Question: What are organisms called that show carnivory and herbivory?
Answer: omnivores

Question: What can make classification of predators problematic when using a food pyramid?
Answer: Many organisms (of which humans are prime examples) eat from multiple levels of the food chain

Question: Why would carnivourous plants be difficult to classify into a food pyramid?
Answer: producing their own food but also digesting anything that they may trap

Question: Would it be easy or difficult to classify organims that eat parasites in a food pyramid?
Answer: difficult

Question: Intraguild species consumer other species within?
Answer: the same trophic level

Question: Who proposes the concept of the "survival machine?"
Answer: Richard Dawkins

Question: The argument of the "survival machines" proposes that what two species are competing for the same genes?
Answer: both the predator and prey

Question: Intraguild species may try to consume each other because they are?
Answer: potential competitors

Question: Who described predation by describing competing genes within the predator?
Answer: Richard Dawkins

Question: To what part of the prey does Richard Dawkins refer to as the "survival machine"?
Answer: the body

Question: What are intraguild predators?
Answer: those that kill and eat other predators of different species at the same trophic level

Question: Which version of evolutionary theory is easiest to use when explaining predation as competition?
Answer: gene centered view

Question: What term is used to decribe predators that prey on their own competition?
Answer: Intraguild

Question: What is the title of a predator that maintains balance with an ecosystem?
Answer: keystone species

Question: What is the driving force for maintaining an equilibrium within an ecosystem?
Answer: biodiversity

Question: When a keystone species is lost another species might become?
Answer: dominant

Question: What is increased by keeping a single species from being dominant in an ecosystem?
Answer: biodiversity of communities

Question: Predators that prevent others from becoming dominant are called what?
Answer: keystone species

Question: What changes to a keystone predator can seriously affect an ecosystem's equilibrium?
Answer: Introduction or removal of this predator, or changes in its population density

Question: What animal's food sources were greatly affected with the loss of wolves in Yellowstone National Park?
Answer: beavers

Question: Broader ecological impacts can occur when an apex predator is removed, in the case of Yellowstone, this includes alteration to the?
Answer: hydrological features

Question: Loose soil from lack of trees along the river bed resulted in?
Answer: channel incision

Question: The removal of what animal from Yellowstonw National Park affected beaver populations?
Answer: wolves

Question: How did the removal of wolves from Yellowstone affect beaver habitats?
Answer: habitat became territory for grazing.

Question: Why were plant populations affected after wolves were eliminated from Yellowstone?
Answer: Without predation, herbivores began to over-graze many woody browse species

Question: How did wolves in Yellowstone help beavers eat well?
Answer: wolves often kept animals from grazing in riparian areas, which protected beavers from having their food sources encroached upon

Question: At most there are how many step of predator-prey interaction? 
Answer: maximum of four stages

Question: What is the first step of the predator-prey interaction?
Answer: Detection of prey

Question: How does the prey improve their evolutionary abilities through predator-prey interaction? 
Answer: array of adaptations

Question: Who doesn't benefit from the predator-prey interaction? 
Answer: the individuals preyed upon

Question: How many stages can predation be divided into?
Answer: maximum of four stages

Question: What are the four stages of predation?
Answer: Detection of prey, attack, capture and finally consumption

Question: What dilemma has resulted in many predatory adaptations?
Answer: obtain food or avoid being eaten

Question: In predation's four stages, in what stage is consumption?
Answer: final

Question: Which adaptation helps both predators and prey?
Answer: camouflage

Question: What term is used for an adaptation that enables species to blend into the background?
Answer: camouflage

Question: Camoflauge consists of what else, in addition to color?
Answer: shape and pattern

Question: Ogranisms use camoflauge to blend with their habitat and what else?
Answer: other organisms

Question: What is the phenomenon where an organism looks like another species called?
Answer: Mimicry

Question: Which organism looks like a bee but cannot sting?
Answer: drone fly

Question: A moth that has markings resembling an owl's eyes is an example of what phenomenon?
Answer: Mimicry

Question: What is a defensive way that mimicry can be used?
Answer: startling the predator and giving it time to escape

Question: How can predators use mimicry?
Answer: to lure their prey

Question: What makes predation successful?
Answer: gain of energy

Question: Treating the hunt as a cost-benefit scenario is referred to a what?
Answer: optimal foraging theory

Question: In optimal foraging theory, how are costs and benefits measured?
Answer: energy gain per unit time

Question: What hunting style allows chimpanzees to prey upon colobus monkeys?
Answer: Social predation

Question: What is an example of co-coperation between predators of different species?
Answer: humans with the aid of falcons or dogs, or fishing with cormorants

Question: What is a species that does not perform social predation?
Answer: domestic cats)

Question: What are some species that use social predation to prey on animals much larger than themselves?
Answer: Lions, hyenas, wolves, dholes, African wild dogs, and piranhas

Question: Well-fed animals in captivity can become friends with prey animals due to what motivation?
Answer: mutual advantage or fear of reprisal from human masters

Question: Why would cats and dogs potentially become companions in captivity?
Answer: warmth, companionship, and even protection

Question: Captive animals can distinguish co-inhabitats from what other group?
Answer: wild ones outside the area

Question: What are some predators of the electric eel?
Answer: (anacondas, caimans, egrets, jaguars, mountain lions, giant otters, humans, dogs, and cats

Question: What defense does a zebra have against predators?
Answer: strong kick that can maim or kill

Question: What defenses does a domestic cat have against predators?
Answer: formidable teeth and claws

Question: The electric eel uses electric shock for defense and what other purpose?
Answer: to kill prey

Question: Is a species always the antagonist in a mobbing attack, or can it play roles on both sides?
Answer: species can be on both ends of a mobbing attack

Question: Which bird is an example of being both a predator and defender in mobbing attacks?
Answer: Crows

Question: Will birds often mob animals that do not pose a threat?
Answer: On occasion

Question: Crows will cooperate with small birds to drive away what predators?
Answer: hawks or larger mammalian predators

Question: What scientific term is used to describe  organisms that are brightly colored as a warning to predators?
Answer: Aposematism

Question: Does aposematism benefit only the organism ddirectly, or the entire population as a whole?
Answer: species as a whole

Question: How does aposematism help a species population?
Answer: Upon being harmed (e.g., stung) by their prey, the appearance in such an organism will be remembered as something to avoid

Question: What visual cues are characteristic of aposematism?
Answer: bright, easily recognizable and unique colors and patterns

Question: What do predators depend on for survival?
Answer: prey