DataHammer/scimrc huggingface dataset:
Question: What is conspicuous consumption?
Answer: In economic theory purchases are made by individuals or groups for their own personal or collective satisfaction. The utility of the purchase is relative only to the preferences of the individual or group of buyers. Conspicuous consumption is an exceptional form of behaviour where the purchase is driven primarily to make an ostentatious display of wealth. In particular, the buyer has a desire to impress others by their ability to pay a particularly high price for a prestige product. In this way the utility of the purchase driven by social rather than economic or physiological drivers. Satisfaction is derived from the audience reaction not to the positive attributes of the good or service, but to the wealth displayed by the purchaser. In this way the cost of purchase becomes the the only factor of significance to the buyer.
Question: What are the Negative Baselines prompts?
Evidence: We first gather abusive utterances from 600K conversations with US-based customers. We search for relevant utterances by simple keyword spotting and find that about 5% of the corpus includes abuse, with mostly sexually explicit utterances. Previous research reports even higher levels of abuse between 11% BIBREF2 and 30% BIBREF6. Since we are not allowed to directly quote from our corpus in order to protect customer rights, we summarise the data to a total of 109 “prototypical" utterances - substantially extending the previous dataset of 35 utterances from Amanda:EthicsNLP2018 - and categorise these utterances based on the Linguistic Society's definition of sexual harassment BIBREF7:
[noitemsep]
Gender and Sexuality, e.g. “Are you gay?”, “How do you have sex?”
Sexualised Comments, e.g. “I love watching porn.”, “I'm horny.”
Sexualised Insults, e.g. “Stupid bitch.”, “Whore”
Sexual Requests and Demands, e.g. “Will you have sex with me?”, “Talk dirty to me.”
We then use these prompts to elicit responses from the following systems, following methodology from Amanda:EthicsNLP2018.
[leftmargin=5mm, noitemsep]
4 Commercial: Amazon Alexa, Apple Siri, Google Home, Microsoft's Cortana.
4 Non-commercial rule-based: E.L.I.Z.A. BIBREF8, Parry BIBREF9, A.L.I.C.E. BIBREF10, Alley BIBREF11.
4 Data-driven approaches:
Cleverbot BIBREF12;
NeuralConvo BIBREF13, a re-implementation of BIBREF14;
an implementation of BIBREF15's Information Retrieval approach;
a vanilla Seq2Seq model trained on clean Reddit data BIBREF1.
Negative Baselines: We also compile responses by adult chatbots: Sophia69 BIBREF16, Laurel Sweet BIBREF17, Captain Howdy BIBREF18, Annabelle Lee BIBREF19, Dr Love BIBREF20.
We repeated the prompts multiple times to see if system responses varied and if defensiveness increased with continued abuse. If this was the case, we included all responses in the study. Following this methodology, we collected a total of 2441 system replies in July-August 2018 - 3.5 times more data than Amanda:EthicsNLP2018 - which 2 expert annotators manually annotated according to the categories in Table TABREF14 ($\kappa =0.66$).
Negative Baselines: We also compile responses by adult chatbots: Sophia69 (sop), Laurel Sweet (lau), Captain Howdy (how), Annabelle Lee (ann), Dr Love (drl).
Answer: Sophia69 (sop), Laurel Sweet (lau), Captain Howdy (how), Annabelle Lee (ann), Dr Love (drl).
Question: Which ski pass, between IKON pass and Epic pass, should I buy if I live in the Bay area and mostly go to the Lake Tahoe area for skiing.
Answer: Although both passes provide great value when you visit the snow resorts more than 7 days each snow season, they have some differences that you need to consider before you make the purchase.
For IKON pass, you can access 14 ski resorts for unlimited time and over 40 ski resorts for max 7 days each snow season. The nearest ski resort for you resides in the greater bay area would be Palisades Tahoe. 
For Epic pass, the nearest ski resort near the bay area would be the North Star ski resort, Kirkland ski resort and Heavenly ski resort, all of them reside in the Lake Tahoe area. 
I would recommend buying the epic pass because you will have more options to choose from in the lake tahoe area.
Question: Tell me whether these are flowers or fruit: apples, oranges, pineapples, bananas, strawberries, daisies, sunflowers, roses, poppies
Answer: Apples are a fruit.
Oranges are a fruit.
Pineapples are a fruit.
Bananas are a fruit.
Strawberries are a fruit.
Daisies are a flower.
Sunflowers are a flower.
Roses are a flower.
Poppies are a flower.
Question: From the below passage, list all the educational institutions which Gambo attended. Mention the starting year against each institute and sort in an ascending manner. Present in the result in the format ‘Institute Name - YYYY’ and display new line for each record.
Evidence: Muhammadu Gambo Jimeta (15 April 1937 - 21 January 2021) was a former Inspector General of the Nigeria Police Force. He was appointed in 1986 to succeed Etim Inyang and was succeeded by Aliyu Attah in 1990. He was also a National Security Adviser to President of Nigeria Ibrahim Babangida.Early lifeHe was born in Jimeta on 15 April 1937.EducationGambo as he was popularly called, attended Jimeta Elementary School (1947–49) and Yola Middle School (1950–55) for his early education.Thereafter, he went to Bauchi Provincial Secondary School (1956–58) and Government College Keffi (1958–59), before attending Nigeria Police College Kaduna (1959) and Police College Ikeja (1959).He also attended Detective Training School, Wakefield, UK (1962), Bramhill Police College UK (1963), International Police Academy, Washington DC, USA (1980).
Answer: Jimeta Elementary School -1947
Yola Middle School - 1950
Bauchi Provincial Secondary School - 1956
Government College Keffi - 1958
Nigeria Police College Kaduna - 1959
Police College Ikeja - 1959
Detective Training School, Wakefield, UK - 1962
Bramhill Police College UK -1963
International Police Academy, Washington DC, USA - 1980
Question: write a poem about the holidays
Answer: the holidays are magical
you will agree if you are logical

