Question: How large was the ice chunk that melted and refroze?
Answer: California

Question: When did the most widespread melting of ice occur?
Answer: 2005

Question: How high could the temperatures have risen to cause the melting?
Answer: 5 °C

Question: When was the first time humans visited Antarctica?
Answer: 19th century

Question: What was Antarctica presumed to be by the ancient thinkers?
Answer: balance

Question: What did Ptolemy suggest that a southern land mass would do to preserve? 
Answer: symmetry

Question: Of what did early explores think Australia and South America were part?
Answer: Antarctica

Question: Early geographers thought that Antarctica was what in size?
Answer: larger

Question: How much of Antarctica is covered by ice?
Answer: 98%

Question: How much of Earth's ice is in Antarctica?
Answer: 90%

Question: How thick is the ice that covers Antarctica?
Answer: 1.6 km

Question: How much of the Earth's fresh water is held in Antarctica?
Answer: 70%

Question: What is the amount of precipitation per year in the interior of Antarctica?
Answer: 20 mm

Question: What lake is thought to contain microbial life?
Answer: Lake Vostok

Question: To what does the frozen surface of Lake Vostok resemble?
Answer: Europa

Question: With what is Europa associated??
Answer: Jupiter's moon

Question: When did NASA go on an expedition to Lake Untersee?
Answer: 7 February 2008

Question: For what was NASA searching?
Answer: extremophiles

Question: In what period did Africa beak off from Antarctica?
Answer: Jurassic

Question: When was Antarctica still joined to Australia?
Answer: end of the Cretaceous

Question: What type of climate did Antarctica have in the Cretaceous period?
Answer: subtropical

Question: When did Australia separate from Antarctica?
Answer: Eocene epoch

Question: After the division from Australia, what began to appear?
Answer: ice

Question: Which of the the poles is colder?
Answer: Antarctica

Question: How high is the continent of Antarctica above sea level?
Answer: 3,000 m

Question: How does the Arctic Ocean warm the Arctic?
Answer: warmth is transferred

Question: What contributes to the Antarctic cold?
Answer: orbital distance

Question: What does temperature do with elevation?
Answer: decreases

Question: Who was the first person born south of the 60th parallel?
Answer: Emilio Marcos Palma

Question: Where is the continental limit of Antarctica?
Answer: 60th parallel south

Question: When was Palma born?
Answer: 1978

Question: What was the Palma family sent to Antarctica to determine?
Answer: suitable for family life

Question: How many species of fungi have been found on Antarctica?
Answer: 1150

Question: What type of fungi help shape rock formations in Antarctica?
Answer: cryptoendoliths

Question: How many of the extant fungi in Antarctica are lichen-forming?
Answer: 400

Question: What has the study of fungi in Antarctica shown about these organisms?
Answer: adaptations

Question: How is it postulated that Mars life might have evolved?
Answer: similar to Antarctic

Question: What did the British claim in 2012?
Answer: Queen Elizabeth Land

Question: To what was the claim of land in tribute?
Answer: Elizabeth II's Diamond Jubilee

Question: What was the response of the Argentine response to the British land claim?
Answer: protest

Question: When did the British claim Queen Elizabeth Land in Antarctica?
Answer: 18 December 2012

Question: Of what war was 2012 the anniversary?
Answer: Falklands War

Question: The entry of whom has caused some worry about the welfare of Antarctica?
Answer: visitors

Question: What do environmentalists want enacted?
Answer: stricter regulations

Question: What kind of tourist limit has been asked for by environmentalists?
Answer: tourism quota

Question: What have the authorities produced in response to these requests?
Answer: site use guidelines

Question: When did an Air New Zealand crash on Mount Erebus?
Answer: 1979

Question: What group of scientists study tectonics?
Answer: Geologists

Question: Who is interested in the effects of harsh environment on humans?
Answer: Biologists

Question: Which science is concerned with the study of the dynamics of ice?
Answer: Glaciologists

Question: What kind of observations use  the high elevations and thin atmosphere for viewing space?
Answer: astronomical

Question: Where is the largest neutrino telescope on Earth?
Answer: Amundsen–Scott station.

Question: Who were Mary's parents?
Answer: Saint Joachim and Saint Anne

Question: How old was Mary when she was consecrated as a virgin?
Answer: three years old

Question: Who was Mary betrothed to?
Answer: Joseph

Question: When she was betrothed to Joseph, approximately how old was Mary?
Answer: 12–14 years old

Question: Where was Mary consecrated as a virgin?
Answer: the Temple in Jerusalem

Question: Which angel appeared to Mary?
Answer: Gabriel

Question: What happened to Mary's body at death?
Answer: assumed directly into Heaven

Question: What did Gabriel announce to Mary at the Annunciation?
Answer: her divine selection to be the mother of Jesus

Question: How was Mary related to Jesus?
Answer: mother of Jesus

Question: Which goespel begins its story of Mary with the Annunciation?
Answer: Gospel of Luke

Question: When was the Assumption dogmatically define by the Catholic Church?
Answer: 1950

Question: In which papal document was the dogma of the Assumption defined?
Answer: Munificentissimus Deus

Question: Which pope authored Munifentissimus Deus?
Answer: Pope Pius XII

Question: Other than the Roman Catholic Church, which church holds the doctrine of the Assumption to be true?
Answer: Eastern Orthodox Church

Question: What is another name for the Assumption of Mary?
Answer: Dormition

Question: How long in total was the "blood of her purifying" for Mary?
Answer: 40 days

Question: Where did Mary bring a burnt offering and sin offering?
Answer: the Temple in Jerusalem

Question: Who was presented at the Temple in Jerusalem?
Answer: Jesus

Question: Who prophesized in Luke 2:25-38?
Answer: Simeon and the prophetess Anna in

Question: To which Galilean city did Joseph and Mary take Jesus?
Answer: Nazareth

Question: What was Zechariah's occupation?
Answer: priest

Question: Which tribe did Elizabeth belong to?
Answer: Levi

Question: Who was Aaron's wife?
Answer: Elisheba

Question: Which tribe did Elisheba belong to?
Answer: Judah

Question: Who was the third son of David and Bathsheba?
Answer: Nathan

Question: Name the two women present with Mary at the Crucifixion of Jesus?
Answer: Mary of Clopas and Mary Magdalene

Question: In art, what is the name for the motif of Mary cradling the body of Jesus?
Answer: pietà

Question: In Matthew, who else besides Mary of Clopas and Mary Magdalene are with Mary at the Crucifixion?
Answer: Salome

Question: What does pieta mean?
Answer: pity

Question: What is a representation of Mary at the Crucifixion called?
Answer: a Stabat Mater

Question: Which Egyptian goddess do some scholars ascribe similarities to?
Answer: Isis

Question: What type of goddess is Isis?
Answer: Egyptian

Question: What kind of relationship do some scholars believe exists between Isis and Mary?
Answer: iconographic

Question: In which country is Ephesus?
Answer: Turkey

Question: Whose visions led to the identification of the House of the Virgin Mary?
Answer: Anne Catherine Emmerich

Question: Which disciple is known as "the Disciple whom Jesus loved?"
Answer: John the Evangelist

Question: With whom is it believed that Mary lived with in Ephesus?
Answer: John

Question: In which century was the House of the Virgin Mary found?
Answer: 19th

Question: In which year was the Second Council of Nicea?
Answer: 787

Question: In which year did the Synod of Constantinople confirm the veneration of images of Mary?
Answer: 842

Question: Which icon is most venerated in the Orthodox Church?
Answer: icon of the Virgin Theotokos