DataHammer/scimrc huggingface dataset:
Question: Does the frozen strategy perform almost as well as fine-tuning?
Evidence: Our experiments evaluate the effect of shallow syntax, via contextualization (mSynC, §SECREF2) and features (§SECREF3). We provide comparisons with four baselines—ELMo-transformer BIBREF0, our reimplementation of the same, as well as two cwr-free baselines, with and without shallow syntactic features. Both ELMo-transformer and mSynC are trained on the 1B word benchmark corpus BIBREF19; the latter also employs chunk annotations (§SECREF2). Experimental settings are detailed in Appendix §SECREF22.
Interestingly, the frozen strategy, which takes the least amount of time to converge (24 hours on 1 Tesla V100), also performs almost as well as fine tuning.
Answer: Yes.
Question: How long does it take to recover from a sinus infection?
Evidence: Generally sinusitis starts off as a common viral infection like common cold. This infection generally subsides within 5 to 7 days. During this time the nasal structures can swell and facilitate the stagnation of fluids in sinuses that leads to acute sinusitis which lasts from 6th day of the infection to 15th day. From the 15th day to 45th day of the infection comes the subacute stage followed by chronic stage. Whenever a chronic stage patient's immunity takes a hit the infection moves to "acute on sinusitis" stage and moves back to chronic when the immunity is up.
Answer: Given this paragraph about Sinusitis, it takes 5-7 days to feel much better.
Question: Classify each of the following as either DC or Marvel characters: Superman, Mickey Mouse, Thor,  Batwoman, Gamora, Scarlet Witch, Superman, Wonder Woman, Homer Simpson, Falcon, Moon Girl
Answer: DC Characters: Superman, Batwoman, Superman, Wonder Woman.

Marvel Characters: Thor, Gamora, Scarlet Witch, Falcon, Moon Girl.

Neither DC or Marvel: Mickey Mouse, Homer Simpson.
Question: What city did Beatrice Prior live in?
Answer: Beatrice "Tris" Prior was from Chicago.
Question: Give me a list of the top clean beauty brands for women in their 20s
Answer: -Westman Atelier 
-Ilia 
-Kosas 
-RMS Beauty
Question: What are the top graph databases?
Answer: 1. Neo4j
2. Microsoft Azure Cosmos DB
3. Virtuoso 
4. ArangoDB 
5. Amazon Neptune
Question: What "positive/negative precision/recall" means in fig. 5？
Evidence: Metrics. We use the same evaluation metrics following Sun et al. (2021) and Murez et al. (2020). Since we are the first, to our knowledge, to evaluate single view 3D implicit reconstruction on the ScannetV2 benchmark, and here we only evaluate the geometries within the camera view frustum rather than the whole scene geometries as in Sun et al. (2021); Murez et al. (2020). In addition, we also only evaluate the geometries in front of the amodal depth for each pixel ray. We define the amodal depth for a pixel ray to be delineated by the minimum between the closest structure-category surface (e.g. walls and doors, etc) and the farthest surface. In practice, in order to accommodate the evaluation of the surfaces right on the amodal depth, we slack the evaluation scope with a factor λ (1.05 in our case) multiplied with the amodal depth. This evaluation protocol would be equivalent to the “single-layered” protocol used in Sun et al. (2021), within our single-view scenario. Due to the inherent ambiguity of the scaling and shifting of the predicted 3D single view geometry (Ranftl et al., 2019; Yin et al., 2021), we follow them by regressing the best scale and shift comparing the predicted depth with the ground truth depth. For approaches that predict 3D surfaces, the rendered depth map from the predicted mesh would be used for calculating the scale and shift.
Answer: Our evaluation metrics strictly follow Sun et al. (2021) and Murez et al. (2020) (the first line of the metrics paragraph in Sec. 4.2), and so this includes the definition of "positive/negative precision/recall". Precisions correspond to the point cloud extracted from the predicted surface, where the positive precision means the points whose projection distance to the ground truth surface is smaller than 0.05 meters. Recalls correspond to the point cloud extracted from the ground truth surface, where the positive recall means the points whose projection distance to the predicted surface is smaller than 0.05 meters. The higher the better for both the metrics.
