DataHammer/scimrc huggingface dataset:
Question: By how much they improve over the previous state-of-the-art?
Evidence: Finally, our combined model which uses both Latent and Explicit structure performs the best with a strong improvement of 1.08 points in ROUGE-L over our base pointer-generator model and 0.6 points in ROUGE-1. It shows that the latent and explicit information are complementary and a model can jointly leverage them to produce better summaries.
Finally, our combined model which uses both Latent and Explicit structure performs the best with a strong improvement of 1.08 points in ROUGE-L over our base pointer-generator model and 0.6 points in ROUGE-1. 
Answer: The answers are shown as follows:
* 1.08 points in ROUGE-L over our base pointer-generator model 
* 0.6 points in ROUGE-1
Question: Did dinosaurs have lips?
Answer: Recent research suggests that the popular perception that dinosaurs had exposed teeth may be incorrect, and the current hypothesis is that the Tyrannosaurus rex did indeed have lips. A 2023 study by Dr Mark Witton of the University of Portsmouth said popular depictions of dinosaurs in movies like Jurassic Park are out of date. The study examined a large tooth that had spent over 500 days in the mouth of a Tyrannosaurus rex with no evidence of substantial wear, which is consistent with all findings of teeth found in the theropod family of dinosaurs. When contrasted with alligators and crocodiles, who have no lips and have more easily damaged teeth the theory says the evidence points to theropods, including Tyrannosaurus rex did indeed have lips. There would have been expected to be wear on the thin enamel on the teeth far more consistent with modern animals like crocodiles if dinosaurs had no lips.
Question: Give me some strategies to prevent procrastination
Answer: Procrastination is a huge problem for individuals in today's society. Though there are many strategies to beat procrastination, the effectiveness of these strategies is largely dependent on the individual and his/her/their circumstances. Here are some popular strategies to beat procrastination:

1. Set realistic, specific, and time-bound goals. The best goals should have some built-in time delays, but not too much, as to maintain some urgency. Large goals should also be broken into achievable chunks. 

2. Limit your access to distracting media. Making use of your device's focus modes, or locking away your device all together when working can prevent you from being distracted while executing tasks

3. Make the rewards of accomplishing goals tangible and more immediate. A popular strategy for this is temptation bundling, where you bundle a behavior that is good for you in the long-run with a behavior that feels good in the short-run. For example, you may only allow yourself to watch YouTube videos while you are folding laundry.

4. Use support systems. Often, using peers, family, or other individuals in your support system to help hold you accountable is an effective way to encourage task accomplishment. This method also promotes social interaction and continuous discussion of goals with others. As a caveat, you should not become reliant on this method, as it can create burdens on the other individuals in your support system
Question: What is does ELT stand for?
Answer: ELT stands for extract, transfer and load.  This refers to a data flow lifecycle.  Extract refers to extracting data from source system of records, load refers to the process to load the data into another system, and transfer stands for the process load the data into that new system.  ELT also describes a process for loading source data into another system of record that is stored in the original format as the source system.
Question: What country has the highest life expectancy?
Answer: Life expectancy for humans has doubled over the last century but there’s still a noticeable gap in average life expectancies between different countries. In general, developed countries see higher life expectancies than developing regions but over time the gap is expected to narrow. Based on the data from the World Bank including both the healthcare spending per capita of 178 different countries, Japan has the highest life expectancy at birth 85 years.
Question: From the passage provided, list the partners with whom Martina Hingis won the doubles Grand Slam in 1998
Evidence: In 1998, Hingis won all four of the Grand Slam women's doubles titles, only the fourth in women's tennis history to do so, (the Australian Open with Mirjana Lučić and the other three events with Novotná), and she became only the third woman to hold the No. 1 ranking in both singles and doubles simultaneously. She also retained her Australian Open singles title by beating Conchita Martínez in straight sets in the final. Hingis, however, lost in the final of the US Open to Lindsay Davenport. Davenport ended an 80-week stretch Hingis had enjoyed as the No. 1 singles player in October 1998, but Hingis finished the year by beating Davenport in the final of the WTA Tour Championships.
Answer: - Mirjana Lučić
- Jana Novotná
Question: What is the most famous 'Running of the Bulls' event?
Evidence: A running of the bulls (Spanish: encierro, from the verb encerrar, 'to corral, to enclose'; Occitan: abrivado, literally 'haste, momentum'; Catalan: correbous, 'run-bulls') is an event that involves running in front of a small group of bulls, typically six but sometimes ten or more, that have been let loose on sectioned-off streets in a town, usually as part of a summertime festival. Particular breeds of cattle may be favored, such as the toro bravo in Spain, also often used in post-run bullfighting, and Camargue cattle in Occitan France, which are not fought. Bulls (non-castrated male cattle) are typically used in such events.

