DataHammer/scimrc huggingface dataset:
Question: Given a reference text about the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries, when was OPEC founded and how do economists describe OPEC's power over oil markets?
Evidence: The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC, /ˈoʊpɛk/ OH-pek) is an organization enabling the co-operation of leading oil-producing countries, in order to collectively influence the global market and maximise profit. Founded on 14 September 1960 in Baghdad by the first five members (Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Venezuela), it has, since 1965, been headquartered in Vienna, Austria, although Austria is not an OPEC member state. As of September 2018, the 13 member countries accounted for an estimated 44 percent of global oil production and 81.5 percent of the world's proven oil reserves, giving OPEC a major influence on global oil prices that were previously determined by the so-called "Seven Sisters" grouping of multinational oil companies.

The formation of OPEC marked a turning point toward national sovereignty over natural resources, and OPEC decisions have come to play a prominent role in the global oil market and international relations. The effect can be particularly strong when wars or civil disorders lead to extended interruptions in supply. In the 1970s, restrictions in oil production led to a dramatic rise in oil prices and in the revenue and wealth of OPEC, with long-lasting and far-reaching consequences for the global economy. In the 1980s, OPEC began setting production targets for its member nations; generally, when the targets are reduced, oil prices increase. This has occurred most recently from the organization's 2008 and 2016 decisions to trim oversupply.

Economists have characterized OPEC as a textbook example of a cartel that cooperates to reduce market competition, but one whose consultations are protected by the doctrine of state immunity under international law. In the 1960s and 1970s, OPEC successfully restructured the global oil production system so that decision-making authority and the vast majority of profits is in the hands of oil-producing countries. Since the 1980s, OPEC has had a limited impact on world oil supply and price stability, as there is frequent cheating by members on their commitments to one another, and as member commitments reflect what they would do even in the absence of OPEC.

Current OPEC members are Algeria, Angola, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, the Republic of the Congo, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates and Venezuela. Meanwhile, Ecuador, Indonesia and Qatar are former OPEC members. A larger group called OPEC+ was formed in late 2016 to have more control on the global crude oil market.
Answer: The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) was founded on September 14, 1960.  Economists describe OPEC as a cartel that limits free market competition by setting production quotas for its members. The impact of OPEC's supply quotas are most acute during times of war or civil disorder when crude oil supplies are already restricted. Cheating by member nations dilutes the power of OPEC over oil supply and prices.
Question: I want to sketch with graphite pencils but am confused about the range of options. What do the pencil grades mean and how can they be used?
Answer: Graphite pencils come in a range of grades — from hard (9H to H) to soft (HB to 9B). A hard graphite pencil leaves less graphite on the drawing surface and can be used to produce faint, sharp lines and build texture. HB or B pencils are good options for hatching and cross-hatching line work. They don’t smudge as easily as the softer, darker graphite pencils — and create clear lines. Soft graphite pencils are excellent for building solid tones of dark gray to near black.
Question: Who were the children of the legendary Garth Greenhand, the High King of the First Men in the series A Song of Ice and Fire?
Answer: Garth the Gardener, John the Oak, Gilbert of the Vines, Brandon of the Bloody Blade, Foss the Archer, Owen Oakenshield, Harlon the Hunter, Herndon of the Horn, Bors the Breaker, Florys the Fox, Maris the Maid, Rose of the Red Lake, Ellyn Ever Sweet, Rowan Gold-Tree
Question: What is the coldest place on Earth to live?
Answer: The coldest place on Earth to live is Yakutsk in Siberia.
Question: Who wrote the TV series Babylon5?
Evidence: Babylon 5 is an American space opera television series created by writer and producer J. Michael Straczynski, under the Babylonian Productions label, in association with Straczynski's Synthetic Worlds Ltd. and Warner Bros. Domestic Television. After the successful airing of a test pilot movie on February 22, 1993, Babylon 5: The Gathering, Warner Bros. commissioned the series for production in May 1993 as part of its Prime Time Entertainment Network (PTEN). The show premiered in the US on January 26, 1994, and ran for five 22-episode seasons.
