Question: What did C. Loring Brace observe about about variations?
Answer: distributed along geographic gradations or clines

Question: Why are variations distributed along clines?
Answer: isolation by distance

Question: What is a problem common to phenotype-based descriptions of races?
Answer: they ignore a host of other similarities and differences

Question: What is Frank Livingstone's profession?
Answer: anthropologist

Question: What is the conclusion from the evidence that clines cross racial boundaries?
Answer: there are no races, only clines

Question: What must one be attentive to when talking about race?
Answer: how the term is being used

Question: On what point did Dobzhansky agree with Dr. Livingstone?
Answer: if races have to be 'discrete units,' then there are no races

Question: What is merely "a matter of judgement"?
Answer: "the race concept."

Question: While race difference possible to easily see, they need not be given what?
Answer: labels

Question: Livingston and Dobzhansky disagree on whether the race concept is what?
Answer: a meaningful and useful social convention

Question: What did two biologists point out in 1964?
Answer: cases where two or more clines are distributed discordantly

Question: What gene distribution decreases as you move away from the equator in either direction?
Answer: melanin

Question: What do the frequencies for the haplotype for beta-5 hemogoblin do from specific points in Africa?
Answer: radiate

Question: To what profession do both Leonard Lieberman and Fatimah Linda Jackson belong?
Answer: anthropologists

Question: What patterns of heterogeneity falsify any descriptions of population?
Answer: Discordant

Question: What is the consequence of the number and geographic location ascribed to a race highly dependent on?
Answer: the importance attributed to, and quantity of, the traits considered.

Question: What partially accounts for the appearance of light skin in humans?
Answer: mutation

Question: What mutation did scientists discover?
Answer: skin-lighting

Question: What do East Asians have to thank for their relatively light skin?
Answer: different mutations

Question: Traits and gene frequencies do not always correspond to what type of location?
Answer: geographical

Question: What thing that strongly differentiates the French from some other populations be clinal across Europe?
Answer: a selected allele

Question: When did Coop and others find out something about a selected allele?
Answer: 2009

Question: How many major geographic patterns do the global distributions fall into?
Answer: three

Question: What are sweeps?
Answer: major geographic patterns

Question: Something that is found at high frequency in Europe could be what elsewhere?
Answer: absent

Question: What can one use to look at differences between groups instead of physical differences?
Answer: genetic differences

Question: Who was William C. Boyd?
Answer: mid-20th-century anthropologist

Question: Boyd felt race was based on a specific differentiation of the frequency of what in a population?
Answer: genes

Question: How numerous would the number of races be if one gene can distinguish races?
Answer: number of human couples reproducing

Question: What may people who have lived in the same area for generations have in common?
Answer: alleles

Question: What did Sewall Wright develop one way of measuring?
Answer: genetic differences between populations

Question: What was Wright's method known as?
Answer: the Fixation index

Question: What is the often stated FST for humans?
Answer: 0.15

Question: Richard Lewontin, upon looking at the FST ratios, concluded race wasn't an appropriate or useful way to describe what?
Answer: human populations

Question: Human group variation is similar to variation observed in what other species?
Answer: mammalian

Question: FST values greater than .25 represent very great what?
Answer: genetic variation

Question: About how much human variation occurs between continental populations?
Answer: 5%

Question: FST values as low as what amount have been found in some studies?
Answer: 0.1

Question: What is the name of the person who thinks FST shouldn't be used as a marker of subspecies status?
Answer: Graves

Question: FST is used to measure the degree of differentiation between what?
Answer: populations

Question: What two researchers gave a long critique regarding the application of FST to human populations in 2003?
Answer: Jeffrey Long and Rick Kittles

Question: What do Long and Kittles think of the implication that human populations contain on average 85% of all genetic diversity?
Answer: misleading

Question: Non-African groups of human population may only drive from what type of sample of the African population?
Answer: non-representative

Question: What type of bottleneck did the migration out of Africa represent?
Answer: genetic

Question: How much human genetic diversity exists in a single African population?
Answer: 100%

Question: What type of classification system for humans did A.W.F. Edwards argue for?
Answer: characteristic genetic patterns

Question: What might genetic clusters be shown to correspond to one day?
Answer: phenotypic variations between groups

Question: How is the relationship between genes and complex traits understood?
Answer: poorly

Question: Risch feels any category someone comes up with will be what?
Answer: imperfect

Question: Risch thinks imperfect categories still have what?
Answer: utility

Question: What groups were early samples from for genetic cluster analysis?
Answer: ancestral population

Question: Where did the groups the genetic clusters were taken from live from each other?
Answer: extreme geographic distances

Question: What was thought might maximize the odds of finding unique cluster patterns in groups?
Answer: large geographic distances

Question: What human activity has only recently accelerated?
Answer: migration

Question: Human migration tends to accelerate this type of what flow?
Answer: gene

Question: Randomly chosen people from different groups may be more similar to each other than with members of their own what?
Answer: cluster

Question: How many genetic markers need to be used to show people from different groups are dissimilar to each other?
Answer: thousands

Question: Studying increasing number of groups require an increasing number of what?
Answer: markers

Question: What should be used when using ancestry to make inferences about individual phenotypes?
Answer: caution

Question: People are more frequently similar to members of what populations?
Answer: other populations

Question: Cluster structure of genetic data is dependent on what initial thing?
Answer: hypotheses

Question: If one samples a continental group, what do the clusters become?
Answer: continental

Question: What is not a natural taxonomy of the human species?
Answer: racial classification

Question: What are objective social constructions?
Answer: racial groupings

Question: What are diversity partition and clustering analysis are examples of?
Answer: methodologies

Question: What word do many social scientists instead of race?
Answer: ethnicity

Question: What had been used to justify discrimination, apartheid, slavery and genocide in WWII?
Answer: beliefs about race

Question: When did the civil rights movement take place?
Answer: the 1960s

Question: What movement gained momentum worldwide in the 60's?
Answer: anti-colonial

Question: What type of reality do some believe race is a social construct corresponding to?
Answer: objective

Question: What organization is Craig Venter and Francis Collins associated with?
Answer: the National Institute of Health

Question: What year was the announcement that the human genome had been mapped made in?
Answer: 2000

Question: What doesn't the genetic variation within the human species support?
Answer: notion of genetically defined races

Question: What is a social concept, not a scientific one?
Answer: Race