DataHammer/scimrc huggingface dataset:
Question: What model do they propose?
Evidence: Recently, pre-trained language representation has shown to be useful for improving many NLP tasks BIBREF0, BIBREF1, BIBREF2, BIBREF3. Embeddings from Language Models (ELMo) BIBREF0 is one of the most outstanding works, which uses a character-aware language model to augment word representation.
An essential challenge in training word-based language models is how to control vocabulary size for better rare word representation. No matter how large the vocabulary is, rare words are always insufficiently trained. Besides, an extensive vocabulary takes too much time and computational resource for the model to converge. Whereas, if the vocabulary is too small, the out-of-vocabulary (OOV) issue will harm the model performance heavily BIBREF4. To obtain effective word representation, BIBREF4 introduce character-driven word embedding using convolutional neural network (CNN) BIBREF5, following the language model in BIBREF6 for deep contextual representation.
However, there is potential insufficiency when modeling word from characters which hold little linguistic sense, especially, the morphological source BIBREF7. Only 86 characters(also included some common punctuations) are adopted in English writing, making the input too coarse for embedding learning. As we argue that for better representation from a refined granularity, word is too large and character is too small, it is natural for us to consider subword unit between character and word levels.
Splitting a word into subwords and using them to augment the word representation may recover the latent syntactic or semantic information BIBREF8. For example, uselessness could be split into the following subwords: $<$use, less, ness$>$. Previous work usually considers linguistic knowledge-based methods to tokenize each word into subwords (namely, morphemes) BIBREF9, BIBREF10, BIBREF11. However, such treatment may encounter three main inconveniences. First, the subwords from linguistic knowledge, typically including the morphological suffix, prefix, and stem, may not be suitable for a targeted NLP task BIBREF12 or mislead the representation of some words, like the meaning of understand cannot be formed by under and stand. Second, linguistic knowledge, including related annotated lexicons or corpora, may not even be available for a specific low-resource language. Due to these limitations, we focus on computationally motivated subword tokenization approaches in this work.
In this paper, we propose Embedding from Subword-aware Language Models (ESuLMo), which takes subword as input to augment word representation and release a sizeable pre-trained language model research communities. Evaluations show that the pre-trained language models of ESuLMo outperform all RNN-based language models, including ELMo, in terms of PPL and ESuLMo outperforms state-of-the-art results in three of four downstream NLP tasks.
In this paper, we propose Embedding from Subword-aware Language Models (ESuLMo), which takes subword as input to augment word representation and release a sizeable pre-trained language model research communities.
Answer: Embedding from Subword-aware Language Models.
Question: Classify each of the following as either a place or a thing: Rhode Island, cup, New Jersey, New York, watch, tv.
Answer: Rhode Island is a place.
A Cup is a thing.
New Jersey is a place.
New York is a place.
A watch is a thing.
A TV is a thing.
Question: What tasks did they experiment with?
Evidence: Exp I: Sentiment Classification
We first conduct a multi-task experiment on sentiment classification.
We use 16 different datasets from several popular review corpora used in BIBREF20 . These datasets consist of 14 product review datasets and two movie review datasets.
All the datasets in each task are partitioned randomly into training set, development set and testing set with the proportion of 70%, 10% and 20% respectively. The detailed statistics about all the datasets are listed in Table TABREF27 .
Exp II: Transferability of Shared Sentence Representation 
With attention mechanism, the shared sentence encoder in our proposed models can generate more generic task-invariant representations, which can be considered as off-the-shelf knowledge and then be used for unseen new tasks.
Exp III: Introducing Sequence Labeling as Auxiliary Task
A good sentence representation should include its linguistic information. Therefore, we incorporate sequence labeling task (such as POS Tagging and Chunking) as an auxiliary task into the multi-task learning framework, which is trained jointly with the primary tasks (the above 16 tasks of sentiment classification). The auxiliary task shares the sentence encoding layer with the primary tasks and connected to a private fully connected layer followed by a softmax non-linear layer to process every hidden state INLINEFORM0 and predicts the labels.
Sentiment Classification
We first conduct a multi-task experiment on sentiment classification.

