DataHammer/scimrc huggingface dataset:
Question: How many responses did they obtain?
Evidence: We recruited 176 AMT workers to participate in our conceptualization task. Of these workers, 90 were randomly assigned to the Control group and 86 to the AUI group. These workers completed 1001 tasks: 496 tasks in the control and 505 in the AUI. All responses were gathered within a single 24-hour period during April, 2017.
These workers completed 1001 tasks: 496 tasks in the control and 505 in the AUI. 
Answer: The answers are shown as follows:
* 1001
Question: Do they break down word meanings into elementary particles as in the standard model of quantum theory?
Evidence: In order to understand what INLINEFORM0 is, we need to understand the mathematics of grammar. The study of the mathematical structure of grammar has indicated that the fundamental things making up sentences are not the words, but some atomic grammatical types, such as the noun-type and the sentence-type BIBREF23 , BIBREF24 , BIBREF25 . The transitive verb-type is not an atomic grammatical type, but a composite made up of two noun-types and one sentence-type. Hence, particularly interesting here is that atomic doesn't really mean smallest...
On the other hand, just like in particle physics where we have particles and anti-particles, the atomic types include types as well as anti-types. But unlike in particle physics, there are two kinds of anti-types, namely left ones and right ones. This makes language even more non-commutative than quantum theory!
The study of the mathematical structure of grammar has indicated that the fundamental things making up sentences are not the words, but some atomic grammatical types, such as the noun-type and the sentence-type BIBREF23 , BIBREF24 , BIBREF25 . The transitive verb-type is not an atomic grammatical type, but a composite made up of two noun-types and one sentence-type. Hence, particularly interesting here is that atomic doesn't really mean smallest...

On the other hand, just like in particle physics where we have particles and anti-particles, the atomic types include types as well as anti-types. But unlike in particle physics, there are two kinds of anti-types, namely left ones and right ones. This makes language even more non-commutative than quantum theory!
Answer: No.
Question: What is "Six Feet Under"?
Evidence: Six Feet Under is an American drama television series created and produced by Alan Ball. It premiered on the premium network HBO in the United States on June 3, 2001, and ended on August 21, 2005, spanning 63 episodes across five seasons. It depicts the lives of the Fisher family, who run a funeral home in Los Angeles, along with their friends and lovers.
Answer: Six Feet Under is an American drama television series created and produced by Alan Ball. It premiered on the premium network HBO in the United States on June 3, 2001, and ended on August 21, 2005, spanning 63 episodes across five seasons. It depicts the lives of the Fisher family, who run a funeral home in Los Angeles, along with their friends and lovers.

The ensemble drama stars Peter Krause, Michael C. Hall, Frances Conroy, Lauren Ambrose, Freddy Rodriguez, Mathew St. Patrick, and Rachel Griffiths as the central characters. It was produced by Actual Size Films and The Greenblatt/Janollari Studio, and was shot on location in Los Angeles and in Hollywood studios.

Six Feet Under received widespread critical acclaim, particularly for its writing and acting, and consistently drew high ratings for the HBO network. It is widely regarded as one of the greatest television series of all time. The show's finale has also been described as one of the greatest television series finales. The series won numerous awards, including nine Emmy Awards, three Screen Actors Guild Awards, three Golden Globe Awards, and a Peabody Award.
Question: Who bred the famous Gone West racehorse?
Evidence: Gone West (March 10, 1984 – September 7, 2009) was an American Thoroughbred racehorse. Bred by William O. Reed, he was a son of the influential sire Mr. Prospector. His dam, Secrettame, was a daughter of 1973 U.S. Triple Crown winner Secretariat.

Purchased by Alice du Pont Mills and raced under her Hickory Tree Stable banner, Gone West was conditioned for racing by U.S. Racing Hall of Fame trainer Woody Stephens.
Answer: Gone West was bread by William O. Reed, the son of the influential sire Mr. Prospector.
Question: Given a reference text about The Universal Data Element Framework (UDEF), tell me how the framework is used.
Evidence: The Universal Data Element Framework (UDEF) was  a controlled vocabulary developed by The Open Group. It provided a framework for categorizing, naming, and indexing data. It assigned to every item of data a structured alphanumeric tag plus a controlled vocabulary name that describes the meaning of the data. This allowed relating data elements to similar elements defined by other organizations.

UDEF defined a Dewey-decimal like code for each concept. For example, an "employee number" is often used in human resource management. It has a UDEF tag a.5_12.35.8 and a controlled vocabulary description "Employee.PERSON_Employer.Assigned.IDENTIFIER".

