DataHammer/scimrc huggingface dataset:
Question: Based on the passage provided, what is the difference between Amdahl's law and the law of diminishing returns?
Evidence: Amdahl's law is often conflated with the law of diminishing returns, whereas only a special case of applying Amdahl's law demonstrates law of diminishing returns. If one picks optimally (in terms of the achieved speedup) what is to be improved, then one will see monotonically decreasing improvements as one improves. If, however, one picks non-optimally, after improving a sub-optimal component and moving on to improve a more optimal component, one can see an increase in the return. Note that it is often rational to improve a system in an order that is "non-optimal" in this sense, given that some improvements are more difficult or require larger development time than others.

Amdahl's law does represent the law of diminishing returns if one is considering what sort of return one gets by adding more processors to a machine, if one is running a fixed-size computation that will use all available processors to their capacity. Each new processor added to the system will add less usable power than the previous one. Each time one doubles the number of processors the speedup ratio will diminish, as the total throughput heads toward the limit of 1/(1 − p).

This analysis neglects other potential bottlenecks such as memory bandwidth and I/O bandwidth. If these resources do not scale with the number of processors, then merely adding processors provides even lower returns.

An implication of Amdahl's law is that to speed up real applications which have both serial and parallel portions, heterogeneous computing techniques are required. There are novel speedup and energy consumption models based on a more general representation of heterogeneity, referred to as the normal form heterogeneity, that support a wide range of heterogeneous many-core architectures. These modelling methods aim to predict system power efficiency and performance ranges, and facilitates research and development at the hardware and system software levels.
Answer: The law of diminishing returns represents a special case of the application of Amdahl's law. The passage provides an example of a scenario where Amdahl's law represents the law of diminishing returns. In this scenario one is running a fixed sized computation that will use all available processors to their capacity and is considering what sort of return can be achieved by adding more processors to a machine. Applying Amdahl's law tells us that each new processor added to the system will add less usable power than the previous. In other words, each new processor yields diminishing returns.
Question: What could be a clean, inexpensive and efficient way of transportation?
Answer: Bicycles are a clean way of transportation because they only use the power of the human body to function, are generally cheaper than other methods of transportation if compared to cars for example, and can be conveniently stored or parked in great quantities in reduced spaces. On top of all these benefits using a bicycle for transportation will render very positive benefits for one's health, by burning calories along the way and providing cardiovascular exercise every time.
Question: How would you train for a marathon?
Answer: If you are not regularly running, but are generally fit, it would require many months of training to complete a marathon. Running at least 3 or better 4 times a week will be necessary. You should gradually increase your training load. A good guidance is to not increase the total mileage by more than 10% per week. One of the weekly runs should be a long run. You can should start with a distance that you are able to currently run, and keep gradually increasing it every week until you are able to run 30 km. You shouldn't need training runs longer than that. You should be able to run 30 km about 6 weeks before your target marathon. In the last weeks before the marathon decrease it down to about 20 km. The other runs in the week should be shorter. You should start as short as you are comfortable, and then increase them until they are 10-12 km. You should run all these runs at an easy pace, that would allow you to hold a conversation.
Good luck with your marathon!
Question: Which state joined the US on March 15, 1820?
Answer: Maine.
Question: How can I save money when travelling?
Answer: One good way of saving money while travelling is to plan ahead. Expenses like airplane tickets and accommodations often cost less when booked way in advance. Furthermore, doing research on online forums will help you find the most cost effective way to get around during your travels. On the other hand, for those with a flexible schedule, last minute deals can usually be found at a discount when there are cancellations and vacancies. Finally, the travel destination often plays a large role in determining the travel cost. Places that are less famous or crowded usually cost significantly less to visit, but can still make for a great experience.
Question: How do you describe your favorite cup of coffee?
Answer: My favorite cup of coffee is served in a cafe.  It must be in a ceramic mug, piping hot.  Paper cups are out of the question. No plastic covers allowed.  The aroma should be a mix of cream, hazelnut and coffee.  When I take my first sip, it should be smooth and delicious, only allowing me a small sip lest I burn my tongue.  The blend should maintain the flavor up until the last drop.  This is how I would describe my favorite cup of coffee.
Question: How large is the Gull Harbour and where exactly is it located
Evidence: Gull Harbour (former names States Harbour, Great Harbour) is the 1.3 km wide bay indenting for 2.8 km the east coast of Weddell Island in the Falkland Islands. It is entered north of Gull Point and south of Mark Point, and is centred at 51°53′56″S 60°53′20″WCoordinates: 51°53′56″S 60°53′20″W. The principal settlement of the island, Weddell Settlement, is situated at the head of the bay. Until the mid-nineteenth century Gull Harbour was known as Great Harbour.
Answer: Gull Harbour, that has been formerly named as States Harbour or Great Harbour is the 1.3 km wide bay indenting for 2.8 km the east coast of Weddell Island in the Falkland Islands.