We use 16 different datasets from several popular review corpora used in BIBREF20 . These datasets consist of 14 product review datasets and two movie review datasets.

All the datasets in each task are partitioned randomly into training set, development set and testing set with the proportion of 70%, 10% and 20% respectively.
Transferability of Shared Sentence Representation
With attention mechanism, the shared sentence encoder in our proposed models can generate more generic task-invariant representations, which can be considered as off-the-shelf knowledge and then be used for unseen new tasks.
Introducing Sequence Labeling as Auxiliary Task
A good sentence representation should include its linguistic information. Therefore, we incorporate sequence labeling task (such as POS Tagging and Chunking) as an auxiliary task into the multi-task learning framework, which is trained jointly with the primary tasks (the above 16 tasks of sentiment classification).
Answer: The answers are shown as follows:
* Sentiment Classification
* Transferability of Shared Sentence Representation
* Introducing Sequence Labeling as Auxiliary Task
Question: What is a probability distribution?
Evidence: In probability theory and statistics, a probability distribution is the mathematical function that gives the probabilities of occurrence of different possible outcomes for an experiment. It is a mathematical description of a random phenomenon in terms of its sample space and the probabilities of events (subsets of the sample space).

For instance, if X is used to denote the outcome of a coin toss ("the experiment"), then the probability distribution of X would take the value 0.5 (1 in 2 or 1/2) for X = heads, and 0.5 for X = tails (assuming that the coin is fair). Examples of random phenomena include the weather conditions at some future date, the height of a randomly selected person, the fraction of male students in a school, the results of a survey to be conducted, etc.
Answer: A probability distribution is a distribution of different outcomes based on the probable number of times each outcome will occur.
Question: Which is a species of fish? Rainbowfish or Rain
Answer: Rainbowfish
Question: Given these two paragraphs, where did Jimmy Carter go to college?
Evidence: Carter attended Plains High School from 1937 to 1941, graduating from the eleventh grade, since the school did not have a twelfth grade. By that time, Archery and Plains had been impoverished by the Great Depression, but the family benefited from New Deal farming subsidies, and Carter's father took a position as a community leader. Carter himself was a diligent student with a fondness for reading. A popular anecdote holds that he was passed over for valedictorian after he and his friends skipped school to venture downtown in a hot rod. Carter's truancy was mentioned in a local newspaper, although it is not clear he would have otherwise been valedictorian. As an adolescent, Carter played on the Plains High School basketball team, and also joined a youth organization named the Future Farmers of America, which helped him develop a lifelong interest in woodworking.

