DataHammer/scimrc huggingface dataset:
Question: Given a reference text about David Allan Farrish, tell me how many games he played in the NHL.
Evidence: David Allan Farrish (born August 1, 1956) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey defenceman who played 430 games in the National Hockey League (NHL) with the New York Rangers, Quebec Nordiques, and Toronto Maple Leafs between 1976 and 1984. He featured in the 1979 Stanley Cup Finals with the Rangers.

He also played in the American Hockey League and won the Eddie Shore Award as the league's best defenceman during the 1981–82 season. After his playing career Farrish worked as a coach.
Answer: David Allan Farrish played 430 games in the NHL.
Question: To understand how changing the embedding layer affects performance, which two embedding models do the authors use?
Evidence: Minimal pre-processing was done by converting text to lower case, removing the hashtags at the end of tweets and separating each punctuation from the connected token (e.g., awesome!! INLINEFORM0 awesome !!) and replacing comma and new-line characters with white space. The text, then, was tokenized using TensorFlow-Keras tokenizer. Top N terms were selected and added to our dictionary where N=100k for higher count emotions joy, sadness, anger, love and N=50k for thankfulness and fear and N=25k for surprise. Seven binary classifiers were trained for the seven emotions with a batch size of 250 and for 20 epochs with binary cross-entropy as the objective function and Adam optimizer. The architecture of the model can be seen in Figure FIGREF6 . For training each classifier, a balanced dataset was created with selecting all tweets from the target set as class 1 and a random sample of the same size from other classes as class 0. For each classifier, 80% of the data was randomly selected as the training set, and 10% for the validation set, and 10% as the test set. As mentioned before we used the two embedding models, ConceptNet Numberbatch and fastText as the two more modern pre-trained word vector spaces to see how changing the embedding layer can affect the performance. The result of comparison among different embeddings can be seen in Table TABREF10 . It can be seen that the best performance was divided between the two embedding models with minor performance variations.
The comparison of our result with Wang et al. can be seen in Table TABREF9 . as shown, the results from our model shows significant improvement from 10% increase in F-measure for a high count emotion joy up to 61.7 point increase in F-measure for a low count emotion surprise. on average we showed 26.8 point increase in F-measure for all categories and more interestingly our result shows very little variance between different emotions compare to results reported by Wang et al.
As mentioned before we used the two embedding models, ConceptNet Numberbatch and fastText as the two more modern pre-trained word vector spaces to see how changing the embedding layer can affect the performance.
Answer: ConceptNet Numberbatch and fastText
Question: Which of the following animals are primates: Human, Dog, Bonobos, Cat, Bats, Goat, Bears, Orangutans, Wolf, Lion, Squirrel, Koala, Cheetah, Deer, Orca, Gorillas, Camel, Hamsters, Lemurs, Blue whale, Chimpanzee
Answer: Not all of them are primates! From that list the primates are:

- Human
- Bonobos
- Orangutans
- Gorillas
- Lemurs
- Chimpanzee
Question: Classify each of the following as either a lepton or a hadron: electron, proton, neutron, pi meson, electron neutrino, muon neutrino, tau neutrino.
Answer: Protons, neutrons and pi mesons are members of the hadron family of particles. Hadrons are particles that interact through the strong force.

Electrons, electron neutrinos, muon neutrinos and tau neutrinos are members of the lepton family. Leptons interact through the weak force, and if charged, the electromagnetic force.
Question: Which is a species of fish? Haddock or Polar
Answer: Haddock
Question: What is geodesy?
Answer: Geodesy is the science of measuring and representing the geometry, gravity, and spatial orientation of the Earth in temporally varying 3D. It is called planetary geodesy when studying other astronomical bodies, such as planets or circumplanetary systems.