The most famous bull-run is the encierro held in Pamplona during the nine-day festival of Sanfermines in honor of Saint Fermin. It has become a major global tourism event, today very different from the traditional, local festival. More traditional summer bull-runs are held in other places such as towns and villages across Spain and Portugal, in some cities in Mexico, and in the Occitan (Camargue) region of southern France. Bull-running was formerly also practiced in rural England, most famously at Stamford until 1837.
Answer: The most famous 'Running of the Bulls' event is held annually in Pamplona Spain during the nine-day festival of Sanfermines in honor of Saint Fermin.
Question: Who is the best all-time soccer player?
Answer: It is hard to say and very subjective among fans of different clubs and nationalities. But, it would be safe to say that the best all-time soccer player is among the following list: Messi, Cristiano Ronaldo, Maradona, and Pele.
Question: Tell me whether these are literary characters or fruits: Gandalf, banana, Frodo Baggins, Aragorn, orange, apple, Sauron
Answer: Gandalf - literary character
Banana - fruit
Frodo Baggins - literary character
Aragorn  - literary character
orange - fruit
apple - fruit
Sauron - literary character
Question: What do dogs like to do?
Answer: Dogs like to chase balls. They also like to chase small animals like squirrels. Depending on the breed, they may have other interests like sleeping on your lap. Some dogs bite and fight with cats.
Question: Which of the numbers 1 through 10 are prime numbers?
Answer: The numbers 2, 3, 5 and 7 are prime numbers.
Question: What are a few words that can be used to describe running?
Answer: You can use words like jog, fast, slow, trot, sprint, race, hurry, skip, dash, fly rush, to describe or replace run.
Question: Which countries besides the five recognized Nuclear Weapons States have acquired, or are presumed to have acquired, nuclear weapons?
Evidence: Nuclear proliferation is the spread of nuclear weapons, fissionable material, and weapons-applicable nuclear technology and information to nations not recognized as "Nuclear Weapon States" by the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, commonly known as the Non-Proliferation Treaty or NPT. Proliferation has been opposed by many nations with and without nuclear weapons, as governments fear that more countries with nuclear weapons will increase the possibility of nuclear warfare (up to and including the so-called countervalue targeting of civilians with nuclear weapons), de-stabilize international or regional relations, or infringe upon the national sovereignty of nation states.

Four countries besides the five recognized Nuclear Weapons States have acquired, or are presumed to have acquired, nuclear weapons: India, Pakistan, North Korea, and Israel. None of these four is a party to the NPT, although North Korea acceded to the NPT in 1985, then withdrew in 2003 and conducted its first nuclear test in 2006. One critique of the NPT is that the treaty is discriminatory in the sense that only those countries that tested nuclear weapons before 1968 are recognized as nuclear weapon states while all other states are treated as non-nuclear-weapon states who can only join the treaty if they forswear nuclear weapons.