It is entered north of Gull Point and south of Mark Point, and is centred at 51°53′56″S 60°53′20″W. The principal settlement of the island, Weddell Settlement, is situated at the head of the bay. Until the mid-nineteenth century Gull Harbour was known as Great Harbour.
Question: 5 most unusual ways to use screwdriver
Answer: to use it to cut coconut
to use it as can opener
to use it as a darts
to use it as a blocker
to use it as a chisel
Question: Why should kids do homework?
Answer: There are many vital reasons why kids should do their homework. Homework helps students practice the concepts they have learned in the classroom. It also teaches discipline and responsibility. Kids might not be aware of the immediate benefits of doing their homework regularly and on time, but it helps with their long-term development. The next time your kids ask why they should do their homework, keep these pointers in mind.
Question: Where was Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu founded?
Answer: Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu originated in Japan and was brought to Brazil by Mitsuo Maeda in 1914. Maeda trained Carlos and Helio Gracie, who tested and refined Jiu-Jitsu to be what it is today. Jiu-Jitsu continued to evolve over the years, eventually incorporating aspects of wrestling and other grappling arts into the curriculum. Rorion Gracie, Helios' son, brought Jiu-Jitsu to the United States in the 1970's.
Question: How many people in total were killed or injured in this text?
Evidence: During the Pacific War, the Japanese invasion of Malaya culminated in the Battle of Singapore. When the British force of 60,000 troops surrendered on 15 February 1942, British prime minister Winston Churchill called the defeat "the worst disaster and largest capitulation in British history". British and Empire losses during the fighting for Singapore were heavy, with a total of nearly 85,000 personnel captured. About 5,000 were killed or wounded, of which Australians made up the majority. Japanese casualties during the fighting in Singapore amounted to 1,714 killed and 3,378 wounded. The occupation was to become a major turning point in the histories of several nations, including those of Japan, Britain, and Singapore. Japanese newspapers triumphantly declared the victory as deciding the general situation of the war. Between 5,000 and 25,000 ethnic Chinese people were killed in the subsequent Sook Ching massacre. British forces had planned to liberate Singapore in 1945; however, the war ended before these operations could be carried out.
Answer: 15092 to 35092 people were killed or injured in total. 
The count is 5000 of the British Army,  1714 Japanese Army killed, 3378 Japanese Army wounded and 5000 to 25000 ethnic Chinese killed.
Question: Using the text below extract the sponsor, bid amount and the time period (from year to to year) in the format: {sponsor} - {bid amount} - {time period) and show it as a bullet list
Evidence: From 2008 to 2012, the title sponsor was DLF, India's largest real estate developer, who had secured the rights with a bid of ₹200 crore (US$25 million) for five seasons. After the conclusion of the 2012 season, PepsiCo bought the title sponsorship rights for ₹397 crore (US$50 million) for the subsequent five seasons. However, the company terminated the deal in October 2015, two years before the expiry of the contract, reportedly due to the two-season suspension of Chennai and Rajasthan franchises from the league. The BCCI then transferred the title sponsorship rights for the remaining two seasons of the contract to Chinese smartphone manufacturer Vivo for ₹200 crore (US$25 million). In June 2017, Vivo retained the rights for the next five seasons (2018–2022) with a winning bid of ₹2,199 crore (US$280 million), in a deal more expensive than Barclays' Premier League title sponsorship contract between 2013 and 2016. On 4 August 2020, Vivo got out of the title sponsorship rights due to the ongoing military stand-off between India and China at the Line of Actual Control in July 2020. It was also reported that the withdrawal was a result of Vivo's market losses due to the ongoing COVID-19 situation and that it intended to return as the title sponsors for the following three years. Dream11 bagged the title sponsorship for the 2020 IPL for an amount of ₹222 crore. Vivo returned as the title sponsor for the 2021 IPL, but pulled out again, and was replaced by the Tata Group for the next two seasons. InsideSport reported that the BCCI would actually receive ₹498 crore (US$62 million) for the 2022 and 2023 seasons from title sponsors. Vivo had previously agreed to pay a higher amount for the last two seasons of its sponsorship contract due to the expansion of the league from the 2022 season. According to InsideSport, the new deal had been structured such that Tata would pay ₹335 crore (US$42 million) per year while the deficit of ₹163 crore (US$20 million) per season would be paid by Vivo.
Answer: Here is the name of the sponsor along with the requested details:
DLF - 200 crores - 2008 to 2012
PepsiCo - 297 crores - 2012 to 2015
Vivo - 200 crores - 2015 to 2017
Vivo - 2,199 crores - 2018 to 2019
Dream11 - 220 crores -  2020
Vivo -  2,199 crores - 2021
Tata - 335 crores - 2022 to 2023
