Question: The final product of reconstruction is known as what?
Answer: the constitutio

Question: What is included in or accompanies in "critical edition"?
Answer: apparatus criticus or critical apparatus

Question: What is the purpose of the critical apparatus?
Answer: presents the author's work in three parts

Question: What is the goal of the textual critic?
Answer: a "critical edition"

Question: A critical edition of a text is accompanied by what?
Answer: apparatus criticus or critical apparatus.

Question: What is included in the first part of the critical apparatus?
Answer: a list or description of the evidence that the editor used (names of manuscripts, or abbreviations called sigla)

Question: What is included in the second part of the critical apparatus?
Answer: the editor's analysis of that evidence (sometimes a simple likelihood rating)

Question: What is included in the final part of the critical apparatus?
Answer: a record of rejected variants of the text (often in order of preference)

Question: Why are there multiple variations of texts before the advent of the printing press?
Answer: literature was copied by hand

Question: Are printed editions immune to variation?
Answer: not immune to introducing variations from an author's autograph

Question: How do differences in works arise when using a printing press?
Answer: a compositor or a printing shop may read or typeset a work in a way that differs from the autograph

Question: An edited text compiled through many sources is known as what?
Answer: eclectic.

Question: Different documents that represent the same original text are called what?
Answer: witnesses

Question: What are the variations in the text of witnesses known as?
Answer: variant readings, or simply variants or readings.

Question: How or why do variations enter a witness text?
Answer: either by accident (duplication or omission) or intention (harmonization or censorship)

Question: As well as representing the original text, a critical text must also do what?
Answer: document variant readings

Question: Why is it important to document variations in witness texts when compiling a critical text?
Answer: so the relation of extant witnesses to the reconstructed original is apparent to a reader of the critical edition.

Question: What is a variorum?
Answer: The collation of all known variants of a text

Question: What is the purpose of a variorum?
Answer: so that a reader can track how textual decisions have been made in the preparation of a text for publication

Question: Name one author who is less frequently the subject of a variorum.
Answer: Edward Fitzgerald

Question: Name two works that are often the subject of a variorum.
Answer: The Bible and the works of William Shakespeare

Question: What is often included in an eclectic reading?
Answer: an impression of the number of witnesses

Question: Why would someone prefer a second edition to a first edition?
Answer: a second edition of a Shakespeare play may include an addition alluding to an event known to have happened between the two editions

Question: Do textual critics always include additions found in the majority of subsequent versions of a work?
Answer: textual critics may reconstruct the original without the addition.

Question: What is external evidence?
Answer: evidence of each physical witness, its date, source, and relationship to other known witnesses.

Question: Why are older manuscripts preferred?
Answer: Since errors tend to accumulate, older manuscripts should have fewer errors.

Question: What characteristic of a compilation of witnesses is the most beneficial to a textual critic?
Answer: geographically diverse

Question: What characteristic of a single witness is the most beneficial to a textual critic?
Answer: more than one prior copy (exemplar) was consulted in producing the current one

Question: Is a lectio brevrio or lectio difficilior approach more akin to the original text?
Answer: Applying this principle leads to taking the more difficult (unharmonized) reading as being more likely to be the original.

Question: What is the main principle of lectio brevior?
Answer: scribes tended to add words, for clarification or out of habit

Question: Define "lectio brevior"
Answer: shorter reading

Question: What is the main principle of lectio difficilior?
Answer: the tendency for harmonization—resolving apparent inconsistencies in the text.

Question: Define "lectio difficilior"
Answer: more difficult reading

Question: How many rules were proposed in the 1881 publication of the New Testament in Greek?
Answer: They proposed nine critical rules

Question: What is Bengel's rule?
Answer: The reading is less likely to be original that shows a disposition to smooth away difficulties.

Question: Does ease of reading correlate to accuracy in relation to the original text?
Answer: "The reading is to be preferred that most fitly explains the existence of the others."

Question: What is more important for a textual critic: quality or quantity?
Answer: Readings are approved or rejected by reason of the quality, and not the number, of their supporting witnesses

Question: What is the criteria needed to include or dismiss a reading when critiquing texts?
Answer: The reading is to be preferred that most fitly explains the existence of the others.

Question: When did scientists begin searching for a more defined guideline for textual criticism?
Answer: 19th century

Question: What inclusion helps readers and critics understand the motivation behind the compiler?
Answer: The citing of sources used, and alternate readings, and the use of original text and images

Question: What is a further benefit of including sources, texts and original images in a critique?
Answer: the depth of research of the critic

Question: Is textual criticism immune to bias on the part of the critic?
Answer: justify a result that fits the textual critic's aesthetic or theological agenda

Question: What is stemmatics?
Answer: a rigorous approach to textual criticism

Question: What is a cladogram?
Answer: The family tree is also referred to as a cladogram.

Question: What is implied when two witnesses have a number of errors in common?
Answer: it may be presumed that they were derived from a common intermediate source

Question: What is a hyparchetype?
Answer: a common intermediate source

Question: What is recension?
Answer: The process of constructing the stemma

Question: Which steps most closely resembles copy-text editing?
Answer: examinatio and emendatio

Question: What process is best used when only one manuscript is viable?
Answer: copy text editing

Question: What process is best used when there are a number of viable manuscripts available?
Answer: eclecticism

Question: What was Joseph Bédier's main criticism of the stemmatic method?
Answer: critics tended overwhelmingly to produce trees divided into just two branches.

Question: Why is a methos that only produces two branches seen as inferior?
Answer: the method was tending to produce bipartite stemmas regardless of the actual history of the witnesses.

Question: To what did Joseph Bédier attribute the prevalence of the stemmatic method?
Answer: editors tended to favor trees with two branches

Question: Why would editors only want two alternative branches when analyzing a text?
Answer: this would maximize the opportunities for editorial judgment

Question: What was the final implication of Joseph Bédier's analysis of the stemmatic method?
Answer: the method was not as rigorous or as scientific as its proponents had claimed.

Question: What is the last step in the stemmatic method?
Answer: emendatio

Question: At what point can a critic using the stemmatic become less concerned with critical analysis?
Answer: the critic employs conjecture at every step of the process