Question: Why does Sowell believe that there is little to no incentive for the preferred minority groups to perform at their best?
Answer: because doing so is unnecessary

Question: What argument does Sowell make in his claim that non - preferred minorities have less incentive to perform at their best?
Answer: because it can prove futile

Question: What is a definition of reverse discrimination?
Answer: a policy or practice in which members of a majority are discriminated against in favor of a historically disadvantaged group or minority

Question: What do some commentators claim the irony of policies resulting from affirmative action is?
Answer: these policies are just another form of discrimination

Question: Who is an example of someone that states that affirmative action is another form of discrimination?
Answer: Ward Connerly

Question: What does the opposition of affirmative action believe should be the main key in determining acceptance in employment or education?
Answer: merit

Question: An argument against affirmative action is that it encourages what?
Answer: mediocrity and incompetence

Question: What is a typical argument in favor of affirmative action?
Answer: compensation argument

Question: In the compensation argument, who should supposedly have to make up for past discrimination against blacks?
Answer: society today should compensate for the injuries

Question: Which argument is being made by those who oppose affirmative action in relation to the compensation argument?
Answer: preferential treatment for this same trait is illogical

Question: In terms of whites, what is an argument that is used to try and refute the benefits of affirmative action as it relates to the compensation argument?
Answer: whites today who innocently benefited from past injustices should not be punished for something they had no control over

Question: According to opposition believers, who should be punished for discrimination?
Answer: people who willingly and knowingly benefited from discriminatory practices

Question: Other than failing to achieve its goal, what else do opponents to affirmative action claim it has?
Answer: undesirable side-effects

Question: Other than benefiting more privileged people within minority groups, what is another argument against affirmative action?
Answer: may increase racial tension

Question: When was there a vote regarding affirmative action in Michigan?
Answer: 2006

Question: How many Michigan voters elected to ban affirmative action for university admissions?
Answer: 60%

Question: Which court case featured an unprecedented and controversial decision?
Answer: Grutter v. Bollinger

Question: Where are racial preferences highlighted the most in the United States?
Answer: admission to universities and other forms of higher education

Question: What is another term for kids who get preferential treatment due to their parents attending the same university?
Answer: legacy admissions

Question: Which case that went to the Supreme Court resulted in a decision regarding public universities and affirmative action?
Answer: Bakke v. Regents

Question: What are public universities not allowed to do?
Answer: set specific numerical targets based on race for admissions or employment

Question: Instead of being allowed to set numerical targets, what did the Court rule that universities are allowed to do?
Answer: "goals" and "timetables" for diversity could be set

Question: What does the racial preferences debate indicate about universities and colleges?
Answer: competing notions of the mission of colleges

Question: What claim did Ronald Dworkin make about the expectations that a college application should not have?
Answer: a right to expect that a university will design its admissions policies in a way that prizes any particular set of qualities

Question: What does Ronald Dworkin believe admission should represent?
Answer: a way to advance the mission as each university defines it

Question: When can affirmative action be judged to be acceptable in terms of admissions?
Answer: If diversity is a goal of the university and their racial preferences do not discriminate

Question: What did the ruling in Hopwood v Texas set a precedent for in terms of admission policies?
Answer: banning any use of race in school admissions

Question: What did the law passed by the State of Texas guarantee?
Answer: entry to any state university if a student finished in the top 10% of their graduating class

Question: Other than Texas and Florida, which other state replaced racial quotas?
Answer: California

Question: What is one example of what racial quotas were replaced with?
Answer: class rank

Question: After the state passed the top 10% rule, what happened to minority enrollment?
Answer: returned minority enrollment to pre-1996 levels

Question: What was going on at Harvard University during the 2003 - 04 academic year?
Answer: a panel discussion

Question: What did two prominent black professors point out at the panel discussion?
Answer: an unintended effect of affirmative action policies at Harvard

Question: What portion of black Harvard undergraduates came from families in which all four grandparents were born into the African American community?
Answer: a third

Question: What did the African American students at Harvard that could trace their lineage back multiple generations begin calling themselves?
Answer: the descendants

Question: Other than the reasons for the under representation of African Americans, what else is still up for debate?
Answer: possible remedies

Question: To which university does Richard H. Sander belong?
Answer: UCLA

Question: In which publication did Sander publish an article questioning racial preferences in law schools?
Answer: Stanford Law Review

Question: What did Sander's study show in terms of black law students rankings?
Answer: half of all black law students rank near the bottom of their class after the first year of law school

Question: How much does the article estimate the black lawyer population would potentially grow if affirmative action was ended?
Answer: eight percent

Question: Which legislative work prohibited the use of racial preferences for admissions in the state of California?
Answer: Proposition 209

Question: What area of study did professor Mark Long have a degree in?
Answer: economics

Question: In which year did Long publish his study?
Answer: 2007

Question: How were rebounds of minority enrollment explained in Long's report?
Answer: increasing minority enrollment in high schools

Question: Who would supposedly be the beneficiaries of a class-based style affirmative action?
Answer: white students

Question: What percentage of the black population thought affirmative action should be abolished?
Answer: 14

Question: With which organization did Li file a civil rights complaint?
Answer: Office for Civil Rights

Question: Which university was Li alleging racial discrimination against?
Answer: Princeton University

Question: Who was the Dean of Admissions at Princeton University at the time of the complaint?
Answer: Janet Rapelye

Question: What did Princeton claim the real reasons for the rejection of Li's application was?
Answer: many others had far better qualifications

Question: Even though Li did not get accepted, what was done instead of a straight rejection?
Answer: placement on the waitlist

Question: Which University had a lawsuit filed against it?
Answer: University of Texas

Question: What did the plaintiffs claim the university had for an admissions policy?
Answer: race-conscious policy

Question: What did the admissions policy of the University of Texas supposedly violate?
Answer: their civil and constitutional rights

Question: Who concluded that the University maintained a "holistic" approach to affirmative action?
Answer: US Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit

Question: When will the Supreme Court likely hear the case for the second time?
Answer: June 2016