DataHammer/scimrc huggingface dataset:
Question: Give me a short bulleted list of the key points about the parallel universes in this passage.
Evidence: The multiverse is a hypothetical group of multiple universes. Together, these universes are presumed to comprise everything that exists: the entirety of space, time, matter, energy, information, and the physical laws and constants that describe them. The different universes within the multiverse are called "parallel universes", "other universes", "alternate universes", or "many worlds". One common assumption is that the multiverse is a "patchwork quilt of separate universes all bound by the same laws of physics." The concept of multiple universes, or a multiverse, has been discussed throughout history, with origins in ancient Greek philosophy. It has evolved over time and has been debated in various fields, including cosmology, physics, and philosophy. Some physicists argue that the multiverse is a philosophical notion rather than a scientific hypothesis, as it cannot be empirically falsified. In recent years, there have been proponents and skeptics of multiverse theories within the physics community. Although some scientists have analyzed data in search of evidence for other universes, no statistically significant evidence has been found. Critics argue that the multiverse concept lacks testability and falsifiability, which are essential for scientific inquiry, and that it raises unresolved metaphysical issues.
Answer: Here are a short bulleted list of the key points about the "parallel universes" (the "multiverse", "other universes", "alternate universes", or "many worlds"):

- It is a hypothetical group of multiple universes which together are presumed to comprise  the entirety of space, time, matter, energy, information, and the physical laws and constants that describe them.

- It has been the subject of debates in cosmology, physics, and philosophy.

- Some argue that the "parallel universes" concept lacks testability and falsifiability, and so it is a more of a philosophical notion rather than a scientific hypothesis.
Question: What are the two steps of the QA System?
Evidence: QA system resides within the scope of Computer Science. It deals with information retrieval and natural language processing. Its goal is to automatically answer questions asked by humans in natural language. IR-based QA, Knowledge based approaches and Hybrid approaches are the QA system types. TREC, IBM-Watson, Google are examples of IR-based QA systems. Knowledge based QA systems are Apple Siri, Wolfram Alpha. Examples of Hybrid approach systems are IBM Watson and True Knowledge Evi.
Figure FIGREF4 provides an overview of QA System. The first step of QA System is Question Analysis. Question analysis has two parts - question classification and another question formulation. In question classification step, the question is classified using different classifier algorithms. In question formulation, the question is analyzed and the system creates a proper IR question by detecting the entity type of the question to provide a simple answer.
The next step is documents retrieval and analysis. In this step, the system matches the query against the sources of answers where the source can be documents or Web. In the answer extraction step, the system extracts the answers from the documents of the sources collected in documents retrieval and analysis phase. The extracted answers are filtered and evaluated in answer evaluation phase as there can be multiple possible answers for a query. In the final step, an answer of the question is returned.
The first step of QA System is Question Analysis. *The next step is documents retrieval and analysis.
Answer: The first step is Question Analysis and the second step is documents retrieval and analysis.
Question: Why do people like Electronic Dance Music?
Answer: Electronic Dance Music also known as EDM has been a popular genre of music the past two decades and especially starting the 2000's. This genre of music has been particularly popular among people of younger ages, especially between ages of 15 and 35. The fast beats and dramatic drops make this genre of music great for workouts, outdoor concerts and create a feeling of euphoria among many listeners.
Question: How are typing hints suggested?
Evidence: We incorporate typing information by concatenating to the embedding vector of each input symbol one of three embedding vectors, S, E or R, where S is concatenated to structural elements (opening and closing brackets), E to entity symbols and R to relation symbols.
We incorporate typing information by concatenating to the embedding vector of each input symbol one of three embedding vectors, S, E or R, where S is concatenated to structural elements (opening and closing brackets), E to entity symbols and R to relation symbol
Answer: The answers are shown as follows:
*  concatenating to the embedding vector
Question: Which coin of U.S currency has the most ridges.
Answer: The U.S. half dollar is the winner with 150 ridges.
Question: From the passage provided, how old was Betty White when she died?
Evidence: Betty Marion White (January 17, 1922 – December 31, 2021) was an American actress and comedian. A pioneer of early television with a career spanning almost seven decades, she was noted for her vast body of work in entertainment and for being one of the first women to work both in front of and behind the camera. She produced and starred in the sitcom Life with Elizabeth (1953–1955), making her the first woman to produce a sitcom.
Answer: Betty White was 99 years old when she died on December 31, 2021.
Question: Some families get rid of TVs and smartphones for the proper growth of children, but are those things desirable?
Answer: I think it's desirable. When exposed to the media from a young age, you won't be able to control it because you're still growing your self-control ability. In that case, if you are exposed, you can't control the use of your smartphone by yourself. You should be exposed to the media after you have some self-control. In order to have self-discipline, you must be 5 or 6 years old.

