Question: What was Marwan II's name before he became caliph?
Answer: Marwan ibn Muhammad

Question: Who defeated the Arabs at the Battle of Tours?
Answer: Franks

Question: In what year did the Berber Revolt begin?
Answer: 739

Question: Who was the father of Hisham?
Answer: Abd al-Malik

Question: In what part of Syria was Resafa located?
Answer: northern

Question: When did Hisham's reign start?
Answer: 724

Question: Where did Hisham base his court?
Answer: Resafa

Question: What notable defeat was suffered by the Arabs under Hisham?
Answer: Battle of Akroinon

Question: What was the name of Muawiyah's wife?
Answer: Maysum

Question: What tribe did Muawiyah's wife belong to?
Answer: Kalb

Question: Where was the Kalb tribe based?
Answer: Syria

Question: What was the religion of Muawiyah's wife's tribe?
Answer: Christian

Question: What was the ethnicity of the Kalb tribe?
Answer: Arab

Question: What Umayyad ruler is regarded as especially just and pious by Sunni scholars?
Answer: Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz

Question: For whom did Umar end the jizya?
Answer: converts to Islam

Question: In what year did Umar ibn Ad Al-Aziz die?
Answer: 720

Question: What was Umar ibn Ad al-Aziz's cause of death?
Answer: poisoned

Question: What group did Umar ibn Ad Al-Aziz grant liberties to?
Answer: Mawali

Question: Who became leader of the Khurasan Hashimiyya in approximately 746?
Answer: Abu Muslim

Question: What symbol did Abu Muslim use in his revolt against the Umayyads?
Answer: black flag

Question: Where did Marwan die?
Answer: Egypt

Question: Who was the Umayyad governor of Khurasan who was defeated by Abu Muslim?
Answer: Nasr ibn Sayyar

Question: When did the Hashimiyya conquer Kufa?
Answer: 749

Question: In the later Abbasid era, what branch of Islam did Iran adhere to?
Answer: Sunni

Question: What notable work of Islamic history was written in Iran during the later Abbasid period?
Answer: Al-Tabri

Question: What group was notably disliked in Iran after the Persian Empire fell?
Answer: Arab

Question: What is the meaning of the term Kurdus in English?
Answer: cohort

Question: What caliph reigned from 740 to 750?
Answer: Marwan II

Question: What did the Umayyads call the mangonel?
Answer: manjaniq

Question: What style of dress did Arab troops wear under Marwan II?
Answer: Greek

Question: Along with artillery and infantry, what was the third division of Umayyad troops under Marwan II?
Answer: cavalry

Question: Who first brought a postal service into Umayyad lands?
Answer: Mu'awiyah

Question: Along what highway did Umar bin Abdul-Aziz build caravanserais?
Answer: Khurasan

Question: In dirhams, what was the yearly cost of the Iraqi postal service when Yusuf bin Umar was governor?
Answer: 4,000,000

Question: Along with horses and camels, what animals were used by the postal service?
Answer: donkeys

Question: In kilometers, how far apart was each stage of the Umayyad highways?
Answer: 19

Question: What nation lost the Battle of Yarmouk?
Answer: Byzantine

Question: Who was the Byzantine leader at the Battle of Yarmouk?
Answer: Heraclius

Question: Along with Syria, where did the Muslims extend their control after the Battle of Yarmouk?
Answer: Jerusalem

Question: Who was the father of Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan?
Answer: Abu Sufyan ibn Harb

Question: Along with Muawiyah, Abu Sufyan ibn Harb and Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan, what notable Muslim participated in the Battle of Yarmouk?
Answer: Hind bint Utbah

Question: What were non-Muslim groups under the Umayyads called?
Answer: dhimmis

Question: Along with Berbers, Zoroastrians and Christians, what notable non-Muslim group existed in the Umayyad Caliphate?
Answer: Jews

Question: Along with Jews, what non-Muslim religion produced notable theological works under the Umayyads?
Answer: Christians

