Question: The genome-wide genetic study carried out in 2010 by Behar et al. examined the genetic relationships among which Jewish groups?
Answer: all major Jewish groups

Question: The genome-wide genetic study carried out in 2010 by Behar et al. examined the genetic relationship between Jewish groups and what other population?
Answer: non-Jewish ethnic populations

Question: The history of Jews in Greece goes back to which era?
Answer: Archaic Era of Greece

Question: Which Greek historian knew of the Jews?
Answer: Herodotus

Question: The Synagogue in the Agora of Athens is dated to the period between which two dates?
Answer: 267 and 396 CE

Question: What did the Greek historian Herodotus refer to the Jews as?
Answer: "Palestinian Syrians"

Question: The Greek historian Herodotus listed the Jews as the levied naval forces in service to whom?
Answer: the invading Persians

Question: According to Daniel Elazar at the Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs, at the end of the 11th century, what percentage of the world's Jewry was Sephardic?
Answer: 97%

Question: According to Daniel Elazar at the Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs, at the end of the 11th century, what percentage of the world's Jewry was Ashkenazi?
Answer: 3%

Question: By 1931, Ashkenazi Jews were what percentage of the world Jewry?
Answer: 92%

Question: In Israel, the term Ashkenazi is now used in what manner?
Answer: in a manner unrelated to its original meaning

Question: In Israel, the term Ashkenazi is now used to refer to whom?
Answer: all Jews who settled in Europe and sometimes including those whose ethnic background is actually Sephardic

Question: Are Jews of mixed backgrounds more or less common today?
Answer: Jews of mixed background are increasingly common

Question: By tradition, when a Sephardic or Mizrahi woman marries into an Orthodox or Haredi Ashkenazi Jewish family she raises her children to be which type of Jew?
Answer: Ashkenazi Jews

Question: When an Ashkenazi woman marries a Sephardi or Mizrahi man it is expected that her children will take on which kind of identity?
Answer: children inherit a Sephardic identity

Question: A convert generally follows which practice?
Answer: the practice of the beth din that converted him or her

Question: When did the Dreyfus affair occur?
Answer: 1890s

Question: In what years did large numbers of Jews arrive in France?
Answer: the 1920s and 1930s

Question: What three factors led to large numbers of Jews moving to France?
Answer: antisemitism, the Russian revolution, and the economic turmoil of the Great Depression

Question: By the 1930s, Paris was noted for which two things related to Jews?
Answer: a vibrant Yiddish culture, and many Jews were involved in diverse political movements

Question: What is the Siddur?
Answer: prayer book

Question: The term Ashkenazi also refers to what?
Answer: the nusach Ashkenaz

Question: The nusach Ashkenaz refers to what in Hebrew?
Answer: "liturgical tradition", or rite

Question: Two other major forms of nusach among Ashkenazic Jews are what?
Answer: Nusach Sefard (not to be confused with the Sephardic ritual), which is the general Polish Hasidic nusach, and Nusach Ari

Question: Nusach Ari is used by whom?
Answer: Lubavitch Hasidim

Question: How many types of genetic origin testing currently exist?
Answer: three types of genetic origin testing

Question: When did efforts begin to try and identify the origins of Ashkenazi Jews through DNA analysis?
Answer: the 1990s

Question: What does Y-DNA show?
Answer: a male's lineage only along his strict-paternal line

Question: What are the three types of origin testing?
Answer: autosomal DNA (atDNA), mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), and Y-chromosomal DNA (Y-DNA)

Question: Autosomal DNA is what?
Answer: a mixture from an individual's entire ancestry

Question: A 2006 study by Behar et al, suggested that what percentage of the current Ashkenazi population was descended from "founder lineages"?
Answer: 40%

Question: A 2006 study by Behar et al, suggested that a large percentage of the current Ashkenazi population is descended matrilineally from how many women? 
Answer: from just four women

Question: The women that a large percentage of the current Ashkenazi population is descended from are also known as what?
Answer: founder lineages

Question: The founder lineages were likely from what type of mtDNA pool?
Answer: Hebrew/Levantine

Question: When did the idea that the Ashkenazi may have come from Khazar stock come about?
Answer: in the later 19th century

Question: Did Eran Elhaik, from Johns Hopkins University School of Public Health argue for or against Khazar descent?
Answer: argued for Khazar descent

Question: What did a 2013 study of Ashkenazi mitochondrial DNA find in regards to the Khazar descent idea?
Answer: no significant evidence of Khazar contribution to the Ashkenazi Jewish DNA

Question: Grave site excavations near where Roman garrisons were established attest to the presence of Jews after what centuries?
Answer: the 2nd and 3rd centuries

Question: The large number of Jews in Pannonia formed communities and built what?
Answer: a synagogue

Question: In what year were the Roman garrison populations withdrawn to Italy?
Answer: 433

Question: What year marked the onset of the Crusades?
Answer: 1095

Question: As Jews were expelled from England, France, and parts of Germany they head into which three countries?
Answer: Poland (10th century), Lithuania (10th century), and Russia (12th century)

Question: What year were the expulsions from England?
Answer: 1290

Question: What year were the expulsions from France?
Answer: 1394

Question: After expulsions from England and France, Jewish migration headed in which direction?
Answer: Jewish migration pushed eastward

Question: What is the name of the Rabbi mentioned in relation to the Genesis Rabbah?
Answer: Rabbi Berechiah

Question: What are the three German tribes or German lands talked about by Rabbi Berechiah?
Answer: Ashkenaz, Riphath, and Togarmah

Question: Rabbi Berechiah's view is based on what?
Answer: the Talmud

Question: What is the name of the Midrash compilation?
Answer: Genesis Rabbah

Question: After emigration from the west, did Jewish communities in places like Poland have a stable or unstable sociopolitical environment?
Answer: a comparatively stable socio-political environment

Question: What precipitated the development of the Hasidic movement?
Answer: A thriving publishing industry and the printing of hundreds of biblical commentaries

Question: Massive western emigration occurred around what time?
Answer: in the 19th and 20th centuries

Question: Ashkenazi Jews have made up the majority of the American Jewish community since when?
Answer: 1750

Question: Religious Ashkenazi Jews living in Israel follow the authority of whom in certain matters?
Answer: the chief Ashkenazi rabbi

Question: What is the Knesset?
Answer: a unicameral legislature with 120 seats

Question: Religious Ashkenazi Jews look to the authority of the chief Ashkenazi rabbi in which matters?
Answer: halakhic matters

Question: What two things were mentioned as contributing to bringing younger Jews together in North American cities?
Answer: social trends such as the chavurah movement, and the emergence of "post-denominational Judaism"

Question: What do many Ashkenazi Jews study outside of the Yeshiva framework?
Answer: Kabbalah

Question: Which new trend has been associated with the Jewish Renewal movement?
Answer: ecstatic worship

Question: Most people with the surname Ashkenazi, hail from which particular community?
Answer: Syrian Jewish community

Question: Some people with the surname shorten it to what?
Answer: Ash

Question: What famous person is mentioned as having the surname Ashkenazi?
Answer: Vladimir Ashkenazy

Question: It was found that the Y-chromosome of Ashkenazi and Sephardic Jews contained mutations that are also common with what other people?
Answer: Middle Eastern peoples