Question: How does a stepper motor differ from a synchronous motor?
Answer: the stepper motor may not rotate continuously

Question: What types of velocities and positions is the stepper motor capable of?
Answer: forwards or backwards, and it may change direction, stop, speed up or slow down

Question: What is a trait of a sophisticated stepper motor?
Answer: proportionally control the power to the field windings

Question: What does proportinal control of the field windings in a stepper motor achieve?
Answer: rotate extremely smoothly

Question: What is another name for smooth rotation?
Answer: microstepping

Question: With what other device are stepper motors most versatile?
Answer: digital servo-controlled system

Question: Why were stepper motors abandoned in computer drive designs?
Answer: precision and speed limitations

Question: What do newer computer drives use instead of stepper motors?
Answer: voice coil-based head actuator systems

Question: In what direction do modern coil actuators move?
Answer: perpendicular to the magnetic lines of force

Question: To what device does the term, "voice coil" historically refer?
Answer: the structure in a typical (cone type) loudspeaker

Question: List two alternatives to rotary stepper motors in printer applications.
Answer: linear stepper motors or servomotors

Question: In scanners, what do stepper motors move?
Answer: optical scanning element

Question: In printers and copiers, what do stepper motors move?
Answer: print head carriage (of dot matrix and inkjet printers), and the platen or feed rollers

Question: Voltage opposing the motor supply voltage is called what?
Answer: back electromotive force

Question: EMP is proportional to what?
Answer: the running speed of the motor

Question: Voltage at the brushes is equal to what?
Answer: back emf of the motor, plus the voltage drop across the winding internal resistance

Question: If load increases, what happens to current drawn?
Answer: more current is drawn from the supply

Question: What needs to be known to calculate torque?
Answer: fields in the air gap

Question: How are the many calculations to determine torque done?
Answer: FEA

Question: How is torque determined?
Answer: from the vector product of the interacting fields

Question: What is the formulia to determine torque?
Answer: the integral of all the vectors of force multiplied by the radius of each vector

Question: What are factors that determine shaft torque?
Answer: torque current), voltage, pole-pair number, excitation frequency (i.e., synchronous speed), and air-gap flux density

Question: Whate decides the size of an electromagnetic core?
Answer: air-gap area with winding slots and back-iron depth

Question: What limits excessive torque?
Answer: magnetic core saturation or safe operating temperature rise and voltage

Question: What is the only device with dual ported transformer circuit topology?
Answer: brushless wound-rotor

Question: What is a brushless wound-rotor?
Answer: both ports independently excited with no short-circuited port

Question: How does a brushless wound rotor achieve stability?
Answer: a multiphase slip-ring-brush assembly to propagate limited power to the rotor winding set

Question: What is the theoretical maximum of a brushless wound rotor?
Answer: eight times operating torque

Question: What determines continuous torque density?
Answer: size of the air-gap area and the back-iron depth

Question: What three elements determine the size of the air-gap area and back iron depth?
Answer: power rating of the armature winding set, the speed of the machine, and the achievable air-gap flux density before core saturation

Question: What does continuous torque density refer to?
Answer: method of cooling and permissible period of operation before destruction by overheating

Question: How does continuous torque density vary between well designed motors?
Answer: virtually the same

Question: What type of motor is based on the attraction and repulsion of electric charge?
Answer: electrostatic

Question: What are electrostatic motors like two of?
Answer: conventional coil-based motors

Question: What type of power supply do electrostatic motors usually have?
Answer: high-voltage

Question: What two inventors developed the first electrostatic motors?
Answer: Benjamin Franklin and Andrew Gordon

Question: Micro-electro mechanical systems prefer what type of motor?
Answer: electrostatic motor

Question: What is the official name of Switzerland?
Answer: Swiss Confederation

Question: What type of government does Switzerland have?
Answer: a federal directorial republic

Question: How many cantons are in Switzerland's federal directorial republic?
Answer: 26

Question: What 3 geographical features divide Switzerland?
Answer: the Alps, the Swiss Plateau and the Jura

Question: What is the population of Switzerland?
Answer: approximately 8 million

Question: What is the traditional date of the establishment of the Swiss Confederation?
Answer: 1 August 1291

Question: What year did Switzerland join the United Nations?
Answer: 2002

Question: What country is the birthplace of the Red Cross?
Answer: Switzerland

Question: In what year was Switzerland last involved in a war internationally?
Answer: 1815

Question: What Swiss holiday is celebrated on August 1st every year?
Answer: Swiss National Day

Question: Which four main linguistic and cultural regions make up Switzerland?
Answer: German, French, Italian and Romansh

Question: What is the predominant language in Switzerland?
Answer: German

Question: What do the French Swiss call Switzerland?
Answer: Suisse

Question: What do the German Swiss call Switzerland?
Answer: Schweiz

Question: What do the Italian Swiss call Switzerland?
Answer: Svizzera

Question: How does Switzerland rank worldwide in areas such as quality of life and civil liberties?
Answer: top or close to the top

Question: Which country has the highest nominal wealth per adult in the world according to Credit Suisse?
Answer: Switzerland

Question: Which two Swiss cities have been ranked as having the highest quality of life in the world?
Answer: Zürich and Geneva

Question: What assets are included in nominal wealth?
Answer: financial and non-financial

Question: What is Switzerland's ranking for per capita gross domestic product on the IMF list?
Answer: eighth-highest

Question: What was the Swiss term for Switzerland during the 16th - 19th centuries?
Answer: Switzer

Question: Where did the English adjective Swiss originate from?
Answer: French Suisse

Question: Where did the name Switzer originate from?
Answer: the Alemannic Schwiizer

Question: What did the Alemannic Schwiizer help form the nucleus of?
Answer: the Old Swiss Confederacy

Question: In what year was the toponym Schwyz first attested as Old High German Suittes?
Answer: 972

Question: At what time did the name Schwyz begin to be used by the entire Confederation?
Answer: after the Swabian War of 1499

Question: What was the Swiss German name for Schwyz?
Answer: Schwiiz

Question: What was the name d'Schwiiz used for?
Answer: the Confederation

Question: What were the two earliest know cultural tribes in Switerland?
Answer: Hallstatt and La Tène

Question: Which Swiss cultural tribe developed and flourished during the late Iron Age?
Answer: La Tène

Question: Which Swiss tribal group was defeated by Julius Caesar at the Battle of Bribacti as they tried to escape the Swiss plateau?
Answer: the Helvetii

Question: In what year did Tiberius conquer the Alps, integrating them into the Roman Empire?
Answer: 15 BC

Question: What is the name of the large legionary camp, now a ruin, that the Romans maintained around the start of the Common Era?
Answer: Vindonissa

Question: In what year did the fall of the Agri Decumates territory transform today's Switzerland?
Answer: about 260 AD