Carter had long dreamed of attending the United States Naval Academy. In 1941, he started undergraduate coursework in engineering at Georgia Southwestern College in nearby Americus, Georgia. The following year, he transferred to the Georgia Institute of Technology in Atlanta, and he earned admission to the Naval Academy in 1943.  He was a good student but was seen as reserved and quiet, in contrast to the academy's culture of aggressive hazing of freshmen.  While at the academy, Carter fell in love with Rosalynn Smith, a friend of his sister Ruth. The two married shortly after his graduation in 1946. He was a sprint football player for the Navy Midshipmen. Carter graduated 60th out of 821 midshipmen in the class of 1947 with a Bachelor of Science degree and was commissioned as an ensign.
Answer: Jimmy Carter received his Bachelor of Science degree from the United States Naval Academy in 1947. However, he began his undergraduate studies at Georgia Southwestern College. A year later, he transferred to the Georgia Institute of Technology before ultimately earning his admission into the Naval Academy where he would complete his studies.
Question: What is cryptocurrency?
Answer: Cryptocurrency is a currency that you can by with physical money and it is held as a digital currency.  It is not backed by the FDIC or insured, and there is a lot of risk when investing in cryptocurrency. Because it is not regulated you can see price fluctuations as high as 90% loss or gain in cryptocurrency.  It is also a decentralized digital currency.  Cryptocurrency can be a good way to send large amounts of money abroad without having to pay an institution fees to do this through a wire and its immediate.  It can be used to pay for certain goods and services too.
Question: Does each ensemble model obtain performance improvements compared with a single model?
Evidence: As we explained in section 4.2, we ran our models for 10 times to obtain stable average performance. Then we also created ensemble models by applying majority voting to combine results of ten runs. From table 5 , each ensemble model obtains performance improvements compared with single model. The full model achieves performance boosting of (51.84 - 48.82 = 3.02) and (94.17 - 93.21 = 0.96) in macro F1-scores for predicting implicit and explicit discourse relations respectively. Furthermore, the ensemble model achieves the best performance for predicting both implicit and explicit discourse relations simultaneously.
From table 5, each ensemble model obtains performance improvements compared with single model.
Answer: Yes.
Question: Who succeeded Howard Schultz as Chairman of Starbucks Corporation on June 2018?
Evidence: Myron Edward "Mike" Ullman III (born November 26, 1946) is the former chairman and CEO of J. C. Penney and on June 26, 2018, Ullman succeeded Howard Schultz as Chairman of Starbucks Corporation.
Answer: Ullman served as Penney's CEO twice: first from December 2004 through October 2011, when he was succeeded by Ron Johnson, and then again after Johnson's departure, from April 2013 through July 2015 when Ullman stepped down.

On June 26, 2018, Ullman succeeded Howard Schultz as Chairman of Starbucks Corporation.

He has six siblings and his parents were residents of Canfield, Ohio. He is married to Cathy Emmons Ullman and has six children with her.
Question: Who directed the movie The House of Flowers: The Movie?
Evidence: The House of Flowers: The Movie (Spanish: La Casa de las Flores: la película) is a 2021 Mexican comedy-drama film directed by Manolo Caro. The film was announced in April 2021 and is a sequel of the series of the same name. The film premiered on Netflix on June 23, 2021.

Synopsis
Florist Delia, a confidant of the de la Mora family, requests from her deathbed that Paulina de la Mora find evidence in the old family home in order to have proof against Agustín Corcuera for the murder of Paulina's father, Pato. The de la Mora siblings and associates are reunited to try and retrieve it, but have to devise a plan when the new occupant won't entertain them. In a concurrent storyline set in 1987, Paulina's mother, Virginia, and her friends gather the evidence and hide it.
Answer: The director for The House of Flowers: The Movie is Manolo Caro.
Question: How many planets are there in the solar system?
Answer: There are 8 planets in the solar system.
Question: Imagine you are in the jungle on a very hot day doing a hike. Write a monologue describing how you feel.
Answer: Wow, I feel so hot right now. This humidity is just killing me, I feel like the sweat isn't even evaporating off me right now. Maybe I should have packed some more water, I guess one bottle wasn't enough for 5 miles. But at least there are really cool animals here - although I could do without all these bugs. I wish there was some way to see all these cool animals without having to suffer for it. All these trees make it hard to see the view, but I'm sure it would be amazing. I wish it would rain, that would help me finally cool off, and maybe it would scare the bugs away. Oh well - I should probably just start heading back to the trailhead before I run out of water, I wouldn't want to get lost out here.
Question: What is Squash the sport?
Evidence: Squash is a racket-and-ball sport played by two or four players in a four-walled court with a small, hollow, rubber ball. The players alternate in striking the ball with their rackets onto the playable surfaces of the four walls of the court. The objective of the game is to hit the ball in such a way that the opponent is not able to play a valid return. There are about 20 million people who play squash regularly world-wide in over 185 countries. The governing body of Squash, the World Squash Federation (WSF), is recognized by the International Olympic Committee (IOC), but the sport is not part of the Olympic Games, despite a number of applications. Supporters continue to lobby for its incorporation in a future Olympic program. The Professional Squash Association (PSA) organizes the pro tour.
Answer: Squash is a sport played with a racket-and-ball in a court with four walls. Scoring goes up to 11 with a point allocated per rally. Typically squash is played by two players but can be played as doubles. Squash is very similar to racquetball.
Question: Describe the video game crash of 1983 in 2 sentences.
Evidence: The video game crash of 1983 (known as the Atari shock in Japan) was a large-scale recession in the video game industry that occurred from 1983 to 1985, primarily in the United States. The crash was attributed to several factors, including market saturation in the number of video game consoles and available games, many of which were of poor quality, as well as waning interest in console games in favor of personal computers. Home video game revenues peaked at around $3.2 billion in 1983, then fell to around $100 million by 1985 (a drop of almost 97 percent). The crash abruptly ended what is retrospectively considered the second generation of console video gaming in North America. To a lesser extent, the arcade video game market also weakened as the golden age of arcade video games came to an end.