Answer: Babylon 5 is an American television series created by writer and producer J. Michael Straczynski.
Question: What is the Willow Project? What is it's significance an how could this change the world we live in?
Answer: The Willow Project, approved in late 2022 is a large scale oil drilling project that will take place in Alaska, on federal land known as The National Petroleum Reserve. the goal of this project is to take advantage of Alaska's primary source of income, drilling, to help generate revenue and produce around 180,000 barrels of oil for the US government. In addition to these benefits, this project contributes to a major problem in today's world: climate change. the drilling of oil releases about 287 million tons of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, further speeding up the effect of climate change. The animals residing there --some of which are endangered-- will lose their natural habitats and destroy ecosystem potentially causing harm worldwide. As the country becomes more dependent on the use of non renewable energy, the short window of time left to weaken the effects of climate change is coming to a close. Inevitably this will lead to irreversible changes that will endanger the one place we call home.
Question: What are the following: Palm Pre, iPhone, Samsung Galaxy Note, Razr, HTC One X
Answer: These are all examples of mobile phones. The iPhone, Samsung Galaxy Note, and HTC One X are examples of smartphones, which is a mobile phone that can also access the internet and run applications like Instagram or Gmail.
Question: Which is a species of fish? Tonguefish or Tongue
Answer: Tonguefish
Question: What does the Romantic Novelists' Association do?
Evidence: The Romantic Novelists' Association (RNA) is the professional body that represents authors of romantic fiction in the United Kingdom. It was founded in 1960 by Denise Robins (first president), Barbara Cartland (first vice-president), Vivian Stuart (first elected chairman), and other authors including Elizabeth Goudge, Netta Muskett, Catherine Cookson, Rosamunde Pilcher and Lucilla Andrews.

The RNA has a membership approaching 1000, composed of authors and publishing professionals. It promotes and celebrates excellence in romantic fiction across all sub-genres. It offers a programme of events throughout the year including an annual conference and workshops/seminars on aspects of writing craft and the publishing industry. The organisations also supports a number of regional chapters, who meet regularly to discuss issues of concern to writers of romantic fiction. The organisation also runs the New Writers' Scheme, under which unpublished authors receive an appraisal of their work from an experienced member of the Association. Netta Muskett was co-founder and vice-president of the association and the Netta Muskett Award for new writers, now called the RNA New Writers Scheme, was created in her honour.

Many of its members are best-selling and award-winning international authors and also speakers and creative writing tutors.
Answer: The Romantic Novelists' Association is a membership organization with roughly 1000 authors of romantic fiction and publishing professionals that organizes events throughout the year. The RNA holds an annual conference and workshops on writing craft and the publishing industry and is also known for its New Writers' Scheme, which allows unpublished authors to have their work reviewed by experienced members of the organization.
Question: Who are some important people in U.S. history that everyone should know about?
Answer: Here are some important people in U.S. history:
* John Brown, an abolitionist who led a failed slave revolt in what is now West Virginia, and was executed for doing so.
* Henry George, who popularized the concepts of land value taxation (LVT) and universal basic income (UBI). His most famous work is a book called Progress and Poverty.
* Thurgood Marshall, who was a justice of the Supreme Court. Prior to his appointment, he successfully argued against segregation in education in the case Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka.
* Bayard Rustin, a civil rights activist.
* Scott Wiener, a state senator in California who has authored legislation that makes it easier to build housing.
* Stanley Chang, a state senator in Hawaii who has similarly been vocally supportive of increasing the supply of housing.
* Ilhan Omar, a member of the U.S. House of Representatives.
Question: Who was the first president of the United States?
