Question: What is the Drosophila gene the cause of?
Answer: sleep disorder FASPS

Question: What is the Drosophila gene also known as?
Answer: period

Question: What is Familial advanced sleep phase syndrome?
Answer: FASPS

Question: What kind of clock have genetic functions?
Answer: biological clock

Question: What does the body interpret from the gene feedback loop?
Answer: time of the day

Question: Whose work habits and environment prevents them from maintaining a regular sleep pattern?
Answer: airline pilots

Question: What can the lack of regular sleep patterns cause?
Answer: fatigue

Question: What organizations cites this disruption of sleep patterns as a cause of accidents?
Answer: NTSB

Question: What has the NTSB conducted to find the cause of pilot fatigue?
Answer: research studies

Question: Of what does the NTSB want to find a means of doing?
Answer: combating fatigue

Question: What is the earliest recorded instance of circadian rhythm?
Answer: 4th century B.C.E

Question: What ship captain described daily leaf movements?
Answer: Androsthenes

Question: What tree leaves did Androsthenes describe?
Answer: tamarind

Question: What type of Chinese texts mention circadian process in humans?
Answer: medical

Question: When did the Chinese use diurnal rhythms to remember Acu-points?
Answer: 13th century

Question: What is the plant expression of circadian rhythm?
Answer: when to flower

Question: What do plants need to attract to their flowering?
Answer: pollinators

Question:  With what feature of environment do plants need to be in sync?
Answer: light cycle

Question: What does adaptive advantage allow for plants?
Answer: Anticipation of changes

Question: Where can an understanding of circadian rhythms of plants be an advantage?
Answer: agriculture

Question: What has the simplest known circadian clock?
Answer: prokaryotic cyanobacteria

Question: With how many proteins can the circadian clock of Synechococcus elongatus are needed to reproduce its effect?
Answer: three proteins

Question: What type of feedback mechanism was previously thought to be needed to sustain the clock?
Answer: DNA

Question: How long a rhythm were researchers able to sustain in the in vitro experiment?
Answer: 22-hour

Question: What were the only proteins necessary to the circadian timekeeper experiment?
Answer: KaiA, KaiB, KaiC

Question: To what is the circadian rhythm tied?
Answer: light–dark cycle

Question: What conditions will produce a free-running rhythm in humans?
Answer: total darkness

Question: What are the environmental factors that can change the rhythm?
Answer: zeitgebers

Question: What do blind mole rats have in place of vision?
Answer: photoreceptors

Question: What chemical is absent or low during daylight?
Answer: Melatonin

Question: When is the melatonin onset?
Answer: 9 p.m

Question: At its onset, what can be measured in blood or saliva?
Answer: Melatonin

Question: The presence of what is a circadian marker?
Answer: hormone

Question: What are the more reliable markers in determining sleep timing?
Answer: melatonin phase

Question: What physical factor must be continuously monitored during temperature studies> 
Answer: temperatures

Question: At what time does the average adult human reach his lowest temperature?
Answer: 05:00

Question: How long before wake time is the lowest temperature reached?
Answer: two hours

Question: When does the temperature of morning type young adults reach its lowest?
Answer: 04:00

Question: What is the time of lowest temperature for evening type young adults?
Answer: 06:00

Question: Who noticed that sleepiness increases and decreases in a 24 hour period?
Answer: Patrick and Gilbert

Question: Who showed the animals could maintain activity in the absence of light and temperature changes?
Answer: J.S. Szymanski

Question: What animals rhythmic feeding times were studied in the early 20th century ?
Answer: bees

Question: What gene did Konopka and Benzer map in the early 1970 s?
Answer: "period"

Question: What mutation did Takahashi discover in 1994?
Answer: circadian clock

Question: Inside of what can the molecular circadian clock operate?
Answer: single cell

Question: By functioning within a single, what is the system?
Answer: cell-autonomous

Question: What section of the brain periodically releases hormones?
Answer: endocrine glands

Question: How are sleep and wake cycles as well as body functions coordinated?
Answer: biological clock

Question: What do body hormone receptors do with the body's organs?
Answer: synchronise

Question: What signals plants to synchronize their internal clocks?
Answer: Light

Question: What do plants use to sense light?
Answer: photoreceptors

Question: What receptors absorb red and blue light in plants?
Answer: phytochromes and cryptochromes

Question: Which phytochrome found in seedlings deteriorates with light and growth?
Answer: phyA

Question: What is the main phytochrome found in seedling grown in light?
Answer: phyB

Question: What time cycle did studies in 1938 and 1990s use on humans?
Answer: 28-hour

Question: What conditions were suppressed in the 28 hour wake-sleep cycle studies ?
Answer: time cues

Question: How long did the suppression of time clues study last?
Answer: month

Question: What is this forced type of study called?
Answer: forced desynchrony

Question: When in the cycle do wake-sleep cycles break off from the circadian period?
Answer: 24.18 hours

Question: What effect does jet-lag and shift-work have on the human body?
Answer: profound consequences

Question: Animals that eat during resting periods show what body increase?
Answer: body mass

Question: How does irregular eating during shift-work effect insulin?
Answer: insulin sensitivity

Question: Besides insulin sensitivity, what other effect does shift-work have on the body?
Answer: higher body mass

Question: What type of work can lead to heart, hypertension and inflammation?
Answer: Shift-work

Question: What do studies show has a bidirectional relationship with the circadian system?
Answer: abusive drugs

Question: What do abusive drugs effect in the circadian system?
Answer: circadian pacemaker

Question: What do drug abusers show in their circadian processes?
Answer: disrupted rhythms

Question: What can the disrupted circadian system cause?
Answer: abuse and relapse

Question: What can disruption to genetics and environment in the sleep cycle cause?
Answer: susceptibility to addiction

Question: What is theorized to have evolved with circadian rhythms?
Answer: photosensitive proteins

Question: What is thought that circadian rhythm evolved to protect?
Answer: replicating DNA

Question: From what did  DNA need to be protected in the earliest cells? 
Answer: ultraviolet radiation

Question: One possible reason for the development of the circadian system is the need to counteract what ?
Answer: redox reactions

Question: What environmental event occurred 2.3 million years ago?
Answer: Great Oxidation Event

Question: What is the body clock gene in animals necessary to ensure?
Answer: cellular/metabolic events

Question: What do mice without the clock gene become?
Answer: hyperphagic and obese

Question: Beside obesity, how else does the lack of a circadian clock effect   the mice?
Answer: glucose metabolism

Question: How certain is it that these circadian clock  effects are the same in humans?
Answer: not clear

Question: What gene needs to be deleted to cause obesity in mice?
Answer: Rev-ErbA alpha clock

Question: Where is the primary circadian gene located in humans?
Answer: suprachiasmatic nucleus

Question: Where are these cell groups found in humans?
Answer: hypothalamus

Question: What would the loss of the SCN cells cause in the sleep-wake rhythm?
Answer: complete absence

Question: What provides information to the SCN?
Answer: eyes

Question: What special cells in the eyes communicate directly to the SCN cells?
Answer: ganglion