Lasting about two years, the crash shook a then-booming video game industry and led to the bankruptcy of several companies producing home computers and video game consoles. Analysts of the time expressed doubts about the long-term viability of video game consoles and software.

The North American video game console industry recovered a few years later, mostly due to the widespread success of Nintendo's Western branding for its Famicom console, the Nintendo Entertainment System (NES), released in 1985. The NES was designed to avoid the missteps that caused the 1983 crash and the stigma associated with video games at that time.
Answer: Home video game revenues in North America declined from $3.2 billion in 1983 to around $100 million in 1985. This decline – which preceded the success of the Nintendo Entertainment System – is referred to as the video game crash of 1983.
Question: Roslyn is 36 years of age, weighs 74 kg, is 165 cm tall, and has 35% body fat. Her father had a heart attack at age 68 and her brother had an angioplasty at age 40. Both are living and well. Her blood chemistry values measure total cholesterol at 195 mg% and HDL cholesterol at 42 mg%. Her fasting blood sugar is 105 mg%. Roslyn is sedentary and has engaged in no endurance training program since college. Think about and state Roslyn's cardiovascular risk factors. What would you suggest she do to improve any risk factors of concern?
Answer: Her cholesterol levels and blood pressure seem to be within good levels. However, her sedentary lifestyle and inactivity is a cardiovascular risk factor. Her BMI is also 27.2, which would be considered in the overweight category, which is also a cardiovascular risk factor. Her fasting blood sugar is also a little high, in the pre-diabetes level which is another cardiovascular risk factor. Additionally, the fact that she has had close relatives with cardiovascular disease (heart attack, angioplasty), also raises concerns. I would suggest that she live a less sedentary lifestyle, and eat healthier as well.
Question: From the following list of movies, please tell me which ones are comedies, dramas, horror, or action: When Harry Met Sally, The Exorcist, The Godfather, Mission Impossible
Answer: - When Harry Met Sally: Comedy
- The Exorcist: Horror
- The Godfather: Drama
- Mission Impossible: Action
Question: Which is an imperial or a metric measurement: foot, metre
Answer: foot is imperial, metre is metric
Question: Why Linux fails as a desktop?
Answer: Linux has been criticized for a number of reasons, including lack of user-friendliness and having a steep learning curve, being inadequate for desktop use, lacking support for some hardware, having a relatively small games library, lacking native versions of widely used applications.
Question: What is graph theory?
Evidence: In mathematics, graph theory is the study of graphs, which are mathematical structures used to model pairwise relations between objects. A graph in this context is made up of vertices (also called nodes or points) which are connected by edges (also called links or lines). A distinction is made between undirected graphs, where edges link two vertices symmetrically, and directed graphs, where edges link two vertices asymmetrically. Graphs are one of the principal objects of study in discrete mathematics.
Answer: Graph theory is the study of graphs, which are mathematical structures used to model pairwise relations between objects.
Question: What are the benefits of a water rower machine?
Answer: The main benefit of a water rower is that it provides a full body workout in just 20 minutes or less. The two other ways that a water rower is commonly considered superior to a standard rower by Concept2 and other competitors is that it sounds like an oar moving through the water as opposed to a loud fan when in use and the hardwood device looks more like a nice piece of furniture.
Question: Assume you are the head boy/ girl of your school, draft a notice of around 50 words inviting students of classes 11 and 12 to attend a career counselling session by ABC, including how it will help the students.
Answer: Date
Subject - Career Counselling Session by ABC

