DataHammer/scimrc huggingface dataset:
Question: What features does the adaptive version of sparse attention have?
Evidence: The Transformer architecture BIBREF0 for deep neural networks has quickly risen to prominence in NLP through its efficiency and performance, leading to improvements in the state of the art of Neural Machine Translation BIBREF1, BIBREF2, as well as inspiring other powerful general-purpose models like BERT BIBREF3 and GPT-2 BIBREF4. At the heart of the Transformer lie multi-head attention mechanisms: each word is represented by multiple different weighted averages of its relevant context. As suggested by recent works on interpreting attention head roles, separate attention heads may learn to look for various relationships between tokens BIBREF5, BIBREF6, BIBREF7, BIBREF8, BIBREF9.
The attention distribution of each head is predicted typically using the softmax normalizing transform. As a result, all context words have non-zero attention weight. Recent work on single attention architectures suggest that using sparse normalizing transforms in attention mechanisms such as sparsemax – which can yield exactly zero probabilities for irrelevant words – may improve performance and interpretability BIBREF12, BIBREF13, BIBREF14. Qualitative analysis of attention heads BIBREF0 suggests that, depending on what phenomena they capture, heads tend to favor flatter or more peaked distributions.
Recent works have proposed sparse Transformers BIBREF10 and adaptive span Transformers BIBREF11. However, the “sparsity" of those models only limits the attention to a contiguous span of past tokens, while in this work we propose a highly adaptive Transformer model that is capable of attending to a sparse set of words that are not necessarily contiguous. Figure FIGREF1 shows the relationship of these methods with ours.
Our contributions are the following:
We introduce sparse attention into the Transformer architecture, showing that it eases interpretability and leads to slight accuracy gains.
We propose an adaptive version of sparse attention, where the shape of each attention head is learnable and can vary continuously and dynamically between the dense limit case of softmax and the sparse, piecewise-linear sparsemax case.
We make an extensive analysis of the added interpretability of these models, identifying both crisper examples of attention head behavior observed in previous work, as well as novel behaviors unraveled thanks to the sparsity and adaptivity of our proposed model.
We propose an adaptive version of sparse attention, where the shape of each attention head is learnable and can vary continuously and dynamically between the dense limit case of softmax and the sparse, piecewise-linear sparsemax case.
Answer: The shape of each attention head is learnable and can vary continuously and dynamically between the dense limit case of softmax and the sparse, piecewise-linear sparsemax case.
Question: What did the authors evaluate to quantify the challenges that the new dataset presents?
Evidence: To quantify the challenges that our new dataset presents, we evaluated the performance of a range of classifier models and out-of-scope prediction schemes.
To quantify the challenges that our new dataset presents, we evaluated the performance of a range of classifier models3 and out-of-scope prediction schemes.
Answer: The authors evaluated the performance of a range of classifier models3 and out-of-scope prediction schemes.
Question: When thinking about ways to describe communications, which of these adjectives describes verbosity, and which describe communication which is concise. Wordy, succinct, prattling, effusive, abridged, babbling.
Answer: Wordy, prattling, effusive and babbling are adjectives used to describe verbose communication. Succinct and abridged are adjectives describing concise communication.
Question: Who proposed the baseline model used by the authors?
Evidence: We use the same baseline as used by lang2011unsupervised which has been shown to be difficult to outperform. This baseline assigns a semantic role to a constituent based on its syntactic function, i.e. the dependency relation to its head. If there is a total of INLINEFORM0 clusters, INLINEFORM1 most frequent syntactic functions get a cluster each, and the rest are assigned to the INLINEFORM2 th cluster.
We use the same baseline as used by Lang and Lapata (2011a) which has been shown to be difficult to outperform.
Answer: Lang and Lapata.
Question: Which of the following films came out after 1948?
Evidence: La buenaventura (1934)
Grand Canary (1934)
Tripping Through the Tropics (1934)
Tres Amores (1934)
El cantante de Napoles (1935)
Julieta Buys a Son (1935)
Rosa de Francia (1935)
El crimen de media noche (1936)
El capitan Tormenta (1936)
Song of the Gringo (1936)
Fiesta (1941)
The Face of Marble (1946)
Gilda (1946)
Two Years Before the Mast (1946)
Secret Beyond the Door... (1947)
Secret of the Incas (1954)
The Rose Tattoo (1955)
The Bottom of the Bottle (1956)
Lawman (1959 episode "The Outsider") as Mrs. Lebeau
Answer: Secret of the Incas
The Rose Tattoo
The Bottom of the Bottle
Lawman
Question: Based on this paragraph, what does Briony mean when she says at the conclusion: ""I like to think that it isn't weakness or evasion, but a final act of kindness, a stand against oblivion and despair, to let my lovers live and to unite them at the end."
Evidence: The final section, titled "London 1999", is narrated by Briony herself in the form of a diary entry. Now 77, she is a successful novelist who has recently been diagnosed with vascular dementia, so she is facing rapid mental decline. The reader learns that Briony is the author of the preceding sections of the novel. Briony attends a party in her honor at the Tallis family home, where the extended Tallis children perform The Trials of Arabella, the play that 13-year-old Briony had written and unsuccessfully attempted to stage with her cousins in the summer of 1935. Leon and Pierrot are in attendance, Jackson is fifteen years deceased, and Lola is alive but does not attend. Finally, Briony reveals to the reader that Robbie Turner died of septicaemia on the beaches of Dunkirk, that Cecilia was killed several months later when a bomb destroyed Balham Underground station during the Blitz, and that Briony's story of seeing them together in 1940 was a fabrication. Briony did attend Lola's wedding to Paul Marshall, but confesses she was too "cowardly" to visit the recently bereaved Cecilia to make amends. The novel, which she says is factually true apart from Robbie and Cecilia being reunited, is her lifelong attempt at "atonement" for what she did to them. Briony justifies her invented happy ending by saying she does not see what purpose it would serve to give readers a "pitiless" story. She writes, "I like to think that it isn't weakness or evasion, but a final act of kindness, a stand against oblivion and despair, to let my lovers live and to unite them at the end."
Answer: Based on this passage, Briony is explaining, as the narrator of the novel, why she fabricated the portion of the story involving the reunion of Robbie and Cecilia.
Question: How to remove limescale from showers and taps?
Answer: One natural way to get rid of limescale from showers and taps is to use white vinegar. You need to apply it on the limescale and give it some time (30 minutes) before using clear water to clean it. The higher the product has concentration of vinegar, the better it is.
Question: write short essay on Buzz Aldrin experience on moon
Answer: Buzz Aldrin, the second person to step onto the Moon's surface after Neil Armstrong, had a unique experience during the Apollo 11 mission in 1969. Like Armstrong, Aldrin spent just over two hours outside the lunar module, conducting experiments and collecting samples.