Answer: George Washington was the first president of the United States.  He served from 1789 - 1997 and was also a military officer.  One of things he is known for is ratifying the US constitution which replaced the articles of confederation.  This happened in 1789.
Question: Identify which animal species is alive or extinct: Vaquita, Daeodon
Answer: Daeodon is extinct, Vaquita is alive.
Question: Give a list of the parts of your physical appearance you would want to change?
Answer: Height, lips, nose, eye color, hair color, tattoo removed, weight, muscle, jaw line, eyebrows, cellulite, stomach, veins, wrinkles
Question: Tell me whether each of these soccer teams are American or European: Leeds United, Seattle Sounders, Portland Timbers, Arsenal Gunners, Sporting KC, Bayern Munich
Answer: Leeds United: European
Seattle Sounders: American
Portland Timbers: American
Arsenal Gunners: European
Sporting KC: American
Bayern Munich: European
Question: Who is Toto?
Evidence: Toto is a fictional dog in L. Frank Baum's Oz series of children's books, and works derived from them. His name is pronounced with a long "O", a homophone of "toe toe". He was originally a small terrier drawn by W. W. Denslow for the first edition of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1900). He reappears in numerous adaptations, such as The Wizard of Oz (1939) and The Wiz (1978).
Answer: Toto may refer to many things but a popular reference is to a small dog in the movie The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1900). Toto belongs to Dorothy Gale, the heroine, and plays a key role at several points in the movie including running away (which causes Dorothy to chase after him and get pulled into the story) and pulling the curtain back to reveal that the Wizard is just an old man.
Question: Tell me about life growing up in Singapore from a local's point of view. This local must have been born in Singapore at least after 1985 and is someone who enjoys his/her time growing up in Singapore.
Answer: Life in Singapore as a 34 year old is comfortable. I grew up in a multicultural society where all races and religions respect one another. I've also grown up with a myriad of food types where going out and trying different types of food is considered a local past time activity. 
As a local living in Singapore, I love traveling to nearby countries like Indonesia, Philippines, Vietnam, Thailand and more, all of which are less than a 4 hour flight away. I enjoy the social and financial stability of growing up in Singapore.
Question: Who are the top tennis players right now?
Answer: The answer to this can change from week to week since the ATP tour (professional tennis tour) is currently happening. As of April 2023, Carlos Alcaraz is the highest ranked men's player in the world, and Iga Swiatek is the highest ranked women's player. However, both of these players are currently experiencing minor injuries and so technically one could argue that there are several other players in the top 10 for both men's and women's who could beat the best players.
Question: Summarize the parliamentary 2023 elections results in Andorra
Evidence: On the evening of 2 April, the Andorran government announced the results: the ruling coalition of Democrats for Andorra (DA) and Committed Citizens (CC) won the elections with 16 seats, gaining 3 more seats and the absolute majority of Consell General's seats. It was followed by the new Concord party, which won 5 seats. The third place was won by the progressive coalition formed by the Social Democratic Party (PS) and Social Democracy and Progress (SDP), which lost 4 seats, remaining with 3. In last positions, the new parties Andorra Forward, which won 3 seats, and Action for Andorra (Accío), which won one. At a press conference, Xavier Espot, accompanied by the Minister of Finance and acting government spokesman Cesar Marquina, proclaimed these results. Liberals of Andorra was left without parliamentary representation, losing the 4 seats it had.

The turnout was 66.95%, 1.3% less than that recorded in the 2019 elections, despite being higher than in previous years. Early voting rose to 30%, the highest figure ever recorded.
Answer: Xavier Espot, Cesar Marquina, and the Minister of Finance confirmed April 2nd, 2023 that the Democrats of Andorra and Committed Citizens parties won with an absolute majority (16 seats total, adding 3 new seats). The turn out was very similar to 2019, with just 1.3% less voting (66.95% in total). This may have been due to a record turn out in early voting, which was higher than ever recorded at 30%.
