DataHammer/scimrc huggingface dataset:
Question: Are the unobserved samples from the same distribution as the training data?
Evidence: In the present work, we address these limitations by providing a more nuanced evaluation of the learning capabilities of RNNs. In particular, we investigate the effects of three different aspects of a network's generalization: data distribution, length-window, and network capacity. We define an informative protocol for assessing the performance of RNNs: Instead of training a single network until it has learned its training set and then evaluating it on its test set, as BIBREF9 do in their study, we monitor and test the network's performance at each epoch during the entire course of training. This approach allows us to study the stability of the solutions reached by the network. Furthermore, we do not restrict ourselves to a test set of sequences of fixed lengths during testing. Rather, we exhaustively enumerate all the sequences in a language by their lengths and then go through the sequences in the test set one by one until our network errs $k$ times, thereby providing a more fine-grained evaluation criterion of its generalization capabilities.
Previous studies have examined various length distribution models to generate appropriate training sets for each formal language: BIBREF16 , BIBREF11 , BIBREF12 , for instance, used length distributions that were skewed towards having more short sequences than long sequences given a training length-window, whereas BIBREF9 used a uniform distribution scheme to generate their training sets. The latter briefly comment that the distribution of lengths of sequences in the training set does influence the generalization ability and convergence speed of neural networks, and mention that training sets containing abundant numbers of both short and long sequences are learned by networks much more quickly than uniformly distributed regimes. Nevertheless, they do not systematically compare or explicitly report their findings. To study the effect of various length distributions on the learning capability and speed of LSTM models, we experimented with four discrete probability distributions supported on bounded intervals (Figure 2 ) to sample the lengths of sequences for the languages. We briefly recall the probability distribution functions for discrete uniform and Beta-Binomial distributions used in our data generation procedure.
Furthermore, we do not restrict ourselves to a test set of sequences of fixed lengths during testing. Rather, we exhaustively enumerate all the sequences in a language by their lengths and then go through the sequences in the test set one by one until our network errs $k$ times, thereby providing a more fine-grained evaluation criterion of its generalization capabilities.
To study the effect of various length distributions on the learning capability and speed of LSTM models, we experimented with four discrete probability distributions supported on bounded intervals (Figure 2 ) to sample the lengths of sequences for the languages. 
Answer: No.
Question: Given the context below, please answer the provided question: 

Context: 
In fact, the first highlight moment of the Chat Assistant occurred twelve years ago at the launch event of the fifth-generation iPhone. Scott Forstall, then Apple's software chief, pressed a button on the iPhone to summon Siri and asked it questions. Inquiring about the weather, searching for restaurants, checking stock prices. Keep in mind that this was a time when smartphones were far from widespread, and being able to check stock prices on a mobile phone was already a very novel thing.

Question: 
Who was the software chief during the first release of Apple Siri?
Answer: Scott Forstall
Question: What are the near-offensive language categories?
Evidence: As introduced above, the `One Million Post' corpus provides annotation labels for more than 11,000 user comments. Although there is no directly comparable category capturing `offensive language' as defined in the shared task, there are two closely related categories. From the resource, we extract all those comments in which a majority of the annotators agree that they contain either `inappropriate' or `discriminating' content, or none of the aforementioned. We treat the first two cases as examples of `offense' and the latter case as examples of `other'. This results in 3,599 training examples (519 offense, 3080 other) from on the `One Million Post' corpus. We conduct pre-training of the neural model as a binary classification task (similar to the Task 1 of GermEval 2018)
As introduced above, the `One Million Post' corpus provides annotation labels for more than 11,000 user comments. Although there is no directly comparable category capturing `offensive language' as defined in the shared task, there are two closely related categories. From the resource, we extract all those comments in which a majority of the annotators agree that they contain either `inappropriate' or `discriminating' content, or none of the aforementioned. We treat the first two cases as examples of `offense' and the latter case as examples of `other'.
Answer: The answers are shown as follows:
* inappropriate
* discriminating
Question: Where is the best place to work in my house?