But smartphones have a lot of addictive content, so in my case, I don't want to give you a smartphone when you're in elementary school. Because if you spend a lot of time with your family instead of watching TV, it will have a more static effect than the positive effects you can get on TV.
Question: Do you prefer a Tesla model S or a Porsche Taycan
Answer: Tesla model S and Porsche Taycan share many similarities. They are both premium electric vehicles starting from $80k. Some say that Tesla has a better acceleration speed with its best trim Plaid S of 0-100km/h in 2.3s, while the the Porsche Taycan Turbo S can do in 2.8s. However, some people prefer Porsche Taycan for its brand for luxury and better in-car furnitures.
Question: How does the team observe distinct behavior during sarcasm reading?
Evidence: We observe distinct behavior during sarcasm reading, by analyzing the “fixation duration on the text” (also referred to as “dwell time” in the literature) and “scanpaths” of the readers.
We observe distinct behavior during sarcasm reading, by analyzing the “fixation duration on the text” (also referred to as “dwell time” in the literature) and “scanpaths” of the readers.
Answer: By analyzing the “fixation duration on the text” and “scanpaths” of the readers.
Question: How to calculate growth rate?
Answer: The term “growth rate” describes the rate of change in the value of a specific metric across a given time period, expressed as a percentage.

Common examples of scenarios where the growth rate is often used are the following:

Company Sales
Population Figures
Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
Inflation Rate
Under the specific context of financial modeling, the growth rate is most frequently on a quarterly or annual basis (i.e. year-over-year).

More defensible predictions can be made about the future trajectory of a metric in question by determining its historical growth, which can serve as a practical point of reference for forecasting purposes.

However, the metric’s usefulness is still tied to the extent that the underlying drivers are identified and researched in-depth.

By itself, calculating the historical growth is not enough, because what actually caused the past growth and which qualitative factors are likely to determine a metric’s future growth must also be clearly understood.


The following formula can be used to calculate the growth rate across two periods.

Growth Rate (%) = (Ending Value ÷ Beginning Value) – 1
For example, if a company’s revenue was $100 million in 2020 and grew to $120 million in 2021, its year-over-year (YoY) growth rate is 20%.

Growth Rate = ($120 million ÷ $100 million) – 1 = 0.20, or 20%
Question: What country did NIKStewart live during middle school?
Evidence: NIKStewart (who rebranded her name from Treveen Stewart) is a model from the Cayman Islands. In 2013, she was the first winner of the Caribbean's Next Top Model competition to come from the Cayman Islands. Born in Grand Cayman, Stewart moved to Jamaica in fifth grade and then returned to the Cayman Islands for high school. She won a regional modeling contest at 15 which allowed her to sign with a US modeling agency. In 2015, she landed a deal with Nike and works in New York and Chicago for them. Her other campaign work includes Fila, bMobile, Kohls and Rock & Republic.
Answer: NIKStewart lived in Jamaica during middle school (6th - 8th grade).
Question: For Bronze layer, how do you suggest handling the data sources that are coming as JSON/CSV/Avro, etc. (Onprem SQL data imported as json via Azure Data Factory into ADLS Or API Calls that return JSON) Should that be stored without processing in bronze layer in ADLS/Process them and store as Delta in bronze or should we have a pre bronze layer?
Answer: Either method will work.  There are some advantages to using a delta bronze layer over relying on your JSON files in ADLS.  It is a lot more performant to re-process data that's in the bronze delta format than re-processing the json files in ADLS.  This is because all of your data will be consolidated and filesizes will be optimized in your bronze layer.
Question: which is the famous vegetation food in south India?
Answer: South India brings many varieties of food both for vegetarians and non-vegetarians, particularly in the veg, Dosa, Idly, Vada, Upma, and Poori are famous and there are many well know restaurants in each of the states that have specialised in these dishes and are very famous since decades.
Question: What kind of sounds do Alpacas make?
Answer: Alpacas make a variety of sounds:

