Question: In a large log, will the heartwood or sapwood usually be stronger and tougher?
Answer: heartwood

Question: If you need really hard, strong wood from a small tree, would it likely be better to use the heartwood or sapwood?
Answer: sapwood

Question: Besides big trees, what trees are more likely to have a range of different kinds of wood?
Answer: mature

Question: When trees have a visible difference in color between sapwood and heartwood, which is darker?
Answer: heartwood

Question: What is deposited naturally in heartwood that changes its color?
Answer: chemical substances

Question: Is the color difference between heartwood and sapwood usually very subtle or conspicuous?
Answer: conspicuous

Question: What type of properties of heartwood and sapwood is often the same even if their colors are very different?
Answer: mechanical

Question: Although heartwood and sapwood might be similar mechanically, if their colors are very different, what other type of difference would they have?
Answer: chemical

Question: What type of tree has resin that makes it stronger when it dries?
Answer: Longleaf Pine

Question: What's the funny name for resin-saturated heartwood?
Answer: fat lighter

Question: What is fat lighter practically impervious to in addition to termites?
Answer: rot

Question: If spruce is shot full of crude resin and dried, which of its properties is increased?
Answer: strength

Question: Since it's highly flammable, what do people often use little pieces of longleaf pine tree stumps for?
Answer: kindling

Question: Which of the wood in a growth ring is usually darker?
Answer: latewood

Question: Which property of a tree's wood that gives clues about its strength and hardness can be judged by it's color?
Answer: density

Question: What category of trees show this difference greatly?
Answer: coniferous

Question: What type of woods might sometimes appear to have darker earlywood on a finished surface?
Answer: ring-porous

Question: With the exception of earlywood/latewood difference in some types of trees, how much of an indication of strength is a wood's color?
Answer: no indication

Question: What condition does an abnormal color usually indicate in wood?
Answer: diseased

Question: What other property can you assume of wood that is diseased?
Answer: unsoundness

Question: What causes the black checked pattern in the wood of western hemlocks?
Answer: insect attacks

Question: What animals cause the reddish-brown streaks of color in hickory wood?
Answer: birds

Question: What's the name for the pretty coloring effect caused in some wood by rot-producing fungi?
Answer: spalting

Question: What does wood retain in its cell walls despite being air-dried?
Answer: water

Question: Air-dried wood keeps up to what percentage of the water in its cell walls?
Answer: 16

Question: What kind of dried wood retains a small quantity of water but is considered absolutely dry?
Answer: oven-dried

Question: Often the water in wood makes it more pliable and what else?
Answer: softer

Question: What material sometimes used for dog chews reacts similarly to wood because of its water content?
Answer: rawhide

Question: What material we use to write or print on, like wood, becomes softer and more pliable when wet?
Answer: paper

Question: When water content increases within certain limits in wood, does is have a less or greater softening effect?
Answer: greater

Question: What type of action does water create in cloth?
Answer: softening

Question: What will drying often increase in wood?
Answer: strength

Question: What color is also used interchangeably with "undried" for wood?
Answer: green

Question: What type of wood can hold four times as much of a load when dried?
Answer: spruce

Question: What type of "ultimate" strength is one of the two types increased the most by drying wood?
Answer: crushing

Question: What property of wood is least affected by drying?
Answer: elasticity

Question: Is strength at elastic limit in endwise compression or stress at elastic limit in cross-bending increased more by drying wood?
Answer: strength at elastic limit in endwise compression

Question: Is the strength of the modulus of rupture or elasticity increased more when wood is dried?
Answer: modulus of rupture

Question: Along with hygroscopic, cellular, and anisotropic, how is the material of wood described?
Answer: heterogeneous

Question: What does wood consist of?
Answer: cells

Question: What part of wood's cells are composed of cellulose and hemicellulose?
Answer: walls

Question: What makes up 40-50% of the cell walls in wood?
Answer: cellulose

Question: What substance is hemicellulose impregnated with?
Answer: lignin

Question: What type of cells makes up most wood cells in coniferous trees?
Answer: tracheids

Question: Are hardwood or softwood species more uniform in structure?
Answer: softwood

Question: What are the visible vessels in hardwoods commonly called?
Answer: pores

Question: What hardwood that starts with the letter "O" would have pores?
Answer: oak

Question: Besides oak, what's an example of a hardwood with prominent pores?
Answer: ash

Question: Is the structure of hardwood simple or complex?
Answer: complex

Question: What handles most of the water conduction in hardwoods?
Answer: vessels

Question: Are the vessels in chestnut wood large or small?
Answer: large

Question: In wood from a willow tree, what would you need to use to see the tiny vessels?
Answer: a hand lens

Question: Besides ring-porous, what's the other class hardwoods are often divided into?
Answer: diffuse-porous

Question: What species of hardwood are hickory and mulberry trees?
Answer: ring-porous

Question: In what season do the growth-rings of ring-porous species form with larger vessels localized?
Answer: spring

Question: In what season does the part of the growth-ring with smaller vessels form in ring-porous species?
Answer: summer

Question: What fibers does the summer's section of growth-ring have more of?
Answer: wood fibers

Question: Along with strength, what property do wood fibers lend to wood?
Answer: toughness

Question: What kind of woods have pores that are uniformly sized?
Answer: diffuse-porous

Question: What species do aspen, cottonwood, and poplar trees belong to?
Answer: Populus

Question: With walnut, what's another tree in the intermediate group?
Answer: cherry

Question: What capability is spread through the growth ring in ring-porous species?
Answer: water conducting

Question: Is maple wood diffuse-porous or ring-porous?
Answer: diffuse-porous

Question: What kind of softwoods often have significant differences in their earlywood and latewood?
Answer: temperate

Question: Is latewood denser or less dense than earlywood?
Answer: denser

Question: Does strength come from the walls or cavities of wood cells?
Answer: walls

Question: Are the cell walls of earlywood thick or thin?
Answer: thin

Question: What general size are the cavities in the cells of very dense latewood?
Answer: very small

Question: Comparing a heavy and a lightweight piece of wood from a pine, which would have a greater proportion of latewood?
Answer: heavy

Question: What feature of a piece of pine with more latewood would be more clear and pronounced?
Answer: growth rings

Question: What type of tree has very little contrast between parts of its growth rings?
Answer: white pines

Question: Is white pine easy or difficult to work with because of its texture?
Answer: easy

Question: What kind of pines have very deep, darkly colored hardwood that stands out against the light earlywood?
Answer: hard pines

Question: Having a high proportion of latewood isn't all that matters; what else is important?
Answer: quality

Question: What can we judge in wood just by looking at it?
Answer: comparative density

Question: What property of wood could we project some indication of by looking at its density?
Answer: strength