Answer: If you are working from home full time you will want make sure you pick the best area in your house to work that offers you a quiet space where you can focus for work.  Pick an area that is not busy like your master bedroom or separate bedroom that no one uses that can be used as an office.  You will want to make sure this space has a door so you can prevent outside noise from being a distraction.  This space will need a desk that you can work at, and you might want to consider a sit-stand desk so you can can keep good blood in your body flow throughout the day.  Sitting all day restricts blood flow and actually inhibits your ability to produce work results at your best so get something that prevents this.
Question: Which things are typically hot and which are cold: an icicle, a snowball, lava, a cat, tea, a meat locker, summer on the east coast of the United States, a sauna and a Bikram yoga.
Answer: The hot items in this list are lava, summer, a sauna and Bikram yoga. The cold items are an icicle, a snowball, and a meat locker. A cat is typically not categorized as either hot or cold, and tea can be either hot or cold.
Question: What is the best lure color when fishing for blue Marlin on the Big Island
Answer: The best lure color as of 2022 was yellow and black skirt with black head
Question: Classify the following Stephen King works as either a 'book', a 'movie' or 'both': Shawshank Redemption, Carrie, Under the Dome, Sleeping Beauties, The Shining, Sleepwalkers, Dreamcatcher, Bag of Bones, Creepshow, Insomnia, The Green Mile, Cat's Eye
Answer: Shawshank Redemption - both
Carrie - both
Under the Dome - book
Sleeping Beauties - book
The Shining - both
Sleepwalkers - movie
Dreamcatcher - both
Bag of Bones - book
Creepshow - movie
Insomnia - book
The Green Mile - both
Cat's Eye - movie
Question: What is the ELIZA in this paper?
Evidence: In this section we discuss the state of the art on conversational systems in three perspectives: types of interactions, types of architecture, and types of context reasoning. Then we present a table that consolidates and compares all of them.
ELIZA BIBREF11 was one of the first softwares created to understand natural language processing. Joseph Weizenbaum created it at the MIT in 1966 and it is well known for acting like a psychotherapist and it had only to reflect back onto patient's statements. ELIZA was created to tackle five "fundamental technical problems": the identification of critical words, the discovery of a minimal context, the choice of appropriate transformations, the generation of appropriate responses to the transformation or in the absence of critical words, and the provision of an ending capacity for ELIZA scripts.
Right after ELIZA came PARRY, developed by Kenneth Colby, who is psychiatrist at Stanford University in the early 1970s. The program was written using the MLISP language (meta-lisp) on the WAITS operating system running on a DEC PDP-10 and the code is non-portable. Parts of it were written in PDP-10 assembly code and others in MLISP. There may be other parts that require other language translators. PARRY was the first system to pass the Turing test - the psychiatrists were able to make the correct identification only 48 percent of the time, which is the same as a random guessing.
A.L.I.C.E. (Artificial Linguistic Internet Computer Entity) BIBREF12 appeared in 1995 but current version utilizes AIML, an XML language designed for creating stimulus-response chat robots BIBREF13 . A.L.I.C.E. bot has, at present, more than 40,000 categories of knowledge, whereas the original ELIZA had only about 200. The program is unable to pass the Turing test, as even the casual user will often expose its mechanistic aspects in short conversations.
Cleverbot (1997-2014) is a chatbot developed by the British AI scientist Rollo Carpenter. It passed the 2011 Turing Test at the Technique Techno-Management Festival held by the Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati. Volunteers participate in four-minute typed conversations with either Cleverbot or humans, with Cleverbot voted 59.3 per cent human, while the humans themselves were rated just 63.3 per cent human BIBREF14 .
ELIZA [12] was one of the first softwares created to understand natural language processing. Joseph Weizenbaum created it at the MIT in 1966 and it is well known for acting like a psychotherapist and it had only to reflect back onto patient’s statements.
Answer: ELIZA was one of the first softwares created to understand natural language processing. Joseph Weizenbaum created it at the MIT in 1966 and it is well known for acting like a psychotherapist and it had only to reflect back onto patient’s statements.
Question: Tell me what continent are these countries located: China, United States, India, France, Brazil.
