Genotoxic and cytotoxic effects and gene expression changes induced by fixed orthodontic appliances in oral mucosa cells of patients: a systematic review.

The accumulation of chronic or severe acute DNA and cellular damage in oral mucosa cells is one of the main factors that help initiate a wide range of malignant lesions in the oral cavity. There has been considerable controversy in the literature about the effect of such sustained genotoxic and cytotoxic damage to oral mucosa cells.