DataHammer/scimrc huggingface dataset:
Question: Which training objectives do they combine?
Evidence: The primary contribution of our work is to combine the benefits of diverse sentence-representation learning objectives into a single multi-task framework. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first large-scale reusable sentence representation model obtained by combining a set of training objectives with the level of diversity explored here, i.e. multi-lingual NMT, natural language inference, constituency parsing and skip-thought vectors. We demonstrate through extensive experimentation that representations learned in this way lead to improved performance across a diverse set of novel tasks not used in the learning of our representations. Such representations facilitate low-resource learning as exhibited by significant improvements to model performance for new tasks in the low labelled data regime - achieving comparable performance to a few models trained from scratch using only 6% of the available training set on the Quora duplicate question dataset.
 To the best of our knowledge, this is the first large-scale reusable sentence representation model obtained by combining a set of training objectives with the level of diversity explored here, i.e. multi-lingual NMT, natural language inference, constituency parsing and skip-thought vectors.
Answer: The answers are shown as follows:
* multi-lingual NMT
* natural language inference
* constituency parsing
* skip-thought vectors
Question: How was coverage measured?
Evidence: The original 2015 QA-SRL dataset BIBREF4 was annotated by non-expert workers after completing a brief training procedure. They annotated 7.8K verbs, reporting an average of 2.4 QA pairs per predicate. Even though multiple annotators were shown to produce greater coverage, their released dataset was produced using only a single annotator per verb. In subsequent work, BIBREF5 constructed a large-scale corpus and used it to train a parser. They crowdsourced 133K verbs with 2.0 QA pairs per verb on average. Since crowd-workers had no prior training, quality was established using an additional validation step, where workers had to ascertain the validity of the question, but not of its answers. Instead, the validator provided additional answers, independent of the other annotators. Each verb in the corpus was annotated by a single QA-generating worker and validated by two others.
They annotated 7.8K verbs, reporting an average of 2.4 QA pairs per predicate. Even though multiple annotators were shown to produce greater coverage, their released dataset was produced using only a single annotator per verb.
Answer: The answers are shown as follows:
* QA pairs per predicate
Question: From the text, extract the ships commanded by Charles Henry Bromedge Caldwell
Evidence: Charles Henry Bromedge Caldwell was born in Hingham, Massachusetts on February 24, 1823. He entered the navy as midshipman February 27, 1838, and became lieutenant September 4, 1852. He commanded the USS Vandalia in the US Navy's second Fiji expedition, an 1859 punitive expedition against Waya Island warriors who had cannibalized two American traders. In 1862, he commanded the gun-boat Itasca, of the western gulf blockading squadron, and took part in the bombardment of Forts Jackson and St. Philip. On the night of April 20, his gun-boat, with the Pinola, was sent on an expedition under the command of Fleet-Capt. Bell, to make a passage for the fleet through the chain obstructions near the forts. Lieut. Caldwell and his party boarded one of the hulks that held the chains, and succeeded in detaching the latter, in spite of the heavy fire to which they were subjected. The Itasca was then swept on shore by the current, in full sight of the forts, and it was half an hour before she was afloat again. She was unable to pass the forts with the rest of the fleet, owing to a shot that penetrated her boiler. Lieut. Caldwell was in the action at Grand Gulf, June 9, 1862, and was promoted to commander on July 16.

He commanded the iron-clad Essex, of the Mississippi squadron in 1862–63, and took part in the operations at Port Hudson, from March to July 1863, in command of the Essex and the mortar flotilla.

He commanded the Glaucus of the North Atlantic blockading squadron from 1863 till 1864, and the R. R. Cuyler, of the same squadron, from 1864 till 1865. He became captain, December 12, 1867, chief of staff of the North Atlantic fleet in 1870, and commodore on June 14, 1874.

He died on November 30, 1877.
Answer: Vandalia, Itasca, Essex, Glaucus, R. R. Cuyler
Question: What is the potential hydrogen of water?
Answer: Alkaline is a water which has a potential hydrogen (ph) higher than 8.0.  Water with a PH of 7.0 is distilled water, and water with a ph less than 7.0 is considered to be acidic.  Alkaline water is supposed to be better for the body but you can argue that the acid in the stomach neutralizes the alkalinity so it doesn't have any health effect on the body.  More research is needed to say whether or not alkaline water with a high PH is actually good for you.
Question: What are the key benefits of Delta Live Tables?
Answer: Here are the key benefits of Delta Live Tables:

