Question: Have these potential effects been proven through testing?
Answer: inconclusive and controversial

Question: What do physicians recommend to counteract this potential issue?
Answer: extra contraceptive measures

Question: What do antibiotics interfere with?
Answer: contraceptive pills

Question: What percent is the  failure rate of contraceptive pills?
Answer: about 1%

Question: Whhat does intestinal flora reduce?
Answer: absorption of estrogens

Question: In therapy, what does the antibacterial interact with?
Answer: oral contraceptives

Question: Do antibiotics mess with birth control pills?
Answer: antibiotics do interfere

Question: What should women do if they are using antibiotics and birth control pills?
Answer: extra contraceptive measures

Question: What is birth control failure rate due to antibiotics?
Answer: about 1%

Question: What is one potential issue with drinking alcohol while taking antibiotics?
Answer: decreased effectiveness

Question: Do all antibiotics interact dangerously with alcohol?
Answer: moderate alcohol consumption is unlikely to interfere with many common antibiotics

Question: Is it OK to drink alcohol while taking any antibiotic?
Answer: there are specific types of antibiotics with which alcohol consumption may cause serious side-effects

Question: How common is the belief that alcohol and antibiotics should never be mixed?
Answer: widespread

Question: What can alcohol and certain antibiotics cause?
Answer: decreased effectiveness of antibiotic therapy

Question: What is unlikely to interfere with  with many common antibiotics?
Answer: alcohol consumption

Question: What belief should bever be mixed widespread?
Answer: alcohol and antibiotics

Question: What common drug can reduce antibiotic effectiveness?
Answer: alcohol

Question: What type of antibiotic is most likely to be a problem with alcohol?
Answer: specific types of antibiotics with which alcohol consumption may cause serious side-effects

Question: Should alcohol be used while on antibiotics?
Answer: alcohol and antibiotics should never be mixed

Question: What is part of hje the make up of bacterial strains?
Answer: Intrinsic antibacterial resistance

Question: What is exchanged between between bacterial strains or species via plasmids that have this resistance?
Answer: antibacterial resistance genes

Question: What can be absent from the bacterial genome?
Answer: antibiotic target

Question: When does the spread of antibacterial resistance frequently occurs/
Answer: vertical transmission

Question: What does some resistance come from?
Answer: mutation

Question: What method of spread can occur in antibacterial resistance?
Answer: vertical transmission of mutations

Question: What do plasmids do in resistance?
Answer: carry several different resistance genes

Question: What are strains that are resistant to antibiotics called sometimes?
Answer: superbugs

Question: What was a once almost controlled disease that is coming back do to resistance?
Answer: tuberculosis

Question: How many new infections of resistant TB are reported per year?
Answer: half a million

Question: What is the acronym used to describe resistant TB?
Answer: MDR-TB

Question: What are the two biggest reasons for resistance?
Answer: Inappropriate antibiotic treatment and overuse

Question: What is a common method of misuse?
Answer: Self prescription

Question: What is an example of bad treatment causing resistance?
Answer: overuse of antibiotics

Question: What is a way of improperly using antibiotics for those traveling?
Answer: prophylactic antibiotics

Question: What can happen if a doctor doesn't prescribe to a person's weight and prior use?
Answer: failure of medical professionals to prescribe the correct dosage

Question: What are 3 other common forms of bad antibiotic practices?
Answer: failure to take the entire prescribed course of the antibiotic, incorrect dosage and administration, or failure to rest for sufficient recovery

Question: What happens when a cold is treated with antibiotics?
Answer: Inappropriate antibiotic treatment

Question: What do doctors usually do when a patient seems to want antibiotics even though they may not be right?
Answer: prescribe antibiotics

Question: What is the name of a US government agency tasked with trying to stop improper use of antibiotics?
Answer: US Interagency Task Force on Antimicrobial Resistance

Question: Which agencies control this task force?
Answer: US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and the National Institutes of Health (NIH)

Question: When did the French start going after overuse of antibiotics?
Answer: 2002

Question: When did the EU ban antibiotics for speeding up growth?
Answer: 2003

Question: What report caused the UK to worry about resistance?
Answer: Swann report 1969

Question: What 3 US organizations have called for the banning of antibiotics in the production of food animals?
Answer: American Society for Microbiology (ASM), American Public Health Association (APHA) and the American Medical Association (AMA)

Question: Name two US bills that want to ban antibiotics in food production?
Answer: S.742 and H.R. 2562

Question: What 3 medical associations supported the bills?
Answer: American Holistic Nurses' Association, the American Medical Association, and the American Public Health Association (APHA)

Question: What besides sick people are antibiotics used for?
Answer: animal husbandry

Question: When was resistance first discussed as a problem in the raising of farm animals?
Answer: 1977

Question: When did a district court order the FDA to stop approving antibiotics in animals?
Answer: March 2012

Question: What methods did people use before antibiotics to treat infections?
Answer: medicinal folklore

Question: When were some kinds of antimicrobials first used?
Answer: over 2000 years ago

Question: What type of things did Egyptians and Greeks use?
Answer: mold and plant materials and extracts

Question: What does antibiosis mean?
Answer: against life

Question: Who came up with the term antibiosis?
Answer: Jean Paul Vuillemin

Question: What type of organism has been reported to have worked on infections?
Answer: mold

Question: Who noticed in a lab the antibacterial characteristics of mold?
Answer: Alexander Fleming

Question: What mold did Fleming notice had antibacterial properties?
Answer: penicillin

Question: What did Fleming initially think a good use would be for it?
Answer: chemotherapy

Question: What was the first available antibiotic?
Answer: Prontosil

Question: What company developed Prontosil?
Answer: IG Farben

Question: Who led the team that came up with Prontosil?
Answer: Gerhard Domagk

Question: What prize did Domagk get for his work?
Answer: 1939 Nobel Prize for Medicine

Question: What was the first antibiotic developed from nature?
Answer: tyrothricin

Question: When was tyrothricin created?
Answer: 1939

Question: What also happened in 1939 besides tyrothricin?
Answer: start of World War II,

Question: Who discovered tyrothricin?
Answer: Rene Dubos

Question: What was tyrothricin used for during the war?
Answer: wounds and ulcers

Question: When was penicillin G first purified?
Answer: 1942

Question: When did penicillin G become available outside of military use?
Answer: 1945

Question: Who came up with a way to quickly produce penicillin?
Answer: Norman Heatley

Question: When was the chemical make-up of penicillin discovered?
Answer: 1945

Question: Who discovered the chemical structure of penicillin?
Answer: Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin

Question: What do vaccines need to work?
Answer: immune modulation or augmentation

Question: What type of vaccines have saved millions of lives?
Answer: Antibacterial vaccines

Question: What types of vaccines have been phased out?
Answer: Vaccines made from attenuated whole cells or lysates

Question: What has been talked about to treat resistant bacteria?
Answer: Phage therapy