Question: What may in part reflect subjective attributes, self-identities and social institutions? 
Answer: sociological factors

Question: What have human groups always considered themselves as compared to other nearby groups?
Answer: distinct

Question: During which process did our current idea of race come about?
Answer: exploration and conquest

Question: Where did Europeans come into contact with other groups?
Answer: different continents

Question: What have differences among groups not typically been perceived as being?
Answer: natural, immutable and global

Question: What ideaology is found in the natural sciences?
Answer: classification and typology

Question: When did many of the ideas associated with the term "race" arise?
Answer: time of the scientific revolution

Question: What created relations between Europeans and people with different cultures?
Answer: colonization

Question: Who speculated about the observable difference among different groups of humans?
Answer: Europeans

Question: Justifying the subordination of what group was one of the incentives to categorize human groups?
Answer: African slaves

Question: What groups has there always been brutal conflict between?
Answer: ethnic

Question: Who was the author of the first published book classifying humans into distinct races?
Answer: François Bernier

Question: In what century did differences among human groups become a focus of science?
Answer: 18th century

Question: What race was typically ascribed the most desirable features?
Answer: White

Question: How was Homo sapiens europaeus described as?
Answer: active, acute, and adventurous

Question: What attributes were bestowed on homo spaiens afer?
Answer: crafty, lazy, and careless

Question: What year was Blumenbach's treatise published?
Answer: 1775

Question: How many divisions did Blumenbach's treatise specify?
Answer: five

Question: What type of transition was noted from one group to the next?
Answer: graded

Question: What can one not mark between the variety of mankind?
Answer: limits

Question: What race was later renamed to Negroid?
Answer: Ethiopian

Question: What did the merging of superstitious beliefs and scientific ones regarding group differences produce?
Answer: an "ideology of race"

Question: What were races considered to be, according to the ideology of race?
Answer: primordial, natural, enduring and distinct

Question: How might some groups have resulted, according to the ideology?
Answer: mixture between formerly distinct populations

Question: What group was identified as being inferior to Europeans?
Answer: Negros

Question: Who particularly noted the unnatural sexual appetites of Africans?
Answer: Thomas Jefferson

Question: What theory is the belief that differences races had evolved independently on each continent?
Answer: polygenism

Question: What country did Edward Long and Charles White advocated the belief of polygenism in?
Answer: England

Question: What was the profession of Christoph Meiners and Georg Forster?
Answer: ethnographers

Question: In what century was polygenism most widespread?
Answer: 19th century

Question: The Ethnological Society was sympathetic towards what cause?
Answer: abolitionist

Question: What species do all living humans today belong to?
Answer: Homo sapiens

Question: When is it theorized that Homo habilis evolved in East Africa?
Answer: 2 million years ago

Question: How many millions of years ago had Homo erectus spread throughout Europa and Asia?
Answer: 1.5

Question: Members of what species populated parts of Africa in a relatively short time?
Answer: Homo habilis

Question: What group might have Archaic Homo sapiens evolve out of?
Answer: African Homo erectus

Question: Who taught and accepted the belief that biologically distinct races were isomorphic?
Answer: many anthropologists

Question: What practice was combined with the field of eugenics regarding the distinctness of social groups?
Answer: scientific racism

Question: What effect did the Nazi eugenics program have on racial essentialism? 
Answer: lost widespread popularity

Question: What conclusions were race anthropologists pressured to revise?
Answer: sources of phenotypic variation

Question: What did a lot of modern anthropologists in the West come to view racial designation as?
Answer: invalid

Question: What type of geneticists have debates about what can provide a basis for a new conception of race?
Answer: Population

Question: What class of researchers surprisingly have no generally accepted concept of population?
Answer: biologists

Question: What do most definitions of population rely on?
Answer: qualitative descriptions

Question: What do Waples and Gaggiotti identify two broad types of?
Answer: definitions for populations

Question: What are both ecological and evolutionary definition modifiers of?
Answer: paradigm

Question: What are traditionally geographically isolated?
Answer: subspecies

Question: What is "subspecies" used to indicate an objective degree of?
Answer: microevolutionary divergence

Question: What is an objection to the idea of subspecies because it doesn't specify this?
Answer: degree of differentiation

Question: What would a population have to somewhat be to be considered a subspecies?
Answer: biologically different

Question: What did Templeton argue is necessary to impose a threshold on for a population to be a subspecies?
Answer: level of difference

Question: What must organisms have a measurable level of to be seen as a subspecies?
Answer: difference

Question: Who proposed subspecies be defined by the seventy-five percent rule?
Answer: Dean Amadon

Question: What year did Dean Amadon make his proposal?
Answer: 1949

Question: The 75% rule states how much of a population must lie outside the range of other populations for a defining set of characters?
Answer: 99%

Question: Many scholars argue what should be replaced with a ninety or ninety-five percent rule?
Answer: The seventy-five percent rule

Question: When did Sewall Wright make his suggestion about human populations?
Answer: 1978

Question: How should populations long inhabiting separate parts of the world be considered?
Answer: different subspecies

Question: What is required to allocate individuals in subspecies populations correctly?
Answer: inspection

Question: What did Wright feel it wouldn't take an anthropologist to easily distinguish between of in groups?
Answer: individual

Question: What term is it customary to use instead of subspecies?
Answer: race

Question: What is cladistics a method of?
Answer: classification

Question: What is a clade a taxonomic group of?
Answer: organisms

Question: How many common ancestors does a clade have?
Answer: single

Question: What is another term for a phylogenetic tree?
Answer: taxonomy

Question: Which chromosome sequences are used to study ancient human migration paths?
Answer: Y

Question: What analysis method are taxonomists fond of using in considering a population?
Answer: phylogenetic

Question: How are allopatric populations separated? 
Answer: geographically

Question: What is a group with a common evolutionary ancestor population called?
Answer: a clade

Question: What is a tongue twister of a word that merely means "cleanly divided"?
Answer: monophyletic

Question: Who argued in 2003 that all clades are by definition monophyletic groups?
Answer: Rachel Caspari

Question: What did Lieberman and Jackon find profound problems using cladistics to support concepts of?
Answer: race

Question: What would the diverse group of East Indians, North Africans and Europeans be grouped as prior to DNA analysis?
Answer: Caucasians

Question: Cladistics can limit and skew what?
Answer: interpretations

Question: What is variation found in that can be labeled as races?
Answer: packages

Question: Lieberman and Jackson suggest authors of some studies use the term race in what ways?
Answer: conceptually imprecise and careless