Humming: When alpacas are born, the mother and baby hum constantly. They also hum as a sign of distress, especially when they are separated from their herd. Alpacas may also hum when curious, happy, worried or cautious.

Snorting: Alpacas snort when another alpaca is invading its space.

Grumbling: Alpacas grumble to warn each other. For example, when one is invading another's personal space, it sounds like gurgling.

Clucking: Similar to a hen's cluck, alpacas cluck when a mother is concerned for her cria. Male alpacas cluck to signal friendly behavior.

Screaming: Their screams are extremely deafening and loud. They will scream when they are not handled correctly or when they are being attacked by a potential enemy.

Screeching: A bird-like cry, presumably intended to terrify the opponent. This sound is typically used by male alpacas when they are in a fight over dominance. When a female screeches, it is more of a growl when she is angry.
Question: Why LeakGAN performs best on forward perplexity?
Evidence: We adopted forward/reverse perplexity BIBREF33 and Self-BLEU BIBREF34 to evaluate the quality of generated texts. Forward perplexity (PPL-F) indicates the perplexity on the generated data provided by a language model trained on real data to measure the fluency of generated samples. Reverse perplexity (PPL-R) switches the roles of generated data and real data to reflect the discrepancy between the generated distribution and the data distribution. Self-BLEU (S-BLEU) regards each sentence in the generated collection as hypothesis and the others as reference to obtain BLEU scores, which evaluates the diversity of generated results.
Results are shown in Table TABREF33 . LeakGAN performs best on forward perplexity because it can generate more fluent samples. As for reverse perplexity, our model ARAML beats other baselines, showing that our model can fit the data distribution better. Other GANs, particularly LeakGAN, obtain high reverse perplexity due to mode collapse BIBREF12 , thus they only capture limited fluent expressions, resulting in large discrepancy between the generated distribution and data distribution. ARAML also outperforms the baselines in terms of Self-BLEU, indicating that our model doesn't fall into mode collapse with the help of the MLE training objective and has the ability to generate more diverse sentences.
We also provide standard deviation of each metric in Table TABREF33 , reflecting the stability of each model's performance. Our model ARAML nearly achieves the smallest standard deviation in all the metrics, indicating that our framework outperforms policy gradient in the stability of adversarial training.
LeakGAN performs best on forward perplexity because it can generate more fluent samples.
Answer: Because it can generate more fluent samples.
Question: What does the company Navibulgar do
Answer: Navibulgar is a Bulgarian shipping company, the largest in the country, with a fleet of 70 vessels: 46 bulk carriers, 9 container vessels, 5 tanker and chemical vessels, and 10 combined tonnage vessels, including their new 30,700-tonne ship, which became a part of their fleet in June 2012.
Question: What is the best result of cross-validation?
Evidence: In order to find the optimal parameter values for the EmoInt system, an extensive grid search was performed through the scikit-Learn framework over all subsets of the training set (shuffled), using stratified 10-fold cross validation and optimizing the Pearson's Correlation score. Best cross-validation results were obtained using AdaBoost meta regressor with base regressor as XGBoost BIBREF21 with 1000 estimators and 0.1 learning rate. Experiments and analysis of results are presented in the next section.
Best cross-validation results were obtained using AdaBoost meta regressor with base regressor as XGBoost (Chen and Guestrin, 2016) with 1000 estimators and 0.1 learning rate.
Answer: Best cross-validation results were obtained using AdaBoost meta regressor with base regressor as XGBoost (Chen and Guestrin, 2016) with 1000 estimators and 0.1 learning rate.
Question: Classify these countries into these continents (Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Europe, Australia/Oceania): Morocco, Vietnam, New Zealand, Chad, Afghanistan, Jordan, Lebanon, Monaco, Malta, Dominica, Paraguay
Answer: - Asia: Vietnam, Afghanistan, Jordan, Lebanon
- Africa: Morocco, Chad
- Europe: Monaco, Malta
- North America: Dominica
- South America: Paraguay
- Australia/Oceania: New Zealand
Question: What is powerlifting?
Answer: Powerlifting is a strength sport which consists of having three attempts at lifting a maximal weight on three separate lifts using a barbell with weight plates. The three lifts are typically the squat, deadlift and bench press.
Question: What language do they look at?
Evidence: We use the Fisher Spanish speech corpus BIBREF11, which consists of 819 phone calls, with an average duration of 12 minutes, amounting to a total of 160 hours of data. We discard the associated transcripts and pair the speech with English translations BIBREF12, BIBREF13. To simulate a low-resource scenario, we sampled 90 calls (20h) of data (train20h) to train both ST and topic models, reserving 450 calls (100h) to evaluate topic models (eval100h). Our experiments required ST models of varying quality, so we also trained models with decreasing amounts of data: ST-10h, ST-5h, and ST-2.5h are trained on 10, 5, and 2.5 hours of data respectively, sampled from train20h. To evaluate ST only, we use the designated Fisher test set, as in previous work.
