Question: Which 11th century book discussed space perception and its epistemological implications?
Answer: Book of Optics

Question: Whose definition of topos did Alhazen reject?
Answer: Aristotle's

Question: Alhazen's  experimental proof of the intromission model of vision led to the change of understanding of what?
Answer: Without tangible notions of distance and size for correlation, sight can tell us next to nothing about such things

Question: Alhazen stated that without tangible notions of distance and size for correlation, sight can tell us what about spatial perception?
Answer: next to nothing

Question: When did Kant publish one of the most influential works in the history of the philosophy of space and time.
Answer: 1781

Question: What was Kant's influential work on the history of the philosophy of space and time titled?
Answer: Critique of Pure Reason

Question: What did Kant describe time as?
Answer: a priori notion

Question: What did Kant say was similar notion to time?
Answer: space

Question: What did Kant say time and space allow one to do?
Answer: sense experience

Question: What did Leibniz argue against?
Answer: the absolutist position

Question: Which principles did Leibniz's arguments trade heavily upon?
Answer: the principle of sufficient reason and the identity of indiscernibles

Question: Leibnitz held that there is a reason that is sufficient to explain what and why it is the way it is and not otherwise for every what?
Answer: fact

Question: What states that if there is no way of telling two entities apart, then they are one and the same thing?
Answer: identity of indiscernibles

Question: Leibniz's example involves how many universes?
Answer: two

Question: Where are Leibniz's universes situated?
Answer: absolute space

Question: How far are Leibniz's universes situated apart?
Answer: five feet

Question: What is the only way Leibniz's example would be possible?
Answer: absolute space exists

Question: What stood out in Clark's response to Leibniz?
Answer: the bucket argument

Question: According to Clark's argument, water in a bucket, hung from a rope and spun, will begin with kind of surface?
Answer: flat

Question: As the buck spins, what happens to the water?
Answer: the water will become concave

Question: If the buck stops, the water will do what?
Answer: continue to spin

Question: What is the surface of the water apparently not caused by?
Answer: the interaction of the bucket and the water

Question: Leibniz describes space as existing only as a relation between what?
Answer: objects

Question: According to Leibniz, what has no existence apart from the existence of objections?
Answer: space

Question: What provides the absolute frame of reference within which objects can have motion?
Answer: Newtonian space

Question: In Newton's system, how does the frame of reference exist between objects within it?
Answer: independently

Question: For how long did the evidence of a concave water surface hold authority in reference to space?
Answer: many centuries

Question: How did Mach describe thought experiments like the bucket argument?
Answer: problematic

Question: What is difficult to confirm about the bucket in the absence of anything else in the universe?
Answer: that the bucket was indeed spinning

Question: What was equally possible about the surface of the water in the bucket?
Answer: would remain flat.

Question: What did Mach argue about the water experiment in an otherwise empty universe?
Answer: would remain flat

Question: What did Mach argue would happen if another object were introduce in the bucket's universe?
Answer: the bucket could be seen as rotating

Question: What does the increase in the number of objects in the universe do to the curvature of the water?
Answer: increases the curvature

Question: The Mach argument is called what?
Answer: Mach's Principle

Question: Mach argued that the momentum of an object exists as a result of the sum of the effects of what?
Answer: effects of other objects in the universe

Question: lbert Einstein proposed that the laws of physics should be based on what principle?
Answer: relativity

Question: The principle of relativity holds that the rules of physics must be the same for who?
Answer: all observers

Question: In all reference frames, how is the the speed of light?
Answer: the same

Question: Einstein's theory was motivated by who?
Answer: Maxwell

Question: Before Einstein, speed was though to be relative to what?
Answer: the luminiferous ether

Question: In classical physics, an inertial reference frame is one in which an object without force does what?
Answer: does not accelerate

Question: What follows a geodesic of space-time?
Answer: an inertial frame of reference

Question: An object in free fall does not experience what?
Answer: force

Question: What holds an object standing on earth against the geodesic?
Answer: the surface of the planet

Question: Why will water become concave, according to the relativity theory?
Answer: it is rotating with respect to the geodesic.

Question: How does Einstein advocate Mach's principle?
Answer: partially

Question: How Einstein's theory compared to Leibniz's?
Answer: contrary

Question: What is considered contrary to idealist beliefs in regards to space?
Answer: objects exist independently of the mind

Question: Coordinative definition has how many major features?
Answer: two

Question: The first feature of Coordinative definition involves what?
Answer: coordinating units of length with certain physical objects

Question: What is the first feature motivated by?
Answer: we can never directly apprehend length

Question: The second feature of Coordinative definition involves what?
Answer: separated objects

Question: Sameness of length must be set how?
Answer: by definition

Question: The symmetry group of the general theory of relativity includes what?
Answer: all differentiable transformations

Question: What else besides  invariance, or symmetry and group part ways in relativistic physics?
Answer: the covariance group

Question: Which theory does the relativity depart from?
Answer: classical mechanics

Question: What are not pair with transformations in the theory of relativity?
Answer: single formulation

Question:  The covariance group of the general theory of relativity is the covariance group of how many theories?
Answer: every

Question: How many contradictory facts does the problem of the direction of time arise from?
Answer: two

Question: What kind of physical laws are time-reversal invariant?
Answer: fundamental

Question: If if a cinematographic film were taken by means of physical  laws and then played backwards, it would still portray what?
Answer: physically possible process

Question: How is our experience of time at the macro level?
Answer: not time-reversal invariant

Question: What do we not have memories of?
Answer: the future

Question: How are things in statistical mechanics? 
Answer: complicated

Question: What are superior to classical thermodynamics?
Answer: statistical mechanics

Question: In order to explain glass breaking, Fundamental laws of physics can be paired with what? 
Answer: a statistical postulate

Question: Is statistical mechanics asymmetric or symmetric in regards to time-reversal?
Answer: symmetric

Question: What kind of law is the second law of thermodynamics, as it arises in statistical mechanics?
Answer: not an absolute law

Question: What does the third type of solution to the problem of the direction of time argue?
Answer: the laws are not time-reversal symmetric

Question: What is are kind of nuclear force is not time-reversibile?
Answer: weak nuclear force

Question: Time asymmetric phenomena in quantum mechanics are to few to account what kind of time-asymmetry?
Answer: macroscopic

Question: Who argues that the fundamental laws of physics are laws of temporal evolution?
Answer: Tim Maudlin