Fair Pay Act of 1994

Summary: Fair Pay Act of 1994 - Amends the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 to prohibit discrimination in payment of wages on the basis of sex, race, or national origin. 
Requires such nondiscriminatory equal pay for equivalent jobs with the same employer, unless the differential payment is made pursuant to a system of seniority, merit, or production quality or quantity based earnings. 
Prohibits discrimination against an employee for exercising rights under this Act. 
Directs the court, in actions brought for violations of this Act, to allow expert fees as part of the costs, in addition to any other remedies awarded to prevailing plaintiffs.  Allows such actions to be maintained as class actions. 
Requires employers to keep records and file annual reports with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) necessary for enforcement of this Act.  Provides that such reports' contents shall be public information. 
Directs the EEOC to carry out a research, education, and technical assistance program for employers, labor organizations, and the general public concerning effective means available to implement this Act.

SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE AND REFERENCE.

    (a) Short Title.--This Act may be cited as the ``Fair Pay Act of 
1994''.
    (b) Reference.--Whenever in this Act an amendment or repeal is 
expressed in terms of an amendment to, or repeal of, a section or other 
provision, the reference shall be considered to be made to a section or 
other provision of the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938.

SEC. 2. FINDINGS.

    The Congress finds the following:
            (1) Wage differentials exist between equivalent jobs 
        segregated by sex, race, and national origin in Government 
        employment and in industries engaged in commerce or in the 
        production of goods for commerce:
            (2) The existence of such wage differentials--
                    (A) depresses wages and living standards for 
                employees necessary for their health and efficiency;
                    (B) prevents the maximum utilization of the 
                available labor resources;
                    (C) tends to cause labor disputes, thereby 
                burdening, affecting, and obstructing commerce;
                    (D) burdens commerce and the free flow of goods in 
                commerce; and
                    (E) constitutes an unfair method of competition.
            (3) Discrimination in hiring and promotion has played a 
        role in maintaining a segregated work force.
            (4) Many women and people of color work in occupations 
        dominated by individuals of their same sex, race, and national 
        origin.
            (5) In its seminal 1981 report ``Women, Work, and Wages: 
        Equal Pay for Jobs of Equal Value'' the National Academy of 
        Sciences Committee on Occupation Classification and Analysis 
        found that in 1970 jobs dominated by women were paid $27.50 
        less per year for each additional percentage point female than 
        equivalent mixed and male-dominated jobs.
            (6) A General Accounting Office analysis of wages in the 
        civil service of the State of Washington found that in 1985 of 
        the 44 jobs studied that paid less than the average of all 
        equivalent jobs, approximately 39 percent were female-dominated 
        and approximately 16 percent were male dominated.
            (7) A study of wages in Minnesota using 1990 Decennial 
        Census data found that 75 percent of the wage differential 
        between white and non-white workers was unexplained and may be 
        a result of discrimination.
            (8) Section 6(d) of the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 
        prohibits discrimination in compensation for ``equal work'' on 
        the basis of sex.
            (9) Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibits 
        discrimination in compensation because of race, color, 
        religion, national origin, and sex. The United States Supreme 
        Court, in its decision in County of Washington v. Gunther, 452 
        U.S. 161 (1981), held that title VII's prohibition against 
        discrimination in compensation also applies to jobs which do 
        not constitute ``equal work'' as defined in section 6(d) of the 
        Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938. Decisions of lower courts, 
        however, have demonstrated that further clarification of 
        existing legislation is necessary in order effectively to carry 
        out the intent of Congress to implement the Supreme Court's 
        holding in its Gunther decision.
            (10) Artificial barriers to the elimination of 
        discrimination in compensation based upon sex, race, and 
        national origin continue to exist more than 3 decades after the 
        passage of section 6(d) of the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 
        and the Civil Rights Act of 1964.

SEC. 3. EQUAL PAY FOR EQUIVALENT JOBS.