Question: When Joan of Arc was beatified in the famous Notre Dame cathedral in Paris?
Answer: 1909
Question: Are the generators of the baselines the same as the authors' generators?
Evidence: The implementation details of our model are shown in Table TABREF31 . For COCO / EMNLP2017, the generator is a LSTM unit BIBREF30 with 128 cells, and the discriminator is implemented based on BIBREF7 . For WeiboDial, the generator is an encoder-decoder structure with attention mechanism, where both the encoder and the decoder consist of a two-layer GRU BIBREF31 with 128 cells. The discriminator is implemented based on BIBREF32 . The language model used in the constrained sampling of ARAML is implemented in the same setting as the generators, and is pre-trained on the training set of each dataset. The codes and the datasets are available at https://github.com/kepei1106/ARAML.
As for the details of the baselines, the generators of all the baselines except LeakGAN are the same as ours. Note that the generator of LeakGAN consists of a hierarchical LSTM unit, thus we followed the implementation in the original paper. In terms of the differences, the discriminators of GAN baselines are implemented based on the original papers. Other hyper-parameters of baselines including batch size, learning rate, and pre-training epochs, were set based on the original codes, because the convergence of baselines is sensitive to these hyper-parameters.
As for the details of the baselines, the generators of all the baselines except LeakGAN are the same as ours.
Answer: No, they aren't.
Question: How does their system order the tweets?
Evidence: The system sorts all the tweets for each hashtag and orders them based on their log probability score, where the funniest tweet should be listed first. If the scores are based on the tweet language model then they are sorted in ascending order since the log probability value closest to 0 indicates the tweet that is most like the (funny) tweets model. However, if the log probability scores are based on the news data then they are sorted in descending order since the largest value will have the smallest probability associated with it and is therefore least like the (unfunny) news model.
For Subtask A, the system goes through the sorted list of tweets in a hashtag file and compares each pair of tweets. For each pair, if the first tweet was funnier than the second, the system would output the tweet_ids for the pair followed by a “1”. If the second tweet is funnier it outputs the tweet_ids followed by a “0”. For Subtask B, the system outputs all the tweet_ids for a hashtag file starting from the funniest.
The system sorts all the tweets for each hashtag and orders them based on their log probability score, where the funniest tweet should be listed first. If the scores are based on the tweet language model then they are sorted in ascending order since the log probability value closest to 0 indicates the tweet that is most like the (funny) tweets model. However, if the log probability scores are based on the news data then they are sorted in descending order since the largest value will have the smallest probability associated with it and is therefore least like the (unfunny) news model.
Answer: Based on their log probability score. They are sorted in ascending order if the scores are based on the tweet language model and sorted in descending order if the log probability scores are based on the news data.
Question: Are panda bears real bears?
Answer: Yes, pandas are one of the 8 or so species of extant, or living, bear. They are likely the most distantly related bear relative to the other species, along with spectacled bears. Pandas live in the wild exclusively in Asia. Pandas primarily eat bamboo. Red pandas are not bears, and are more closely related to raccoons.
Question: Tell me about orienteering
Answer: Orienteering is a sport enjoyed by athletes across the world. Participants are given a map, on which a series of checkpoints are marked. The goal is to visit each checkpoint in the specified order as quickly as possible. The most successful orienteers are both physically fit and are able to read a map to a high degree of accuracy. The sport is particularly popular in Scandinavia, where its vast forests serve as ideal locations for orienteering courses.
Question: Who was the very first American Idol winner?
Answer: Kelly Clarkson.
Question: Where did Waldo E. Koop work?
Evidence: As a career, Waldo E. Koop was an engineer for Boeing. He was called one of the nation's finest researchers by local and state historians, and was credited in the series of Time Life books on the Old West for his research on gunfighters. Koop discovered that Henry McCarty, later known as Billy the Kid, spent time in Wichita, Kansas, where he saw his first gunfight. He published his findings in 1965 in the book, Billy the Kid: the Trail of a Kansas Legend.
Answer: Waldo E. Koop was an engineer for Boeing before becoming one of the nation's finest researchers.
Question: What is IPL T20?
Answer: IPL stands for Indian Premier League. It is a T20 cricket tournament played in India usually from mid March to mid May every year. There are 10 teams representing different areas across India. 2022 edition was won by Gujarat Titans. 

