Question: How many Commonwealth nations still consider the British Queen their head of state?
Answer: Sixteen

Question: Who is the British Queen?
Answer: Elizabeth II

Question: In which countries did the British Isles provide most of the founding settlers?
Answer: the United States, Canada, Australia and New Zealand

Question: Where did many Indians move to?
Answer: Malaysia and Fiji

Question: Many people of which ethnicity moved to Malaysia, Singapore and the Caribbean?
Answer: Chinese

Question: When did many former colonies' citizens begin immigrating into Britain?
Answer: after the Second World War

Question: What is botany?
Answer: science of plant life

Question: What does the word botany mean?
Answer: "to feed" or "to graze"

Question: What is  a plant scientist called?
Answer: A botanist

Question: Does botany only study plants?
Answer: included the study of fungi and algae

Question: What science led to botany?
Answer: herbalism

Question: What kind of plants did monasteries cultivate?
Answer: plants of medical importance

Question: When did universities start growing gardens?
Answer: 1540s onwards

Question: Why did universities have these gardens?
Answer: facilitated the academic study of plants

Question: Why was plant taxonomy developed?
Answer: to catalogue and describe their collections

Question: What is are the main themes of present-day botany?
Answer: molecular genetics and epigenetics

Question: How can botany be applied to combating world hunger?
Answer: providing staple foods

Question: How can botany be applied to the construction industry?
Answer: synthesis of chemicals and raw materials

Question: Is botany a narrow science?
Answer: a broad, multidisciplinary subject

Question: What is the name of an ancient Greek work impacting botany?
Answer: De Materia Medica

Question: What was the De Materia Medica written about?
Answer: herbal medicine

Question: What was the profession of the man who wrote De Materia Medica?
Answer: physician and pharmacologist

Question: Besides the Greeks, what other culture contributed to the study of botany?
Answer: medieval Muslim world

Question: How long a book is the De Materia Medica?
Answer: five-volume

Question: What was the first botanical garden at an Italian university?
Answer: Padua

Question: Where is the Padua garden?
Answer: its original location

Question: Why did monasteries have gardens?
Answer: for medical use

Question: What science was botany considered to be a part of?
Answer: medicine

Question: Where was the first European botany garden at a university?
Answer: University of Oxford

Question: Who wrote Historia Plantarum in 1544?
Answer: Physician Valerius Cordus

Question: What herbalist wrote about medicinal plants in the 16th century?
Answer: John Gerard

Question: Who is considered the father of natural history?
Answer: Ulisse Aldrovandi

Question: Who coined the term cells?
Answer: Robert Hooke

Question: In what plant were cells first discovered by microscope?
Answer: cork

Question: What is the meaning of dichotomous keys?
Answer: choices between pairs

Question: What is the term for keys used for identification?
Answer: diagnostic keys

Question: Why were new plants arriving in Europe in the 18th century?
Answer: newly discovered countries

Question: What book is still used for nomenclature?
Answer: Species Plantarum

Question: How are the plants classified?
Answer: number of their male sexual organs

Question: What led scientists to believe that plants should be classified according to something other than just sexual system?
Answer: Increasing knowledge of plant anatomy

Question: In what year to Candolle introduce the Candollean system?
Answer: 1819

Question: On what did Candolle base his classification system?
Answer: morphological complexity

Question: What did Darwin introduce that changed classification systems?
Answer: concept of common descent

Question: What was the first modern text book?
Answer: Grundzüge der Wissenschaftlichen Botanik

Question: What was Schleiden's profession?
Answer: microscopist

Question: What do Fick's laws do?
Answer: calculation of the rates of molecular diffusion

Question: What theory did Schleiden co-found?
Answer: cell theory

Question: What did Warming believe that plants can do?
Answer: form communities

Question: What is the term for the most complex plant life in a specific environment?
Answer: climax vegetation

Question: Who created the concept of ecosystems?
Answer: Arthur Tansley

Question: Whose earlier work did Nicholas Vavilov build upon?
Answer: Alphonse de Candolle

Question: What history did Vavilov write about?
Answer: history of economic plants

Question: What is transpiration?
Answer: the transport of water within plant tissues

Question: What influences water evaporation on leaves?
Answer: temperature

Question: What influences the rate of gas produced by plants?
Answer: rate of photosynthesis

Question: What enables the regulation of plant growth?
Answer: auxin plant hormones

Question: What can auxin plant hormones also be used as?
Answer: herbicides

Question: What enables scientists to better study plants now?
Answer: modern techniques of organic chemical analysis

Question: What opened the door to plant genetic engineering?
Answer: all plant cells are totipotent

Question: Who introduced the idea that cells could be grown in vitro?
Answer: Gottlieb Haberlandt

Question: What kind of relationships does systematics aim to discover?
Answer: phylogenetic

Question: What does phylogenetics use to determine plant categories?
Answer: DNA sequences

Question: What did the Angiosperm Phylogeny group use determine a phylogeny of flowering plants?
Answer: Molecular analysis of DNA

Question: Modern Morphology recognizes the structural dynamics of what?
Answer: the major morphological categories

Question: Why are plants important to human life?
Answer: oxygen and food

Question: What is the process that converts sunlight to energy?
Answer: photosynthesis

Question: What is used to rebuild cells?
Answer: organic molecules

Question: What vital element is a byproduct of photosynthesis?
Answer: oxygen

Question: What do plant roots prevent?
Answer: soil erosion

Question: What is the scientific name for seed plants?
Answer: gymnosperms

Question: What is the study of algae called?
Answer: phycology

Question: What two phases are included in the life cycles of embryophytes?
Answer: haploid and diploid

Question: What is the study of ancient, fossilized plants?
Answer: Paleobotanists

Question: What organism is credited with starting the oxygen-rich atmosphere on Earth?
Answer: cyanobacteria

Question: What can scientists learn from the fossil record?
Answer: evolutionary history of plants

Question: What was the first organism to produce oxygen through photosynthesis?
Answer: Cyanobacteria

Question: Why do food chains start with plants?
Answer: energy from the sun and nutrients from the soil

Question: What do ecologists call the start of the food chain?
Answer: first trophic level

Question: How can the yield of food plants be increased?
Answer: plant breeding

Question: Why would botanists study weeds?
Answer: problem in agriculture

Question: what parts of algae are unique to them?
Answer: chloroplasts

Question: From what ancient oxygen producing plant are chloroplasts descended?
Answer: cyanobacteria

Question: What color is chlorophyll?
Answer: blue-green

Question: What organelles are unique to algae?
Answer: chloroplasts

Question: From what ancient source are chloroplasts descended?
Answer: cyanobacteria

Question: What color does a plant with chlorophyll appear to be?
Answer: green

Question: What is the function of ATP and NADPH molecules?
Answer: store and transport energy

Question: When is the raw form of glucose formed?
Answer: first product of photosynthesis

Question: What is stored in the chloroplast?
Answer: starch

Question: What is used instead of glucose in sunflowers?
Answer: fructose