Question: What thesis says a scientific hypothesis is not testable in isolation from its system of theories?
Answer: Quine-Duhem

Question: Which of Popper's works responds to critiques of naive falsificationism?
Answer: The Logic of Scientific Discovery

Question: The planet Uranus' apparent failure to follow Newton's laws led to the discovery of which planet?
Answer: Neptune

Question: According to Popper, the scientific selection process favors which type of theory?
Answer: more generally applicable

Question: Popper believed he had already discussed similar ideas to Kuhn's about scientific communities in what work?
Answer: Logic of Discovery

Question: What aspect of Kuhn's thinking did Popper criticize?
Answer: relativism

Question: What did Popper say must be the beginning phase of science?
Answer: the critical discussion of myths

Question: According to Popper, what second layer does scientific inquiry have that pre-scientific inquiry does not?
Answer: a critical attitude

Question: What kind of criteria frequently used in science complicates the definitiveness of some hypotheses' falsification?
Answer: statistical

Question: What other flaws complicate the problem of identifying faulty scientific hypotheses?
Answer: flaws in the evidence

Question: According to Popper, what resolves conflicting hypotheses and observations in the long run?
Answer: the collective judgment of scientists

Question: Which book by Houck points out logical flaws in Popper's falsificationism?
Answer: Science Versus Crime

Question: Who argued that Popper's falsificationism was just as logically untenable as Logical Positivism's verificationism?
Answer: Carl Gustav Hempel

Question: Who wrote the book Science Versus Crime which challenged the logic of falsificationism?
Answer: Houck

Question: Which German psychologist and tutor of Popper may have originated some of Popper's ideas?
Answer: Otto Selz

Question: Who claimed Otto Selz deserved credit for ideas published by Popper?
Answer: Michel ter Hark

Question: What contributed to Otto Selz's cessation of work in 1933?
Answer: the rise of Nazism

Question: What is the name of the 2004 paper that links Popper's work to that of his tutor Otto Selz?
Answer: Popper, Otto Selz and the rise of evolutionary epistemology

Question: Popper is criticized for dismissing which major philosophers in his work?
Answer: Plato, Hegel and Marx

Question: Which two prominent scientists advanced theories that John N. Gray claims would never have survived the scientific method Popper describes?
Answer: Darwin and Einstein

Question: Which work by John Gray challenges Popper's falsificationism?
Answer: Straw Dogs

Question: According to Gray, what should have falsified Einstein and Darwin's theories when first proposed?
Answer: available evidence

Question: What kind of thesis does Gray advance about scientific progress?
Answer: irrationalist

Question: Gray's approach aligns with which approach that Popper himself considered untenable?
Answer: inductivist

Question: A possible rebuttal to Gray's argument appears in Popper's reply to which philosopher?
Answer: Imre Lakatos

Question: What did general relativity do that made it tentatively acceptable when it was proposed?
Answer: explained the empirical refutations of Newton's theory

Question: In contrast to Gray, which theory did Popper argue was at least equally consistent with Newton's on the available evidence?
Answer: Einstein's theory

Question: Which type of theory is most falsifiable?
Answer: simplest

Question: What school of philosophy does Popper's thinking on induction oppose?
Answer: positivism

Question: For Popper, knowing that a theory is true is what?
Answer: impossible

Question: What quality of a useful theory must be easily detectable?
Answer: its falsity

Question: Who instigated the 1919 riot that reshaped Popper's political views?
Answer: Communists

Question: The 1919 riot involving Popper's comrades was part of what larger political move?
Answer: a coup

Question: Popper's critique of which doctrine has its origins in first-hand observation of communist agitation?
Answer: historicism

Question: Which historically significant communist activist was associated with the 1919 riots in which some of Popper's friends were killed?
Answer: Béla Kun

Question: What did the Marxist rioters believe would cause more death and suffering than their own agitation?
Answer: class struggle

Question: What country did the mandolin originate from?
Answer: Italian

Question: What does mandolin translate to? 
Answer: small mandola

Question: What musical family does the mandolin come from?
Answer: lute family

Question: How is the mandolin usually played?
Answer: usually plucked with a plectrum or "pick"

Question: How many courses does a mandolin commonly have? 
Answer: four

Question: What are the four common styles of mandolins?
Answer: the Neapolitan or round-backed mandolin, the carved-top mandolin and the flat-backed mandolin.

Question: What is the round-back mandolin made of? 
Answer: strips of wood, glued together into a bowl

Question: Which style of mandolin has a shallower, arched back, and arched top?
Answer: round-back

Question: Which form of music do Neapolitan mandolins feature? 
Answer: European classical music and traditional music.

Question: Which mandolin is commin in American Folk music and blue grass music?
Answer: Carved-top instruments

Question: What did most of the development of the mandolin revolve around?
Answer: soundboard (the top)

Question: Were premandolins quiet or loud instruments? 
Answer: quiet instruments

Question: What are modern mandolins' strings made of? 
Answer: four courses of metal strings,

Question: What is the most common soundboard shape?
Answer: generally round or teardrop-shaped

Question: What are the sound holes covered with? 
Answer: bordered with decorative rosettes or purfling

Question: Who introduced the lute to Spain?
Answer: the Moors

Question: What country helped transfer the lute from Arabian to European culture? 
Answer: Sicily

Question: Who brought the lute to Sicily?
Answer: Byzantine or later by Muslim musicians

Question: What court held singer-lutenists after the Norman conquest?
Answer: Palermo

Question: What building has ceeiling painting dedicated to the lutenists? 
Answer: Palermo’s royal Cappella Palatina,

Question: What is there currently confusion over? 
Answer: eldest Vinaccia luthier who first ran the shop

Question: Who is said to have ran the first shop? 
Answer: Gennaro Vinaccia (active c. 1710 to c. 1788) and Nic

Question: Where does the mandolin built by Antonio Vinaccia reside?
Answer: University of Edinburgh

Question: Where does the mandolin built by Giuseppe Vinaccia reside?
Answer: University of Edinburgh

Question: Where does the mandolin that Gaetano Vinaccia reside?
Answer: Conservatoire Royal de Musique in Brussels, Belgium.

Question: What year was the beginning of the transition from mandolino to mandolin?
Answer: 1744

Question: Where did the mandolin grow in popularity? 
Answer: in the streets where it was used by young men courting and by street musicians, and in the concert hall

Question: When did the mandolin's popularity begin to fall?
Answer: After the Napoleonic Wars of 1815, however, its popularity began to fall

Question: Who were two of the promiment players in the 19th century?
Answer: Bartolomeo Bortolazzi of Venice and Pietro Vimercati

Question: What year did the export market for manodlins from Italy dry up?
Answer: 1815

Question: When did the mandolin's poplarity rebound?
Answer: Beginning with the Paris Exposition of 1878

Question: What popular group performed at the Paris Exposition? 
Answer: Estudiantes Españoles (Spanish Students)

Question: When was it said that mandolin's popularity peaked? 
Answer: early years of the 20th century.

Question: What instrument was the mandolin confused with during the 1880's? 
Answer: bandurria