DataHammer/scimrc huggingface dataset:
Question: Bioinformatics
Answer: Bioinformatics is an interdisciplinary field that develops methods and software tools for understanding biological data, in particular when the data sets are large and complex. As an interdisciplinary field of science, bioinformatics combines biology, chemistry, physics, computer science, information engineering, mathematics and statistics to analyze and interpret the biological data. Bioinformatics has been used for in silico analyses of biological queries using computational and statistical techniques.

Bioinformatics includes biological studies that use computer programming as part of their methodology, as well as specific analysis "pipelines" that are repeatedly used, particularly in the field of genomics. Common uses of bioinformatics include the identification of candidates genes and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Often, such identification is made with the aim to better understand the genetic basis of disease, unique adaptations, desirable properties (esp. in agricultural species), or differences between populations. In a less formal way, bioinformatics also tries to understand the organizational principles within nucleic acid and protein sequences, called proteomics.

Image and signal processing allow extraction of useful results from large amounts of raw data. In the field of genetics, it aids in sequencing and annotating genomes and their observed mutations. It plays a role in the text mining of biological literature and the development of biological and gene ontologies to organize and query biological data. It also plays a role in the analysis of gene and protein expression and regulation. Bioinformatics tools aid in comparing, analyzing and interpreting genetic and genomic data and more generally in the understanding of evolutionary aspects of molecular biology. At a more integrative level, it helps analyze and catalogue the biological pathways and networks that are an important part of systems biology. In structural biology, it aids in the simulation and modeling of DNA, RNA, proteins as well as biomolecular interactions.
Question: How do I get good at magic tricks?
Answer: You can get good at magic through hours and hours of practice.  Getting a deck of cards and learning how to hold them and do flourishes is a great way to start because magic takes  extreme dexterity that is built through muscle memory in the hands.  This takes hours and hours of repetition to get good at.  Other factors that play into how good you get at magic are your interest in it.  If you are aren't interested in it then you won't get good at magic.  You can also join a club and practice magic tricks with other people that are interested in it too.  One of the best organizations to join is the Society of American Magicians (SAM).
Question: What is single-cell sequencing?
Answer: Single-cell sequencing examines the sequence information from individual cells with optimized next-generation sequencing technologies, providing a higher resolution of cellular differences and a better understanding of the function of an individual cell in the context of its microenvironment. For example, in cancer, sequencing the DNA of individual cells can give information about mutations carried by small populations of cells. In development, sequencing the RNAs expressed by individual cells can give insight into the existence and behavior of different cell types. In microbial systems, a population of the same species can appear genetically clonal. Still, single-cell sequencing of RNA or epigenetic modifications can reveal cell-to-cell variability that may help populations rapidly adapt to survive in changing environments.
Question: What does the Obilic Medal commemorate?
Evidence: The Obilić Medal (Serbian: Обилића медаља) or Medal for Bravery "Miloš Obilić" was a medal established by Petar II Petrović-Njegoš as the highest military decoration in Montenegro, based on the cult of national hero Miloš Obilić.

The official name of the medal was the Medal for Bravery "Miloš Obilić" but it was known as Obilić Medal.

It was established in 1847 and granted to soldiers for the acts of great personal courage, or for personal courage demonstrated on the battlefield, prepared for the movement for liberation and revenge of the Kosovo Battle. Another reason for introduction of this medal by Njegoš was his wish to make warfare against the Ottomans more civilized (to replace customary collection and exhibition of body parts of killed Muslim enemies).
Answer: The Obilić Medal was established in 1847, and is the highest military decoration granted to soldiers in Montenegro for acts of great personal courage, or for personal courage demonstrated on the battlefield.
Question: What faithfulness criteria does they propose?
Evidence: We argue that a way out of this standstill is in a more practical and nuanced methodology for defining and evaluating faithfulness. We propose the following challenge to the community: We must develop formal definition and evaluation for faithfulness that allows us the freedom to say when a method is sufficiently faithful to be useful in practice.
We note two possible approaches to this end:
Across models and tasks: The degree (as grayscale) of faithfulness at the level of specific models and tasks. Perhaps some models or tasks allow sufficiently faithful interpretation, even if the same is not true for others.
For example, the method may not be faithful for some question-answering task, but faithful for movie review sentiment, perhaps based on various syntactic and semantic attributes of those tasks.
Across input space: The degree of faithfulness at the level of subspaces of the input space, such as neighborhoods of similar inputs, or singular inputs themselves. If we are able to say with some degree of confidence whether a specific decision's explanation is faithful to the model, even if the interpretation method is not considered universally faithful, it can be used with respect to those specific areas or instances only.
We propose the following challenge to the community: We must develop formal definition and evaluation for faithfulness that allows us the freedom to say when a method is sufficiently faithful to be useful in practice.

