Question: What distinguishes different types of dogs from one another?
Answer: breed

Question: Who keeps classifications of different dog breeds?
Answer: modern kennel clubs.

Question: What is responsible for different dog types and breeds today?
Answer: natural selection and selective breeding

Question: Animals that share characteristics that are different than what other animals in that species have is known as what?
Answer: breeds

Question: Modern dog breeds are what type of classification which is maintained by modern kennel clubs?
Answer: non-scientific

Question: The methods kennel clubs used to classify dogs is what?
Answer: unsystematic.

Question: A scientific study of dog genetics has shown only how many  types of dogs being determinably distinct?
Answer: four

Question: What, according to the text, are two examples of "old world" dogs?
Answer: Malamute and Shar Pei

Question: the Border collie is an example of what type of dog?
Answer: herding

Question: How many main types of dogs are there?
Answer: four

Question: What type of dogs are Shar Peis?
Answer: old world dogs

Question: What are the other modern and hunting types of dogs called?
Answer: all others

Question: What is one of the complex behaviors pet dogs have gotten from wolves?
Answer: bite inhibition

Question: What may make dogs have the ability to be trained by, play with and fit in with people?
Answer: sophisticated forms of social cognition and communication

Question: Higher social attributes  and human relationships may have caused dogs to reach what as a species?
Answer: one of the most successful species on the planet today.

Question: What is a complex behavior that dogs inherited from wolves?
Answer: bite inhibition

Question: Dogs had a worth to what type of early humans?
Answer: hunter-gatherers

Question: Dogs have hunted with and done other things for people for a long time, but what is a more recent help to people they provide?
Answer: aiding handicapped individuals.

Question: Because of a dog's resourcefulness to people, they have been given what nickname?
Answer: man's best friend

Question: Some cultures treat dogs as what rather than companions?
Answer: a source of meat

Question: What did dogs clean up to help with keeping habitations of people clean?
Answer: food scraps.

Question: What do Australian aborigines call a frigid night? 
Answer: three dog night

Question: What did a dog's good hearing help humans with?
Answer: early warning.

Question: How could dogs have helped with sanitation issues in camps?
Answer: cleaning up food scraps

Question: What is the Australian Aboriginal expression that indicates a very cold night?
Answer: three dog night

Question: What type of hunting is it called when humans and dogs hunt together?
Answer: cooperative hunting

Question: What year was research completed to demonstrate humans benefited by having dogs hunt with them?
Answer: 2004

Question: What would have been the top benefit for dogs in camps?
Answer: sense of smell

Question: The successful mixing of dogs with hunting is often given as a primary reason for what?
Answer: the domestication of the wolf

Question: What type of working dog may have been the reason so many humans were able to get into North America 12,000 tears ago?
Answer: sled dogs

Question: What did ancient people walk across from Siberia into North America?
Answer: Bering land bridge

Question: How old are the oldest findings of dogs in North America?
Answer: 9,400 years

Question: Evidence places dogs in North America when?
Answer: 12,000 years ago

Question: Dogs were the only domesticated animals for what North American population?
Answer: Athabascan

Question: Dogs contributed to what migration 1400 years ago?
Answer: Apache and Navajo tribes

Question: People still used dogs as pack animals even after what other animal began being used for this purpose?
Answer: horse

Question: A grave from 12,000 BC was found to contain an older person and what else?
Answer: puppy

Question: What two species have the most widespread bonding?
Answer: humans and dogs

Question: When did more people begin to keep dogs as pets?
Answer: after World War II

Question: What decade showed a change in the way people kept dogs as pets?
Answer: 1980s

Question: In the 1950s and 1960s most dogs where kept where?
Answer: outside

Question: Historically, who in particular had dogs as companions?
Answer: elites

Question: Dogs were kept where in the 1950s and 1960s as compared to today?
Answer: outside

Question: When did the role of dogs change to be more than guardians or walking companions?
Answer: 1980s

Question: Shaping dogs to what people want is called what?
Answer: commodification

Question: The idea of what constitutes a family, from the human perspective, has enlarged to include what?
Answer: dogs.

Question: How many big trends are involved in how much the position of dogs has changed in human civilization?
Answer: two

Question: When a person shapes a dog to conform to his expectations of behavior, it is called what?
Answer: commodification

Question: A second major trend has been increasing the idea of family and home to include dogs in what?
Answer: everyday routines

Question: It is easy to turn a canine into the perfect companion because so much of what is available?
Answer: commodity forms

Question: Dog training can be researched back to what century?
Answer: 18th

Question: How do dogs establish their territory as far as scent is concerned?
Answer: urine marking

Question: How far back can dog training be found?
Answer: 18th century

Question: How do dogs mark their territory?
Answer: urine marking

Question: What has become important to ensure dogs do not do things that humans don't want them to do, such as jumping?
Answer: training

Question: How do most people describe the relationship with their dogs?
Answer: part of the family

Question: What television show uses a dominance model of dog and human relationships?
Answer: Dog Whisperer.

Question: Most people today describe their dogs as what?
Answer: part of the family

Question: What TV show promotes a dominance model for the relationships people have with their dogs?
Answer: Dog Whisperer

Question: A study showed that a task dogs do is bringing in what from the lawn?
Answer: newspaper

Question: Dogs often help clean in the kitchen by licking what?
Answer: plates

Question: In addition to dog dancing, what is another activity that families are doing that is centered around their pet?
Answer: dog yoga.

Question: What do many dogs have to do in the families where they live?
Answer: set tasks or routines

Question: What are dogs often taught to bring in from outdoors?
Answer: the newspaper

Question: The National Pet Owner Survey reported how many people had pet dogs in America between 2009 and 2010?
Answer: 77.5 million

Question: How many people in the United States are said to own dog?
Answer: 77.5 million

Question: What type of imaging was used to study the relationship between humans and dogs?
Answer: magnetic resonance imaging

Question: An MRI study on dogs proved that dogs have the same response as humans to what?
Answer: voices

Question: An MRI study on dogs proved that dogs use the same parts of what as humans?
Answer: the brain

Question: Because dogs respond to voices the same way humans do, they are able to recognize what in human sounds, making them social?
Answer: emotion

Question: What technology was used to show that dogs respond to voices in the same brain parts as people?
Answer: MRI

Question: Dogs have the ability to recognize what type of human sounds?
Answer: emotional

Question: What nickname have dogs earned for their relationship to humans?
Answer: man's best friend

Question: Pointers and hounds are bred to do what?
Answer: hunt

Question: Certain dogs are bred to help fishermen with what?
Answer: nets

Question: Who was the first dog to orbit the earth in 1957?
Answer: Laika