Question: Some larger breeds could take how long to become sexually mature?
Answer: two years

Question: What does a female dog experience at sexual maturity?
Answer: first estrous cycle

Question: How long do female dogs carry before delivering puppies?
Answer: 58 to 68 days

Question: What is the average length of dog pregnancy?
Answer: 63 days

Question: What is the average number of pups in a litter?
Answer: about six

Question: For small dogs, what is the average number of pups in a litter?
Answer: one to four

Question: What is the average for a dog to bear her litter?
Answer: 63 days

Question: What is the average number of pups per litter?
Answer: six

Question: Smaller dogs tend to have how many pups per litter?
Answer: one to four

Question: What is it called when an animal is altered to prevent procreation?
Answer: Neutering

Question: According to the text, what agency recommends altering dogs to prevent pregnancies?
Answer: the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA)

Question: What is typically surgically removed on male dogs to prevent procreation?
Answer: testicles

Question: What is usually removed in female dogs to prevent pregnancy?
Answer: ovaries and uterus

Question: In neutering, what is removed in a male dog?
Answer: testicles

Question: In neutering, what is removed in female dogs?
Answer: ovaries and uterus

Question: What does the ASPCA recommend for dogs who are not used for breeding purposes?
Answer: neutered

Question: Hypersexual behavior in male dogs is diminished by what?
Answer: Neutering

Question: According to the text, what is a possible side effect of neutering a female dog?
Answer: urinary incontinence

Question: Female dogs are less likely to develop cancer if what happens?
Answer: Spayed

Question: What is increased in female dogs with neutering?
Answer: urinary incontinence

Question: What is increased in male dogs with neutering?
Answer: prostate cancer

Question: What is the name of the dog that could ID over 200 things?
Answer: Rico

Question: What is the name of the Border collie that knew over 1000 words?
Answer: Chaser

Question: In addition to interpreting body language and verbal commands dogs can also interpret what two other things?
Answer: gesturing and pointing

Question: What wild canine did better at a problem-solving experiment?
Answer: Australian dingos

Question: What is one thing, according to the text, that domesticated dogs use humans for?
Answer: to solve their problems for them.

Question: Perceiving information and retaining it is what?
Answer: intelligence

Question: How many labels does Rico the dog know?
Answer: over 200

Question: What kind of memory skills do dogs have?
Answer: advanced

Question: How many words did Chaser know?
Answer: over 1,000

Question: Dogs are estimated to be domesticated as far back as what date range of years on the calendar?
Answer: 9,000–30,000 years BCE

Question: Dog minds have been shaped by thousands of years of contact with what species?
Answer: humans.

Question: What do some dog skills parallel in human beings?
Answer: social-cognitive skills of human children

Question: Dogs are  very well attuned to what other species' behaviors?
Answer: humans.

Question: Dogs can understand and communicate with what other species?
Answer: humans.

Question: What is a dog's responses to stimuli known as?
Answer: Dog behavior

Question: More than any other species, dogs are able to do what with people?
Answer: understand and communicate

Question: Dogs have some social skills that parallel what?
Answer: human children

Question: What is gustatory communication include in dogs?
Answer: scents, pheromones and taste

Question: People communicate with dogs by voice commands, body language or posture and what else?
Answer: hand signals

Question: Eye gaze, vocalization and body posture are examples of what?
Answer: Dog communication

Question: In addition to vocalization and body posture, how do people communicate with dogs?
Answer: hand signals

Question: Which typically has thicker skin, dogs or wolves?
Answer: dogs.

Question: Dogs having ears that are not erect may be due to what?
Answer: atrophy of the jaw muscles.

Question: What kind of features differentiate gray wolves from dogs?
Answer: diagnostic features

Question: How often do female wolves enter estrus?
Answer: once a year.

Question: Instead of genetic traits for production, dogs are bred for what?
Answer: behaviors.

Question: How many "fixed" genes demonstrate the differences between the wolf and dog?
Answer: 11

Question: The gene differences indicate what two things done by selection in dogs during breeding for domestication?
Answer: morphology and behavior

Question: What is the common trait selected for dogs in overall breeding?
Answer: tameness

Question: What do most dogs show less of than wolves?
Answer: fear and aggression

Question: Most domestic animals were selected for what traits?
Answer: production-related traits

Question: Why were dogs initially selected?
Answer: for their behaviors.

Question: For wolves and dogs, how many fixed genes show a variation?
Answer: 11

Question: Dogs show less fear and what as opposed to wolves?
Answer: aggression

Question: What is the larger count for numbers of dogs considered to populate the planet?
Answer: 525 million

Question: How many dogs are estimated to be in the world?
Answer: 525 million

Question: What are dog population estimates based on other than land uses?
Answer: human population densities

Question: Like wolves, big domesticated dogs are considered what type of predator?
Answer: apex

Question: Wolves may act in what behavioral manner when attacking dogs?
Answer: fearless

Question: What animal is reported to be killed more often than sheep by wolves in Croatia?
Answer: dogs

Question: Like wolves, what kind of predators are large dogs?
Answer: apex

Question: Dogs die as a result of Croatian wolf encounters more than what kind of animal?
Answer: sheep

Question: What limits the feral dog population in Russia?
Answer: Wolves

Question: What large cat has a particular taste for dogs no matter how big the dog is?
Answer: leopards.

Question: What is a typical predator of dogs in places such as Turkmenistan?
Answer: Striped hyenas

Question: What two reptiles kill dogs and consume them?
Answer: alligators and pythons

Question: What big cat has a tendency to attack dogs?
Answer: Leopards

Question: What big cats in Indonesia also attack dogs?
Answer: Tigers

Question: What type of reptiles eat dogs?
Answer: alligators and pythons

Question: What is a known predator of village dogs in India?
Answer: Striped hyenas

Question: Dogs exhibit carnivore as well as what other type of dietary behavior?
Answer: omnivores

Question: Dogs can digest meat as well as what else?
Answer: vegetables and grains

Question: Cats are known as what type of carnivore?
Answer: obligate

Question: Because of what they eat, dogs are classified as what?
Answer: carnivores or omnivores

Question: Dogs do not require a very high level of what when eating?
Answer: protein

Question: Dogs have genes that allow them to thrive on what when compared to wolves, who cannot?
Answer: starch

Question: The majority of dog breeds have only been around for how long?
Answer: a few hundred years

Question: People selected dogs they wanted based on what two things?
Answer: particular morphologies and behaviors

Question: Hundreds of different dog breeds exist because of what?
Answer: selective breeding

Question: Height measurements in dogs go from six inches for Chihuahuas to 30 inches in what breed?
Answer: Irish Wolfhound

Question: How old are most dog breeds?
Answer: a few hundred years old

Question: How many different breeds are there?
Answer: hundreds

Question: Gray color is often called what when referring to dogs?
Answer: blue

Question: Natural selection and what makes certain dogs behave certain ways?
Answer: selective breeding