Question: What are the two annotated categories?
Evidence: The goal of this study was to select documents suitable for a fine-grained analysis of arguments. In a preliminary study on annotating argumentation using a small sample (50 random documents) of forum posts and comments from the raw corpus, we found that many documents convey no argumentation at all, even in discussions about controversies. We observed that such contributions do not intend to persuade; these documents typically contain story-sharing, personal worries, user interaction (asking questions, expressing agreement), off-topic comments, and others. Such characteristics are typical to on-line discussions in general, but they have not been examined with respect to argumentation or persuasion. Indeed, we observed that there are (1) documents that are completely unrelated and (2) documents that are related to the topic, but do not contain any argumentation. This issue has been identified among argumentation theorist; for example as external relevance by Paglieri.Castelfranchia.2014. Similar findings were also confirmed in related literature in argumentation mining, however never tackled empirically BIBREF53 , BIBREF8 These documents are thus not suitable for analyzing argumentation.
In order to filter documents that are suitable for argumentation annotation, we defined a binary document-level classification task. The distinction is made between either persuasive documents or non-persuasive (which includes all other sorts of texts, such as off-topic, story sharing, unrelated dialog acts, etc.).
The two annotated categories were on-topic persuasive and non-persuasive. Three annotators with near-native English proficiency annotated a set of 990 documents (a random subset of comments and forum posts) reaching 0.59 Fleiss' INLINEFORM0 . The final label was selected by majority voting. The annotation study took on average of 15 hours per annotator with approximately 55 annotated documents per hour. The resulting labels were derived by majority voting. Out of 990 documents, 524 (53%) were labeled as on-topic persuasive. We will refer to this corpus as gold data persuasive.
We examined all disagreements between annotators and discovered some typical problems, such as implicitness or topic relevance. First, the authors often express their stance towards the topic implicitly, so it must be inferred by the reader. To do so, certain common-ground knowledge is required. However, such knowledge heavily depends on many aspects, such as the reader's familiarity with the topic or her cultural background, as well as the context of the source website or the discussion forum thread. This also applies for sarcasm and irony. Second, the decision whether a particular topic is persuasive was always made with respect to the controversial topic under examination. Some authors shift the focus to a particular aspect of the given controversy or a related issue, making the document less relevant.
We achieved moderate agreement between the annotators, although the definition of persuasiveness annotation might seem a bit fuzzy. We found different amounts of persuasion in the specific topics. For instance, prayer in schools or private vs. public schools attract persuasive discourse, while other discussed controversies often contain non-persuasive discussions, represented by redshirting and mainstreaming. Although these two topics are also highly controversial, the participants of on-line discussions seem to not attempt to persuade but they rather exchange information, support others in their decisions, etc. This was also confirmed by socio-psychological researchers. Ammari.et.al.2014 show that parents of children with special needs rely on discussion sites for accessing information and social support and that, in particular, posts containing humor, achievement, or treatment suggestions are perceived to be more socially appropriate than posts containing judgment, violence, or social comparisons. According to Nicholson.Leask.2012, in the online forum, parents of autistic children were seen to understand the issue because they had lived it. Assuming that participants in discussions related to young kids (e.g., redshirting, or mainstreaming) are usually females (mothers), the gender can also play a role. In a study of online persuasion, Guadagno.Cialdini.2002 conclude that women chose to bond rather than compete (women feel more comfortable cooperating, even in a competitive environment), whereas men are motivated to compete if necessary to achieve independence.
The two annotated categories were on-topic persuasive and non persuasive.
Answer: The two annotated categories were on-topic persuasive and non persuasive.