Question: Part 1 of the AAI introductory immunology course is meant to be what?
Answer: an introduction to the basic principles of immunology

Question: Part 2 of the AAI introductory immunology course revolves around what?
Answer: clinically-oriented lecture series

Question: What pre-requisite should enrollees in the advanced immunology course have?
Answer: a background of the principles of immunology

Question: How long does it typically take to earn a Master's degree?
Answer: two years of study

Question: What program requires an additional two years of study?
Answer: a doctoral programme

Question: What is the common name for MPEG-2 Audio Layer III?
Answer: MP3

Question: What kind of audio is the coding format for?
Answer: digital

Question: Other than storage, what is the common audio format used for?
Answer: consumer audio streaming

Question: What does MP3 use to format it's data?
Answer: lossy data compression

Question: Where will MP3 files most commonly be found?
Answer: digital audio players

Question: What is the main goal aside from reducing the amount of data required to store the audio?
Answer: sound like a faithful reproduction

Question: What kind of compression is used?
Answer: created

Question: If a file is created using 128 kbit/s, what size is the file going to be compared to a CD?
Answer: 1/11

Question: How many total bit/s would a CD have?
Answer: 1,411,200

Question: How many total bit/s would an MP3 compressed at 128 kbit/s have?
Answer: 128,000

Question: What does the compression target in the song?
Answer: accuracy

Question: The targetting focuses on what aspect that is beyond the ability of most people?
Answer: auditory resolution

Question: What is this method commonly referred to as?
Answer: perceptual coding

Question: What kind of model is used in this kind of compression?
Answer: psychoacoustic

Question: These models ensure that the precision is reduced for the components that are what to human hearing?
Answer: less audible

Question: Who designed MP3?
Answer: Moving Picture Experts Group

Question: What was the first standard that this group had?
Answer: MPEG-1

Question: The first standard later developed into which standard?
Answer: MPEG-2

Question: When was the draft passed to have MPEG-1 Audio approved as a standard?
Answer: 1991

Question: When was MPEG-2 Audio finally published?
Answer: 1995

Question: What does the MP3 compression take advantage of?
Answer: perceptual limitation

Question: What is the limitation in human hearing referred to as?
Answer: auditory masking

Question: Who was the physicist to report that a tone could be rendered inaudible.
Answer: Alfred M. Mayer

Question: When were audio curves described by Richard Ehmer?
Answer: 1959

Question: The initial work was aimed at determining critical ratios and what else?
Answer: critical bandwidths

Question: What was first proposed in 1979?
Answer: The psychoacoustic masking codec

Question: Which country were the researchers located in?
Answer: United States

Question: Who was the first to produce hardware for speech?
Answer: Krasner

Question: What does LPC stand for?
Answer: linear predictive coding

Question: What was reported in IEEE's Journal on Selected Areas in Communications?
Answer: audio compression algorithms

Question: What does OCF stand for?
Answer: Optimum Coding in the Frequency Domain

Question: What does PXFM stand for?
Answer: Perceptual Transform Coding

Question: What was the name of the codec that OCF, PFXM and other contributes merged into?
Answer: ASPEC

Question: Which competition did ASPEC win?
Answer: quality

Question: What was the first practical implementation based on?
Answer: Motorola 56000 DSP chips

Question: What kind of student was Karlheinz Brandenburg?
Answer: doctoral

Question: When did Karlheinz start working on digitmal music compression?
Answer: early 1980s

Question: Where did Bradenburg become an assistant professor at?
Answer: Erlangen-Nuremberg

Question: Who did Brandenburg work with in music compression?
Answer: Fraunhofer Society

Question: When did Brandenburg join the Fraunhofen Institute?
Answer: 1993

Question: What was the name of the first song used to develop the MP3?
Answer: Tom's Diner

Question: Who was the artist of the first song used?
Answer: Suzanne Vega

Question: Who adjusted the song?
Answer: Karlheinz Brandenburg

Question: The song was listened to multiple times to try and refine what?
Answer: scheme

Question: What particular aspect of the artists voice was he trying to preserve?
Answer: subtlety

Question: How many proposals were available in 1991?
Answer: two

Question: Other than ASPEC what was another proposal?
Answer: Musicam

Question: The Musicam format was proposed by Philips, based in which country?
Answer: Netherlands

Question: Which other quality alongside simplicty was key in selecting this proposal?
Answer: error robustness

Question: What was the Musican format based on?
Answer: sub-band coding

Question: What was only incorporated into Layer III and not Layers I or II?
Answer: filter bank

Question: Who was the chair that oversaw the editing of the standard?
Answer: Professor Musmann

Question: Who's responsibility was it to edit the standard for Layer I?
Answer: Leon van de Kerkhof

Question: Who's responsibility was it to edit the standard for Layer II?
Answer: Gerhard Stoll

Question: What was the name given to the proposal?
Answer: ASPEC

Question: What did the joint proposal provide?
Answer: the highest coding efficiency

Question: Other than Thomson Consumer Electronics, Fraunhofer Society and CNET, who else was a part of the joint proposal?
Answer: AT&T Bell Laboratories

Question: What did the working group integrate their ideas with?
Answer: filter bank

Question: Where was the filter bank taken from?
Answer: Layer 2

Question: What did the working group take ideas from?
Answer: ASPEC

Question: What did the working group eventually create?
Answer: MP3

Question: What quality were they hoping to match at 128 kbit/s?
Answer: MP2 at 192 kbit/s

Question: When were the algorithms approved?
Answer: 1991

Question: When were the approved algorithms finalized?
Answer: 1992

Question: What was the first started suite by MPEG?
Answer: MPEG-1

Question: What was the official name of the internation standard?
Answer: ISO/IEC 11172-3

Question: When was the international standard published?
Answer: 1993

Question: Further work on MPEG was finalized as a part of which MPEG standard?
Answer: second suite

Question: What was the official name of ISO/IEC 13818-3 better known as?
Answer: MPEG-2

Question: At what rate were the new sampling rates defined in comparison to MPEG-1 Audio?
Answer: half

Question: Apart from cutting the frequency fidelity in half, what else was cut in half?
Answer: bitrate

Question: Allowing the coding of audio programs with more than two channels was a major aspect of what?
Answer: MPEG-2 Part 3

Question: As MPEG-3 had a different meaning, what was the name given to the extension of MPEG-2?
Answer: MPEG-2.5 audio

Question: Where was this extension developed?
Answer: Fraunhofer IIS

Question: The new sampling rates widened the scope of MP3 to be able to include what?
Answer: human speech

Question: What is not an ISO recognized standard?
Answer: MPEG-2.5

Question: As MPEG-2.5 is unofficial, it is considered what kind of extension to the MP3 format?
Answer: proprietary

Question: What defines the compression efficiency of encoders?
Answer: bit rate

Question: Compression ratio depends on the sample rate and bit depth of which signal?
Answer: input

Question: What does CD stand for?
Answer: Compact Disc

Question: Other than CD parameters, what else can be used as parameter references?
Answer: Digital Audio Tape (DAT) SP

Question: What can CD parameters be used as references for?
Answer: compression ratios

Question: What type of recording did Brandenburg use?
Answer: CD