Question: Rummel postulates that murder of people of government is due to national, ethnic, racial and which other membership?
Answer: religious group

Question: The legal meaning of genocide is contained in which international treaty?
Answer: Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide

Question: Included in the CPPCG is non-killings that ultimately achieve what end?
Answer: eliminate the group

Question: In the interpretation of non-killings, the CPPCG cites the forceful relocation of children along with what other factor?
Answer: preventing births

Question: In terms of failed states and non-state actors, the possession of weapons of mass destruction was an issue examined by which writer?
Answer: Adrian Gallagher

Question: In Gallagher's definition of genocide, a source of what is malicious in it implementation of the destruction of a group? 
Answer: collective power

Question: Gallagher's definition upholds the centrality of what?
Answer: intent

Question: The centrality of intent broadens what definition, beyond the 1948 one?
Answer: group identity

Question: In order for a genocide classification to happen, a major part of a group has to be what?
Answer: destroyed

Question: Signatories to the CPPC are required to prevent and punish what?
Answer: acts of genocide

Question: During which times can a perpetrator of genocide be charged?
Answer: both in peace and wartime

Question: In enforcing a charge of genocide, what loophole do many of the signatories possess?
Answer: no claim of genocide could be brought against them

Question: What major western power is exempt from charges or claims of genocide against itself?
Answer: the United States

Question: Along with Cyprus, what other major signatory official protested the the immunity of others from prosecution of genocide?
Answer: Norway

Question: In 1948 the worldwide acceptance of international laws that defined and forbade genocide was promulgated by which treaty?
Answer: Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide

Question: Perpetrators who were tried after World War II were in general found guilty of crimes against what?
Answer: humanity

Question: An example of a more specific genocidal crime of which one could be accused was what?
Answer: crimes like murder

Question: After WWII criminals were largely prosecuted under CPPCG for their involvement in what massive genocidal effort?
Answer: the Holocaust

Question: Who is notable for coining the term "Holocaust?"
Answer: Raphael Lemkin

Question: Which court dismissed Nikola Jorgic's appeal against his conviction for genocide by a German court?
Answer: European Court of Human Rights

Question: In Jorgic v. Germany, what about the German courts was later rejected by international courts hearing similar cases?
Answer: wider interpretation of genocide

Question: The ECHR noted that among certain academics, what act carried out by the Serbs agains Bosnian Muslims and Croats did not constitute genocide?
Answer: ethnic cleansing

Question: The ethnic cleansing perpetrated by the Serbs against Bosnia-Herzegovina was conducted with what ultimate goal in mind?
Answer: expel Muslims and Croats from their homes

Question: Conversely the scholars who did view the Serbs' acts as constituting genocide, were backed up by what Tribunal?
Answer: the ICTY

Question: In the 1990s, how many people were indicted for war crimes that were officially defined as genocide?
Answer: About 30

Question: Convicted perpetrators Popovic and Beara were found guilty of genocide despite what evasive action?
Answer: several plea bargains

Question: Tolimir was found guilty of both genocide and what other charge?
Answer: conspiracy to commit genocide

Question: Another charge beyond the act of genocide and for which Krstic and Nikolic were found guilty was what?
Answer: aiding and abetting genocide

Question: Three others were charged with participating in genocides in Bosnia by which country's courts?
Answer: German courts

Question: What event occurred in March 2006 that essentially ended Milosevic's trial?
Answer: He died

Question: Where was Karadzic when he was finally arrested?
Answer: Belgrade

Question: With Milosevic dead, who did the ICTY next charge with crimes of genocide in 1995?
Answer: Radovan Karadžić and Ratko Mladić

Question: Had Milosevic not died, what charges might he have been convicted of?
Answer: genocide or complicity in genocide

Question: Which former president was by far the most senior politician to be accused of genocidal crimes by the ICTY?
Answer: Slobodan Milošević

Question: What court was established under the aegis of the United Nations to prosecute genocidal crimes in Rwanda?
Answer: International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR)

Question: The prosecutorial efforts of the ICTR focused on genocidal acts that took place during which time period?
Answer: April 1994

Question: the ICTR was created in November 1995 by which branch of the UN?
Answer: the Security Council of the United Nations

Question: The ICTR was established for the purpose of convicting those responsible for acts of genocide and what other charges?
Answer: serious violations of the international law

Question: The charges of genocide brought up by the ICTR were against what group of people?
Answer: Rwandan citizens

Question: What has been widely debated as a possible act of genocide in Sudan?
Answer: situation in Darfur

Question: In 2003 what well known U.S. Secretary of State declared the situation in Darfur as an act of genocide?
Answer: Colin Powell

Question: In front of which committee did Powell testify?
Answer: the Senate Foreign Relations Committee

Question: What did UN Security Council Resolution 1564 authorize in 2004?
Answer: an International Commission of Inquiry on Darfur

Question: Despite some concessions, what act did the Commission ultimately state that Sudan had not pursued?
Answer: genocidal policy

Question: To whom did the Security Council officially refer the situation in Darfur?
Answer: Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court

Question: What was taken into account, without mentioning specific crimes?
Answer: the Commission report

Question: China and what other permanent member of the Security Council abstained from the vote on the referral resolution?
Answer: the United States

Question: In which number report to the Council did the Prosecutor concede that crimes had been committed but evidence for prosecution was insufficient?
Answer: his fourth report

Question: In the build-up to genocide, what have other authors focused on?
Answer: structural conditions

Question: What processes are thought to create an evolution toward genocide?
Answer: psychological and social

Question: Who revealed the starting points of this evolution to be economic deterioration and political confusion?
Answer: Ervin Staub

Question: A history of what is just one factor that contributes to the probability of violence developing into genocide?
Answer: devaluation of the group

Question: What is one preventive effort in circumventing conditions that lead to genocide?
Answer: humanizing a devalued group

Question: What is a modern common occurence with antibiotics?
Answer: resistance of bacteria

Question: What is resistance to antibiotics a cause of?
Answer: evolution

Question: When was the Luria-Delbruck experiment?
Answer: 1943

Question: Which two antibiotics that have high efficacy are much less useful now?
Answer: penicillin and erythromycin

Question: What does emergence of resistance reflect?
Answer: evolutionary processes

Question: What is the purpose of antibiotic treatment?
Answer: survive high doses of antibiotics

Question: When was antibacterial-resistance demonstrated?
Answer: 1943

Question: Who made the demonstration in 1943?
Answer: Luria–Delbrück

Question: What does the potency of antibacterials depend upon?
Answer: concentration