Question: What is a major reason why the Latin-based regional Romance languages of Italy should be regarded as independent languages rather than dialects of each other?
Answer: they lack mutual intelligibility

Question: From what region of Italy does the Eastern Lombard dialect hail?
Answer: Lombardy

Question: What language family does Eastern Lombard belong to?
Answer: Gallo-Italic

Question: What type of language is Sicilian?
Answer: Neapolitan

Question: What language was spoken by Lombard immigrants to Sicily?
Answer: Sicilian Gallo-Italic

Question: What language is modern standard Italian derived from?
Answer: Florentine Tuscan

Question: What language is Florentine Tuscan based on?
Answer: Latin

Question: During what century did Florentine Tuscan begin to be used in poetry?
Answer: 12th

Question: What socioeconomic class used the Florentine Tuscan language in Dante's time?
Answer: upper class

Question: From what region of Italy did Florentine Tuscan derive?
Answer: Tuscany

Question: What Italian nationalist spoke of the importance of a national Italian language?
Answer: Alessandro Manzoni

Question: During what period was the importance of having an Italian national language raised?
Answer: the Risorgimento

Question: In what decade was Italy unified?
Answer: 1860s

Question: What percentage of Italians spoke standard Italian when Italy was first unified?
Answer: 2.5%

Question: When Italy was unified, what was named the official national language?
Answer: standard Italian

Question: During what war did a large number of Italian men first learn standard Italian?
Answer: World War I

Question: Along with radio and public education, what invention helped to diffuse standard Italian among the Italian population?
Answer: television

Question: In modern Italy, what class of people are regional languages sometimes associated with?
Answer: lower

Question: Along with formal settings, where do some Italians avoid speaking their regional language?
Answer: outside of one's region

Question: Aside from when they're speaking to Italians from their same town or region, where is a common place where Italians speak their regional language?
Answer: at home with family

Question: Regional Italian dialects are often influenced by regional languages and what other language?
Answer: standard Italian

Question: What language family do most of the languages of Italy belong to?
Answer: Italo-Dalmatian

Question: What language are most languages of Italy derived from?
Answer: Latin

Question: Aside from Italo-Dalmatian, what is another term for the group that Italian languages belong to?
Answer: Romance

Question: Campidanese Sardinian is a variant of what language?
Answer: The Sardinian language

Question: What language is Sassarese closely related to?
Answer: Italian Tuscan

Question: What language family does Gallurese belong to?
Answer: Italo-Dalmatian

Question: What language family does Ligurian belong to?
Answer: Gallo-Romance

Question: Where is the Catalan Algherese dialect spoken?
Answer: Sardinian

Question: Along with British English, what is the major variant of the English language?
Answer: American English

Question: What are the two major variants of Serbo-Croatian?
Answer: Serbian and Croatian

Question: Are British and American English regarded as distinct languages, or dialects of a single language?
Answer: dialects of a single language

Question: Do regional linguists treat Serbian and Croation as distinct languages or as dialects of a single language?
Answer: distinct languages

Question: Why are Serbian and Croatian often treated like distinct languages?
Answer: the two countries oscillate from being brotherly to being bitter enemies

Question: Along with Serbian, with what language is Macedonian mutually intelligible?
Answer: Bulgarian

Question: What dialect continuum does Macedonian belong to?
Answer: South Slavic

Question: What do Bulgarian linguists regard the Macedonian language as?
Answer: a Bulgarian dialect

Question: In what year was a Macedonian literary standard established?
Answer: 1944

Question: In what country is Macedonian most commonly spoken?
Answer: Republic of Macedonia

Question: Lebanese people of what religion sometimes consider Lebanese to be a distinct language?
Answer: Christian

Question: In what language are Lebanese laws written?
Answer: Arabic

Question: During the Lebanese Civil War, what language did Lebanese Christians sometimes use officially?
Answer: Lebanese Arabic

Question: What language is Lebanese closely related to?
Answer: Arabic

Question: What script did Lebanese Christians sometimes use to write Lebanese Arabic during the civil war?
Answer: Latin

Question: Along with Morocco and Tunisia, in what country are the Darijas spoken?
Answer: Algeria

Question: What is the liturgical language of Islam?
Answer: Literary Arabic

Question: In what language is the Qur'an written?
Answer: Literary Arabic

Question: What does the term Dariajs refer to?
Answer: spoken North African languages

Question: What is the dominant religion of North Africa?
Answer: Islam

Question: During what century did the Russian government claim that Ukrainian was a Russian dialect?
Answer: 19th

Question: What Russian government claimed that Ukrainian was not a distinct language?
Answer: the Tsarist Government

Question: The conquest of western Ukraine by what country altered the language of Ukraine?
Answer: Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth

Question: What nation conquered Ukraine during the First World War?
Answer: The German Empire

Question: What alliance defeated the German Empire in World War I?
Answer: the Entente

Question: What Ukrainian political group was involved in the defeat of the German Empire?
Answer: Bolsheviks

Question: Who did the Ukrainian Bolsheviks conquer the Ukraine from?
Answer: Whites

Question: After what war did Moscow begin to repress the Ukrainian language?
Answer: World War II

Question: Why did Moscow begin to repress the Ukrainian language?
Answer: Ukrainian collaborationism with the Axis powers

Question: Why did Ukrainians collaborate with the Axis?
Answer: to gain independence

Question: In what country is the Surzhyk dialect spoken?
Answer: Ukraine

Question: Surzhyk is a dialect intermediate between the Ukrainian language and what other language?
Answer: Russian

Question: Who was the president of Moldova in 1996?
Answer: Mircea Snegur

Question: In what year was a Moldovan-Romanian dictionary published?
Answer: 2003

Question: Fear of what caused the Moldovan parliament to reject changing the name of the country's language to Romanian in 1996?
Answer: Romanian expansionism

Question: Who was the head of the Academy of Sciences of Moldova?
Answer: Ion Bărbuţă

Question: From what did Chinese characters derive?
Answer: logograms

Question: What is another name for the Yue language?
Answer: Cantonese

Question: Hakka is a language from what geographic part of China?
Answer: the south

Question: From the time of the Ming dynasty, what city was the capital of China?
Answer: Beijing

Question: At its founding. what was the official language of the Republic of China?
Answer: Standard Mandarin

Question: From the perspective of historical linguists, what are Romance languages dialects of?
Answer: Latin

Question: What do many historical linguists consider modern Greek to be a dialect of?
Answer: Ancient Greek

Question: From what language is North Germanic derived?
Answer: Old Norse

Question: Tok Pisin might be regarded as a dialect of what language?
Answer: English

Question: Italian is significantly mutually comprehensible with what other Romance language?
Answer: Spanish

Question: With what romance language does Spanish not have a high degree of mutual comprehensibility?
Answer: French

Question: What is the reason for French and Italian not being very mutually comprehensible?
Answer: French having undergone more rapid and more pervasive phonological change