Intraperitoneal instillation of saline and local anesthesia for prevention of shoulder pain after laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a systematic review.

The laparoscopic technique has many advantages compared with open surgery for symptomatic cholecystolithiasis. Despite these advantages, many patients complain about shoulder pain (SP) after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. The purpose of this review was to evaluate intraperitoneal instillation (IPI) of saline and local anesthesia (LA) to minimize SP.