UDEF has been superseded by the Open Data Element Framework (O-DEF).
Answer: The UDEF is a framework for categorizing, naming, and indexing data.
Question: How many tweets were manually labelled? 
Evidence: Tweets related to Forex, specifically to EUR and USD, were acquired through the Twitter search API with the following query: “EURUSD”, “USDEUR”, “EUR”, or “USD”. In the period of three years (January 2014 to December 2016) almost 15 million tweets were collected. A subset of them (44,000 tweets) was manually labeled by knowledgeable students of finance. The label captures the leaning or stance of the Twitter user with respect to the anticipated move of one currency w.r.t. the other. The stance is represented by three values: buy (EUR vs. USD), hold, or sell. The tweets were collected, labeled and provided to us by the Sowa Labs company (http://www.sowalabs.com).
Tweets related to Forex, specifically to EUR and USD, were acquired through the Twitter search API with the following query: “EURUSD”, “USDEUR”, “EUR”, or “USD”. In the period of three years (January 2014 to December 2016) almost 15 million tweets were collected. A subset of them (44,000 tweets) was manually labeled by knowledgeable students of finance. 
Answer: The answers are shown as follows:
* 44,000 tweets
Question: Tell me whether these are items used for caring for a baby or a dog: crate, diaper, leash, swaddle, and chew toy.
Answer: The diaper and swaddle are for a baby, and the crate and leash are for a dog. Both babies and dogs use chew toys.
Question: Why do some countries call football soccer?
Answer: Football started in England and was governed by the Football Association. The term Soccer was used at an abbreviation of the the word Association to help distinguish it from Rugby.
Question: Classify each of the following as edible or not edible: hamburger, toast, rubber, leather, pizza, plastic
Answer: Hamburger: Edible
Toast: Edible
Rubber: Not Edible
Leather: Not Edible
Pizza: Edible
Plastic: Not Edible
Question: Identify which instrument is string or percussion: Rock gong, Yazheng
Answer: Yazheng is string, Rock gong is percussion.
Question: How to extract the biomedical entities present in the Wikipedia medical articles in this paper?
Evidence: We have extracted the bio-medical entities present in the Wikipedia medical articles through a n-gram-based technique.
A pre-processing phase occurs in a similar way as for the dictionary composition. Given a Wikipedia article written in English, we have pre-processed the textual part through the Tanl pipeline. Similar to what described in Section "Reference dictionary" for the reference dictionary, we have first divided the text in sentences and the sentences into single word forms. For each form, we have considered the lemma (when available) and the part of speech (POS). For instance, starting from an example sentence extracted from the Wikipedia page on the Alzheimer's disease: “Other risk factors include a history of head injuries, depression, or hypertension.", we have obtained the annotation shown in Figure 4 .
As in the case of the dictionary, each word in the text has been lowercasing.
After pre-processing the text of each article, we have attempted to match each n-gram (with n between 1 and 10) in the corpus with the entries in the extended dictionary. We both attempt an exact match and an approximate match, the latter removing prepositions, punctuations and articles from the n-grams. Approximate matching leads to several advantages. Indeed, exploiting the text pre-processing allows to identify dictionary definitions present in the text, even when the number differs. As an example, the dictionary definition “injury" will match with “injuries", mentioned in the text, because in the approximation one can consider the lemmas. Further, considering the POS allows to identify mentions when interleaved by prepositions, articles, and conjunctions that change the form but do not alter the meaning. As an example, the approximate definition “aneurysm vein galen” will match also with the following n-gram: “the aneurysm and vein of galen", if present in the text.
We have extracted the bio-medical entities present in the Wikipedia medical articles through a n-gram-based technique.
Answer: The authors extracted the bio-medical entities through a n-gram-based technique.
Question: How to evaluate the answers returned by the IR-based method and the hybrid QA method (IR+RQE)?
Evidence: We developed an interface to perform the manual evaluation of the retrieved answers. Figure 5 presents the evaluation interface showing, for each test question, the top-10 answers of the evaluated QA method and the reference answer(s) used by LiveQA assessors to help judging the retrieved answers by the participating systems.
We used the test questions of the medical task at TREC-2017 LiveQA BIBREF11 . These questions are randomly selected from the consumer health questions that the NLM receives daily from all over the world. The test questions cover different medical entities and have a wide list of question types such as Comparison, Diagnosis, Ingredient, Side effects and Tapering.
For a relevant comparison, we used the same judgment scores as the LiveQA Track:
Correct and Complete Answer (4)
Correct but Incomplete (3)
Incorrect but Related (2)
Incorrect (1)
We evaluated the answers returned by the IR-based method and the hybrid QA method (IR+RQE) according to the same reference answers used in LiveQA-Med. The answers were anonymized (the method names were blinded) and presented to 3 assessors: a medical doctor (Assessor A), a medical librarian (B) and a researcher in medical informatics (C). None of the assessors participated in the development of the QA methods. Assessors B and C evaluated 1,000 answers retrieved by each of the methods (IR and IR+RQE). Assessor A evaluated 2,000 answers from both methods.
Table TABREF103 presents the inter-annotator agreement (IAA) through F1 score computed by considering one of the assessors as reference. In the first evaluation, we computed the True Positives (TP) and False Positives (FP) over all ratings and the Precision and F1 score. As there are no negative labels (only true or false positives for each category), Recall is 100%. We also computed a partial IAA by grouping the "Correct and Complete Answer" and "Correct but Incomplete" ratings (as Correct), and the "Incorrect but Related" and "Incorrect" ratings (as Incorrect). The average agreement on distinguishing the Correct and Incorrect answers is 94.33% F1 score. Therefore, we used the evaluations performed by assessor A for both methods. The official results of the TREC LiveQA track relied on one assessor per question as well.
We evaluated the answers returned by the IR-based method and the hybrid QA method (IR+RQE) according to the same reference answers used in LiveQA-Med.
Answer: The authors evaluated the answers returned by the IR-based method and the hybrid QA method (IR+RQE) according to the same reference answers used in LiveQA-Med.
Question: Why did the cow jump over the moon?
Answer: The cow wanted to jump to the moon because it had run out of milk for its calf. The calf was crying day and night because of how hungry it was. The mother cow looked up at the night sky, saw the milky-colored moon in the sky, and thought if it jumped to the moon, its udders would be full again. It practiced over and over, jumping as high as it could. Once it was finally ready that it jumped over the moon. The courage that it gained filled the udders with milk once again.
Question: Please give me a short bulleted list of the principal fields of engineering
Evidence: Main branches of engineering
For a topical guide, see Outline of engineering.

