Question: What type of organism has relatively gene dense chromosomes?
Answer: prokaryotes

Question: Regions of DNA that serve no obvious function are often found in what type of organism?
Answer: eukaryotes

Question: What is referred to as "junk DNA"?
Answer: DNA without an identified function

Question: What percentage of the human genome is made of protein coding DNA?
Answer: barely 2%

Question: What percentage of bases in the human genome are expressed by protein coding DNA
Answer: about 80%

Question: Often, how large a part of the structure of a gene is the protein coding sequence?
Answer: often only a small part

Question: What often plays only a small part in the structure of a gene? 
Answer: the actual protein coding sequence

Question: What is one of the many elements that the structure of a gene consists of?
Answer: DNA regions that are not transcribed

Question: What is another element of the structure of a gene?
Answer: untranslated regions of the RNA

Question: What elements does the structure of a gene consist of?
Answer: DNA regions that are not transcribed as well as untranslated regions of the RNA

Question: What do all genes contain that is required for their expression?
Answer: a regulatory sequence

Question: How is a promoter sequence recognized?
Answer: by transcription factors and RNA polymerase

Question: What results when genes have more than one promoter?
Answer: messenger RNAs (mRNA) that differ in how far they extend in the 5' end

Question: What does a "strong" promoter sequence do?
Answer: bind the transcription machinery well

Question: What does a "weak" promoter sequence do?
Answer: bind poorly and initiate transcription less frequently

Question: How do regulatory regions act?
Answer: by binding to transcription factors

Question: What happens when a regulatory region binds to transcription factors?
Answer: the DNA to loop

Question: How do enhancers increase transcription?
Answer: by binding an activator protein

Question: What happens after an enhancer binds an activator protein?
Answer: helps to recruit the RNA polymerase to the promoter

Question: What causes DNA to be less available for RNA polymerase?
Answer: silencers bind repressor proteins

Question: What is at both ends of the transcribed pre-mRNA?
Answer: untranslated regions

Question: Where are the ribosome binding site, terminator and start and stop codons located on transcribed pre-mRNA?
Answer: untranslated regions

Question: What do most eukaryotic open reading frames contain?
Answer: untranslated introns

Question: What dictates the splice sites to generate the final mature mRNA?
Answer: The sequences at the ends of the introns

Question: What encodes the protein or RNA product?
Answer: the splice sites to generate the final mature mRNA

Question: What are most prokaryotic genes organized into?
Answer: operons

Question: What are multiple protein coding sequences transcribed as?
Answer: a unit

Question: What sort of functions do the products of operon genes typically have?
Answer: related functions

Question: What type of network are the products of operon genes typically involved with?
Answer: the same regulatory network

Question: What type of coding sequences do prokaryotic genes typically have?
Answer: multiple protein-coding sequences

Question: What is an example of a regulatory region of a gene that does not have to close to the coding sequence?
Answer: enhancers

Question: Why do some regulatory regions of a gene not have to be close to the coding sequence?
Answer: because the intervening DNA can be looped out to bring the gene and its regulatory region into proximity

Question: What part of a gene can be much larger than its exons?
Answer: a gene's introns

Question: How do regulatory regions on different chromosomes operate in order to allow regions on different chromosomes to come into contact with one another?
Answer: in trans

Question: Where can regulatory regions be found?
Answer: different chromosomes

Question: What model did early work in molecular genetics suggest?
Answer: the model that one gene makes one protein.

Question: What discovery caused the model that one gene makes one protein to be refined?
Answer: the discovery of genes that can encode multiple proteins

Question: How do genes encode multiple proteins?
Answer: by alternative splicing and coding sequences

Question: How are alternative splicing and coding sequences distributed?
Answer: split in short section across the genome

Question: In order for a gene to encode multiple proteins, how must its mRNAs be arranged?
Answer: concatenated by trans-splicing.

Question: What sort of definition can be used to conveniently encompass the complexity of diverse phenomena?
Answer: A broad operational definition

Question: What is the broad operational definition of a gene?
Answer: a union of genomic sequences encoding a coherent set of potentially overlapping functional products

Question: What does the typical definition of a gene categorize genes by?
Answer: their specific DNA loci

Question: What does the broad operational definition of gene categorize genes by?
Answer: their functional products (proteins or RNA)

Question: What does the broad operational definition of a gene classify as gene-associated regions?
Answer: regulatory elements

Question: How many steps are required to read the information encoded in a gene's DNA and produce the specified protein?
Answer: two steps are required

Question: What is the first step to read the information encoded in a gene's DNA and produce the protein it specifies?
Answer: the gene's DNA is transcribed to messenger RNA (mRNA)

Question: What is the second step to read the information encoded in a gene's DNA and produce the protein it specifies?
Answer: mRNA is translated to protein

Question: What step must RNA-coding genes still go through?
Answer: the first step

Question: What is the process of producing a biologically functional molecule of either RNA or protein called?
Answer: gene expression

Question: What specifies the amino acid sequence of a protein?
Answer: The nucleotide sequence of a gene's DNA

Question: What are sets of three nucleotides known as?
Answer: codons

Question: What does each codon correspond to?
Answer: a specific amino acid

Question: What indicates the beginning and end of the protein coding region?
Answer: a "start codon", and three "stop codons"

Question: How many possible codons are there?
Answer: There are 64 possible codons (four possible nucleotides at each of three positions, hence 43 possible codons)

Question: What does transcription produce?
Answer: a single-stranded RNA molecule known as messenger RNA

Question: How does the nucleotide sequence of mRNA compare to DNA?
Answer: complementary to the DNA from which it was transcribed

Question: What is used as a template to generate a complementary mRNA?
Answer: The gene's DNA

Question: Why does the mRNA match the sequence of the gene's DNA coding strand?
Answer: because it is synthesised as the complement of the template strand

Question: What is the enzyme called that performs transcription?
Answer: an RNA polymerase

Question: Where does transcription occur in prokaryotes?
Answer: in the cytoplasm

Question: If the transcription is very long, where on the RNA may translation begin?
Answer: at the 5' end of the RNA

Question: Where does transcription occur in eukaryotes?
Answer: transcription occurs in the nucleus

Question: Where does a eukaryote store the cell's DNA?
Answer: in the nucleus

Question: What is the RNA molecule produced by the polymerase known as?
Answer: the primary transcript

Question: What is the process by which a mature mRNA molecule is used as a template for synthesizing a new protein called?
Answer: Translation

Question: What does a ribosome consist of?
Answer: large complexes of RNA and protein