Question: What are the two categories that exist studies for fake news detection can be roughly summarized into
Evidence: Fake News Detection Exist studies for fake news detection can be roughly summarized into two categories. The first category is to extract or construct comprehensive and complex features with manual ways BIBREF5, BIBREF8, BIBREF17. The second category is to automatically capture deep features based on neural networks. There are two ways in this category. One is to capture linguistic features from text content, such as semantic BIBREF7, BIBREF18, writing styles BIBREF4, and textual entailments BIBREF19. The other is to focus on gaining effective features from the organic integration of text and user interactions BIBREF20, BIBREF21. User interactions include users' behaviours, profiles, and networks between users. In this work, following the second way, we automatically learn representations of text and stance information from response and forwarding (users' behaviour) based on multi-task learning for fake news detection.
Stance Detection The researches BIBREF22, BIBREF23 demonstrate that the stance detected from fake news can serve as an effective credibility indicator to improve the performance of fake news detection. The common way of stance detection in rumors is to catch deep semantics from text content based on neural networksBIBREF24. For instance, Kochkina et al.BIBREF25 project branch-nested LSTM model to encode text of each tweet considering the features and labels of the predicted tweets for stance detection, which reflects the best performance in RumourEval dataset. In this work, we utilize transformer encoder to acquire semantics from responses and forwarding of fake news for stance detection.
Multi-task Learning A collection of improved models BIBREF26, BIBREF27, BIBREF28 are developed based on multi-task learning. Especially, shared-private model, as a popular multi-task learning model, divides the features of different tasks into private and shared spaces, where shared features, i.e., task-irrelevant features in shared space, as supplementary features are used for different tasks. Nevertheless, the shared space usually mixes some task-relevant features, which makes the learning of different tasks introduce noise. To address this issue, Liu et al. BIBREF29 explore an adversarial shared-private model to alleviate the shared and private latent feature spaces from interfering with each other. However, these models transmit all shared features in the shared layer to related tasks without distillation, which disturb specific tasks due to some useless and even harmful shared features. How to solve this drawback is the main challenge of this work.
Exist studies for fake news detection can be roughly summarized into two categories. The first category is to extract or construct comprehensive and complex features with manual ways (Castillo et al., 2011; Ruchansky et al., 2017; Flintham et al., 2018). The second category is to automatically capture deep features based on neural networks.
Answer: The first category is to extract or construct comprehensive and complex features with manual ways. The second category is to automatically capture deep features based on neural networks.