Aldrin's experience on the Moon was both exhilarating and challenging. He described the lunar landscape as "magnificent desolation," with vast, barren plains and towering mountains in the distance. Aldrin also noted the difficulty of moving around in the bulky spacesuit and the constant hissing sound of his oxygen supply.

Despite these challenges, Aldrin managed to conduct experiments and collect samples that would later be used to study the Moon's geology and history. He also took photographs and planted the American flag on the lunar surface.

Aldrin's experience on the Moon was a testament to human resilience and the spirit of exploration. He, along with Armstrong and the rest of the Apollo 11 team, pushed the boundaries of what was possible and opened up new frontiers for science and discovery. Aldrin's dedication to science and exploration continue to inspire future generations of astronauts and scientists.
Question: What different models for multimodal detection were proposed?
Evidence: The objective of this work is to build a hate speech detector that leverages both textual and visual data and detects hate speech publications based on the context given by both data modalities. To study how the multimodal context can boost the performance compared to an unimodal context we evaluate different models: a Feature Concatenation Model (FCM), a Spatial Concatenation Model (SCM) and a Textual Kernels Model (TKM). All of them are CNN+RNN models with three inputs: the tweet image, the tweet text and the text appearing in the image (if any).
To study how the multimodal context can boost the performance compared to an unimodal context we evaluate different models: a Feature Concatenation Model (FCM), a Spatial Concatenation Model (SCM) and a Textual Kernels Model (TKM).
Answer: The answers are shown as follows:
* Feature Concatenation Model (FCM)
* Spatial Concatenation Model (SCM)
* Textual Kernels Model (TKM)
Question: Identify which animal species is alive or extinct: Hovasaurus, Green Turtle
Answer: Green Turtle is alive, Hovasaurus is extinct.
Question: Tell me when did the Borussia Dortmund found?
Evidence: Ballspielverein Borussia 09 e. V. Dortmund, commonly known as Borussia Dortmund (German pronunciation: [boˈʁʊsi̯aː ˈdɔɐ̯tmʊnt] (listen)), BVB (pronounced [beːfaʊ̯ˈbeː] (listen)), or simply Dortmund (pronounced [ˈdɔʁtmʊnt] (listen)), is a German professional sports club based in Dortmund, North Rhine-Westphalia. It is best known for its men's professional football team, which plays in the Bundesliga, the top tier of the German football league system. The club have won eight league championships, five DFB-Pokals, one UEFA Champions League, one Intercontinental Cup, and one UEFA Cup Winners' Cup.

