Question: The right to create ordynacja's was important to what group?
Answer: magnates

Question: When did the right to create ordynacja's happen?
Answer: late 16th century

Question: What did the right to create ordynacja's entail?
Answer: ensured that a family which gained wealth and power could more easily preserve this

Question: What did the powerful families do with the kings estates?
Answer: often rivalled

Question: What was an important power basis for the magnates?
Answer: estates of the king

Question: When did the sovereignty of szlachta end?
Answer: 1795

Question: Who ended the sovereignty of szlachta?
Answer: Partitions of Poland

Question: UNtil 1918 whos legal status was dependent on the russian empiresovereignty of szlachta?
Answer: szlachta

Question: Who redused 64,000 szlachta to commoner status?
Answer: Nicholas I

Question: IN 1858 who was szlachta out of all the russian nobles?
Answer: 62.8%

Question: When and who abolished the serfdom?
Answer: Russian Poland on February 19, 1864

Question: Who could the ex serfs sell their land to?
Answer: only sell land to other peasants, not szlachta

Question: How much land was held by the peasants? 
Answer: 48.9%

Question: What was different between the polish nobility and others?
Answer: European countries the nobility lost power as the ruler strove for absolute monarchy

Question: What happened to nobility at expense of the king?
Answer: actually gained power

Question: What did the political system eventually evolve into?
Answer: oligarchy

Question: What did the ruler strive for?
Answer: absolute monarchy

Question: How much of the total population was polish common wealth?
Answer: 10–12%

Question: IN 1791 how much did the szalchta comprimise the total population?
Answer: 8%

Question: Polish szlachta usually incorporated who?
Answer: most local nobility from the areas that were absorbed by Poland–Lithuania

Question: How many nobilities made up other European countries besides poland lithuania?
Answer: 1–3%

Question: What dissolved the priveleges of Russian Empire, Kingdom of Prussia or Habsburg Monarchy?
Answer: March Constitution of Poland

Question: What class was polands nobility?
Answer: closed class

Question: Who could rise into polish ennoblement?
Answer: Many low-born individuals

Question: How much influence did each szlachcic have over politics?
Answer: enormous influence

Question: WHo could nullify all the proceedings of a given sejm?
Answer: any nobleman

Question: What is is called to nullify proceedings?
Answer: liberum veto

Question: Children inherited polish nobility from whom?
Answer: noble mother and father

Question: What does an individual do to attain ennoblement?
Answer: special services to the state

Question: WHo could naturalize a polish noble?
Answer: Polish king

Question: What is another name for ennoblement? 
Answer: nobilitacja

Question: WHat is another name for polish noble?
Answer: indygenat

Question: In theory how were all polish noblemen viewed?
Answer: equals

Question: Was was unique about the dignities?
Answer: not hereditary

Question: If one is high in dignities they are also high in what other form?
Answer: ritual

Question: Nobles held land form whom?
Answer: other lords were only peers "de iure"

Question: Who could compose the polish landed gentry?
Answer: any nobility that owned lands

Question: whats is another name for polish landed gentry?
Answer: (ziemianie or ziemiaństwo

Question: Did all hold title of nobility?
Answer: no

Question: What was very important to the polish nobility?
Answer: Coats of arms

Question: What kind of system was the coats of arms?
Answer: heraldic system

Question: how did the polish nobility system compare to other heraldy countries?
Answer: differing in many ways

Question: Where did polish knightshood originate?
Answer: Moravia (i.e. Poraj) and Germany

Question: What is the most notable difference between countries?
Answer: minorities would be given the noble title

Question: Coat of arms would be shared with who else?
Answer: most families sharing origin

Question: How would unrelated families be attributed to the clan?
Answer: on the basis of similarity of arms

Question: Did number of cat of arms in the late middle ages fall?
Answer: low and did not exceed 200

Question: What was rarely used?
Answer: brisure

Question: Where did the  coat of arms proper and a lozenge granted to women not develoupe?
Answer: Poland

Question: Where did men get their coat of arms usually?
Answer: their fathers

Question: What was the prevalent mentality and ideology called? 
Answer: Sarmatism

Question: Where did the name sarmatism originate?
Answer: powerful ancient nation of Sarmatians

Question: How did sarmatism effect szlachta culture?
Answer: served to integrate the multi-ethnic nobility

Question: What was also pushed for by result of sarmatism?
Answer: peace and pacifism

Question: What languages were freely mixed?
Answer: Polish and Latin

Question: What two religions were most common?
Answer: Roman Catholic or Orthodox

Question: What was the minority group in the polish nobility?
Answer: Muslims

Question: What was rewarding for switching judiasm to christianity?
Answer: ennoblement

Question: What happened after the roman catholic church regained power in Poland?
Answer: the nobility became almost exclusively Catholic

Question: What was the smallest amount of religion in the noble?
Answer: Jews

Question: During which period was Vigil a poet?
Answer: Augustan

Question: How many major works of literature is Virgil known for?
Answer: three

Question: Which major Latin epic is Virgil known for?
Answer: Aeneid

Question: What is Virgil's full name?
Answer: Publius Vergilius Maro

Question: Which collection of minor poems are sometimes attributed to Virgil?
Answer: Appendix Vergiliana

Question: Which of Virgil's works is considered the national epic of ancient Rome?
Answer: Aeneid

Question: Which works did Virgil model the Aeneid after?
Answer: Iliad and Odyssey

Question: Who is the main character in the Aeneid?
Answer: Aeneas

Question: What was Aeneas trying to accomplish in the Aeneid?
Answer: fulfill his destiny and arrive on the shores of Italy

Question: Who appears as Dante's guide through hell and purgatory in the Divine Comedy?
Answer: Virgil

Question: Who was Virgil's editor?
Answer: Varius

Question: Whose two commentaries were incorporated into Virgil's biography by Suetonius?
Answer: Servius and Donatus

Question: What do the comentaries rely on for some of their information about Virgil?
Answer: inferences made from his poetry and allegorizing

Question: Is Virgil's biographical tradition easily researched or is it problematic?
Answer: problematic

Question: In which village does tradition believe Virgil was born?
Answer: Andes

Question: In which cities did Virgil attend schools?
Answer: Cremona, Mediolanum, Rome and Naples

Question: What other career did Virgil consider?
Answer: rhetoric and law

Question: Which type of family do scholars generally believe Virgil belonged to?
Answer: equestrian landowning

Question: Does Macrobius believe Virgil's father came from a distinguished or humble background?
Answer: humble

Question: Which three studies did Virgil abandon for philosophy?
Answer: rhetoric, medicine, and astronomy

Question: How was Virgil regarded socially by his schoolmates?
Answer: extremely shy and reserved

Question: What was Virgil's nickname?
Answer: Parthenias

Question: How did Virgil earn his nickname "Parthenias" or "maiden"?
Answer: social aloofness

Question: Which short narrative poem was attributed to Virgil as early as the 1st century AD?
Answer: the Culex

Question: Which Hellenistic poet was known for bucolic hexameter poetry?
Answer: Theocritus

Question: Who tried to pay off veterans with land, some of which possibly belonged to Virgil?
Answer: Octavian