Answer: China and India are in Asia, United States is in North America, France is in Europe, and Brazil is in South America.
Question: Are agglutinative languages used in the prediction of both prefixing and suffixing languages?
Evidence: Spanish (SPA), in contrast, is morphologically rich, and disposes of much larger verbal paradigms than English. Like English, it is a suffixing language, and it additionally makes use of internal stem changes (e.g., o $\rightarrow $ ue).
Since English and Spanish are both Indo-European languages, and, thus, relatively similar, we further add a third, unrelated target language. We choose Zulu (ZUL), a Bantoid language. In contrast to the first two, it is strongly prefixing.
Analyzing next the errors concerning affixes, we find that models pretrained on HUN, ITA, DEU, and FRA (in that order) commit the fewest errors. This supports two of our previous hypotheses: First, given that ITA and FRA are both from the same language family as SPA, relatedness seems to be benficial for learning of the second language. Second, the system pretrained on HUN performing well suggests again that a source language with an agglutinative, as opposed to a fusional, morphology seems to be beneficial as well.
In Table TABREF39, the errors for Zulu are shown, and Table TABREF19 reveals the relative performance for different source languages: TUR $>$ HUN $>$ DEU $>$ ITA $>$ FRA $>$ NAV $>$ EUS $>$ QVH. Again, TUR and HUN obtain high accuracy, which is an additional indicator for our hypothesis that a source language with an agglutinative morphology facilitates learning of inflection in another language.
Spanish (SPA), in contrast, is morphologically rich, and disposes of much larger verbal paradigms than English. Like English, it is a suffixing language, and it additionally makes use of internal stem changes (e.g., o $\rightarrow $ ue).
We choose Zulu (ZUL), a Bantoid language. In contrast to the first two, it is strongly prefixing.
Second, the system pretrained on HUN performing well suggests again that a source language with an agglutinative, as opposed to a fusional, morphology seems to be beneficial as well.
Again, TUR and HUN obtain high accuracy, which is an additional indicator for our hypothesis that a source language with an agglutinative morphology facilitates learning of inflection in another language.
Answer: Yes.
Question: What type of poetry is Sappho best known for?
Answer: Sappho is an ancient Greek poet best known for her lyric poetry.
Question: Furthermore, it is not clear how the parameters with the highest gradients are selected. Is a fixed threshold used?
Evidence: We use an automated script that first creates a list of parameters in each layer, sorts them in descending order according to the gradient values, and checks if zeroing out the weights of the first 5% parameters from this list leads to near zero accuracy for that class. If not, then we select double the number of parameters chosen earlier and repeat this process. If the accuracy is near zero, we repeat the process with half the number of parameters chosen earlier. Please note, this process is just for identifying the parameters relevant to the restricted classes, and their weights are restored after this process.
Answer: There are no fixed thresholds for selecting the parameters with the highest gradients. Instead, we use a process similar to the binary search for automatically selecting the parameters. We use an automated script that first creates a list of parameters in each layer, sorts them in descending order according to the gradient values, and checks if zeroing out the weights of the first 5\% parameters from this list leads to near zero accuracy for that class. If not, then we select double the number of parameters chosen earlier and repeat this process. If the accuracy is near zero, we repeat the process with half the number of parameters chosen earlier. Please note, this process is just for identifying the parameters relevant to the restricted classes, and their weights are restored after this process. We have now added these details in the Sec. 11.1 in the appendix of the revised paper for better understanding.
Question: Is 99% a good grade on an essay?
Answer: Yes, 99% is an excellent grade to receive on an essay!
Question: What are the Great Lakes?
Evidence: The Great Lakes, also called the Great Lakes of North America, are a series of large interconnected freshwater lakes in the mid-east region of North America that connect to the Atlantic Ocean via the Saint Lawrence River. There are five lakes, which are Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie, and Ontario and are in general on or near the Canada–United States border. Hydrologically, lakes Michigan and Huron are a single body joined at the Straits of Mackinac. The Great Lakes Waterway enables modern travel and shipping by water among the lakes.