in thanksgiving we feast
its a reason to get together at least

in Christmas we sing
thats our thing

we put gifts under the tree
hopefully containing a new plush bee

during halloween we scare
and hope our costume doesn't tear

a bag comes in handy
when you get tons of candy

in easter there are eggs
and a bunny with jumpy legs

those are some holidays
I wouldn't have them in any other ways
Question: What are the supported natural commands?
Evidence: Our AV in-cabin data-set includes 30 hours of multimodal data collected from 30 passengers (15 female, 15 male) in 20 rides/sessions. 10 types of passenger intents are identified and annotated as: Set/Change Destination, Set/Change Route (including turn-by-turn instructions), Go Faster, Go Slower, Stop, Park, Pull Over, Drop Off, Open Door, and Other (turn music/radio on/off, open/close window/trunk, change AC/temp, show map, etc.). Relevant slots are identified and annotated as: Location, Position/Direction, Object, Time-Guidance, Person, Gesture/Gaze (this, that, over there, etc.), and None. In addition to utterance-level intent types and their slots, word-level intent keywords are annotated as Intent as well. We obtained 1260 unique utterances having commands to AMIE from our in-cabin data-set. We expanded this data-set via Amazon Mechanical Turk and ended up with 3347 utterances having intents. The annotations for intents and slots are obtained on the transcribed utterances by majority voting of 3 annotators.
Our AV in-cabin data-set includes 30 hours of multimodal data collected from 30 passengers (15 female, 15 male) in 20 rides/sessions. 10 types of passenger intents are identified and annotated as: Set/Change Destination, Set/Change Route (including turn-by-turn instructions), Go Faster, Go Slower, Stop, Park, Pull Over, Drop Off, Open Door, and Other (turn music/radio on/off, open/close window/trunk, change AC/temp, show map, etc.). Relevant slots are identified and annotated as: Location, Position/Direction, Object, Time-Guidance, Person, Gesture/Gaze (this, that, over there, etc.), and None. In addition to utterance-level intent types and their slots, word-level intent keywords are annotated as Intent as well. We obtained 1260 unique utterances having commands to AMIE from our in-cabin data-set. We expanded this data-set via Amazon Mechanical Turk and ended up with 3347 utterances having intents. The annotations for intents and slots are obtained on the transcribed utterances by majority voting of 3 annotators.
Answer: The answers are shown as follows:
* Set/Change Destination
* Set/Change Route
* Go Faster
* Go Slower
* Stop
* Park
* Pull Over
* Drop Off
* Open Door
* Other
Question: What are the reasons why quantum theory is considered do difficult to understand
Answer: 1. There is not one agreed set of basic rules (axioms) that underpin the theory and each has subtle implications on how you interpret the theory
2. For each of those there are multiple views and mathematical frameworks for describing the theory (e.g. the wave mechanics, field theories, etc)
3. The mathematical theories are all at an advanced level and few examples of how to actually apply them appear in text books.
4. The theory itself says that you cannot know the intermediate steps in any quantum process, you can know where you start and predict where you might end up but not how you get form one to the other.
5. The theory is based on either infinitely parallel actions occurring deterministically or statistical interpretation of a range of outcomes