1. Enable citizen engineers to self serve and innovate rapidly with simple pipeline development and maintenance 
2. Trust your data with built-in quality controls and data quality monitoring to ensure accurate and useful BI, Data Science, and ML 
3. Scale with automated administration through broader visibility into pipeline operations, automatic error handling, and auto-scaling capabilities
4. Support a wider variety of use cases by unlocking the development of real-time and incremental data pipelines to a wider audience
Question: My friend recommended a TV show about kids fighting monsters. It is set in the 80s and one of the kids has magical powers. Do you know what it is called?
Answer: Your friend might have been talking about Stranger Things, a TV show on Netflix set in the fictional town of Hawkins during the 1980s. The story focuses on four childhood friends who meet a girl with magical powers named Eleven, who might be the key to stopping the monsters that are terrorizing their town.
Question: Given the reference text, what is log rotation in information technology?
Evidence: log rotation is an automated process used in system administration in which log files are compressed, moved (archived), renamed or deleted once they are too old or too big
Answer: In information technology, log rotation is an automated process used in system administration in which log files are compressed, moved (archived), renamed or deleted once they are too old or too big (there can be other metrics that can apply here). New incoming log data is directed into a new fresh file (at the same location).
Question: Give me a list of the best Dave Matthews Band songs of all time?
Answer: Although many casual fans would consider commercially successful songs like 'Crash into Me,' 'So Much to Say' and 'Too Much' to be the best Dave Matthews Band songs, most hardcore fans look to DMB's extensive catalog of live performances from the 1990s and early 2000s.  Specifically, most dedicated fans of the band love a lot of the following:
'Lie in our Graves,' 'Ants Marching,' 'the Stone,' 'The Best of What's Around,' 'Bartender,' '#41,' 'Dancing Nancies,' 'Seek Up,' 'Warehouse,' 'Trippin' Billies,' 'Lover Lay Down,' 'You Never Know' and 'Pig.'
Question: Give me a summary of how to determine if a number is prime or not.
Evidence: A prime number (or a prime) is a natural number greater than 1 that is not a product of two smaller natural numbers. A natural number greater than 1 that is not prime is called a composite number. For example, 5 is prime because the only ways of writing it as a product, 1 × 5 or 5 × 1, involve 5 itself. However, 4 is composite because it is a product (2 × 2) in which both numbers are smaller than 4. Primes are central in number theory because of the fundamental theorem of arithmetic: every natural number greater than 1 is either a prime itself or can be factorized as a product of primes that is unique up to their order.
Answer: A prime number is a number greater than one that cannot be the product of two smaller numbers besides 1 and itself (e.g., the number 5 is prime because the only product of two smaller numbers is 5 and 1).
Question: what to ask when interviewing doulas?
Answer: Ask about their certifications, experiences, expectations, rates and contract details. Certifications and years of experience in either one specialization or full spectrums speak a lot about their credibility. You can poke into details by asking for a few examples of how they would handle specific situations. For example, for postpartum doulas, you can ask them how to take care of a newborn’s cord before it fully heals or how to help mothers suffers postpartum blues. You should also be able to get a certain level of understanding of their personalities and lifestyles through a 30 min interview. It is important to find someone who matches your expectation and is easy for you and your family to get along with. How much the doulas charge should be discussed during the interview. Make sure you reviewed the details of the contract before signing it. Towards the end of the interview, don’t forget to ask for 2 - 3 referrals from previous clients.
Question: What is a triathlon?
Answer: A triathlon is a sport that combines three different events: swimming, biking and running, in that order. The reason for the order of events is that they proceed from more to less dangerous, so that the triathlete (as a triathlon participant is called) is most fresh and well-rested when they swim (so as to avoid drowning) and most exhausted during the run, when it is relatively less dangerous to make a mistake than it would be in the water or on a bicycle. Triathlons differ based on distance and terrain. They can be as short as a sprint event, which might include a swim as short as a single lap in a pool, or as long as an ironman triathlon, which includes a 2.4-mile swim, 112 miles of biking, and a full marathon. A common triathlon distance in between a spring and ironman is the olympic triathlon, which includes a 1.5-kilometer swim, 40 kilometer bike ride, and 10 kilometer run. Triathlons can take place anywhere where it is possible to do all three activities, including near a swimming pool, lake or open ocean. The run is most commonly done on a hard asphalt surface but can also take place on a dirt trail.
Question: What countries are in the European Union?
Answer: - Austria
- Belgium
- Bulgaria
- Croatia
- Cyprus
- Czechia (a.k.a. Czech Republic)
- Denmark
- Estonia
- Finland
- France
- Germany
- Greece
- Hungary
- Ireland
- Italy
- Latvia
- Lithuania
- Luxembourg
- Malta
- Netherlands
- Poland
- Portugal
- Romania
- Slovakia
- Slovenia
- Spain
- Sweden
Question: Where is the Ahlatcik village
Evidence: Ahlatçık is a village in the Kastamonu District, Kastamonu Province, Turkey. Its population is 132 (2021).
Answer: Ahlatçık is a village in the Kastamonu District, Kastamonu Province, Turkey. Its population is 132 (2021)
Question: Which is a bird or fish: Blackcap, Black swallower
Answer: Black swallower is a fish, Blackcap is a bird
Question: UNESCO Peace Prize 2022 was given to
Answer: Angela Merkel(Former German Chancellor)
Question: What was the Javelin  throw record made by Neeraj Chopra
Answer: 88.44metres
Question: Who is Anatoly Kubatsky?
Evidence: Anatoly Lvovich Kubatsky (Russian: Анато́лий Льво́вич Куба́цкий) (1 November 1908 – 29 December 2001) was a Soviet stage and film actor.
Answer: Kubatsky was born in Moscow to parents of Polish ancestry. After studying under Yuri Zavadsky, he found acting work in various theaters throughout Moscow. From 1931 to 1942 he was an actor for Union Radio; from 1942 to 1957 he worked at the Mayakovsky Theatre; from 1957 to 1959 he worked at the Film Actors' Theater; from 1959 to 1973 he worked at the Gorky Theater.
Question: How is performance of this system measured?
Evidence: We use the BLEU BIBREF30 metric on the validation set for the VQG model training. BLEU is a measure of similitude between generated and target sequences of words, widely used in natural language processing. It assumes that valid generated responses have significant word overlap with the ground truth responses. We use it because in this case we have five different references for each of the generated questions. We obtain a BLEU score of 2.07.
Our chatbot model instead, only have one reference ground truth in training when generating a sequence of words. We considered that it was not a good metric to apply as in some occasions responses have the same meaning, but do not share any words in common. Thus, we save several models with different hyperparameters and at different number of training iterations and compare them using human evaluation, to chose the model that performs better in a conversation.
We use the BLEU BIBREF30 metric on the validation set for the VQG model training. BLEU is a measure of similitude between generated and target sequences of words, widely used in natural language processing. It assumes that valid generated responses have significant word overlap with the ground truth responses. We use it because in this case we have five different references for each of the generated questions. We obtain a BLEU score of 2.07.