Question: What is the difference between coffee and espresso?
Answer: Espresso is a type of coffee. More specifically, it's a method of brewing coffee that uses high water pressure and finely ground beans to make a small, concentrated shot. Espresso has a top layer of foam known as the crema, which is a by-product of the high-pressure extraction process.

When ordering a "coffee" in America, you will most likely get a drip coffee which is also a type of coffee. When you order un caffè (a coffee) in Italy, you will most likely receive an espresso.
Question: Can you use logistic regression and linear regression methods interchangeably? If yes, in what scenarios?
Answer: Even if the target is binary, we can still use linear regression models if the importance of the model is just predicting the ranking estimates. Let us take an example where your manager wants you to find the top 20% or 30% of your customers based on who is likely to respond for an e-mail offer. You don’t need to predict who is going to respond and who is not going to respond. In this case, you need to rank order your customers with most probability of response to least probability of response and give your manager the top 20 or 30%. So in this case, y or the dependent variable is just the logit score or the ranking estimates. However, if the idea is to predict the decisions (i.e. classification of the predicted rankings into decisions) then we need the logistic regression model to calculate the prediction estimates based on the logistic function which uses the logit score. Then using an appropriate threshold value, these prediction estimates can be converted to decisions.
Question: What ingredients do I need to make a margarita?
Answer: A margarita is an alcoholic beverage, usually made with a combination of tequila, fresh lime juice, and either agave or simple syrup. The ingredients are shaken with ice and then served in a glass over ice, often with salt on the rim. Optionally, you can add additional liquors like Cointreau to the margarita, or add additional fresh fruit juices for flavored margarita variations.
Question: Classify each of the following as a planet or a satellite/moon of a planet in our solar system: Jupiter, Europa, Mars, Saturn, Titan, Callisto, Enceladus, Uranus
Answer: Planets: Jupiter,Saturn,Mars,Uranus
Moons/Satellite: Europa, Titan, Callisto, Enceladus
Question: What are some things I could do as a tourist near Honolulu?
Answer: Here are five things you could do as a tourist on O'ahu:
- Visit the Pearl Harbor National Monument. While you're there, you could also visit the battleship Missouri and the Pearl Harbor aviation museum on Ford island
- Visit the Bishop museum
- Take a surfing lesson at Waikiki, or just take a stroll along the beach
- Take a helicopter tour of O'ahu
- Hike to the top of the Diamond Head crater
Question: What is measure of inflation in the US?
Evidence: In economics, inflation is an increase in the general price level of goods and services in an economy. When the general price level rises, each unit of currency buys fewer goods and services; consequently, inflation corresponds to a reduction in the purchasing power of money. The opposite of inflation is deflation, a decrease in the general price level of goods and services. The common measure of inflation is the inflation rate, the annualized percentage change in a general price index. As prices faced by households do not all increase at the same rate, the consumer price index (CPI) is often used for this purpose. The employment cost index is also used for wages in the United States.
Answer: Inflation is measured using consumer price index (CPI) in the US.
Question: What are 10 movies my young child can watch?
Answer: For your young child these movies can be interested:

- The Lion King (1994)
- Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse (2018)
- Coco (2017)
- WALL·E (2008)
- Toy Story (1995)
- Up (2009)
- Finding Nemo (2003)
- The Iron Giant (1999)
- The Incredibles (2004)
- Aladdin (1992)
Question: What is base board?
Answer: Base board is a wooden or vinyl board that is used in home construction or home remodeling projects.  It is used to decorate where sheet rock comes together to form a line on ceilings.  It is also used on the floor to cover where tile and wood planks come together to meet the wall (e.g. interior wall).  People use it here for aesthetic reasons because it looks nice.  You will need a miter saw to cut base board, and it should always be painted first before installing it with a nail gun.  When installing it it should be attached to the studs in the walls for a secure connection.
Question: How would you define electricity based on the following paragraph?