Question: From the passage provided, extract the well-known superheroes from Marvel comic books.
Evidence: Marvel Comics is an American comic book publisher and the flagship property of Marvel Entertainment, a division of The Walt Disney Company since September 1, 2009. Evolving from Timely Comics in 1939, Magazine Management/Atlas Comics in 1951 and its predecessor, Marvel Mystery Comics, the Marvel Comics title/name/brand was first used in June 1961.

Marvel was started in 1939 by Martin Goodman as Timely Comics, and by 1951 had generally become known as Atlas Comics. The Marvel era began in June 1961 with the launch of The Fantastic Four and other superhero titles created by Stan Lee, Jack Kirby, Steve Ditko and many others. The Marvel brand, which had been used over the years and decades, was solidified as the company's primary brand.

Marvel counts among its characters such well-known superheroes as Spider-Man, Iron Man, Captain America, Thor, Doctor Strange, Hulk, Daredevil, Wolverine, Black Panther and Captain Marvel, as well as popular superhero teams such as the Avengers, X-Men, Fantastic Four, and Guardians of the Galaxy. Its stable of well-known supervillains includes the likes of Doctor Doom, Magneto, Ultron, Thanos, Kang the Conqueror, Green Goblin, Galactus, Loki, and Kingpin. Most of Marvel's fictional characters operate in a single reality known as the Marvel Universe, with most locations mirroring real-life places; many major characters are based in New York City, New York, United States. Additionally, Marvel has published several licensed properties from other companies. This includes Star Wars comics twice from 1977 to 1986 and again since 2015.
Answer: Well-known superheroes from Marvel include Spider-Man, Iron Man, Captain America, Thor, Doctor Strange, Hulk, Daredevil, Wolverine, Black Panther, and Captain Marvel.  Many Marvel superheroes also are part of teams such as the Avengers, X-Men, Fantastic Four, and Guardians of the Galaxy.
Question: Was the hermit hummingbird hawkmoth first described in the 18th century or the 19th century?
Evidence: Macroglossum insipida, the hermit hummingbird hawkmoth, is a moth of the family Sphingidae. It was described by Arthur Gardiner Butler in 1875.
Answer: The hermit hummingbird hawkmoth was first described in 1875, which is in the 19th century.
Question: Where do U2 come from?
Evidence: U2 are an Irish rock band from Dublin, formed in 1976. The group consists of Bono (lead vocals and rhythm guitar), the Edge (lead guitar, keyboards, and backing vocals), Adam Clayton (bass guitar), and Larry Mullen Jr. (drums and percussion). Initially rooted in post-punk, U2's musical style has evolved throughout their career, yet has maintained an anthemic quality built on Bono's expressive vocals and the Edge's chiming, effects-based guitar sounds. Bono's lyrics, often embellished with spiritual imagery, focus on personal and sociopolitical themes. Popular for their live performances, the group have staged several ambitious and elaborate tours over their career.
Answer: The Irish band U2 are from Dublin.
Question: Name a famous silent comedy film
Answer: Andersson's Kalle (Swedish: Anderssonskans Kalle) is a 1922 Swedish silent comedy film directed by Sigurd Wallén and starring Gösta Alexandersson, Dagmar Ebbesen and Stina Berg. It is based on the 1901 novel of the same title by Emil Norlander, which has been adapted into films on several occasions. It was followed by a sequel New Pranks of Andersson's Kalle in 1923. In 1934 Wallén remade it into a sound film.
Question: Which model performs better in generating rare words in out-of-vocabulary word representation test?
Evidence: Results for IV evaluation are shown in tab:intrinsic, and for OOV in tab:oov.
Like in FT, the use of subword information in both LV-N and LV-M results in 1) better representation of rare words, as evidenced by the increase in RW correlation, and 2) significant improvement on the GSyn and MSR tasks, in evidence of subwords encoding information about a word's syntactic function (the suffix “ly”, for example, suggests an adverb).
