Question: Were the Masons political or non-political in the American Revolution?
Answer: non-political

Question: How was the Enlightenment known in French?
Answer: Siècle des Lumières

Question: Which movement dominated the world of ideas in Europe in the 18th century?
Answer: The Enlightenment

Question: In France, what were the central doctrines of the Lumieres?
Answer: individual liberty and religious tolerance

Question: The principle of absolute monarchy of which group was at odds with those following the Enlightenment?
Answer: Roman Catholic Church

Question: Which city in the mid-18th century became the center of an explosion of philosophic and scientific activity?
Answer: Paris

Question: Who were the two leaders of Paris' philosophic movement?
Answer: Voltaire and Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Question: Rousseau argued for a society based on what, rather than faith?
Answer: reason

Question: Which philosopher introduced the idea of a separation of powers in government?
Answer: Montesquieu

Question: Montesquieu's ideas were enthusiastically adopted by the authors of what American document?
Answer: the United States Constitution

Question: What was the most influential publication of the Enlightenment?
Answer: the Encyclopédie

Question: The Encyclopedie was comprised of how many volumes?
Answer: thirty-five

Question: Voltaire wrote Letters on the English in what year?
Answer: 1733

Question: When was Rousseau's Discourse on Inequality published?
Answer: 1754

Question: What year did the French Revolution begin?
Answer: 1789

Question: What was the name of the conservative group opposing the Enlightenment?
Answer: Counter-Enlightenment.

Question: The radical enlightenment was inspired by the philosophy of whom?
Answer: Spinoza

Question: Which Enlightenment philosopher advocated democracy, individual liberty, freedom of expression, and eradication of religious authority?
Answer: Spinoza

Question: Which Enlightenment philosophers sought accomodatin between reform and the traditional systems of power and faith?
Answer: René Descartes, John Locke, Christian Wolff, Isaac Newton and others

Question: Who is credited with the concept of separating church and state?
Answer: John Locke

Question: Which term describes John Locke's movement to seperate church and state?
Answer: The "Radical Enlightenment"

Question: In what year was John Locke born?
Answer: 1632

Question: In what realm did John Locke feel the government lacked authority?
Answer: the realm of individual conscience

Question: According to Thomas Paine, what is the definition of Deism?
Answer: the simple belief in God the Creator, with no reference to the Bible or any other miraculous source

Question: Which philosopher argued that atheists could indeed be moral men?
Answer: Pierre Bayle

Question: Which philosopher argued that without belief in a God who punishes evil, the moral order of society was undermined?
Answer: Voltaire

Question: Who felt that since atheists gave themselves no Supreme Authority and no law, they were more likely to disrupt society?
Answer: Voltaire

Question: Whixh population groups were excluded from most institutions of the public sphere?
Answer: women and the lower classes

Question: Which two areas experienced criss-cross influences through noble and lower class participation?
Answer: coffeehouses and the Masonic lodges

Question: Marmontel contrasted "the opinion of men of letters" with what?
Answer: "the opinion of the multitude,"

Question: d'Alembert contrasted the "truly enlightened public" with whom?
Answer: "the blind and noisy multitude"

Question: The increased consumption of what type of material was one of the key features of the "social" Enlightenment?
Answer: reading materials

Question: Developments in which revolution allowed consumer goods to be produced in greater quantities at lower prices?
Answer: the Industrial Revolution

Question: In additional to rising populations and increased urbanisation, what else did Commercial development increase the need for?
Answer: demand for information

Question: In what country did literacy rates double over the course of the 18th century?
Answer: France

Question: The number of books about religion in Paris from 1720 to 1780 dropped by what percentage?
Answer: just one-tenth of the total

Question: Whose incomes did public concerts help support?
Answer: performers' and composers'

Question: Handel gained considerable fame with performances of what two types of artistic work?
Answer: operas and oratorios

Question: Which two composers are usually regarded as being the most in line with the Enlightenment ideals?
Answer: Haydn and Mozart

Question: What style of music did Haydn and Mozart share?
Answer: Viennese Classical

Question: What year was the Academy of Science in France founded?
Answer: 1635

Question: Members of what group were considered to be the "most useful of all citizens?"
Answer: scientists

Question: What percentage of clerics were members of the Academy of Science?
Answer: 13 percent

Question: The Academy of Science was only open to which societal group?
Answer: elite Parisian scholars

Question: How did elite Parisian scholars perceive themselves?
Answer: interpreters of the sciences for the people

Question: Where were many of the leading universities associated with Enlightenment progressive principles located?
Answer: northern Europe

Question: Which six universities were the most renowned in northern Europe?
Answer: Leiden, Göttingen, Halle, Montpellier, Uppsala and Edinburgh

Question: Which university, especially, produced professors whose ideas had a significant impact on the colonies?
Answer: Edinburgh

Question: Which of  France's universities was the exception and was hospitable to the Enlightenment?
Answer: the medical university at Montpellier

Question: How can associationism be defined?
Answer: the notion that the mind associates or dissociates ideas through repeated routines

Question: What was the predominant educational psychology from the 1750s onward?
Answer: associationism,

Question: Children were taught to memorize facts through methods that originated during which time period?
Answer: the Renaissance

Question: What were the prime examples of reference works that systemasized scientific knowledge in the age oif Enlightenment?
Answer: universal encyclopedias

Question: What was the goal of universal encyclopedias?
Answer: to record all human knowledge in a comprehensive reference work

Question: Which universal encyclopedia began publication in 1751 and was composed of 35 volumes and over 71,000 seperate entries?
Answer: Encyclopédie, ou dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers

Question: In what work is the goal to record the extent of human knowledge in the arts and sciences outlined?
Answer: Preliminary Discourse to the Encyclopedia of Diderot

Question: Who wrote the Preliminary Discourse to the Encyclopedia of Diderot?
Answer: d'Alembert's

Question: Anatomy, biology, geology, mineralogy, and zoology are all studies of which subject?
Answer: natural history

Question: Who criticized the sciences for distancing man from nature and not operating to make people happier?
Answer: Rousseau

Question: Who replaced universities as centres of scientific research and development during the Enlightenment?
Answer: scientific societies and academies

Question: Which century is considered by some as a "drab" period, however saw significant advancements in the practice of medicine, mathematics, and physics, the development of biological taxonomy, a new understanding of magnetism, and the maturation of chemistry as a discipline?
Answer: the 18th century

Question: Voltaire and Emilie du Chatelet populatized which scientific philosophy?
Answer: Newtonianism