We note two possible approaches to this end:

Across models and tasks: The degree (as grayscale) of faithfulness at the level of specific models and tasks. Perhaps some models or tasks allow sufficiently faithful interpretation, even if the same is not true for others.

For example, the method may not be faithful for some question-answering task, but faithful for movie review sentiment, perhaps based on various syntactic and semantic attributes of those tasks.

Across input space: The degree of faithfulness at the level of subspaces of the input space, such as neighborhoods of similar inputs, or singular inputs themselves. If we are able to say with some degree of confidence whether a specific decision's explanation is faithful to the model, even if the interpretation method is not considered universally faithful, it can be used with respect to those specific areas or instances only.
Answer: The answers are shown as follows:
* Across models and tasks: The degree (as grayscale) of faithfulness at the level of specific models and tasks.
* Across input space: The degree of faithfulness at the level of subspaces of the input space, such as neighborhoods of similar inputs, or singular inputs themselves.
Question: What US Generals were killed at the Battle of Ox Hill?
Answer: General Isaac Stevens and General Phillip Kearny were both killed at the Battle of Ox Hill on September 1, 1862.
Question: Identify which instrument is string or percussion: Daxophone, Kobza
Answer: Kobza is string, Daxophone is percussion.
Question: What is the oldest manufacturer of cymbals?
Answer: Turkish company, Zildjian, was founded in 1623 in then-Ottoman Empire. It is best known for its cymbals.
Question: From this passage, what is the main benefit of TCP?
Evidence: At the lower levels of the protocol stack, due to network congestion, traffic load balancing, or unpredictable network behaviour, IP packets may be lost, duplicated, or delivered out of order. TCP detects these problems, requests re-transmission of lost data, rearranges out-of-order data and even helps minimize network congestion to reduce the occurrence of the other problems. If the data still remains undelivered, the source is notified of this failure. Once the TCP receiver has reassembled the sequence of octets originally transmitted, it passes them to the receiving application. Thus, TCP abstracts the application's communication from the underlying networking details.
Answer: TCP attempts to ensure that data is sent in the proper order under non-optimal and unpredictable network conditions, and informs the source if it was not successful.
Question: What did the authors use to analyze the tasks in this paper?
Evidence: We modify the method of Universal Langage Model Fine-tuning for Text Classification (ULMFiT) presented in Howard and Ruder BIBREF3 . The primary steps are:
Below we will give more detail on each step and the parameters used to generate our system.
We modify the method of Universal Langage Model Fine-tuning for Text Classification (ULMFiT) presented in Howard and Ruder.
Answer: The authors used the Universal Langage Model Fine-tuning for Text Classification (ULMFiT)  for analysis of two tasks.
Question: From the passage provided, extract detail on when John Rennie first led Duke to a NCAA college cup
Evidence: John Rennie is an American college soccer coach. He was a five-time ACC Coach of the Year and the 1982 NSCAA Coach of the Year. He attended Chatham High School in New Jersey. He then played baseball, soccer, and tennis for the Temple Owls.

In 1972, he was the head men's soccer coach at Southeastern Massachusetts, where his team had a record of 12–4–3. He was the head coach for the Columbia Lions from 1973–1978. His Columbia teams went 4–32–4 from 1973–1975, but in 1978 he led Columbia to an Ivy League Championship and an NCAA Tournament appearance.

During his time at Duke he led the team to five NCAA College Cups in 1982, 1986, 1992, 1995, and 2004. His team's 1986 national championship was Duke's first in any sport.

Rennie finished his career with 454 wins and is one of only eight coaches all-time to get 400 wins with a Division I program.

He was inducted into the North Carolina Soccer Hall of Fame in 2011 and the Duke Athletics Hall of Fame in 2013.
Answer: John Rennie is an American college soccer coach and five-time winner of ACC Coach of the Year.  While coach of the Duke soccer team he successfully led the team to five NCAA College Cups, the first of which was in 1982.
Question: Which pre-trained transformer do they use?
Evidence: Our approach to FEVER is to fix the most obvious shortcomings of the baseline approaches to retrieval and entailment, and to train a sharp entailment classifier that can be used to filter a broad set of retrieved potential evidence. For the entailment classifier we compare Decomposable Attention BIBREF2 , BIBREF3 as implemented in the official baseline, ESIM BIBREF4 , and a transformer network with pre-trained weights BIBREF5 . The transformer network naturally supports out-of-vocabulary words and gives substantially higher performance than the other methods.
For the entailment classifier we compare Decomposable Attention BIBREF2 , BIBREF3 as implemented in the official baseline, ESIM BIBREF4 , and a transformer network with pre-trained weights BIBREF5 . 
Answer: The answers are shown as follows:
* BIBREF5
Question: Based on this article, what countries have implemented the use of a dead man zone?
Evidence: Outcomes from Project Vesta have been integrated into firefighter training in Australia and are beginning to appear in the United States.

