Question: What does the of toxin Clostridium tetani releases do?
Answer: paralyzes muscles

Question: What releases toxins which product shock and sepsis?
Answer: staphylococcus

Question: What percentage of people infected with polio develop disease?
Answer: less than 5%

Question: Why do persistent infections occur?
Answer: body is unable to clear the organism after the initial infection

Question: What are persistent infections characterized by the continual presence of?
Answer: the infectious organism

Question: How can some viruses main a persistent infection?
Answer: by infecting different cells of the body

Question: What never leave the body when acquired?
Answer: Some viruses

Question: Where does the herpes virus hide?
Answer: in nerves

Question: What does diagnosis of an infectious sometimes involve identifying? 
Answer: an infectious agent either directly or indirectly

Question: Many minor infectious diseases are diagnosed by what type of presentation?
Answer: clinical

Question: How are minor infectious diseases treated?
Answer: without knowledge of the specific causative agent

Question: What can be identified given sufficient effort?
Answer: all known infectious agents

Question: Why is it often not worth bothering to identify an infectious agent?
Answer: greatly outweighed by the cost

Question: How is diagnosis of infectious disease almost always initiated?
Answer: by medical history and physical examination

Question: What does taking a culture of an infectious agent isolated from a patient allow?
Answer: detailed identification

Question: What features of an infectious organism does a culture allow examining?
Answer: microscopic features

Question: What can organisms be directly identified by?
Answer: its genotype

Question: What technique can be used to produce images of internal abnormalities?
Answer: X-rays, CAT scans, PET scans or NMR

Question: What type of culture is a principal tool used to diagnose infectious disease?
Answer: Microbiological

Question: What type of medium is provided for a specific agent in a microbial culture?
Answer: growth

Question: What are most pathogenic bacteria easily grown on?
Answer: nutrient agar

Question: What is it called when a visible mound forms on the surface of a plate?
Answer: a colony

Question: What is a region of dead cells resulting from viral growth called?
Answer: a "plaque"

Question: What are live animals required by?
Answer: some microbes

Question: What can Mycobacterium leprae and Treponema pallidum be grown in?
Answer: animals

Question: What type of eggs may some viruses be grown in?
Answer: embryonated

Question: What is Xenodiagnosis?
Answer: use of a vector to support the growth of an infectious agent

Question: What is it difficult to demonstrate the presence of in Chagas disease?
Answer: the causative agent

Question: What is microscopy used for?
Answer: diagnosis of infectious disease

Question: What do virtually all culture techniques rely on at some point?
Answer: microscopic examination

Question: What can samples obtained from patients viewed directly under?
Answer: light microscope

Question: When is microscopy exquisitely specific?
Answer: when used in combination with antibody based techniques.

Question: What can antibodies with artificial fluorescence be directed to do? 
Answer: bind to and identify a specific antigens present on a pathogen

Question: What do almost all cells readily stain with?
Answer: a number of basic dyes

Question: Why do cells easily stain with dyes?
Answer: electrostatic attraction

Question: What electronic charge do cellular molecules have?
Answer: negatively charged

Question: What is Geimsa stain?
Answer: a dye

Question: How many methods comprise standard approaches used to classify bacteria and diagnose disease?
Answer: Two

Question: What needs to be isolated from infected tissue to provide a biochemical diagnosis of an infectious disease?
Answer: enzymes

Question: What enzyme's presence is characteristic of specific types of viral infections?
Answer: RNA replicases

Question: What does the protein hemagglutinin bind together?
Answer: red blood cells

Question: Why are the presence of certain enymzes a tell tale sign of a virus?
Answer: humans can make neither RNA replicases nor reverse transcriptase

Question: What methods are highly sensitive, specifc and rapid tests used to identify microorganisms?
Answer: Serological

Question: What are serological tests based upon the ability of an antibody to do?
Answer: bind specifically to an antigen

Question: What is the antigen bound to by the antibody usually?
Answer: a protein or carbohydrate made by an infectious agent

Question: What does the binding set off that will result in something visibly obvious in various ways?
Answer: a chain of events

Question: What is the causative agent of "strep throat"?
Answer: S. pyogenes

Question: What are immunoassays?
Answer: Complex serological techniques

Question: What type of signal do immunoassays produce?
Answer: electro - magnetic or particle radiation

Question: What allows quantitation of the target antigen?
Answer: unknowns can be compared to that of standards

Question: Immunoassays are able to detect what type of proteins?
Answer: generated by an infected organism in response to a foreign agent

Question: What does the acronym PCR expand to?
Answer: polymerase chain reaction

Question: What will be the ubiquitous gold standards of diagnostics in the near future?
Answer: PCR

Question: What has the catalog of infectious agents grown to the point of?
Answer: virtually all of the significant infectious agents of the human population have been identified

Question: What must an infectious agent do to cause disease?
Answer: grow within the human body

Question: What are primers derived from the genomes of?
Answer: infectious agents

Question: What technological ability with regards to detection is currently available? 
Answer: ability to detect any infectious agent

Question: What are the remaining blockades to the use or PCR as a standard tool of diagnosis?
Answer: cost and application

Question: What are some diseases which won't benefit from PCR methods?
Answer: clostridial diseases

Question: PCR can't detect the presence of any bacteria when what doesn't occur?
Answer: significant proliferation of the infectious agent

Question: What is used in the treatment of AIDS?
Answer: AZT

Question: How was the course of AIDS followed?
Answer: monitoring the composition of patient blood samples

Question: What could be done by understanding how the disease was transmitted?
Answer: resources could be targeted to the communities at greatest risk

Question: What did the genotypic identification of HIV later enable?
Answer: geographical origins of the virus

Question: What is now commonly used to identify HIV in healthy people before the onset of the illnes?
Answer: Molecular diagnostics

Question: What can wearing gowns and face masks help prevent?
Answer: infections from being passed from one person to another

Question: What is the most important defense against the spread of unwanted organisms?
Answer: Frequent hand washing

Question: Avoiding drugs and using condoms are other forms of what?
Answer: prevention

Question: Why is it important to cook foods well?
Answer: prevention

Question: What should one do with foods that have been left outside for a long time?
Answer: avoiding

Question: Recognizing the different characteristics of various diseases is one way to do what?
Answer: prevent or slow down the transmission of infectious diseases

Question: What are some critical disease characteristics that should be evaluated?
Answer: virulence, distance traveled by victims, and level of contagiousness

Question: What virus' strains incapacitate their victims extremely quickly before killing them?
Answer: Ebola

Question: Why is the initial stage of Ebola not very contagious?
Answer: victims experience only internal hemorrhaging