Question: Neurons in the brain interact with each other by fibers called what?
Answer: axons

Question: A few animals without spines that do not have a brain are what?
Answer: sponges, jellyfish, adult sea squirts

Question: Hormones secreted are driven by what organ in the body?
Answer: The brain

Question: What type of responsiveness can be used without a brain?
Answer: reflexes

Question: Reflexes only require one of what two structures in a body?
Answer: spinal cord or peripheral ganglia

Question: Which part of a computer does the brain most resemble?
Answer: central processing unit (CPU)

Question: Animals with a spine are called what?
Answer: vertebrates

Question: Animals without a spine are called what?
Answer: invertebrates

Question: The easiest way to learn about brain anatomy is by what?
Answer: visual inspection

Question: Brain tissue is naturally soft, but can be stiffened with what liquid?
Answer: alcohol

Question: The two main areas of the brain are what colors?
Answer: grey matter, with a dark color, separated by areas of white matter

Question: What instrument can you use to examine the microstructure of the brain?
Answer: microscope

Question: Grey matter of the brain is what color?
Answer: dark color

Question: Brains of organisms are made up mostly of what two classes of cells?
Answer: neurons and glial cells

Question: Glial cells are also referred to as what?
Answer: glia or neuroglia

Question: Which of the two broad classes of cells: neurons and glial cells send signals to other cells?
Answer: neurons

Question: Axons send signals that are named what?
Answer: action potentials

Question: What is the typical speed that axons send their electrical signals?
Answer: 1–100 meters per second

Question: Axons send signals to other neurons by junctions known as what?
Answer: synapses

Question: The neurotansmitter binds to what of a target cell?
Answer: receptor molecules

Question: An axon can connect to how many other cells?
Answer: several thousand

Question: How many synapses does the human brain supposedly contain?
Answer: 100 trillion synapses;

Question: The fruit fly has a brain that has how many synapses?
Answer: several million

Question: A synapse whose purpose is to excite the target cell are called what?
Answer: excitatory

Question: The primary job of the brain is what?
Answer: cell-to-cell communication

Question: Axons grouped together are known as what?
Answer: nerve fiber tracts

Question: An axon that can greatly increase speed of signals is wrapped in what?
Answer: sheath of myelin

Question: Myelin is what color in the brain?
Answer: white

Question: Most of the space in the brain is made up of what structures?
Answer: axons

Question: Grey matter of the brain consist of lots of what?
Answer: neuron cell bodies

Question: Creatures that have a diffuse nerve net are called what?
Answer: cnidarians

Question: Bilaterians are animals that have what?
Answer: symmetric body shape

Question: The Cambrian period was how long ago?
Answer: 485-540 million years ago

Question: A nerve cord with an enlargement is called what?
Answer: a ganglion

Question: What type of creature has a ganglion at the back end of the nerve cord as well?
Answer: leeches

Question: A name for a group of primitive flatworms is what?
Answer: acoelomorphs

Question: Some bilaterians without a brain are what?
Answer: echinoderms, tunicates, and acoelomorphs

Question: Which two groups of invertebrates have complex brains?
Answer: arthropods (insects, crustaceans, arachnids, and others), and cephalopods

Question: Arthropods and cephalopods have brains that come from a pair of what?
Answer: parallel nerve cords

Question: The invertebrates with the largest brain are what two animals?
Answer: octopus and squid

Question: Which brains are easier to work on, vertebrates or invertebrates?
Answer: invertebrate

Question: How long ago did the first vertebrate organisms appear?
Answer: over 500 million years ago

Question: During which scientific period did vertebrates appear?
Answer: Cambrian period

Question: Sharks appeared at about how many Mya?
Answer: 450 Mya

Question: The foremost part of the brain in mammals is known as what?
Answer: (the telencephalon

Question: At how many mya did mammals first appear in time?
Answer: 200 Mya

Question: Do predators have larger or smaller brains compared to their prey?
Answer: larger

Question: In mammals, brain volume and body mass follows a power law with an exponent of what?
Answer: 0.75

Question: Which group of animals have brains 5-10 times larger than the formula predicts?
Answer: primates

Question: The forebrain during development is known as what?
Answer: prosencephalon

Question: The midbrain during development is known as what?
Answer: mesencephalon

Question: The hindbrain during development is known as what?
Answer: rhombencephalon

Question: Which group of animals does the forebrain grow the largest?
Answer: mammals

Question: During development, the brain is made up of three swellings at the front of what?
Answer: neural tube;

Question: Brain tissue that is living is what color on the outside?
Answer: pinkish

Question: The color of the brain inside is what?
Answer: white

Question: Brains are surrounded by what system of tissues?
Answer: meninges

Question: Meninges separate what structure from the brain?
Answer: the skull

Question: The blood-brain barrier is made up of what?
Answer: cells in the blood vessel walls

Question: People who study the anatomy of the central nervous system are known as what?
Answer: Neuroanatomists

Question: The cerebral hemispheres of the brain are called what?
Answer: telencephalon

Question: The thalamus and hypothalamus comprise what region of the brain?
Answer: diencephalon

Question: The midbrain region of the brain is known as what?
Answer: mesencephalon

Question: Clusters of small nuclei comprise what parts of the brain?
Answer: thalamus and hypothalamus

Question: The forebrain is everted in what type of fishes?
Answer: teleost fishes

Question: Which part of the brain has led to many distortions among different species?
Answer: forebrain area

Question: A mammal's brain is how many times larger than a birds relative to body size?
Answer: twice as large

Question: A mammal's brain is how many times larger than a reptiles relative to body size?
Answer: ten times

Question: The biggest difference between brains of mammals and other vertebrates is what?
Answer: size.

Question: What part of the brain most strongly differentiates mammals from other vertebrates?
Answer: The cerebral cortex

Question: The three-layered structure covering the cerebrum in non-mammals is known as what?
Answer: pallium

Question: Mammals have a pallium that involved into what?
Answer: neocortex or isocortex

Question: The hippocampus and amygdala are ares inside what structure?
Answer: neocortex

Question: The superior colliculus is related to what sensual control of vertebrates?
Answer: visual

Question: The larger part of the cerebellum in mammals is called what?
Answer: (the neocerebellum

Question: The Neocerebellum supports what other part of the brain?
Answer: cerebral cortex

Question: Comparing brain sizes among different creatures is used most commonly by what?
Answer: encephalization quotient (EQ)

Question: What is the average EQ of a person?
Answer: 7-to-8 range

Question: Primates have an EQ in what range?
Answer: 2-to-3

Question: Primates have a visual processing network of how many brain areas?
Answer: 30

Question: The visual processing areas occupy how much of the surface of the neocortex or primates?
Answer: more than half

Question: Planning, motivation, and attention are controlled by what area?
Answer: prefrontal cortex

Question: The prefrontal cortex is the largest in what animals?
Answer: primates

Question: The precursor of the nervous system is called what in vertebrates?
Answer: the neural plate