Question: What is common prevention method of infections in medicine?
Answer: sterilizing

Question: What quality of bacteria is being widely used re-cyling?
Answer: ability of bacteria to degrade a variety of organic compounds

Question: What is being used in cleaning up oil spills?
Answer: Bacteria

Question: What other way is bacteria aiding to nature?
Answer: used for the bioremediation

Question: What sciences use bacteria?
Answer: molecular biology, genetics and biochemistry

Question: When was the first time bacteria were observed?
Answer: 1676

Question: Who discovered bacteria?
Answer: Dutch microscopist Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

Question: How was he able to see bacteria?
Answer: using a single-lens microscope of his own design

Question: How long did it take for his discovery to be taken seriously?
Answer: over a century

Question: When was the first antibiotic discovered?
Answer: In 1910

Question: Who was the creator of antibiotic?
Answer: Paul Ehrlich

Question: What bacteria did he treat first?
Answer: Treponema pallidum

Question: Who based their research on Enrlich's stains works?
Answer: Gram stain and the Ziehl–Neelsen

Question: How was his discovery aknowledged?
Answer: had been awarded a 1908 Nobel Prize

Question: What's the abbreviation for a printed wiring board?
Answer: PWB

Question: What organization likes the term "circuit card assembly" for boards that have already been assembled?
Answer: IPC

Question: What would we call a printed circuit board with embedded electronics, abbreviated PCA?
Answer: printed circuit assembly

Question: What's the more appropriate, but mostly unused, name for a printed circuit board when it doesn't have embedded components?
Answer: printed wiring board

Question: What abbreviation would the IPC use for an assembled circuit board?
Answer: CCA

Question: In the old PCB design method, what was used to connect component pin pads?
Answer: traces

Question: What did PCB designers used to employ on a mylar sheet?
Answer: photomask

Question: What were traces originally made out of?
Answer: self-adhesive tape

Question: Designers would rub on a dry transfer of what to make the process of laying out components simpler?
Answer: common component footprints

Question: What kind of metal coated the blank boards used to make PCBs?
Answer: copper

Question: What process groups PCBs before transfer to a panel?
Answer: Panelization

Question: Is it more common for panels to have a single design or many designs?
Answer: a single design

Question: What type of panels can also be referred to as an "array?'
Answer: assembly panels

Question: What step of the bare board manufacture would be impossible if panels weren't always used?
Answer: the plating process

Question: Besides assembly panels, what's the other type of panel?
Answer: bare board manufacturing panels

Question: What is the process called whereby the individual PCBs are separated?
Answer: depaneling

Question: What boundaries would you follow to separate PCBs on a panel?
Answer: individual circuits

Question: What technology has made depaneling possible without needing to physically interact with the board?
Answer: lasers

Question: What does the V-shaped groove method save?
Answer: space

Question: What delicate component is less likely to be damaged if laser depanelization is used?
Answer: circuits

Question: Do additive or subtractive methods use less raw materials?
Answer: additive

Question: What object is used to expose selected parts of the photosensitive film to light?
Answer: mask

Question: What chemical element is often present in the bath used to sensitive exposed film after it's been imaged?
Answer: palladium

Question: In subtractive methods, what metal covers the board and is then partially removed?
Answer: copper

Question: In the additive method, which parts of the laminate are plated with copper?
Answer: sensitized areas

Question: In the semi-additive process, what do the areas exposed by the mask become at the end?
Answer: traces

Question: What metal is used to plate the unmasked parts of the board in the semi-additive method?
Answer: copper

Question: After the mask comes off of the board, what step takes off the original plating?
Answer: etching

Question: What company used to make radios with additive boards in the mid-20th century?
Answer: General Electric

Question: What weight of plating is possible with copper?
Answer: any

Question: What non-professionals might use immersion etching, since it's the easiest way to make a PCB?
Answer: hobbyists

Question: If you wanted to speed up the etching process, you could agitate the bath up or add what to it?
Answer: Heat

Question: Is the immersion etching process long or short compared to other production methods?
Answer: long

Question: What funny name is used for the etching process where air is blown through the etching solution to get it moving around?
Answer: bubble etching

Question: What's the fastest and most easily controlled process for etching?
Answer: spray etching

Question: If you started with a two-sided laminate etched on either side, laminated to the top and bottom, and processed it again to get traces on the outside layers, how many layers would your final PCB have?
Answer: four

Question: What makes up the inside of a multi-layer PCB?
Answer: trace layers

Question: Pressure is one thing you need to apply to make a multi-layer PCB; what's the other thing?
Answer: heat

Question: What tool is used to push the trace layers in a multi-layer PCB together?
Answer: press

Question: What kind of material sometimes used for drilling will lose sharpness quickly if used for PCBs?
Answer: high-speed-steel

Question: What property do PCBs have that makes them tough to drill through?
Answer: abrasive

Question: What kind of drill bit do you need to drill holes in a PCB?
Answer: coated tungsten carbide

Question: What's another name for NCD files that has an "x" in it?
Answer: Excellon files

Question: What does the "NCD" in "NCD files" mean?
Answer: numerically controlled drill

Question: What do the hole walls in two-layer PCBs have to be before they can be electroplated?
Answer: conductive

Question: What's the minimum number of layers a PCB can have to be considered "multi-layer"?
Answer: three

Question: What process does a multi-layer PCB usually undergo before plating to make sure the layers have good connectivity with each other?
Answer: de-smear

Question: What type of boards undergo the etch-back process?
Answer: high reliability

Question: Etch-back removes glass fibers and what other material?
Answer: resin

Question: What happens to untreated copper that makes it difficult to solder?
Answer: oxidizes

Question: What chemical treatment will prevent bare copper from oxidizing?
Answer: benzimidazolethiol

Question: What's the process by which bare copper gets covered in solder?
Answer: hot air solder levelling

Question: What does hot air solder leveling ensure the coated copper will have?
Answer: solderable surface

Question: What alloy can no longer be used in HASL because of restrictions on the use of one of its metal components?
Answer: tin-lead

Question: What does OSP stand for?
Answer: organic surface protectant

Question: What metal is often under the gold plating on edge connectors?
Answer: nickel

Question: What's the abbreviation for immersion silver plating?
Answer: IAg

Question: Ag3Cu is one intermetallic that tin forms; what's the other one?
Answer: Cu5Sn6

Question: What might the rapid diffusion of coating metal into tin solder leave in the surface coating?
Answer: voids

Question: What's the process whereby metal filaments are grown on or in a PCB via DC voltage?
Answer: Electrochemical migration

Question: Along with silver and aluminum, what metal grows metal filaments when exposed to an electric field?
Answer: zinc

Question: In addition to "whiskers," what does silver sprout around ions like halide?
Answer: conducting surface paths