We use the Fisher Spanish speech corpus BIBREF11, which consists of 819 phone calls, with an average duration of 12 minutes, amounting to a total of 160 hours of data.
Answer: The answers are shown as follows:
* Spanish
Question: How many layers of self-attention does the model have?
Evidence: FLOAT SELECTED: Table 6: Evaluation of effect of self-attention mechanism using DSTC2 dataset (Att: Attetnion mechanism; UT: Universal Transformers; ACT: Adaptive Computation Time; NH: Number of attention heads)
FLOAT SELECTED: Table 6: Evaluation of effect of self-attention mechanism using DSTC2 dataset (Att: Attetnion mechanism; UT: Universal Transformers; ACT: Adaptive Computation Time; NH: Number of attention heads)
Answer: 1, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64
Question: What is St. Peters Basilica?
Answer: St. Peters Basilica is located at the Vatican in Rome, Italy.  St. Peters is a church where the Roman Catholic Church Pope lives.  The church was build in the renaissance style, and the interior contains brilliant marble sculptures and paintings.  There are also a large number of tombs for past popes.  The Sistine Chapel is one of the Vatican's proudest features, and it was painted on the ceiling by Michelangelo between 1508 to 1512.
Question: Why is an early stopping mechanism implemented in training？
Evidence: The objective function was the negative log-likelihood and computed by: 
$$\textbf {F}(\theta ) = -\sum _{t=1}^{T}\textbf {y}_{t}^{\top }\log {\textbf {p}_{t}}$$   (Eq. 27) 
where: $\textbf {y}_{t}$ is the ground truth token distribution, $\textbf {p}_{t}$ is the predicted token distribution, $T$ is length of the input sentence. The proposed generators were trained by treating each sentence as a mini-batch with $l_{2}$ regularization added to the objective function for every 5 training examples. The models were initialized with a pretrained Glove word embedding vectors BIBREF28 and optimized by using stochastic gradient descent and back propagation through time BIBREF29 . Early stopping mechanism was implemented to prevent over-fitting by using a validation set as suggested in BIBREF30 .
Early stopping mechanism was implemented to prevent over-fitting by using a validation set as suggested in (Mikolov, 2010).
Answer: To prevent over-fitting.
Question: What started WW2?
Answer: The instability created in Europe by the First World War (1914-18) set the stage for another international conflict—World War II—which broke out two decades later and would prove even more devastating. Rising to power in an economically and politically unstable Germany, Adolf Hitler, leader of the Nazi Party, rearmed the nation and signed strategic treaties with Italy and Japan to further his ambitions of world domination. Hitler’s invasion of Poland in September 1939 drove Great Britain and France to declare war on Germany, marking the beginning of World War II. Over the next six years, the conflict would take more lives and destroy more land and property around the globe than any previous war.
Question: Given this paragraph about the Southwestern United States, name the largest cities in that area
Evidence: The Southwestern United States, also known as the American Southwest or simply the Southwest, is a geographic and cultural region of the United States. Its exact boundaries are not officially defined, but attempts to do so generally include Arizona and New Mexico as the core of the region. Adjacent portions of California, Colorado, Nevada, and Utah are also sometimes included. Oklahoma and Texas may also be included, particularly the trans-pecos "horn" portion of the state(i.e. the far western extension of the state of the state south of the New Mexico border, but west and north of the Pecos and Rio Gande Rivers). The largest cities by metropolitan area are Phoenix, Las Vegas, El Paso, Albuquerque, and Tucson. Before 1848, in the historical region of Santa Fe de Nuevo México as well as parts of Alta California and Coahuila y Tejas, settlement was almost non-existent outside of Nuevo México's Pueblos and Spanish or Mexican municipalities. Much of the area had been a part of New Spain and Mexico until the United States acquired the area through the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848 and the smaller Gadsden Purchase in 1854.
Answer: The largest cities in the Southwestern United States are Phoenix, Las Vegas, El Paso, Albuquerque, and Tucson.
Question: Give me some ideas of activities to do in Romania
Answer: As of the activities that you can do in Romania, there is a plenty of selections such as:
- Swim in the Black Sea, visiting resorts like Constanta, Mamaia, Eforie Nord, Costinesti, Jupiter or Vama Veche
- You can go skiing in mountain resorts like Poiana Brasov, Azuga, Sureanu, Semenic, Cavnic, Arieseni or Ranca
- Travel the water channels of the Danube Delta and stay in traditional villages that can only be reached by boats such as Sfantu Gheorghe or Sulina
- Travel with the steam powered train Mocanita in the mountainous areas of Maramures
- Visit historical cities like Bucharest, Timisoara, Cluj-Napoca, Iasi, Brasov, Sibiu, Sighisoara
- Visit castles like Bran Castle, Peles Castle or Corvins Castle
Question: When and where was John Barrett born?
Evidence: John Henry Barrett MBE (21 July 1913 – 9 February 1999) was a pioneering conservationist, author and broadcaster, who was the first Warden at Dale Fort Field Centre in Pembrokeshire.