Geodynamical phenomena, including crustal motion, tides, and polar motion, can be studied by designing global and national control networks, applying space geodesy and terrestrial geodetic techniques, and relying on datums and coordinate systems. The job titles are geodesist and geodetic surveyor.
Question: How does a pine cone work?
Evidence: The female cone has two types of scale: the bract scales, and the seed scales (or ovuliferous scales), one subtended by each bract scale, derived from a highly modified branchlet. On the upper-side base of each seed scale are two ovules that develop into seeds after fertilization by pollen grains. The bract scales develop first, and are conspicuous at the time of pollination; the seed scales develop later to enclose and protect the seeds, with the bract scales often not growing further. The scales open temporarily to receive pollen, then close during fertilization and maturation, and then re-open again at maturity to allow the seed to escape. Maturation takes 6–8 months from pollination in most Pinaceae genera, but 12 months in cedars and 18–24 months (rarely more) in most pines. The cones open either by the seed scales flexing back when they dry out, or (in firs, cedars and golden larch) by the cones disintegrating with the seed scales falling off. The cones are conic, cylindrical or ovoid (egg-shaped), and small to very large, from 2–60 cm long and 1–20 cm broad.

After ripening, the opening of non-serotinous pine cones is associated with their moisture content—cones are open when dry and closed when wet. This assures that the small, windborne seeds will be dispersed during relatively dry weather, and thus, the distance traveled from the parent tree will be enhanced. A pine cone will go through many cycles of opening and closing during its life span, even after seed dispersal is complete. This process occurs with older cones while attached to branches and even after the older cones have fallen to the forest floor. The condition of fallen pine cones is a crude indication of the forest floor's moisture content, which is an important indication of wildfire risk. Closed cones indicate damp conditions while open cones indicate the forest floor is dry.
Answer: A pine cone consists of scales which protect seeds. The scales can open and close depending on conditions. The scales will open temporarily to receive pollen, then close again until the seeds mature. Once mature, the scales will open and close depending on their moisture content. Once the seeds are mature, the scales can open again to allow seeds to escape. When dry, the cones open allowing the small windborne seeds to disperse as widely as possible. This cycle of opening and closing continues until the seeds are dispersed.
Question: What is the name of the National Anthem of the Netherlands?
Answer: The name of the National Anthem of the Netherlands is "Wilhelmus".
Question: Where can you find the Citron-bellied attila?
Evidence: The citron-bellied attila (Attila citriniventris) is a species of bird in the family Tyrannidae.

It is found in Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests.
Answer: The The citron-bellied attila (Attila citriniventris) can be found in the following countries: Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Venezuela.
Question: What kind of dog is a Bernedoodle?
Answer: A Bernedoodle is a dog that is a mix of two other types of dogs: a poodle and a bernese mountain dog.  These two dogs are cross-bred to create the Bernedoodle, frequently to get the hair of the poodle rather than the coast of a Bernese.   This means the dog does not shed and is hypoallergenic which makes for a much tidier house!
Question: What is one of the first writing systems in the world?
Evidence: As evidenced in Section "Related Work" , the focus of most of these studies is the identification of languages and dialects using contemporary data. A few exceptions include the work by trieschnigg2012exploration who applied language identification methods to historical varieties of Dutch and the work by CLIarxiv on languages written in cuneiform script: Sumerian and Akkadian. Cuneiform is an ancient writing system invented by the Sumerians for more than three millennia.
Cuneiform is an ancient writing system invented by the Sumerians for more than three millennia.
Answer: The answers are shown as follows:
* Cuneiform
Question: What is the joint Bayesian model for?
Evidence: Semantic Role Labeling (SRL) has emerged as an important task in Natural Language Processing (NLP) due to its applicability in information extraction, question answering, and other NLP tasks. SRL is the problem of finding predicate-argument structure in a sentence, as illustrated below:
 INLINEFORM0 
Here, the predicate WRITE has two arguments: `Mike' as A0 or the writer, and `a book' as A1 or the thing written. The labels A0 and A1 correspond to the PropBank annotations BIBREF0 .
As the need for SRL arises in different domains and languages, the existing manually annotated corpora become insufficient to build supervised systems. This has motivated work on unsupervised SRL BIBREF1 , BIBREF2 , BIBREF3 . Previous work has indicated that unsupervised systems could benefit from the word alignment information in parallel text in two or more languages BIBREF4 , BIBREF5 , BIBREF6 . For example, consider the German translation of sentence INLINEFORM0 :
 INLINEFORM0 
If sentences INLINEFORM0 and INLINEFORM1 have the word alignments: Mike-Mike, written-geschrieben, and book-Buch, the system might be able to predict A1 for Buch, even if there is insufficient information in the monolingual German data to learn this assignment. Thus, in languages where the resources are sparse or not good enough, or the distributions are not informative, SRL systems could be made more accurate by using parallel data with resource rich or more amenable languages.
In this paper, we propose a joint Bayesian model for unsupervised semantic role induction in multiple languages. The model consists of individual Bayesian models for each language BIBREF3 , and crosslingual latent variables to incorporate soft role agreement between aligned constituents. This latent variable approach has been demonstrated to increase the performance in a multilingual unsupervised part-of-speech tagging model based on HMMs BIBREF4 . We investigate the application of this approach to unsupervised SRL, presenting the performance improvements obtained in different settings involving labeled and unlabeled data, and analyzing the annotation effort required to obtain similar gains using labeled data.
We begin by briefly describing the unsupervised SRL pipeline and the monolingual semantic role induction model we use, and then describe our multilingual model.
In this paper, we propose a joint Bayesian model for unsupervised semantic role induction in multiple languages.
Answer: unsupervised semantic role induction in multiple languages
Question: What is Good Friday?
Evidence: Good Friday is a Christian holiday commemorating the crucifixion of Jesus and his death at Calvary. It is observed during Holy Week as part of the Paschal Triduum. It is also known as Holy Friday, Great Friday, Great and Holy Friday (also Holy and Great Friday), and Black Friday.

