Question: What food gathering techniques could have been used by early man at the same time?
Answer: both subsistence strategies

Question: When did human populations begin using hunting-gathering?
Answer: 1.8 million years ago

Question: What phase of human used subsistence strategies to find food?
Answer: Homo erectus

Question: When did Homo sapiens begin using subsistence gathering?
Answer: 0.2 million years ago

Question: When did hunting-gathering begin to fade from use?
Answer: 10,000 years ago

Question: What began replacing hunting-gathering at the end of the Mesolithic period?
Answer: Neolithic Revolution

Question: During what period did hunter-gatherers begin to focus food collection on a more limited range?
Answer: Middle to Upper Paleolithic

Question: How many years ago did hunting-gatherers start specializing in their collection practices?
Answer: 80,000 to 70,000 years ago

Question: What was the change in gathering?
Answer: a smaller selection

Question: When did the use of agriculture begin it's spread?
Answer: 12,000 years ago

Question: In what kind of area did forest gardening start?
Answer: jungle-clad river banks

Question: In what other types of areas did forest gardening show up?
Answer: foothills of monsoon regions

Question: What kind of plant did these early gardeners seek out?
Answer: tree and vine species

Question: What use did forest gardeners put to tree and vines to?
Answer: identified, protected and improved

Question: What did these gardeners do about unwanted species?
Answer: eliminated

Question: Where do many modern day hunter-gatherers live?
Answer: in the developing world

Question: In what type of climate do hunter-gatherers live?
Answer: arid regions or tropical forests

Question: What kind of human life-style is pushing hunter-gatherers out of their environment?
Answer: settlements of agriculturalists

Question: What has Jared Diamond blamed the decline of gatherers on?
Answer: availability of wild foods

Question: What type of food animal went extict by the end of the Pleistocene era?
Answer: large mammal species

Question: Who expanded into the territory of hunter-gathers?
Answer: agricultural societies

Question: What did the increase in agricultural areas produce?
Answer: first forms of government

Question: What were the Fertile Crescent and Ancient India ?
Answer: agricultural centers

Question: What type of expansion was it in places like the Fertile Crescent?
Answer: agriculture-driven

Question: Why did agricultural societies push into hunter-gatherer areas?
Answer: agricultural societies increased

Question: What type of areas do modern hunter-gathers live in?
Answer: unsuitable for agricultural use

Question: How many modern hunter-gatherer cultures are there?
Answer: few

Question: What do people basically rely on now?
Answer: agriculture

Question: Who lives in areas not usable for agriculture?
Answer: hunter-gatherer cultures

Question: What kind of food production is worldwide now?
Answer: reliance upon agriculture

Question: What is the lifestyle of hunter-gatherers?
Answer: nomadic or semi-nomadic

Question: What is the permanence of hunter-gatherer settlements?
Answer: temporary

Question: What kind of building materials do they use?
Answer: impermanent

Question: What kind of natural structure do hunter-gatherers use?
Answer: rock shelters

Question: What is the movement ability of hunter-gathers?
Answer: Mobile communities

Question: What kind of area allowed a more permanent settlement?
Answer: rich environments

Question: What is the life style of the indigenous people of the Pacific Northwest?
Answer: hunter-gatherer

Question: What does a lush environment allow hunter-gatherers to be?
Answer: sedentary or semi-sedentary

Question: What kind of environment is the Pacific Northwest?
Answer: rich environments

Question: What are the indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest?
Answer: hunter-gatherer cultures

Question: What is the social style of hunter-gather societies?
Answer: egalitarian

Question:  Where do people who are an exception to egalitarianism live?
Answer: Northwest Coast of North America

Question: what group of hunter-gatherers are nearly all egalitarian?
Answer: African

Question: How is it interesting to view hunter-gatherers' egalitarianism?
Answer: in an evolutionary context

Question: What do chimpanzees act like as pertains to being egalitarianism?
Answer: anything but egalitarian

Question: How do chimpanzees arrange themselves in a group setting?
Answer: into hierarchies

Question: What is the dominate one in a chimpanzee group?
Answer: alpha male

Question: What permanent group representative do hunter-gatherers not have?
Answer: permanent leaders

Question: Initiative within the group depends upon what factor?
Answer: task being performed

Question: What group arrangement is usual in family authority?
Answer: matrilocal

Question: What is the kinship and decent system among hunter-gatherers?
Answer: matrilineal

Question: What value system do Western scholars tend to use in analyzing societies?
Answer: Western values

Question: Who does most of the gathering in a hunter-gatherer society?
Answer: women

Question: What group members are the big game hunters?
Answer: men

Question: What does the argument over women as gathers said to produce ?
Answer: arrangement oppresses women

Question: How is childcare viewed in a hunter-gatherer society?
Answer: childcare is collective

Question: How is labor often divided in these groups?
Answer: sexual division

Question: What percentage of Aeta women hunt?
Answer: 85%

Question: What is the success rate of Aeta female hunters?
Answer: 31%

Question: What is the success rate for male Aeta hunters?
Answer: 17%

Question: At what conference did Richard Borshay speak?
Answer: Man the Hunter

Question: When was the Man the Hunter conference?
Answer: 1966

Question: Why is there a lessening of material possessions in hunting and gathering groups?
Answer: mobility

Question: What can decreased material possessions produce in a hunter-gatherer society?
Answer: egalitarianism

Question: What other characteristic is variable for these groups?
Answer: territorial boundaries

Question: Who called hunter-gathers the original affluent society?
Answer: Marshall Sahlins

Question: When did Ross Sackett study time and energy for hunter-gartherer groups?
Answer: 1996

Question: How long a day do people in other societies work?
Answer: 8.8 hours a day

Question: What other characteristic of group behavior is needed in a hunter-gatherer society?
Answer: sharing

Question: What is the basis of a hunting an gathering economy?
Answer: gift economy

Question: What is the only important factor in hunter-gatherer tool choices?
Answer: temperature

Question: What does climate produce in hunter-gatherer societies?
Answer: variability

Question: What is the threat that extreme temperature causes in environment?
Answer: significant

Question: What does temperature impact on tool kits?
Answer: increased variability of tools

Question: What is Torrence's 1989 theory about that ties into tool kit variability ?
Answer: risk of failure

Question: What  does the immediate return system mean?
Answer: egalitarian

Question: To what kind of group does the delayed return system belong?
Answer: nonegalitarian

Question: Which group eats their acquired food in a day or two?
Answer: immediate return

Question: How do modern hunters and gathers differ from early ones?
Answer: contact with modern civilization

Question: What type of conditions are not present in modern societies?
Answer: pristine

Question: Where do you find groups that represent pristine conditions?
Answer: in uncontacted peoples

Question: What do modern hunter-gatherers not reflect?
Answer: Paleolithic societies

Question: What is hunting and gathering argued to be?
Answer: adaptive strategy