Question: When was Descartes pontificating about his theories regarding pain?
Answer: 1644

Question: What did Descartes think pain was?
Answer: a disturbance

Question: What state does the intensive theory conceive pain as being?
Answer: emotional

Question: What theory perceives pain as being a specific sensation?
Answer: Specificity

Question: Who migrated to the theory of specificity en mass?
Answer: psychologists

Question: What year was peripheral pattern theory developed? 
Answer: 1955

Question: Whose suggestion prompted the development of peripheral pattern theory?
Answer: John Paul Nafe

Question: What does the gate control theory specify the diameter of which is responsible for the amount of pain sensation?
Answer: nerve fibers

Question: What did DC Sinclair and G Weddell propose a property of all skin fiber endings is?
Answer: identical

Question: Why were peripheral pattern theory and gate control theory left behind?
Answer: superseded by more modern theories of pain

Question: How many dimensions did Melzack and Casey describe pain in terms of?
Answer: three

Question: The affective-motivational dimension of pain is characterized by what urge?
Answer: urge to escape the unpleasantness

Question: What did Melzack and Casey theorize could influence the perception of the magnitude of pain?
Answer: cognitive activities

Question: War game excitement appears to block what aspect of pain?
Answer: dimensions

Question: What did Melack's and Casey's paper end with a call towards?
Answer: action

Question: What type of signal can be generated by intense enough stimulation of any sensory receptor?
Answer: pain

Question: What types of stimuli can't some sensory fibers differentiate between?
Answer: noxious and non-noxious

Question: What type of stimuli do nociceptors response to?
Answer: noxious, high intensity

Question: How many different types of ion channels have so far been identified?
Answer: Dozens

Question: What does stimuli generate to send signals along a nerve fiber?
Answer: currents

Question: How does the pain signal travel from the periphery to the spinal cord?
Answer: along an A-delta or C fiber

Question: Which fiber is thicker?
Answer: A-delta

Question: What is the electrically insulting material that sheaths a-delta fiber?
Answer: myelin

Question: How do first order neurons enter the spinal cord?
Answer: via Lissauer's tract

Question: What is pain evoked by a-delta fibers described as?
Answer: sharp and is felt first

Question: What are some spinal cord fibers exclusive to?
Answer: A-delta

Question: Pain signals travel first to what region of the brain?
Answer: thalamus

Question: What are dynamic range neurons?
Answer: spinal cord fibers

Question: Where does pain-related activity in the thalamus spread to? 
Answer: the insular cortex

Question: Pain which is distinctly located also activates what cortices? 
Answer: somatosensory

Question: Who wrote "The Greatest Show on Earth: The Evidence for Evolution"?
Answer: Richard Dawkins

Question: What does Dawkins explain must compete with each other in living begins?
Answer: drives

Question: What would be the most fit creature?
Answer: one whose pains are well balanced

Question: What type of designer is natural selection?
Answer: poor

Question: What might the relative intensities of pain resemble?
Answer: risk

Question: Along with with ethnicity and genetics, what is the other factor associated with differences in pain perception?
Answer: sex

Question: What might some people of Mediterranean origin report as painful that people of this origin wouldn't?
Answer: Europeans

Question: What nationality can tolerate the least amount of electric shock?
Answer: Italian

Question: What do some individuals in all cultures have significantly higher than normal?
Answer: pain perception

Question: Patients who have painless heart attacks have higher what?
Answer: pain thresholds

Question: What is the most reliable measure of pain?
Answer: person's self-report

Question: What do health-care professionals tend to underestimate? 
Answer: severity

Question: What did Margo McCaffery introduce in 1968?
Answer: definition of pain

Question: What scale might a patient be asked to locate their pain on?
Answer: 0 to 10

Question: What are patients asked to use the McGill Pain Questionnaire to indicate?
Answer: which words best describe their pain

Question: What is MPI an abbreviation for?
Answer: Multidimensional Pain Inventory

Question: How many classes of chronic pain patients are there?
Answer: three

Question: What do interpersonally distressed people feel their significant others aren't supportive of?
Answer: their pain problems

Question: What do dysfunctional people perceive the severity of their pain to be?
Answer: high

Question: What should MPI characterization of a person be combined with for deriving the most useful case descriptions?
Answer: their IASP five-category pain profile

Question: What become critical when a person is non-verbal? 
Answer: observation

Question: What can be monitored as pain indicators?
Answer: specific behaviors

Question: What type of social behavior might patients experiencing pain exhibit?
Answer: withdrawn

Question: How can patients with dementia indicate discomfort exists?
Answer: signal

Question: Facial grimacing and guarding indicate what?
Answer: pain

Question: Why may older adults quit doing activities the love?
Answer: because it hurts too much

Question: What does the experience of pain have throughout cultures?
Answer: dimensions

Question: What might an aging adult not respond to the same way as a younger person would?
Answer: pain

Question: An older adult may also not report pain because they're scared they may be put on what?
Answer: a drug

Question: Aging adult's ability to recognize pain may be blunted by what?
Answer: illness

Question: What kind of barriers can prevent a person from telling someone they're in pain?
Answer: Cultural

Question: How can religious beliefs contribute to a person remaining in pain?
Answer: prevent the individual from seeking help

Question: Some people may not report pain because they think it's a sign what is near?
Answer: death

Question: What do many people fear pain treatment will lead to?
Answer: potentially addicting drugs

Question: What is an issue of reporting pain specific to Asians?
Answer: do not want to lose respect in society by admitting they are in pain

Question: What does the IASP advocate that the relief of pain should be recognized as?
Answer: a human right

Question: What should chronic pain be considered in its own right?
Answer: a disease

Question: What two countries is treating pain a specialty in?
Answer: China and Australia

Question: What is pain medicine often under disciplines like physiatry, neurology, etc?
Answer: subspecialty

Question: As of 2011, how many people worldwide are still denied access to inexpensive medications for severe pain?
Answer: tens of millions

Question: What, when taken orally, can reduce total crying time of newsborns undergoing a painful procedure?
Answer: Sugar

Question: What doesn't sugar change the effect of pain on?
Answer: heart rate

Question: Sugar also doesn't measurably change what type of electrical activity in the brains of newborns a second after the heel lance procedure?
Answer: pain-related

Question: A sweet oral liquid does moderately reduce the incidence and duration of what?
Answer: crying

Question: Clinical hypnosis may be effective in doing what with pain associated with surgical procedures in adults and children?
Answer: controlling

Question: How many studies in 2007 found evidence for the efficacy of hypnosis in the reduction of chronic pain?
Answer: 13

Question: What did the studies regarding the effectiveness of hypnosis lack?
Answer: credible controls for placebo and/or expectation

Question: What is considerable more research needed to determine for different chronic pain conditions?
Answer: effects of hypnosis