Firefighters try to stay out of the dead man zone at all times, working from safe points such as burnt ground or a large area of non-burnable ground, such as a cricket or Australian rules football oval, or a large car park. This is achieved by attacking the fire from the flanks, or the rear, so that burnt ground is always nearby, and the fire is always in front of the firefighters. This avoids two disadvantages of attacking fires at the head of the fire where spot fires may start behind them or changes in wind behavior might accelerate the spread of the fire.

The result of several inquiries into firefighter death in Australian bushfires found that firefighters should stay out of the dead man zone and that they should always keep 250 liters of water in their truck for personal safety. This is now a standard operating procedure in the NSW Rural Fire Service, Country Fire Service and Country Fire Authority in Australia.
Answer: Australia and the United States have used the dead man zone from Project Vesta
Question: Which morphosyntactic features are thought to indicate irony or sarcasm?
Evidence: On the other hand, deep models for irony and sarcasm detection, which are currently offer state-of-the-art performance, have exploited sequential neural networks such as LSTMs and GRUs BIBREF15 , BIBREF23 on top of distributed word representations. Recently, in addition to using a sequential model, BIBREF14 proposed to use intra-attention to compare elements in a sequence against themselves. This allowed the model to better capture word-to-word level interactions that could also be useful for detecting sarcasm, such as the incongruity phenomenon BIBREF3 . Despite this, all models in the literature rely on word-level representations, which keeps the models from being able to easily capture some of the lexical and morpho-syntactic cues known to denote irony, such as all caps, quotation marks and emoticons, and in Twitter, also emojis and hashtags.
Despite this, all models in the literature rely on word-level representations, which keeps the models from being able to easily capture some of the lexical and morpho-syntactic cues known to denote irony, such as all caps, quotation marks and emoticons, and in Twitter, also emojis and hashtags.
Answer: The answers are shown as follows:
* all caps
* quotation marks
* emoticons
* emojis
* hashtags
Question: Identify which animal species is alive or extinct: Opabinia, Dugong
Answer: Dugong is alive, Opabinia is extinct.
Question: What are some common root vegetables for cooking?
Answer: Common root vegetables to use in cooking include potatoes, sweet potatoes, yams, carrots, parsnips, beets, turnips, and rutabagas.
Question: Write a short story about a person talking about how they are going on an airplane journey for the first time. The story should include an unexpected sad outcome at the end.
Answer: Is it not amazing - a large piece of iron, weighing hundreds of tons, flying in the air? And not just that, also carrying hundreds of people along with it! I have always wondered about the marvels of technology and how the human spirit of enquiry and innovation conquers the possible challenges and finds solutions. I hope we also find a cure to the butterflies fluttering about in my stomach, though! I am so nervous and excited that I am about to take my first flight - I have always thought about it, and wondered if I would ever be able to afford one. And here I am, with this prize that I finally won, and which has allowed me a way to fulfil my dream. It was sheer luck, not just that I won the prize, but also that I saw this great chance on a website I was browsing. It was so simple, all I needed to do was answer a few simple questions, which I could easily do thanks to the search engines; and provide them with my personal details and pay a token amount towards administrative charges. As I said, my luck continued further, because the website actually failed after I made my payment, but instead of cancelling my prize, the organizers were kind enough to call me and guide me through the payment process via phone - and all it took was for me to share my bank details. I have been so excited ever since that I have not been able to focus on anything since. Today is the D Day, and as I reach the airport I realise they never sent me the ticket - I guess they must have forgotten. I guess they will now postpone the trip to a latter date, let me call up the nice guys again, and remind them to do so. If only I can get through to their number, it seems to be unoperational now. Sigh.
Question: During WWII, how many Japanese Americans were forcibly relocated and incarcerated?
Evidence: During World War II, the United States forcibly relocated and incarcerated at least 125,284 people of Japanese descent in 75 identified incarceration sites
Answer: 125,284
Question: Which news organisations are the headlines sourced from?
Evidence: Here, we outline the required steps for developing a knowledge graph of interlinked events. Figure FIGREF2 illustrates the high-level overview of the full pipeline. This pipeline contains the following main steps, to be discussed in detail later. (1) Collecting tweets from the stream of several news channels such as BBC and CNN on Twitter. (2) Agreeing upon background data model. (3) Event annotation potentially contains two subtasks (i) event recognition and (ii) event classification. (4) Entity/relation annotation possibly comprises a series of tasks as (i) entity recognition, (ii) entity linking, (iii) entity disambiguation, (iv) semantic role labeling of entities and (v) inferring implicit entities. (5) Interlinking events across time and media. (6) Publishing event knowledge graph based on the best practices of Linked Open Data.