A T20 cricket match is a shorter version a traditional cricket match. Each team bats for 20 overs. The game lasts for 3.5 to 4 hours.
Question: Write instructions to a dog sitter for a dog named Chunkie
Answer: Thanks for coming over to spend time with Chunkie! Here is a summary of tips / directions

Hearing - Chunkie is deaf; you’ll need to make eye contact and hand gestures or grab her by the neck to give her gentle guidance. 

Stairs - Chunkie can’t take the front stairs given her arthritis, you’ll need to go out the sliding door (remove lock bar at the bottom), out the backyard gate to the left, and down the slide stairs. It’s ok to leave the sliding door unlocked during your walk. Go back in this way too. 

Walking - Try walking her to the Women’s garden and back. Her lease and poop bags are on the floor next to the sliding door. She doesn’t really walk fast or far anymore so if she doesn’t want to walk just take her back home. 

Other dogs - Chunkie doesn’t really like other dogs so keep her leash tight when other dogs are around. She does love people and is very safe w/ other people and kids.

Snack - You may feed her a snack - one pig ear and a few of the other smaller snacks. I’ll leave the snacks on the kitchen counter.

Water - Please refill her water bowls when you get there and make sure they are full before you leave (purple bowl in the dining room next to the window and silver bowl near sliding door).

Home - Feel free to make yourself at home! Chunkie usually hangs in my office / the TV room. She does need some help getting up the 2 stairs from that room and the main great room.

Locking up - Please put the lock bar back on the sliding door, leave the key on the kitchen counter (or on the bottom stairs as you exit) and lock the front door by depressing the door handle button.
Question: Tell me whether these are sandwiches or cereals: Shredded wheat, honey bunches of oats, Frosted Flakes, Cheerios.
Answer: That is a list of cereals, not a list of sandwiches.
Question: What's the "Bean" in Chicago?
Evidence: Cloud Gate is a public sculpture by Indian-born British artist Anish Kapoor, that is the centerpiece of AT&T Plaza at Millennium Park in the Loop community area of Chicago, Illinois. The sculpture and AT&T Plaza are located on top of Park Grill, between the Chase Promenade and McCormick Tribune Plaza & Ice Rink. Constructed between 2004 and 2006, the sculpture is nicknamed "The Bean" because of its shape, a name Kapoor initially disliked, but later grew fond of. Made up of 168 stainless steel plates welded together, its highly polished exterior has no visible seams. It measures 33 by 66 by 42 feet (10 by 20 by 13 m), and weighs 110 short tons (100 t; 98 long tons).