Members of many Christian denominations, including the Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Lutheran, Anglican, Methodist, Oriental Orthodox, United Protestant and some Reformed traditions (including certain Continental Reformed, Presbyterian and Congregationalist churches), observe Good Friday with fasting and church services. In many Catholic, Lutheran, Anglican and Methodist churches, the Service of the Great Three Hours' Agony is held from noon until 3 pm, the time duration that the Bible records as darkness covering the land to Jesus' sacrificial death on the cross. Communicants of the Moravian Church have a Good Friday tradition of cleaning gravestones in Moravian cemeteries.

The date of Good Friday varies from one year to the next in both the Gregorian and Julian calendars. Eastern and Western Christianity disagree over the computation of the date of Easter and therefore of Good Friday. Good Friday is a widely instituted legal holiday around the world, including in most Western countries and 12 U.S. states. Some predominantly Christian countries, such as Germany, have laws prohibiting certain acts such as dancing and horse racing, in remembrance of the somber nature of Good Friday.
Answer: Good Friday is a Christian holiday to remember the crucifixion of Jesus. Members of a lot of christian denominations observe this holiday with fasting and church services. The date of the holiday varies from year to year depending on the computation of the date of Easter.
Question: The superscript and subscript of W have been defined. But W itself has not been defined in the paper. From the context, I assume, are these the parameters of your model?
Evidence: We introduce a generalized FedSSL framework that empowers existing SSL methods based on Siamese networks to learn from decentralized data under privacy constraints. Figure depicts the end-to-end training pipeline of the framework. It comprises of three key operations: 1) Local Training in clients; 2) Model Aggregation in the server; 3) Model Communication (upload and update) between the server and clients. We implement and analyze four popular SSL methods -SimCLR, MoCo (V1 and V2), SimSiam, and BYOL. Variances in Siamese networks of these methods lead to differences in executions in these three operations 2 .
Local Training Firstly, each client k conducts self-supervised training on unlabeled data D k based on the same global model W o g downloaded from the server. Regardless of SSL methods, clients train with Siamese networks -an online network W o k and a target network W t k for E local epochs using cooresponding loss functions L. We classify these SSL methods with two major differences (Figure in Appendix A): 1) Only SimSiam and BYOL contain a predictor in the online network, so we denote their online network
, where W k is the online encoder and W p k is the predictor; As for SimCLR and MoCo, W o k = W k . 2) SimCLR and SimSiam share identical weights between the online encoder and the target encoder, so W t k = W k . In contrast, MoCo and BYOL update the target encoder with EMA of the online encoder in every mini-batch:
, where W g is the global encoder. Then, the server sent W o g to clients to update their online networks. The training iterates these three operations until it meets the stopping conditions. At the end of the training, we use the parameters of W o g as the generic representation W for evaluation.
At the end of the training, we use the parameters of Wog as the generic representation W for evaluation.
Answer: Yes. W itself stands for the parameters of the model. We have revised it in Section 3.2 (last line) to prevent misunderstandings
Question: What is the name of Portland, Oregon's light rail system?
Answer: MAX Light Rail
Question: Given this paragraph about Password-authenticated key exchange, what year were the first provably-secure protocols created?
Evidence: The first successful password-authenticated key agreement methods were Encrypted Key Exchange methods described by Steven M. Bellovin and Michael Merritt in 1992. Although several of the first methods were flawed, the surviving and enhanced forms of EKE effectively amplify a shared password into a shared key, which can then be used for encryption and/or message authentication. The first provably-secure PAKE protocols were given in work by M. Bellare, D. Pointcheval, and P. Rogaway (Eurocrypt 2000) and V. Boyko, P. MacKenzie, and S. Patel (Eurocrypt 2000). These protocols were proven secure in the so-called random oracle model (or even stronger variants), and the first protocols proven secure under standard assumptions were those of O. Goldreich and Y. Lindell (Crypto 2001) which serves as a plausibility proof but is not efficient, and J. Katz, R. Ostrovsky, and M. Yung (Eurocrypt 2001) which is practical.