Our chatbot model instead, only have one reference ground truth in training when generating a sequence of words. We considered that it was not a good metric to apply as in some occasions responses have the same meaning, but do not share any words in common. Thus, we save several models with different hyperparameters and at different number of training iterations and compare them using human evaluation, to chose the model that performs better in a conversation.
Answer: using the BLEU score as a quantitative metric and human evaluation for quality
Question: From the passage identify the most common colloquial terms for dismissal in the United States and United Kingdom. Display the results in comma separated format.
Evidence: Termination of employment or separation of employment is an employee's departure from a job and the end of an employee's duration with an employer. Termination may be voluntary on the employee's part, or it may be at the hands of the employer, often in the form of dismissal (firing) or a layoff. Dismissal or firing is usually thought to be the employee's fault, whereas a layoff is generally done for business reasons (for instance, a business slowdown, or an economic downturn) outside the employee's performance.

Firing carries a stigma in many cultures and may hinder the jobseeker's chances of finding new employment, particularly if they have been terminated from a previous job. Jobseekers sometimes do not mention jobs from which they were fired on their resumes; accordingly, unexplained gaps in employment, and refusal or failure to contact previous employers are often regarded as "red flags".

Dismissal is when the employer chooses to require the employee to leave, usually for the reason that is the employee's fault. The most common colloquial terms for dismissal in the United States are "getting fired" or "getting canned" whereas in the United Kingdom the terms "getting the sack" or "getting sacked" are also used.
Answer: getting fired, getting canned, getting the sack, getting sacked
Question: Tell me which of the following cartoon characters are in Bluey: Chilli, Tom, Jerry, Bandit, Bluey, Peppa, Mickey, Scooby, Bingo, Chester.
Answer: Chilli, Bandit, Bluey and Bingo are characters that appear in Bluey. Tom, Jerry, Peppa, Mickey, Scooby and Chester appear in different shows other than Bluey.
Question: Based on this paragraph when was the last time we sent them to space?
Evidence: Tardigrades are the first known animal to survive after exposure to outer space. In September 2007, dehydrated tardigrades were taken into low Earth orbit on the FOTON-M3 mission carrying the BIOPAN astrobiology payload. For 10 days, groups of tardigrades, some of them previously dehydrated, some of them not, were exposed to the hard vacuum of outer space, or vacuum and solar UV radiation. Back on Earth, more than 68% of the subjects protected from solar UV radiation were reanimated within 30 minutes following rehydration, although subsequent mortality was high; many of these produced viable embryos. In contrast, hydrated samples exposed to the combined effect of vacuum and full solar UV radiation had significantly reduced survival, with only three subjects of Milnesium tardigradum surviving. Also, it was found that the space vacuum did not have a significant effect on egg-laying in either R. coronifer or M. tardigradum. However, M. tardigradum exposed to UV radiation had a lower egg laying rate. In May 2011, Italian scientists sent tardigrades on board the International Space Station along with extremophiles on STS-134, the final flight of Space Shuttle Endeavour. Their conclusion was that microgravity and cosmic radiation "did not significantly affect survival of tardigrades in flight, and stated that tardigrades represent a useful animal for space research." In November 2011, they were among the organisms to be sent by the U.S.-based Planetary Society on the Russian Fobos-Grunt mission's Living Interplanetary Flight Experiment to Phobos; however, the launch failed. In August 2019, scientists reported that a capsule containing tardigrades in a cryptobiotic state may have survived for a while on the Moon after the April 2019 crash landing of Beresheet, a failed Israeli lunar lander, but in May 2021 it was reported that they were unlikely to have survived the impact.
Answer: The last record of us sending Tardigrades into space was in April 2019, which had an unfortunate ending after the lunar lander, the Beresheet, failed and crash-landed on the moon.
Question: Which architecture is their best model?
