Question: What was Ireland's police force called?
Answer: Royal Irish Constabulary

Question: Who was the 'father of modern policing'?
Answer: Peel

Question: Whose philosophy influenced Peel?
Answer: Jeremy Bentham

Question: What political position did Bentham think police should have?
Answer: neutral

Question: How did Peel standardize police?
Answer: as an official paid profession

Question: How did Peel organize police?
Answer: in a civilian fashion

Question: When was the Metropolitan Police Act passed?
Answer: 1829

Question: What did the Metropolitan Police Act say police were a subset of?
Answer: the judicial system

Question: Where was the 'Continental model' of police from?
Answer: France

Question: What part of the government did French police work under?
Answer: the authority of the monarch

Question: When did Rio get its first police investigator?
Answer: 1566

Question: How had the Rio police grown by the 17th century?
Answer: most captaincies already had local units with law enforcement functions

Question: When did Minas Gerais get a cavalry regiment?
Answer: July 9, 1775

Question: Where did the Portuguese royal family move in 1808?
Answer: Brazil

Question: Who invaded Portugal in 1808?
Answer: French

Question: When did Canada get its first police?
Answer: 1729

Question: What was Canada's first police force?
Answer: Royal Newfoundland Constabulary

Question: When was the Toronto police created?
Answer: 1834

Question: When was the Montreal police created?
Answer: 1838

Question: When were the first Mounties created?
Answer: 1873

Question: What were the Old West's local police options?
Answer: poorly resourced sheriffs and temporarily organized posses

Question: Which military branch helped the Old West's inadequate local police?
Answer: The Army

Question: Which military branch did the Pinkertons exceed at their height?
Answer: Army

Question: Which private contractor acted as police for businesses?
Answer: Pinkerton National Detective Agency

Question: Which countries' scholars developed the contemporary police concept?
Answer: German and French

Question: When was the 'Treatise on the Police' published?
Answer: 1705

Question: What was the 'Treatise on the Police' called in French?
Answer: Traité de la Police

Question: Who wrote the 'Treatise on the Police'?
Answer: Nicolas Delamare

Question: What was von Hornigk's career?
Answer: Political economist and civil servant

Question: Which economic theory did Foucault say supported the police?
Answer: mercantilist theory

Question: How did Foucault describe the social duty of police?
Answer: procuring abundance

Question: Who wrote about Polizeiwissenschaft?
Answer: Foucault

Question: Why did the functions of police grow beyond law enforcement to urban planning?
Answer: because of the miasma theory of disease; thus, cemeteries were moved out of town, etc.

Question: Who wrote 'Preventive Police'?
Answer: Edwin Chadwick

Question: When was 'Preventive Police' published?
Answer: 1829

Question: Where was 'Preventive Police' published?
Answer: London Review

Question: What did Chadwick say police should be focused on?
Answer: prevention

Question: What was the alternative to prevention?
Answer: a deterrent of punishment

Question: What do some police departments make detectives go back to periodically?
Answer: patrol duties

Question: Where do some think the most important police work happens?
Answer: on patrol

Question: How do patrol officers affect crime?
Answer: prevent crime by their presence

Question: When did Nadelmann write about global policing?
Answer: 1993

Question: When did Sheptycki write about global policing?
Answer: 1995

Question: What terms have been used to describe policing beyond one country?
Answer: international policing, transnational policing, and/or global policing

Question: When did Deflem write about cross-border policing?
Answer: 2002

Question: What groups did European police work against across borders in the 19th century?
Answer: anarchist agitators and other political radicals

Question: Which police force monitored Karl Marx?
Answer: Prussian

Question: What international police agency was created before WW2?
Answer: Interpol

Question: In what era did cross-border policing increase?
Answer: post–Cold War

Question: Where did Sheptycki study police cooperation?
Answer: the English Channel region

Question: When did Sheptycki write about police cooperation?
Answer: 2002

Question: When did the Channel region establish routine cross-border policing?
Answer: 1968

Question: When was the Schengen Treaty signed?
Answer: 1992

Question: What did the Schengen Treaty do for policing?
Answer: formalized aspects of police information exchange across the territory of the European Union

Question: Where has cross-border policing been most under-studied?
Answer: outside of Europe

Question: Who compared transnational police information and intelligence sharing practices?
Answer: Alain

Question: What kind of policing has become common practice?
Answer: Intelligence-led

Question: What problems did Sheptycki say 'organizational pathologies' have caused for police?
Answer: make the functioning of security-intelligence processes in transnational policing deeply problematic

Question: What paradox did Sheptycki point out?
Answer: the harder policing agencies work to produce security, the greater are feelings of insecurity

Question: Where has transnational policing become more important?
Answer: in United Nations peacekeeping

Question: Who wrote about police development-aid in 2007?
Answer: Goldsmith and Sheptycki

Question: What kind of countries get assistance with policing?
Answer: weak, failed or failing states

Question: What concern did Hills raise about power imbalances?
Answer: With transnational police development-aid the imbalances of power between donors and recipients are stark

Question: What concern did Hills raise about police models?
Answer: there are questions about the applicability and transportability of policing models between jurisdictions

Question: Who wrote the Global Accountability Report for 2007?
Answer: Lloyd, et al.

Question: Why is transnational policing so unaccountable?
Answer: this is a secretive area and one not open to civil society involvement

Question: How accountable is Interpol?
Answer: 22%

Question: What is the least-accountable IGO?
Answer: Interpol

Question: What should non-lethal weapons properly be called?
Answer: "less than lethal" or "less-lethal"

Question: What are common less-lethal weapons?
Answer: batons, tear gas, riot control agents, rubber bullets, riot shields, water cannons and electroshock weapons

Question: What is supposed to be the last resort for police?
Answer: The use of firearms or deadly force

Question: What is South Africa's "shoot-to-kill" policy?
Answer: allows police to use deadly force against any person who poses a significant threat to them or civilians

Question: Where can police shoot fleeing convicts?
Answer: Brazil

Question: How do modern police often communicate?
Answer: radio

Question: Where do police have radios?
Answer: carried both on the person and installed in vehicles

Question: Why do police use radios?
Answer: to co-ordinate their work, share information, and get help quickly

Question: What have computers in police cars enabled for investigation?
Answer: criminal background checks on persons of interest to be completed in a matter of seconds

Question: What have computers in police cars enabled for reporting?
Answer: updating officers' daily activity log and other, required reports on a real-time basis

Question: When do police often use unmarked cars?
Answer: primarily for sting operations or apprehending criminals without alerting them to their presence

Question: What use of unmarked cars is controversial?
Answer: for traffic law enforcement