All rhe students of classes 11 and 12 are invited to attend a career counselling session by ABC, an eminent counsellor on 30th April 2023. It will be of immense benefit to all students and will help you better understand your career options, and help you meet your future goals. Interested students are requested to register their names with their respective class teachers.
Date- 30 April 2023
Time - 10 am to 12 pm
Venue - School auditorium 

Signed
Head Girl
Question: What is Sim racing
Evidence: Simulated racing or racing simulation, commonly known as simply sim racing, are the collective terms for racing game software that attempts to accurately simulate auto racing, complete with real-world variables such as fuel usage, damage, tire wear and grip, and suspension settings. To be competitive in sim racing, a driver must understand all aspects of car handling that make real-world racing so difficult, such as threshold braking, how to maintain control of a car as the tires lose traction, and how properly to enter and exit a turn without sacrificing speed. It is this level of difficulty that distinguishes sim racing from arcade racing-style driving games where real-world variables are taken out of the equation and the principal objective is to create a sense of speed as opposed to a sense of realism.


Jann Mardenborough, a sim racer became a professional Nissan racing driver by playing Gran Turismo.
Due to the complexity and demands of mimicking real-life driving, racing sims require faster computers to run effectively, as well as a steering wheel and pedals for the throttle and brakes for the immersion.


Many cars are digitally recreated for sim racing like this BMW Z4 GT3 from Assetto Corsa.
While using a simple gamepad, joystick or even a mouse and keyboard may suffice for most arcade-style driving games on home systems, it won't provide the same level of immersion and realism as using a racing wheel and pedals. In recent years, many sim racing experiences have been developed for consoles, such as the PlayStation and Xbox. While these games can be played with a controller, it is recommended that players invest in a racing wheel and pedals. With the development of online racing, the ability to drive against human opponents and computer AI offline is the closest many will come to driving cars on a real track. Even those who race in real-world competition use simulations for practice or for entertainment. With continued development of the physics engine software that forms the basis of these sims, as well as improved hardware (providing tactile feedback), the experience has become more realistic.

In general, sim racing gameplay style applied in several video games like iRacing, Assetto Corsa and Assetto Corsa Competizione, Gran Turismo, among others.
Answer: Sim Racing is simulating car racing as accurately as possible using racing game software and hardware. To be competitive, drivers need to understand all aspects of car handling and setup. This creates a high level of complexity, which differentiates sim racing from arcade racing-style games.
Question: When you get a new dog, how to prepare the living space?
Answer: Puppy prefers to have a smaller space at the beginning to
have a sense of security. You can either prepare a crate or a
play pen.

• The crate is also the puppy’s personal space. The smaller
space also helps in house training the puppy to pee and poo
at the same location.
Question: What should you eat before playing in a sporting  event?
Answer: If you are playing a physical sport, you want to have enough energy to compete at your highest potential.  Water is very important to avoid dehydration.   Carbohydrates are also important but you should eat them two hours prior to the activity.  Lean protein such as chicken, pork or fish is a great source of nutrients.
Question: Who is William B. Davis?
Answer: William B. Davis is a Canadian actor. He was born in Toronto, Canada, on January 13, 1938. He is best known for his role of the Cigarette Smoking Man on "The X-Files."
Question: What shape is the constellation of Orion?
Answer: The constellation of Orion is also known as Orion's belt. The arrangement of it's three bright stars (Alnitak, Alnilam and Mintaka) are in a straight line and the constellation is considered to look like a hunter.