Question: What effect did the establishment of the kingdom of Macedonia have on Greece?
Answer: destabilizing

Question: Who could claim victory at the Second Battle of Pydna?
Answer: The Romans

Question: What war is considered to be the last Roman pacification in Northern Africa?
Answer: The Jugurthine War

Question: What eventually caused Jugurtha to become a captive?
Answer: treachery

Question: Who attempted to usurp the throne of Numidia?
Answer: Jugurtha

Question: When did the Jugurthine War end?
Answer: 104 BC

Question: Who did Jugurtha have to bribe in order for them to accept him as the new leader of Numidia?
Answer: the Romans

Question: When did the Cimbrian War end?
Answer: 101 BC

Question: In what year did Rome come into contact with a couple Celtic tribes?
Answer: 121 BC

Question: What war began in the year 113 BC?
Answer: The Cimbrian War

Question: Where did the tribes that were almost annihilated in the Battle of Vercellae hail from?
Answer: northern Europe

Question: How were soldiers rewarded by Roman generals?
Answer: with plunder

Question: Who saw increased loyalty from the Roman soldiers?
Answer: their generals

Question: Who was greater in numbers than the Roman slave masters?
Answer: the slaves

Question: Around how many rebellious uprisings and civil wars happened in the 1st century BC?
Answer: twelve

Question: Which individual later became princeps after having challenged the senate?
Answer: Octavian

Question: How many slaves at most were under the command of Spartacus?
Answer: 150,000

Question: When was the beginning of the Social War?
Answer: 91 BC

Question: How many Italians became citizens after the loss of the Social War?
Answer: more than 500,000

Question: How many slave uprisings were there between the years of 135 BC and 71 BC?
Answer: three

Question: Ultimately what started the Social War?
Answer: allies complained that they shared the risk of Rome's military campaigns, but not its rewards

Question: What type of war was caused by the clash of two generals?
Answer: civil wars

Question: In what year did Marius and Sull begin to clash?
Answer: 88 BC

Question: In what specific section of Rome did the Battle of the Colline Gate take place?
Answer: very door of the city

Question: Who was defeated in the Battle of the Colline Gate?
Answer: an army of the Marius supporters

Question: What can be considered one of the causes that led to the downfall of the Roman Republic?
Answer: the willingness of Roman troops to wage war against one another

Question: Who was the leader of Pontus in the year 85 BC?
Answer: Mithridates the Great

Question: With which individual did Lucius Cornelius have a rivalry?
Answer: Gaius Marius

Question: How did the ruler of Pontus anger Rome?
Answer: by seeking to expand his kingdom

Question: When was the last year of Mithridates the Great's reign?
Answer: 63 BC

Question: How many Romans lived in Mithridate the Great's kingdom in 88 BC?
Answer: 80,000

Question: Who held  a term as praetor in the Iberian Peninsula?
Answer: Julius Caesar

Question: Why did Julius Caesar wish to invade Gaul?
Answer: would give him the dramatic military success he sought

Question: When did Julius Caesar's term as consul end?
Answer: 59 BC

Question: What military leader was Julius Caesar a contemporary of?
Answer: Pompey

Question: What was the reasoning Julius Caesar used to start the Gallic Wars?
Answer: two local tribes began to migrate on a route that would take them near (not into) the Roman province of Transalpine Gaul

Question: When was the invasion of the Parthian Empire begun?
Answer: 53 BC

Question: Who started the invasion of the Parthian Empire?
Answer: Crassus

Question: In what battle did Marcus Licinius Crassus die?
Answer: the Battle of Carrhae

Question: Who was believed to have had a secret allegiance with enemies of Julius Caesar?
Answer: Pompey

Question: What did the senators request of Caesar in order for him to stand for consul?
Answer: turned over control of his armies to the state

Question: During what year did Caesar's armies cross the river Rubicon?
Answer: 49 BC

Question: Who would be seen as having been defeated in the Battle of Pharsalus?
Answer: Pompey

Question: Who decided to attack Pompey in Greece?
Answer: Caesar

Question: In what country did Pompey die in?
Answer: Egypt

Question: In which year did The Battle of Pharsalus take place?
Answer: 48 BC

Question: Who was now considered to be the primary figure in the Roman state?
Answer: Caesar

Question: Which group of people conspired against Caesar in order to have him assassinated?
Answer: senators

Question: Which former lieutenant of Caesar was considered a public threat after Caesar was assassinated?
Answer: Mark Antony

Question: When did Julius Caesar die?
Answer: March 44 BC

Question: Why did the Roman senators wish to have Caesar assassinated?
Answer: the Roman Republic was in danger

Question: What failure caused the the flares of civil war to spark up again?
Answer: Second Triumvirate of Octavian

Question: In what year was Octavian first allowed to use the names Augustus and Princeps?
Answer: 27 BC

Question: Who defeated Cleopatra and Mark Antony at the Battle of Actium?
Answer: Octavian

Question: Which individual was granted permanent consular powers?
Answer: Octavian

Question: Who has been designated as the first Emperor of Rome?
Answer: Octavian

Question: Who would elect a king in the Roman Kingdom prior to the revolution?
Answer: senators

Question: What was the length of a term that a king would be elected for in the Roman Kingdom?
Answer: life term

Question: When did the last king of the Roman Kingdom lose his seat of power?
Answer: 509 BC

Question: Who was considered to be the last king of the Roman Kingdom?
Answer: Lucius Tarquinius Superbus

Question: Who were the joint consulars considered to be an equal of politically?
Answer: old king

Question: In what year was the city in conflict with two nearby tribes?
Answer: 494 BC

Question: Which group of people requested the ability to elect officials?
Answer: The plebeians

Question: What were the assistants to the plebeian tribunes named?
Answer: plebeian aediles

Question: Who used the vetoes that they had been given to prevent the appointment of magistrates?
Answer: the tribunes

Question: During what century were reformed passed that allowed laws passed by the plebeians to have the full force of the law?
Answer: 5th century BC

Question: What year were limits placed upon plebeians that prevented them from holding more than one office concurrently?
Answer: 342 BC

Question: What could no longer be associated with debt after laws were passed preventing it?
Answer: interest

Question: What year saw the election of a plebeian to the office of praetor?
Answer: 337 BC

Question: How did senators attempt to gain the favor of the tribunes?
Answer: gave the tribunes a great deal of power

Question: What was considered a pathway to holding a higher office?
Answer: the tribunate

Question: In what year was the Plebiscitum Ovinium initiative enacted?
Answer: before 312 BCE

Question: Who had already held a large amount of magisterial offices?
Answer: plebeians

Question: Who was allowed to be elected to high office positions?
Answer: only patricians

Question: What initiative provided censors with the abillity to appoint new senators?
Answer: Plebiscitum Ovinium

Question: Who could a newly elected magistrate expect to be appointed by?
Answer: the censor

Question: What was the economic status of your typical plebeian in 287 BC?
Answer: poor

Question: Who refused to concern themselves with the plebeians debt situation?
Answer: senators

Question: What did the patrician senators refusal to address the accumulating debt of the plebeians lead to?
Answer: the final plebeian secession

Question: What law was passed that allowed the Plebeian Council to consider a bill without the approval of the patrician senators?
Answer: the Lex Hortensia