Question: What is bird migration?
Answer: the regular seasonal movement, often north and south along a flyway, between breeding and wintering grounds

Question: What is a cause of death to birds during migration?
Answer: humans

Question: When was migration first recorded?
Answer: 3,000 years ago

Question: Who recorded the earliest records of migration?
Answer: Homer and Aristotle, and in the Book of Job

Question: Where was Johannes Leche from?
Answer: Finland

Question: Which species of birds were recorded 3,000 years ago?
Answer: storks, turtle doves, and swallows

Question: What is a major threat to migratory birds?
Answer: habitat destruction

Question: Which birds migrate the furthest?
Answer: The Arctic tern

Question: Where does the Arctic tern migrate each year?
Answer: between Arctic breeding grounds and the Antarctic

Question: Where do Manx shearwaters migrate?
Answer: between their northern breeding grounds and the southern ocean

Question: which bird migrates by circling the earth?
Answer: albatrosses

Question: What is an example of a shorter migration?
Answer: altitudinal migrations on mountains such as the Andes and Himalayas

Question: What causes the timing of migration?
Answer: changes in day length

Question: How do migrating birds navigate?
Answer: celestial cues from the sun and stars

Question: How else to migrating birds navigate?
Answer: the earth's magnetic field

Question: What might help migrating birds navigate?
Answer: mental maps

Question: Who recorded early records of migration?
Answer: Ancient Greek writers

Question: Where in the bible does it mention migration?
Answer: the Book of Job (39:26)

Question: What bird is mentioned in the book of Job?
Answer: hawk

Question: Who noted that cranes traveled from Scythia to the Nile?
Answer: Aristotle

Question: Who repeats Aristotle's observations?
Answer: Pliny the Elder

Question: Where did Pliny the Elder repeat Aristotle's observations?
Answer: in his Historia Naturalis

Question: What kind of bird did Aristotle and Pliny the Elder write about?
Answer: cranes

Question: Which bird did Aristotle believe hibernated?
Answer: swallows

Question: Until what year did the belief of hibernating birds persist?
Answer: 1878

Question: Who wrote 182 papers dealing with the hibernation of swallows?
Answer: Elliott Coues

Question: Who wrote "The Natural History of Selborne"?
Answer: Gilbert White

Question: When was migration finally accepted?
Answer: the end of the eighteenth century

Question: Who wrote A History of British Birds?
Answer: Thomas Bewick

Question: What year was Thomas Bewick's book published?
Answer: 1797

Question: Where were Swallows seen flying?
Answer: between the islands of Minorca and Majorca

Question: Which directions were the Swallows flying?
Answer: northward

Question: Who describes an experiment with swallows?
Answer: Bewick

Question: Where did this experiment take place?
Answer: Britain

Question: How did the experiment succeed?
Answer: they remained warm and dry through the winters

Question: How long did the birds stay alive?
Answer: several years

Question: Why do birds migrate?
Answer: response to changes in food availability, habitat, or weather

Question: What are non=migratory birds called?
Answer: resident or sedentary

Question: How many species of birds are there?
Answer: 10,000

Question: How many bird species are long distance migrants?
Answer: 1800

Question: Which direction do birds primarily migrate?
Answer: north and south

Question: Along where do many birds migrate?
Answer: a flyway

Question: What is the most common directionof migration in autumn?
Answer: south

Question: What is the most common pattern of migration in the spring?
Answer: flying north

Question: Why do the birds fly north?
Answer: to breed

Question: What is the primary motivation for migration?
Answer: food

Question: Which birds will not migrate if they are well fed through winter?
Answer: hummingbirds

Question: When do the birds return to warmer regions?
Answer: autumn

Question: what do the longer days of summer provide the birds?
Answer: time for breeding birds to feed their young.

Question: What do diurnal birds produce as opposed to non migratory species?
Answer: larger clutches

Question: What is hightened during migration?
Answer: Predation

Question: Where do Eleonora's falcon breed?
Answer: Mediterranean islands

Question: What do Eleonora's falcon feed their young?
Answer: southbound passerine migrants

Question: What preys on nocturnal passerine migrants?
Answer: the greater noctule bat

Question: What makes birds prone to parasites and pathogens?
Answer: higher concentrations of migrating birds

Question: What is partial migration?
Answer: not all populations may be migratory

Question: Where is partial migration most common?
Answer: the southern continents

Question: In Australia, what percent of non-passerine birds are partially migratory?
Answer: 44%

Question: In Australia, what percent of passerine species are partially migratory?
Answer: 32%

Question: What is leap frog migration?
Answer: birds that nest at higher latitudes spend the winter at lower latitudes

Question: Which sex of the chaffinches Fringilla coelebs migrate earlier?
Answer: Female

Question: Where are chaffinches Fringilla coelebs from?
Answer: Eastern Fennoscandia

Question: When do the chaffinches Fringilla coelebs migrate?
Answer: autumn

Question: How do most migrations begin?
Answer: the birds starting off in a broad front

Question: What to the migrating birds usually follow?
Answer: mountain ranges or coastlines

Question: What obsticals will migrating birds avoid?
Answer: large stretches of open water

Question: What is a common pattern in North America migration?
Answer: clockwise

Question: What are the preferred routes for migration called?
Answer: flyways

Question: How do most birds migrate?
Answer: in flocks

Question: How much energy do geese conserve flying in a flock?
Answer: 12–20%

Question: How much faster do Red knots and dunlins fly in a flock?
Answer: 3.1 mph

Question: What does flying in flocks reduce?
Answer: energy cost

Question: How do birds conserve energy?
Answer: a V-formation

Question: What part of birds was found on an expedition to Mt. Everest?
Answer: skeletons

Question: Which birds have the highest rates of climb to altitude?
Answer: Bar-headed geese Anser indicus

Question: What kind of birds fly low over water?
Answer: Seabirds

Question: What altitude range is most migration recorded?
Answer: 150 to 600 m

Question: Where do most in air collisions occur?
Answer: below 600 m

Question: How do penguins migrate?
Answer: by swimming

Question: How far do penguins travel when they migrate?
Answer: over 1,000 km

Question: How do Dusky grouse migrate?
Answer: mostly by walking

Question: How do Emus migrate long distances during droughts?
Answer: on foot

Question: Where are Emus from?
Answer: Australia

Question: Where do the pink-footed goose migrate?
Answer: from Iceland to Britain

Question: Where do the dark-eyed junco migrate?
Answer: arctic climates to the contiguous United States

Question: Where do the European pied flycatcher breed?
Answer: Asia and Europe

Question: Where does the European pied flycatcher spend the winter?
Answer: Africa

Question: How do young learn migratory routes?
Answer: during their first migration with their parents

Question: What route does a migrating bird usually follow?
Answer: an hooked or arched line

Question: What geographical barriers to land birds try to avoid?
Answer: large water bodies or high mountain ranges

Question: Why do migrating land birds avoid large water bodies or mountain ranges?
Answer: the lack of stopover or feeding sites

Question: Why do broad winged birds avoid geographical barriers?
Answer: lack of thermal columns

Question: What do water birds avoid while migrating?
Answer: a large area of land without bodies of water