Evidence: Electricity is the set of physical phenomena associated with the presence and motion of matter that has a property of electric charge. Electricity is related to magnetism, both being part of the phenomenon of electromagnetism, as described by Maxwell's equations. Various common phenomena are related to electricity, including lightning, static electricity, electric heating, electric discharges and many others.
The presence of either a positive or negative electric charge produces an electric field. The movement of electric charges is an electric current and produces a magnetic field. In most applications, a force acts on a charge with a magnitude given by Coulomb's law. Electric potential is typically measured in volts.
Electricity is at the heart of many modern technologies, being used for:
Electric power where electric current is used to energise equipment;
Electronics which deals with electrical circuits that involve active electrical components such as vacuum tubes, transistors, diodes and integrated circuits, and associated passive interconnection technologies.
Electrical phenomena have been studied since antiquity, though progress in theoretical understanding remained slow until the 17th and 18th centuries. The theory of electromagnetism was developed in the 19th century, and by the end of that century electricity was being put to industrial and residential use by electrical engineers. The rapid expansion in electrical technology at this time transformed industry and society, becoming a driving force for the Second Industrial Revolution. Electricity's extraordinary versatility means it can be put to an almost limitless set of applications which include transport, heating, lighting, communications, and computation. Electrical power is now the backbone of modern industrial society.
Answer: Electricity is the set of physical phenomena associated with the presence and motion of matter that has a property of electric charge.
Question: Give me 5 ways to reduce my electricity bill.
Answer: The following are 5 ways you can reduce your electricity bill:
1. Turn off your air conditioning or heating
2. Install insulation
3. Take shorter showers
4. Turn off the lights when not in use
5. Buy energy efficient appliances
Question: How they introduce domain-specific features into pre-trained language model?
Evidence: We first present a question answering based clinical text structuring (QA-CTS) task, which unifies different specific tasks and make dataset shareable. We also propose an effective model to integrate clinical named entity information into pre-trained language model.
In this section, we present an effective model for the question answering based clinical text structuring (QA-CTS). As shown in Fig. FIGREF8, paragraph text $X$ is first passed to a clinical named entity recognition (CNER) model BIBREF12 to capture named entity information and obtain one-hot CNER output tagging sequence for query text $I_{nq}$ and paragraph text $I_{nt}$ with BIEOS (Begin, Inside, End, Outside, Single) tag scheme. $I_{nq}$ and $I_{nt}$ are then integrated together into $I_n$. Meanwhile, the paragraph text $X$ and query text $Q$ are organized and passed to contextualized representation model which is pre-trained language model BERT BIBREF26 here to obtain the contextualized representation vector $V_s$ of both text and query. Afterwards, $V_s$ and $I_n$ are integrated together and fed into a feed forward network to calculate the start and end index of answer-related text. Here we define this calculation problem as a classification for each word to be the start or end word.
We also propose an effective model to integrate clinical named entity information into pre-trained language model.
In this section, we present an effective model for the question answering based clinical text structuring (QA-CTS). As shown in Fig. FIGREF8, paragraph text $X$ is first passed to a clinical named entity recognition (CNER) model BIBREF12 to capture named entity information and obtain one-hot CNER output tagging sequence for query text $I_{nq}$ and paragraph text $I_{nt}$ with BIEOS (Begin, Inside, End, Outside, Single) tag scheme. $I_{nq}$ and $I_{nt}$ are then integrated together into $I_n$. Meanwhile, the paragraph text $X$ and query text $Q$ are organized and passed to contextualized representation model which is pre-trained language model BERT BIBREF26 here to obtain the contextualized representation vector $V_s$ of both text and query. Afterwards, $V_s$ and $I_n$ are integrated together and fed into a feed forward network to calculate the start and end index of answer-related text.
Answer: The answers are shown as follows:
* integrate clinical named entity information into pre-trained language model
Question: Should I use a dynamic microphone or a condenser microphone for recording a podcast? What about streaming on twitch or making youtube videos? Should I ever use a ribbon microphone?