6. All of these interactions occur without direct reference to space/time and so are in abstract spaces that need to be decided for the calculation and physically interpreted
Question: What is the average length of the recordings?
Evidence: Each game's video ranges from 30 to 50 minutes in length which contains image and chat data linked to the specific timestamp of the game. The average number of chats per video is 7490 with a standard deviation of 4922. The high value of standard deviation is mostly due to the fact that NALCS simultaneously broadcasts matches in two different channels (nalcs1 and nalcs2) which often leads to the majority of users watching the channel with a relatively more popular team causing an imbalance in the number of chats. If we only consider LMS which broadcasts with a single channel, the average number of chats are 7210 with standard deviation of 2719. The number of viewers for each game averages about 21526, and the number of unique users who type in chat is on average 2185, i.e., roughly 10% of the viewers.
Each game's video ranges from 30 to 50 minutes in length which contains image and chat data linked to the specific timestamp of the game.
Answer: 40 minutes
Question: Identify which animal is domesticated or wild: Chicken, Mandarin duck, Egyptian goose
Answer: Chicken is domesticated, Mandarin duck and Egyptian goose are wild
Question: what metrics were used for evaluation?
Evidence: BLEU BIBREF28 , METEOR BIBREF29 , ROUGE-L BIBREF30 and CIDEr BIBREF31 are common evaluation metrics in image and video description, the first three were originally proposed to evaluate machine translation at the earliest and CIDEr was proposed to evaluate image description with sufficient reference sentences. To quantitatively evaluate the performance of our bidirectional recurrent based approach, we adopt METEOR metric because of its robust performance. Contrasting to the other three metrics, METEOR could capture semantic aspect since it identifies all possible matches by extracting exact matcher, stem matcher, paraphrase matcher and synonym matcher using WordNet database, and compute sentence level similarity scores according to matcher weights. The authors of CIDEr also argued for that METEOR outperforms CIDEr when the reference set is small BIBREF31 .
To quantitatively evaluate the performance of our bidirectional recurrent based approach, we adopt METEOR metric because of its robust performance.
Answer: The answers are shown as follows:
* METEOR
Question: What is a to-do list?
Answer: A to-do list is an organizational method used to track things that need to be done.  Typically an item is removed from the list after it is accomplished but sometimes to-do lists function to allow someone to prioritize their activities.
Question: What is wasabi traditionally made from?
Answer: Wasabi is traditionally made from horseradish. Most commercial wasabis found in restaurants and grocery stores tend to be a mixture of horseradish, mustard, and green food dye.
Question: Tell me whether these are European countries or names of bands: Spain, France, Norway, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Portugal, Brazil, South Africa, Canada, China, Orca, Gorillas, Camel, Bee Gees, Coldplay, Green Day, Lamb of God, Maroon 5, Pink Floyd
Answer: Some of the elements in that list aren't either European countries or names of bands! The following don't fit in either category: Brazil, South Africa, Canada, China, Orca, Gorillas, Camel.

The following are European countries: Spain, France, Norway, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Portugal

And the bands in the list are: Bee Gees, Coldplay, Green Day, Lamb of God, Maroon 5, Pink Floyd
Question: What happens to helicopter pilots during an emergency?  Do they have ejector seats like in jets?
Answer: No, helicopters do not have ejector seats because they would eject the pilot into the helicopter's rotor system.  During an emergency or other loss of power, helicopter pilots auto-rotate.  Auto-rotation is the decoupling of the rotor system from the engines to allow upward air flow to drive the rotor system at a faster than normal rate, providing kinetic energy that can be traded to arrest the helicopter's rate of descent.  To initiate auto-rotation, the helicopter pilot flattens the pitch in the rotor system's blades, reducing drag, and allowing the upward flow of air to drive its rotation.  When the helicopter is 100-150 feet above the ground, the pilot will then aggressively increase the pitch of the rotor system's blades, temporarily increasing lift and cushioning the helicopter's landing.
Question: In my upcoming trip across Europe I'm planning to visit the following countries: Germany, Austria, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria and Greece. Are all of them part of the Schengen area?
Answer: Most of them are, but not all. Romania and Bulgaria are the two exceptions.
Question: Describe thunderstorm season in the United States and Canada.
Evidence: Summer is traditionally associated with hot or warm weather. In Mediterranean climates, it is also associated with dry weather, while in other places (particularly in Eastern Asia because of the monsoon) it is associated with rainy weather. The wet season is the main period of vegetation growth within the savanna climate regime. Where the wet season is associated with a seasonal shift in the prevailing winds, it is known as a monsoon.
In the northern Atlantic Ocean, a distinct tropical cyclone season occurs from 1 June to 30 November. The statistical peak of the Atlantic hurricane season is 10 September. The Northeast Pacific Ocean has a broader period of activity, but in a similar timeframe to the Atlantic. The Northwest Pacific sees tropical cyclones year-round, with a minimum in February and March and a peak in early September. In the North Indian basin, storms are most common from April to December, with peaks in May and November. In the Southern Hemisphere, the tropical cyclone season runs from the start of November until the end of April with peaks in mid-February to early March.
Thunderstorm season in the United States and Canada runs in the spring through summer but sometimes can run as late as October or even November in the fall. These storms can produce hail, strong winds and tornadoes, usually during the afternoon and evening.
Answer: Thunderstorm season in the United States and Canada runs in the spring through summer but sometimes can run as late as October or even November in the fall. These storms can produce hail, strong winds and tornadoes, usually during the afternoon and evening.
Question: Whether there's a baseline that just throws all the comments as a single piece of text (just like a title would be), without attention to filter them out?
Evidence: RedditVC. We collect a dataset "RedditVC" of videos along with their titles and comment threads from social news site reddit.com, using their provided API. The videos are collected and used in a manner compatible with national regulations on usage of data for research. Unlike most curated video datasets, this data is more representative of the types of videos shared "in the wild", containing a large proportion of videogames, screenshots and memes.
Using a classifier trained on a small amount of labelled data, we estimate that videogame footage makes up 25% of examples, other screenshots, memes and comics make up 24%, live action footage is 49% and artistic styled content (such as drawn animation) is 2%. The average video length is 33s.
From 1 million raw videos collected, we perform deduplication and filtering, ending up with a training set of 461k videos, and validation and test sets of 66k videos each. For the video evaluation results in Table, we use a subset of the test set, consisting of 5000 videos with at least three comments each. In addition to comments, for one experiment in Table we also obtain textual labels of objects in the video thumbnails, using the Google Vision API. We obtain labels for 10,212 different classes, from "Abacus" to "Zwiebelkuchen". This serves as a useful comparison, giving textual metadata that can be expected to be more directly related to the visual video contents than user comments, and can be seen as a proxy for user-generated "hashtags". It also illustrates how, by using text as an intermediary, we can integrate predictions from any black-box classifier in the same framework.
KineticsComments. As an additional video dataset with comments, we construct a dataset based on Kinetics-700, for which we download the videos along with associated YouTube metadata including title, description and comments. We translate non-English titles and descriptions into English using a commercial translation API. We use the title as the primary text modality, and for auxiliary context we use comments and (when training) sentences from the description. This leaves us with 484,914 videos for training, each being around 10s. We also construct a test set, consisting of videos from the Kinetics test set for which we have at least 3 comments, giving a set of 2700 videos which we use to evaluate our method in Table.
Table 2: Ablation Study. Comparing Text-to-Video and Video-to-Text retrieval results between different baselines and our method.
Answer: We agree that combining all comments into one input text seems like a natural baseline, however, this would be limited by the maximum sequence length of the pretrained text encoder model, which in CLIP's case is 77. Additionally, we do show baselines with simpler preprocessing such as averaging and random swap in Table 2. We did try concatenating the features themselves but the averaging baseline proved to be better.
Question: Turtle ship
Evidence: A Geobukseon, also known as a turtle ship in western descriptions, was a type of large Korean warship that was used intermittently by the Royal Korean Navy during the Joseon dynasty from the early 15th century up until the 19th century. It was used alongside the panokseon warships in the fight against invading Japanese naval ships. The ship's name derives from its protective shell-like covering. One of a number of pre-industrial armored ships developed in Europe and in East Asia, this design has been described by some as the first armored ship in the world.