Founded in 1909 by eighteen football players from Dortmund, the football team is part of a large membership-based sports club with more than 145,000 members, making Borussia Dortmund the second largest sports club by membership in Germany. The club has active departments in other sports, namely in women's handball. Since 1974, Dortmund have played their home games at Westfalenstadion; the stadium is the largest in Germany, and Dortmund has the highest average attendance of any association football club in the world.
Answer: Founded in 1909
Question: Based on this paragraph, how many younger siblings did Kennedy have?
Evidence: Kennedy was born on February 22, 1932, at St. Margaret's Hospital in the Dorchester section of Boston, Massachusetts. He was the youngest of the nine children of Joseph Patrick Kennedy and Rose Fitzgerald, members of prominent Irish American families in Boston. They constituted one of the wealthiest families in the nation after their marriage. His eight siblings were Joseph Jr., John, Rosemary, Kathleen, Eunice, Patricia, Robert, and Jean. His older brother John asked to be the newborn's godfather, a request his parents honored, though they did not agree to his request to name the baby George Washington Kennedy (Ted was born on President George Washington's 200th birthday). They named the boy after their father's assistant.
Answer: Based on this paragraph, Kennedy had no younger siblings, as he was the youngest of nine children.
Question: From the passage provided, extract the date of birth of Gandhi
Evidence: Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi was born on 2 October 1869 into a Gujarati Hindu Modh Bania family in Porbandar (also known as Sudamapuri), a coastal town on the Kathiawar Peninsula and then part of the small princely state of Porbandar in the Kathiawar Agency of the British Raj. His father, Karamchand Uttamchand Gandhi (1822–1885), served as the dewan (chief minister) of Porbandar state. His family originated from the then village of Kutiana in what was then Junagadh State.
Answer: Gandhi was born on 2 October 1869
Question: What experiments authors perform?
Evidence: We tested the natural language representation against the visual-based and feature representations on several tasks, with varying difficulty. In these tasks, the agent could navigate, shoot, and collect items such as weapons and medipacks. Often, enemies of different types attacked the agent, and a positive reward was given when an enemy was killed. Occasionally, the agent also suffered from health degeneration. The tasks included a basic scenario, a health gathering scenario, a scenario in which the agent must take cover from fireballs, a scenario in which the agent must defend itself from charging enemies, and a super scenario, where a mixture of the above scenarios was designed to challenge the agent.
We tested the natural language representation against the visual-based and feature representations on several tasks, with varying difficulty.
The tasks included a basic scenario, a health gathering scenario, a scenario in which the agent must take cover from fireballs, a scenario in which the agent must defend itself from charging enemies, and a super scenario, where a mixture of the above scenarios was designed to challenge the agent.
Answer: The answers are shown as follows:
* a basic scenario, a health gathering scenario, a scenario in which the agent must take cover from fireballs, a scenario in which the agent must defend itself from charging enemies, and a super scenario, where a mixture of the above scenarios
Question: Classify which of these cars are German brands and which are Japanese: BMW, Mercedes Benz, Nissan, Toyota, Honda, Audi.
Answer: BMW, Mercedes Benz and Audi are German car manufacturers, and Nissan, Toyota and Honda are Japanese car manufacturers.
Question: Which coreference resolution systems are tested?
Evidence: In this work, we evaluate three publicly-available off-the-shelf coreference resolution systems, representing three different machine learning paradigms: rule-based systems, feature-driven statistical systems, and neural systems.
We evaluate examples of each of the three coreference system architectures described in "Coreference Systems" : the BIBREF5 sieve system from the rule-based paradigm (referred to as RULE), BIBREF6 from the statistical paradigm (STAT), and the BIBREF11 deep reinforcement system from the neural paradigm (NEURAL).
In this work, we evaluate three publicly-available off-the-shelf coreference resolution systems, representing three different machine learning paradigms: rule-based systems, feature-driven statistical systems, and neural systems.
We evaluate examples of each of the three coreference system architectures described in "Coreference Systems" : the BIBREF5 sieve system from the rule-based paradigm (referred to as RULE), BIBREF6 from the statistical paradigm (STAT), and the BIBREF11 deep reinforcement system from the neural paradigm (NEURAL).
Answer: The answers are shown as follows:
* the BIBREF5 sieve system from the rule-based paradigm (referred to as RULE), BIBREF6 from the statistical paradigm (STAT), and the BIBREF11 deep reinforcement system from the neural paradigm (NEURAL).
Question: Where can you observe the stars?
Answer: It's typically best to observe the stars on a dark night far away from ambient light of cities.
Question: How to gain more subscriber in Youtube
Answer: 1. Post daily
2. Stick to one theme for your channel
3. DO not post same type of post everyday
Question: How many examples do they have in the target domain?
Evidence: FLOAT SELECTED: Figure 1: German→English: Learning curve of the continue training. Scores are given in (TERBLEU)/2 (lower is better). tst2013 is our in-domain and newstest2014 is our out-of-domain test set. The baseline model is only trained on the large amount of out-of-domain data.
FLOAT SELECTED: Figure 1: German→English: Learning curve of the continue training. Scores are given in (TERBLEU)/2 (lower is better). tst2013 is our in-domain and newstest2014 is our out-of-domain test set. The baseline model is only trained on the large amount of out-of-domain data.
Answer: Around 388k examples, 194k from tst2013 (in-domain) and 194k from newstest2014 (out-of-domain)
Question: How was Netflix able to overcome Blockbuster’s industry dominance in home video rentals?
Answer: Blockbuster, at its peak, was raking in $6 billion in revenues when Netflix entered the market as a disruptor with mail-in-DVD service. When Netflix arrived, Blockbuster was already a mature offering with no innovation. It had 6000 stores nationwide, and the customer service could have been better, especially with late fees. Blockbuster collected customers' $800 million in late fees in 2006 alone.