The Great Lakes are the largest group of freshwater lakes on Earth by total area and are second-largest by total volume, containing 21% of the world's surface fresh water by volume. The total surface is 94,250 square miles (244,106 km2), and the total volume (measured at the low water datum) is 5,439 cubic miles (22,671 km3), slightly less than the volume of Lake Baikal (5,666 cu mi or 23,615 km3, 22–23% of the world's surface fresh water). Because of their sea-like characteristics, such as rolling waves, sustained winds, strong currents, great depths, and distant horizons, the five Great Lakes have long been called inland seas. Depending on how it is measured, by surface area, either Lake Superior or Lake Michigan-Huron is the second-largest lake in the world and the largest freshwater lake. Lake Michigan is the largest lake that is entirely within one country.

The Great Lakes began to form at the end of the Last Glacial Period around 14,000 years ago, as retreating ice sheets exposed the basins they had carved into the land, which then filled with meltwater. The lakes have been a major source for transportation, migration, trade, and fishing, serving as a habitat to many aquatic species in a region with much biodiversity. The surrounding region is called the Great Lakes region, which includes the Great Lakes Megalopolis.
Answer: The Great Lakes are comprised of five lakes: Superior,  Michigan, Huron, Erie, and Ontario.
Question: What is the legality of owning an alligator as a pet in the United States?
Answer: 26 states outright forbid owning an alligator as a pet. 12 states allow ownership with proper permitting. 11 states allow ownership with no need for a permit; of those 11 states, 5 do not have any permit requirements to own any exotic animal. While Wyoming prohibits certain game animals from being owned as pets, the state does not include nor exclude alligators in specific listings, so presumably, one can own a pet alligator unpermitted in Wyoming.
Question: Given the reference text about moths, what family does Bityla sericea belong to?
Evidence: Bityla sericea is a species of moth in the family Noctuidae. This species is endemic to New Zealand. It is classified as "At Risk, Naturally Uncommon" by the New Zealand Department of Conservation. This species was first described by Arthur Gardiner Butler in 1877 using a specimen obtained from John Enys and collected in the South Island. George Hudson discussed and illustrated this species both in his 1898 book, New Zealand moths and butterflies (Macro-lepidoptera) and his 1928 publication The Butterflies and Moths of New Zealand. In 1905 Hudson, thinking he was describing a new species, also gave the species the name Orthosia pallida. George Francis Hampson, also mistakenly believing this was a separate species placed O. pallida in the genus Bityla. Hudson discussed B. pallida in his 1928 publication. John S. Dugdale synonymised B. pallida with B. sericea in 1988. The holotype specimen of B. sericea is held at the Natural History Museum, London.
Answer: Noctuidae
Question: What kind of jelly is best for a peanut butter and jelly sandwich?
Answer: Strawberry is best.  Grape is acceptable.  Mint is bizarre.
Question: Given this short paragraph about the L-21 submarine, what was an example of an improvement made compared to earlier versions?
Evidence: The World War II Soviet submarine L-21 belonged to the L-class or Leninets class of minelayer submarines. She was part of the last series (Group 4) of her class, having some improvements including more torpedo tubes. The commander during the war was Sergey S. Mogilevskiy.
Answer: The L-21 had more torpedo tubes.
Question: Identify which instrument is string or woodwind: Folk harp, Rothphone
Answer: Rothphone is woodwind, Folk harp is string.
Question: What states make up New England?
Answer: New England is comprised of the states Rhode Island, Connecticut, Massachusetts, Vermont, New Hampshire, and Maine
Question: Who wrote the second episode of season four of Game of Thrones?
Answer: George R.R. Martin wrote "The Lion and the Rose." The TV series is also based off of his series, A Song of Ice and Fire.
Question: Who proposed the use of Tau as the circle constant, instead of Pi
Answer: Tau was proposed as a better circle constant than Pi by Michael Hartl in The Tau Manifesto, published on June 28, 2010.  Hartl's idea for Tau was inspired by Bob Palais, who had earlier published an article questioning whether Pi was the best constant to use.
Question: How much has the population of Puerto Rico been growing?
