Question: When did a group of English citizens sign a document condemning hatred, war and bondage?
Answer: December 27, 1657

Question: Who were the signers of the document affronted by the persecution of?
Answer: Quakers

Question: What had Peter Stuyvesant formally banned all of other than the Dutch Reformed Church?
Answer: religions

Question: What did an established church, even at the state level, have?
Answer: opponents

Question: What was Issac Backus' profession?
Answer: Baptist minister

Question: What region did Isaac Backus come from?
Answer: New England

Question: When did Isaac Backus write against a state sanctioned religion?
Answer: 1773

Question: When was Thomas Jefferson's Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom enacted?
Answer: 1786

Question: Who was Roger Williams?
Answer: Baptist theologian

Question: What phrase did Roger Williams first use?
Answer: "[A] hedge or wall of separation between the garden of the church and the wilderness of the world"

Question: What colony was Roger Williams the founder of?
Answer: Rhode Island

Question: When was the book The Bloody Tenent of Persecution published?
Answer: 1644

Question: Who used William's phrase as a description of the First Amendment and its restriction on the legislative branch?
Answer: Thomas Jefferson

Question: Whose conceptions of separation have long been argued over?
Answer: Jefferson and James Madison's

Question: What did Jefferson refuse to issue, when it was sent to him by Congress during his presidency?
Answer: Proclamations of Thanksgiving

Question: Where did both Jefferson and Madison attend religious services?
Answer: at the Capitol

Question: How many religious proclamations did Madison issue while President?
Answer: four

Question: What is essential to the purity of both religion and civil government?
Answer: practical distinction

Question: What did Jefferson's opponents accuse him of wanting to do to Christianity? 
Answer: destruction

Question: What did Jefferson encourage the separate sects at the University of Virginia to have of their own?
Answer: preachers

Question: How was the state banned from supporting a Professorship of Divinity?
Answer: Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom

Question: What scheme did Jefferson apparently support when it came to University students?
Answer: attend religious worship each morning

Question: What does Mark David Hall think people focus on way too much?
Answer: one Jeffersonian letter

Question: When did Jefferson's letter enter American jurisprudence?
Answer: 1878

Question: What was the case that used Jefferson's letter?
Answer: Reynolds v. U.S.

Question: What was the topic of Reynolds v. U.S.?
Answer: Mormon polygamy

Question: What was the court seeking, in using Jefferson's letter?
Answer: legal definition for the word religion

Question: What did the court rule outlawing polygamy was?
Answer: constitutional

Question: What approach was not the only one taken in the 18th century?
Answer: Jefferson and Madison's

Question: What did Jefferson draft his Statute of Religious Freedom in opposition to?
Answer: a bill

Question: Who was the chief supporter of the bill that got Jefferson motivated to draft his Statute?
Answer: Patrick Henry

Question: What did Patrick Henry want to require Virginians to pay taxes to support?
Answer: some denomination

Question: What did the Constitution of Massachusetts express no one would be restrained from doing?
Answer: worshipping God

Question: What did the Duke of York require every community in his lands to support?
Answer: some church

Question: Instead of Anglican, what were the churches most often supported in New York and New Jersey?
Answer: Dutch Reformed, Quaker or Presbyterian

Question: What were taxpayers free to do after they paid the Duke of York his local tax?
Answer: to choose their own church

Question: Why was the Duke not a friend of Anglicanism?
Answer: openly divine-right Catholic,

Question: When did the first Anglican minister arrive in New Jersey?
Answer: 1698

Question: What did the original charter of the Province of East Jersey restrict membership in its Assembly to?
Answer: Christians

Question: What was the Duke of York's relationship to his religion described as being?
Answer: fervently Catholic

Question: What religious sect were the proprietors of Perth Amboy?
Answer: Scottish Catholic

Question: What did the Province of West Jersey specify there would not be for those running for an office, in 1681?
Answer: religious test

Question: When was an oath requiring militia to abjure the pretensions of the pope replaced?
Answer: 1799

Question: What does the first amendment to the US Constitution state?
Answer: "Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof"

Question: What is the first part of the First Amendment know as?
Answer: "establishment clause"

Question: What is the last part of the sentence of the First Amendment known as?
Answer: "free exercise clause"

Question: What do the two clauses of the First Amendment for the basis of?
Answer: the Supreme Court's interpretations of the "separation of church and state" doctrine.

Question: What are citizens of the United States free to embrace or reject as they choose?
Answer: a faith

Question: What is John Baker of LSU's profession?
Answer: legal scholars

Question: Why was a more general "religion" used in the language of the First Amendment?
Answer: to appease the Anti-Federalists

Question: Why was the word "national" a cause for alarm to both Federalists and Anti-Federalists?
Answer: because of the experience under the British crown

Question: Who took issue with Madison's language during the debate over the establishment clause?
Answer: Elbridge Gerry

Question: What was Elbridge Gerry's constituency? 
Answer: Massachusetts

Question: Where was Representative Roger Sherman from?
Answer: Connecticut

Question: Why did Sherman believe the establishment clause was unnecessary? 
Answer: Constitution only gave Congress stated powers

Question: What power was not granted to Congress by the Constitution?
Answer: establishing a national religion

Question: What was Tucker concerned the establishment clause could preempt?
Answer: religious clauses in the state constitutions

Question: Where was Representative Thomas Tucker from?
Answer: South Carolina

Question: When was the 14th Amendment to the US Constitution created?
Answer: post-Civil War

Question: What was the intent of the 14th Amendment?
Answer: secure rights for former slaves

Question: What does the 14th Amendment also introduce the concept of?
Answer: incorporation of all relevant federal rights against the states

Question: What clauses does the 14th Amendment include?
Answer: due process and equal protection clauses

Question: What has the doctrine of incorporation been used to ensure?
Answer: application of most of the rights enumerated in the Bill of Rights to the states

Question: What landmark case has impacted all subsequent interpretations of the separation of church and state in regard to state governments?
Answer: Everson v. Board of Education

Question: What did the Supreme Court uphold in Everson v. Board of Education?
Answer: state law

Question: What did the Supreme Court hold the First Amendment establishment clause was fully applicable to?
Answer: state governments

Question: What was a recent case involving the application of the principle of the establishment clause against states?
Answer: Board of Education of Kiryas Joel Village School District v. Grumet

Question: When was the case of v. Grumet?
Answer: 1994

Question: What did Jefferson's concept of 'separation of church and state" became part of what jurisprudence?
Answer: Establishment Clause

Question: What case was Jefferson's concept apropos to?
Answer: Reynolds v. U.S., 98 U.S. 145

Question: What does the constitution guarantee when it comes to religion?
Answer: freedom