Question: What gases come from seeps?
Answer: methane

Question: What do metanephridia remove?
Answer: soluble waste products

Question: What do annelids without blood vessels do to remove waste?
Answer: protonephridia

Question: How many stages are there in annelids' waste filtration?
Answer: two

Question: What annelid system combines both filtration states in one organ?
Answer: protonephridia

Question: How many sexes of annelids were there originally?
Answer: two

Question: What releases sperm from annelids?
Answer: nephridia

Question: What do annelid eggs become?
Answer: trochophore larvae

Question: What do annelids' larvae live like?
Answer: plankton

Question: What does the trochophore become when annelids mature?
Answer: the prostomium (head)

Question: How many species of polychaetes have known lifecycles?
Answer: about 25%

Question: What percent of polychaetes produce yolk-rich eggs?
Answer: 14%

Question: What is the benefit of yolk-rich eggs?
Answer: reduce the time the larva needs to spend among the plankton

Question: What are most polychaetes' eggs covered in?
Answer: jelly

Question: What do some non-single-sex polychaetes do?
Answer: change sex

Question: What are most polychaetes lacking for reproduction?
Answer: permanent gonads

Question: How do some annelids get a one-time chance at a better spawning spot?
Answer: the rear of the body splits off and becomes a separate individual

Question: What annelid group includes leeches and earthworms?
Answer: clitellates

Question: What type of sex are most earthworms?
Answer: hermaphrodites

Question: Where are leeches' eggs fertilized?
Answer: in the ovaries

Question: Where do leeches move their eggs to?
Answer: the cocoon

Question: What type of annelids hatch as miniature adults?
Answer: clitellates

Question: Who published a book about worms in 1881?
Answer: Charles Darwin

Question: What was the first scientific study of how earthworms help soil?
Answer: The Formation of Vegetable Mould through the Action of Worms

Question: Where do earthworms prefer to live on the surface?
Answer: generally in moist leaf litter

Question: How does burrowers' loosening help the soil?
Answer: oxygen and water can penetrate it

Question: What is the largest bird that eats earthworms?
Answer: storks

Question: Where were native earthworms killed by glaciers?
Answer: glaciated areas of North America

Question: Where did most of the current earthworms in glacial areas come from?
Answer: Europe

Question: What type of forests can be hurt by invasive worms?
Answer: Northern hardwood forests

Question: What type of annelid tunnels through coral?
Answer: Palolo worm

Question: What annelid's rear end do Samoans like to eat?
Answer: Palolo worm

Question: What type of bait do experienced anglers prefer?
Answer: spawning modules

Question: What do some polychaetes eat that has been causing problems?
Answer: molluscs

Question: What type of worm have there been proposals to farm?
Answer: Ragworms

Question: When did leeches begin being used for blood-letting?
Answer: 30 AD

Question: Where did leeches begin being used for blood-letting?
Answer: China

Question: When did Rome begin using leeches?
Answer: 50 AD

Question: When did India begin using leeches?
Answer: 200 AD

Question: Which organizations list Hirudo medicinalis as endangered?
Answer: IUCN and CITES

Question: When did Cloudina exist?
Answer: 549 to 542 million years ago

Question: What do some people think Cloudina should be called instead of an annelid?
Answer: cnidarian

Question: How old were the fossils of Canadia and Burgessochaeta found in Canada?
Answer: 505 million years

Question: What era was underway 505 million years ago?
Answer: early Cambrian

Question: Where was Myoscolex found?
Answer: Australia

Question: When did the Tertiary period begin?
Answer: 65 million years ago

Question: What era did oligochaetes evolve in?
Answer: early Cretaceous

Question: What type of annelid fossils have been found from the mid Ordovician period?
Answer: oligochaetes

Question: When were the earliest annelid fossils found?
Answer: 472 to 461 million years ago

Question: What two groups are annelids traditionally divided among?
Answer: polychaetes and clitellates

Question: What subtype of clitellates contains earthworms?
Answer: oligochaetes

Question: What subtype of clitellates contains leeches?
Answer: hirudinomorphs

Question: How many polychaete families are there?
Answer: approximately 80

Question: When did Greg Rouse begin trying to categorize polychaetes?
Answer: 1997

Question: Who compared annelid genes in 2007?
Answer: Torsten Struck and colleagues

Question: How many annelid genes did Torsten Struck first compare?
Answer: 3

Question: How many annelid genes did Torsten Struck compare for a cross-check?
Answer: 11

Question: What subtypes of polychaetes were useless classifications, according to the 2007 study?
Answer: Scolecida, Canalipalpata and Aciculata

Question: What did Rouse decide leeches were a subgroup of?
Answer: oligochaetes

Question: How many previously-separate phyla did the 2007 study reclassify?
Answer: 3

Question: What did the 2007 study decide was the parent group for annelids?
Answer: Polychaetes

Question: What offshoots of polychaetes are unsegmented?
Answer: echiurans and sipunculan

Question: What offshoots of polychaetes are only segmented in the rear?
Answer: pogonophores

Question: What nervous system structure is less univeral among annelids than was thought before 2007?
Answer: ladder-like

Question: What superphylum are annelids in?
Answer: protostomes

Question: What is the other superphylum besides protostomes?
Answer: deuterostomes

Question: What superphylum are vertebrates in?
Answer: deuterostomes

Question: What does 'Articulata' mean?
Answer: jointed animals

Question: What are lophophores?
Answer: fan-like feeding structures

Question: Which Lophotrochozoa phyla have similar egg development?
Answer: annelids, molluscs, nemerteans and flatworms

Question: How do the cells of Lophotrochozoa eggs arrange themselves?
Answer: after the 4-cell stage, descendants of these 4 cells form a spiral pattern

Question: What is the Lophotrochozoa spiral egg-cell pattern sometimes called?
Answer: spiral determinate cleavage

Question: What does it mean to say that God is omnipotent?
Answer: unlimited power

Question: What is the feeling of God being everywhere?
Answer: omnipresence

Question: What is the extent of God's knowledge?
Answer: infinite knowledge

Question: What is infinite knowledge classified as?
Answer: omniscience

Question: What is the benevolence of God called?
Answer: omnibenevolence

Question: Does God have a gender?
Answer: without any human biological gender

Question: What type of human is God portrayed as in some religions?
Answer: a man (sometimes old and bearded)

Question: What is a God in monotheism?
Answer: Supreme Being and principal object of faith

Question: In what belief is God the creator and sustainer of the universe?
Answer: theism

Question: What does deism believe God's role in the universe is?
Answer: the creator, but not the sustainer

Question: Which belief is that God is the universe?
Answer: pantheism

Question: Which belief system definitively believes in no Higher Power or Supreme Being?
Answer: atheism

Question: Which belief system belives in some form of higher powwer, or something, but not organized religion?
Answer: agnosticism

Question: What is God in theism?
Answer: creator and sustainer of the universe

Question: What is monotheism?
Answer: belief in the existence of one God

Question: What is pantheism?
Answer: God is the universe itself

Question: What is atheism?
Answer: God is not believed to exist

Question: What is God in deism?
Answer: the creator

Question: What are vocalizations of the name of God, YHWH?
Answer: Yahweh and Jehovah

Question: What is the Holy Trinity?
Answer: the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit