Question: When did the Balkan Wars take place?
Answer: 1912–13

Question: What was the sole territory that the empire kept in the Balkans after 1913?
Answer: East Thrace (European Turkey)

Question: How many Muslims fled the Balkans with the Ottoman armies?
Answer: 400,000

Question: Which individual estimated millions of Muslim deaths in the Balkans in the late 19th and early 20th century?
Answer: Justin McCarthy

Question: What era kicked off the end of the Ottoman empire?
Answer: Second Constitutional Era

Question: What was the revolution that sparked the end of the Ottoman Empire?
Answer: the Young Turk Revolution

Question: The restoration of what happened in 1876?
Answer: the Ottoman constitution

Question: What were two major parties established by Young Turk members?
Answer: Committee of Union and Progress,” and “Freedom and Accord Party”

Question: What territories were annexed by Austria-Hungary in 1908?
Answer: Bosnia and Herzegovina

Question: Where did the Ottoman empire begin its part in the first world war?
Answer: Middle Eastern theatre

Question: The Battle of Gallipoli and the Siege of Kut resulted in what?
Answer: Ottoman victories

Question: The Arab Revolt began in what year?
Answer: 1916

Question: What was the date that the Armistice of Mudros came to be signed?
Answer: 30 October 1918

Question: When did the Turkish War of Independence take place?
Answer: 1919–22

Question: When did the Russian Caucasus Army advance into eastern Anatolia?
Answer: In 1915

Question: What ethnic group was deported by the Ottoman Government from eastern Anatolia?
Answer: ethnic Armenian

Question: How many ethnic Armenians are believed to have died in the Armenian Genocide?
Answer: 1.5 million

Question: Armenian women and children were deported on death marches through what desert?
Answer: the Syrian desert

Question: Two other ethnic minorities were massacred during Ottoman ethnic cleansing, what were they?
Answer: Greek and Assyrian minorities

Question: What was the highest ranked person in the Ottoman Empire until the 19th century?
Answer: Sultan was the highest position

Question: On type of system were the civil administrations of the empire based on? 
Answer: local administrative units based on the region's characteristics

Question: Who had control over the clergy in the Ottoman empire?
Answer: the state

Question: What was the main responsibility of the Ottoman state as it relates to lands?
Answer: to defend and extend the land of the Muslims

Question: What type of practice guided the Ottoman state in its responsibilities?
Answer: orthodox Islamic practice

Question: What was another name for the Ottoman Empire?
Answer: House of Osman

Question: What was the other longest ruling House in Europe known as?
Answer: House of Habsburg

Question: From what origin did the Ottoman empire come to be?
Answer: Turkish

Question: How many times was the the sitting sultan in the House of Osman removed?
Answer: eleven occasions

Question: When was the reign of sultan Mehmed VI?
Answer: 1918–1922

Question: The Ottoman Caliphate claimed by Murad Ir epresented what in Islam?
Answer: The highest position

Question: The person with this what title was believed to be the embodiment of the Ottoman government?
Answer: pâdişâh or "lord of kings"

Question: What was the importantance of the imperial Harem?
Answer: one of the most important powers of the Ottoman court

Question: What was the purpose of the palace educational system?
Answer: eliminating the unfit potential heirs, and establishing support among the ruling elite for a successor

Question: What was the name of the boarding school for Christians during the Ottoman Caliphate?
Answer: Enderûn

Question: The sultan of the ottoman empire had what honorific?
Answer: the supreme monarch

Question: What was the council that handled state politics named?
Answer: Divan

Question: What type of people were initially in the Divan?
Answer: elders of the tribe

Question: At a later point other groups were admitted into the Divan, what groups?
Answer: military officers and local elites

Question: A Grand Vizar began to be appointed in what year?
Answer: 1320

Question: What was the name of the secular legal system under the Ottoman Caliphate?
Answer: Qanun (or Kanun)

Question: What was religious law known as?
Answer: Sharia

Question: What did the Ottoman Empire attempt to balance in its legal policies?
Answer: central and local authority

Question: How many court systems did the Ottoman empire have?
Answer: three court systems

Question: What were the laws of the court system based upon?
Answer: Turkic Yassa and Töre

Question: What were the primary courts of the empire?
Answer: Islamic courts

Question: From what works was Sharia developed?
Answer: the Qur'an; the Hadīth

Question: Whose words contributed to the Islamic Sharia law system?
Answer: the prophet Muhammad

Question: Where were the empire's law schools?
Answer: in Istanbul and Bursa.

Question: What other religious groups went to Islamic courts?
Answer: Jews and Christians

Question: Who was the one that presided over the empire's Islamic Courts?
Answer: Qadi

Question: At what juncture did the Qadi focus less on precedent?
Answer: closing of the ijtihad, or Gate of Interpretation

Question: What was one thing the Ottoman legal system lacked?
Answer: an appellate structure

Question: What did Qadis focus on in some areas?
Answer: local customs and traditions

Question: What is another word for Qadi?
Answer: judge

Question: Reforms in the Ottoman court system were based on what model?
Answer: French models

Question: How many tiers did the Ottoman court system adopt?
Answer: three

Question: What was the new Ottoman court system known as?
Answer: Nizamiye

Question: What code regulated marriage?
Answer: the Mecelle

Question: In what century did the first Osman I organized military unit form?
Answer: 13th century

Question: From where did tribesmen that formed a unit organized by Osman I originate?
Answer: the hills of western Anatolia

Question: There were four corps of the Ottoman Army, what were they?
Answer: Janissary, Sipahi, Akıncı and Mehterân

Question: The Ottoman army was among the first to use what two pieces of weapons technology?
Answer: muskets and cannons

Question: In what conflict did the Ottoman Turks use falconets?
Answer: Siege of Constantinople

Question: On what continent did the Ottoman Navy contribute most?
Answer: European continent

Question: What region did the Ottoman Navy conquer in the early 16th century?
Answer: North Africa

Question: Egypt was added to the Ottoman Empire in what year?
Answer: 1517

Question: In what year did the Ottoman empire lose Greece?
Answer: 1821

Question: The Ottoman empire lost what territory in 1830?
Answer: Algeria

Question: Which sultan distrusted his admirals during the Russo-Turkish war?
Answer: Sultan Abdülhamid II

Question: Who was the reformist that had the backing of Ottoman admirals during the Russo-Turkish war?
Answer: Midhat Pasha

Question: Where was the Ottoman fleet left to decay?
Answer: the Golden Horn

Question: When was the Young Turk Revolution?
Answer: 1908

Question: What Ottoman group wanted to form a stronger navy in the early 20th century?
Answer: the Committee of Union and Progress

Question: What was the first date that the Ottoman empire had an air-based military unit?
Answer: June 1909

Question: Where was the first Ottoman Aviation school?
Answer: Yeşilköy

Question: On what date was the Aviation School founded?
Answer: 3 July 1912

Question: What happened at the aviation school in May 1913?
Answer: the world's first specialized Reconnaissance Training Program was started

Question: What new military academy was formed in June 1914?
Answer: the Naval Aviation School (Bahriye Tayyare Mektebi)

Question: The goal of developing Bursa and Istanbul was an intentional act to create what?
Answer: commercial and industrial centres