Question: Why was Mevastatin never marketed?
Answer: adverse effects of tumors, muscle deterioration, and sometimes death

Question: Who discovered Mevastatin?
Answer: Akira Endo

Question: What is HMG-CoA responsible for producing?
Answer: cholesterol

Question: Where did Endo discover ML-236B?
Answer: Penicillium citrinum

Question: What was discovered in long term studies?
Answer: too toxic for human use

Question: In what year was mevastatin discovered?
Answer: 1971

Question: Who discovered mevastatin?
Answer: Akira Endo

Question: What organism produces mevastatin?
Answer: Penicillium citrinum

Question: What enzyme helps produce cholesterol?
Answer: HMG-CoA reductase

Question: How much did Pfizer settle the illegal marketing suit for?
Answer: $301 million

Question: What drugs were involved in cases of the largest criminal fines?
Answer: Zyprexa, and the other involved Bextra

Question: What was Pfizer accused of illegally marketing?
Answer: Geodon

Question: What companies have been involved with health care fraud cases?
Answer: Bristol-Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, Pfizer, AstraZeneca and Johnson & Johnson

Question: What do illegal marketing cases fall under?
Answer: False Claims Act

Question: Firms such as Eli Lilly, Pfizer, and AstraZeneca have settled claims under what act?
Answer: False Claims Act

Question: Zyprexa was owned by what company?
Answer: Eli Lilly

Question: Pfizer was charged with illegally marketing what antipsychotic drug?
Answer: Geodon

Question: Pfizer settled the Geodon lawsuit for how much money?
Answer: $301 million

Question: Who were some of the companies that encouraged the interactions between doctors and the pharmaceutical industry?
Answer: World Economic Forum, the Gates Foundation, the Wellcome Trust, and the Food and Drug Administration

Question: When did the article come out about the importance of interactions?
Answer: May 2015

Question: What was the reason behind these interactions?
Answer: bring greater benefits to patients

Question: What was believed to have created a financial conflict of interest?
Answer: moral outrage over industry malfeasance

Question: Who printed the article about the importance of interactions?
Answer: New England Journal of Medicine

Question: What publication had an article about the importance of pharmaceutical industry-physician interactions in 2015?
Answer: New England Journal of Medicine

Question: When was the editorial published?
Answer: May 2015

Question: Did major healthcare organizations support or discourage interactions between doctors and industries?
Answer: encouraged greater interactions

Question: Who conduced an investigation on doctors?
Answer: ProPublica

Question: Billions of dollars have been paid by which companies?
Answer: AstraZeneca, Johnson & Johnson and Eli Lilly

Question: How much was discovered to have been paid to doctors by drug companies?
Answer: more than $500,000

Question: What was the reason these companies have to pay fines?
Answer: allegations that they paid doctors to promote drugs for unapproved uses

Question: How many doctors have been paid by varies companies?
Answer: at least 21

Question: A ProPublica study found that some doctors were being paid how much money for speeches?
Answer: more than $500,000

Question: Half of the top earners were mostly in what field?
Answer: psychiatry

Question: Drug manufacturers paid off doctors a total of how much money?
Answer: $2 billion

Question: Why are collaborative agreements important?
Answer: to explore the potential of new drug substances

Question: How do large corporations show vertical integration?
Answer: participating in a broad range of drug discovery and development, manufacturing and quality control, marketing, sales, and distribution

Question: What are large companies relying on outside organizations for?
Answer: to manage drug development

Question: What are smaller organizations responsible for?
Answer: focus on a specific aspect such as discovering drug candidates or developing formulations

Question: What type of integration do large corporations often do?
Answer: vertical

Question: What type of integration do smaller organizations do?
Answer: a specific aspect

Question: What type of agreements are made to research potential new drugs?
Answer: collaborative agreements

Question: What type of organizations are multinational corporations increasingly rely on?
Answer: contract research

Question: Who is the core guide?
Answer: The British National Formulary

Question: Who is responsible for approving drugs in the United Kingdom?
Answer: Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency

Question: After an approval in the United States, when does an approval occur in the United Kingdom and other countries?
Answer: comes later

Question: Who decides how NHS will allow drugs?
Answer: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE)

Question: Who does the evaluations for drugs in the United Kingdom?
Answer: European Medicines Agency

Question: What UK firm approves pharmaceutical drugs?
Answer: Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency

Question: What UK organization evaluates drugs? 
Answer: European Medicines Agency

Question: What firm in England and Wales decides if the NHS allows drugs?
Answer: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence

Question: What is the name of the core guide for pharmacists and clinicians?
Answer: British National Formulary

Question: What is subject to the Orphan Drug Act?
Answer: diseases involving fewer than 200,000 patients in the United States, or larger populations in certain circumstances

Question: What is given to companies who develop drugs for "orphan diseases"?
Answer: tax reductions, fee waivers, and market exclusivity on that drug for a limited time (seven years), regardless of whether the drug is protected by patents

Question: Why are these companies rewarded?
Answer: Because medical research and development of drugs to treat such diseases is financially disadvantageous

Question: What size of disease populations are subject to the Orphan Drug Act?
Answer: fewer than 200,000 patients

Question: What is one financial benefit to researching orphan drugs?
Answer: tax reductions

Question: What is the length of time of market exclusivity of an orphan drug?
Answer: seven years

Question: What is a term for rare diseases in some territories?
Answer: orphan diseases

Question: Who argued against regulators?
Answer: Ben Goldacre

Question: Who argued that drug regulators were greater serving the interests of the drug companies than the patients?
Answer: Ben Goldacre

Question: The business friendships between which parties have been criticized?
Answer: regulator and company employees

Question: Goldacre argued that which party didn't require that new drugs be improved at all?
Answer: regulators

Question: NICE decides the availability of drugs in which two countries?
Answer: England and Wales

Question: What is the name of the organization in Scotland that decides the availability of drugs?
Answer: Scottish Medicines Consortium

Question: What threshold must a drug pass before it is approved?
Answer: cost-effectiveness

Question: How much money did the top ten bestselling drugs make in 2013?
Answer: $75.6 billion

Question: What was the name of the top-selling anti-inflammatory drug in 2013?
Answer: Humira

Question: What was the bestselling drug in history?
Answer: Lipitor

Question: How much money did Lipitor make before the patent expired?
Answer: $141 billion

Question: In what year did Pfizer's patent over Lipitor expire?
Answer: 2011

Question: How long do drug exclusivity rights usually last?
Answer: 20 years

Question: Governments grant permission to market drugs after how many years?
Answer: 10 to 15 years on average

Question: What enables a drug's owner to recover R&D costs?
Answer: Patent protection

Question: What kind of drug is produced by competitors once a patent expires?
Answer: generic