DataHammer/scimrc huggingface dataset:
Question: Can the author(s) quantify the increase in computational cost?
Evidence: Our method is sensitive to the choice of basis elements. Selecting a maximum frequency that is too high leads to too many elements in the encoding and overfitting, while low frequencies tend to underfit. Similar limitations were observed by , where the "scale" parameter, which is related to the frequency of the basis elements, needs to be carefully tuned.
Evaluating the special functions that compose the basis used for positional encoding is generally computationally expensive. This is amortized when the inputs lie on a fixed grid (as in the spherical panoramas) or can be pre-computed from the dataset (like in the NeRF  and light field experiments). This, combined with the fast on-device jax.scipy implementation of the spherical harmonics results in almost no overhead for these experiments. For IPDF, however, the training grid is sampled randomly, and there is no on-device implementation, which results is half the training speed. During inference the grid is fixed but very large, requiring a 32 Gb device for fast evaluation.
Our method is sensitive to the choice of basis elements. Selecting a maximum frequency that is too high leads to too many elements in the encoding and overfitting, while low frequencies tend to underfit. Similar limitations were observed by Tancik et al. (2020), where the “scale” parameter, which is related to the frequency of the basis elements, needs to be carefully tuned. Evaluating the special functions that compose the basis used for positional encoding is generally computationally expensive. This is amortized when the inputs lie on a fixed grid (as in the spherical panoramas) or can be pre-computed from the dataset (like in the NeRF (Mildenhall et al., 2020) and light field experiments). This, combined with the fast on-device jax.scipy implementation of the spherical harmonics results in almost no overhead for these experiments. For IPDF (Murphy et al., 2021), however, the training grid is sampled randomly, and there is no on-device implementation, which results is half the training speed. During inference the grid is fixed but very large, requiring a 32 Gb device for fast evaluation.
Answer: We discuss the computational cost in section 6. In summary, for the spherical panoramas, NeRF and light field experiments, all the points queried are known a priori and need to be computed only once. This, combined with the fast on-device jax.scipy spherical harmonics implementation, allows running these experiments with negligible overhead. However, we have no such tool for computing the Wigner-Ds for IPDF, and random points on SO(3) are queried during training so pre-computation is not possible. Our solution is to compute the basis elements on CPU and transfer to the device every step, which makes training 2x slower. This could be greatly improved with an on-device JAX Wigner-D implementation.
Question: What programming language is target language?
Evidence: SMT techniques require a parallel corpus in thr source and thr target language. A text-code parallel corpus similar to Fig. FIGREF12 is used in training. This parallel corpus has 18805 aligned data in it . In source data, the expression of each line code is written in the English language. In target data, the code is written in Python programming language.
In target data, the code is written in Python programming language.
Answer: The answers are shown as follows:
* Python
Question: From the text below extract the types of species and the percentage of its habitat in the form {Species}:{Percentage} and place them as a bullet list
Evidence: India is a megadiverse country, a term employed for 17 countries which display high biological diversity and contain many species exclusively indigenous, or endemic, to them. India is a habitat for 8.6% of all mammal species, 13.7% of bird species, 7.9% of reptile species, 6% of amphibian species, 12.2% of fish species, and 6.0% of all flowering plant species. Fully a third of Indian plant species are endemic. India also contains four of the world's 34 biodiversity hotspots, or regions that display significant habitat loss in the presence of high endemism.
Answer: Here are the types of species and their percentages stated in the given text:
Mammal species : 8.6%
Bird species : 13.7%
Reptile species : 7.9%
Amphibian species : 6%
Fish species : 12.2%
Flowering Plant species : 6.0%
Question: Given these paragraphs about Hydrogen Storage, what are some of its use cases?