    (a) Amendment.--Section 6 (29 U.S.C. 206) is amended by adding at 
the end the following:
    ``(g)(1)(A) No employer having employees subject to any provisions 
of this section shall discriminate between its employees on the basis 
of sex, race, or national origin by paying wages to employees or groups 
of employees at a rate less than the rate at which the employer pays 
wages to employees or groups of employees of the opposite sex or 
different race or national origin for work in equivalent jobs, except 
where such payment is made pursuant to a seniority system, a merit 
system, or a system which measures earnings by quantity or quality of 
production.
    ``(B) An employer who is paying a wage rate differential in 
violation of subparagraph (A) shall not, in order to comply with the 
provisions of such subparagraph, reduce the wage rate of any employee.
    ``(2) No labor organization or its agents representing employees of 
an employer having employees subject to any provision of this section 
shall cause or attempt to cause such an employer to discriminate 
against an employee in violation of paragraph (1)(A).
    ``(3) For purposes of administration and enforcement of this 
subsection, any amounts owing to any employee which have been withheld 
in violation of paragraph (1)(A) shall be deemed to be unpaid minimum 
wages or unpaid overtime compensation under this section or section 7.
    ``(4) As used in this subsection:
            ``(A) The term `labor organization' means any organization 
        of any kind, or any agency or employee representation committee 
        or plan, in which employees participate and which exists for 
        the purpose, in whole or in part, of dealing with employers 
        concerning grievances, labor disputes, wages, rates of pay, 
        hours of employment, or conditions of work.
            ``(B) The term `equivalent jobs' means jobs that may be 
        dissimilar, but whose requirements are equivalent, when viewed 
        as a composite of skills, effort, responsibility, and working 
        conditions.''.
    (b) Conforming Amendment.--Section 13(a) (29 U.S.C. 213(a)) is 
amended in the matter before paragraph (1) by striking ``section 6(d)'' 
and inserting ``sections 6(d) and 6(g)''.

SEC. 4. PROHIBITED ACTS.

    Section 15(a) (29 U.S.C. 215(a)) is amended by striking the period 
at the end of paragraph (5) and inserting a semicolon and by adding 
after paragraph (5) the following:
            ``(6) to discriminate against any individual because such 
        individual has opposed any act or practice made unlawful by 
        section 6(g) or because such individual made a charge, 
        testified, assisted, or participated in any manner in an 
        investigation, proceeding, or hearing under section 6(g); or
            ``(7) to discharge or in any other manner discriminate 
        against, coerce, intimidate, threaten, or interfere with any 
        employee or any other person because the employee inquired 
        about, disclosed, compared, or otherwise discussed the 
        employee's wages or the wages of any other employee, or because 
        the employee exercised, enjoyed, aided, or encouraged any other 
        person to exercise or enjoy any right granted or protected by 
        section 6(g).''.

SEC. 5. REMEDIES.

    Section 16 (29 U.S.C. 216) is amended--
            (1) by adding at the end the following:
    ``(f) In any action brought under this section for violation of 
section 6(g), the court shall, in addition to any other remedies 
awarded to the prevailing plaintiff or plaintiffs, allow expert fees as 
part of the costs. Any such action may be maintained as a class action 
as provided by the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.'';
            (2) in subsection (b), by striking ``section 15(a)(3)'' 
        each place it occurs and inserting ``paragraphs (3), (6), and 
        (7) of section 15(a)''; and
            (3) in the fourth sentence of subsection (b), by striking 
        ``No employees'' and inserting ``Except with respect to class 
        actions brought under subsection (f), no employees''.

SEC. 6. RECORDS.