The first password-authenticated key retrieval methods were described by Ford and Kaliski in 2000.

A considerable number of alternative, secure PAKE protocols were given in work by M. Bellare, D. Pointcheval, and P. Rogaway, variations, and security proofs have been proposed in this growing class of password-authenticated key agreement methods. Current standards for these methods include IETF RFC 2945, RFC 5054, RFC 5931, RFC 5998, RFC 6124, RFC 6617, RFC 6628 and RFC 6631, IEEE Std 1363.2-2008, ITU-T X.1035 and ISO-IEC 11770-4:2006.
Answer: The first provably-secure protocols for Password-authenticated key exchanges(PAKE) were presented in 2000 at "Eurocrypt 2000" by two groups Mihir Bellare, David Pointcheval and Phillip Rogaway, and Victor Boyko, Philip MacKenzie and Sarvar Patel.
Question: Where was the first ever India and USA armed forces Tri-Services Exercise Tiger Triumph help?
Answer: The first ever India and USA armed forces Tri-Services Exercise Tiger Triumph was held in Kikinada Coast, India
Question: How many ways are there to skin a cat?
Answer: There is are many ways to skin a cat. The most important thing is to make sure no skin is left on the carcass. However this is also a popular proverb that means there are many ways to do something, to achieve a goal.
Question: Identify which instrument is string or percussion: Chenda, Suroz
Answer: Suroz is string, Chenda is percussion.
Question: Describe the benefits of living in a small town.
Answer: Small town living provides a multitude of good and bad experiences which can be influenced on your personal desires.  In a small town rumors and news can travel fast since the social circles are smaller and everyone tends to be more connected.  It can be rare to go out and not see someone whom you know or are friends with.  With fewer strangers, a small town can feel more safe and comfortable.  Often times a small town is more walkable since geographically it is likely to cover a smaller area.
Question: Classify the following as either a makeup product, school supply or both: eye shadow, highlighter, contour stick, eye pencil, binder, marker
Answer: Eye shadow: makeup product, Highlighter: both, Contour stick: makeup product, Eye pencil: makeup product, binder: school supply, marker: school supply
Question: Tell me whether a human has two or one of each of the following body parts: eye, mouth, nose, leg, ear, neck
Answer: Eye: Two
Mouth: One
Nose: One
Leg: Two
Ear: Two
Neck: One
Question: When going snowboarding what equipment will you need: Snowboard, boots, umbrella, computer, TV, gloves, bindings
Answer: snowboard, gloves, boots, bindings
Question: What is the reward model for the reinforcement learning appraoch?
Evidence: We defined the reward as being 1 for successfully completing the task, and 0 otherwise. A discount of $0.95$ was used to incentivize the system to complete dialogs faster rather than slower, yielding return 0 for failed dialogs, and $G = 0.95^{T-1}$ for successful dialogs, where $T$ is the number of system turns in the dialog. Finally, we created a set of 21 labeled dialogs, which will be used for supervised learning.
We defined the reward as being 1 for successfully completing the task, and 0 otherwise. A discount of $0.95$ was used to incentivize the system to complete dialogs faster rather than slower, yielding return 0 for failed dialogs, and $G = 0.95^{T-1}$ for successful dialogs, where $T$ is the number of system turns in the dialog. 
 0.95^{T-1}
reward  0.95^{T-1} 
Answer: reward 1 for successfully completing the task, with a discount by the number of turns, and reward 0 when fail
Question: How much is performance difference of existing model between original and corrected corpus?