Answer: If you are recording for YouTube or a podcast you should buy a USB dynamic microphone. These affordable options will sound tremendously better than the microphone on your headphones or laptop.
Question: What are the benefits if I could turn my head around like an Owl?
Answer: If humans achieved the ability to turn their head 270 degrees they would attain the following benefits.

1. Situational awareness would increase with the ability to hear and view almost 360 degrees.  Making it easier to identify and defend against predators

2. Better skeletal utilization in sports, theater viewing by utilizing chairs that prioritize space efficiency vs ergonomic efficiency.

3.  Relief for side sleepers by making it possible for people to sleep on their back or stomach
Question: Recommend some good Dreampop music.
Answer: Beach House, Mazzy Star, Cocteau Twins, Japanese Breakfast and Lush are some popular Dreampop artists.
Question: How many U.S. presidents were born in Virginia.
Answer: Eight presidents, including the first four of five, were born in Virginia - which is known as the "Mother of Presidents." They include: George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, James Monroe, William Henry Harrison, John Tyler, Zachary Taylor and Woodrow Wilson.
Question: Who is Gordon Lightfoot?
Answer: Gordon Lightfoot is a Canadian musician. He is well-known for his relaxing acoustic music. Gordon achieved peak popularity in the 1970's and 80's as a star in the folk music scene. His contemporaries were Jim Croce, John Denver, and Bob Dylan. Three of Gordon's most popular hits are: "Sundown", "The Wreck of the Edmund Fitzgerald", and "If You Could Read my Mind".
Question: Which of the following are continents: Asia, Africa, China, Australia, United States of America, North America, Sri Lanka, Thailand.
Answer: The continents are: Asia, Africa, Australia, and North America.
Question: Identify which instrument is string or percussion: Naqus, Pipa
Answer: Pipa is string, Naqus is percussion.
Question: Write a haiku about a naughty cat.
Answer: Paws on the counter
My glass crashes to the floor
My cat is naughty
Question: What results do their findings suggest?
Evidence: We have proposed a novel approach to multimodal machine translation which makes better use of context, both textual and visual. Our results show that further exploring textual context through deliberation networks already leads to better results than the previous state of the art. Adding visual information, and in particular structural representations of this information, proved beneficial when input text contains noise and the language pair requires substantial restructuring from source to target. Our findings suggest that the combination of a deliberation approach and information from additional modalities is a promising direction for machine translation that is robust to noisy input. Our code and pre-processing scripts are available at https://github.com/ImperialNLP/MMT-Delib.
Our findings suggest that the combination of a deliberation approach and information from additional modalities is a promising direction for machine translation that is robust to noisy input.
Answer: Their findings suggest that the combination of a deliberation approach and information from additional modalities is a promising direction for machine translation that is robust to noisy input.
Question: Which language scores best in the multilingual finetuned setup?
Evidence: Figure FIGREF32 summarises the average MSD-prediction accuracy for the multi-tasking experiments discussed above. Accuracy here is generally higher than on the main task, with the multilingual finetuned setup for Spanish and the monolingual setup for French scoring best: 66.59% and 65.35%, respectively. This observation illustrates the added difficulty of generating the correct surface form even when the morphosyntactic description has been identified correctly.
We observe some correlation between these numbers and accuracy on the main task: for de, en, ru and sv, the brown, pink and blue bars here pattern in the same way as the corresponding INLINEFORM0 's in Figure FIGREF23 . One notable exception to this pattern is fr where inflection gains a lot from multilingual training, while MSD prediction suffers greatly. Notice that the magnitude of change is not always the same, however, even when the general direction matches: for ru, for example, multilingual training benefits inflection much more than in benefits MSD prediction, even though the MSD decoder is the only component that is actually shared between languages. This observation illustrates the two-fold effect of multi-task training: an auxiliary task can either inform the main task through the parameters the two tasks share, or it can help the main task learning through its regularising effect.
Accuracy here is generally higher than on the main task, with the multilingual finetuned setup for Spanish and the monolingual setup for French scoring best: 66.59% and 65.35%, respectively.