Evidence: The population of Puerto Rico according to the 2020 census was 3,285,874, an 11.8% decrease since the 2010 United States Census. The commonwealth's population peaked in 2000, when it was 3,808,610, before declining (for the first time in census history) to 3,725,789 in 2010. Emigration due to economic difficulties and natural disasters, coupled with a low birth rate, have caused the population decline to continue in recent years.
Answer: The population of Puerto Rico decreased 11.8% between 2010 and 2020, from 3,725,789 in 2010 to 3,285,874 in 2020, according to the United States Census. Emigration due to economic difficulties and natural disasters, coupled with a low birth rate, have caused the population decline to continue in recent years.
Question: Give me a list of fruit that are yellow color
Answer: Lemon, banana, mango, pineapple, yellow dragonfruit, yellow watermelon, golden kiwi
Question: According to this paragraph, tell me what is referred to as the most exciting collegiate sporting event.
Evidence: In 2019, Virginia men's basketball won the NCAA Championship in "March Madness", the single-elimination national college basketball tournament considered by YouGov polled American viewers (as of the same year) to be the most exciting collegiate sporting event. In 2015, when Virginia first won its first Capital One Cup its teams won the 2014 College Cup, the 2015 College World Series, and the 2015 NCAA Tennis Championships. When it repeated the feat in 2019, the program won both March Madness and the 2019 Men's Lacrosse Championship.
Answer: What is referred to as the most exciting collegiate sporting event is when the Virginia men's basketball team won the NCAA Championship in 2019.
Question: Why are peanuts not kosher for Passover.
Answer: Peanuts are a type of legume. Legumes are banned as they are often mixed with wheat (and Jews typically only eat unleavened bread during Passover).
Question: What is insurance?
Answer: Insurance is a means of protection from financial loss in which, in exchange for a fee, a party agrees to compensate another party in the event of a certain loss, damage, or injury. It is a form of risk management, primarily used to hedge against the risk of a contingent or uncertain loss.

An entity which provides insurance is known as an insurer, insurance company, insurance carrier, or underwriter. A person or entity who buys insurance is known as a policyholder, while a person or entity covered under the policy is called an insured. The insurance transaction involves the policyholder assuming a guaranteed, known, and relatively small loss in the form of a payment to the insurer (a premium) in exchange for the insurer's promise to compensate the insured in the event of a covered loss. The loss may or may not be financial, but it must be reducible to financial terms. Furthermore, it usually involves something in which the insured has an insurable interest established by ownership, possession, or pre-existing relationship.
Question: What is there to do in Cleveland Ohio?
Answer: Cleveland is located in Northeast Ohio and is home to the Rock & Roll Hall-of-Fame, among many other great places. Cleveland has a broad culture and is know sports pride and great local food locations. If you can withstand the winter months, Cleveland is a great place to visit year round!
Question: Where did Bob Ross learn to paint?
Answer: Bob Ross took a painting class while he was stationed in Alaska.
Question: Why is a pomegranate known as a hand grenade?
Answer: When pomegranates become overripe, they will literally burst on the tree, like a grenade. In Spanish, they are known as granadas for this reason.
Question: Identify which animal species is alive or extinct: Microraptor, Whale
Answer: Whale is alive, Microraptor is extinct.
Question: How much dramatically results drop for models on generated adversarial examples?
Evidence: After adversarial modifications, the performance of the original target models (those without the “-adv” suffix) drops dramatically (e.g. the overall accuracy of BERT on Quora drops from 94.6% to 24.1%), revealing that the target models are vulnerable to our adversarial examples. Particularly, even though our generation is constrained by a BERT language model, BERT is still vulnerable to our adversarial examples. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of our algorithm for generating adversarial examples and also revealing the corresponding robustness issues. Moreover, we present some generated adversarial examples in the appendix.
After adversarial modifications, the performance of the original target models (those without the “-adv” suffix) drops dramatically (e.g. the overall accuracy of BERT on Quora drops from 94.6% to 24.1%), revealing that the target models are vulnerable to our adversarial examples.
Answer: The answers are shown as follows:
* BERT on Quora drops from 94.6% to 24.1%