Question: How are unaspirated consonants left unmarked?
Answer: ⟨t⟩

Question: What is created when the vocal folds are spread and do not vibrate?
Answer: Voiceless consonants

Question: What is created when vocal folds are slightly closed and vibrate?
Answer: voiced consonants

Question: What is it called when a person's vocal cords stay open after a consonant?
Answer: Voiceless aspiration

Question: Aspiration of stops is seen as voiceless velar airflow in some languages, such as what?
Answer: Navajo

Question: In Navajo, the aspiration of affricates can be seen as what?
Answer: an extended length of the frication

Question: In Eastern Armenian, aspirated consonants occur in what?
Answer: consonant clusters

Question: Where are consonants aspirated in just the final position?
Answer: Wahgi

Question: As well as lasting as long as an English aspirated stop, the Armenian and Cantonese aspiration lasts as long as what?
Answer: unaspirated stops

Question: Aspiration alters with what?
Answer: place of articulation

Question: What happens when an aspirated consonant is doubled or geminated?
Answer: the stop is held longer and then has an aspirated release.

Question: What is comprised of a stop, fricative, and aspirated release?
Answer: An aspirated affricate

Question: What two languages mentioned have have preaspirated [ʰp ʰt ʰk]?
Answer: Icelandic and Faroese

Question: What do scholars say the preaspirated [ʰp ʰt ʰk] are too?
Answer: consonant clusters

Question: What do preaspirated stops contrast with in Icelandic?
Answer: double stops and single stops

Question: The Sami tongue also has what?
Answer: Preaspirated stops

Question: Which Sami tongue has unvoiced stop and affricate phonemes pronounced preaspirated?
Answer: North Sami

Question: How many contrastive aspirated fricatives does Choni Tibetan have?
Answer: up to four

Question: Indian languages commonly have murmured consonants instead of what?
Answer: True aspirated voiced consonants

Question: True aspirated consonants are considered what?
Answer: rare

Question: True aspirated consonants have been found in Kelabit Taa and what else?
Answer: Kx'a languages

Question: What has a different significance in various languages?
Answer: Aspiration

Question: What two forms can aspiration be in?
Answer: allophonic or phonemic

Question: Aspiration is what, in English and some other languages?
Answer: allophonic

Question: How are stops distinguished?
Answer: voicing

Question: Voiceless stops are at times what?
Answer: aspirated

Question: Voiced stops are most often what?
Answer: unaspirated

Question: When following a word such as spill, they are what for most speakers?
Answer: unaspirated

Question: If the letter s is a different place in the word, it is typical unaspirated unless the word is what?
Answer: compound words

Question: If there is a cluster such as st and it belongs to different morphemes, the stop is what?
Answer: aspirated

Question: If the st belongs to one morpheme, then the stop is what?
Answer: unaspirated

Question: In languages like Thai and Icelandic, tenuis and aspirated consonants are what?
Answer: phonemic

Question: [p˭ s˭] and [pʰ ʰp sʰ] are separate what?
Answer: phonemes

Question: How are lenis consonants distinguished from fortis consonants?
Answer: their lack of aspiration

Question: If the lenis are ⟨b d ɡ⟩, what are the fortis counterparts?
Answer: ⟨p t k⟩

Question: Mandarin has stops and affricates that are distinguished by what?
Answer: aspiration

Question: Tenuis stops have letters that are representative of English voiced consonant in what?
Answer: pinyin

Question: What kind of stops in pinyin are written with letters that representative of voiceless consonants?
Answer: aspirated stops

Question: What has a three-way distinction in regards to stops and affricates?
Answer: Wu Chinese

Question: What is the actual distinction for Wu Chinese?
Answer: /p pʰ b/

Question: What is /b/ representative of, in addition to aspirated and unaspirated consonants?
Answer: Muddy consonants

Question: What kind of voice are muddy consonants pronounced with?
Answer: slack or breathy

Question: How many distinctions in stops do languages like Bengali and Hindi have?
Answer: four

Question: What is another term for voice-aspirated?
Answer: breathy-voiced

Question: Which distinction has Punjabi lost?
Answer: breathy-voiced consonants

Question: Telegu, Kannada and others are considered to be some of the what languages?
Answer: Dravidian

Question: What has no distinction between the categories  of voiced, voiceless, aspirated and unaspirated?
Answer: native Dravidian words

Question: What language has two-way distinctions between aspirated and voiced?
Answer: Western Armenian

Question: Western Armenian /tʰ/ compares to eastern Armenian /tʰ/ and what?
Answer: /d/

Question: The Western Armenian voiced /d/ compares to the Eastern Armenian voiceless what?
Answer: /t/

Question: Early Greek (before Koine) have been redone with what?
Answer: aspirated stops.

Question: What Greek dialect had three-way stop distinction like Eastern Armenian?
Answer: Classical Attic

Question: Who referred to the Classical Attic dialect stops by the three distinctions?
Answer: Greek grammarians

Question: What is the representation for the three places of articulation?
Answer: /pʰ tʰ kʰ/

Question: Earlier Greek was represented by what?
Answer: Mycenaean Greek

Question: Whether a stop was labial, coronal or velar depended on what two things?
Answer: dialect and phonetic environment

Question: Dialects such as Aeolic and Doric had how many distinctions that were the same at one point in time?
Answer: three

Question: Which two dialects lost aspiration at times?
Answer: Ionic and Aeolic

Question: Rather than /tʰ/, what did the Doric dialect have in place during the Classical period?
Answer: fricative

Question: Attic Greek lenited to what?
Answer: voiceless and voiced fricatives

Question: The lenited Attic Greek yielded /θ ð/ in what periods?
Answer: Medieval and Modern Greek

Question: Aspiration may refer to a sound change of what?
Answer: debuccalization

Question: Debuccalization is when consonants are weakened to become what?
Answer: glottal stop or fricative

Question: What is another term for a consonant being weakened?
Answer: lenited

Question: What is breathy voice?
Answer: a type of phonation or vibration of the vocal folds

Question: The ⟨bʰ⟩ in the Indo-Aryan languages is better transcribed how for breathy voice?
Answer: ⟨b̤⟩, with the diacritic

Question: What do some linguists restrict the double-dot subscript ⟨◌̤⟩ to?
Answer: murmured sonorants

Question: What are, according to the text, murmured for their duration?
Answer: vowels and nasals

Question: What uses the ⟨◌ʱ⟩?
Answer: breathy-voiced release of obstruents.

Question: What is hydrogens chemical symbol?
Answer: H

Question: What is the atomic number used for hydrogen?
Answer: 1

Question: What is the atomic weight for hydrogen?
Answer: 7000100794000000000♠1.00794 u

Question: What element is considered the lightest?
Answer: Hydrogen

Question: What form can you find hydrogen is on Earth?
Answer: molecular

Question: What is the molecular make-up of hydrogen?
Answer: H2

Question: What are three properties of hydrogen at normal temperature and normal pressure?
Answer: colorless, odorless, tasteless

Question: What charge does hydrogen display in ionic compounds when it is called a hydride?
Answer: negative

Question: What field of study has hydrogen and it's properties played a key role in development?
Answer: quantum mechanics

Question: When was hydrogen gas artificially produced for the first time?
Answer: early 16th century

Question: Who first recognized that hydrogen was a discrete substance?
Answer: Henry Cavendish

Question: When it is burned what does hydrogen make?
Answer: water

Question: What is the Greek translation for hydrogen?
Answer: water-former