Question: Have these studies on Ashkenazim genetics researched their paternal lineages, maternal lineages, or both?
Answer: researching both their paternal and maternal lineages

Question: Genetic studies on the Ashkenazim have tried to determine how much of their ancestry is derived from European populations and from where?
Answer: the Levant

Question: The custom of designating areas of Jewish settlement with biblical names meant that Spain was referred to as what?
Answer: Sefarad

Question: The custom of designating areas of Jewish settlement with biblical names meant that France was called?
Answer: Tsarefat

Question: The reference to France as Tsarefat was taken from which biblical passage?
Answer: 1 Kings 17:9

Question: How did Byzantium and Syrian Jewish letters refer to the Crusaders?
Answer: as Ashkenazim

Question: Following the Carolingian unification, the term Ashkenazi came to refer to the Jews of what two places?
Answer: medieval Germany and France

Question: Did Charlemagne's expansion of the Frankish empire bring about a brief period of upheaval or stability in Francia?
Answer: a brief period of stability

Question: Charlemagne's expansion of the Frankish empire created opportunities for Jewish merchants to settle where?
Answer: north of the Alps

Question: Charlemagne granted the Jews freedoms similar to those enjoyed under which previous empire?
Answer: Roman Empire

Question: When Jews began to return to Frankish lands many took up occupations in which two fields?
Answer: finance and commerce

Question: Which language emerged as a result of language contact with various High German vernaculars during the medieval period?
Answer: Yiddish

Question: The lack of assimilation of Jews in central and eastern Europe lies in part to the fact that they lived almost exclusively in what?
Answer: shtetls

Question: A lack of assimilation of Jews in central and eastern Europe is also attributed to males taking part in what type of system?
Answer: a strong system of education

Question: In central and eastern Europe it is thought that Jewish scorn for the life-style of their neighbors increased due to what?
Answer: increased with every outbreak of antisemitism

Question: Besides living in shtetls, maintaining a strong system of education for males, and scorning the life-style of their neighbors, Jews in central and eastern Europe also did what?
Answer: heeded rabbinic leadership

Question: Who noted that Ashkenazi Jews lived in Jerusalem during the 11th century?
Answer: Rabbi Elijah of Chelm

Question: Another piece of evidence of German communities in the holy city in the second half of the 11th century is due to what items being sent from Germany to Jerusalem?
Answer: halakhic questions

Question: Mystic Rabbi Elijah of Chelm is from what century?
Answer: 16th-century

Question: In the story told by mystic Rabbi Elijah of Chelm, one of the German's family members rescued Jews in Palestine and carried them back to where in order to repay a previous favor?
Answer: Worms

Question: At the beginning of World War II, about how many Jews lived in Europe?
Answer: 8.8 million

Question: Of the large number of Jews living in Europe at the beginning of World War II, about how many were Ashkenazi?
Answer: about 6 million

Question: What percentage of Polish Jews were killed during the Holocaust?
Answer: 91%

Question: The percentage of Ashkenazi Jews went from being close to 92% of all Jews in the world in 1931 prior to WWII to what percentage today?
Answer: nearly 80%

Question: The vast majority of the Jewish victims of the Holocaust spoke which language?
Answer: Yiddish

Question: For religious Jews, what does Minhagim mean?
Answer: customs

Question: What type of Jew is required to follow the customs of their ancestors without the option of picking and choosing?
Answer: Orthodox Jews

Question: For religious Jews, what does Halakha mean?
Answer: religious law

Question: For religious Jews, "Ashkenazic" refers to what two things?
Answer: a family ancestry and to a body of customs binding on Jews of that ancestry

Question: Reform Judaism originated among what type of Jew?
Answer: Ashkenazi Jews

Question: Most of the Ashkenazi Jews moved away from Europe either immigrating to North America, or other English speaking areas but most to which place?
Answer: Israel

Question: For most Ashkenazi Jews, Yiddish was replaced with what language?
Answer: Hebrew

Question: What two groups continue to use Yiddish in daily life?
Answer: many Hasidic and Hareidi groups

Question: A 2006 study found Ashkenazi Jews to be a what?
Answer: a clear, homogeneous genetic subgroup

Question: Ashkenazi Jews, regardless of their place of origin, belong to the same what?
Answer: ethnic group

Question: Members of which two Haredi Jewish sects continue to marry exclusively within the Ashkenazi Jewish population?
Answer: Hasidic or Hareidi sects

Question: Do Haredi Jews tend to have large or small families?
Answer: Haredi Jews often have extremely large families

Question: What percentage of the US population is comprised of Ashkenazi Jews?
Answer: 2%

Question: What percentage of the top 100 world chess players come from the Ashkenazi Jewish community?
Answer: 8%

Question: What percentage of Nobel award winners from the United States in the 20th century have been Ashkenazi Jews? 
Answer: 27%

Question: About how many Fields Medal winners have been Ashkenazi Jews?
Answer: a quarter

Question: About how many of the world's chess champions come from the Ashkenazi Jewish community?
Answer: half the world's chess champions

Question: Researcher Gil Atzmon suggests that Ashkenazim branched off from other Jews around the time of what?
Answer: the destruction of the First Temple

Question: The destruction of the First Temple was how many years ago?
Answer: 2,500 years ago

Question: It is estimated that 400 families left Northern Italy around what year?
Answer: 1000

Question: Ashkenazi families that left Northern Italy went where?
Answer: Central and eventually Eastern Europe

Question: A 2001 study by Nebel et al. showed that which two populations share the same overall paternal Near Eastern ancestries?
Answer: Ashkenazi and Sephardic Jewish populations

Question: Levels of the Eu 19 (R1a) chromosome are typically seen between what two percentages in Central and Eastern Europeans?
Answer: 54%–60%

Question: Levels of the Eu 19 (R1a) chromosome were seen in what percentage of the Ashkenazi Jewish population?
Answer: 12.7%

Question: The difference in percentages of the levels of Eu 19 (R1a) chromosomes between Central and Eastern Europeans and the Ashkenazi population would indicate what?
Answer: low-level gene flow from surrounding European populations and/or genetic drift during isolation

Question: In the late Middle Ages, the Ashkenazi population shifted in which direction?
Answer: shifted steadily eastward

Question: In the late Middle Ages, as the Ashkenazi population shifted it moved from what location?
Answer: German lands

Question: In the late Middle Ages, as the Ashkenazi population shifted it moved into which location?
Answer: Poland and Lithuania (including present-day Belarus and Ukraine)

Question: In the late 18th and 19th centuries, Jews who returned to German lands experienced what?
Answer: a cultural reorientation

Question: The name of Ashkenazi derives from which biblical figure?
Answer: Ashkenaz

Question: Ashkenaz was the first son of whom?
Answer: Gomer

Question: The name of Gomer has often been linked to what ethnonym?
Answer: Cimmerians

Question: Assyrian Aškūza expelled which group from the Armenian area of the Upper Euphrates?
Answer: Cimmerians

Question: Recent studies have found that contemporary Jews (excluding Indian and Ethiopian Jews) have a close genetic relationship to the people of what area?
Answer: the Levant