Evidence: The same BUTD model that achieves 73.02% on the uncorrected SNLI-VE test set, achieves 73.18% balanced accuracy when tested on the corrected test set from SNLI-VE-2.0. Hence, for this model, we do not notice a significant difference in performance. This could be due to randomness. Finally, when we run the training loop again, this time doing the model selection on the corrected validation set from SNLI-VE-2.0, we obtain a slightly worse performance of 72.52%, although the difference is not clearly significant.
The same BUTD model that achieves 73.02% on the uncorrected SNLI-VE test set, achieves 73.18% balanced accuracy when tested on the corrected test set from SNLI-VE-2.0. Hence, for this model, we do not notice a significant difference in performance. This could be due to randomness.
Answer: The answers are shown as follows:
* 73.02% on the uncorrected SNLI-VE test set, achieves 73.18% balanced accuracy when tested on the corrected test set
Question: What do you do as a player playing RollerCoaster Tycoon 2?
Evidence: In RollerCoaster Tycoon 2, players manage amusement parks and attempt to meet various goals to complete assigned scenarios. The game retains the isometric perspective of its predecessor, allowing for high compatibility with amusement parks made in the previous game. Various attractions, including transport rides, gentle rides, thrill rides, roller coasters, water rides, and shops or stalls, can be added to the parks as well as landscaping and decorations. The player satisfies park visitors' needs by building facilities and services such as food stalls, bathrooms, souvenir shops, ATMs, and information kiosks, as well as by hiring staff. The player must simultaneously balance the park's expenses and income.
Answer: The player satisfies park visitors' needs by building facilities and services such as food stalls, bathrooms, souvenir shops, ATMs, and information kiosks, as well as by hiring staff. The player must simultaneously balance the park's expenses and income.
Question: Why is Spanish spoken in large parts of Latin America?
Answer: Spanish is spoken in Latin America because one of the original colonizing countries of the Western Hemisphere was Spain
Question: name some famous rock songs in the 1970s
Answer: Many believe that the 1970s were the golden age of rock bands, and there are hundreds of beautiful songs from this period. Here are just some famous songs that are still very popular on the streaming platforms:
1. Hotel California, Eagles, 1975
2. Stairway to Heaven, Led Zeppelin, 1971
3. Dream On, Aerosmith, 1973
4. Bohemian Rhapsody, Queen, 1975
5. Another brick in the wall: Pink Floyd, 1979
Question: Classify as a technical book vs Non technical book
Answer: Solution Architecture with AWS - Technical 
Quantum Physics made me do it - Technical
The only survivors - Fiction
Camp Zero - Sci - Fi
Question: What is the Bastille Day?
Evidence: Bastille Day is the common name given in English-speaking countries to the national day of France, which is celebrated on 14 July each year. In French, it is formally called the Fête nationale française (French: [fɛt nasjɔnal]; "French National Celebration"); legally it is known as le 14 juillet (French: [lə katɔʁz(ə) ʒɥijɛ]; "the 14th of July").
Answer: Bastille Day is the national day in France, celebrated on 14 July each year. It refers to a major event in the French Revolution on 4 July 1789 where revolutionary insurgents took control of the Bastille, the symbol of royal authority and monarchy in the center of Paris.
Question: Of the following list of indoor plants, classify them as either 'low light' or 'indirect bright light', "direct bright light". Snake plant, succulent, Monstera, ficus leaf tree, snake plant, aglaonema, jade plant, pothos, inchplant
Answer: Snake plant - low light
succulent - direct bright light
Monstera - indirect bright light
ficus leaf tree - indirect bright light
ficus leaf tree - direct bright light
snake plant - low light
snake plant - indirect bright light
aglaonema - low light
jade plant - direct bright light
pothos - indirect bright light
pothos - low light
pothos - direct bright light
inchplant - low light
inchplant - indirect bright light