Question: What was Aetius's career?
Answer: doxographer

Question: Where was Sextus from?
Answer: Chaeronea

Question: Who wrote 'Against the Professors'?
Answer: Sextus

Question: Whose ideas did Sextus build on?
Answer: Aetius

Question: Whose idea was 'tabula rasa'?
Answer: Aristotle

Question: What religion was Al Farabi?
Answer: Islamic

Question: What does al-'aql al-hayulani mean?
Answer: material intellect

Question: What does al-'aql al-fa'il mean?
Answer: active intellect

Question: What is crucial for understanding?
Answer: the immaterial "active intellect"

Question: What was 'Abubacer' normally called?
Answer: Abu Bakr Ibn Tufail

Question: What was 'Ebn Topnail' normally called?
Answer: Abu Bakr Ibn Tufail

Question: What was Ibn Tufail's religion?
Answer: Muslim

Question: What was Ibn Tufail's ethnicity?
Answer: Andalusian

Question: When did Ibn Tufail live?
Answer: 12th century CE

Question: When was da Vinci born?
Answer: 1452

Question: When did da Vinci die?
Answer: 1519

Question: What did renaissance writers question?
Answer: the medieval and classical understanding of knowledge acquisition

Question: Who did Machiavelli disdain?
Answer: writers on politics who judged everything in comparison to mental ideals

Question: What did da Vinci advise when your experience contradicted authority?
Answer: abandon the authority and base your reasoning on your own findings

Question: When was Vincenzo Galilei born?
Answer: ca. 1520

Question: When did Vincenzo Galilei die?
Answer: 1591

Question: Who was Vincenzo Galilei's oldest son?
Answer: Galileo

Question: What does 'esperienza' mean?
Answer: experiment

Question: When was the British empiricism period?
Answer: 17th century

Question: What type of philosopher was Francis Bacon?
Answer: empiricist

Question: What type of philosopher was Descartes?
Answer: rationalist

Question: What type of philosopher was Hobbes?
Answer: empiricist

Question: What type of philosopher was Spinoza?
Answer: rationalist

Question: When was 'An Essay Concerning Human Understanding' published?
Answer: 1689

Question: Who wrote 'An Essay Concerning Human Understanding'?
Answer: John Locke

Question: What does 'tabula rasa' mean?
Answer: blank tablet

Question: What did Locke say 'tabula rasa' meant?
Answer: white paper

Question: What did Locke's 'tabula rasa' concept say happens to the mind?
Answer: on which the experiences derived from sense impressions as a person's life proceeds are written

Question: Who wrote 'Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge'?
Answer: George Berkeley

Question: Who wrote 'Alciphron'?
Answer: George Berkeley

Question: When was 'Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge' published?
Answer: 1710

Question: What religion was George Berkeley?
Answer: Anglican

Question: What nationality was George Berkeley?
Answer: Irish

Question: What did Hume bring to empiricism?
Answer: a new level of skepticism

Question: What was Hume's nationality?
Answer: Scottish

Question: What two types of arguments did Locke say there are?
Answer: demonstrative and probable

Question: When did Hume die?
Answer: 1776

Question: When was Hume born?
Answer: 1711

Question: What types of human knowledge did Hume say there are?
Answer: relations of ideas and matters of fact

Question: What type of human knowledge is math?
Answer: relations of ideas

Question: What type of human knowledge is observing the world?
Answer: matters of fact

Question: What type of human knowledge is "the sun rises in the East"?
Answer: matters of fact

Question: Where did Hume say people's ideas come from?
Answer: their "impressions"

Question: What did Hume think our beliefs are?
Answer: a result of accumulated habits, developed in response to accumulated sense experiences

Question: What did Hume think our beliefs can't be established solely by?
Answer: reason

Question: What did Hume think is a circular argument?
Answer: the justification for inductive reasoning

Question: What did Hume say we can't know by inductive reasoning?
Answer: that the sun will continue to rise in the East

Question: Why did Hume say we expect the sun to rise?
Answer: because it has repeatedly done so in the past

Question: What conclusion do most of Hume's followers disagree with?
Answer: that belief in an external world is rationally unjustifiable

Question: What did Hume say can't be rationally justified?
Answer: belief in an external world

Question: What is phenomenalism?
Answer: physical objects, properties, events (whatever is physical) are reducible to mental objects, properties, events

Question: What is subjective idealism closely related to?
Answer: Phenomenalism

Question: What did John Stuart Mill say matter is?
Answer: the "permanent possibility of sensation"

Question: What did Mill say knowledge comes from?
Answer: an inductive inference from direct experience

Question: What sensations did Mill differentiate?
Answer: actual and possible sensations

Question: When Mill left a question of sensations unanswered, how did Berkeley answer it?
Answer: God

Question: What did Mill say might not actually exist?
Answer: gap-filling entities

Question: What did Mill misrepresent about math?
Answer: the structure and method of mathematical science, the products of which are arrived at through an internally consistent deductive set of procedures

Question: What phase of empiricism ended in the 1940s?
Answer: phenomenalist

Question: How can't a finite set of statements be described?
Answer: in purely sensory terms

Question: What is necessary to explain a doctor's normality in sensory terms?
Answer: a second doctor

Question: What are other terms for logical empiricism?
Answer: logical positivism or neopositivism

Question: When was logical empricism formulated?
Answer: early 20th-century

Question: What did logical empiricism try to combine with mathematical logic?
Answer: British empiricism

Question: What was Otto Neurath an important member of?
Answer: Logical empiricism

Question: What was AJ Ayer an important member of?
Answer: Logical empiricism

Question: When was Bertrand Russell born?
Answer: 1872

Question: When did Bertrand Russell die?
Answer: 1970

Question: What did Frege say about math?
Answer: all mathematical truths are logical

Question: What did Wittgenstein say about logic?
Answer: all logical truths are mere linguistic tautologies

Question: What are pseudoproblems?
Answer: most metaphysical, ethical, aesthetic and other traditional philosophical problems

Question: Who were extreme empiricists?
Answer: neopositivists

Question: Who attacked logical positivism?
Answer: Nelson Goodman, W.V. Quine, Hilary Putnam, Karl Popper, and Richard Rorty

Question: What position does Dummett take?
Answer: anti-realists

Question: Who abandoned phenomenalism?
Answer: Carnap and Neurath

Question: When did pragmatism arise?
Answer: In the late 19th and early 20th century

Question: Who developed pragmatism?
Answer: Charles Sanders Peirce and William James

Question: Where did Peirce and James meet?
Answer: Harvard

Question: When did Peirce and James meet?
Answer: in the 1870s

Question: What did Peirce later call his ideas instead of pragmatism?
Answer: pragmaticism

Question: When was Peirce born?
Answer: 1839

Question: When did Peirce die?
Answer: 1914

Question: What view did Peirce think had been driven to excess?
Answer: the "data-driven" strict-empiricist view

Question: Who formed the basis for modern scientific method?
Answer: Charles Peirce

Question: Whose rationalism did Peirce criticize?
Answer: Descartes

Question: How long before Peirce did Hume write?
Answer: a century

Question: How did Peirce view inductive vs deductive reasoning?
Answer: complementary

Question: How did Hume view inductive vs deductive reasoning?
Answer: competitive

Question: What did fallibilism say?
Answer: the conclusions of science are always tentative