Question: Which country's air defence and aircraft has been under integrated command and control?
Answer: Soviet Union

Question: What other group has also been under this integrated command and control?
Answer: NATO's Allied Command Europe

Question: Who will deploy their own air defence if their is an air threat?
Answer: forces in the field

Question: What can be deployed as an offensive measure to refuse airspace use to an opponent?
Answer: A surface-based air defence capability

Question: What did the United States Army begin to develop after the first World War?
Answer: a dual-role (AA/ground) automatic 37 mm cannon

Question: Who designed this cannon?
Answer: John M. Browning

Question: How many rounds did this cannon fire per second?
Answer: 125

Question: What replaced the Browning 37nn because of jamming issues?
Answer: Bofors 40 mm

Question: What other US group was interested in the Bofors?
Answer: US Navy

Question: High altitude needs in Germany were going to be handled by what?
Answer: a 75 mm gun from Krupp

Question: Who also collaborated in the design of the 75 mm gun?
Answer: Bofors

Question: Because higher performance was needed, Krupp's workers designed what?
Answer: a new 88 mm design, the FlaK 36

Question: Where was the first place the FlaK 36 was used?
Answer: Spain

Question: What war was the FlaK first used in?
Answer: Spanish Civil War

Question: What was one of the most often seen weapons that was used both on land and sea?
Answer: 1940-origin Flakvierling quadruple-20 mm-gun antiaircraft weapon system

Question: What weapons system did American troops use but received minute attention?
Answer: Allied smaller-calibre air-defence weapons systems

Question: How many of the M2HB guns were mounted together on the M45 Quadmount weapons system?
Answer: four

Question: This system was a direct answer to what?
Answer: the Flakvierling

Question: The combat batteries of an Army AAA battalion were often spread how far apart from each other?
Answer: many kilometers

Question: What acted as a physical obstacle to anti-aircraft defence?
Answer: barrage balloons

Question: What were barrage balloons initially used as an obstacle to?
Answer: bomber aircraft over cities

Question: How was a barrage balloon tethered to the ground?
Answer: steel cable

Question: What did pilots have to do to avoid the barrage balloons?
Answer: fly at a higher altitude

Question: What kind of success did barrage balloons have as far as bringing down aircraft?
Answer: minimal

Question: What is an important number when it comes to guns engaging an aircraft?
Answer: The maximum distance

Question: What can be used to determine the maximum distance for an AA gun?
Answer: only the ascending part of the trajectory

Question: What is the term used to describe the height that a projectile would go to if it was fired vertically?
Answer: maximum ceiling

Question: Few AA guns are able to fire which way?
Answer: vertically

Question: The missile started being used more often instead of what weapon?
Answer: guns

Question: Small missiles were designed that could be mounted on what?
Answer: armored cars and tank chassis

Question: When did these missiles start to supplant gun-based SPAAG systems?
Answer: in the 1960s

Question: What are man-portable missiles better known as?
Answer: MANPADs

Question: When were MANPADs introduced?
Answer: the 1960s

Question: Smaller weapons are able to be used because of their low cost as well as what other factor?
Answer: ability to quickly follow the target

Question: Who designed the 40 mm autocannon?
Answer: Bofors of Sweden

Question: When were the surface-to-air missile systems introduced?
Answer: 1950s

Question: Where were surface-to-air missiles first developed?
Answer: in Nazi Germany

Question: How can land-based SAMs be deployed?
Answer: from fixed installations or mobile launchers

Question: What kind of weapons can usually be found on smaller boats and ships?
Answer: machine-guns or fast cannons

Question: These weapons can be deadly to aircraft that is low if it is linked to what?
Answer: a radar-directed fire-control system radar-controlled cannon for point defence

Question: What type of ships are particularly well defended?
Answer: Carrier battle groups

Question: Carrier battle groups can launch what to intercept incoming threats?
Answer: fighter jets

Question: What type of weapon can be used against hovering helicopters?
Answer: Rocket-propelled grenades

Question: What did some militia members in Somalia weld in the exhaust of the RPG tube to protect the shooter?
Answer: a steel plate

Question: What were the Somalian militia members firing RPGs at?
Answer: US helicopters

Question: An RPG fired at a steep angle has what reflecting off the ground?
Answer: the backblast

Question: When an RPG is fired at a steep angle, who is in danger?
Answer: the user

Question: What term is used to describe the altitude for a gun to shoot shells against a target that is moving?
Answer: "effective ceiling"

Question: Who adopted the use of the term, effective ceiling?
Answer: The British

Question: Along with other factors, how long must a target be engaged to have effective ceiling?
Answer: for 20 seconds

Question: What affected the effective ceiling for heavy AA guns?
Answer: non-ballistic factors

Question: What was the standard weapon until the 1950s?
Answer: guns firing ballistic munitions

Question: After guns firing ballistic munitions lost their appeal, what weapon took their place?
Answer: guided missiles

Question: Which range did not use guided missiles?
Answer: the very shortest ranges

Question: Damaged aircraft can be out of action for days or what?
Answer: permanently

Question: What is the largest calibre ground-based air defence guns?
Answer: at least 150 mm

Question: When did the British see the need to add anti-aircraft capability?
Answer: 8 July 1914

Question: Where did the New York times report say towers with guns should go?
Answer: the coasts of the British Isles

Question: What was built around naval installations?
Answer: complete circle of towers

Question: Who manned AA guns and searchlights?
Answer: Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve (RNVR)

Question: Who used motorised two-gun sections?
Answer: Royal Garrison Artillery (RGA)

Question: Who provided part of the air defence of the British Isles in WWI
Answer: Royal Navy

Question: Who protected airfields in WWII?
Answer: RAF Regiment

Question: The United States Air Force helped protect the UK during what 'war'?
Answer: Cold War

Question: What year was ground-based air defence taken from RAF?
Answer: 2004

Question: What was disbanded in 1955?
Answer: British Army's Anti-Aircraft Command

Question: What helped with better fuse setting?
Answer: range measurement

Question: What was the first model of HRF (Height Range Finder) used by the British?
Answer: Barr & Stroud UB2

Question: The HRF measured target distance and what else?
Answer: elevation angle

Question: What was the HRF used with to set fuses?
Answer: Height/Fuse Indicator (HFI)

Question: The fuse length could be set using height reported by whom?
Answer: HRF operator

Question: What kind of guns started attracting attention?
Answer: balloon, or airship, guns

Question: In addition to ammo proposals, what other need was articulated?
Answer: The need for some form of tracer or smoke trail

Question: The impact and time types of what were analyzed?
Answer: Fuzing options

Question: As of 1910, who had published info available for gun designs?
Answer: Krupp, Erhardt, Vickers Maxim, and Schneider

Question: What gun made the scene in 1910?
Answer: French balloon gun

Question: What two guns were propped up against a hillside to get the muzzles pointed up?
Answer: French 75 mm and Russian 76.2 mm

Question: What anti-aircraft gun did the British Army begin to use?
Answer: 13-pdr QF 6 cwt Mk III

Question: What gun size was relined to take 13-pounder shells?
Answer: 18-pdr guns