: When were the first demonstrations in Kazakhstan to protest the removal and replacement of Konayev?
Answer: December 17, 1986

Question: Who was demonstrating?
Answer: Kazakh students

Question: How many people were estimated by authorities to have attended the riots?
Answer: 3,000

Question: How did the Kazakh SSR government say the two protesters were killed?
Answer: blows to the head