Research into the development of nuclear weapons was initially undertaken during World War II by the United States (in cooperation with the United Kingdom and Canada), Germany, Japan, and the USSR. The United States was the first and is the only country to have used a nuclear weapon in war, when it used two bombs against Japan in August 1945. After surrendering to end the war, Germany and Japan ceased to be involved in any nuclear weapon research. In August 1949, the USSR tested a nuclear weapon, becoming the second country to detonate a nuclear bomb. The United Kingdom first tested a nuclear weapon in October 1952. France first tested a nuclear weapon in 1960. The People's Republic of China detonated a nuclear weapon in 1964. India conducted its first nuclear test in 1974, which prompted Pakistan to develop its own nuclear program and, when India conducted a second series of nuclear tests in 1998, Pakistan followed with a series of tests of its own. In 2006, North Korea conducted its first nuclear test.
Answer: India, Pakistan, North Korea, and Israel.
Question: What film won the 1943 Oscar as best film
Answer: Casablanca
Question: Name a good wood for a beginning wood carving project?
Answer: Basswood is a tree that grows in North America that is particularly good for a first wood carving project.  The reason?  It is soft enough to be easy to work, but hard enough that it will let you get detail and is reasonably hard to break when you are still learning what you are doing.  It responds well to a simple knife or to more advanced woodworking tools like gauges.  It's also a light color which looks nice unpainted, but it also is nice to paint.  Last, it is relatively inexpensive when compared with woods like Walnut or Cherry.
Question: Identify which animal species is alive or extinct: Pterodactyl, Snow Leopard
Answer: Snow Leopard is alive, Pterodactyl is extinct.
Question: Why is Sauna or heat therapy good for you?
Answer: Thanks to our Finnish friends to the north, doctors have been able to collect great data on the effects of regular sauna use in adults. In Finland there are over 2.2 million saunas in a land with less than 6 million people total.  Because regular Sauna use is part of their culture, scientists were able to find that going into a sauna at least 5 times a week for a minimum of 12 minutes provided significant improvement in cardiovascular function and overall improvement to health and mood.  Although the exact mechanisms are not fully understood it is believed that the body releases spiked amounts of Human Growth Hormones from the bone marrow in your femur along with releasing heat shock proteins that allow the body to remove damaged cells.  These factors have shown a reduced  risk of certain kinds of cancers, improved sleep, and seems to also have a  hand in the slowing of the aging process.
Question: What features did they train on?
Evidence: Our features consisted of direct similarity over ConceptNet Numberbatch embeddings, the relationships inferred over ConceptNet by SME, features that compose ConceptNet with other resources (WordNet and Wikipedia), and a purely corpus-based feature that looks up two-word phrases in the Google Books dataset.
Our features consisted of direct similarity over ConceptNet Numberbatch embeddings, the relationships inferred over ConceptNet by SME, features that compose ConceptNet with other resources (WordNet and Wikipedia), and a purely corpus-based feature that looks up two-word phrases in the Google Books dataset.
Answer: The answers are shown as follows:
* direct similarity over ConceptNet Numberbatch embeddings, the relationships inferred over ConceptNet by SME, features that compose ConceptNet with other resources (WordNet and Wikipedia), and a purely corpus-based feature that looks up two-word phrases in the Google Books dataset
Question: What is the size of the dataset?
Evidence: The English language is well studied under the umbrella of NLP, hence many resources and datasets for the different problems are available. However, research on English-Roman Urdu bilingual text lags behind because of non-availability of gold standard datasets. Our second contribution is that we present a large scale annotated dataset in Roman Urdu and English language with code-switching, for multi-class classification. The dataset consists of more than $0.3$ million records and has been made available for future research.
The dataset consists of more than $0.3$ million records and has been made available for future research.
Answer: The answers are shown as follows:
* $0.3$ million records
Question: Which datasets are used for the evaluation of the performance of the proposed method on the NLI task?
Evidence: We evaluate our method on natural language inference (NLI), paraphrase identification (PI), and sentiment classification. We also conduct analysis on gate values and experiments on model variants. For detailed experimental settings, we refer readers to the supplemental material.
For the NLI and PI tasks, there exists recent work specializing in sentence pair classification. However in this work we confine our model to the architecture that encodes each sentence using a shared encoder without any inter-sentence interaction, in order to focus on the effectiveness of the models in extracting semantics. But note that the applicability of CAS-LSTM is not limited to sentence encoding based approaches.
For the evaluation of performance of the proposed method on the NLI task, SNLI and MultiNLI datasets are used.
Answer: SNLI and MultiNLI datasets
Question: What is the most invaded country in history?
Answer: The most invaded country in history is difficult to determine definitively as there are many variables to consider. However, one country that has been invaded numerous times throughout its history is Poland. Poland has a long history of being invaded and occupied by various neighboring powers. In the 18th century, it was partitioned three times by Russia, Prussia, and Austria, and ceased to exist as an independent state for over a century

