Resting heart rate and the risk of type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and dose--response meta-analysis of cohort studies.

High resting heart rate has been associated with increased risk of type 2 diabetes in several studies, but the available data are not consistent and it is unclear if there is a dose-response relationship between resting heart rate and type 2 diabetes risk. We aimed to clarify this association by conducting a systematic review and meta-analysis of published studies.