Question: How do most birds mate?
Answer: by joining cloaca

Question: What aids birds with flight?
Answer: rapid digestion

Question: Upon inhalation, what percentage of fresh air bypasses the lungs and flows directly into a posterior air sac?
Answer: 75%

Question: Where does the other 25 percent of fresh air go?
Answer: directly into the lungs

Question: What is the syrinx?
Answer: a muscular chamber incorporating multiple tympanic membranes

Question: Sound production is achieved using what muscular chamber?
Answer: syrinx

Question: Which animal has one of the most complex respiratory system of all animal groups?
Answer: Birds

Question: The avian circulatory system is driven by what?
Answer: four-chambered, myogenic heart

Question: Where is the heart contained in the avian circulatory system?
Answer: fibrous pericardial sac

Question: What lubricates the pericardial sac?
Answer: serous fluid

Question: Why are Avian hearts larger than mammalian hearts when compared to body mass?
Answer: allows more blood to be pumped

Question: Why are birds' arteries composed of thick elastic muscles?
Answer: to withstand the pressure of the ventricular constriction

Question: What moves through the arteries?
Answer: Blood

Question: What is organized into capillary beds in tissues?
Answer: Capillaries

Question: What is the funneling that occurs that brings blood back to the heart?
Answer: vasodilation

Question: Which bird system is large relative to a bird's size?
Answer: nervous system

Question: What is tetrachromatic?
Answer: possessing ultraviolet (UV) sensitive cone cells in the eye as well as green, red and blue ones

Question: Why do birds need to perceive ultraviolet light?
Answer: courtship

Question: What regulates breeding activities?
Answer: photo-receptive cells in

Question: What covers the eye and acts as a contact lens in many aquatic birds?
Answer: nictitating membrane

Question: What is the fan shaped blood supply system in a bird's retina?
Answer: pecten

Question: Which birds have a wide visual field?
Answer: Birds with eyes on the sides of their heads

Question: What kind of vision do owls have?
Answer: binocular vision

Question: Where is a bird's cochlea located?
Answer: inner ear

Question: What is known to sometimes result in injury or death?
Answer: intraspecific conflicts

Question: What is another name for steamer ducks?
Answer: Tachyeres

Question: What is another name for Anhimidae?
Answer: screamers

Question: What do stone curlews use to punch and hammer opponents?
Answer: bony knob on the alular metacarpal

Question: What is a feature characteristic of birds?
Answer: Feathers

Question: What feature of a bird facilitate flight?
Answer: Feathers

Question: What is pterylae?
Answer: specific tracts of skin

Question: What is regularly moulted?
Answer: Plumage

Question: What is the standard plumage of a bird that has moulted after breeding?
Answer: "non-breeding" plumage

Question: How often does moulting occur in most species?
Answer: annual

Question: What type of birds may moult only once every few years?
Answer: large birds of prey

Question: How often do birds groom their feathers?
Answer: daily

Question: What percentage of their day do birds groom their feathers?
Answer: 9%

Question: What do birds use to brush away foreign particles?
Answer: The bill

Question: What is the process of removing feather parasites?
Answer: anting

Question: What distinguishes birds from almost all other vertebrate classes?
Answer: Most birds can fly,

Question: What is the primary means of locomotion for most bird species?
Answer: Flight

Question: How many large flight muscles do birds have?
Answer: two

Question: Pectoralis account for what percentage of total mass of a bird?
Answer: 15%

Question: Approximately how many extant bird species are flightless?
Answer: 60

Question: What is the term used for birds that employ many strategies to obtain food?
Answer: generalists

Question: What is the term used for birds that concentrate time and effort on specific food items?
Answer: specialists

Question: What type of birds have specially adapted brushy tongues?
Answer: Nectar feeders

Question: What is the term for stealing food items from other birds?
Answer: kleptoparasitism

Question: What is kleptoparasitism?
Answer: stealing food items from other birds

Question: A vulture is what type of bird?
Answer: scavengers

Question: How do nesting sandgrouse carry water to their young?
Answer: wetting their belly feathers

Question: What is one family of birds have adaptations to produce a nutritive fluid to their chicks?
Answer: The pigeon family

Question: What is a nutritive fluid that some birds provide to their chicks?
Answer: crop milk

Question: What is crop milk?
Answer: a nutritive fluid

Question: Birds preen often with the application of secretions from which gland?
Answer: preen gland

Question: What do birds bathe in?
Answer: water or dust

Question: What is anting?
Answer: bird encourages ants to run through their plumage

Question: What is it called when birds encourage ants to run through their plumage?
Answer: anting

Question: When do birds substantially increase body fats and reduce the size of some of their organs?
Answer: Before migration

Question: What is the flight range of landbirds?
Answer: 2,500 km (1,600 mi)

Question: What is the flight range of shoebirds?
Answer: 4,000 km (2,500 mi)

Question: Which bird is capable of non-stop flights of up to 6,300 miles?
Answer: bar-tailed godwit

Question: Which birds often undertake circumpolar trips between breeding seasons?
Answer: Albatrosses nesting in the Southern Ocean

Question: In Australia, what percentage of non-passerine birds were partially migratory
Answer: 44%

Question: In Australia, what percentage of passerine birds were partially migratory
Answer: 32%

Question: What is most often triggered by temperature changes?
Answer: Altitudinal migration

Question: Which family of birds are neither migratory or sedentary but considered to be dispersive, irruptive or nomadic?
Answer: Parrots

Question: In which type of migration do birds use the sun to navigate by day and a stellar compass at night?
Answer: diurnal migrants

Question: Some species use specialised photoreceptors to sense what?
Answer: the Earth's geomagnetism

Question: What do birds to compensate for the changing position of the sun during the day?
Answer: internal clock

Question: What allows for the identification of birds, particularly between species?
Answer: Variation in plumage

Question: What do birds sometimes use to assess and assert social dominance?
Answer: plumage

Question: Visual communication among birds may involve what kind of displays?
Answer: ritualised displays

Question: What do some birds use for auditory communication?
Answer: mechanical sounds

Question: What do birds use for evaluation of potential mates and mate attraction?
Answer: Calls

Question: Which birds drum territorially?
Answer: woodpeckers

Question: Which type of birds use tools to drum?
Answer: palm

Question: What are the principal benefits of flocking?
Answer: safety in numbers and increased foraging efficiency

Question: What is a cost of flocking?
Answer: bullying of socially subordinate birds by more dominant birds

Question: What is particularly important in closed habitats like forests?
Answer: Defence against predators

Question: Sleeping birds often use a type of sleep known as what?
Answer: vigilant sleep

Question: What are believed to be able to sleep in flight?
Answer: Swifts

Question: Why is communal roosting common?
Answer: because it lowers the loss of body heat

Question: These types of birds have a tendon locking mechanism.
Answer: Perching birds

Question: Where do many ground birds, such as quails and pheasants, roost?
Answer: in trees

Question: A few parrots of what genus roost hanging upside down?
Answer: Loriculus