During World War II, Poland was invaded and occupied by Nazi Germany, resulting in the deaths of over six million Polish citizens, including three million Jews who were murdered in the Holocaust. Following the war, Poland became a satellite state of the Soviet Union and was occupied by Soviet forces until the fall of the Soviet Union in 1989.

Throughout its history, Poland has also been invaded by other powers, including the Mongols, Teutonic Knights, and Ottoman Empire, among others. The country's location in central Europe, as well as its fertile land and valuable resources, have made it a target for invasion throughout history.

Overall, while there is no definitive answer to which country has been the most invaded in history, Poland's history of being invaded and occupied by numerous neighboring powers makes it a strong contender for this title.
Question: Give me some examples of metamorphic rocks.
Answer: Marble and slate are metamorphic rock types.
Question: What is the plot of the Waterloo Road
Evidence: The ninth series of the British television drama series Waterloo Road began airing on 5 September 2013 on BBC One and ended on 12 March 2014. The series follows the lives of the staff and pupils of the eponymous school, a troubled Scottish comprehensive school. It consists of twenty episodes. This series also marks the departure of Grantly Budgen (Philip Martin Brown), the last of the original cast members.

Plot
The show follows the lives of the teachers and the pupils at the eponymous school of Waterloo Road, a failing inner-city comprehensive, tackling a wide range of issues often seen as taboo such as drug dealing, sexting, catfishing, stuttering, prescription drug abuse, stroke, identity fraud, stalking, human trafficking, deportation, drink driving and empty nest syndrome.
Answer: The ninth series of the British television drama series Waterloo Road began airing on 5 September 2013 on BBC One and ended on 12 March 2014. The series follows the lives of the staff and pupils of the eponymous school, a troubled Scottish comprehensive school. It consists of twenty episodes. This series also marks the departure of Grantly Budgen (Philip Martin Brown), the last of the original cast members.

The show follows the lives of the teachers and the pupils at the eponymous school of Waterloo Road, a failing inner-city comprehensive, tackling a wide range of issues often seen as taboo such as drug dealing, sexting, catfishing, stuttering, prescription drug abuse, stroke, identity fraud, stalking, human trafficking, deportation, drink driving and empty nest syndrome.
Question: How do they define local variance?
Evidence: As discussed in section SECREF1, the attention model putting most of attention weight on just a few parts of the input tends to achieve good performance. Mathematically, when only a small number of values are large, the shape of the distribution is sharp and the variance of the attention distribution is large. Drawing on the concept of variance in mathematics, local variance loss is defined as the reciprocal of its variance expecting the attention model to be able to focus on more salient parts. The standard variance calculation is based on the mean of the distribution. However, as previous work BIBREF15, BIBREF16 mentioned that the median value is more robust to outliers than the mean value, we use the median value to calculate the variance of the attention distribution. Thus, local variance loss can be calculated as:
where $\hat{\cdot }$ is a median operator and $\epsilon $ is utilized to avoid zero in the denominator.
Drawing on the concept of variance in mathematics, local variance loss is defined as the reciprocal of its variance expecting the attention model to be able to focus on more salient parts. The standard variance calculation is based on the mean of the distribution. However, as previous work BIBREF15, BIBREF16 mentioned that the median value is more robust to outliers than the mean value, we use the median value to calculate the variance of the attention distribution. Thus, local variance loss can be calculated as:

