Question: What is the common definition of dialect?
Answer: a variety of a language that is a characteristic of a particular group of the language's speakers

Question: What is the term dialect most often applied to?
Answer: regional speech patterns

Question: Aside from region, what is an example of a factor that may influence dialect?
Answer: social class

Question: What is a term for a dialect particular to a social class?
Answer: sociolect

Question: What do you call a dialect particular to a certain ethnicity?
Answer: ethnolect

Question: What is the other definition of the term dialect?
Answer: a language that is socially subordinated to a regional or national standard language

Question: How does a dialect stand in relation to the standard language?
Answer: subordinate to the standard language

Question: The regional Romance languages in what country are sometimes referred to as dialects?
Answer: Italy

Question: What are 20th century variations on standard Italian called?
Answer: regional Italian

Question: From what language did the regional Romance languages of Italy derive?
Answer: Latin

Question: Along with grammar and pronunciation, what distinguishes a dialect?
Answer: vocabulary

Question: If only the pronunciation differs from the standard language, what term is sometimes used?
Answer: accent

Question: What term is sometimes used for dialects that only differ in vocabulary?
Answer: jargons

Question: Along with slangs, patois and pidgins, what is another type of smiilar speech variety?
Answer: argots

Question: What is another term for a standard or standardized dialect?
Answer: standard language

Question: The support of what groups results in a dialect being standardized?
Answer: institutions

Question: Along with grammars and dictionaries, what publications help a dialect to become standardized?
Answer: textbooks

Question: Standard Philippine English is a standard dialect of of what language?
Answer: English

Question: Recognition from what body may help a dialect to become standardized?
Answer: government

Question: What does a nonstandard dialect usually not have compared to a standard dialect?
Answer: institutional support

Question: What language is Scouse a dialect of?
Answer: English

Question: What was created for the sake of comparing English dialects?
Answer: The Dialect Test

Question: Who came up with the Dialect Test?
Answer: Joseph Wright

Question: Along with a syntax and grammar, what attribute does a dialect possess?
Answer: vocabulary

Question: In what country is Limón Creole English spoken?
Answer: Costa Rica

Question: On what coast of Costa Rica is Limón Creole English spoken?
Answer: Caribbean

Question: Speakers of Limón Creole English are descended from people of what nationality?
Answer: Jamaican

Question: What trait is the most common way of determining if languages are dialects?
Answer: mutual intelligibility

Question: What is the term for when dialects A and B are mutually intelligible, dialect B and C are mutually intelligible, but dialects A and C are not mutually intelligible?
Answer: dialect continua

Question: What is the definition of mutual intelligibility?
Answer: if being a speaker of one variety confers sufficient knowledge to understand and be understood by a speaker of the other

Question: What term refers to another way in which dialects are distinguished from languages?
Answer: linguistic authority

Question: Under the linguistic authority criteria, what is a dialect of German along with Bavarian German?
Answer: East Franconian German

Question: Of what group of languages is Yiddish a member?
Answer: Middle High German

Question: Why is Yiddish not a dialect of German?
Answer: a Yiddish speaker would not consult a German dictionary

Question: According to most linguistics, who speaks a dialect?
Answer: everybody

Question: Who developed the abstand and ausbau languages framework?
Answer: Heinz Kloss

Question: In what year was the abstand and ausbau framework developed?
Answer: 1967

Question: What sort of unification in speech communities did the abstand and ausbau framework discuss?
Answer: politically and/or culturally

Question: The language of the Pennsylvania Dutch is a dialect of what language?
Answer: German

Question: What term avoids distinguishing between languages and dialects?
Answer: languoid

Question: What is the most common way of referring to a language without making the determination of whether it's a dialect or independent language?
Answer: variety

Question: Along with variety and languoid, what is another term used for a language without determining its independent status?
Answer: lect

Question: With what social class it the standard dialect commonly associated?
Answer: the elite class

Question: What social status is the term "dialect" sometimes associated with?
Answer: low

Question: What is another term for language varieties?
Answer: dialects

Question: What non-linguistic developments influence the status of a language?
Answer: historical and political

Question: What dialect is the language Romansh similar to?
Answer: Lombardic alpine

Question: What language are Mandarin and Cantonese sometimes considered dialects of?
Answer: Chinese

Question: Why might Mandarin and Cantonese not be regarded as dialects?
Answer: mutual unintelligibility

Question: What event is regarded as a landmark in the development of modern nationalism?
Answer: the French Revolution

Question: If possessing a language leads to a group being regarded as a separate people, what political arrangement presumably follows?
Answer: its own independent state

Question: What political arrangement is associated with being a dialect-speaking sub-group?
Answer: regional autonomy

Question: Along with political controversy, what can the distinction between a language and dialect sometimes lead to?
Answer: armed conflict

Question: Max Weinreich is a linguist of what language?
Answer: Yiddish

Question: What does "A shprakh iz a dialekt mit an armey un flot" mean in English?
Answer: A language is a dialect with an army and navy

Question: When did Max Weinrich write "A shprakh iz a dialekt mit an armey un flot"?
Answer: 1945

Question: When is the term 'German dialects' used in regard to the German language?
Answer: traditional regional varieties

Question: What are traditional region varieties of German distinguished from?
Answer: the regional varieties of modern standard German

Question: After what entities are German dialects traditionally named?
Answer: Germanic tribes

Question: In what geographic part of Germany are dialects more common?
Answer: South

Question: In what geographic part of Germany are dialects less frequently seen?
Answer: Northern Germany

Question: Dialects are more frequently seen in the countryside as compared to what population centers?
Answer: cities

Question: In what environment are dialects less common?
Answer: public

Question: In what environment are dialects more frequently heard?
Answer: familiar

Question: What dialect of German is spoken in Switzerland?
Answer: Swiss German

Question: What dialect of German is rarely heard in Switzerland?
Answer: standard German

Question: Aside from Switzerland, what country speaks a dialect related to Swiss German?
Answer: Liechtenstein

Question: What type of language was Low German in the Middle Ages?
Answer: an ausbau language

Question: Why are Low German varieties regarded as dialects of standard German?
Answer: they are roofed by standard German

Question: What are Italian dialects termed in the Italian language?
Answer: dialetti

Question: What language are many Italian dialects derived from?
Answer: Vulgar Latin

Question: What does 'dialetti' mean in Italian?
Answer: dialects

Question: Why might Italian dialects be regarded as independent languages rather than dialects of standard Italian?
Answer: they are not derived from modern standard Italian