Question: What does the scientific method's rationality depend on?
Answer: its self-corrective character

Question: Who wrote 'Lectures on Pragmatism'?
Answer: Peirce

Question: When was 'Lectures on Pragmatism' published?
Answer: 1903

Question: What is 'haecceity'?
Answer: unique individuality or "thisness"

Question: What did Irvin Rock write about?
Answer: indirect perception

Question: Where has 'perception as abduction' come up repeatedly?
Answer: in artificial intelligence and cognitive science research

Question: Who came up with 'radical empiricism'?
Answer: William James

Question: Where were James's pragmatism and radical empiricism intertwined?
Answer: in James's published lectures

Question: When was William James born?
Answer: 1842

Question: When did William James die?
Answer: 1910

Question: When did James come up with 'radical empiricism'?
Answer: Around the beginning of the 20th century

Question: Who came up with 'instrumentalism'?
Answer: John Dewey

Question: What did Dewey think about reality?
Answer: reality is determined by past experience

Question: When was Dewey born?
Answer: 1859

Question: When did Dewey die?
Answer: 1952

Question: What was instrumentalism a modification of?
Answer: James' pragmatism

Question: What do idealist philosophies say is constructed in our minds?
Answer: reality

Question: What types of things are idealist philosophies skeptical about?
Answer: mind-independent

Question: Along with physicalist theories, what theories is idealism in conflict with?
Answer: dualist

Question: In sociology, what sorts of ideas does idealism focus on?
Answer: beliefs and values

Question: What Indian thinkers were early idealists?
Answer: Hindu

Question: What Greek philosophers had idealistic views?
Answer: Neoplatonists

Question: With what sect of Buddhism was the Yogācāra school affiliated?
Answer: Mahayana

Question: In what century did the Yogācāra school arise?
Answer: 4th

Question: What century did George Berkeley live in?
Answer: 18th

Question: What was the ethnicity of Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling?
Answer: German

Question: In what century did Hegel write?
Answer: 19th

Question: Along with British idealism and existentialism, what philosophy was influenced by the German idealistic tradition?
Answer: phenomenalism

Question: Along with positivism and pragmatism, what philosophy rejected idealism's metaphysical views but what nevertheless influenced by it?
Answer: Marxism

Question: What does ἰδεῖν mean in English?
Answer: to see

Question: By what year was "idealism" a word in English?
Answer: 1743

Question: Whose worldview contrasts with that of idealists in the ordinary sense of the word?
Answer: pragmatists

Question: What language is ἰδεῖν?
Answer: Greek

Question: What is the term used for philosophies that consider the spiritual to be of paramount importance?
Answer: idealist

Question: What branch of idealism believes that reality is fundamentally nonphysical?
Answer: Metaphysical

Question: What branch of idealism sees abstracts as more real than perceived objects?
Answer: Platonic

Question: Along with phenomenalists, what idealists believe the senses are more important than reason?
Answer: subjective

Question: What branch of idealism believes that we can only know the real world via ideas?
Answer: Epistemological

Question: Who is a notable subjective idealist?
Answer: George Berkeley

Question: What famous philosopher was a transcendental idealist?
Answer: Immanuel Kant

Question: Who are subjective idealists opposed to?
Answer: realists

Question: Along with Plato, what notable philosopher rejected epistemological idealism?
Answer: Gottfried Leibniz

Question: Who believed the essence of reality to be composed of monads?
Answer: Leibniz

Question: In what philosophy was Christian idealism often rooted?
Answer: Neoplatonism

Question: What philosophy influential in the medieval church was opposed to Christian idealism?
Answer: Aristotelian scholasticism

Question: In what century did Christian thought begin to be influenced by the scholasticism of Aristotle?
Answer: 12th

Question: Along with the Unity Church, what contemporary religious movement may be regarded as idealist?
Answer: New Thought

Question: What notable idealist was responsible for a "world ground" theory?
Answer: Hermann Lotze

Question: Who regarded Plato as the oldest exponent of metaphysical objective idealism?
Answer: Simone Klein

Question: What sort of dualist is Plato regarded as?
Answer: metaphysical and epistemological

Question: What was another term for forms in Plato's theory of forms?
Answer: ideas

Question: What branch of physics might support a worldview similar to Platonic dualism?
Answer: quantum

Question: What sort of philosopher was Plotinus?
Answer: neoplatonist

Question: According to Noiré, who was the first true Western idealist?
Answer: Plotinus

Question: What issue did Schopenhauer discuss that Plotinus did not?
Answer: whether we know external objects

Question: What did the Enneads believe might not have existence outside of the soul?
Answer: Time

Question: Along with phenomenalism, what is another term for subjective idealism?
Answer: immaterialism

Question: Of what see was Berkeley bishop?
Answer: Cloyne

Question: What was Berkeley's ethnicity?
Answer: Anglo-Irish

Question: What does esse est percipi mean?
Answer: to be is to be perceived

Question: What did Berkeley consider things like matter to be?
Answer: abstractions

Question: Who was known as the "Cambridge Platonist"?
Answer: John Norris

Question: Who was notably influenced by John Norris?
Answer: Arthur Collier

Question: When was An Essay Towards the Theory of the Ideal or Intelligible World written?
Answer: 1701

Question: What sort of reality did Collier believe was knowable?
Answer: represented image of an external object

Question: Who coined the term "thing-in-itself"?
Answer: Immanuel Kant

Question: Who invented the idea of a "table-of-commonsense"?
Answer: Sir Arthur Eddington

Question: Who came up with the idea of "things-as-interacted-by-us"?
Answer: Arthur Fine

Question: Who spoke of the "warning signs" of idealism?
Answer: Musgrave

Question: What sort of philosopher was Richard Rorty?
Answer: Postmodernist

Question: What sort of thinkers were Foster and Luce?
Answer: subjectivists

Question: What book was written by A.A. Luce?
Answer: Sense without Matter

Question: What year saw the publication of Sense without Matter?
Answer: 1954

Question: Who wrote A World for Us: The Case for Phenomenalistic Idealism?
Answer: Foster

Question: Whose work is Sense without Matter regarded as updating?
Answer: Berkeley

Question: What school of thought did Berkeley belong to?
Answer: Subjective Idealism

Question: What sort of idealist was Descartes?
Answer: Sceptical

Question: In what section was Descartes criticized?
Answer: Paralogisms of Pure Reason

Question: In what edition was there a Refutation of Idealism?
Answer: 2nd

Question: When was the second edition published?
Answer: 1787

Question: Who wrote Parerga and Paralipomena?
Answer: Schopenhauer

Question: What type of knowledge did Schopenhauer believe the ideal to be?
Answer: subjective

Question: According to Schopenhauer, to what can the ideal be attributed?
Answer: our own minds

Question: What did Schopenhauer believe we were restricted to?
Answer: our own consciousness

Question: What did Schopenhauer believe were the only things we could know?
Answer: representations

Question: Who censured Kant for his agnostic tautology?
Answer: Friedrich Nietzsche

Question: Along with Schopenhauer, whose idealism did Nietzsche attack?
Answer: Descartes

Question: Nietzsche's attack on Schopenhauer used an argument similar to Kant's attack on who?
Answer: Descartes

Question: According to Hegel, what sort of idealist was Fichte?
Answer: transcendental

Question: Who did Hegel see as a subjective idealist?
Answer: Berkeley