Here, we outline the required steps for developing a knowledge graph of interlinked events. Figure FIGREF2 illustrates the high-level overview of the full pipeline. This pipeline contains the following main steps, to be discussed in detail later. (1) Collecting tweets from the stream of several news channels such as BBC and CNN on Twitter. (2) Agreeing upon background data model. (3) Event annotation potentially contains two subtasks (i) event recognition and (ii) event classification. (4) Entity/relation annotation possibly comprises a series of tasks as (i) entity recognition, (ii) entity linking, (iii) entity disambiguation, (iv) semantic role labeling of entities and (v) inferring implicit entities. (5) Interlinking events across time and media. (6) Publishing event knowledge graph based on the best practices of Linked Open Data.
Answer: The answers are shown as follows:
* BBC and CNN
Question: Provide a few ways that I can find new restaurants near me
Answer: So you're looking to find some new restaurants? Here are some suggestions you could try:
- Walk around your local area and look at the menus
- Use google maps to search for restaurants near you 
- Ask local friends and neighbours for a recommendation
- Look for reviews in local magazines, both physical and online
Question: Explain nuclear fission in the style of Jerry Seinfeld
Answer: Nuclear fission, smission, what's the big deal? You take an atom, hit the nucleus in the middle with some particle, and it splits up into smaller pieces. This releases a teeny bit of energy, because it's an atom, for goodness' sake, it's pretty tiny! And maybe if you're lucky, those little pieces hit other atoms and release even more energy and get you a nice toasty chain reaction. No big deal at all, just gives us cheap electric energy, or giant bombs to blow things up with. Seems kind of obvious that it would work that way for anyone who's done bowling though, or who's had to stack a bunch of ping pong balls. Not like anyone got a Nobel prize for this.
Question: What is the first edition of the task?
Evidence: Pronouns can serve a variety of functions with complex cross-lingual variation BIBREF12 , and hand-picked, manually annotated test suites have been presented for the evaluation of pronoun translation BIBREF13 , BIBREF14 , BIBREF9 . While suitable for analysis, the small size of the test suites makes it hard to make statistically confident comparisons between systems, and the hand-picked nature of the test suites introduces biases. To overcome these problems, we opted for a fully automatic approach to constructing a large-scale test suite.
Conceptually, our test set is most similar to the “cross-lingual pronoun prediction” task held at DiscoMT and WMT in recent years BIBREF15 , BIBREF16 , BIBREF17 : participants are asked to fill a gap in a target sentence, where gaps correspond to pronouns.
The first edition of the task focused on English INLINEFORM0 French, and it was found that local context (such as the verb group) was a strong signal for pronoun prediction. Hence, future editions only provided target-side lemmas instead of fully inflected forms, which makes the task less suitable to evaluate end-to-end neural machine translation systems, although such systems have been trained on the task BIBREF18 .
 BIBREF17 do not report on the proportion of intra-sentential and inter-sentential anaphora in their test set, but the two top-performing systems only made use of intra-sentential information. Our test suite focuses on allowing the comparison of end-to-end context-aware NMT systems, and we thus extract a large number of inter-sentential anaphora, with meta-data allowing for a focus on inter-sentential anaphora with a long distance between the pronoun and its antecedent. Our focus on evaluating end-to-end NMT systems also relieves us from having to provide annotated training sets, and reduces pressure to achieve balance and full coverage of phenomena.
An alternative approach to automatically evaluate pronoun translation are reference-based methods that produce a score based on word alignment between source, translation output, and reference translation, and identification of pronouns in them, such as AutoPRF BIBREF19 and APT BIBREF20 . BIBREF21 perform a human meta-evaluation and show substantial disagreement between reference-based metrics and human judges, especially because there often exist valid alternative translations that use different pronouns than the reference. Our test set, and our protocol of generating contrastive examples, is focused on selected pronouns to minimize the risk of producing contrastive examples that are actually valid translations.
The first edition of the task focused on English→French, and it was found that local context (such as the verb group) was a strong signal for pronoun prediction.
Answer: The first edition of the task focused on English→French, and it was found that local context (such as the verb group) was a strong signal for pronoun prediction.