    Section 11(c) (29 U.S.C. 211(c)) is amended by inserting ``(1)'' 
after ``(c)'' and by adding at the end the following:
    ``(2)(A) Every employer subject to section 6(g) shall preserve 
records which document and support the method, system, calculations, 
and other bases used by the employer in establishing, adjusting, and 
determining the wages paid to the employees of the employer. Every 
employer subject to section 6(g) shall preserve such records for such 
periods of time and shall make such reports therefrom to the Equal 
Employment Opportunity Commission as shall be prescribed by the Equal 
Employment Opportunity Commission by regulation or order as necessary 
or appropriate for the enforcement of the provisions of section 6(g) or 
any regulations promulgated thereunder.
    ``(B) Every employer subject to section 6(g) shall file annually 
with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission a report signed by its 
president, treasurer, or corresponding principal officer containing 
information in such detail as may be necessary accurately to disclose 
the wage or salary rates paid to each classification, position, job 
title, or other wage or salary group of employees employed by the 
employer, as well as the sex, race, and national origin of employees at 
each wage or salary level in each classification, position, job title, 
or other wage or salary group. The report shall not list the name of 
any individual employee.
    ``(C) Every employer required to submit a report under subparagraph 
(B) shall make available to all of its employees the information 
required to be contained in such report.
    ``(D) The contents of the reports filed with the Equal Employment 
Opportunity Commission pursuant to subparagraph (B) shall be public 
information, and the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission may 
publish any information and data which it obtains pursuant to the 
provisions of subparagraph (B). The Equal Employment Opportunity 
Commission may use the information and data for statistical and 
research purposes, and compile and publish such studies, analyses, 
reports, and surveys based thereon as it may deem appropriate.
    ``(E) The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission shall by 
regulation make reasonable provision for the inspection and examination 
by any person of the information and data contained in any report filed 
with it pursuant to subparagraph (B).
    ``(F) The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission shall by 
regulation provide for the furnishing of copies of reports filed with 
it pursuant to subparagraph (B) to any person upon payment of a charge 
based upon the cost of the service.
    ``(G) The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission shall issue rules 
and regulations prescribing the form and content of reports required to 
be filed under subparagraph (B) and such other reasonable rules and 
regulations as it may find necessary to prevent the circumvention or 
evasion of such reporting requirements. In exercising its authority 
under subparagraph (B), the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission may 
prescribe by general rule simplified reports for employers for whom it 
finds that by virtue of their size a detailed report would be unduly 
burdensome.''.

SEC. 7. RESEARCH, EDUCATION, AND TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE PROGRAM; REPORT 
              TO CONGRESS.

    Section 4(d) (29 U.S.C. 204(d)) is amended by adding at the end the 
following:
    ``(4) The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission shall undertake 
studies and provide information and technical assistance to employers, 
labor organizations, and the general public concerning effective means 
available to implement the provisions of section 6(g) prohibiting wage 
discrimination between employees performing work in equivalent jobs on 
the basis of sex, race, or national origin. Such studies, information, 
and technical assistance shall be based upon and include reference to 
the declared policy of such section to eliminate such discrimination. 
In order to achieve the purposes of such section, the Equal Employment 
Opportunity Commission shall further carry on a continuing program of 
research, education, and technical assistance including--
            ``(A) undertaking and promoting research with the intent of 
        developing means to expeditiously correct the conditions 
        leading to section 6(g);
            ``(B) publishing and otherwise making available to 
        employers, labor organizations, professional associations, 
        educational institutions, the various media of communication, 
        and the general public the findings of studies and other 
        materials for promoting compliance with section 6(g);
            ``(C) sponsoring and assisting State and community 
        informational and educational programs; and
            ``(D) providing technical assistance to employers, labor 
        organizations, professional associations and other interested 
        persons on means of achieving and maintaining compliance with 
        the provisions of section 6(g).
    ``(5) The report submitted annually by the Equal Employment 
Opportunity Commission to Congress pursuant to paragraph (1) shall 
include a separate evaluation and appraisal regarding the 
implementation of section 6(g).''.

SEC. 8. EFFECTIVE DATE.

    The amendments made by this Act shall take effect upon the 
expiration of one year from the date of its enactment.