Question: What does this eliminate?
Answer: bacterial infection

Question: What does the bactericidal activitty of antibacterials depend on what?
Answer: bacterial growth phase

Question: What besides ongoing metabolic activity is required in bactericidal activity?
Answer: division of bacterial cells

Question: What does the activity of antibacterials depends on?
Answer: concentration

Question: What does a successful treatment using antibiotics entail?
Answer: host defense mechanisms, the location of infection, and the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the antibacterial

Question: How do you predict the clinical result?
Answer: several pharmacological parameters are used as markers of drug efficacy

Question: What do anitibiotics mostly target?
Answer: bacterial functions or growth processes

Question: Which two types of antibiotics target the cell wall?
Answer: penicillins and cephalosporins

Question: Which type of antibiotic goes after the cell membrane?
Answer: polymyxins

Question: What 3 types go after protein synthesis?
Answer: (macrolides, lincosamides and tetracyclines

Question: Besides sprectrum of activity and chemical structure, how can antibacterial antibiotics classified?
Answer: mechanism of action

Question: What is another name used for bacterial cell wall?
Answer: penicillins and cephalosporins

Question: whats another word for cell membrane?
Answer: polymyxins

Question: How many new classes of antibacterial antibiotics was introduced in the late 2000's/
Answer: four

Question: What three ways are antibiotics classified?
Answer: mechanism of action, chemical structure, or spectrum of activity

Question: What are antibiotics in chemical terms?
Answer: semisynthetic modifications

Question: What type of antibiotics include penicilin?
Answer: beta-lactam antibiotics

Question: What are the type of antibiotics which are taken from still living things?
Answer: aminoglycosides

Question: How are the slufonamides,quinolones, and oxazolidinones created?
Answer: synthesis

Question: Besides semisytetic modifications, what advances in medicinal chemistry regarding antibacterials?
Answer: various natural compounds

Question: What is the molecular weight loss of antibacterial compounds?
Answer: 2000 atomic mass units

Question: What is included in the beta-lactam antibiotics?
Answer: penicillins

Question: What is penicillins produced by?
Answer: fungi

Question: What is one disease that has been nearly eradicated thanks to vaccines and antibiotics?
Answer: tuberculosis

Question: What is one issue that can arise from overuse of antibiotics?
Answer: overuse, especially in livestock raising, prompting bacteria to develop resistance

Question: What organization called antimicrobial resistance a 'serious threat?'
Answer: World Health Organization

Question: In which century were antibiotics first introduced?
Answer: 20th century

Question: What can be affected by issues resulting from overuse of antibiotics?
Answer: anyone, of any age, in any country

Question: What does there medicines do for livestock?
Answer: develop resistance

Question: What organization classifies this as a current serious threat in the whole world??
Answer: World Health Organization

Question: In what century did antibiotics revolutionized medicine?
Answer: 20th

Question: Besides antimicrobial, what did the overused medicine cause? 
Answer: antibiotic resistance

Question: What other medicine worked along antibiotics to eradicate diseases like tuberculosis?
Answer: vaccination

Question: When did antibiotics revolutinzed medicine?
Answer: 20th century

Question: What happened when antibiotics was over used in livestock?
Answer: develop resistance

Question: What organization stated that the world has this serious problem?
Answer: World Health Organization

Question: What regions in the world does this apply in?
Answer: every region of the world

Question: When were antibiotics created?
Answer: 20th century

Question: What is a common problem in antibiotic use?
Answer: antimicrobial and antibiotic resistance

Question: Who else uses antibiotics besides the medical industry?
Answer: livestock raising

Question: What disease did antibiotics help eliminate?
Answer: tuberculosis

Question: What is one kind of therapy that may be used when a patience has an infection, but it has not been identified?
Answer: empirical therapy

Question: Where do doctors perform microorganism identification testing?
Answer: laboratory

Question: What kinds of antibiotics are most commonly used for empirical therapy?
Answer: broad spectrum antibiotic

Question: At what stage does a doctor begin empirical therapy?
Answer: While the microorgainsim is being identified

Question: How long does the identification process take?
Answer: several days

Question: What happens when a doctor doesn't know the microorganism yet?
Answer: broad spectrum antibiotic

Question: What happens in empirical therapy?
Answer: a patient has proven or suspected infection, but the responsible microorganism is not yet unidentified

Question: When is empirical started?
Answer: before the doctor knows the exact identification of microorgansim

Question: What are two examples of minor side effects caused by some antibiotics?
Answer: fever and nausea

Question: What causes diarrhea?
Answer: disruption of the species composition in the intestinal flora

Question: What negative effects can antibiotics have on the vaginal area?
Answer: yeast

Question: What is one example of antibiotics that may have a possible side effect of tendon damage?
Answer: a quinolone antibiotic with a systemic corticosteroid

Question: What is one possible serious side effect of over-using antibiotics?
Answer: alter the host microbiota

Question: What are antibiotics screened for on mammals and humans?
Answer: negative effects

Question: What do antibiotics need approval for?
Answer: clinical use

Question: What besides the individual patient is targeted when antibiotics is being used?
Answer: microbial organisms

Question: Photodermatitis, nausea, allergic reactions and anaphylaxis are all what type of side effect?
Answer: Adverse effects

Question: What was altered during the hypothesis of indiscriminate use of antibiotics?
Answer: host microbiota

Question: Why are antibiotics checked before use?
Answer: negative effects on humans or other mammals

Question: Name some adverse effects?
Answer: fever and nausea to major allergic reactions, including photodermatitis and anaphylaxis

Question: Name some side-effects?
Answer: diarrhea

Question: What can happen to vaginal flora?
Answer: overgrowth of yeast

Question: What can happen when antibiotics are used with other drugs?
Answer: Additional side-effects

Question: What is one common result of using antibiotics from a young age?
Answer: increased body mass

Question: What does STAT stand for?
Answer: subtherapeutic antibiotic treatment

Question: What are some antibiotics can be used for STAT?
Answer: penicillin, vancomycin, penicillin and vancomycin, or chlortetracycline

Question: Do antibiotics cause obesity in humans?
Answer: unclear

Question: Why do physicians use antibiotics on infants when the relationship has been proven? 
Answer: weighed against the beneficial effects

Question: What can happen if people are exposed to antibiotics at a young age?
Answer: increased body mass

Question: When do intestinal microbiota develop?
Answer: Early life

Question: Do antibiotics increase the chance of getting fat for humans?
Answer: unclear

Question: Do antibiotics interact with birth control pills?
Answer: The majority of studies indicate antibiotics do interfere with contraceptive pills

Question: What percentage of birth control pill failure is attributed to antibiotics?
Answer: about 1%

Question: What are the potential effects on intestinal flora?
Answer: reduced absorption of estrogens in the colon