Question: What regulates dielectric dispersion?
Answer: dielectric relaxation processes

Question: What is an example of a dielectric relaxation process?
Answer: Debye relaxation

Question: How is the complex impedance with dielectric represented mathematically?
Answer: Z(ω)

Question: How is the complex capacitance without dielectric represented mathematically?
Answer: C0

Question: Why is the value of C0 unattainable in reality?
Answer: even the quantum vacuum is predicted to exhibit nonideal behavior

Question: Under what condition is the approximation C0 sufficiently accurate for calculation purposes?
Answer: in terrestrial vacuum

Question: How is the complex capacitance mathematically represented with the dielectric present?
Answer: Ccmplx(ω)

Question: What order of magnitude of capacitance is suitable for capacitors comprised of ceramic disks with metallic coatings?
Answer: microfarads and less

Question: How are larger value capacitors often constructed?
Answer: multiple stacks of plates and disks

Question: What do larger value capacitors often use as the dielectric medium?
Answer: impregnated paper or plastic – these are rolled up to save space

Question: Why are the plates and dielectrics often staggered in larger value capacitors?
Answer: To reduce the series resistance and inductance

Question: How are the conductive plates often made for larger value capacitors?
Answer: metal film layer deposited on the surface of a dielectric film

Question: What is one type of configuration in which a capacitor may have its connecting leads organized?
Answer: axially

Question: What is another type of configuration in which a capacitor may have its connecting leads arranged?
Answer: radially

Question: Which type of configuration is often manufactured with the leads parallel to the body of the capacitor?
Answer: Radial

Question: How are the leads of an axially configured capacitor arranged?
Answer: on a common axis

Question: How could radial leads be more correctly described?
Answer: as tandem

Question: Since when have inexpensive ceramic disc capacitors existed?
Answer: the 1930s

Question: Since when have surface mount packages for capacitors been commonly in use?
Answer: the 1980s

Question: What do surface mount packages lack that allows their use on the surface of printed circuit boards?
Answer: connecting leads

Question: What is one benefit of using surface mount components?
Answer: simplify automated assembly

Question: What is one difficulty when using surface mount components?
Answer: manual handling is made difficult due to their small size

Question: What do mechanically controlled variable capacitors enable to be modified?
Answer: the plate spacing

Question: How do cheap variable capacitors vary the separation distance between layers of a plastic and aluminum?
Answer: with a screw

Question: Of what type of diodes are varactors or varicaps comprised?
Answer: reverse-biased semiconductor diodes

Question: What varies as a function of voltage in varactors?
Answer: depletion region

Question: What is an application of varactors?
Answer: phase-locked loops

Question: How do larger capacitors present their electrical characteristics?
Answer: display the actual capacitance together with the unit (for example, 220 μF)

Question: What does the abbreviated electrical characteristics of smaller capacitors consist of?
Answer: three numeric digits and a letter

Question: What part of the electrical characteristics of smaller capacitors do the digits of the abbreviated notation represent ?
Answer: the digits indicate the capacitance

Question: What does the letter of the abbreviated notation for the electrical characteristics of smaller capacitors represent?
Answer: the letter indicates the tolerance

Question: In what SI unit is the capacitance reported on smaller capacitors?
Answer: in pF

Question: Why are capacitors connected in parallel with the power circuits of many devices and large systems?
Answer: to provide a "clean" power supply for signal or control circuits

Question: How do the capacitors connected in parallel act with currents from the power supply?
Answer: as a local reserve for the DC power source

Question: What is one value a stiffening capacitor accounts for when used in for car audio purposes?
Answer: the inductance

Question: What is another value a stiffening capacitor accounts for when used in for car audio purposes?
Answer: resistance

Question: What do parallel capacitors do to fluctuating current in order to deliver "clean" power for control circuits?
Answer: conceal current fluctuations

Question: In what scenario are capacitors used for power factor correction?
Answer: In electric power distribution

Question: How are capacitors used for for power factor correction prepared?
Answer: as three capacitors connected as a three phase load

Question: In what what unit is the capacitance reported for capacitors used in power factor correction?
Answer: reactive power in volt-amperes reactive (var)

Question: What is the reason for using capacitors in power factor correction?
Answer: to counteract inductive loading

Question: How are power factor correction capacitors sometimes installed?
Answer: at a load center within a building

Question: What happens to the current when an inductive circuit is opened?
Answer: the current through the inductance collapses quickly

Question: What happens to the voltage when an inductive circuit is opened?
Answer: a large voltage across the open circuit of the switch

Question: What type of capacitor is used to make a path to bypass the contact points?
Answer: A snubber capacitor

Question: What is a typical system in which a snubber capacitor is found?
Answer: contact breaker ignition systems

Question: What type of capacitor absorbs radio frequency interference?
Answer: a filter capacitor

Question: What is the main winding on a squirrel cage motor capable of withstanding?
Answer: a rotational motion on the rotor

Question: What sort of capacitors are used on the second winding of a squirrel cage motor?
Answer: series non-polarized starting capacitor

Question: What does the capacitor on the second winding of a squirrel cage motor do?
Answer: introduce a lead in the sinusoidal current

Question: What does the centrifugal switch do the capacitor when the rotor achieves operating speed?
Answer: disconnects the capacitor

Question: Where is the start capacitor commonly mounted?
Answer: to the side of the motor housing

Question: How much energy could a capacitor in a disposable camera contain?
Answer: over 15 joules of energy

Question: To what voltage could a capacitor from a disposable camera be charged to?
Answer: over 300 volts

Question: What device can be used to discharge large voltage capacitors?
Answer: a Brinkley stick

Question: How are the terminals of high voltage capacitors stored?
Answer: with the terminals shorted

Question: What type of charge could a capacitor pick up a transient charge from?
Answer: from static charges

Question: What could cause the failure of a capacitor?
Answer: when subjected to voltages or currents beyond their rating

Question: What can happen to capacitors used in high current applications?
Answer: overheat

Question: What can happen to capacitors used in high energy capacitor banks?
Answer: violently explode

Question: What type of capacitors can generate soft x-rays?
Answer: High voltage vacuum capacitors

Question: What is one way to help minimize capacitor dangers?
Answer: preventive maintenance

Question: What are natural and social sciences a subcategory of?
Answer: The history of science

Question: What is the history of arts and humanities called?
Answer: the history of scholarship

Question: What kind of phenomena does science study?
Answer: real world

Question: Intellectual history and social history are used in what?
Answer: Historiography of science

Question: Who coined the word "scientist"?
Answer: William Whewell