Question: In what year was Columbus' expedition to the Americas?
Answer: 1492

Question: The Protestant Reformation is attributed to what two developments that resulted from the invention of printing?
Answer: dissemination of the printed word and democratized learning

Question: Along with the Late Middle Ages, what are the other two period of the Middle Ages?
Answer: Early Middle Ages and the High Middle Ages

Question: When was Leonardo Bruni's "History of the Florentine People" published?
Answer: 1442

Question: What is the name for the division of the periods of history introduced by Bruni?
Answer: tripartite periodization

Question: Who was the author of "Decades of History from the Deterioration of the Roman Empire
Answer: Flavio Biondo

Question: What 1683 work resulted in the standard use of tripartite periodization?
Answer: Universal History Divided into an Ancient, Medieval, and New Period

Question: What methods, applied to the study of history, led to the perception of the Middle Ages as a time of recession and crisis?
Answer: economic and demographic

Question: Which author popularized a pessimistic view of the Late Middle Ages in his 1919 book?
Answer: Johan Huizinga

Question: What was the title of Huizinga's 1919 book on the Middle Ages?
Answer: The Autumn of the Middle Ages

Question: Which countries were the focus of Huizinga's research?
Answer: France and the Low Countries

Question: What was the nationality of historian Henri Pirenne?
Answer: Belgian

Question: What geopolitical entity emerged from the Late Middle Ages?
Answer: the nation state

Question: Which mountain range is seen as a dividing line when considering conditions during the Middle Ages?
Answer: the Alps

Question: The Renaissance is generally used to describe developments in what areas of life in the Middle Ages?
Answer: intellectual, cultural, or artistic

Question: Which centuries are considered to be part of the Late Middle Ages?
Answer: early 14th century up until – and sometimes including – the 16th century

Question: What was the general effect of the Late Middle Ages on religion?
Answer: the end of western religious unity

Question: When was the Kalmar Union formed?
Answer: 1397

Question: Which Danish King was responsible for the Stockholm Bloodbath?
Answer: King Christian II

Question: In what year did Sweden break away from the Kalmar Union?
Answer: 1523

Question: Denmark and Norway remained in the Kalmar Union until what year?
Answer: 1814

Question: In what year did the Stockholm Bloodbath take place?
Answer: 1520

Question: In what year was the Holy Roman Empire dissolved?
Answer: 1806

Question: In what year did a Golden Bull make the king of Bohemia first among the imperial electors?
Answer: 1356

Question: The Hanseatic League was what type of institution?
Answer: financial

Question: In 1438, control of the Holy Roman Empire passed to what dynasty?
Answer: the Habsburgs

Question: In what year did Louis die?
Answer: 1382

Question: Who did Louis name as his heir?
Answer: Sigismund of Luxemburg

Question: How old was Sigismund of Luxemburg when he was named heir?
Answer: 11

Question: Upon taking the throne of Hungary where did Sigismund establish his court?
Answer: Buda and Visegrád

Question: What was the result of the Hungarian nobility's refusal to accept Sigismund claim as Louis' heir?
Answer: internal war

Question: In what year did Belgrade fall to the Ottomans?
Answer: 1521

Question: Who led led the Serbian Army at the Battle of Kosovo?
Answer: Lazar Hrebljevanovic

Question: In what year was the Battle of Kosovo?
Answer: 1389

Question: What event resulted in the triumph of Serbia over Bulgaria in 1330?
Answer: Battle of Velbazhd

Question: Which country was conquered by the Ottomans in 1479?
Answer: Albania

Question: What city was the seat of the papacy for most of the 14th century?
Answer: Avignon

Question: In what year did the papacy return to Rome?
Answer: 1378

Question: What 14th century conflict resulted in the division of southern Italy into two kingdoms?
Answer: The War of the Sicilian Vespers

Question: What were the names of the two kingdoms into which southern Italy was divided?
Answer: Aragon Kingdom of Sicily and an Anjou Kingdom of Naples

Question: In what year were the two southern Italian kingdoms re-united?
Answer: 1442

Question: In what year were Isabel I and Ferdinand II married?
Answer: 1469

Question: When was modern-day Spain created?
Answer: 1492

Question: The capture of which city finalized the Reconquista?
Answer: Granada

Question: Which explorer discovered a sea-route to India?
Answer: Vasco da Gama

Question: In what year did Christopher Columbus discover the Americas?
Answer: 1492

Question: Which climactic epoch followed the Medieval Warm Period?
Answer: the Little Ice Age

Question: What was the high end of the estimated death rate of the Black Plague?
Answer: sixty percent

Question: What major conflict rocked France during the 13th and 14th centuries?
Answer: Hundred Years' War

Question: When did the Medieval Warm Period end?
Answer: Around 1300–1350

Question: What was the effect of the Little Ice Age?
Answer: agricultural crises

Question: When did the French Jacquerie take place?
Answer: 1358

Question: What English law was enacted in order to forcibly reduce wages?
Answer: Statute of Laborers

Question: In what year was the Statute of Laborers enacted?
Answer: 1351

Question: Which economic system was ultimately ended by the upheavals of the 14th century?
Answer: serfdom

Question: In what year did the English Peasants' Revolt occur?
Answer: 1381

Question: Which European cities likely had populations greater than 100,000 in 1500?
Answer: Venice, Milan, Naples, Paris and Constantinople

Question: What event decimated urban populations in the 14th century?
Answer: the Black Death

Question: How many other cities had populations larger than 40,000 by 1500?
Answer: Twenty-two

Question: Which English city had a population greater than 40,000 in 1500?
Answer: London

Question: Which conflict in France resulted in the establishment of permanent armies?
Answer: Hundred Years' War

Question: The use of paid mercenaries and domestic retinues replaced which method of raising troops?
Answer: national or feudal levy

Question: Which soldiers were in high demand under the mercenary system?
Answer: Swiss

Question: Which English king is associated with the use of mercenaries in the 14th century?
Answer: Edward III

Question: What was the chivalric order established by Edward III in 1348?
Answer: Order of the Garter

Question: Who founded the Order of St. George?
Answer: Charles I of Hungary

Question: In what year was the Order of St. George founded?
Answer: 1325

Question: What was the code of conduct of the military orders called?
Answer: chivalry

Question: In what year was the Order of the Garter established?
Answer: 1348

Question: What was the result of the election of two popes at the same time?
Answer: Papal Schism

Question: Where was the Holy See transferred to in 1309?
Answer: Avignon

Question: In what year did the Pope return to Rome from Avignon?
Answer: 1377

Question: What was the time frame of the Papal Schism?
Answer: 1378–1417

Question: Who were the supporters of the Avignon Papacy?
Answer: France, her ally Scotland and the Spanish kingdoms

Question: Which Oxford professor believed that the Bible should be the sole authority in religious questions?
Answer: John Wycliffe

Question: What were Jon Wycliffe's supporters called?
Answer: the Lollards

Question: What was the event that ended religious unity in the Western Church?
Answer: the Protestant Reformation

Question: Which Catholic practices did Wycliffe speak out against?
Answer: transubstantiation, celibacy and indulgences

Question: Who was one of the English aristocrats who supported the Lollard movement?
Answer: John of Gaunt

Question: In what year was Jan Hus burned at the stake?
Answer: 1415