Question: Why is table sugar produced?
Answer: for export to the rest of the plant

Question: What polymer is used to strengthen cell walls?
Answer: lignin

Question: What weakens cell walls?
Answer: water stress

Question: What gas is in lower concentration now due to plants?
Answer: carbon dioxide

Question: What polymer is found in spores and pollen?
Answer: Sporopollenin

Question: What polymer is a major part of wood?
Answer: Lignin

Question: What is the study of the chemicals that plants produce?
Answer: Phytochemistry

Question: Hemlock is what kind of chemical produced from a plant?
Answer: toxins

Question: Where do some medicines and recreational drugs come from?
Answer: from plants

Question: Where did aspirin originally come from?
Answer: bark of willow trees

Question: Where does morphine come from?
Answer: the opium poppy

Question: How is charcoal made?
Answer: pyrolysis of wood

Question: Besides fire, what else is charcoal used for?
Answer: one of the three ingredients of gunpowder

Question: Plant oil is used for what kind of fuel?
Answer: biodiesel

Question: Rayon comes from what plant product?
Answer: cellulose

Question: What are plant habitats?
Answer: environments where they complete their life

Question: What is the goal of plant ecology?
Answer: to understand

Question: What is the study of plants and the environment in which they live?
Answer: Plant ecology

Question: What do plants do in their environment?
Answer: interactions with other species

Question: On what do plants depend in their environment?
Answer: edaphic (soil) and climatic factors

Question: How do plants interact with other species in their environment?
Answer: for resources

Question: What is the collection of plants in the environment called?
Answer: vegetation

Question: What are groupings of similar plants?
Answer: biomes

Question: How can historical changes in the environment be detected?
Answer: plant phenology

Question: How can climate changes be determined from soil?
Answer: fossil pollen deposits in sediments

Question: What atmospheric gas can be determined from fossilized leaf sizes and shapes?
Answer: CO2

Question: What causes lower growth in plants?
Answer: Ozone depletion

Question: What does ozone depletion allow?
Answer: higher levels of ultraviolet radiation-B

Question: Does inheritance work differently in plants?
Answer: same fundamental principles of genetics

Question: What plant did Mendel use to demonstrate inheritance?
Answer: Pisum sativum (peas)

Question: What other plant was used in the discovery of different genes?
Answer: maize

Question: Are plants and animals genetically the same?
Answer: distinctive genetic differences

Question: Are plants able to mate across species?
Answer: hybrids are often possible

Question: What common grain is the result cultivated wild hybrids?
Answer: wheat

Question: How do some plants avoid cross pollination?
Answer: pollen either fails to reach the stigma

Question: Do all plants have male and female parts?
Answer: separate individuals

Question: Why do plants develop bulbs?
Answer: opportunities for fertilisation of flowers by animals are rare

Question: What do plants do when the environment makes fertilization especially difficult?
Answer: replacing sexual reproduction with asexual reproduction

Question: How different are the children produced by asexual parents?
Answer: genetically identical to the parent

Question: What is the term for asexual cloning?
Answer: Apomixis

Question: Does apomixis only occur in the parent?
Answer: can also happen in a seed

Question: What can cause the doubling of chromosome pairs?
Answer: errors in cytokinesis

Question: Are the plants produced by this error, able to reproduce?
Answer: often reproduce normally

Question: Can these plants cross breed with the parent population of plants?
Answer: unable to cross-breed successfully

Question: What happens to these new plants if they are able to reproduce?
Answer: form a new species

Question: What is a yellow example of a sterile,hybrid plant with no seeds?
Answer: commercial banana

Question: What was the first plant to have its genome sequenced?
Answer: Thale cress, Arabidopsis thaliana

Question: In what year was this genome sequenced?
Answer: 2000

Question: Why was this plant chosen for sequencing?
Answer: one of the smallest genomes

Question: Why is sequencing done on plants?
Answer: understanding the genetics

Question: What results from  sequencing of DNA pairs?
Answer: new knowledge about plant function

Question: Why is a plant chosen for the study of its cells?
Answer: small genomes

Question: What mechanism can be studied through chromosome sequencing?
Answer: photosynthesis

Question: What common plant has been used for studying the production of sugar?
Answer: Corn

Question: What simple plant has been used to study plant cells?
Answer: red alga

Question: How can a bacteria in the soil affect a plant?
Answer: can attach to plant cells

Question: How can scientists use bacteria in the study of plants?
Answer: introducing the Nif gene

Question: How are genes transferred to a plant by scientists?
Answer: in the root nodules

Question: What is this kind of introduction and transfer used for?
Answer: creation of genetically modified crops

Question: Who developed the procedures used in this transfer?
Answer: Schell and Van Montagu

Question: What does epigenetics study?
Answer: changes in gene function

Question: How do DNA changes affect plants?
Answer: express themselves") differently

Question: When DNA has different markers, how it that presented in plants?
Answer: prevent that region of the DNA code

Question: What is a result of changes in DNA markers within a plant species?
Answer: differences

Question: Are the changes then presented, permanent?
Answer: may be temporary

Question: What process causes changes in plant cells?
Answer: Epigenetic changes

Question: What is the original cell of the plant?
Answer: the zygote

Question: How are the different cells formed?
Answer: continues to divide

Question: How is it determined, which cells will be formed?
Answer: activation of some genes and inhibition of others

Question: Does cell division end in plants?
Answer: remaining totipotent

Question: What happens when a plant remains totipotent?
Answer: ability to give rise to a new individual plant

Question: Why do phloem sieve tubes stop forming?
Answer: lack nuclei

Question: Why are plants able to stop and start dividing cells?
Answer: information from the environment

Question: Are lignified cells able to continue dividing?
Answer: dead at maturity

Question: Are all algae different from land plants?
Answer: some more closely related

Question: What algae is the ancestor of true plants?
Answer: Charophyta

Question: Are all species of algae similar?
Answer: many differences

Question: To what species of algae is Charophyta related?
Answer: Chlorophyta

Question: What makes mosses different from other land plants?
Answer: lack the vascular tissues

Question: What protects the young plant in the seed?
Answer: one or two sheathing layers

Question: How does the plant escape the seed?
Answer: splits to release it

Question: What is the term for plants whose seeds do not have a protective ovary?
Answer: Gymnosperms

Question: What event led to the diversification of seed plants?
Answer: evolution of the seed habit

Question: What does the plant use for internal processes?
Answer: Chemicals obtained from the air, soil and water

Question: Where do plants get their energy?
Answer: sunlight

Question: How do animals use plants?
Answer: in the construction of cells and tissues

Question: Is respiration in animals similar to photosynthesis in plants?
Answer: opposite of photosynthesis

Question: What is the basis of plant physiology?
Answer: internal chemical and physical activities

Question: How is water transported into plants?
Answer: from roots