Question: Do bacteria have membrabe-bound organelles in their cytoplasm?
Answer: do not

Question: Absence of what make bacteria belong to prokaryotes?
Answer: true nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts and the other organelles

Question: What bacteria was observed as before prokaryotic cytoskeleton was discovered?
Answer: simple bags of cytoplasm

Question: What is crucial for biochemical reactions?
Answer: concentration gradients across membranes

Question: What kind of membrane do bacteria cells are filled with?
Answer: light-gathering membrane

Question: How does electron transit occur in bacteria?
Answer: between the cytoplasm and the periplasmic space

Question: Can membrane of bacteria create lipid structure?
Answer: light-gathering complexes may even form lipid-enclosed structures

Question: What is genetic make of bacteria?
Answer: a single circular DNA chromosome

Question: Where is DNA chromosome of bacteria located?
Answer: in the cytoplasm

Question: How does nucleoid look?
Answer: irregularly shaped body

Question: What are the exceptions of non-internal membrane bacteria?
Answer: phylum Planctomycetes and candidate phylum Poribacteria

Question: What is the purpose of polyribosomes in bacteria?
Answer: production of proteins

Question: What types of intracellar nutrient can bacteria produce?
Answer: glycogen, polyphosphate, sulfur or polyhydroxyalkanoates

Question: What gas vacuoles are respoonsible for in bacteria?
Answer: to control their buoyancy

Question: What are the most common nonliving compositions in bacteria?
Answer: glycogen, lipid droplets, crystals, and pigments

Question: How does gas vesicles produced by Cyanobacteria help her to move in water?
Answer: move up or down into water layers with different light intensities

Question: What are chromatophores used for?
Answer: photosynthesis

Question: What composes the cell envelope?
Answer: cell membrane and cell wall

Question: What is most common cell wall material?
Answer: peptidoglycan

Question: Are cell walls of bacteria similar to cell walls of plants and fungi?
Answer: Bacterial cell walls are different

Question: How can antibiotic penicillin destroy bacteria?
Answer: by inhibiting a step in the synthesis of peptidoglycan

Question: What are the main materials of cell walls of plants and fungi?
Answer: cellulose and chitin

Question: What does gram-positive bacteria have?
Answer: thick cell wall containing many layers of peptidoglycan and teichoic acids

Question: Why gram-negative cell bacteria is more toxic than gram-positive bacteria?
Answer: polysaccharides and lipid A

Question: What can be endotoxins called?
Answer: Lipopolysaccharides

Question: What can different structure of the cell walls of bacteria effect?
Answer: differences in antibiotic susceptibility

Question: What is the main defense of human body against eye infections?
Answer: enzyme lysozyme, found in human tears

Question: What is the most typical staining technique used to identify acid-fast bacteria?
Answer: Ziehl-Neelsen stain

Question: What is mycolic acid is responsible for in Mycobacteria?
Answer: staining pattern of poor absorption followed by high retention.

Question: What helps Mycobacteria be resistant to decolorization?
Answer: high mycolic acid content

Question: What is the main pathogenic bacteria in L-form class ?
Answer: Mycoplasma

Question: What are fimbriae?
Answer: fine filaments of protein

Question: What are fimbriae liable for?
Answer: involved in attachment to solid surfaces or to other cells

Question: What is the diameter of fimbriae?
Answer: 2–10 nanometres

Question: What are pili?
Answer: cellular appendages

Question: What are highly resistant dormant structures of certain gram-positive bacteria called?
Answer: endospores

Question: Is creating endospore a reproductive process?
Answer: is not a reproductive process

Question: What are ribosomes in endospores are enclosed in?
Answer: cortex layer

Question: What chemical compound comprises 5% to 15% of the dry weight of bacterial spores?
Answer: Dipicolinic acid

Question: Is there a metabolism in endospores?
Answer: show no detectable metabolism

Question: What extreme physical and chemical stresses can endospores endure?
Answer: UV light, gamma radiation, detergents, disinfectants, heat, freezing, pressure

Question: How long can endospores of bacteria stay alive in dormant state?
Answer: for millions of years

Question: What endospore-forming bacteria can cause tetanus disease?
Answer: Clostridium tetani

Question: What is commonly used to determine taxonomy of bacteria?
Answer: The distribution of metabolic traits

Question: How is bacterial metabolism determined?
Answer: nutritional groups

Question: What are electron acceptors accountable for?
Answer: aerobic or anaerobic respiration

Question: What are three main criterias of bacterial metabolism?
Answer: the kind of energy used for growth, the source of carbon, and the electron donors

Question: How does heterotrophic carbon metabolism occur?
Answer: organic carbon compounds are used as carbon sources

Question: When carbon metabolism is called autotrophic?
Answer: cellular carbon is obtained by fixing carbon dioxide

Question: What category do parasitic bacteria fall into?
Answer: Heterotrophic bacteria

Question: Green sulfur-bacteria is typical representative of what type of bacteria?
Answer: autotrophic bacteria

Question: What is chemotrophy ?
Answer: the use of chemical substances for energy

Question: What do lithotrophs use ?
Answer: inorganic electron donors

Question: What type of electron donors organotrophs use?
Answer: organic compounds

Question: In what organisms is oxygen used as eelectron acceptor?
Answer: anaerobic organisms

Question: What do respiratory organisms use as electron donors?
Answer: chemical compounds

Question: What is sulfate-reducing bacteria accountable for?
Answer: the production of the highly toxic forms of mercury

Question: What is the by-product of non-repiratory anaerobes?
Answer: ethanol

Question: How can anaerobes adjust to the surrounding environment?
Answer: can switch between fermentation and different terminal electron acceptors

Question: What are hydrogen and carbon monoxide for Lithotrophic bacteria?
Answer: Common inorganic electron donors

Question: How can gas methane be used in exceptional set of conditions by methanotrophic bacteria?
Answer: both a source of electrons and a substrate for carbon anabolism

Question: What is the main element for aerobic photorophy?
Answer: oxygen

Question: What chemical process  helps bacteria to absorb raw materials?
Answer: diffusion

Question: How can bacteria obtain raw materials from the environment?
Answer: in the form of relatively small molecules

Question: What process is used by eukaryotic cells to absorb external items?
Answer: endocytosis

Question: What part of bacteria cell is used during diffusion?
Answer: molecular channels in cell membranes

Question: How size and reproduction are linked in bacteria?
Answer: Bacteria grow to a fixed size and then reproduce

Question: How does bacteria reproduce?
Answer: through binary fission

Question: If the conditions are right how long does it take for bacteria to reproduce?
Answer: divide extremely rapidly

Question: What are produced in cell division?
Answer: two identical clone daughter cells

Question: In what environment are bacteria being cultivated in labs?
Answer: solid or liquid media

Question: What is typical solid setting?
Answer: agar plates

Question: What can help to indentify specific bacteria?
Answer: The use of selective media

Question: Which environment is better to isolate a single example of bacteria strain?
Answer: agar plates

Question: Which media is preffered to grow larger volumes of bacteria?
Answer: liquid growth media

Question: What is the simple way of producing large volume of bacteria cells?
Answer: high levels of nutrients