Question: What caused the evolution of different growth strategies in bacteria?
Answer: nutrients are limited

Question: What can create a subsequent increase of nutrients in natural environment?
Answer: biofilms

Question: What do algal bacteria if nutrients are available?
Answer: grow extremely rapidly

Question: What is the first stage of bacteria adaptation?
Answer: lag phase

Question: What is the second phase of bacteria growth known for?
Answer: rapid exponential growth

Question: The absence of what causes the last stage of bacteria growth?
Answer: nutrients

Question: What is called the third statge of growth of bacteria?
Answer: stationary phase

Question: How many phase are in the growth of bacteria?
Answer: four phases

Question: What shape is chromosome of bacteria?
Answer: circular chromosome

Question: What bacteria is an exception to single circular chromosome rule?
Answer: Spirochaetes of the genus Borrelia

Question: What bacteria is responsible for Lyme disease?
Answer: Borrelia burgdorferi

Question: How does chromosome of Borrelia burgdoferi look like?
Answer: single linear chromosome

Question: What makes bacteria an asexual organism?
Answer: inherit identical copies of their parent's genes

Question: What can cause mutation in bacteria?
Answer: changes to their genetic material DNA

Question: What are two ways changes to DNA of bacteria can occur?
Answer: random mutation during replication or "stress-directed mutation"

Question: What is the aftermath of infrequent errors during intracellular assembly of virus particles?
Answer: Transduction of bacterial genes

Question: What is the result of bacterial adaptation of E.coli bacteria host and plasmid of another bacteria?
Answer: Conjugation

Question: How does conjugation take place?
Answer: conjugative plasmid integrates into the host bacterial chromosome

Question: Is conjugation a common bacterial adaptation?
Answer: It is seldom

Question: What does transformation of bacteria depends on?
Answer: numerous bacterial gene products

Question: How simple is the process of transformation?
Answer: this complex process

Question: What is the first requirement in order for bacteria to bind and recombine with other bacteria's DNA
Answer: enter a special physiological state termed competence

Question: How big can be the transformation level?
Answer: between a third of a chromosome up to the whole chromosome

Question: How rare is the transformation among bacteria organisms?
Answer: common

Question: Between what species do usually transduction, conjugation and transformation take place?
Answer: the same species

Question: What are the consequences of transfer between different species of bacteria?
Answer: transfer of antibiotic resistance

Question: What is horizontal gene transfer?
Answer: gene acquisition from other bacteria or the environment

Question: What are Bacteriophages?
Answer: viruses that infect bacteria

Question: What can viruses do to bacteria?
Answer: infect and lyse their host bacteria

Question: What can happen if Bacteriophage contain genes of host's phenotype?
Answer: lethal pathogen

Question: How can bacteria resist virus DNA?
Answer: CRISPR system provides bacteria with acquired immunity

Question: What is monotrichous?
Answer: single flagellum

Question: How many proteins is typical flagellum consist os?
Answer: 20 proteins

Question: When flagellum is distributed throughout the surface of the cell?
Answer: peritrichous

Question: If bacteria has flagellum at each end what is the name of the species?
Answer: amphitrichous

Question: How does flagellum function within the cell?
Answer: uses the electrochemical gradient across the membrane

Question: How can we classify the vast variety of bacterial species?
Answer: grouping organisms based on similarities

Question: Can classification be helpful in determining differences between distinct species?
Answer: unclear

Question: What supports the uncertainty in classification between the same kind of bacteria?
Answer: lack of distinctive structures in most bacteria,

Question: What can lateral gene transfer create in bacteria?
Answer: different morphologies and metabolisms

Question: What is the way modern classification tries to determine species?
Answer: emphasizes molecular systematics

Question: What would original term "bacteria" determine?
Answer: all microscopic, single-cell prokaryotes

Question: What are two main groups of prokaryotic organisms are divided into?
Answer: Eubacteria and Archaebacteria

Question: What groups of organisms are closely related to each other?
Answer: archaea and eukaryotes

Question: What domain system is commonly used nowdays to classify microorganisms?
Answer: three-domain system

Question: What was developed by Hans Christian  Gram?
Answer: The Gram stain

Question: What year was the Grahm stain was developed?
Answer: 1884

Question: What color do Gram positive bacteria cell walls turn to after being stained?
Answer: purple

Question: What color is typical for Gram-negative bacteria after staining?
Answer: pink

Question: What stain shows better test results on Norcadia bacteria?
Answer: Ziehl–Neelsen

Question: What technique has becoming more popular in classification of bacteria?
Answer: molecular methods

Question: What tool does DNA based diagnostics use?
Answer: polymerase chain reaction

Question: What else can molecular methods of classification reveal?
Answer: identification of "viable but nonculturable" cells

Question: Can new methods determine a total number of bacteria species?
Answer: cannot even be estimated with any certainty

Question: Why are certain bacteria called predatory?
Answer: bacteria kill and then consume other microorganisms

Question: Which way do Vampirovibrio absorb nutrients of other microorganisms?
Answer: attach to their prey in order to digest them

Question: What technique do Daptobacter use in order to kill other microorganism?
Answer: invade another cell and multiply inside the cytosol

Question: Where do Daptobacter bacteria come from?
Answer: saprophages

Question: What helps bacteria to survive?
Answer: close spatial associations

Question: What kind of bacteria can form interspecies hydrogen transfer?
Answer: anaerobic bacteria

Question: What do anaerobic bacteria consume?
Answer: butyric acid or propionic acid

Question: Where do bacteria stay in soil?
Answer: rhizosphere

Question: What do bacteria do in soil?
Answer: converting nitrogen gas to nitrogenous compounds

Question: How does the conversion help the vegetation?
Answer: provide an easily absorbable form of nitrogen

Question: What is the amount of bacteria in human intestines?
Answer: over 1,000 bacterial species

Question: How does gut flora prevent growth of pathogenic bacteria?
Answer: through competitive exclusion

Question: What are the pathogenes?
Answer: bacteria form a parasitic association with other organisms

Question: Can cause for most pathogenic diseases be found soon?
Answer: may only be discovered many years after

Question: What can pathogenes cause?
Answer: human death and disease

Question: How pathogenes interact with it's human host?
Answer: pathogen has a characteristic spectrum of interactions

Question: Can all bacteria in human body  be harmful?
Answer: exist on the skin or in the nose without causing any disease

Question: Which bacteria cause Rocky Mountain spotted fever disiease?
Answer: species of Rickettsia

Question: What type of antibiotics called bacterocidal?
Answer: if they kill bacteria

Question: What kind of antibiotics are used for prevention of bacterial growth
Answer: bacteriostatic

Question: What is the drawback of using antibiotics if agriculture?
Answer: rapid development of antibiotic resistance in bacterial populations

Question: Besides in treating human disease where else are antibiotics used?
Answer: in intensive farming to promote animal growth