Hoover Dam
Engineering is a broad discipline that is often broken down into several sub-disciplines. Although an engineer will usually be trained in a specific discipline, he or she may become multi-disciplined through experience. Engineering is often characterized as having four main branches: chemical engineering, civil engineering, electrical engineering, and mechanical engineering.

Chemical engineering
Main article: Chemical engineering
Chemical engineering is the application of physics, chemistry, biology, and engineering principles in order to carry out chemical processes on a commercial scale, such as the manufacture of commodity chemicals, specialty chemicals, petroleum refining, microfabrication, fermentation, and biomolecule production.

Civil engineering
Main article: Civil engineering
Civil engineering is the design and construction of public and private works, such as infrastructure (airports, roads, railways, water supply, and treatment etc.), bridges, tunnels, dams, and buildings. Civil engineering is traditionally broken into a number of sub-disciplines, including structural engineering, environmental engineering, and surveying. It is traditionally considered to be separate from military engineering.

Electrical engineering
Main article: Electrical engineering

Electric motor
Electrical engineering is the design, study, and manufacture of various electrical and electronic systems, such as broadcast engineering, electrical circuits, generators, motors, electromagnetic/electromechanical devices, electronic devices, electronic circuits, optical fibers, optoelectronic devices, computer systems, telecommunications, instrumentation, control systems, and electronics.

Mechanical engineering
Main article: Mechanical engineering
Mechanical engineering is the design and manufacture of physical or mechanical systems, such as power and energy systems, aerospace/aircraft products, weapon systems, transportation products, engines, compressors, powertrains, kinematic chains, vacuum technology, vibration isolation equipment, manufacturing, robotics, turbines, audio equipments, and mechatronics.

Bioengineering
Main article: Biological engineering
Bioengineering is the engineering of biological systems for a useful purpose. Examples of bioengineering research include bacteria engineered to produce chemicals, new medical imaging technology, portable and rapid disease diagnostic devices, prosthetics, biopharmaceuticals, and tissue-engineered organs.
Answer: chemical engineering, civil engineering, electrical engineering, mechanical engineering and bioengineering
Question: What is the biggest passenger airliner?
Evidence: The Airbus A380 is a large wide-body airliner that was developed and produced by Airbus. It is the world's largest passenger airliner and only full-length double-deck jet airliner. Airbus studies started in 1988, and the project was announced in 1990 to challenge the dominance of the Boeing 747 in the long-haul market. The then-designated A3XX project was presented in 1994; Airbus launched the €9.5 billion ($10.7 billion) A380 programme on 19 December 2000. The first prototype was unveiled in Toulouse on 18 January 2005, with its first flight on 27 April 2005. It then obtained its type certificate from the European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) and the US Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) on 12 December 2006.

Due to difficulties with the electrical wiring, the initial production was delayed by two years and the development costs almost doubled. It was first delivered to Singapore Airlines on 15 October 2007 and entered service on 25 October. Production peaked at 30 per year in 2012 and 2014. However, after the largest customer, Emirates, reduced its last order in February 2019, Airbus announced that A380 production would end in 2021. On 16 December 2021, Emirates received its 123rd A380, which was the 251st and last delivered by Airbus. The $25 billion investment was not recouped.

