Question: What did plants eventually form against insects?
Answer: chemical defenses

Question: Insects formed mechanisms to shield against what?
Answer: plant toxins

Question: Insects show how toxic they are with what kind of colors?
Answer: warning colors

Question: What is the term for the class of insects with wings?
Answer: Pterygota

Question: What is the term for the class of insects without wings? 
Answer: Apterygota

Question: What group of insects are inclusive within the Monocondylia primarily due to the shape of their mandible?
Answer: Archaeognatha

Question: What is the collective group to which Thysanura and Pterygota belong?
Answer: Dicondylia

Question: Insects are historically divided into how many groups?
Answer: two groups

Question: Insects with wings are known as what?
Answer: Pterygota

Question: Does an Apterygots have wings or wingless?
Answer: wingless

Question: What is a Thysanura?
Answer: silverfish

Question: Thysanura and Pterygota are what?
Answer: Dicondylia

Question: Morphology-based and appearance-based are known as what?
Answer: systematics

Question: What class is the Hexapoda ranked?
Answer: superclass

Question: How many groups are defined in the superclass?
Answer: four groups

Question: Springtails are also known as what?
Answer: Collembola

Question: Collembola, protura, and dipkura are in a group called what?
Answer: Entognatha

Question: Paleoptera and Neoptera are what kind of insect orders? 
Answer: winged

Question: An insects hard body parts are called what?
Answer: sclerites

Question: Insect's wings fold flat over their what?
Answer: abdomen

Question: Neoptera can be divided into what kind of "based" group?
Answer: metamorphosis-based

Question: Paraneopter and Endopterygota are closely what?
Answer: related

Question: What are likely to be paraphyletic?
Answer: The Exopterygota

Question: Strepsiptera and Diptera are controversial what?
Answer: Matters

Question: Strepsiptera and Diptera grouped together are called what?
Answer: Halteria

Question: A discussion regarding wing pairs is not supported by what community?
Answer: the entomological community

Question: What is split or lumped together by a taxonomist?
Answer: The Neuropterida

Question: The true diversity within the insect species remains what?
Answer: uncertain

Question: How many insect species are estimated to exist?
Answer: 2.6–7.8 million species

Question: How many new species of all organisms are discovered each year?
Answer: 20,000

Question: Of all the species on earth, how much do insects make up?
Answer: less than 20%

Question: For many years to come, most insect species will remain as what?
Answer: undescribed

Question: What kind of bodies to insects have?
Answer: segmented bodies

Question: Insects bodies are supported by what?
Answer: exoskeletons

Question: Chitin is what kind of outer covering on an insect?
Answer: hard

Question: An insect's body is divided into what kind of units?
Answer: interconnected

Question: What is an insects head, throat, and abdomen called?
Answer: tagmata

Question: What part of the insect contains most of the sensing organs?
Answer: head

Question: What is another word for head capsule?
Answer: epicranium

Question: What displays the most features on an insect?
Answer: Orthoptera

Question: What is the vertex also known as?
Answer: apex

Question: The vertex is usually located between what kind of eyes?
Answer: compound

Question: The throax has how many sections?
Answer: three sections

Question: Another term for tagma is?
Answer: thorax

Question: The anterior section is closest to the what?
Answer: head

Question: The prothrorax is what segment of the insect?
Answer: anterior

Question: The pleura is made of how many lateral regions?
Answer: two

Question: What is the largest tagma of an insect?
Answer: abdomen

Question: How many segments make up an insects abdomen?
Answer: 11–12 segments

Question: The abdomen is less strong than the thorax and what?
Answer: head

Question: An insects abdomen has a sclerotized tergum and what else?
Answer: sternum

Question: The pleural area holds what?
Answer: Spiracles

Question: Insect's outer skeleton is known as what?
Answer: the cuticle

Question: The cuticle has how many layers?
Answer: two

Question: Which cuticle later is like wax?
Answer: the epicuticle

Question: The epicuticle does not consist of what?
Answer: chitin

Question: Is the procuticle thinner or thicker than the epicuticle?
Answer: thicker

Question: Insects are also known as what kind of vertebra?
Answer: invertebrates

Question: Insects have developed what kind of active capability?
Answer: flight

Question: Active flight ability has played what kind of role for insects?
Answer: important

Question: How many times are insects muscles able to contract?
Answer: multiple

Question: Insects muscles are attached to their what?
Answer: exoskeletons

Question: What is on each side of a thoracic segment?
Answer: ganglion

Question: How many ganglia are on each side of a thoracic segment?
Answer: one

Question: Ganglia are connected into a what?
Answer: a pair

Question: How many pairs of ganglia are in a segment?
Answer: one pair

Question: What other location on an insect are ganglia located?
Answer: abdomen

Question: How many insects have nociceptors?
Answer: a few

Question: Cells that detect and transmit pain are called what?
Answer: nociceptors

Question: When were nociceptors discovered?
Answer: 2003

Question: Nociceptors were discovered by studying the common what?
Answer: fruitfly Drosophila

Question: Which probe did the larvae react to?
Answer: the heated probe

Question: What produces saliva in an insects mouth?
Answer: salivary glands

Question: What leads from the salivary glands to the reservoirs?
Answer: salivary ducts

Question: What is an opening through the head called?
Answer: salivarium

Question: Where is the salivarium located?
Answer: behind the hypopharynx

Question: Where does an insect's digestion happen?
Answer: The gut

Question: What is another name for mesenteron?
Answer: midgut

Question: Food goes in to the midgut after leaving where?
Answer: the crop

Question: The majority of an insects digestion happens where?
Answer: the mesenteron

Question: What kind of projections are in the midgut wall?
Answer: Microscopic

Question: What are microscopic projections called?
Answer: microvilli

Question: What is a proctodaeum?
Answer: the hindgut

Question: What kind of food particles have uric acid?
Answer: undigested

Question: What kind of acid forms fecal pellets?
Answer: uric acid

Question: An insects rectum absorbs how much water?
Answer: 90%

Question: Where is an insects dry pellet discarded through?
Answer: the anus

Question: Female insects reproductive system contain a pair of what?
Answer: ovaries

Question: What kind of glands are in a female insect's reproductive system?
Answer: accessory glands

Question: What connects the parts inside a female insect's reproductive system?
Answer: ducts

Question: Where are egg tubes are found inside of an insect?
Answer: ovaries

Question: What are egg tubes called?
Answer: ovarioles

Question: What is the male reproductive system called? 
Answer: testis

Question: Where is tracheae located?
Answer: the body cavity

Question: Most make insects contain a pair of what?
Answer: testes

Question: What are inside male testes?
Answer: sperm tubes

Question: Follicles inside a male insect's reproductive system connect to what?
Answer: the vas deferens

Question: Respiration for insects happens without what?
Answer: lungs

Question: Insect's respiratory system contains sacs, and what else?
Answer: internal tubes

Question: What gets diffused or actively pumped through an insect's respiratory system?
Answer: gases

Question: What gets delivered to tissues in an insect's respiratory system?
Answer: oxygen

Question: Which system inside an insect's respiratory system does not carry oxygen?
Answer: circulatory system