Question: Where are taste and smell stimuli sent to?
Answer: the hypothalamus and medulla oblongata

Question: How long does the gastric phase take?
Answer: 3 to 4 hours

Question: How is the gastric phase stimulated to start?
Answer: by distension of the stomach, presence of food in stomach and decrease in pH

Question: What happens in a chennel transupport system? 
Answer: several proteins form a contiguous channel traversing the inner and outer membranes of the bacteria

Question: What three protien subunites are in the chennel transupport system?
Answer: the ABC protein, membrane fusion protein (MFP), and outer membrane protein (OMP)[specify]

Question: What does this secretion system transport?
Answer: various molecules, from ions, drugs, to proteins of various sizes

Question: What other method does Gram-negative bacters use to release material?
Answer: the formation of outer membrane vesicles

Question: What happens with the pinch off part of the outer membrane?
Answer: , forming spherical structures made of a lipid bilayer enclosing periplasmic materials

Question: What does the release of vesicles seem to demenstrate?
Answer: response to stress conditions

Question: What virulence factors do some bacterial species have?
Answer: some have immunomodulatory effects, and some can directly adhere to and intoxicate host cells

Question: What muscle movements are used for digestion?
Answer: swallowing and peristalsis

Question: What does every stpe of digestion require?
Answer: energy

Question: What does needing energy to digest impose?
Answer: an "overhead charge"

Question: Over head charges influence what?
Answer: lifestyle, behavior, and even physical structures

Question: Where does digestion begin?
Answer: in the mouth with the secretion of saliva and its digestive enzymes

Question: What is food formed into before it is swallowed?
Answer: a bolus

Question: Where does food go after the esophagus?
Answer: the stomach

Question: What is the action of food being moved into the stomach?
Answer: peristalsis

Question: What does gastric juice consist of?
Answer: hydrochloric acid and pepsin

Question: What is lactase?
Answer: an enzyme that breaks down the disaccharide lactose to its component parts

Question: What are lactoses component parts?
Answer: glucose and galactose

Question: Where are glucose and galactose absorbed?
Answer: small intestine

Question: What percent of the population are unable to eat unfermented milk-based foods?
Answer: Approximately 65 percent

Question: What is knon as when you are  unable to eat unfermented milk-based foods?
Answer: lactose intolerance

Question: What is the resulting thick liquid called?
Answer: chyme

Question: What does chyme mix with in the duodenum?
Answer: digestive enzymes from the pancreas and bile juice from the liver

Question: Where does hyme go after the duodenum?
Answer: the small intestine

Question: Where is chyme absorbed into?
Answer: blood

Question: Where does 95% of absobtion of nutrients occur?
Answer: the small intestine

Question: What is the firs phase in preparation for digestion  in mammals?
Answer: the cephalic phase

Question: What is the cephalic phase?
Answer: saliva is produced in the mouth and digestive enzymes are produced in the stomach

Question: What digestions begin in the mouth?
Answer: Mechanical and chemical digestion

Question: What happens in the stomach after the food is chewed and mixed with starches?
Answer: The stomach continues to break food down mechanically and chemically through churning and mixing with both acids and enzymes

Question: Where does absorption occur?
Answer: in the stomach and gastrointestinal tract

Question: Where does protein digestion occur?
Answer: in the stomach and duodenum

Question: What are the three main enzymes that break down food?
Answer: pepsin secreted by the stomach and trypsin and chymotrypsin

Question: What are digestive enzymes mostly secreted as?
Answer: inactive precursors, the zymogens

Question: What are dipeptidases broken down into?
Answer: amino acids

Question: What organ secretes chymotrypsin?
Answer: the pancreas

Question: What tool did Hoover use to find bootleggers?
Answer: wiretapping

Question: In what supreme court case was it ruled that FBI wiretaps did not violate the Fourth Amendment?
Answer: Olmstead v. United States

Question: What Act did Congress pass to outlaw non-consensual phone tapping?
Answer: Communications Act of 1934

Question: In what case was it ruled that evidence obtained by the FBI via wiretapping was inadmissible in court?
Answer: Nardone v. United States

Question: What is now necessary to tap someone's telephone?
Answer: a warrant

Question: Which president was the first to use wiretaps to find bootleggers?
Answer: Hoover

Question: What case centered around a bootlegger caught through phone tapping?
Answer: Olmstead v. United States

Question: What did Congress pass to outlaw phone tapping?
Answer: Communications Act of 1934

Question: What is now required to wire tap a citizen?
Answer: a warrant

Question: Is a warrant required before or after a wiretap?
Answer: beforehand

Question: Which group broke into an FBI office in Media, Pennsylvania?
Answer: Citizens' Commission to Investigate the FBI

Question: Did the Citizens' Commission to Investigate the FBI take files?
Answer: Numerous files were taken

Question: What files was the Citizens' Commission to Investigate the FBI's raid mainly focused on?
Answer: COINTELPRO program

Question: What did the files about COINTELPRO reveal?
Answer: investigations into lives of ordinary citizens

Question: How did the US react to these discoveries?
Answer: The country was "jolted"

Question: Did the FBI reassign agents from counter-intelligence to violent crime?
Answer: the FBI reassigned more than 300 agents from foreign counter-intelligence duties to violent crime

Question: What priority were violent crimes in the 1990s, according to the FBI?
Answer: sixth national priority

Question: Did the new priorities of the FBI mean cutting other departments?
Answer: With reduced cuts to other well-established departments

Question: Was terrorism considered a threat after the cold war?
Answer: terrorism was no longer considered a threat

Question: What agency pioneered DNA testing?
Answer: The FBI

Question: What agencies were to blame for 9/11?
Answer: FBI and Central Intelligence Agency

Question: Did 9/11 lead to more FBI oversight?
Answer: acceded to most of the recommendations, including oversight

Question: Did many believe the FBI was resisting important changes?
Answer: resisting any meaningful changes

Question: Did the people believe they were served well by the FBI?
Answer: not been well served

Question: Where is the CJIS located?
Answer: Clarksburg, West Virginia

Question: When was the CJIS created?
Answer: 1991

Question: What purpose does the CJIS serve?
Answer: main repository for information

Question: Where is the data for the NCIC located?
Answer: Under the roof of the CJIS

Question: Do states have access to CJIS?
Answer: Many state and local agencies use these data

Question: Who is responsible for day-to-day FBI operations?
Answer: The FBI director

Question: Who assists the FBI director?
Answer: his deputies

Question: What acts were passed relating to the FBI after 9/11?
Answer: Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act

Question: Who used to brief the President?
Answer: FBI director

Question: Who now reports to the President?
Answer: Director of National Intelligence

Question: What compiles data from around 17,000 law enforcement agencies?
Answer: The Uniform Crime Reports

Question: What does UCR focus on?
Answer: violent crimes, hate crimes, and property crimes

Question: Where was the UCR created?
Answer: 1920s

Question: What percentage of COINTELPRO resources were targeted at FBI labeled subversive groups?
Answer: 85%

Question: Did the FBI target MLK?
Answer: including Martin Luther King, Jr.