Netflix’s mail-in-DVD service offered a lower performance for the customers as they had to pick titles on their portal pre- and wait for 2 to 3 days before they arrived in their mailbox. However, disgruntled customers from Blockbuster’s late fees switched to Netflix, which was the initial trigger. At first, Netflix's beachhead audience was the dissatisfied customers from Blockbuster.

Netflix is led by Reed Hastings, a visionary who made a bet on video streaming on the internet. With scarce resources spent on technology, Reed Hastings incorporated a “Freedom and responsibility” culture within Netflix. This propelled Netflix into the new era of winning in the subscription video streaming business model. Blockbuster meanwhile had expensive operations with 6000 stores and 25000 staff, while Netflix operated with two data centers and a few warehouses with less than 500 staff. Blockbuster eventually launched its online business. However, the 2008 financial crisis and the mounting debt they incurred for their investments in their online business was too much for the company, and they eventually filed for bankruptcy.
Question: What are a couple of ways to increase profitability?
Answer: Since profitability can be computed as revenue less expenses for a period, there are several ways to increase profitability.  To increase revenue, you could sell more units or increase the price.  To lower expenses, you could reduce the cost to produce your good or service or reduce SG&A costs
Question: Extract the key bulletpoints I need to know about University of Oxford
Evidence: The University of Oxford is a collegiate research university in Oxford, England. There is evidence of teaching as early as 1096, making it the oldest university in the English-speaking world and the world's second-oldest university in continuous operation. It grew rapidly from 1167 when Henry II banned English students from attending the University of Paris. After disputes between students and Oxford townsfolk in 1209, some academics fled north-east to Cambridge where they established what became the University of Cambridge. The two English ancient universities share many common features and are jointly referred to as Oxbridge.

The university is made up of thirty-nine semi-autonomous constituent colleges, five permanent private halls, and a range of academic departments which are organised into four divisions. All the colleges are self-governing institutions within the university, each controlling its own membership and with its own internal structure and activities. All students are members of a college. It does not have a main campus, and its buildings and facilities are scattered throughout the city centre. Undergraduate teaching at Oxford consists of lectures, small-group tutorials at the colleges and halls, seminars, laboratory work and occasionally further tutorials provided by the central university faculties and departments. Postgraduate teaching is provided predominantly centrally.

Oxford operates the world's oldest university museum, as well as the largest university press in the world and the largest academic library system nationwide. In the fiscal year ending 31 July 2019, the university had a total income of £2.45 billion, of which £624.8 million was from research grants and contracts.

Oxford has educated a wide range of notable alumni, including 30 prime ministers of the United Kingdom and many heads of state and government around the world. As of October 2022, 73 Nobel Prize laureates, 4 Fields Medalists, and 6 Turing Award winners have studied, worked, or held visiting fellowships at the University of Oxford, while its alumni have won 160 Olympic medals. Oxford is the home of numerous scholarships, including the Rhodes Scholarship, one of the oldest international graduate scholarship programmes.
Answer: The university of Oxford is the worlds second oldest university. It's made up of 39 semi-autonomous colleges which are self-governing institutions within the university + a range of academic departments organised in four divisions. Oxford has educated more than 70 nobel laureates, multiple Fields Medalists and Turing Award winners, as well as 30 UK prime ministers. The university has an income larger than 2 billion pounds, it operates the world's oldest university museum and the largest university press.
Question: Identify which animal species is alive or extinct: Palaeophis, Giant Tortoise
Answer: Giant Tortoise is alive, Palaeophis is extinct.
Question: Classify the below companies on whether they belong to India or Taiwan -
HDFC Bank, Infosys, Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company, Pegatron
Answer: HDFC Bank, Infosys - India
Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company, Pegatron - Taiwan
Question: What kind of species is the Eulima venusta
Answer: Eulima venusta is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Eulimidae. The species is one of a number within the genus Eulima.