Question: What type of extensions do these other character encodings have?
Answer: extensions for characters outside the English alphabet and symbols used outside the United States

Question: Why did most countries need a adapted version of ASCII?
Answer: ASCII suited the needs of only the USA and a few other countries

Question: Why are the other versions of ASCII not true ASCII?
Answer: true ASCII is defined strictly only by the ANSI standard

Question: What was the most influential device that interpretated the characters?
Answer: Teletype Model 33 ASR

Question: What was the Teletype Model 33 ASR?
Answer: a printing terminal with an available paper tape reader/punch option

Question: When was paper tape popular?
Answer: until the 1980s

Question: Why was paper tape better than magnetic tape?
Answer: less costly and in some ways less fragile

Question: What code eventually became neglected?
Answer: code 15 (Control-O, Shift In)

Question: Why were problems created when transferring files between systems?
Answer: The inherent ambiguity of many control characters, combined with their historical usage

Question: Teletype machines had to have two codes to termanate a line, what were they?
Answer: "Carriage Return" (which moves the printhead to the beginning of the line) and "Line Feed" (which advances the paper one line without moving the printhead)

Question: Where does the name "Carriage Return" come from?
Answer: on a manual typewriter the carriage holding the paper moved while the position where the typebars struck the ribbon remained stationary

Question: What side does the carriage have to be pushed to when starting a new line?
Answer: right

Question: When was the first typewritter with a shift key created?
Answer: 1878

Question: What were used instead of 0 and 1? 
Answer: using O (capital letter o) and l (lowercase letter L) instead

Question: What layout did the Teletype Model 33 use?
Answer: which used the left-shifted layout corresponding to ASCII

Question: Do shift values for symbols on modern keyboards correspond closely to the ASCII table?
Answer: do not correspond as closely

Question: What is the official name of code 127?
Answer: delete

Question: What was code 127 labeled as for the Teletype?
Answer: rubout

Question: Why did Teletype have the code for "rubout"?
Answer: to make it an ignored character

Question: Why is adding two characters at the ned of a line problemsome? 
Answer: introduces unnecessary complexity and questions as to how to interpret each character when encountered alone

Question: What id Multics use to simplify plain text data?
Answer: line feed (LF) alone as a line terminator

Question: What used carriage return(CR) alone as a line terminator?
Answer: Macintosh OS, Apple DOS, and ProDOS

Question: Who adopted this practice from Multics?
Answer: Unix and Unix-like systems, and Amiga systems

Question: When did Apple replace their CR with line feed (LF)?
Answer: since Apple replaced these operating systems with the Unix-based OS X operating system

Question: What is the first step in the human digestive system?
Answer: the action of mastication (chewing)

Question: What is saliva?
Answer: a liquid secreted by the salivary glands

Question: What is in saliva that starts to digest the starches?
Answer: salivary amylase

Question: What is the definition of bolus?
Answer: a small, round slurry mass

Question: What is the action of the food morving down the esophagus into the stomach called?
Answer: peristalsis

Question: What is the practive of coprophagia behaviours?
Answer: eating specialised faeces in order to re-digest food

Question: Why do some animals pass food through their gut twice?
Answer: extract more nutrition

Question: What happens with these soft feacal pellets?
Answer: excreted and generally consumed immediately

Question: Are normal droppings also eaten? 
Answer: not eaten

Question: What are the two types of digestion?
Answer: internal and external digestion

Question: When did external digestion develop?
Answer: earlier in evolutionary history

Question: What still uses the external digestion system?
Answer: most fungi

Question: What is the name of the tube that helps add in animal digestion?
Answer: gastrointestinal tract

Question: Why is internal digection better than external?
Answer: more of the broken down products can be captured, and the internal chemical environment can be more efficiently controlled

Question: What elements can transfer to plant cells?
Answer: Agrobacterium Ti or Ri plasmids

Question: Where do transferred genes enter?
Answer: the plant cell nucleus

Question: What do bacteria use as carbon and energy sources?
Answer: opines

Question: What happens to infected plant cells?
Answer: end

Question: What are endosymbionts of the bacteria?
Answer: The Ti and Ri plasmids

Question: Where are teeth found?
Answer: in the jaws (or mouths)

Question: What are teeth used for?
Answer: to tear, scrape, milk and chew food

Question: What are teeth made out of?
Answer: enamel, dentine and cementum

Question: What in human teeth enables proprioception?
Answer: a blood and nerve supply

Question: What happens when you bite something you cant chew?
Answer: our teeth send a message to our brain and we realise that it cannot be chewed, so we stop trying.

Question: What is the fourth and final stomach compartment in ruminants?
Answer: The abomasum

Question: What is the abomasums close equivalent?
Answer: a monogastric stomach

Question: What does this site serve primarily as?
Answer: a site for acid hydrolysis of microbial and dietary protein, preparing these protein sources for further digestion and absorption in the small intestine.

Question: What happens to digesta when it moves to the small intestine?
Answer: the digestion and absorption of nutrients occurs

Question: What is also digested in the small intestine?
Answer: Microbes produced in the reticulo-rumen are also digested in the small intestine

Question: What does a earthworms digestive systme consist of?
Answer: a mouth, pharynx, esophagus, crop, gizzard, and intestine.

Question: What does an earthworm eat?
Answer: dead grass, leaves, and weeds

Question: What helps the earthworm grab grass leaves and weeds?
Answer: The mouth is surrounded by strong lips

Question: What is the food coated with for easier passage?
Answer: mucus

Question: What part of the earthworm helps churn and mix the dirt and food?
Answer: The powerful muscles of the gizzard

Question: Where does the digestions of some fats start?
Answer: in the mouth

Question: Where are fats mainly digested?
Answer: the small intestine

Question: What happens when there is a presence of fat in the small intestine?
Answer: produces hormones that stimulate the release of pancreatic lipase from the pancreas and bile from the liver

Question: What does bile from the liver help do?
Answer: helps in the emulsification of fats for absorption of fatty acids

Question: What is one molecule of fat?
Answer: a triglyceride

Question: What is digestion?
Answer: the breakdown of large insoluble food molecules into small water-soluble food molecules so that they can be absorbed into the watery blood plasma

Question: In some organisms, how are these molecules absorbed?
Answer: these smaller substances are absorbed through the small intestine into the blood stream

Question: What are the two ways that food is broken down?
Answer: mechanical and chemical digestion

Question: What is mechanical digestion?
Answer: the physical breakdown of large pieces of food into smaller pieces which can subsequently be accessed by digestive enzymes

Question: What is chemical digestion?
Answer: enzymes break down food into the small molecules the body can use

Question: What are three digestions phases?
Answer: the cephalic phase , gastric phase, and intestinal phase

Question: Where does the cephalic phase occur?
Answer: at the sight, thought and smell of food, which stimulate the cerebral cortex