Question: What type of bacteria are present in Xylophaga?
Answer: Symbiotic

Question: What type of wood is it possible the bacteria in Xylophaga help break down?
Answer: sunken

Question: How long was the wood submerged in water in the study that discovered the types of bacteria in it?
Answer: over a year

Question: What bacteria starting with the letter "F" were found in wood after it was underwater for more than a year?
Answer: Flavobacteria

Question: What language family is Somali a part of?
Answer: Afro-Asiatic

Question: What part of the Afro-Asiatic language family is Somali a part of?
Answer: Cushitic

Question: What is the majority religion of Somalis?
Answer: Sunni Muslim

Question: How many people of Somali ethnicity live in Somalia?
Answer: 12.3 million

Question: What country has the second largest Somali population?
Answer: Ethiopia

Question: From whom are several Somali clans descended?
Answer: Irir Samaale

Question: From what words is the term 'Somali' generally regarded as being derived?
Answer: soo and maal

Question: What does 'soo and maal' mean in English?
Answer: go and milk

Question: What word in Arabic means 'wealthy' in English?
Answer: dhawamaal

Question: What resource traditionally comprised Somali wealth?
Answer: livestock

Question: What did the Arabs call the northern Somali coast in the 9th century?
Answer: Berbera

Question: What did the Chinese call the northern Somali coast in the 9th century?
Answer: Po-pa-li

Question: In what century was the term 'Somali' first used?
Answer: 15th

Question: Who ordered that a hymn be composed that first mentioned the Somalis?
Answer: the Abyssinian Emperor

Question: Where was the Sultanate of Ifat located?
Answer: Zeila

Question: How long ago were rock paintings found in Somalia created?
Answer: 5000 years

Question: Where are the most notable rock paintings located?
Answer: the Laas Geel complex

Question: Along with animals, what is depicted on the rock paintings of Laas Geel?
Answer: human figures

Question: Where does a notable rock painting of a man on horseback exist?
Answer: the northern Dhambalin region

Question: In what geographic part of Somalia are these rock paintings commonly found?
Answer: northern

Question: Along with the Hargesian culture, what culture was present in Somalia in the Stone age?
Answer: the Doian culture

Question: What undeciphered writings were found alongside the rock paintings?
Answer: Inscriptions

Question: During what period did the Doian culture thrive?
Answer: the Stone age

Question: In what country is the oldest evidence of ceremonial burial in the Horn of Africa located?
Answer: Somalia

Question: From what millennium do the oldest cemeteries in the Horn of Africa date?
Answer: 4th millennium BC

Question: At what site were important paleolithic stone tools found?
Answer: the Jalelo site

Question: In what geographic part of Somalia were important paleolithic stone tools found?
Answer: northern

Question: What economic activity in the Horn of Africa did the ancient Somalis connect to the rest of the world?
Answer: commerce

Question: Along with myrrh and spices, what important luxury did ancient Somali merchants provide?
Answer: frankincense

Question: Along with the ancient Phoenicians, Egyptians and Babylonians, what ancient people regarded myrrh as a luxury?
Answer: Mycenaeans

Question: What ancient land was connected to the modern Somali people?
Answer: Land of Punt

Question: What nation did the Land of Put have a close relationship with?
Answer: Pharaonic Egypt

Question: Who was a Queen of Egypt during the time when Punt and Egypt were close?
Answer: Hatshepsut

Question: Along with houses of dressed stone, what ancient architecture may have been influenced by Egypt?
Answer: pyramidal structures

Question: Near what headland was Mosylon located?
Answer: Cape Guardafui

Question: Along with Mosylon, Malao, Nikon, Sarapion, Opone and Essina, what city-state flourished in ancient Somalia?
Answer: Damo

Question: Along with the Parthians and Axumites, who were the commercial competitors of the ancient Somalis?
Answer: Sabaeans

Question: What trade did the ancient Somalis and others compete for?
Answer: Indo-Greco-Roman

Question: What body of water separated Somalia from the land where Islam was born?
Answer: Red Sea

Question: In what location was Islam born?
Answer: the Arabian Peninsula

Question: What civilization was Mogadishu a part of?
Answer: Berberi

Question: What was another name for Mogadishu?
Answer: the City of Islam

Question: The trade of what luxury in East Africa was once centered on Mogadishu?
Answer: gold

Question: What dynasty ruled the Sultanate of Ifat?
Answer: the Walashma dynasty

Question: What was the capital of the Sultanate of Ifat?
Answer: Zeila

Question: Along with parts of Ethiopia and Somalia, in what modern-day country was the Sultanate of Ifat located?
Answer: Djibouti

Question: According to al-Umari, how many cavalry did the Sultanate of Ifat have?
Answer: 15,000

Question: Near what body of water did al-Umari say Ifat was located?
Answer: the Red Sea

Question: What Somali polity of the Middle Ages was known for its fortresses?
Answer: the Ajuran Sultanate

Question: What state employed Abmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi?
Answer: the Sultanate of Adal

Question: What was another name by which Abmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi was known?
Answer: Ahmed Gurey

Question: What state did Adal conquer?
Answer: the Ethiopian Empire

Question: What Somali leader received tribute from the Omani empire?
Answer: Sultan Ahmed Yusuf

Question: What states supported the Dervish State?
Answer: the Ottoman and German empires

Question: In what year did the British defeat the Dervishes?
Answer: 1920

Question: What was the capital of the Dervish State?
Answer: Taleex

Question: In what year did Fascist Italy achieve full control of Somalia?
Answer: 1927

Question: In what year did the Italian occupation of Somalia end?
Answer: 1941

Question: Along with British Somaliland, what country in the region was a British protectorate after the Second World War?
Answer: Italian Somaliland

Question: At what meeting did the United Nations give Italy trusteeship of Italian Somaliland?
Answer: the Potsdam Conference

Question: Along with the Somali Youth League and Somali National League, what was an early Somali political organization?
Answer: Hizbia Digil Mirifle Somali

Question: How many years would Italy have to allow Italian Somaliland to become independent? 
Answer: ten

Question: In what year was the British protectorate over British Somaliland ended?
Answer: 1960

Question: Along with the Haud, what area of Somalia was given to Ethiopia by the British?
Answer: the Ogaden

Question: In what year did the British give the Haud to Ethiopia?
Answer: 1948

Question: The Ogaden was given to Ethiopia on the basis of a treaty signed by the British with what Ethiopian leader?
Answer: Emperor Menelik

Question: In what year did Britain try to purchase Somali lands from Ethiopia?
Answer: 1956

Question: What people constituted almost the entire population of the Northern Frontier District?
Answer: Somali

Question: What was Djibouti called in 1958?
Answer: French Somaliland

Question: In what year did Somalia become independent?
Answer: 1960

Question: What was Mahmoud Harbi's title?
Answer: Vice President of the Government Council

Question: When did Djibouti achieve independence?
Answer: 1977

Question: Who was the first president of Djibouti?
Answer: Hassan Gouled Aptidon

Question: On what date did British Somaliland gain independence?
Answer: 26 June 1960

Question: What was British Somaliland known as upon achieving independence?
Answer: the State of Somaliland

Question: What state formed the Somali Republic with British Somaliland?
Answer: the Trust Territory of Somalia

Question: On what date did the former British Somaliland and Italian Somaliland unite?
Answer: 1 July 1960