Question: What aroused the indignation of the entire Christian world?
Answer: The Hamidian Massacres

Question: When did "Near East" come into use to describe the part of the east closest to Europe?
Answer: middle of the 19th century

Question: In short, the term Far East appeared to name this area
Answer: the East Indies

Question: "Near East" applied to this mainly known area
Answer: the Levant

Question: What was the jurisdiction of the Levant in? 
Answer: the Ottoman Porte

Question: What was needed to set foot on most of the shores of the southern and central Mediterranean? 
Answer: permits from the Ottoman Empire

Question: What was one region included that was occupied by piratical kingdoms?
Answer: North Africa west of Egypt

Question: Where were the piratical kingdoms from? 
Answer: Barbary Coast

Question: Why was Iran included in the collection of regions? 
Answer: because it could not easily be reached except through the Ottoman Empire or neighboring Russia

Question: What did the term Near East focus on in the 1890s?
Answer: the conflicts in the Balkan states and Armenia

Question: The demise of what left considerable confusion as to what was to be meant by "Near East" 
Answer: of the sick man of Europe

Question: The terms "Near East" and "Far East" referring to areas of the globe in or contiguous to the former British Empire and the neighboring colonies fit together as a pair based on what? 
Answer: the opposites of far and near

Question: When do the terms "Near East" and "Far East" appear together in journals? 
Answer: the mid-19th century

Question: The term Near East and Far East were used in British and American meanings when referring to what? 
Answer: the near or far east of a field, village or shire.

Question: Who used the terms near Gaul?
Answer: The Romans

Question: The appearance of what culture using the terms appears in Linear B?
Answer: the Greeks

Question: Usually the terms were given when referencing what?  
Answer: a geographic feature

Question: What divided Asia on a similar basis? 
Answer: Ptolemy's Geography

Question: "Scythia this side of the Himalayas" is located where? 
Answer: In the north

Question: "India on this side of the Ganges" is located where? 
Answer: To the south

Question: "Scythia beyond the Himalayas" is located where? 
Answer: In the north

Question: Where did Asia begin? 
Answer: on the coast of Anatolia

Question: When was John Seller's Atlas Maritima?
Answer: 1670

Question: What had "India Beyond the Ganges" become? 
Answer: the East Indies

Question: China, Korea, southeast Asia and the islands of the Pacific were included in what? 
Answer: "the East Indies"

Question: What was only an English translation of Latin Oriens and Orientalis, "the land of the rising sun"?
Answer: "east"

Question: What year did Jodocus Hondius make his world map? 
Answer: 1590

Question: Where was Elizabeth I from?
Answer: England

Question: What was Elizabeth primarily interested in? 
Answer: trade with the east

Question: Who did Elizabeth I collaborate with?
Answer: English merchants

Question: What was the goal of the first trading companies?
Answer: obtain trading concessions by treaty

Question: What company was charted in 1600 for trade to the East Indies?
Answer: The East India Company

Question: What has pleased western historians?
Answer: to write of a decline of the Ottoman Empire

Question: What was always in question from the beginning of the Ottoman Empire? 
Answer: The borders

Question: What was the Ottoman Empire created from?
Answer: the lands of the former eastern Roman Empire

Question: How did the last Roman emperor die?
Answer: fighting hand-to-hand in the streets

Question: Where was the Roman emperor's capital?
Answer: Constantinople

Question: The populations did not accept what?
Answer: Turkish rule

Question: The Hungarians had thrown off Turkish rule by what year? 
Answer: 1688

Question: What created Serbia?
Answer: the Serbian Revolution

Question: When was the Serbian Revolution?
Answer: 1815–1833

Question: When was the Greek War of Independence?
Answer: 1821–1832

Question: When did the Russian Empire begin to question the existence of the Ottoman Empire?
Answer: 1853

Question: When was the Crimean War?
Answer: 1853–1856

Question: During the Crimean War who did the British and French support?
Answer: the Ottoman Empire

Question: What was the Ottoman Empire's struggle against in the Crimean War?
Answer: the incursions of the Russian Empire

Question: The Ottoman Empire eventually lost control of what region?
Answer: the Balkan region

Question: Until what year did the words near east and far east not refer to any particular region? 
Answer: 1855

Question: What brought a change in vocabulary?
Answer: The Crimean War

Question: The Russian Empire became more militarily active against who?
Answer: the Ottoman Empire

Question: Who decided the two polities under attack were necessary for the balance of power? 
Answer: the British government

Question: What empire began promulgating a new vocabulary?
Answer: the British Empire

Question: When was a reprint of a letter sent to The Times appear in Littel's Living Age?
Answer: 1855

Question: Who was the author of the letter sent to the Times?
Answer: Thomas Taylor Meadows

Question: What was Thomas Taylor Meadows replying to?
Answer: the suggestion by another interpreter

Question: What was one of the earliest presentations of this vocabulary?
Answer: the letter to the Times

Question: What was said must represent usage by that administration?
Answer: Meadows' terminology

Question: Who had formed the club that contained much of the colonial administration?
Answer: Duke of Wellington

Question: What remained popular in diplomatic, trade and journalistic circles?
Answer: "Near East"

Question: What variation soon developed among the scholars and the men of the cloth and their associates?
Answer: "the Nearer East,"

Question: There was a need to separate what from the terrain of the Ottoman Empire?
Answer: the Biblical lands

Question: What did the Christians see the country as?
Answer: the land of the Old and New Testaments

Question: How did the scholars attempt their definition? 
Answer: on the basis of archaeology

Question: When was the London Review?
Answer: 1861

Question: Rawlinson, Layard and others were reviewed in what?
Answer: The London Review of 1861

Question: Who wrote The London Review of 1861?
Answer: (Telford and Barber

Question: What region was explicitly excluded?
Answer: India

Question: What region has no mention?
Answer: the Balkans

Question: Assyria, Chaldea, Mesopotamia, Persia, Armenia, Egypt, Arabia, Syria, Palestine, Ethiopia, Caucasus, Libya, Anatolia, and Abyssinia were all what?
Answer: regions in their inventory

Question: What does Hogarth say in detail?
Answer: where and why

Question: Hogarth makes no mention of what?
Answer: the classics

Question: How is Hogarth's analysis?
Answer: geopolitical

Question: When did the term "Near East" acquire considerable disrepute?
Answer: the 19th century

Question: The term "Near East" acquired considerable disrepute in whose eyes?
Answer: English-speaking public

Question: What was the cause of the onus?
Answer: the Hamidian Massacres of Armenians

Question: What was the cause of the Hamidian Massacres of Armenians?
Answer: they were Christians

Question: When was Robert Hickens' book wrote?
Answer: 1913)

Question: Reports from who made the change evident?
Answer: influential British travellers

Question: Where did Sir Henry Norman travel in 1894
Answer: the Far East

Question: What book did Sir Henry Norman write after traveling to the Far East?
Answer: The Peoples and Politics of the Far East

Question: What year did Sir Henry Norman's book come out? 
Answer: 1895

Question: Where did the Normans go off to instead of publishing the book?
Answer: New York

Question: When did Norman publish parts of his planned travel book?
Answer: June, 1896