Question: What concept's use has declined significantly in the U.S. during the 20th century?
Answer: biological race

Question: The majority of what group in the U.S. has rejected the concept of biological races?
Answer: physical anthropologists

Question: What textbooks introducing anthropology have rejected race as a valid concept since 1932?
Answer: college

Question: How many books out of 33, from 1975 to 1984, rejected race?
Answer: thirteen

Question: What percentage of articles in 1996 employed a bio-race paradigm?
Answer: 28 percent

Question: What group of anthropologists overwhelmingly support the idea of human races?
Answer: forensic

Question: What does George W. Gill think about the veracity of the idea that race is only skin deep?
Answer: simply not true

Question: What are probably the primary forces of nature which shaped human races?
Answer: selective forces of climate

Question: What does Gill think the complete denial of opposing evidence stems from?
Answer: socio-political motivation

Question: What does Gill attribute the lack of presenting the perspective as a possibility to?
Answer: politically motivated censorship

Question: What type of anthropology is "race" sometimes still used within?
Answer: forensic

Question: What term would Brace prefer forensic anthropologists use?
Answer: regional ancestry

Question: What can forensic anthropologists determine about the ancestors of someone from their skeletal remains?
Answer: specific region

Question: What does Brace feel the term "black" in meaningful in?
Answer: particular context

Question: Why is it bad that a category is merely socially constructed?
Answer: is not itself scientifically valid

Question: How many college textbooks in biology did the authors of the study examine?
Answer: 77

Question: Up until when did physical anthropology texts still argue that biological races exist?
Answer: the 1970s

Question: What did biology textbooks drop altogether?
Answer: their discussion of race

Question: What were biologists trying to avoid discussing the political implications of?
Answer: racial classifications

Question: What did Douglas J. Futuyama consider the concept of race as not only being socially dysfunctional but this as well?
Answer: biologically indefensible

Question: What did Morning find when he looked at biology textbooks during the 1952-2002 period?
Answer: similar pattern

Question: How many of the textbooks between 1983 and 1992 discussed race?
Answer: 35%

Question: After 1992, what did the percentage of textbooks discussing race increase to?
Answer: 43%

Question: What percentage have discussions of race in the context of medical disorders increased from zero to?
Answer: 93%

Question: What does the study argue about the fundamental message regarding the existence of races?
Answer: changed little

Question: Who promotes the use of racially categorized data in the United States?
Answer: federal government

Question: What has race sometimes been used in clinical settings to diagnose and treat?
Answer: medical conditions

Question: What have doctors noted about some medical conditions in certain racial groups?
Answer: more prevalent

Question: What fueled the recent interest in race-based medicine?
Answer: proliferation of human genetic data

Question: What do proponents of the use of racial categories in biomedicine think it makes possible?
Answer: application of new genetic findings,

Question: What does finding a difference in disease prevalence between two socially defined groups not necessarily imply?
Answer: genetic causation of the difference

Question: What do some research suggest medical practices should maintain their focus on?
Answer: the individual

Question: What is a risk of overemphasizing genetic contributions to health issues?
Answer: reinforcing stereotypes

Question: What is makes more of a difference than race in health outcomes for "race specific" diseases?
Answer: living conditions

Question: What have some studies found patients reluctant to accept in medical practice?
Answer: racial categorization

Question: What does the FBI feel providing general descriptions helps to facilitate?
Answer: job of law enforcement officers

Question: What does the FBI employ the term race to summarize?
Answer: general appearance

Question: What does law enforcement feel appearance characteristics of individuals help them do to those individuals?
Answer: apprehend

Question: What is more important for law enforcement in categorizing instead of DNA?
Answer: arrive at a description

Question: What does a description of a wanted individual include beyond their racial category?
Answer: height, weight, eye color, scars and other distinguishing characteristics.

Question: How many separate classification systems do agencies in England and Wales use?
Answer: at least two

Question: When did individuals self-identify as belonging to a particular ethnic group?
Answer: the 2001 Census

Question: How do police identify someone as belonging to an ethnic group?
Answer: visually

Question: What does IC stand for?
Answer: Identification Code

Question: What ethnicity term was one problem cited about the number of reports containing it?
Answer: Not Stated

Question: Where has the practice of racial profiling been ruled to be unconstitutional?
Answer: United States

Question: What is a violation of civil rights in the United States?
Answer: racial profiling

Question: What do many consider an example of institutional racism in law enforcement?
Answer: de facto racial profiling

Question: How has the misuse of racial categories historically impacted one or more groups?
Answer: adversely

Question: What has impacted the debate on the legitimate use of known phenotypical characteristics?
Answer: misuse of racial categories

Question: What impacts African American and Latino communities in disproportionate numbers?
Answer: Mass incarceration

Question: Who is the author of "The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness"?
Answer: Michelle Alexander

Question: What type of bars and walls beyond physical ones does Alexander think people are behind?
Answer: virtual

Question: Who does Alexander think a second class citizenship is imposed upon disproportionately?
Answer: people of color

Question: What type of caste system is mass incarceration compared to?
Answer: racial

Question: What morphological features do forensic anthropologists draw on?
Answer: highly heritable

Question: What measurement can aid in the identification of a human body?
Answer: cranial

Question: Who noted in a 1992 article that anthropologists had generally abandoned the concept of race as valid?
Answer: Norman Sauer

Question: What group still uses race as a valid means to represent human biological diversity?
Answer: forensic anthropologists

Question: What are forensic anthropologists very good at identifying?
Answer: races

Question: What does mapping clusters disentangle ancestry from?
Answer: culture

Question: Hammer and others recently aimed to test what claim about how closely related present-day Jews are to what group?
Answer: neighbouring non-Jewish populations

Question: What shifted depending on the locus investigated?
Answer: the degree of genetic similarity among Jews

Question: What was suggested the reason for the degree of genetic shift among Jews was the result of?
Answer: natural selection acting on particular loci

Question: What chromosome was focused on to circumvent some of the complications associated with selection?
Answer: Y

Question: Thomas and others sought to distinguish between what chromosome of Jewish priests and that of non-Jews?
Answer: Y

Question: What does the new "race science" call attention to the importance of?
Answer: ancestry

Question: What do people desire to use science to confirm?
Answer: their claims about ancestry

Question: What is fundamentally different from older notions of race?
Answer: race science