Question: Although vitamins are important for many reasons, which role do they not play in the human body?
Answer: provide energy

Question: Other than fats, what else consists of atoms of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen?
Answer: carbohydrates

Question: If a carbohydrate is not a simple monosaccharide, what else could it be?
Answer: complex polysaccharides

Question: What do fatty acid monomers that are bound to glycerol backbones make up?
Answer: triglycerides

Question: What characteristic about fatty acids requires them to be an essential component in a diet?
Answer: cannot be synthesized in the body

Question: Which element do the amino acids that make up the core component of protein have in common?
Answer: nitrogen

Question: What was traditionally believed to be absorbed quickly causing blood - glucose levels to rapidly rise?
Answer: simple carbohydrates

Question: What is an example of a simple carbohydrate?
Answer: fructose

Question: When simple carbohydrates undergo metabolic pathways, what do they result in after partial catabolism?
Answer: glucose

Question: What is glucose able to stimulate that is required in the human body?
Answer: production of insulin

Question: Where are beta cells that attach to insulin located?
Answer: pancreas

Question: What example of a carbohydrate is unable to be fully absorbed in humans?
Answer: Dietary fiber

Question: How many kilocalories of energy per gram is dietary fiber able to produce when successfully metabolized?
Answer: four

Question: What is the main component that makes up dietary fiber?
Answer: cellulose

Question: What is an example of a gastrointestinal problem other than diarrhea?
Answer: constipation

Question: What does soluble fiber do to help lower blood glucose levels?
Answer: slow the absorption of sugar

Question: Dietary fat can be said to consist of fatty acids bonded to which molecule?
Answer: glycerol

Question: How many glycerol backbones does a triglyceride contain?
Answer: one

Question: What needs to be examined to determine whether a fat can be classified as saturated or unsaturated?
Answer: the detailed structure of the fatty acids involved

Question: Which element is present that is bonded to all of the carbons in a saturated fat?
Answer: hydrogen

Question: What kind of fat can a trans fat be categorized as?
Answer: unsaturated fat

Question: Where do saturated fats in a diet typically originate from?
Answer: animal sources

Question: Which kind of fat is generally considered to be healthiest?
Answer: Unsaturated fats

Question: Which type of fat should people attempt to avoid?
Answer: trans fats

Question: What kind of state of matter do unsaturated fats typically have at room temperature?
Answer: liquids

Question: Although trans fats are harmful to human health, what property do they have that makes them useful in food processing?
Answer: rancidity resistance

Question: What does it mean when it is claimed that many fatty acids are non - essential?
Answer: the body can produce them as needed

Question: At least how many fatty acids are essential to the human health and have to be consumed rather than produced by the body?
Answer: two

Question: What does EPA stand for?
Answer: eicosapentaenoic acid

Question: Outside of consumption, what would be broken down in the body to obtain DGLA and AA?
Answer: omega-6 linoleic acid

Question: What do people consume that has low amounts of the necessary essential fatty acids?
Answer: processed vegetable oils

Question: What is able to prevent AA from being released from membranes?
Answer: Omega-3 EPA

Question: The conversion of omega-6 DGLA to AA is able to help regulate which process?
Answer: the production of the prostaglandins PGE1 and PGE2

Question: What kind of process is the conversion of DGLA to AA?
Answer: desaturation

Question: What is an example of a hormone other than insulin that is able to control the enzyme delta-5-desaturase?
Answer: glucagon

Question: What is the scientific name for cell division?
Answer: mitosis

Question: What primarily makes up the enzymes in our body that regulate the chemical reactions that occur?
Answer: Proteins

Question: What is the primary component of every protein?
Answer: amino acids

Question: What is the term that refers to the body process that produces new proteins?
Answer: protein retention

Question: When the body no longer needs the amino acids that are present, through which excretion are they lost?
Answer: urine

Question: Approximately how many amino acid types does the human body generally have?
Answer: twenty

Question: What would be required for the human body to potentially have a chance to create a complete protein source?
Answer: two incomplete protein sources

Question: Other than rice, what would be another example of an incomplete protein source?
Answer: beans

Question: What is taken from proteins and converted to glucose by the body?
Answer: Excess amino acids

Question: What is the term for the conversion of amino acids into glucose?
Answer: gluconeogenesis

Question: What happens to amino acids that are left over after the body has converted what it can to glucose?
Answer: discarded

Question: What was the early recommended amount of water that was supposedly required to keep the body hydrated?
Answer: 6–8 glasses of water daily

Question: Who originally made a water intake recommendation in 1945?
Answer: Food and Nutrition Board of the National Research Council

Question: How much water should be taken in for each calorie of food that is consumed?
Answer: 1 milliliter

Question: What does ADI stand for?
Answer: adequate daily intakes

Question: Where do humans get the 20% of water that does not come from the beverages we drink?
Answer: food

Question: Who was similar recommended intake volumes as adults?
Answer: the elderly

Question: Other then breastfeeding women, who what other category of woman should have increased water intake?
Answer: Pregnant

Question: How much more water should pregnant women consumed compared to an average non - pregnant woman?
Answer: 300 mL/day

Question: Why should lactating women increase their water consumption?
Answer: To compensate for additional fluid output

Question: How much more water do lactating women need to consume in relation to the average woman?
Answer: 700 mL/day

Question: What kind of element are dietary minerals?
Answer: inorganic chemical elements

Question: What was the term "mineral" originally meant to describe?
Answer: the less common elements in the diet

Question: In what form are some metals commonly found in the body?
Answer: ions

Question: In what form should minerals be to be absorbed easier?
Answer: ionic forms

Question: What is the most famous mineral that is artificially added that prevents goiter?
Answer: iodine

Question: Which vitamin can be synthesized in the skin?
Answer: Vitamin D

Question: What is required for vitamin D to be synthesized?
Answer: UVB radiation

Question: What is an example of a vitamin - like compound that is not considered an essential dietary nutrient?
Answer: carnitine

Question: What has recently been discovered in the thousands, especially from examining fresh vegetables?
Answer: phytochemicals

Question: What is choline not an example of?
Answer: vitamins

Question: What is another term that can be used to describe "potentially damaging" compounds?
Answer: mutation causing

Question: What are oxidizers?
Answer: acceptors of electrons

Question: In order for the body to function normally, what must be used to neutralize free radicals?
Answer: antioxidant compounds

Question: What subgroup of phytochemicals helps make up the majority of the body's antioxidants?
Answer: polyphenols

Question: Which area of the body does vitamin A protect?
Answer: fat areas

Question: What term collectively describes "Firmicutes" and "Bacteroidetes" among others?
Answer: phyla

Question: What is the importance of having phyla in the body?
Answer: essential to digestion