Question: What is Islamic religion traditionally considered as far as theology is concerned?
Answer: monotheism

Question: Where was the first madrasa located?
Answer: the estate of Hazrat Zaid bin Arkam

Question: Who was the teacher at the first madrasa?
Answer: Hazrat Muhammad

Question: Who was named as a teacher at the second madrasa, housed in a mosque?
Answer: Hazrat 'Ubada bin Samit

Question: What handwriting art form was taught in the early madaris?
Answer: calligraphy

Question: What type of physical fitness activities were taught in the early madaris?
Answer: athletics and martial arts

Question: Which class of people founded the madaris during the medieval period?
Answer: ruling elite

Question: How were the madaris funded during the medieval period?
Answer: through a religious endowment

Question: What class of people inherited status during the Mamluk Period?
Answer: former slaves

Question: What allowed the ruling elite to maintain power during the Mamluk period?
Answer: Guaranteed positions within the new madaris

Question: In what city was the Mosque-Madrasah of Sultan Hasan?
Answer: Cairo

Question: Who traditionally paid for scholars to study natural sciences?
Answer: royal courts

Question: What group of people had the highest literacy rates during the Middle Ages?
Answer: Caliphate

Question: What schools had the biggest impact on the rising literacy rates in the Caliphate?
Answer: maktab and madrasa institutions

Question: How long did it take for madaris to spread to smaller cities and towns?
Answer: several centuries

Question: When were the first recorded Islamic elementary schools?
Answer: 10th century

Question: What term refers to Islamic elementary schools?
Answer: maktab

Question: Who wrote a training guide for Islamic maktab teachers?
Answer: Ibn Sīnā

Question: What did Ibn Sina prefer over private tutors?
Answer: classes

Question: How many component of education did Ibn Sina describe in their teachings?
Answer: two

Question: What type of skills did Ibn Sina state children should learn in secondary education?
Answer: manual skills

Question: According to Ibn Sina, at what age should children choose a direction for their education?
Answer: 14

Question: According to Ibn Sina, what is needed to support transition at the secondary stage of education?
Answer: flexibility

Question: What should secondary training provide a student in the secondary stage of school? 
Answer: future career

Question: What discipline was studied in traditional madrasah?
Answer: religious sciences

Question: What was traditionally left out of the madrasah curriculum?
Answer: philosophy and the secular sciences

Question: Who decided the content that would be delivered in a particular madrasah?
Answer: its founder

Question: What is the most widely known madrasah?
Answer: al-Azhar University

Question: How many madaris have been founded in Cairo?
Answer: 75

Question: What term refers to Islamic law?
Answer: fiqh

Question: When did Islamic law school begin?
Answer: 9th century

Question: How long did a student have to study law, in early Islamic law graduate schools, in order to graduate?
Answer: ten or more years

Question: What traditional schooling has been considered modeled after the traditional Islamic graduate schools?
Answer: European doctorate

Question: What did earning the ijazat al-tadris award students?
Answer: licence to teach

Question: Who awarded a teaching license in Islamic schools?
Answer: individual scholar-teacher

Question: Who awarded a teaching license in European schools?
Answer: chief official of the university

Question: What type of license is closely related to the ijazat al-tadris?
Answer: licentia docendi

Question: What determination of the study of law was held to much debate?
Answer: whether certain opinions of law were orthodox

Question: What type of matters are covered through Islamic law?
Answer: civil as well as religious

Question: What is the Islamic term for issuing a legal opinion?
Answer: fatwa

Question: What is ijtihad?
Answer: process of scholarly research

Question: When did some madaris become considered like traditional colleges?
Answer: 10th century

Question: What class of people founded both European universities and Islamic madaris
Answer: princely patrons

Question: What was considered to be the underlying purpose of madaris?
Answer: further the rulers' agenda

Question: Who argued that European universities and Islamic madaris have very little in common?
Answer: George Makdisi

Question: When was al-Qarawiyin University founded?
Answer: 859

Question: Who founded al-Qarawiyin University?
Answer: Fatima al-Fihri

Question: What types of degrees were earned at al-Qarawiyin University?
Answer: all levels

Question: What religious buildings were housed inside al-Qarawiyin University?
Answer: mosques

Question: What types of teachers were at al-Qarawiyin University?
Answer: individual faculties for different subjects

Question: When was Al-Azhar University founded?
Answer: 975

Question: Where is Al-Azhar University located?
Answer: Cairo, Egypt

Question: What was required to earn a law degree at Al-Azhar University?
Answer: an oral examination

Question: Who was an astronomy professor at Al-Azhar University?
Answer: Maimonides

Question: What is Nizamiyah of Baghdad most known for?
Answer: largest university of the Medieval world

Question: What field does the ijazah signify expertise in?
Answer: Islamic religious law of sharīʻah

Question: What was the purpose of studying natural sciences in madaris?
Answer: supply religious needs

Question: Who decided if a student earned a law degree in undergraduate madaris?
Answer: the teacher

Question: What scientific discipline is still taught in modern madaris?
Answer: Ptolemaic astronomy

Question: What is considered the most famous madrasa?
Answer: al-Azhar

Question: Who argues that madaris are not the same as traditional European universities?
Answer: Medievalist specialists

Question: What are two examples of waqfs?
Answer: madrasa and jāmiʻah

Question: What do scholars that specialize in the medieval period describe madaris as?
Answer: Islamic college

Question: What do scholars believe is missing from madaris that prevent them from being considered universities?
Answer: corporate element

Question: When did more madaris begin to form more rapidly?
Answer: 11th and 12th centuries

Question: Where are madaris considered less desirable?
Answer: Western Islamic lands

Question: When did the al-Qarawiyin officially become a university?
Answer: 1947

Question: When the madaris are considered as a charity, who controls the school?
Answer: the donor

Question: What disciplines were introduced at al-Azhar in 1961?
Answer: economics, engineering, medicine, and agriculture

Question: What institutions have been considered to take some its ideas from madaris?
Answer: European university

Question: How many corollaries dd Makdisi make between Islamic language and European educational practices?
Answer: eighteen

Question: What Eurpoean university practices are considered to be adapted from madaris?
Answer: degree and doctorate

Question: What freedom specifically did Makdisi believe European schools learned from Islamic traditions?
Answer: academic

Question: What clothing practice did Makdisi believe European schools learned from madaris?
Answer: wearing academic robes

Question: What other religion was considered to share parallels in teaching styles with the Muslim faith?
Answer: Christian

Question: What was Makdisi accused of doing when evaluating the parallels between European and Islamic schools?
Answer: overstating his case

Question: What is the European version of fiqh?
Answer: civil law

Question: What do scholars believe is the reason for similarities between Islamic and European schools?
Answer: parallel occurrence

Question: What percentage of Islamic women were educated before the 1200s?
Answer: less than one percent