Question: What states that any differentiable symmetry of the action of a physical system has a corresponding conservation law?
Answer: Noether's theorem

Question: What has become a fundamental tool of modern theoretical physics and the calculus of variations?
Answer: Noether's theorem

Question: In the context of chemistry, what is an attribute of a substance as a consequence of it's atomic, molecular or aggregate structure?
Answer: energy

Question: What is not possible unless the reactants surmount an energy barrier known as the activation energy?
Answer: Chemical reactions

Question: What is the probability of molecule to have energy greater than or equal to E at the given temperature T?
Answer: e−E/kT

Question: Who created the population factor e-E/kT?
Answer: Boltzmann's

Question: What is the exponential dependence of a reaction rate on temperature?
Answer: Arrhenius equation

Question: In biology, what is an attribute of all biological systems from the biosphere to the smallest living organism?
Answer: energy

Question: What is often said to be stored by cells in the structures of molecules of substances such as carbohydrates, lipids and proteins?
Answer: Energy

Question: What does H-e stand for?
Answer: Human energy conversion

Question: How many watts is in one official horsepower?
Answer: 746 watts

Question: What is also captured by plants as chemical potential energy in photosynthesis?
Answer: Sunlight

Question: What do plants release during photosynthesis?
Answer: oxygen

Question: What may be triggered suddenly by a spark?
Answer: Release of the energy stored during photosynthesis

Question: What are two low-energy compounds?
Answer: carbon dioxide and water

Question: What does any living organism rely on to be able to grow and reproduce?
Answer: an external source of energy

Question: How many daily calories are recommended for a human adult?
Answer: 1500–2000

Question: Where are food molecules oxidised to carbon dioxide and water?
Answer: mitochondria

Question: What states that energy tends to become more evenly spread out across the universe?
Answer: The second law of thermodynamics

Question: What are remarkably inefficient in their use of the energy they receive?
Answer: living organisms

Question: Complex organisms can occupy this, that are not available to their simpler brethern?
Answer: ecological niches

Question: This drives many weather phenomena, save those generated by volcanic events.
Answer: Sunlight

Question: When may sunlight be stored as gravitational potential energy?
Answer: after it strikes the Earth

Question: What is an example of a solar-mediated weather event?
Answer: hurricane

Question: What occurs when large unstable areas of warm ocean, heated over months, give up some of their thermal energy suddenly to power a few days of violent air movement?
Answer: hurricane

Question: What releases stored elastic potential energy in rocks?
Answer: Earthquakes

Question: What does radioactive decay of atoms in the core of the Earth release?
Answer: heat

Question: What drives plate tectonics and may lift mountains via orogenesis?
Answer: thermal energy

Question: What is mechanical potential energy?
Answer: elastic strain

Question: What is driven by various kinds of energy transformations?
Answer: stellar phenomena

Question: What releases another store of potential energy which was created at the time of the Big Bang?
Answer: nuclear fusion of hydrogen in the Sun

Question: What theory states that space expanded and the universe cooled too rapidly for hydrogen to completely fuse into heavier elements?
Answer: Big Bang

Question: Hydrogen represents a store of potential energy that can be released by what?
Answer: fusion

Question: In quantum mechanics, what is defined in terms of the energy operator as a time derivative of the wave function?
Answer: energy

Question: What equates the energy operator to the full energy of a particle or a system?
Answer: The Schrödinger equation

Question: What describes the space-and-time dependence of a slowly changing wave function of quantum systems?
Answer: The Schrödinger equation

Question: What is it called when the rest mass of individual particles is destroyed but the inertia equivalent of the system of the two particles remains?
Answer: electron–positron annihilation

Question: What is the inverse process called?
Answer: pair creation

Question: What is the process in which the rest mass of particles is created from energy of two or more annihilating photons?
Answer: pair creation

Question: What states that there are strict limits to how efficiently heat can be converted into a work in a cyclic process?
Answer: Carnot's theorem

Question: What is the direction of transformations in energy?
Answer: what kind of energy is transformed to what other kind

Question: What is often determined by entropy considerations?
Answer: direction of transformations in energy

Question: Why are certain larger transformations not permitted?
Answer: because it is statistically unlikely that energy or matter will randomly move into more concentrated forms or smaller spaces

Question: Name an example of a heavy isotope?
Answer: uranium

Question: Name another example of a heavy isotope.
Answer: thorium

Question: What is a process ultimately using the gravitational potential energy in the creation of these heavy elements before they were incorporated into the solar system and the Earth?
Answer: nucleosynthesis

Question: In the case of a chemical explosion, what is transformed to kinetic energy and thermal energy in a short time?
Answer: chemical potential energy

Question: When does energy give rise to weight?
Answer: when it is trapped in a system with zero momentum

Question: Mass is also equivalent to what?
Answer: certain amount of energy

Question: Who created the formula E = mc2?
Answer: Albert Einstein

Question: In what year did Einstein create E = mc2?
Answer: 1905

Question: What quantifies the relationship between rest-mass and rest-energy within the concept of special relativity?
Answer: E = mc²

Question: Matter may be converted to what?
Answer: energy

Question: Energy may be converted to what?
Answer: Matter

Question: Why is a loss of energy difficult to measure by weight?
Answer: mass equivalent of a unit of energy is minuscule

Question: Where are examples of energy transformation into matter found?
Answer: high-energy nuclear physics

Question: Thermodynamics divides energy information into what two kinds?
Answer: reversible processes and irreversible processes

Question: What divides energy transformation into two kinds reversible processes and irreversible processes?
Answer: Thermodynamics

Question: A reversible process is one in which this does not happen.
Answer: dissipation

Question: As the universe evolves in time, more and more of its energy becomes trapped in what?
Answer: irreversible states

Question: What is it referred to when more and more of energy becomes trapped in irreversible states?
Answer: inevitable thermodynamic heat death of the universe

Question: In this heat death of energy, what does not change?
Answer: energy of the universe

Question: According to what, energy can neither be created nor destroyed by itself?
Answer: conservation of energy

Question: The total inflow of energy into a system must equal what?
Answer: total outflow of energy from the system, plus the change in the energy contained within the system

Question: What can neither be created nor destroyed by itself; it can only be transformed?
Answer: energy

Question: What shows that the conservation of energy is a mathematical consequence of translational symmetry of time?
Answer: Noether's theorem

Question: What is the quantity which is canonical conjugate to time?
Answer: energy

Question: This mathematical entanglement of energy and time results in what?
Answer: the uncertainty principle