Question: What word is not defined in the Constitution?
Answer: religion

Question: Who had Jefferson's letter been sent to?
Answer: the Danbury Baptists

Question: When was the centrality of the "separation" concept to the Religion Clauses of the Constitution made explicit?
Answer: 1947

Question: What was the topic of the Everson v. Board of Education?
Answer: government funds to pay for transportation of students to both public and Catholic schools

Question: What case was the concept relevant?
Answer: Everson v. Board of Education, 330 U.S. 1

Question: What was the case of Everson v. Board of Education the first instance of?
Answer: court applied the Establishment Clause to the laws of a state

Question: How must the wall separating church and state be kept?
Answer: high and impregnable

Question: What did the decision ultimately uphold?
Answer: state law

Question: What was the state allowed to continue to fund?
Answer: transportation of students to religious schools

Question: What did both the majority and dissenting opinions reiterate?
Answer: that the Constitution has erected a "wall between church and state"

Question: What was the disagreement between the Justices over whether funding breached what?
Answer: that wall

Question: What did Justice Jackson argue there were no grounds upon which to support what?
Answer: the present legislation

Question: When did the Supreme Court address the issue of officially sponsored prayer in public schools?
Answer: 1962

Question: What was the case in 1962 where the Supreme Court addressed the issue of officially sponsored school prayer?
Answer: Engel v. Vitale, 370 U.S. 421

Question: By what vote did the Supreme Court determine it unconstitutional for state official to compose an official school prayer?
Answer: 6-1

Question: Even if a prayer is non-denominational it's still considered what?
Answer: unconstitutional

Question: What was one of the reasons early colonists left England to seek religious freedom in America?
Answer: governmentally composed prayers for religious services

Question: Who was the lone dissenter in the Supreme Court's ruling?
Answer: Justice Potter Stewart

Question: What did Stewart object to?
Answer: the court's embrace of the "wall of separation" metaphor

Question: Stewart felt the court was not responsibly aided by the uncritical invocation of what?
Answer: metaphors

Question: Stewart pointed out that the phrase "Wall of separation" was nowhere to be found in what?
Answer: the Constitution

Question: When did the case of Epperson v. Arkansas take place?
Answer: 1968

Question: What did the Arkansas law violate the constitutional prohibition of state laws in respect to?
Answer: an establishment of religion or prohibiting the free exercise thereof

Question: Who wrote the court's opinion in Epperson v. Arkansas?
Answer: Justice Abe Fortas

Question: What does the State have no legitimate interest in protecting any or all religions from?
Answer: views distasteful to them

Question: What did an Arkansas law make it a crime to teach the theory of?
Answer: that mankind ascended or descended from a lower order of animals

Question: When was the case of Lemon v. Kurtzman?
Answer: 1971

Question: What state's policy was in question in Lemon v. Kurtzman?
Answer: Pennsylvania

Question: Whose salaries were being reimbursed in private religious schools?
Answer: teachers of secular subjects

Question: What did the state's policy violate?
Answer: the Establishment Clause

Question: What did the court's decision argue that the separation of church and state could never be?
Answer: absolute

Question: How many prongs is the Supreme COurt's test to determine if a government action comports with the Establishment Clause?
Answer: three

Question: What is the three-pronged test regarding the Establishment Clause know as?
Answer: "Lemon Test"

Question: To not violate the Establishment Clause, a law must be adopted with neutral or what purpose?
Answer: non-religious

Question: What much the primary effect of a law neither advance or inhibit?
Answer: religion

Question: Excessive entanglement occurs when a state policy results in a close relationship of what?
Answer: government with religion

Question: How many judges were on the panel which held the Pledge of Allegiance in California public schools was unconstitutional?
Answer: three

Question: When did the three judge panel make their ruling?
Answer: 2002

Question: What did both houses of Congress pass measures reaffirming their support for?
Answer: the Pledge of Allegiance

Question: Why was the case of Elk Grove Unified School District v. Newdow overturned?
Answer: procedural grounds

Question: What did the five-justice majority hold that Newdow lacked?
Answer: standing to sue

Question: When did the US Court of Appeals rule in the case of ACLU v. Mercer County?
Answer: December 20, 2005

Question: What was displayed in Kentucky courthouses?
Answer: the Ten Commandments

Question: What did a federal judge rule must be removed from public property?
Answer: the cross

Question: When was a ruling handed down on the Mount Soledad cross controversy?
Answer: May 3, 2006

Question: Why were the displays of the ten Commandments allowed?
Answer: secular in nature

Question: What case is in regards to whether prayers at town meetings must allow various faiths?
Answer: Town of Greece v. Galloway

Question: When did the Supreme Court rule on Town of Greece v. Galloway?
Answer: May 5, 2014

Question: What was the Supreme Court's final vote in Town of Greece v. Galloway?
Answer: 5-4

Question: Who did the Supreme Court rule in favor of?
Answer: Town of Greece

Question: What did the Supreme Court rule the Constitution allowed for?
Answer: sectarian prayers

Question: What do some organizations disagree with the notion of?
Answer: separation of church and state

Question: What do the critics argue the phrase misrepresents?
Answer: the textual requirements of the Constitution

Question: What do scholars also disagree with about the way the Supreme Court has interpreted what?
Answer: constitutional limitation on religious establishment

Question: What do critics note were intermingled at the time the Constitution was ratified?
Answer: many aspects of church and state

Question: What do these critics argue couldn't have been intended by the framers of the constitution?
Answer: prevalent degree of separation of church and state

Question: Critics of modern separation of church and state note there was official establishment of what in several states at the time of ratification?
Answer: religion

Question: When was the passage of the 14th Amendment?
Answer: 1868

Question: What was recognized by the time the 14th Amendment passed?
Answer: first amendment's application to the state government

Question: What kind of theory is the doctrine of the Living Constitution?
Answer: progressivist

Question: What do some debates center on the law of the land not being just defined by the Constitution's Supremacy Clause but also by what?
Answer: legal precedence

Question: What clause are both elected officials and appointed ones covered by?
Answer: religious test

Question: What type of beliefs are not an allowed job qualification test for federal employees?
Answer: Religious

Question: How many states violate the religious test clause with language somewhere in their official policies?
Answer: Seven

Question: What do states violate the clause require state office-holders to possess?
Answer: particular religious beliefs

Question: What do the non-permissible clauses require a belief in?
Answer: a Supreme Being

Question: What's one example in Tennessee's constitution?
Answer: Article IX, Section 2

Question: What language do some of the same states specify the oath of office include?
Answer: so help me God

Question: Requiring oaths invoking God are today deemed to be in violation of what?
Answer: federal First Amendment