Question: Discrimination that prevented minorities from serving their country to the best of their abilities was seen as what?
Answer: a humiliating badge of inferiority

Question: Who was the first President to address the NAACP?
Answer: Truman

Question: How many people were present at the speech that Truman made?
Answer: 10,000

Question: Where did Truman's historic speech take place?
Answer: Lincoln Memorial

Question: During the speech, Truman made the statement that each man should be guaranteed what?
Answer: equality of opportunity

Question: Who's authority did Truman want to increase throughout the states?
Answer: federal

Question: What day did Truman mandate the end of discrimination in the federal government?
Answer: July 26

Question: How many executive orders were issued to help prevent discrimination?
Answer: two

Question: What was the name given to Executive Order 9980?
Answer: Regulations Governing for Employment Practices within the Federal Establishment

Question: Which position was formulated as a result of Executive Order 9980?
Answer: Fair Employment Officer

Question: What name was given to Executive Order 9981?
Answer: Establishing the President's Committee on Equality of Treatment and Opportunity in the Armed Services

Question: Which year was Eisenhower elected President?
Answer: 1952

Question: Who did Eisenhower believe should be allowed to decide the nature of discrimination laws?
Answer: the states

Question: What was established in 1953?
Answer: Government Contract Committee

Question: What was the main purpose of the Government Contract Committee?
Answer: conducted surveys of the racial composition of federal employees and tax-supported contractors

Question: Who was the chairman of the newly established committee?
Answer: Vice President Richard Nixon

Question: Who criticized President Eisenhower during the 1960 presidential election?
Answer: John F. Kennedy

Question: What was John F. Kennedy's criticism of the President based on?
Answer: not ending discrimination in federally supported housing

Question: Which order was issued soon after Kennedy took office?
Answer: Executive Order 10925

Question: What does PCEEO stand for?
Answer: President's Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity

Question: What was the immediate penalty for a federal contractor for not obeying the executive order?
Answer: contract cancellation

Question: When did President Kennedy issue Executive Order 11114?
Answer: June 1963

Question: What was the main aim of Executive Order 11114?
Answer: elimination of discrimination in employment

Question: What was anyone who received federal funding of any sort required to do under the Executive Order?
Answer: comply to the government's policies on affirmative action

Question: Which Executive Order first contained the phrase "affirmative action"?
Answer: Executive Order 10925

Question: Who co - authored the executive order?
Answer: Hobart Taylor Jr.

Question: Who chaired the committee created by Executive Order 10925?
Answer: Vice President Johnson

Question: What was the alternative phrase to "affirmative action" that was being considered?
Answer: positive action

Question: What was the main reason that "affirmative action" was chosen over "positive action"?
Answer: alliterative quality

Question: Who had issues with JFK's proposal?
Answer: NAACP

Question: Who filed complaints quickly after the Executive Order was implemented?
Answer: NAACP labor secretary Herbert Hill

Question: Which company was targeted by the NAACP for not having fair practices?
Answer: Lockheed Aircraft Corporation

Question: Who did Lockheed sign an agreement with to seek out more minority workers?
Answer: Vice President Johnson

Question: Which laws did the corporations in the South associate with in order to ignore the federal recommendations?
Answer: Jim Crow

Question: Which piece of legislation quickly followed President Kennedy's assassination?
Answer: Civil Rights Act

Question: Outside of the private business regulations, what was the other aim of the Civil Rights Act?
Answer: integrate public facilities

Question: Which other Executive Order did the Civil Right's Act work closely with?
Answer: 11114

Question: What was the purpose of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act?
Answer: to end discrimination in all firms with 25 or more employees

Question: What was the goal of the Equal Employment Opportunity C omission?
Answer: ending discrimination in the nation's workplace

Question: Which section of the legislation was considered the most controversial?
Answer: Title VII

Question: What did critics claim that Title VII advocate?
Answer: a de facto quota system

Question: Which Senator fought back against the criticism of Title VII?
Answer: Hubert Humphrey

Question: Who was one of the key members that Humphrey managed to convince to support the bill?
Answer: Everett Dirksen

Question: What position of importance other than Senator did Everett Dirksen hold?
Answer: Senate Minority Leader

Question: Who followed in Johnson's footsteps in terms of ensuring equal opportunity?
Answer: his successor Nixon

Question: Which piece of legislation was begun in 1969?
Answer: Philadelphia Order

Question: Which industry of jobs did the legislation target?
Answer: construction

Question: Aside from the construction industry, which other group was one of the main offenders against equal opportunity laws?
Answer: craft unions

Question: Who held the position of Assistant Secretary of Labor?
Answer: Arthur Fletcher

Question: In terms of advancement, what happened to the progression of affirmative action after the Nixon administration?
Answer: became less prevalent

Question: What was one of the primary reasons that the issue of affirmative action lost its momentum?
Answer: there were other areas that needed focus

Question: Which administration allowed affirmative action to take a backseat to other issues?
Answer: Ford

Question: What kind of classification was subject to strict scrutiny?
Answer: racial

Question: What was the only situation in which a racial classification could be considered acceptable?
Answer: necessary to promote a compelling governmental interest

Question: Who later confirmed that racial classifications were only to be upheld if they were necessary?
Answer: U.S. Supreme Court

Question: What is an example case that can help display where upholding a racial classification is beneficial?
Answer: Richmond v. J.A. Croson Co.

Question: Which case concerning White and Hispanic firefighters was heard by the Supreme Court in 2009?
Answer: Ricci v. DeStefano

Question: Where was the issue of White and Hispanic firefighters heard in the case based out of?
Answer: New Haven, Connecticut

Question: How many whites were given the possibility of immediate promotion as a result of taking the controversial test?
Answer: 17

Question: What percentage of those people taking the test were African American?
Answer: 23

Question: What was the final vote count for the Supreme Court over the issue?
Answer: 5-4

Question: Which President declared that discrimination is contrary to the Constitutional principles of the United States?
Answer: Kennedy

Question: Which piece of legislation did President Kennedy use to claim that discrimination was a violation of the Constitution?
Answer: Executive Order 10925

Question: What were the affected industries in terms of regulation as a result of Executive Order 10925?
Answer: Federal Government and on government contracts

Question: Other than being race and gender based, what did believers in affirmative action also feel that the system discriminated against?
Answer: class

Question: Which organization believed in the class based argument?
Answer: African American Policy Forum

Question: What group of people did the AAPF claim affirmative action created?
Answer: African American middle class