Question: What judicial bodies might be called upon to resolve disputes pertaining to the interpretation of treaties?
Answer: International tribunals and arbiters

Question: In addition to the final, signed treaty what else might arbiters review to establish the meaning of a treaty in context?
Answer: the preparatory work from the negotiation and drafting of the treaty

Question: For what purpose might an international tribunal review the preparatory work from the negotiation and drafting of a treaty?
Answer: To establish the meaning in context

Question: In addition to the preparatory work from the drafting and negotiation of a treaty, what might arbiters review when resolving a dispute over the interpretation of a treaty?
Answer: the final, signed treaty itself

Question: What are agreements between states within the United States called?
Answer: compacts

Question: What are agreements between states and the federal government called within the United States?
Answer: memoranda of understanding

Question: In the United States, what are agreements between agencies of the federal government called?
Answer: memoranda of understanding

Question: Nations can be careful about terming an agreement a treaty because it has the effect of recognizing that the other side is a what?
Answer: a sovereign state

Question: Under what do all parties to a treaty recognize the provisions of the treaty are enforceable?
Answer: international law

Question: Parties to a treaty may disagree over a desire to create an obligation under what?
Answer: international law

Question: Discussions between what two countries have been influence by one party's desire to create an obligation under international law?
Answer: North Korea and the United States

Question: Discussion between North Korea and the United States have been influenced by one party's desire to create obligations under international law with respect to what two topics?
Answer: security guarantees and nuclear proliferation

Question: North Korea and the United States have been characterized by a disagreement over one parties desire to create what with respect to security guarantees and nuclear proliferation?
Answer: to create an obligation under international law

Question: What is the Treaty of Waitangi internationally considered to be?
Answer: documents under domestic law

Question: What other terms might be used to refer to a treaty?
Answer: convention, protocol, or simply agreement

Question: What common terminological problem can sometimes lead to confusion surrounding a treaty?
Answer: named something other than a treaty,

Question: What's an example of a treaty that is considered internationally to be documents under domestic law?
Answer: the Treaty of Waitangi

Question: Convention, protocol, and agreement are examples of examples of different kinds of what that can create confusion about a treaty?
Answer: terminology

Question: Traditionally, what must a state do in order for an obligation to arise in international law?
Answer: consent

Question: What is the only barrier to withdrawal contained in many treaties?
Answer: procedures of notification

Question: Are treaties permanently binding upon the signatory parties?
Answer: not necessarily

Question: What treaty will terminate if the number of parties falls below 40 as a result of denunciations?
Answer: the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs

Question: Which article of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties provides that there is a presumption that treaties cannot be unilaterally denounced?
Answer: Article 56

Question: What is an example of a treaty from which it is not possible to withdraw?
Answer: the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

Question: What state declared its intention to withdraw from the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights?
Answer: North Korea

Question: Who, acting as registrar, informed North Korea that withdrawal was deliberately precluded by the original signatories of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights?
Answer: the Secretary-General of the United Nations

Question: What two factors determine whether it is possible to withdraw from a treaty?
Answer: the terms of the treaty and its travaux preparatoire

Question: The terms and travaux preparatoire of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights were both factors in determining what aspect of the treaty as it relates to North Korea's stated intentions?
Answer: The possibility of withdrawal

Question: What factor, in practice, allows a state to withdraw from any treaty at any time?
Answer: sovereignty

Question: What really determines whether withdrawal from a treaty is permitted?
Answer: how other states will react

Question: What might a state do in response to another state's withdrawal from a treaty?
Answer: impose sanctions or go to war

Question: Although withdrawal from a treaty may not be possible in theory, when might it be possible anyway?
Answer: In practice

Question: Because of sovereignty when may a state withdrawal from a treaty?
Answer: at any time

Question: What happens to a state's obligations under a treaty upon its withdrawal from the treaty?
Answer: terminated

Question: What kind of treaty is terminated by the withdrawal of just one party?
Answer: a bilateral treaty

Question: What happens to a multilateral treaty's rights and obligations among the other parties when just one party withdraws?
Answer: remain in force

Question: After what action by a state are its obligations under a treaty considered terminated?
Answer: withdrawal

Question: Under what conditions could a single state's withdrawal result in the termination of a multilateral treaty?
Answer: agreed upon between the remaining states parties

Question: What may be invoked as grounds for permanently terminating a treaty?
Answer: A material breach

Question: In addition to terminating the treaty itself, what actions by the other parties might result from one party materially violating or beaching its obligations?
Answer: temporarily suspending their obligations to that party

Question: In addition to suspending their obligations under a treaty to the violating party, what may result from a material breach of treaty obligations?
Answer: terminating the treaty itself

Question: Who may invoke a material breach committed by a party to a treaty to suspend their obligations to that party?
Answer: the other parties

Question: What temporary actions can parties of a treaty take in response to a material violation of a party's obligations?
Answer: suspending their obligations to that party

Question: What might a tribunal or an arbiter be asked to determine regarding a breach of a treaty?
Answer: the seriousness of a breach

Question: Using what to determine the seriousness of a breach can prevent a party from prematurely suspending its obligations due to another party's alleged material breach?
Answer: a tribunal or other independent arbiter

Question: Does a material breach necessarily suspend or terminate treaty relations?
Answer: does not

Question: What determines whether a breach automatically suspends or terminates treaty relations?
Answer: how the other parties regard the breach and how they resolve to respond to it

Question:  A treaty breach does not necessarily affect treaty relations depending on how serious the other parties view the breach and what other factor?
Answer: how they resolve to respond to it

Question: Some treaties contains provisions for what to happen if certain defined conditions are met?
Answer: self-termination

Question: What provision might a treaty include if it's meant to be only temporarily binding?
Answer: set to expire on a given date

Question: In addition to passing an expiration date, what might cause a treaty to self-terminate?
Answer: certain defined conditions are met