Barrett was born in King's Lynn, Norfolk. He read Economics and Geography at Cambridge University.
Answer: He was born in 1913 in King's Lynn, Norfolk.
Question: Who were the Pilgrims and what holiday is typically associated with them?
Evidence: The Pilgrims is the name for the early settlers of the Plymouth Colony, which is now Plymouth, Massachusetts. In 1620 they traveled to New England on a ship called the Mayflower. There were 102 passengers on the ship. They were English Puritans who had left England years earlier to live in Leiden because of religious differences with the Church of England. Unlike other Puritans who wanted to reform the Church of England, they wanted to separate from it, so they were called Separatists. The original settlers of Plymouth Colony are known as the Pilgrim Fathers, or simply as the Pilgrims.
When they arrived in America, they built homes and farms. They received help from the Wampanoag people. The Wampanoag people taught the Pilgrims how to plant corn, hunt, and fish in the new land. They had a big feast for 3 days, which was the first thanksgiving.
Answer: Pilgrims are considered to be the early settlers on Plymouth Colony in modern day Plymouth, Massachusetts. They travelled in 1620 on a ship known as the Mayflower from England. They were puritans who left England due to religious difference with the Church of England. When they arrived in America, they were assisted by the local Native American Wampanoag people. They taught the pilgrims how to hunt, fish and grow corn on their settlements. This led to a celebration for 3 days which are the origins of the modern day Thanksgiving feast.
Question: List five words associated with sadness
Answer: Melancholy, upset, sulky, devastated and depressed are all associated with sadness.