where $\hat{\cdot }$ is a median operator and $\epsilon $ is utilized to avoid zero in the denominator.
Answer: The reciprocal of the variance of the attention distribution
Question: Tell me whether these are examples of twentieth-century architecture and design: modernism, art deco, art nouveau, post-modernism, victorian
Answer: Modernism, post-modernism, art nouveau, victorian and art deco are all examples of twentieth-century architecture and design. Art nouveau and victorian can also be considered to be examples of nineteenth-century architecture and design, as art nouveau began circa 1890 and ended circa 1910, while victorian began circa 1837 and ended circa 1901, coinciding with the reign of Queen Victoria of Great Britain.
Question: What would happen if you use 200-step instead of 30-step in CoopFlow (Pre) in section 5.2?
Evidence: # of MCMC steps 10 20 30 40 50 200
ModelShort-run EBM 421.3 194.88 117.02 140.79 198.09 54.23
CoopNet 33.74 33.48 34.12 33.85 42.99 38.88
CoopFlow(Pre) 16.46 15.20 15.80 16.80 15.64 17.94
Table 10: FID of Short-run EBM (EBM-SR), CoopNet and CoopFlow model under different numbers of MCMC steps on CIFAR-10 dataset.
Answer: We have followed your suggestion to use a 200-step Langevin dynamics in our CoopFlow (Pre) on Cifar10 dataset. We use the step size as the CoopFlow(Long). Due to limited time for carrying our experiments, currently, we get the fid as 17.94 in this setting. We believe after more tuning, this score may be better. On the other hand, this may also suggest that in the pretrained normalizing flow case, the initial proposal provied by normalizing flow may be good enough, so long chain MCMC may actually not be needed. We have included this result in Table 10 of our appendix. Table 10 also shows FID performacnes over different numbers of MCMC steps.
Question: If my car is broken while I am riding on the Highway, what should I do?
Answer: If your car is broken while you are on the Highway try to maintain calm and identify a safe place to park your car if possible and try to identify if it's an issue that you can continue driving or if the damage can be fixed like a flat tire.

In case the damage is unknown or dangerous to continue driving, try to call the Highway services to help you and contact your insurance company if you have one.
Question: Tell me whether the following animals are reptiles or amphibians: salamander, alligator, caiman, snake, toad.
Answer: Salamanders and toads are amphibians. Alligators, caimans, and snakes are reptiles.
Question: Do the authors have any work plan for the future?
Evidence: In this paper, we present an efficient matching mechanism on multiple choice question answering task. We introduce two-staged CNN to match passage and choice on word level and sentence level. In addition, we use query-based CNN attention to enhance matching effect.
The power of the model is verified on MovieQA dataset, which yielded the state of the art result on the dataset. In the future, we are now working on training our model based on our own trained embedding with TF-IDF BIBREF9 weighting. Furthermore, we would like to test our model on open-answer task like SQuaD by seeing the whole corpus as an “answer pool" and solve it like multiple choice question.
The power of the model is verified on MovieQA dataset, which yielded the state of the art result on the dataset. In the future, we are now working on training our model based on our own trained embedding with TF-IDF [10] weighting. Further more, we would like to test our model on open-answer task like SQuaD by seeing the whole corpus as an “answer pool” and solve it like multiple choice question.
Answer: In the future, they are now working on training their model based on their own trained embedding with TF-IDF [10] weighting. Further more, they would like to test their model on open-answer task like SQuaD by seeing the whole corpus as an “answer pool” and solve it like multiple choice question.
Question: Give me a list of ten Mayan ruins to visit in Central America.
Answer: - Chichen Itza in Mexico
- Tikal in Guatemala
- Caracol in Belize
- Copan in Honduras
- Palenque in Mexico
- Tulum in Mexico
- Uxmal in Mexico
- Monte Alban in Mexico
- Calakmul in Mexico
- Ek Balam in Mexico
Question: Tell me whether these sports are played on grass or ice: figure skating, hockey, football, soccer, curling
Answer: Figure Skating: Ice
Hockey: Ice
Football: Grass
Soccer: Grass
Curling: Ice