Question: It was found that the Y-chromosome of Ashkenazi and Sephardic Jews contained mutations that are uncommon with what other people?
Answer: uncommon in the general European population

Question: The findings related to the Y-chromosomes suggest that males ancestors of Ashkenazi Jews could be traced mostly to where?
Answer: the Middle East

Question: A 2013 study estimates that what percentage of Ashkenazi maternal ancestry comes from women indigenous to Europe?
Answer: 80 percent

Question: A 2013 study estimates that what percentage of Ashkenazi maternal ancestry comes from women from the Near East?
Answer: 8 percent

Question: A 2013 study estimates that what percentage of Ashkenazi maternal ancestry comes from women of undetermined origins?
Answer: while the origin of the remainder is undetermined

Question: In a 2010 study, which two groups were identified by principal component, phylogenetic, and identity by descent analysis?
Answer: Middle Eastern Jews and European/Syrian Jews

Question: The 2010 study found that what modern population is most closely related to Ashkenazi Jews?
Answer: modern-day Italians

Question: Ashkenazi Jews and Italians may be genetically similar due to what two factors?
Answer: inter-marriage and conversions in the time of the Roman Empire

Question: How many geneticists carried out the 2013 trans-genome study?
Answer: 30 geneticists

Question: What did the 2013 trans-genome study find in regards to Ashkenazi Jews and Khazar origins?
Answer: found no evidence of Khazar origin among Ashkenazi Jews

Question: How many universities and academies participated in the 2013 trans-genome study?
Answer: 13 universities and academies

Question: The most well supported theory on the origins of the Ashkenazim is one that details a Jewish migration through which modern day country?
Answer: through what is now Italy

Question: The historical record attests to Jewish communities in southern Europe since what time?
Answer: pre-Christian times

Question: Many Jews were denied full Roman citizenship until what year?
Answer: 212 CE

Question: Who gave Jews the right to full Roman citizenship?
Answer: Emperor Caracalla

Question: Jewish communities were seen north of the Alps and Pyrenees as early as which centuries?
Answer: 8th and 9th century

Question: Jewish settlers appear along the Rhine by what century?
Answer: 11th century

Question: What two factors contributed the increase in Jewish settlers along the Rhine and other similar areas?
Answer: often in response to new economic opportunities and at the invitation of local Christian rulers

Question: When did Hai Gaon refer to questions that had been addressed to him from Ashkenaz?
Answer: the first half of the 11th century

Question: Who is Hai Gaon thought to be referring to when he says Ashkenaz?
Answer: Germany

Question: In the latter half of the 11th century, Rashi refers to what two things?
Answer: both the language of Ashkenaz and the country of Ashkenaz

Question: When did France expel its original Jewish population?
Answer: the Middle Ages

Question: By the time of the French Revolution there were how many distinct Jewish populations?
Answer: two distinct Jewish populations

Question: All studies agree that genetic overlap with what location exists in both lineages?
Answer: Fertile Crescent

Question: What year did David Goldstein report that unlike male Ashkenazi lineages, the female lineages in Ashkenazi Jewish communities did not seem to be Middle Eastern?
Answer: 2002

Question: In a 2006 study, how many autosomal SNPs were used?
Answer: five thousand

Question: Who was the twentieth bishop of Alexandria?
Answer: Saint Athanasius of Alexandria

Question: What was one nickname for Saint Athanasius of Alexandria?
Answer: Athanasius the Great

Question: For how many years was Saint Athanasius of Alexandria a bishop?
Answer: 45 years

Question: How many years was Saint Athanasius of Alexandria in exile?
Answer: 17

Question: When did Saint Athanasius die?
Answer: 2 May 373

Question: What name is Saint Athanasius also known as?
Answer: Athanasius the Great

Question: Of what city was he bishop?
Answer: Alexandria

Question: How long did his episcopate last?
Answer: 45 years

Question: What is another name that Saint Athanasius is know as?
Answer: Athanasius the Confessor

Question: In what year was Athanasius consecrated?
Answer: 326

Question: How old was Athanasius when he became the Patriarch of Alexandria?
Answer: about thirty years of age

Question: Did Athanasius want to be the Patriarch of Alexandria?
Answer: He was most unwilling to accept

Question: Did the people want Athanasius as their bishop?
Answer: people were determined to have him

Question: How long after the Council of Nice did Saint Athanasius die?
Answer: five months

Question: Was Saint Athanasius willing or unwilling to fill the vacancy?
Answer: unwilling

Question: In what year was he consecrated?
Answer: in 326

Question: How old was he when he was consecrated?
Answer: thirty years of age.

Question: Where did Athanasius remain for 6 years while living as a monk?
Answer: Upper Egypt

Question: What is name of one of the compositions composed by Athanasius while he lived as a monk?
Answer: Letter to the Monks

Question: Who took over after Athanasius?
Answer: George of Cappadocia

Question: Who influenced George of Cappadocia to become the new ruler?
Answer: the Eusebian faction at Constantinople

Question: To where did Saint Athanasius withdraw?
Answer: the desert of Upper Egypt

Question: Who influenced the appointment of George of Cappadocia?
Answer: the Eusebian faction at Constantinople

Question: How long did he spend in the desert?
Answer: six years

Question: What is one thing he wrote during this time?
Answer: Apology to Constantius

Question: Who was appointed to rule the see of Alexandria?
Answer: George of Cappadocia

Question: Who succeeded Emperor Constantius?
Answer: Julian

Question: Who succeeded George of Cappadocia?
Answer: Pistus

Question: In what year did Athanasius return to his episcopal capitol?
Answer: 362

Question: In what year did Emperor Constantius die?
Answer: 361

Question: How did George of Cappadocia die in prison?
Answer: murdered

Question: Were the Arians united in their oppostion?
Answer: The Arians no longer presented an unbroken front

Question: When did Athanasius re-enter the capitol?
Answer: 22 February, 362

Question: Who succeeded the Emperor Constantius?
Answer: Julian

Question: Who then succeeded George?
Answer: An obscure presbyter of the name of Pistus

Question: What happened to the usurping bishop, George?
Answer: flung into prison and murdered

Question: What party benefited from the accession of Valens?
Answer: Arian

Question: Valens issued a decree banishing the bishops that were deposed by who?
Answer: Constantius

Question: What saint fled from Alexandria on 5 October to a country house outside Alexandria?
Answer: Athanasius

Question: Valens' banishment of Athanasius created the greatest consternation in what city?
Answer: Alexandria

Question: What did the decree of Valens do?
Answer: banishing the bishops who had been deposed by Constantius

Question: When the people in the city were concerned about Athanasius, what did the prefect do? 
Answer: case of Athanasius would be laid before the emperor

Question: What did  Athanasius do to protect himself?
Answer: withdrew from Alexandria, 5 October

Question: How did Valens get him to return?
Answer: issued orders allowing Athanasius to return to his episcopal see

Question: Who wrote the biography entitled Life of Antony?
Answer: Athanasius

Question: Life of Antony played an important role in the spreading of ascetic ideals in what religion?
Answer: Eastern and Western Christianity

Question: The biography, Life of Antony, also resembles of the life of who?
Answer: Athanasius

Question: The so-called Athanasian Creed draws upon the phraseology of what?
Answer: Augustine's De trinitate