Conscience Protection Act of 2016

Summary: Conscience Protection Act of 2016 This bill amends the Public Health Service Act to codify the prohibition against the federal government and state and local governments that receive federal financial assistance for health-related activities penalizing or discriminating against a health care provider based on the provider's refusal to be involved in, or provide coverage for, abortion. Health care providers include health care professionals, health care facilities, social services providers, health care professional training programs, and health insurers. The Office for Civil Rights of the Department of Health and Human Services, in coordination with the Department of Justice (DOJ), must investigate complaints alleging discrimination based on an individual's religious belief, moral conviction, or refusal to be involved in an abortion. DOJ or any entity adversely affected by such discrimination may obtain equitable or legal relief in a civil action. Administrative remedies do not need to be sought or exhausted prior to commencing an action or granting relief. Such an action may be brought against a governmental entity.

SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE.

    This Act may be cited as the ``Conscience Protection Act of 2016''.

SEC. 2. FINDINGS.

    Congress finds as follows:
            (1) Thomas Jefferson stated a conviction common to our 
        Nation's founders when he declared in 1809 that ``[n]o 
        provision in our Constitution ought to be dearer to man than 
        that which protects the rights of conscience against the 
        enterprises of the civil authority''.
            (2) In 1973, the Supreme Court concluded that the 
        government must leave the abortion decision ``to the medical 
        judgment of the pregnant woman's attending physician'', 
        recognizing that a physician may choose not to participate in 
        abortion. Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113, 164 (1973). The Court 
        cited with approval a policy that ``neither physician, 
        hospital, nor hospital personnel shall be required to perform 
        any act violative of personally-held moral principles'', 410 
        U.S. at 143 n. 38, and cited State laws upholding this 
        principle. Doe v. Bolton, 410 U.S. 179, 197-8 (1973).
            (3) Congress' enactments to protect this right of 
        conscience in health care include the Church amendment of 1973 
        (42 U.S.C. 300a-7), the Coats/Snowe amendment of 1996 (42 
        U.S.C. 238n), and the Hyde/Weldon amendment approved by 
        Congresses and Presidents of both parties every year since 
        2004.
            (4) None of these laws explicitly provides a ``private 
        right of action'' so victims of discrimination can defend their 
        conscience rights in court, and administrative enforcement by 
        the Department of Health and Human Services Office for Civil 
        Rights has been lax, at times allowing cases to languish for 
        years without resolution.
            (5) Defying the Federal Hyde/Weldon amendment, California's 
        Department of Managed Health Care has mandated coverage for all 
        elective abortions in all health plans under its jurisdiction. 
        Other States such as New York and Washington have taken or 
        considered similar action, and some States may go further to 
        require all physicians and hospitals to provide or facilitate 
        abortions.
            (6) Members of Congress have repeatedly questioned U.S. 
        Health and Human Services Secretary Sylvia Burwell about 
        California's ongoing violation which began in August 2014. The 
        Department of Health and Human Services has acknowledged 
        California's violations and indicated that the Department was 
        taking them ``seriously'' and that the matter would be resolved 
        ``expeditiously''. Despite numerous complaints and calls for 
        prompt enforcement of the Hyde/Weldon amendment in California, 
        however, the Department has failed to resolve the matter.
            (7) The vast majority of medical professionals do not 
        perform abortions, with 86 percent of ob/gyns unwilling to 
        provide them in a recent study (Obstetrics & Gynecology, Sept. 
        2011) and the great majority of hospitals choosing to do so in 
        rare cases or not at all. Therefore, a policy requiring all 
        health care providers to be involved in abortion could 
        seriously disrupt the health care system, reducing the number 
        and diversity of providers available to serve the basic health 
        needs of American women and men.
            (8) A health care provider's decision not to participate in 
        an abortion, like Congress' decision not to fund most 
        abortions, erects no new barrier to those seeking to perform or 
        undergo abortions but leaves each party free to act as he or 
        she wishes.
            (9) Such protection poses no conflict with other Federal 
        laws, such as the law requiring emergency stabilizing treatment 
        for a pregnant woman and her unborn child when either is in 
        distress (Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act). As 
        the Obama administration has said, these areas of law have 
        operated side by side for many years and both should be fully 
        enforced (76 Fed. Reg. 9968-77 (2011) at 9973).
            (10) Reaffirming longstanding Federal policy on conscience 
        rights and providing a right of action in cases where it is 
        violated allows longstanding and widely supported Federal laws 
        to work as intended.

SEC. 3. GOVERNMENTAL DISCRIMINATION AGAINST PROVIDERS OF HEALTH 
              SERVICES THAT ARE NOT INVOLVED IN ABORTION.

    Title II of the Public Health Service Act (42 U.S.C. 202 et seq.) 
is amended by inserting after section 245 the following:

``SEC. 245A. GOVERNMENTAL DISCRIMINATION AGAINST PROVIDERS OF HEALTH 
              SERVICES THAT ARE NOT INVOLVED IN ABORTION.