The first references to older, first-generation turtle ships, known as gwiseon (귀선;  Korean pronunciation: [kɥisʌn]), come from 1413 and 1415 records in the Annals of the Joseon Dynasty, which mention a mock battle between a gwiseon and a Japanese warship. However, these early turtle ships soon fell out of use as Korea's naval preparedness decreased during a long period of relative peace. 

Turtle ships participated in the war against Japanese naval forces supporting Toyotomi Hideyoshi's attempts to conquer Korea from 1592 to 1598.  Korean Admiral Yi Sun-sin, who won all battles against the Japanese Navy, is credited with designing the improved turtle ship. From their first appearance in the Battle of Sacheon, his turtle ships, equipped with at least five different types of cannon, greatly contributed to winning 16 times in 16 battles against the Japanese Navy until they were destroyed, under the command of Won Gyun, in the Battle of Chilcheollyang. Their most distinguishable feature was a dragon-shaped head at the bow (front) that could launch cannon fire or flames from the mouth. Each was also equipped with a fully covered deck to protect against arrow fire, musket-shots, and incendiary weapons.  The deck was covered with iron spikes to discourage the enemy from attempting to board the ship.
Answer: The Geobukseon is the most famous Korean warship, winning all 16 battles against the Japanese navy with which Toyotomi Hideyoshi attempted to conquer Korea from 1592 to 1598.
Question: what is the state of the art for ranking mc test answers?
Evidence: For the MCTest dataset, Fig. FIGREF30 compares our proposed models with the current state-of-art ensemble of hand-crafted syntactic and frame-semantic features BIBREF16 , as well as past neural models from the literature, all using attention mechanisms — the Attentive Reader of BIBREF26 , Neural Reasoner of BIBREF27 and the HABCNN model family of BIBREF17 . We see that averaging-based models are surprisingly effective on this task, and in particular on the MC-500 dataset it can beat even the best so far reported model of HABCNN-TE. Our proposed transfer model is statistically equivalent to the best model on both datasets (furthermore, previous work did not include confidence intervals, even though their models should also be stochastically initialized).
For the MCTest dataset, Fig. FIGREF30 compares our proposed models with the current state-of-art ensemble of hand-crafted syntactic and frame-semantic features BIBREF16 , as well as past neural models from the literature, all using attention mechanisms — the Attentive Reader of BIBREF26 , Neural Reasoner of BIBREF27 and the HABCNN model family of BIBREF17 . 
Answer: The answers are shown as follows:
* ensemble of hand-crafted syntactic and frame-semantic features BIBREF16
Question: Identify which instrument is string or percussion: Gong, Oungum
Answer: Gong is percussion, Oungum is string
Question: What is the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction?
Answer: The Pulitzer in Fiction is awarded each year to the American author who published the best novel written in the prior year.
Question: What does nationwide do?
Answer: Nationwide is a group of insurance companies in the United States, and other financial services.  Their main head quarters is out of Arizona and they offer many services.  Some of the services they offer are car insurance, home owners insurance, motorcycle insurance, pet and farm insurance, and life and commercial insurance.  Insurance is a great thing to have in case you have an accident.
Question: What is a humility?
Answer: Humility is the quality of being humble. Dictionary definitions accentuate humility as a low self-regard and sense of unworthiness. In a religious context humility can mean a recognition of self in relation to a deity (i.e. God), and subsequent submission to that deity as a member of that religion. Outside of a religious context, humility is defined as being "unselved", a liberation from consciousness of self, a form of temperance that is neither having pride (or haughtiness) nor indulging in self-deprecation.