There seems to a trade-off between capturing semantics and syntax as in both LV-N and FT there is an accompanying decrease on the GSem tasks in exchange for gains on the GSyn and MSR tasks. Morphological segmentation in LV-M appears to favor syntax less strongly than do simple n-grams.
On the downstream tasks, we only observe statistically significant ( $p < .05$ under a random permutation test) improvement on the chunking task, and it is a very small gain. We attribute this to both regular and subword models having very similar quality on frequent IV word representation. Statistically, these are the words are that are most likely to appear in the downstream task instances, and so the superior representation of rare words
has, due to their nature, little impact on overall accuracy. Because in all tasks OOV words are mapped to the “ $\langle $ unk $\rangle $ ” token, the subword models are not being used to the fullest, and in future work we will investigate whether generating representations for all words improves task performance.
In OOV representation (tab:oov), LV-N and FT work almost identically, as is to be expected. Both find highly coherent neighbors for the words “hellooo”, “marvelicious”, and “rereread”. Interestingly, the misspelling of “louisana” leads to coherent name-like neighbors, although none is the expected correct spelling “louisiana”. All models stumble on the made-up prefix “tuz”. A possible fix would be to down-weigh very rare subwords in the vector summation. LV-M is less robust than LV-N and FT on this task as it is highly sensitive to incorrect segmentation, exemplified in the “hellooo” example.
Finally, we see that nearest-neighbors are a mixture of similarly pre/suffixed words. If these pre/suffixes are semantic, the neighbors are semantically related, else if syntactic they have similar syntactic function. This suggests that it should be possible to get tunable representations which are more driven by semantics or syntax by a weighted summation of subword vectors, given we can identify whether a pre/suffix is semantic or syntactic in nature and weigh them accordingly. This might be possible without supervision using corpus statistics as syntactic subwords are likely to be more frequent, and so could be down-weighted for more semantic representations. This is something we will pursue in future work.
Results for IV evaluation are shown in table 1, and for OOV in table 2. Like in FT, the use of subword information in both LV-N and LV-M results in 1) better representation of rare words, as evidenced by the increase in RW correlation,
Answer: LV-N and LV-M.
Question: Give me 5 major attractions to see in Berlin
Answer: 1. Brandenburg Gate. This is a must visit location in Berlin and often times referred as Berlin's signature attraction.
2. Berlin Television Tower. This TV tower or Fernsehturm as called in German, is the something that is hard of ignore even from farthest of the distances.
3. Reichtag. It is Federal Govenment buiding of Germany. This building has been modernised and special attraction is its glass dome to capture a great glance of the city.
4. Kurfürstendamm. It is Berlin's most famous shopping street.
5. Checkpoint Charlie. Just something that attracts every tourist due to its historical significance.
Question: What does the error analysis show?
Evidence: Question classification can enable targetting question answering models, but is challenging to implement with high performance without using rule-based methods. In this work we generate the most fine-grained challenge dataset for question classification, using complex and syntactically diverse questions, and show gains of up to 12% are possible with our question classification model across datasets in open, science, and medical domains. This model is the first demonstration of a question classification model achieving state-of-the-art results across benchmark datasets in open, science, and medical domains. We further demonstrate attending to question type can significantly improve question answering performance, with large gains possible as quesion classification performance improves. Our error analysis suggests that developing high-precision methods of question classification independent of their recall can offer the opportunity to incrementally make use of the benefits of question classification without suffering the consequences of classification errors on QA performance.
Our error analysis suggests that developing high-precision methods of question classifi- cation independent of their recall can offer the opportunity to incrementally make use of the benefits of question classi- fication without suffering the consequences of classification errors on QA performance.
Answer: Their error analysis suggests that developing high-precision methods of question classifi- cation independent of their recall can offer the opportunity to incrementally make use of the benefits of question classi- fication without suffering the consequences of classification errors on QA performance.