Question: When was the word "scientist" created?
Answer: 19th century

Question: What are people who study nature called?
Answer: natural philosophers

Question: Ibn al-Haytham and Roger Bacon were scientists in which time period?
Answer: the Middle Ages

Question: When was the beginning of modern science considered to be?
Answer: the scientific revolution

Question: What replaced false beliefs?
Answer: true theories

Question: Who depicts the history of science in a wider matrix?
Answer: Thomas Kuhn

Question: What time period did the history of science begin to take a progressive narrative?
Answer: the 18th century

Question: Thomas Kuhn used conceptual systems and what other term to define the history of science?
Answer: competing paradigms

Question: The advancement of agriculture made what possible?
Answer: a surplus of food

Question: Having a surplus of food allowed farmers and hunter-gatherers to spend less time working on what?
Answer: food production

Question: Before agriculture advancements, what were farmers having to do?
Answer: work towards bare survival

Question: What advancement aided in spreading knowledge across generations?
Answer: The development of writing

Question: Who was able to support the people who were adding to the written knowledge of nature?
Answer: community

Question: Which civilization advanced in astronomy, mathematics, and medicine?
Answer: Ancient Egypt

Question: What did Egyptians use to better organize their farmland?
Answer: geometry

Question: What theory did the Egyptians use to build rectilinear structures?
Answer: The 3-4-5 right triangle

Question: What research was Egypt known for?
Answer: alchemy

Question: What is the name of the earliest medical document?
Answer: The Edwin Smith papyrus

Question: Where did the Mesopotamian people originate from?
Answer: Sumer

Question: How far back do the Mesopotamian people go?
Answer: 3500 BC

Question: What did the Mesopotamian use to record data about the world around them?
Answer: numerical data

Question: What was the earliest recording of Pythagoras' law?
Answer: 18th century BC

Question: Which tablet had Pythagorean triplets on it?
Answer: Plimpton 322

Question: Who wrote on the clay tablets in Babylonian astronomy?
Answer: scribes

Question: Where are Mesopotamian astronomical periods still used?
Answer: in Western calendars

Question: Who was Kidinnu?
Answer: a Chaldean astronomer and mathematician

Question: Who believes that the Hellenistic world relies on Babylonian astronomy?
Answer: A. Aaboe

Question: Where can Kidinnu's solar year be found in use?
Answer: today's calendars

Question: Which era was marked by investigating the universe?
Answer: Classical Antiquity

Question: What type of science are making a calendar and finding cures for diseases a part of?
Answer: natural philosophy

Question: What is an example of skilled professionals?
Answer: physicians

Question: What is an example of religious devotee?
Answer: temple healers

Question: What would the first scientists have been considered?
Answer: natural philosophers

Question: What are early Greek philosophers known as?
Answer: pre-Socratics

Question: What question were Greek philosophers trying to answer?
Answer: How did the ordered cosmos in which we live come to be?

Question: Who was named "the father of science"?
Answer: Thales

Question: Which religious deity did Thales undermine with his scientific theories?
Answer: Poseidon

Question: Who was the first person to determine that the Earth is round?
Answer: Samos

Question: Plato and Aristotle are known for systematically discussing what?
Answer: natural philosophy

Question: What discussion technique are Plato and Aristotle responsible for?
Answer: deductive reasoning

Question: What year was the Platonic Academy founded?
Answer: 387 BC

Question: Aristotle introduced what theory?
Answer: empiricism

Question: How many species of animals were classified by Aristotle?
Answer: 540

Question: Anatomy, zoology, geography, and studies like them are considered what?
Answer: factual knowledge

Question: What era utilized Greek theories?
Answer: the Hellenistic age

Question: What scientific theory was created by the Greeks?
Answer: the Socratic method

Question: Who employed logic, geometry, and natural sciences?
Answer: the Ancient Greeks

Question: Greek thought is predominately applying mathematics and what other method?
Answer: deliberate empirical research

Question: Who created the sun-centered model of the solar system?
Answer: Aristarchus of Samos

Question: Who was able to determine the circumference of the Earth?
Answer: Eratosthenes

Question: Who made the first catalog of stars?
Answer: Hipparchus

Question: When was the Antikythera mechanism used?
Answer: 150-100 BC

Question: What was used to determine the position of planets within the solar system?
Answer: the Antikythera mechanism

Question: Who wrote the book Elements?
Answer: Euclid

Question: What was contained within the book Elements?
Answer: the foundations of mathematical rigor

Question: Who was able to determine the the area under a parabola?
Answer: Archimedes

Question: What method did Archimedes employ to determine the area under a parabola?
Answer: exhaustion

Question: Which mathematical figure did Archimedes approximate?
Answer: Pi

Question: What classification guide did Theophrastus create?
Answer: the first taxonomy

Question: In what year did Pliny the Elder publish the largest encyclopedia?
Answer: 77 AD

Question: What did Pliny the Elder observe about diamonds?
Answer: the octahedral shape

Question: Who do engravers use diamond dust for?
Answer: to cut and polish other gems

Question: What characteristic was Pliny the Elder the first to recognize about amber?
Answer: was a fossilized resin

Question: The Indus Valley Civilization was the first to have traces of what?
Answer: mathematical knowledge

Question: What proportional size were the bricks that the civilization used?
Answer: 4:2:1

Question: What characteristic determined the proportions of the bricks?
Answer: stability

Question: What was the name of the ruler that they created?
Answer: the Mohenjo-daro ruler

Question: How long were the units in inches of the Mohenjo-daro ruler?
Answer: 1.32 inches

Question: When did Aryabhata live?
Answer: 476-550

Question: What were the trigonometric functions that Aryabhata discovered?
Answer: sine, versine, cosine and inverse sine

Question: What theory did Brahmagupta suggest in 628 AD?
Answer: gravity was a force of attraction

Question: What did Brahmagupta use the number zero for?
Answer: a placeholder and a decimal digit

Question: What language did the work of Brahmagupta and Aryabhata have to be translated from?
Answer: Arabic

Question: Which text was the first to have concepts of astronomy in it?
Answer: the Vedas

Question: Who wrote the first 12 chapters of the Siddhanta Shiromani?
Answer: Bhāskara

Question: In what time period was the Siddhanta Shiromani written?
Answer: 12th century

Question: The second section of the Siddhanta Shiromani has how many chapters?
Answer: 13

Question: What topic does the second part of the Siddhanta Shiromani contain?
Answer: the nature of the sphere

Question: Where are the Neolithic graveyards?
Answer: Pakistan

Question: What do the findings in the graveyards show evidence of?
Answer: proto-dentistry

Question: What kind of medicine was practiced in India before 2500 BC?
Answer: Ayurveda

Question: What is the name of the text that has information regarding Ayurveda?
Answer: Suśrutasamhitā of Suśruta

Question: What information is in the Susrutasamhita of Susruta?
Answer: surgical procedures

Question: What method did early Chinese mathematicians use to calculate?
Answer: a positional decimal system on counting boards

Question: One rod in the second box from the right is what number?
Answer: 10

Question: When did negative numbers and decimals start being used?
Answer: 1st century BC