    ``(a) In General.--Notwithstanding any other law, the Federal 
Government, and any State or local government that receives Federal 
financial assistance, may not penalize, retaliate against, or otherwise 
discriminate against a health care provider on the basis that the 
provider does not--
            ``(1) perform, refer for, pay for, or otherwise participate 
        in abortion;
            ``(2) provide or sponsor abortion coverage; or
            ``(3) facilitate or make arrangements for any of the 
        activities specified in this subsection.
    ``(b) Rule of Construction.--Nothing in this section shall be 
construed--
            ``(1) to prevent any health care provider from voluntarily 
        electing to participate in abortions or abortion referrals;
            ``(2) to prevent any health care provider from voluntarily 
        electing to provide or sponsor abortion coverage or health 
        benefits coverage that includes abortion;
            ``(3) to prevent an accrediting agency or a Federal, State 
        or local government from establishing standards of medical 
        competency applicable only to those who have knowingly, 
        voluntarily, and specifically elected to perform abortions, or 
        from enforcing contractual obligations applicable only to those 
        who, as part of such contract, knowingly, voluntarily, and 
        specifically elect to provide abortions;
            ``(4) to affect, or be affected by, section 1867 of the 
        Social Security Act (42 U.S.C. 1395dd, commonly referred to as 
        the `Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act'); or
            ``(5) to supersede any law enacted by any State for the 
        purpose of regulating insurance, except as specified in 
        subsection (a).
    ``(c) Administration.--The Secretary shall designate the Director 
of the Office for Civil Rights of the Department of Health and Human 
Services--
            ``(1) to receive complaints alleging a violation of this 
        section, section 245 of this Act, or any of subsections (b) 
        through (e) of section 401 of the Health Programs Extension Act 
        of 1973; and
            ``(2) to pursue the investigation of such complaints in 
        coordination with the Attorney General.
    ``(d) Definitions.--For purposes of this section:
            ``(1) Federal financial assistance.--The term `Federal 
        financial assistance' means Federal payments to cover the cost 
        of health care services or benefits, or other Federal payments, 
        grants, or loans to promote or otherwise facilitate health-
        related activities.
            ``(2) Health care provider.--The term `health care 
        provider' means--
                    ``(A) an individual physician or other health 
                professional;
                    ``(B) a hospital, health system, or other health 
                care facility or organization (including a party to a 
                proposed merger or other collaborative arrangement 
                relating to health services, and an entity resulting 
                therefrom);
                    ``(C) a provider-sponsored organization, an 
                accountable care organization, or a health maintenance 
                organization;
                    ``(D) a social services provider that provides or 
                authorizes referrals for health care services;
                    ``(E) a program of training in the health 
                professions or an applicant to or participant in such a 
                program;
                    ``(F) an issuer of health insurance coverage; or
                    ``(G) a group health plan or student health plan, 
                or a sponsor or administrator thereof.
            ``(3) State or local government that receives federal 
        financial assistance.--The term `State or local government that 
        receives Federal financial assistance' includes every agency 
        and other governmental unit and subdivision of a State or local 
        government, if such State or local government, or any agency or 
        governmental unit or subdivision thereof, receives Federal 
        financial assistance.

``SEC. 245B. CIVIL ACTION FOR CERTAIN VIOLATIONS.

    ``(a) In General.--A qualified party may, in a civil action, obtain 
appropriate relief with regard to a designated violation.
    ``(b) Definitions.--For purposes of this section:
            ``(1) Qualified party.--The term `qualified party' means--
                    ``(A) the Attorney General of the United States; or
                    ``(B) any person or entity adversely affected by 
                the designated violation.
            ``(2) Designated violation.--The term `designated 
        violation' means an actual or threatened violation of--
                    ``(A) section 245 or 245A of this Act; or
                    ``(B) any of subsections (b) through (e) of section 
                401 of the Health Programs Extension Act of 1973 
                regarding an objection to abortion.
    ``(c) Administrative Remedies Not Required.--An action under this 
section may be commenced, and relief may be granted, without regard to 
whether the party commencing the action has sought or exhausted 
available administrative remedies.
    ``(d) Defendants in Actions Under This Section May Include 
Governmental Entities as Well as Others.--
            ``(1) In general.--An action under this section may be 
        maintained against, among others, a party that is a Federal or 
        State governmental entity. Relief in an action under this 
        section may include money damages even if the defendant is such 
        a governmental entity.
            ``(2) Definition.--For the purposes of this subsection, the 
        term `State governmental entity' means a State, a local 
        government within a State, and any agency or other governmental 
        unit or subdivision of a State or of such a local government.
    ``(e) Nature of Relief.--In an action under this section, the court 
shall grant--
            ``(1) all necessary equitable and legal relief, including, 
        where appropriate, declaratory relief and compensatory damages, 
        to prevent the occurrence, continuance, or repetition of the 
        designated violation and to compensate for losses resulting 
        from the designated violation; and
            ``(2) to a prevailing plaintiff, reasonable attorneys' fees 
        and litigation expenses as part of the costs.''.