Evidence: Several methods exist for storing hydrogen. These include mechanical approaches such as using high pressures and low temperatures, or employing chemical compounds that release H2 upon demand. While large amounts of hydrogen are produced by various industries, it is mostly consumed at the site of production, notably for the synthesis of ammonia. For many years hydrogen has been stored as compressed gas or cryogenic liquid, and transported as such in cylinders, tubes, and cryogenic tanks for use in industry or as propellant in space programs. Interest in using hydrogen for on-board storage of energy in zero-emissions vehicles is motivating the development of new methods of storage, more adapted to this new application. The overarching challenge is the very low boiling point of H2: it boils around 20.268 K (−252.882 °C or −423.188 °F). Achieving such low temperatures requires expending significant energy.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_storage
Answer: It's been used in the industry or as propellant in space programs. Interest in using hydrogen for on-board storage of energy in zero-emissions vehicles is motivating the development of new methods of storage, more adapted to this new application.
Question: What is the official name of Singapore?
Evidence: Singapore (/ˈsɪŋ(ɡ)əpɔːr/ (listen)), officially the Republic of Singapore, is an island country and city-state in maritime Southeast Asia. It lies about one degree of latitude (137 kilometres or 85 miles) north of the equator, off the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula, bordering the Strait of Malacca to the west, the Singapore Strait to the south, the South China Sea to the east, and the Straits of Johor to the north. The country's territory is composed of one main island, 63 satellite islands and islets, and one outlying islet; the combined area of these has increased by 25% since the country's independence as a result of extensive land reclamation projects. It has the third highest population density in the world. With a multicultural population and recognising the need to respect cultural identities of the major ethnic groups within the nation, Singapore has four official languages: English, Malay, Mandarin, and Tamil. English is the lingua franca and numerous public services are available only in English. Multi-racialism is enshrined in the constitution and continues to shape national policies in education, housing, and politics.
Answer: The official name of Singapore is The Republic of Singapore
Question: Classify the below companies based on their market capitalization into Small Cap and Large Cap.
Gravita, MapmyIndia, Airtel, Carysil
Answer: Small Cap - Gravita, MapmyIndia, Carysil
Large Cap - Airtel
Question: Choose the word which is different from the rest:  Mother, Friend, Sister, Father, Brother
Answer: Friend is a term reflecting a bond that is not genetic
Question: Why the SQUAD can be used for both answer extraction and selection?
Evidence: Four publicly available corpora are selected for our analysis. These corpora are based on Wikipedia, so more comparable than the others, and have already been used for the evaluation of several QA systems.
WikiQA BIBREF6 comprises questions selected from the Bing search queries, where user click data give the questions and their corresponding Wikipedia articles. The abstracts of these articles are then extracted to create answer candidates. The assumption is made that if many queries lead to the same article, it must contain the answer context; however, this assumption fails for some occasions, which makes this dataset more challenging. Since the existence of answer contexts is not guaranteed in this task, it is called answer triggering instead of answer selection.
SelQA BIBREF7 is a product of five annotation tasks through crowdsourcing. It consists of about 8K questions where a half of the questions are paraphrased from the other half, aiming to reduce contextual similarities between questions and answers. Each question is associated with a section in Wikipedia where the answer context is guaranteed, and also with five sections selected from the entire Wikipedia where the selection is made by the Lucene search engine. This second dataset does not assume the existence of the answer context, so can be used for the evaluation of answer triggering.
SQuAD BIBREF12 presents 107K+ crowdsourced questions on 536 Wikipedia articles, where the answer contexts are guaranteed to exist within the provided paragraph. It contains annotation of answer phrases as well as the pointers to the sentences including the answer phrases; thus, it can be used for both answer extraction and selection. This corpus also provides human accuracy on those questions, setting up a reasonable upper bound for machines. To avoid overfitting, the evaluation set is not publicly available although system outputs can be evaluated by their provided script.
InfoboxQA BIBREF13 gives 15K+ questions based on the infoboxes from 150 articles in Wikipedia. Each question is crowdsourced and associated with an infobox, where each line of the infobox is considered an answer candidate. This corpus emphasizes the gravity of infoboxes, which summary arguably the most commonly asked information about those articles. Although the nature of this corpus is different from the others, it can also be used to evaluate answer selection.