Answer: Spanish.
Question: What measures were used for human evaluation?
Evidence: To have an estimation about human performance in each metric, we iteratively treat every reference sentence in dev/test data as the prediction to be compared with all references (including itself). That is, if a model has the same reasoning ability with average performance of our crowd workers, its results should exceed this “human bound”.
To have an estimation about human performance in each metric, we iteratively treat every reference sentence in dev/test data as the prediction to be compared with all references (including itself). That is, if a model has the same reasoning ability with average performance of our crowd workers, its results should exceed this “human bound”.
Answer: The answers are shown as follows:
* To have an estimation about human performance in each metric, we iteratively treat every reference sentence in dev/test data as the prediction to be compared with all references (including itself).
Question: Identify which instrument is string or woodwind: Domra, Xaphoon
Answer: Xaphoon is woodwind, Domra is string.
Question: Can you suggest 5 benefits of Genetical modification technologies like CRISPR ?
Answer: 1.Treating diseases in Humans and animals 
2. Developing new drugs 
3. Growing agricultural crops 
4. Developing new cancer treatments
5. Identifying and treating In Vitro problems
Question: who was the winner of the race?
Evidence: The race was held over the "international distance" and consisted of 1,500 metres (0.93 mi) swimming, 40 kilometres (25 mi), road bicycling, and 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) road running.
The winner Reinaldo Colucci of Brazil qualifies to compete in the triathlon competitions at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, Great Britain.
Answer: The winner was Reinaldo Colucci from Brazil.
Question: Is the recording of a person's last words reliable?
Evidence: A person's last words, their final articulated words stated prior to death or as death approaches, are often recorded because of the decedent's fame, but sometimes because of interest in the statement itself. (People dying of illness are frequently inarticulate at the end, and in such cases their actual last utterances may not be recorded or considered very important.) Last words may be recorded accurately, or, for a variety of reasons, may not. Reasons can include simple error or deliberate intent. Even if reported wrongly, putative last words can constitute an important part of the perceived historical records or demonstration of cultural attitudes toward death at the time.
Answer: Sometimes it is, while other times it may contain errors or deliberately misquoted.
Question: Why do Americans feel so strongly about gun control?
Answer: The reason Americans feel so strongly about gun control is partly rooted in the history of the United States. Originally, colonial Americans mostly lived outside of towns, farming and hunting in the countryside. This meant that guns were not just for protection, they were for obtaining crucial food resources. The British threat to take away guns was more than a political imposition limiting resistance to British rule, it was potentially a life-threatening policy to families who depended on obtaining food via hunting. This background is in part why Americans originally had such a strong reaction to normalizing gun controls and access, which was codified as a right to bear arms in our Constitution. However, by contrast this aspect of the rationale against gun control largely does not exist today. Gun usage is for sport, and for protection, and only minimally to provide food on the table. However, because of this history, and constitutional codification, Americans feel justified in maintaining one of the world's most vigorous objections to any regulation or controls.
Question: What is the play Esther?
Evidence: Esther is a play in three acts written in 1689 by the French dramatist, Jean Racine. It was premièred on January 26, 1689, performed by the pupils of the Maison royale de Saint-Louis, an educational institute for young girls of noble birth. The subject is taken from the biblical Book of Esther.
Answer: Esther is a play written in 1689 by Jean Racine, a French dramatist. It premiered on January 26, 1689 and is about the biblical Book of Esther.
Question: I am registering for gifts for my wedding and need to include items that would be useful in my new home. Which items are household items that can be given as a wedding gift: blender, coffee maker, bus fare, towels, sheets, skateboard, cell phone, car, dishes, silverware, gym membership, glassware, tuxedo, brake pads, bicycle, picture frames
Answer: A blender, coffee maker, towels, sheets, dishes, silverware, glassware, picture frames are examples of household items that can be given as a wedding gift.
Question: Tell me whether these are a solid, liquid, or gas
Answer: book, oxygen, water, juice, coffee, nitrogen, mug, glasses, metal