Question: How do the authors evaluate Cell-aware Stacked LSTM?
Evidence: In the field of natural language processing (NLP), the most prevalent neural approach to obtaining sentence representations is to use recurrent neural networks (RNNs), where words in a sentence are processed in a sequential and recurrent manner. Along with their intuitive design, RNNs have shown outstanding performance across various NLP tasks e.g. language modeling BIBREF0 , BIBREF1 , machine translation BIBREF2 , BIBREF3 , BIBREF4 , text classification BIBREF5 , BIBREF6 , and parsing BIBREF7 , BIBREF8 .
Among several variants of the original RNN BIBREF9 , gated recurrent architectures such as long short-term memory (LSTM) BIBREF10 and gated recurrent unit (GRU) BIBREF2 have been accepted as de-facto standard choices for RNNs due to their capability of addressing the vanishing and exploding gradient problem and considering long-term dependencies. Gated RNNs achieve these properties by introducing additional gating units that learn to control the amount of information to be transferred or forgotten BIBREF11 , and are proven to work well without relying on complex optimization algorithms or careful initialization BIBREF12 .
Meanwhile, the common practice for further enhancing the expressiveness of RNNs is to stack multiple RNN layers, each of which has distinct parameter sets (stacked RNN) BIBREF13 , BIBREF14 . In stacked RNNs, the hidden states of a layer are fed as input to the subsequent layer, and they are shown to work well due to increased depth BIBREF15 or their ability to capture hierarchical time series BIBREF16 which are inherent to the nature of the problem being modeled.
However this setting of stacking RNNs might hinder the possibility of more sophisticated recurrence-based structures since the information from lower layers is simply treated as input to the next layer, rather than as another class of state that participates in core RNN computations. Especially for gated RNNs such as LSTMs and GRUs, this means that layer-to-layer connections cannot fully benefit from the carefully constructed gating mechanism used in temporal transitions. Some recent work on stacking RNNs suggests alternative methods that encourage direct and effective interaction between RNN layers by adding residual connections BIBREF17 , BIBREF18 , by shortcut connections BIBREF18 , BIBREF19 , or by using cell states of LSTMs BIBREF20 , BIBREF21 .
In this paper, we propose a method of constructing multi-layer LSTMs where cell states are used in controlling the vertical information flow. This system utilizes states from the left and the lower context equally in computation of the new state, thus the information from lower layers is elaborately filtered and reflected through a soft gating mechanism. Our method is easy-to-implement, effective, and can replace conventional stacked LSTMs without much modification of the overall architecture.
We call the proposed architecture Cell-aware Stacked LSTM, or CAS-LSTM, and evaluate our method on multiple benchmark datasets: SNLI BIBREF22 , MultiNLI BIBREF23 , Quora Question Pairs BIBREF24 , and SST BIBREF25 . From experiments we show that the CAS-LSTMs consistently outperform typical stacked LSTMs, opening the possibility of performance improvement of architectures that use stacked LSTMs.
Our contribution is summarized as follows.
This paper is organized as follows. We give a detailed description about the proposed method in § SECREF2 . Experimental results are given in § SECREF3 . We study prior work related to our objective in § SECREF4 and conclude in § SECREF5 .
We call this architecture Cell-aware Stacked LSTM, or CAS-LSTM, and evaluate our method on multiple benchmark tasks: natural language inference, paraphrase identification, sentiment clas sification, and machine translation.
Answer: Evaluate their method on multiple benchmark tasks: natural language inference, paraphrase identification, sentiment classification, and machine translation.