It contains annotation of answer phrases as well as the pointers to the sentences including the answer phrases; thus, it can be used for both answer extraction and selection.
Answer: Because it contains annotation of answer phrases as well as the pointers to the sentences including the answer phrases.
Question: How much is their learning rate?
Evidence: Most of our parameter settings follow BIBREF13 and BIBREF6 . We use ( 29 ) to update the model, and use ADAM BIBREF25 with a learning rate of 0.001 and batch size of 64 for optimization. A small dropout rate of 0.1 is applied to each layer. For word embedding, we use 300-dimension GloVe BIBREF21 embedding from the 840B Common Crawl corpus. The word embeddings are not updated during training. The character embedding has 20 dimensions and the character LSTM has 50 hidden units. All other LSTMs have a hidden dimension of 100. The maximum reasoning step $\mathcal {T}$ is set to 5. We limit the length of passage/question/answer to a maximum of 500/100/100 for efficient computation. We also train an ensemble model of 9 DFNs using randomly initialized parameters. Training usually converges within 20 epochs. The model is implemented with Tensorflow BIBREF26 and the source code will be released upon paper acceptance.
Most of our parameter settings follow (Wang et al., 2017c) and (Shen et al., 2017). We use (1) to update the model, and use ADAM (Kingma and Ba, 2014) with a learning rate of 0.001 and batch size of 64 for optimization.
Answer: 0.001.
Question: Is toastmasters a good organization to join?
Answer: Toastmasters is an organization that has been around for nearly 100 years.  It is an organization that helps its members to become competent communicators and competent leaders.  They achieve this by delivering prepared speeches that are evaluated during Toastmasters meetings.  You get evaluated on filler words used, grammatical construction of your speech, speech tonality, and a general evaluation of your speech.  This works so well because you get practical insight into where you can improve in your communication skills in delivering prepared speeches.  You can also fill different roles like treasurer, and president roles to help you build leadership skills.
Question: Choose the word which is different from the rest: Barley, Rice, Wheat, Mustard, Bajra.
Answer: All except Mustard are foodgrains, while mustard is an oilseed.  A grain is a small, hard, dry fruit with or without an attached hull layer, harvested for human or animal consumption.
The major U.S. oilseed crops are soybeans, cottonseed, sunflower seed and canola.  Soybeans are the dominant oilseed in the United States, accounting for about 90 percent of U.S. oilseed production.
Question: What is the road exam metric?
Evidence: In this paper, we adopt two simple strategies, multi-range reinforcing and multi-entropy sampling to overcome the reward sparseness during training. With the tricks applied, our model demonstrates a significant improvement over competing models. In addition, we propose road exam as a new metric to reveal a model's robustness against exposure bias.
 In addition, we propose road exam as a new metric to reveal a model's robustness against exposure bias.
Answer: The answers are shown as follows:
* a new metric to reveal a model's robustness against exposure bias
Question: Who is the white rapper that sings 'Thrift Shop'?
Answer: macklemore
Question: Since it began, how many years has FIVB not been held?
Evidence: The FIVB Volleyball Men's Club World Championship is an international men's club volleyball competition organised by the Fédération Internationale de Volleyball (FIVB), the sport's global governing body. The competition was first contested in 1989 in Italy. It was not held between 1993 and 2008, but since 2009, the competition has been held every year, and has been hosted by Qatar and Brazil except in 2017 and 2018 where both hosted by Poland.
Answer: 16 years. 2008-1993+1 = 16.
Question: Where are the headquarters of FATF
Answer: FATF has headquarters in Paris, France
Question: What is the SECA Art Award?
Answer: SECA stands for Society for the Encouragement of Contemporary Art. The SECA Art Award is an annual award that is given to emerging San Francisco Bay Area artists. It was organized by the SFMOMA in1967, and has been awarded every year since then. 
In 2022, 5 artists got selected: Binta Ayofemi, Maria A. Guzmán Capron, Cathy Lu, Marcel Pardo Ariza, and Gregory Rick. Their diverse works deal with racial conflict, American Asian identity, trans pride, black and indigenous presence in the urban landscape. 
