Question: Coercion of a state or its what through the threat or use of force, if used to obtain the consent of that state to a treaty, will invalidate that consent?
Answer: representative

Question: What must  be true of coercion through the threat or use of force of a party to treaty for it to invalidate the state's consent to a treaty?
Answer: used to obtain the consent of that state to a treaty

Question: What will a treaty be if it is in violation of a peremptory norm?
Answer: null and void

Question: What type of norm is recognized as permitting no violations and so cannot be altered through treaty obligations?
Answer: peremptory norm

Question: What is true of acts such as genocide and piracy in regard to treaty law?
Answer: no state can legally assume an obligation to commit or permit such acts

Question: What distinguishes peremptory norms from other principles of customary law?
Answer: permitting no violations and so cannot be altered through treaty obligations

Question: What is an example of a type of universally prohibited action that no state can legally assume an obligation to commit or permit through a treaty?
Answer: genocide

Question: What is the judiciary organ of the United Nations?
Answer: the International Court of Justice

Question: What document states that treaties must be registered with the United Nations to be invoked before it or enforced in the International Court of Justice?
Answer: The United Nations Charter

Question: Why does the United Nations Charter state that treaties must be registered with the United Nations?
Answer: to prevent the proliferation of secret treaties

Question: In which centuries did a proliferation of secret treaties occur that led the United Nations Charter to include an obligation to register treaties to be invoked before it?
Answer: 19th and 20th century

Question: What section of the United Nations Charter states that its members' obligation under the charter outweigh any competing obligations under other treaties?
Answer: Section 103

Question: Treaties and their amendments must follow the official legal procedures of what body after their adoption?
Answer: the United Nations

Question: Which office of the United Nations is in charge of applying its official legal procedures?
Answer: the Office of Legal Affairs

Question: When must all treaties and their amendments follow the official legal procedures of the United Nations?
Answer: After their adoption

Question: In addition to signature and ratification, what legal procedure of the United Nations must all treaties follow after their adoption?
Answer: entry into force

Question: What are three official legal procedures of the United Nations that all treaties must follow after their adoption?
Answer: signature, ratification and entry into force

Question: The United Nations has been compared to what government in function and effectiveness?
Answer: the pre-Constitutional United States Federal government

Question: In which aspects has the United Nations been compared to the pre-Constitutional United States Federal government?
Answer: function and effectiveness

Question: The comparison of the United Nations to the pre-Constitutional United States Federal government gives us a comparison between what modern and historical legal topics of interest?
Answer: modern treaty law and the historical Articles of Confederation

Question: Modern treaty law can be compared in function and effectiveness to the historical Articles of Confederation by comparing the pre-Constitutional United States Federal government with what modern institution?
Answer: the UN

Question: What legal document formed the basis of the pre-Constitutional Federal government of the United States?
Answer: Articles of Confederation

Question: What part of the Brazilian federal consitution states that the power to enter into treaties is vested in the president and that such treaties must be approved by Congress?
Answer: articles 84, clause VIII, and 49, clause I

Question: In practice the Brazilian president must get the prior approval of what body in order to negotiate and sign a treaty?
Answer: Congress

Question: What Brazilian institution has ruled that a treaty must be incorporated into domestic law by means of a presidential decree?
Answer: the Federal Supreme Court

Question: In order for a treaty to be valid in Brazil, a presidential decree incorporating the treaty into domestic law must be published where in order to be valid?
Answer: the federal register

Question: In what office is the power to enter into treaties vested according to the Brazilian federal constitution?
Answer: president

Question: The Brazilian Federal Supreme Court has ruled that treaties enjoy what position relative to ordinary legislation?
Answer: same hierarchical position

Question: In what year did the Brazilian Supreme Court rule that treaties containing human rights provisions enjoy a status above ordinary legislation?
Answer: 2008

Question: What amendment to the Brazilian constitution states that human rights treaties approved by means of a special procedure by Congress enjoy the same position as a constitutional amendment?
Answer: the 45th amendment

Question: The hierarchical position of treaties relative to domestic legislation in Brazil determines whether the latter can do what to the former and vice versa?
Answer: abrogate

Question: What is the Portuguese term for ordinary laws?
Answer: leis ordinárias

Question: What kind of clause does the United States constitution have that the Brazilian constitution does not have with the same effects?
Answer: supremacy clause

Question: A supremacy clause in a federal constitution is relevant to the discussion on the relation between treaties and what other type of legislation?
Answer: state legislation

Question: What clause of the United States Constitution is relevant to the discussion of the relation between treaties and U.S. legislation?
Answer: supremacy clause

Question: The Brazilian constitution does not have a supremacy clause that would be of interest to the relation between state legislation and what other legal agreements?
Answer: treaties

Question: Treaties, executive agreements, congressional-executive agreements, and sole executive agreements are the same under international law but different with respect to what?
Answer: internal American law

Question: Under US law, what primarily distinguishes treaties, executive agreements, congressional-executive agreements, and sole executive agreements?
Answer: their method of approval

Question: What percentage of United States Senators must give advice and consent in order for the US to enter a treaty?
Answer: two-thirds

Question: What type of agreement may a US president enter by acting alone?
Answer: sole executive agreements

Question: What type of agreement requires majority approval by both the House and the Senate before or after a treaty is signed by the United States president?
Answer: congressional-executive agreements

Question: In the United States, what is the ratio of executive agreements to treaties?
Answer: 10:1

Question: What is it about the approval process of executive agreements might lead a US president to prefer them over treaties?
Answer: the relative ease

Question: The president of the United States might prefer the formal treaty process on matters that require Congress to do what?
Answer: pass implementing legislation or appropriate funds

Question: The president of the United States might prefer the formal treaty process for agreements that impose what type of legal obligations on the US?
Answer: long-term, complex

Question: The international deal between the US, other countries, and what controversial nation is not a treaty?
Answer: Iran

Question: In what cases did the US Supreme Court rule that treaties do not have a privileged position over Acts of Congress?
Answer: Head Money Cases