Kapoor's design was inspired by liquid mercury and the sculpture's surface reflects and distorts the city's skyline. Visitors are able to walk around and under Cloud Gate's 12-foot (3.7 m) high arch. On the underside is the "omphalos" (Greek for "navel"), a concave chamber that warps and multiplies reflections. The sculpture builds upon many of Kapoor's artistic themes, and it is popular with tourists as a photo-taking opportunity for its unique reflective properties.
Answer: The "Bean" is a nickname for a public sculpture installed in Millennium Park in Chicago during 2004 and 2006. The formal name for the sculpture is "Cloud Gate."  The sculpture is fluid-looking with a highly polished exterior and no visible seams.  It's design was inspired by liquid mercury and it's reflective surface is a popular photo opportunity for visiting tourists.
Question: How can you get to Dry Tortugas National Park?
Evidence: Dry Tortugas National Park is a national park located about 68 miles (109 km) west of Key West in the Gulf of Mexico, in the United States. The park preserves Fort Jefferson and the seven Dry Tortugas islands, the westernmost and most isolated of the Florida Keys. The archipelago's coral reefs are the least disturbed of the Florida Keys reefs.

Most visitors arrive in Dry Tortugas National Park by either boat or seaplane from Key West. Official ferry and transportation services to the Dry Tortugas include the Yankee Freedom III catamaran, private vessel chartering and seaplane services. Other methods of visiting the Dry Tortugas include chartering of authorized and approved private vessels. There are no road connections to Dry Tortugas, and cars cannot access the islands.
Answer: Dry Tortugas National Park can be accessed by seaplane or boat. The official ferry service is Yankee Freedom; private boats can also access the island. The islands that make up Dry Tortugas are located near Key West in the Gulf of Mexcio and cannot be accessed by car.
Question: Give me a bulleted list of the the first five books in the bible old testament?
Answer: The first five books of the bible old testament are called the Pentateuch or the books of law
1) The Book of Genesis - is an account of the creation of the world, the early history of humanity, and of Israel's ancestors and the origins of the Jewish people.
2) The Book of Exodus - is the second book of the Bible. It narrates the story of the Exodus, in which the Israelites leave slavery in Biblical Egypt through the strength of Yahweh, who has chosen them as his people. 
3) The Book of Leviticus - The book has several main topics, some of which are the Jewish laws of sacrificing to God, and the work of the priests. These priests are sometimes known as Levites 
4) The Book of Numbers - is the culmination of the story of Israel's exodus from oppression in Egypt and their journey to take possession of the land God promised their fathers.
5) The Book of Deuteronomy - is the covenant that binds Yahweh and Israel by oaths of fidelity and obedience. God will give Israel blessings of the land, fertility, and prosperity so long as Israel is faithful to God's teaching; disobedience will lead to curses and punishment.
Question: What context do they use?
Evidence: In logistic regression models, we extract four types of features, word-level and character-level n-gram features as well as two types of lexicon derived features. We extract these four types of features from the target comment first. Then we extract these features from two sources of context texts, specifically the title of the news article that the comment was posted for and the screen name of the user who posted the comment.
Then we extract these features from two sources of context texts, specifically the title of the news article that the comment was posted for and the screen name of the user who posted the comment.
Answer: The answers are shown as follows:
* title of the news article
* screen name of the user
Question: India with the world's highest TB burden, introduced the BCG mass immunisation in which year?
Answer: 1948
Question: Identify which animal species is alive or extinct: Sivatherium, Bowhead Whale
Answer: Bowhead Whale is alive, Sivatherium is extinct.