SECA installations can be viewed at the SFMOMA Level 2 galleries from December through May annually.
Question: What is the best way to drink coffee?
Answer: The best way to drink coffee is subjective. Everyone likes their coffee a different way. Some prefer iced coffee. Some people prefer hot coffee. Some people like their coffee with cream and sugar. Some people like their coffee black. Some people get their coffee from Starbucks and some people make their coffee at home.
Question: By how much does their model outperform both the state-of-the-art systems?
Evidence: Evaluation on DUC2004: DUC 2004 ( BIBREF15 ) is a commonly used benchmark on summarization task consisting of 500 news articles. Each article is paired with 4 different human-generated reference summaries, capped at 75 characters. This dataset is evaluation-only. Similar to BIBREF2 , we train our neural model on the Gigaword training set, and show the models' performances on DUC2004. Following the convention, we also use ROUGE limited-length recall as our evaluation metric, and set the capping length to 75 characters. We generate summaries with 15 words using beam-size of 10. As shown in Table TABREF35 , our method outperforms all previous methods on Rouge-1 and Rouge-L, and is comparable on Rouge-2. Furthermore, our model only uses 15k decoder vocabulary, while previous methods use 69k or 200k.
FLOAT SELECTED: Table 2: Rouge-N limited-length recall on DUC2004. Size denotes the size of decoder vocabulary in a model.
As shown in Table TABREF35 , our method outperforms all previous methods on Rouge-1 and Rouge-L, and is comparable on Rouge-2.
FLOAT SELECTED: Table 2: Rouge-N limited-length recall on DUC2004. Size denotes the size of decoder vocabulary in a model.
Answer: w.r.t Rouge-1 their model outperforms by 0.98% and w.r.t Rouge-L their model outperforms by 0.45%
Question: Who are the three main characters of the Harry Potter Series?
Answer: Harry Potter, Hermione Granger and Ron Weasley are the main characters of Harry Potter
Question: From this paragraph about Microsoft, extract the names of the Big Five American information technology companies.
Evidence: Microsoft Corporation is an American multinational technology corporation headquartered in Redmond, Washington. Microsoft's best-known software products are the Windows line of operating systems, the Microsoft Office suite, and the Internet Explorer and Edge web browsers. Its flagship hardware products are the Xbox video game consoles and the Microsoft Surface lineup of touchscreen personal computers. Microsoft ranked No. 14 in the 2022 Fortune 500 rankings of the largest United States corporations by total revenue; it was the world's largest software maker by revenue as of 2022. It is considered as one of the Big Five American information technology companies, alongside Alphabet (parent company of Google), Amazon, Apple, and Meta (formerly Facebook).
Answer: 1) Microsoft, 2) Alphabet (parent company of Google), Amazon, Apple, and Meta (formerly Facebook).
Question: Why has West been a source of controversy recently?
Evidence: West's outspoken views have received significant media coverage; he has been a frequent source of controversy due to his conduct on social media and at awards shows and public settings, as well as his comments on the music and fashion industries, U.S. politics, race, and slavery. His Christian faith, high-profile marriage to Kim Kardashian, and mental health have also been topics of media attention. In 2020, West launched an unsuccessful independent presidential campaign that primarily advocated for a consistent life ethic. In 2022, he was widely condemned and lost many sponsors and partnerships—including his collaborations with Adidas, Gap, and Balenciaga—after making a series of antisemitic statements. In November 2022, he announced his 2024 presidential campaign, appearing publicly with Nick Fuentes, a white supremacist. West later publicly praised Adolf Hitler, denied the Holocaust, and identified as a Nazi.
Answer: West began making antisemitic comments on Twitter and on other news sources in 2022. His comments directly attacked Jewish people and denounced parts of history such as the Holocaust. Once he made his comments, many organizations that he was partnered with dropped him because of the backlash received by their customers.
Question: Identify the bird from the list: Barn owl, Python, Chimpanzee
Answer: Barn owl
Question: Given this reference text about Jimmy John's, how many Jimmy John's locations are there?
