Question: What was one of the conquests of the Dutch Navy?
Answer: breaking the Portuguese sphere of influence on the Indian Ocean and in the Orient

Question: The Dutch Republic consisted of how many provinces?
Answer: seven

Question: Who were the Generality Lands governed by?
Answer: the States General (Staten-Generaal in Dutch), the federal government

Question: The States General was made up of what?
Answer: representatives of each of the seven provinces

Question: What was the 8th province of the Dutch Republic?
Answer: the County of Drenthe

Question: Why was the County of Drenthe denied representation by the States General?
Answer: this area was so poor it was exempt from paying federal taxes

Question: The main executive official of the Provincial States was called what?
Answer: raadspensionaris

Question: Who had more power during times of war than the raadspensionaris?
Answer: the stadtholder

Question: Who commanded the army?
Answer: the stadtholder

Question: Who appointed the stadtholders?
Answer: the states of each province

Question: Who were always chosen as stadtholders of most of the provinces?
Answer: the princes of Orange of the House of Orange-Nassau, beginning with William the Silent

Question: Which states had the same stadtholder as Holland?
Answer: Zeeland and usually Utrecht

Question: What group of people supported the stadtholders, particularly the princes of Orange?
Answer: Orangists

Question: Who wanted to replace the stadtholders with a republican structure?
Answer: Republicans

Question: Several border territories were designated to the United Provinces after what?
Answer: the Peace of Westphalia

Question: The border territories assigned to the United Provinces were known as what?
Answer: federally-governed Generality Lands (Generaliteitslanden)

Question: What were the names of the border territories assigned to the United Provinces?
Answer: Staats-Brabant (present North Brabant), Staats-Vlaanderen (present Zeeuws-Vlaanderen), Staats-Limburg (around Maastricht) and Staats-Oppergelre (around Venlo, after 1715)

Question: Who was in control of the Dutch East India Company (VOC) and the Dutch West India Company (WIC)?
Answer: The States General of the United Provinces

Question: Some shipping expeditions were mostly initiated by which provinces?
Answer: Holland and/or Zeeland

Question: Who was influenced by the Constitution of the Republic of the United Provinces?
Answer: The framers of the US Constitution

Question: Who described the Dutch confederacy as exhibiting "Imbecility in the government; discord among the provinces; foreign influence and indignities; a precarious existence in peace, and peculiar calamities from war."
Answer: James Madison

Question: The American Declaration of Independence is similar to what?
Answer: the Act of Abjuration, essentially the declaration of independence of the United Provinces

Question: What granted Holland and Zeeland the right to accept only one religion?
Answer: the Union of Utrecht of 20 January 1579

Question: What did the Union state that every person should be free to choose?
Answer: personal religion

Question: Who was a strong supporter of freedom of religion and wanted to unite Protestants and Catholics in the new union?
Answer: William of Orange

Question: What was forbidden in all provinces?
Answer: Catholic services

Question: What did any person who wanted to hold public office need to conform to during the Republic?
Answer: the Reformed Church

Question: The degree to which different religions were persecuted depended on what?
Answer: the time period and regional or city leaders

Question: What was the punishment for people who opened their homes to Catholic services during 17th-century Leiden?
Answer: fined 200 guilders (a year's wage for a skilled tradesman) and banned from the city

Question: What was one reason for the large amounts of immigration of religious refugees from other parts of Europe?
Answer: personal freedom of religion

Question: What was the main subject of controversy that arose within the Reformed Church during the beginning of the Republic?
Answer: predestination

Question: The controversy surrounding the subject of predestination is known as what?
Answer: the struggle between Arminianism and Gomarism, or between Remonstrants and Contra-Remonstrants

Question: What led to the banning of the Remonstrant faith in 1618?
Answer: the Synod of Dort

Question: When did the active persecution of religious services become more of a restricted tolerance?
Answer: in the 18th century

Question: Religious services for other religions were tolerated as long as they adhered to what rule?
Answer: as long as their services took place secretly in private churches

Question: What language does the word "symbiosis" come from?
Answer: Greek

Question: What type of organism did Frank apply the term "symbiosis" to?
Answer: lichens

Question: What nationality was Heinrich Anton de Bary?
Answer: German

Question: How long did it take for scientists to stop using the narrow definition of symbiosis?
Answer: 130 years

Question: What is the type of symbiotic relationship where two organisms can't survive without each other?
Answer: obligate

Question: What is the type of symbiotic relationship where the symbionts can live together but can also survive alone?
Answer: facultative

Question: What is an example of an obligate relationship?
Answer: lichens

Question: What is an example of ectosymbiosis?
Answer: mistletoe

Question: What is it called when the organisms are not physically joined?
Answer: disjunctive symbiosis

Question: What is it called when one symbiont lives within its partner?
Answer: endosymbiosis

Question: What do bacterial endosymbionts give necessary nutrition to?
Answer: insects

Question: What is the name of a bacteria inside of tree roots?
Answer: Frankia

Question: What endosymbionts live in coral? 
Answer: algae

Question: What organisms are described as living on the surface of whales?
Answer: barnacles

Question: Name a parasitic ectosymbiont.
Answer: lice

Question: What is another name for ectosymbiosis?
Answer: exosymbiosis

Question: What is another term for mutualism?
Answer: interspecies reciprocal altruism

Question: Of what duration are symbiotic relationships?
Answer: lifelong

Question: What type of relationship do herbivores have with the bacteria in their intestines?
Answer: mutualistic

Question: What do coral and algae produce together?
Answer: Coral reefs

Question: How do plants contribute to terrestrial ecosystems?
Answer: fix carbon from the air

Question: What type of fungus draws liquid and minerals out of the earth?
Answer: mycorrhyzal

Question: What lives with Ritteri sea anemones?
Answer: ocellaris clownfish

Question: What prevents the clownfish from being stung?
Answer: A special mucus

Question: What type of relationship do the clownfish and anemone have?
Answer: mutual symbiosis

Question: What species does this shrimp have a relationship with?
Answer: the goby fish

Question: What part of the fish is used to signal danger?
Answer: its tail

Question: What type of symbiosis seen between bryozoans and hermit crabs?
Answer: non-obligate

Question: When were the worms found?
Answer: the late 1980s

Question: What does the bacteria give the worm?
Answer: nutrition

Question: What land is near the worms' first known location?
Answer: the Galapagos Islands

Question: What is given to the host cell?
Answer: nutrients

Question: What does the host make that affect its genes?
Answer: specialized cells

Question: In what manner are the described genetic alternations given to future generations?
Answer: vertical transmission

Question: What is the main alteration in an endosymbiont when it adapts to a host?
Answer: drastic reduction in its genome size

Question: What is the term that describes the way the endosymbiont can't go back to its original phenotype?
Answer: Muller's ratchet phenomenon