Question: What is the most common reason people seek out alternative medicine?
Answer: Pain

Question: What did an analysis of the 13 studies of pain treatment conclude about the effect of real treament versus sham treatments?
Answer: little difference in the effect

Question: What medicine is there tentative evidence for the efficacy of?
Answer: herbal

Question: Some contradictory reviews of 13 high quality studies found actual what?
Answer: benefit

Question: Other than in osteomalacia, what is there no evidence of a relationship between pain and?
Answer: vitamin D

Question: What type of topic is physical pain important in relation to many issues?
Answer: political

Question: Corporal punishment is a form of what type of pain?
Answer: deliberate infliction

Question: How does pain inform attitudes deemed unacceptable?
Answer: deter

Question: What kind of practices do some cultures highly regard?
Answer: extreme

Question: What is corporal punishment used as retribution for?
Answer: an offence

Question: What is the most reliable method of learning about pain in a human?
Answer: asking a question

Question: What can't animals answer?
Answer: whether they feel pain

Question: What did Descartes argue animals lack?
Answer: consciousness

Question: What university is Bernard Rollin associated with?
Answer: Colorado State University

Question: Can invertebrate species of animals like insects feel pain and suffering?
Answer: unclear

Question: What about pain in an animal isn't able to be known with certainty?
Answer: presence

Question: An animals physical and behavioral reactions may be inferred to indicate the presence of what?
Answer: pain

Question: Who do specialists believe can feel pain?
Answer: vertebrates

Question: No mechanism is known by which what organisms would be able to have a feeling such as pain?
Answer: plants

Question: What do fungi and fruit flies seem to lack?
Answer: nociceptors

Question: What does DBMS stand for?
Answer: database management system

Question: What is the purpose of a DBMS?
Answer: to allow the definition, creation, querying, update, and administration of databases

Question: What is the most popular DBMS?
Answer: SQL language

Question: How are DBMSs classified?
Answer: according to the database model that they support

Question: How is data accessed?
Answer: by a "database management system" (DBMS)

Question: How much data can a DBMS store?
Answer: large quantities

Question: A DBMS consists of what?
Answer: an integrated set of computer software

Question: What do most database applications contain?
Answer: DBMSs

Question: What is used to recover data if disks suffer a failure?
Answer: RAID

Question: How can large quantities of data be accessed?
Answer: Hardware database accelerators

Question: What is required for a modern DBMS to function?
Answer: standard operating system

Question: How long can it take to create a DBMS?
Answer: thousands of human years

Question: Name three DBMSs that have been used since the 1970s.
Answer: Adabas, Oracle and DB2

Question: How is the cost to create a DBMS distributed?
Answer: spread over a large number of users

Question: Name an example of a general-purpose DBMS.
Answer: an email system

Question: How are many databases accessed?
Answer: application software

Question: How do administrators work with the DBMS?
Answer: through dedicated interfaces

Question: What is a way for programmers to use the DBMS?
Answer: wire protocol

Question: Who created the relational model of DBMS?
Answer: Edgar F. Codd

Question: Instead of using links, how was information found in a relational model?
Answer: by content

Question: In what decade did computer hardware become able to handle a relational system?
Answer: 1980s

Question: What type of system in still prominent to this day?
Answer: relational systems

Question: What database language is the most prominent?
Answer: SQL

Question: Why was COBOL created?
Answer: Interest in a standard

Question: When were DBMSs first used commercially?
Answer: mid-1960s

Question: When was the standard protocol completed?
Answer: 1971

Question: What group discovered COBOL?
Answer: Database Task Group

Question: What was the standard protocol called?
Answer: CODASYL approach

Question: What was the DBMS created by IBM called?
Answer: Information Management System (IMS)

Question: What was the purpose of the IBM DBMS?
Answer: the Apollo program

Question: What is the classification of IMS?
Answer: hierarchical database

Question: What was the name of Bachman's Turing Award presentation in 1973?
Answer: The Programmer as Navigator

Question: Who proposed using a table to store data?
Answer: Codd

Question: How is data accessed in a table?
Answer: A linked-list system

Question: What model solved the problem of databases where information was missing?
Answer: relational

Question: What system assists a user in seeing a table?
Answer: DBMS

Question: How was the relational model able to improve over time?
Answer: without constant rewriting of links and pointers

Question: What is the relationship called in a hierarchical model?
Answer: one-to-many

Question: What is the relationship called in a navigational model?
Answer: many-to-many

Question: What is a third type of model that can be combined with heirarchical and navigation models?
Answer: tabular

Question: How is information stored in a navigational system?
Answer: in a single record

Question: How is a database system frequently used?
Answer: to track information about users

Question: How is information stored in a relational system?
Answer: normalized into a user table

Question: What happens to blank data fields in a navigational system?
Answer: not be placed in the database

Question: What is a key used for?
Answer: uniquely defining a particular record

Question: What technique is used to collect into one place?
Answer: re-linking

Question: How is information accessed in a relational model?
Answer: a "key"

Question: How is data in an optional table accessed?
Answer: by searching for this key

Question: How does a program collect information using a navigational system?
Answer: require programs to loop

Question: What is used to solve the problem of looping?
Answer: a set-oriented language

Question: What computer language came about as a result of the looping problem?
Answer: SQL

Question: What type of math was used to create a system to find data sets?
Answer: tuple calculus

Question: Who used tuple calculus to show the functionality of databases?
Answer: Codd

Question: Who used Codd's paper at Berkeley to improve a geographical database?
Answer: Eugene Wong and Michael Stonebraker

Question: What was the name of the project to create a geographical database?
Answer: INGRES

Question: When was INGRES first tested?
Answer: 1973

Question: What computer language was used in INGRES to access data?
Answer: QUEL

Question: Is QUEL still used to access data in INGRES?
Answer: INGRES moved to the emerging SQL standard

Question: What is a CAFS accelerator?
Answer: a hardware disk controller with programmable search capabilities

Question: Did the CAFS accelerator work as planned?
Answer: efforts were generally unsuccessful

Question: How are today's database systems run?
Answer: general-purpose hardware

Question: Name a company that is still working on the CAFS accellerator?
Answer: Netezza and Oracle (Exadata)

Question: What is the system IBM created using Codd's research?
Answer: System R

Question: When was IBM's system released?
Answer: 1974/5

Question: What did System R work on to change the way data was stored?
Answer: multi-table systems

Question: When customers first tested IBM's system, what computer language had been added? 
Answer: SQL

Question: What was the name of the database product created by IBM?
Answer: SQL/DS, and, later, Database 2 (DB2)

Question: Who created dBASE?
Answer: C. Wayne Ratliff