Question: When did the Ussher chronology state that creation began?
Answer: 4004 BC

Question: Who proposed that life is a self-maintaining, infinite cycle?
Answer: James Hutton

Question: What was the name of Charles Darwin's grandfather?
Answer: Erasmus Darwin

Question: What theory did Erasmus Darwin outline in the 1790s?
Answer: hypothesis of transmutation of species

Question: What was the name of the scientist who developed and published a more complex version of Erasmus Darwin's theory in 1809?
Answer: Jean-Baptiste Lamarck

Question: What is the process of adapting to the environment and inheriting changes through use or disuse called?
Answer: Lamarckism

Question: Whose paleontology work in the 1790s established the reality of extinction?
Answer: Georges Cuvier

Question: Whose work considered adaptation to be evidence of God's design?
Answer: William Paley's

Question: What was the name of William Paley's book claiming divine beneficial design? 
Answer: Natural Theology

Question: What religion were all naturalists working at the two English universities?
Answer: Church of England

Question: How did most naturalists view the concept of transmutation of species?
Answer: a threat to divinely appointed social order.

Question: How did geologists explain the creation of new species in keeping with their belief in divine creation?
Answer: adapted catastrophism to show repeated worldwide annihilation and creation of new fixed species adapted to a changed environment

Question: When did Darwin begin attending university?
Answer: 1825

Question: What university did Darwin attend?
Answer: Edinburgh University

Question: What was Darwin originally studying at university?
Answer: medicine

Question: Who did Darwin assist in researching marine invertebrates?
Answer: Robert Grant

Question: With whom did Darwin study about catastrophic geology?
Answer: Adam Sedgwick

Question: What expedition did Darwin join in 1831?
Answer: Beagle expedition

Question: Who wrote The Principles of Geology?
Answer: Charles Lyell

Question: Where was the first stop of the Beagle Expedition?
Answer: St. Jago

Question: What did some of the fossils Darwin found on St. Jago resemble?
Answer: huge armadillos

Question: What caused Darwin to change his mind about the unbridgeable gap between animals and humans?
Answer: their relatives on the island seemed "miserable, degraded savages"

Question: Who showed that extinct South American fossils were related to living species?
Answer: Richard Owen

Question: What did John Gould announce in 1837?
Answer: Darwin's rhea was a separate species from the previously described rhea

Question: How many species of mockingbirds were found to be present on the Galapagos Islands?
Answer: three separate species

Question: What type of scientist was John Gould?
Answer: ornithologist

Question: Which animal did Darwin see at a zoo that made him further consider evolution?
Answer: an ape

Question: Which book did Darwin begin reading in 1838?
Answer: An Essay on the Principle of Population

Question: What did Thomas Malthus' book theorize would happen to human populations if they were unrestrained?
Answer: breed beyond their means and struggle to survive

Question: Which species did Darwin compare with the human struggle to survive?
Answer: plants

Question: What concept was de Candolle considering as he studied plants?
Answer: "warring of the species"

Question: Who did Darwin write his ideas to in 1842?
Answer: Lyell

Question: What was the name of Darwin's 35-page writing of his theory?
Answer: "Pencil Sketch"

Question: Which botanist did Darwin begin a correspondence with about his theories?
Answer: Joseph Dalton Hooker

Question: What information was Darwin's essay based on?
Answer: scientific results of the Beagle voyage

Question: How many pages had Darwin's sketch grown to in 1844?
Answer: 230-page

Question: What was the name of the anonymously published science book?
Answer: Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation

Question: What kind of progression did Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation propose?
Answer: a linear progression

Question: Who wrote Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation?
Answer: Robert Chambers

Question: What was the evidence in Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation used to support?
Answer: that living things had progressed from the simple to the more complex over time.

Question: Which scientist was in favor of Lamarckism in the 1850s?
Answer: Herbert Spencer

Question: What creatures did Darwin study that made him believe variation arose constantly?
Answer: barnacle

Question: In what year did Darwin begin to work on his evolution theory full-time?
Answer: 1854

Question: By which year had Darwin's theory become more complex and supported by a lot of evidence?
Answer: 1856

Question: Which bird species did Darwin become extremely interested in studying?
Answer: fancy pigeon

Question: What species did Darwin study for dispersal across oceans>
Answer: plant seeds and animals

Question: When was the "Introduction of Species" paper written?
Answer: 1855

Question: Who wrote the "Introduction of Species" paper?
Answer: Alfred Russel Wallace

Question: How did Wallace claim that patterns in the distribution of species could be explained?
Answer: if every new species always came into existence near an already existing, closely related species

Question: Which scientist recognized the possible validity and implications of Wallace's paper?
Answer: Charles Lyell

Question: When did Lyell ask Darwin to publish his theory to give it priority?
Answer: 1–2 May 1856

Question: Which book was Darwin working on when he received a package from Wallace?
Answer: "big book" on Natural Selection,

Question: What was in the packages Darwin received from Wallace?
Answer: twenty pages describing an evolutionary mechanism

Question: Who wrote the paper, On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties?
Answer: Wallace

Question: Who wrote the paper, On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties?
Answer: Darwin

Question: What do some historians think made Wallace's concept of natural selection different from Darwin's?
Answer: Some historians have suggested that Wallace was actually discussing group selection rather than selection acting on individual variation.

Question: What did Darwin decide to write in July, 1858?
Answer: "an abstract of my whole work".

Question: Which publisher did Lyell convince to arrange publication of Darwin's work?
Answer: John Murray III

Question: What did the publisher offer Darwin in payment for the book?
Answer: 2⁄3 of the profits

Question: What edition was the book in by the time of Darwin's death?
Answer: 6th edition

Question: How much had the book earned Darwin by the time he died?
Answer: nearly £3000

Question: What title did Darwin's book ultimately have?
Answer: On the Origin of Species

Question: What had Darwin wanted to name his book?
Answer: An abstract of an Essay on the Origin of Species and Varieties Through natural selection

Question: Who convinced Darwin that his book needed a shorter, more compelling title?
Answer: Murray

Question: What does the word "races" mean as referenced in Darwin's book?
Answer: an alternative for "varieties" and does not carry the modern connotation of human races

Question: What is the extended name of The Origin of Species that is written on the title page?
Answer: by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life

Question: By which year did Darwin have the basic premise of his natural selection theory?
Answer: 1838

Question: Why might Darwin have postponed publishing his theory of evolution for over 20 years?
Answer: fear of religious persecution or social disgrace

Question: Which paper did Darwin write that was incorrect?
Answer: Glen Roy

Question: Who might Darwin have feared upsetting by publishing his work?
Answer: his clergymen naturalist friends or his pious wife Emma.