Evidence: Jimmy John's is an American sandwich chain headquartered in Champaign, Illinois. The business was founded by Jimmy John Liautaud in 1983. After Liautaud graduated from high school, his father gave him a choice to either join the military or start a business. Liautaud, choosing the latter, initially decided to start a hot dog business, but changed to opening a sandwich business due to costs.

The Jimmy John's franchise has over 2700 locations, with 98% of them being franchises. in 2016, Roark Capital Group purchased a majority stake in the company. Later, in 2019, Inspire Brands purchased the company from Roark Capital Group for an unspecified amount.
Answer: There are currently 2700 locations in the Jimmy John's franchise.
Question: From the text, please extract and list Nokia's market capitalization timeline.
Evidence: Nokia is a public limited liability company and is the oldest company listed under the same name on the Helsinki Stock Exchange, beginning in 1915. Nokia has had a secondary listing on the New York Stock Exchange since 1994. Nokia shares were delisted from the London Stock Exchange in 2003, the Paris Stock Exchange in 2004, the Stockholm Stock Exchange in 2007 and the Frankfurt Stock Exchange in 2012. Due to the acquisition of Alcatel-Lucent in 2015, Nokia listed its shares again on the Paris Stock Exchange and was included in the CAC 40 index on 6 January 2016 but later removed on 18 September 2017.

In 2007, Nokia had a market capitalization of €110 billion; by 17 July 2012 this had fallen to €6.28 billion, and by 23 February 2015, it increased to €26.07 billion. Nokia market cap at 2020 was 21.76 billion.
Answer: Here is a timeline of Nokia's market capitalization:
1. 2007 - 110 Billion Euros
2. 2012 - 6.28 Billion Euros
3. 2015 - 26.07 Billion Euros
4. 2020 - 21.76 Billion Euros
Question: Identify which instrument is string or woodwind: Zither, Khlui
Answer: Zither is string, Khlui is woodwind.
Question: Which is a species of fish? Sleeper or Snoozer
Answer: Sleeper
Question: Is SAS a language or a software product?
Answer: SAS is both a programming language and a software product.
Question: Who maintains the Tottori Expressway?
Evidence: From Sayo Junction to Sayo Toll Gate the expressway is maintained and tolled by the West Nippon Expressway Company.
Answer: The expressway is officially referred to as the Chūgoku-Ōdan Expressway Himeji Tottori Route. The Chūgoku-Ōdan Expressway Himeji Tottori Route is the official designation for the Sanyō Expressway between Sanyō Himeji-Nishi Interchange and Harima Junction, the Harima Expressway between Harima Junction and Yamazaki Junction, the Chūgoku Expressway between Yamazaki Junction and Sayō Junction, and the Tottori Expressway between Sayō Junction and Tottori Interchange (concurrent with the Chūgoku-Ōdan Expressway Himeji Tottori Route).

From Sayo Junction to Sayo Toll Gate the expressway is maintained and tolled by the West Nippon Expressway Company. The rest of the expressway is able to be driven without any fees. That section of the expressway is maintained by the Chūgoku branch of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism.

The entire expressway has only one lane in each direction, except for the section between Sayō Junction and Sayō Toll Gate.
Question: What's the difference between tennis and pickleball?
Answer: While they are similar sports, tennis and pickleball have various difference. First, the court size for pickleball is about half the size of a tennis court. Second, pickleball is played with a ball that resembles a whiffle ball. Third, pickleball is played with paddles as opposed to rackets. Finally, the scoring system is quite different as you play for points which can only be scored when you or your team are serving.
Question: What is the trias politica?
Answer: The trias politica is the typical separation of powers in a government - the legislative power, the executive power and the judiciary power. These powers should be independent of each other, with each performing a different function, keeping each other in check. The legislative power drafts laws and regulations that govern the society. The executive power ensures these laws and regulations are upheld in society, while the judiciary power checks the performance of the executive power in upholding those laws and regulations.