To provide reasonable limits, control, and oversight over the Environmental Protection Agency's use of aerial surveillance of America's farmers.

Summary: Farmer's Privacy Act of 2012 - Prohibits the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), in exercising any authority under the Federal Water Pollution Control Act (commonly known as the Clean Water Act), from conducting aerial surveillance of agricultural land unless the Administrator has: (1) obtained the voluntary written consent of the owner or operator of the land to be surveilled, and (2) obtained from the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia a certification of reasonable suspicion that a violation of the Act exists in the area to be surveilled.

Requires the Administrator to ensure that such consent: (1) specifies a period of up to one year during which the consent is effective, (2) contains a specific description of the geographical area to be surveilled, (3) contains limitations on the days and times during which the surveillance may be conducted if requested by such owner or operator, and (4) is granted voluntarily. Prohibits the Administrator from threatening additional, more detailed, or more thorough inspections or coercing or enticing such owner's or operator's consent.

Prohibits the Administrator, except where a land operator or owner has petitioned for copies of information collected through aerial surveillance permitted under this Act or where the information is pertinent to an active EPA investigation or prosecution, from disclosing information collected through such surveillance. Excepts information collected through such surveillance from the Freedom of Information Act.

Requires the destruction of information collected through aerial surveillance conducted under this Act not later than 30 days after collection, unless it is pertinent to an active EPA investigation or prosecution.

SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE.

    This Act may be referred to as the ``Farmer's Privacy Act of 
2012''.

SEC. 2. LIMITATION ON USE OF AERIAL SURVEILLANCE.

    (a) Aerial Surveillance Restricted.--Subject to subsection (b), in 
exercising any authority under the Federal Water Pollution Control Act 
(33 U.S.C. 1251 et seq.), the Administrator may not conduct aerial 
surveillance of agricultural land.
    (b) Exceptions.--The Administrator may conduct aerial surveillance 
of agricultural land under the Federal Water Pollution Control Act if 
the Administrator--
            (1) has obtained the voluntary written consent of the owner 
        or operator of the land to be surveilled in accordance with 
        section 3; or
            (2) has obtained a certification of reasonable suspicion in 
        accordance with section 4.

SEC. 3. VOLUNTARY WRITTEN CONSENT.

    (a) Consent Required.--In order to conduct aerial surveillance 
under section 2(b)(1), the Administrator shall obtain from the owner or 
operator of the land to be surveilled written consent to such 
surveillance.
    (b) Contents.--The Administrator shall ensure that any written 
consent required under subsection (a)--
            (1) specifies the period during which the consent is 
        effective, which may not exceed one year;
            (2) contains a specific description of the geographical 
        area to be surveilled; and
            (3) if requested by the owner or operator of the land to be 
        surveilled, contains limitations on the days and times during 
        which the surveillance may be conducted.
    (c) Assurance of Voluntary Consent.--The Administrator shall ensure 
that any written consent required under subsection (a) is granted 
voluntarily by the owner or operator of the land to be surveilled, and 
the Administrator may not threaten additional, more detailed, or more 
thorough inspections, or otherwise coerce or entice such owner or 
operator, in order to obtain such consent.

SEC. 4. CERTIFICATION OF REASONABLE SUSPICION.

    (a) In General.--In order to conduct aerial surveillance under 
section 2(b)(2), the Administrator shall obtain a certification of 
reasonable suspicion from the United States District Court for the 
District of Columbia in accordance with this section.
    (b) Certification Requirements.--The court may issue to the 
Administrator a certification of reasonable suspicion if--
            (1) the Administrator submits to the court an affidavit 
        setting forth specific and articulable facts that would 
        indicate to a reasonable person that a violation of the Federal 
        Water Pollution Control Act exists in the area to be 
        surveilled; and
            (2) the court finds that the Administrator has shown 
        reasonable suspicion that an owner or operator of agricultural 
        land in the area to be surveilled has violated the Federal 
        Water Pollution Control Act.

SEC. 5. DISCLOSURE OF INFORMATION.

    (a) In General.--Except as provided in subsection (c), or for the 
purposes of an investigation or prosecution by the Administrator as 
described in section 6, the Administrator may not disclose information 
collected through aerial surveillance conducted under section 2(b).
    (b) Applicability of FOIA.--Section 552 of title 5, United States 
Code, shall not apply to any information collected through aerial 
surveillance conducted under section 2(b) of this Act.
    (c) Right to Petition.--The owner or operator of land surveilled 
under this Act has the right to petition for copies of the information 
collected through such surveillance.

SEC. 6. DESTRUCTION OF INFORMATION.

    The Administrator shall destroy information collected through 
aerial surveillance conducted under section 2(b) not later than 30 days 
after collection, unless the information is pertinent to an active 
investigation or prosecution by the Administrator.

SEC. 7. RULE OF CONSTRUCTION.

    Nothing in this Act shall be interpreted as expanding the power of 
the Administrator to inspect, monitor, or conduct surveillance of 
agricultural lands pursuant to the Federal Water Pollution Control Act 
(33 U.S.C. 1251 et seq.) or any other Federal law.

SEC. 8. DEFINITIONS.

    In this Act:
            (1) Aerial surveillance.--The term ``aerial surveillance'' 
        means any surveillance from the air, including--
                    (A) surveillance conducted from manned or unmanned 
                aircraft; or
                    (B) the use of aerial or satellite images, 
                regardless of whether the images are publicly 
                available.
            (2) Administrator.--The term ``Administrator'' means the 
        Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency, or in the 
        case of an action taken pursuant to a permit program approved 
        under section 402 of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act 
        (33 U.S.C. 1342), the head of the State agency administering 
        the program.
            (3) Agricultural land.--The term ``agricultural land'' 
        means land used primarily for agricultural production, 
        including cropland, grassland, prairie land, improved 
        pastureland, rangeland, cropped woodland, marshes, reclaimed 
        land, fish or other aquatic species habitat, and land used for 
        agro-forestry or the production of livestock.
            (4) Court.--The term ``court'' means the United States 
        District Court for the District of Columbia.