Question: How do physicians study a patient's immune system organs in emergency situations?
Answer: surgically excised for examination while patients are still alive

Question: Which portions of the immune system can be safely removed in these emergency cases?
Answer: thymus, spleen, bone marrow, lymph nodes and other lymphatic tissues

Question: The structure of immune system components can be described as what?
Answer: typically cellular in nature

Question: Are immune tissues typically fixed with specific organs usually?
Answer: not associated with any specific organ

Question: What is one way the cellular structures of the immune system are housed in the body?
Answer: embedded

Question: What is another way these tissues are housed within the body?
Answer: circulating

Question: Which two fields of study are associated with immunology?
Answer: epidemiology and medicine

Question: Immunology studies how which three areas impact one another?
Answer: the body systems, pathogens, and immunity

Question: When was the first written mention of immunity as it pertains to the body?
Answer: 430 BCE

Question: Which Greek historian made that notation?
Answer: Thucydides

Question: When did immunology start to become codified as a scientific theory?
Answer: 19th and 20th centuries

Question: What is the basic, primitive part of the immune system known as?
Answer: innate immune system

Question: Vertebrates also have what type of immune system component?
Answer: acquired or adaptive immune system

Question: What is one type of adaptive immune system component?
Answer: humoral (or antibody)

Question: Name the other type of adaptive immune system component?
Answer: cell-mediated

Question: The total immune system is generally composed of what types of structures?
Answer: molecular and cellular components

Question: Humoral immunology involves the interaction of what two elements?
Answer: antibodies and antigens

Question: What are antibodies comprised of?
Answer: specific proteins

Question: What cells produce antibodies?
Answer: B lymphocytes

Question: The term "antigen" is rooted in what two words?
Answer: "anti"body "gen"erators

Question: Immunology is the study of what type of responses to antibodies and antigens?
Answer: cellular response

Question: In the field of immunology, what aspect is becoming more specialized?
Answer: research

Question: What new areas are immunologists studying with more frequency?
Answer: non-classical models of immunity

Question: The latest research into newer aspects of immunology is focused on what three elements of the body?
Answer: cells, organs and systems

Question: These three elements of the body are of new interest for what reason?
Answer: not previously associated with the immune system

Question: The study of diseases caused by immune system disorders is called?
Answer: Clinical immunology

Question: What are three problems of the immune system studied by clinical immunology?
Answer: failure, aberrant action, and malignant growth

Question: Where can these three elements occur in the immune system?
Answer: cellular elements

Question: What else does clinical immunology concern itself with?
Answer: diseases of other systems

Question: Why does clinical immunology extend to those areas?
Answer: immune reactions play a part in the pathology and clinical features

Question: What is a type of immune system disorder?
Answer: hypersensitivities

Question: What are some examples of hypersensitivities?
Answer: asthma and other allergies

Question: What characterizes a hypersensitivity?
Answer: respond inappropriately to otherwise harmless compounds.

Question: What is the most famous immune system disease?
Answer: AIDS

Question: What kind of disease is AIDS?
Answer: an immunodeficiency

Question: Which types of cells are suppressed by AIDS?
Answer: CD4+ ("helper") T cells, dendritic cells and macrophages

Question: What virus specifically suppresses those cells?
Answer: Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)

Question: What are the four factors that determine how the body reacts to an antigen?
Answer: person's age, antigen type, maternal factors and the area

Question: Newborns are particularly susceptible to infections caused by?
Answer: low virulence organisms like Staphylococcus and Pseudomonas

Question: What activity is also greatly reduced in newborn infants?
Answer: phagocytic

Question: Why are newborns described as being physiologically immunodeficient?
Answer: both their innate and adaptive immunological responses are greatly suppressed

Question: Antigen cells in newborns are also struggle to do this?
Answer: activate T cells

Question: In babies, what is another element impacting immune response?
Answer: Maternal factors

Question: Newborns can acquire antibodies from the mother through what means?
Answer: breast milk

Question: For how long do these antibodies have an effect on infants?
Answer: up to 18 months

Question: At 6 to 9 months, an infant's immune system begins to respond to which proteins?
Answer: glycoproteins

Question: The difference in responses in infant immune systems is the cause of what?
Answer: distinct time frames found in vaccination schedules

Question: What is the primary trigger for immunological changes in teens?
Answer: hormones

Question: What specific hormone catalyzes these changes in females?
Answer: 17-β-oestradiol (an oestrogen)

Question: Which specific hormone precipitates the change in immunology in males?
Answer: testosterone

Question: Adolescent immunological changes can also result in what?
Answer: increased risk in developing pubescent and post-pubescent autoimmunity

Question: Evidence suggests that receptors on B cells may do what?
Answer: detect sex hormones in the system

Question: The routine practice of immunology can best be characterized as?
Answer: strongly experimental

Question: What are two opposing theories of early 20th century immunology?
Answer: "cellular" and "humoral"

Question: Cellular immunology expressed the theory that what cells caused immune responses?
Answer: phagocytes

Question: Humoral immunology theorized that the origin of the immune system lay in what?
Answer: soluble components (molecules)

Question: Rather than cells, in humoral immunology where did the molecules that cause immune response reside?
Answer: the organism’s “humors”

Question: What medical scientist first proposed the clonal selection theory of immunology?
Answer: Frank Burnet

Question: What triggers an immune response according to CST?
Answer: self/nonself distinction

Question: In CST, what triggers a destructive immune response?
Answer: "nonself" entities (e.g., pathogens, an allograft)

Question: What property of T cells caused modification of CST?
Answer: the complex "two-signal" activation

Question: When was clonal selection theory first proposed?
Answer: In the mid-1950s

Question: What discipline can undergraduate students interested in general health study?
Answer: Bioscience

Question: Immunology is a branch of what larger field of study?
Answer: bioscience

Question: The goal of an immunologist is to study what beings?
Answer: humans and animals

Question: The biggest part of an immunologist's job is what?
Answer: research

Question: What two conditions apply to good immunological study?
Answer: effective yet consistent research

Question: Most graduate schools specializing in immunology follow what organization's parameters?
Answer: AAI courses

Question: What is the name of the immunology school at Mount Sinai?
Answer: Icahn School of Medicine

Question: AAI immunology courses include what two components?
Answer: Introductory Course and an Advance Course

Question: What does the introductory AAI immunology course do?
Answer: gives students an overview of the basics of immunology

Question: The Langone Medical Center is part of what college?
Answer: New York University