Evidence: To train our best model we chose the best network from our experiments (6-layer bLSTM with 1024 hidden units), trained it with Adam optimizer and fine-tuned with SGD with momentum using exponential learning rate decay. The best model trained with speed and volume perturbation BIBREF24 achieved 45.8% WER, which is the best published end-to-end result on Babel Turkish dataset using in-domain data. For comparison, WER of model trained using in-domain data in BIBREF18 is 53.1%, using 4 additional languages (including English Switchboard dataset) – 48.7%. It is also not far from Kaldi DNN-HMM system BIBREF22 with 43.8% WER.
To train our best model we chose the best network from our experiments (6-layer bLSTM with 1024 hidden units), trained it with Adam optimizer and fine-tuned with SGD with momentum using exponential learning rate decay.
Answer: The answers are shown as follows:
* 6-layer bLSTM with 1024 hidden units
Question: What submodules does the model consist of?
Evidence: We fill this gap by investigating rich external pretraining for neural segmentation. Following BIBREF4 and BIBREF5 , we adopt a globally optimised beam-search framework for neural structured prediction BIBREF9 , BIBREF17 , BIBREF18 , which allows word information to be modelled explicitly. Different from previous work, we make our model conceptually simple and modular, so that the most important sub module, namely a five-character window context, can be pretrained using external data. We adopt a multi-task learning strategy BIBREF19 , casting each external source of information as a auxiliary classification task, sharing a five-character window network. After pretraining, the character window network is used to initialize the corresponding module in our segmentor.
Different from previous work, we make our model conceptually simple and modular, so that the most important sub module, namely a five-character window context, can be pretrained using external data. 
Answer: The answers are shown as follows:
* five-character window context
Question: What is the best kind of lightbulb?
Answer: As with many home appliances, the definition of "best" for lightbulbs varies depending on your intended use. For example, a lightbulb you might use for a reading light might differ from how you illuminate a garage. Some important factors to consider:
- Energy efficiency: the availability and cost effectiveness of LED bulbs has made them the new standard for home lighting purposes. Additionally, they are more efficient in terms of energy usage than incandescent lights, so will cost less to operate over time. 
- Color/hue: the "color" of the light from a bulb can vary from blue to white to yellow, or even to custom colors. Consider the ambiance or mood you are trying to set with the bulb.
- Shape and style: different lamps require different bulbs, and you should make sure the bulb you are buying is compatible. Some bulb types have different styles as well, such as "Edison style" and bulbs meant to mimic the flicker of candles.
Question: Based on the above passage what are the heavier elements which are more fissionable?
Evidence: Nuclear fusion is a reaction in which two or more atomic nuclei are combined to form one or more different atomic nuclei and subatomic particles (neutrons or protons). The difference in mass between the reactants and products is manifested as either the release or absorption of energy. This difference in mass arises due to the difference in nuclear binding energy between the atomic nuclei before and after the reaction. Nuclear fusion is the process that powers active or main-sequence stars and other high-magnitude stars, where large amounts of energy are released.

A nuclear fusion process that produces atomic nuclei lighter than iron-56 or nickel-62 will generally release energy. These elements have a relatively small mass and a relatively large binding energy per nucleon. Fusion of nuclei lighter than these releases energy (an exothermic process), while the fusion of heavier nuclei results in energy retained by the product nucleons, and the resulting reaction is endothermic. The opposite is true for the reverse process, called nuclear fission. Nuclear fusion uses lighter elements, such as hydrogen and helium, which are in general more fusible; while the heavier elements, such as uranium, thorium and plutonium, are more fissionable. The extreme astrophysical event of a supernova can produce enough energy to fuse nuclei into elements heavier than iron.
Answer: uranium, thorium and plutonium.