Question: What does an optoisolator do?
Answer: allows information to be transferred between circuits not sharing a common ground potential

Question: In what common household item can you find infrared LEDs?
Answer: LED Computers

Question: What video game console uses infrared LEDs?
Answer: Nintendo Wii

Question: What device uses infrared LEDs to measure oxygen saturation?
Answer: Pulse oximeters

Question: Some flatbed scanners use what type of LED?
Answer: RGB LEDs

Question: By using LEDs, scanners do not have to what?
Answer: warm-up

Question: Grow lights use LEDs for what process?
Answer: increase photosynthesis in plants

Question: What quality has LEDs been used as?
Answer: medium-quality

Question: What LED has the flattest I/V curve above the knee?
Answer: Red

Question: What LEDs have a very steep I/V curve?
Answer: Nitride-based LEDs

Question: LED forward voltage is more current-dependent than what diode?
Answer: Zener

Question: Zener diodes below what voltage are not widely available?
Answer: 3 V

Question: What is a group of endothermic vertebrates characterised by feathers and toothless beaked jaws?
Answer: Birds

Question: What is the smallest bird?
Answer: bee hummingbird

Question: What is the largest bird?
Answer: ostrich

Question: What is the size of the smallest bird?
Answer: 5 cm (2 in)

Question: What is the size of the largest bird?
Answer: 2.75 m (9 ft)

Question: What are the last surviving dinosaurs, according o the fossil record?
Answer: birds

Question: When did true birds first appear?
Answer: Cretaceous period

Question: Name an example of an early stem-bird.
Answer: Archaeopteryx

Question: What makes birds uniquely adapted for flight?
Answer: digestive and respiratory systems

Question: What type of bird particularly played an important part in the inception of Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection?
Answer: Darwin's finches

Question: Which part of the bird developed from forelimbs?
Answer: Wings

Question: Which type of birds are among the most intelligent animals?
Answer: corvids and parrots

Question: How to birds produce offspring?
Answer: by laying eggs which are fertilized through sexual reproduction

Question: Where are eggs usually laid?
Answer: nest

Question: Which birds are popular as pets?
Answer: Songbirds, parrots

Question: What is guano?
Answer: bird excrement

Question: What is the name of bird excrement?
Answer: Guano

Question: What is harvested for use as fertilizer?
Answer: Guano

Question: How many species of birds have become extinct as a result of human activity?
Answer: 120–130

Question: Besides Aves, what group contains the only living representatives of the reptile clade Archosauria?
Answer: clade Crocodilia

Question: Who defined Aves to include only the crown group of the set of modern birds?
Answer: Gauthier

Question: What is a sister group to Aves?
Answer: clade Crocodilia

Question: What evidence leads most scientists to accept that birds are a specialized subgroup of theropod dinosaurs?
Answer: fossil and biological evidence

Question: What is a group of theropods which include dromaeosaurs and oviraptorids?
Answer: Maniraptora

Question: Recent discoveries in what country demonstrate many small theropod feathered dinosaurs.
Answer: China

Question: What are the closest relatives of the deinonychosaurs?
Answer: flying theropods

Question: What are the closest relatives of flying theropods?
Answer: deinonychosaurs

Question: Dromaeosaurids and troodontids are members of what group?
Answer: deinonychosaurs

Question: What is known as one of the first transitional fossils to be found?
Answer: Late Jurassic Archaeopteryx

Question: What was the first fossil to display both clearly traditional reptilian characteristics?
Answer: Archaeopteryx

Question: Fossils with teeth, clawed fingers and a long lizard-like tail have what type of characteristics?
Answer: reptilian

Question: The Oxfordian stage is also known as what?
Answer: late Jurassic period

Question: How long ago was the late Jurassic period?
Answer: about 160 million years ago

Question: What may have been used in aerial maneuvering?
Answer: hind wings

Question: Avian species such as Anchiornis huxleyi and Xiaotingia zhengi are from which time period?
Answer: late Jurassic period

Question: During which time period did avialans diversify into a wide variety of forms?
Answer: Cretaceous Period

Question: Which forms retained the long bony tails of their ancestors?
Answer: Archaeopteryx and Jeholornis

Question: When did the ancestor of all modern birds evolve a better sense of smell?
Answer: late Cretaceous

Question: How long ago was the late Cretaceous period?
Answer: around 95 million years ago

Question: What were the first large, diverse lineage of short-tailed avialans to evolve?
Answer: enantiornithes

Question: Because of the construction of their shoulder bones, what were the enantiornithes called?
Answer: opposite birds

Question: What was the dominant group of avialans during the Cretaceous period?
Answer: enantiornithes

Question: When did enantiornithes become extinct?
Answer: end of the Mesozoic era

Question: What group became the first avialans to develop true pygostyle and a fully mobile fan of tail feathers?
Answer: Euornithes

Question: What does Euornithes mean?
Answer: true birds

Question: Why does Euornithes mean "true birds?"
Answer: because they include the ancestors of modern birds

Question: What may have replaced the "hind wing" as the primary mode of aerial maneuverability?
Answer: fully mobile fan of tail feathers

Question: All modern birds lie within which crown group?
Answer: Aves

Question: What is another name for Aves?
Answer: Neornithes

Question: The two subdivisions of what group include Palaeognathae and Neognathae?
Answer: Aves

Question: What is the number range of living bird species?
Answer: 9,800 to 10,050

Question: What was the earliest divergence within the Neognathes?
Answer: Galloanserae

Question: What is the superorder containing the Anseriformes?
Answer: Galloanserae

Question: Ducks, geese, swans and screamers are part of which group?
Answer: Anseriformes

Question: The pheasants, grouse and their allies form which group?
Answer: Galliformes

Question: Sibley and Ahlquist' Phylogeny and Classification of Birds is a landmark work on the classification of what animals?
Answer: birds

Question: What do scientists disagree about?
Answer: relationships between the orders themselves

Question: What do scientists tend to agree on?
Answer: the assignment of orders is accurate

Question: Birds live on how many continents?
Answer: seven

Question: Highest bird diversity occurs in which regions?
Answer: tropical

Question: Some penguins have been recording diving up to how many feet?
Answer: 980

Question: Some seabird species only come ashore for what purpose?
Answer: to breed

Question: The ring-necked pheasant has been introduced as what kind of bird?
Answer: game bird

Question: Why have some species spread naturally far beyond their original ranges?
Answer: agricultural practices created suitable new habitat

Question: Where have many birds established breeding populations?
Answer: in areas to which they have been introduced by humans

Question: What consists of very lightweight bones?
Answer: The skeleton

Question: What does the skeleton consist of?
Answer: very lightweight bones

Question: What are pneumatic cavities?
Answer: large air-filled cavities

Question: What are large air-filled cavities that connect to the respiratory system?
Answer: pneumatic cavities

Question: What is formed when vertebrae are fused with the pelvis?
Answer: synsacrum

Question: What is it called when a bird's kidneys extract nitrogenous waste from their bloodstream and secrete it as uric acid?
Answer: uricotelic

Question: Which bid has a urinary bladder or external urethral opening?
Answer: ostrich

Question: What is a multi-purpose opening on birds?
Answer: cloaca