Question: What is another name for people who recently converted to Islam?
Answer: mawali

Question: Who argued that the Umayyads regarded Islam as a particularly aristocratic faith?
Answer: G.R. Hawting

Question: What sorts of families did the Umayyads show favor to?
Answer: old Arab

Question: What Christian saint was also an Umayyad administrator?
Answer: John of Damascus

Question: What tax collectors did the Umayyads often leave in place after they conquered regions?
Answer: Roman

Question: In addition to criticism received for employing non-Muslims, for what notable reason did some Muslims criticize the Umayyads?
Answer: not reducing the taxes of the people who converted to Islam

Question: What Arabic term did the Umayyad caliphs use to refer to themselves?
Answer: khalifat Allah

Question: Where was the Abbasid court based?
Answer: Baghdad

Question: What is the Arabic term for kingship?
Answer: mulk

Question: What was the tradition Arabic title used by caliphs?
Answer: khalifat rasul Allah

Question: What does khalifat Allah translate to in English?
Answer: deputy of God

Question: What is another term for asphalt?
Answer: bitumen

Question: Besides occurrences in Canada, where in the US is asphalt found?
Answer: Utah

Question: How much of the planet's asphalt is located in Canada?
Answer: most

Question: What is the area amount of the Canadian asphalt deposits?
Answer: 142,000 square kilometres

Question: Where does most of Canada's asphalt end up these days?
Answer: oil refineries

Question: What group initially made use of asphalt?
Answer: indigenous peoples

Question: For what purpose did American Indians use asphalt? 
Answer: adhesive

Question: What sort of deposits does asphalt overlay?
Answer: petroleum

Question: What would early users of asphalt want to achieve by putting it on baskets?
Answer: watertight

Question: On what type of boat was asphalt used to seal planks?
Answer: canoes

Question: What is used asphalt turned back into?
Answer: new pavement mixtures

Question: How much of yearly acquired asphalt is reclaimed?
Answer: 99%

Question: What percentage of new roadways are surfaced with asphalt?
Answer: 95%

Question: During what action is asphalt often reclaimed?
Answer: maintenance

Question: For what reason is asphalt removed from a road? 
Answer: worn or damaged

Question: How many asphalt upgraders operate in Alberta?
Answer: five

Question: What synthetic product is produced by upgraders?
Answer: crude oil

Question: Besides crude oil, what does the Suncor Energy plant produce?
Answer: diesel fuel

Question: Where is a sixth upgrader being built in Alberta?
Answer: Redwater, Alberta

Question: How much of the production of the Redwater plant will into diesel fuel?
Answer: half

Question: About what temperature is asphalt shipped?
Answer: 150 °C

Question: To promote what characteristic is diesel oil added to asphalt for shipping?
Answer: liquidity

Question: What is the liquefied mixture called? 
Answer: bitumen feedstock

Question: What truck feature is occasionally used to keep asphalt warm?
Answer: engine exhaust

Question: Due to what concerns is diesel fuel no longer used as a release agent for transporting asphalt?
Answer: environmental

Question: What ancient group used bitumen extraction?
Answer: Romans

Question: When were the first published reports of bitumen extraction in Albania?
Answer: 1868

Question: What government had exploitation rights for bitumen extraction?
Answer: Ottoman

Question: When were the Ottoman rights given to the Simsa company?
Answer: 1912

Question: When was management of Albanian bitumen acquired by the French?
Answer: 2001

Question: What is the last origination of the word asphalt?
Answer: late Middle English

Question: From what language does asphalt initially come?
Answer: Greek

Question: What are the meanings of the Greek word for asphalt?
Answer: asphalt/bitumen/pitch

Question: What is the French term for natural asphalt?
Answer: asphalte

Question: To construct what feature was asphalt brought to Babylon?
Answer: wall

Question: How are the words bitumen and asphalt frequently used?
Answer: interchangeably