The full-length double-deck aircraft has a typical seating for 525 passengers, with a maximum certified capacity for 853 passengers. The quadjet is powered by Engine Alliance GP7200 or Rolls-Royce Trent 900 turbofans providing a range of 8,000 nmi (14,800 km). As of December 2021, the global A380 fleet had completed more than 800,000 flights over 7.3 million block hours with no fatalities and no hull losses. As of December 2022, there were 237 aircraft in service with 16 operators worldwide.
Answer: A380 is the largest passenger airliner. It has a typical seating for 525 passengers, with a maximum certified capacity for 853 passengers and has a range of 14,800km.
Question: What is the most popular sport?
Answer: Currently soccer/football is the most popular sport globally to participate in and watch with an estimated 3.5 billion fans. With the low entry cost to play and ability to be played or practiced most anywhere it makes it easy for pretty much anyone to participate.
Question: Classify each of the following as either transportation modes or brands of vehicles: Audi, Bus, Train, Airplane, Ship, Ford, Acura, Volkswagen.
Answer: The following are transportation modes: Bus, Train, Airplane, Ship. The following are brands of vehicles: Audit, Ford, Acura, Volkswagen.
Question: What is Depreciation
Answer: Depreciation is the drop in value of an asset due to wear and tear, age and obsolescence (going out of date) as recorded in an organization's financial records.
Question: Write a friendly complaint to an airline service about a poor experience with multiple issues and ask for points.
Answer: To whom it may concern; as a loyal member to your airline alliance, I was disappointed in the multiple issues I experienced on a recent flight. Your airline usually provides me with an exceptional experience but unfortunately this last travel journey was below par. 

Firstly, my seat was broken and unable to recline. Given this was a red eye flight where I was hoping to get some rest, this limited my ability to do so. 

Secondly, the Wifi I paid for was out for 4 out of 6 hours of the trip. So while awake without recline, I was unable to use that time effectively to email or communicate with friends and family. 

Lastly, my checked bag took 45 minutes at the carousel. I know you have a policy where it should be 20 minutes or less. 

I really enjoy flying with you and would like to hope this was a stroke of bad luck, and not reflective of your customer service and typical experience. I would appreciate as a goodwill 10,000 points into my account to make things right. I hope you consider my request. 

Kind regards
Question: What is the difference between Hunter, Jumper, and Equitation horseback riding?
Answer: The biggest difference between Hunter, Jumper, and Equitation horseback riding is the way they are judged. Hunters are scored by the way the horse looks, Jumpers are scored on time and the number of faults over jumps, and Equitation is scored on the performance and style of the rider.
Question: What is Remote Sensing?
Answer: Remote sensing is the acquisition of information about an object or phenomenon without making physical contact with the object, in contrast to in situ or on-site observation. The term is applied especially to acquiring information about Earth and other planets. Remote sensing is used in numerous fields, including geophysics, geography, land surveying and most Earth science disciplines (e.g. exploration geophysics, hydrology, ecology, meteorology, oceanography, glaciology, geology); it also has military, intelligence, commercial, economic, planning, and humanitarian applications, among others.

In current usage, the term remote sensing generally refers to the use of satellite- or aircraft-based sensor technologies to detect and classify objects on Earth. It includes the surface and the atmosphere and oceans, based on propagated signals (e.g. electromagnetic radiation). It may be split into "active" remote sensing (when a signal is emitted by a satellite or aircraft to the object and its reflection detected by the sensor) and "passive" remote sensing (when the reflection of sunlight is detected by the sensor).
Question: What are baselines in this paper?
Evidence: We compared our model with MLE, RL and GAN baselines. Since COCO and EMNLP2017 WMT don't have input while WeiboDial regards posts as input, we chose the following baselines respectively:
MLE: a RNN model trained with MLE objective BIBREF4 . Its extension, Seq2Seq, can work on the dialogue dataset BIBREF2 .
SeqGAN: The first text GAN model that updates the generator with policy gradient based on the rewards from the discriminator BIBREF7 .
LeakGAN: A variant of SeqGAN that provides rewards based on the leaked information of the discriminator for the generator BIBREF11 .
MaliGAN: A variant of SeqGAN that optimizes the generator with a normalized maximum likelihood objective BIBREF8 .
IRL: This inverse reinforcement learning method replaces the discriminator with a reward approximator to provide dense rewards BIBREF12 .
RAML: A RL approach to incorporate MLE objective into RL training framework, which regards BLEU as rewards BIBREF17 .
DialogGAN: An extension of SeqGAN tuned to dialogue generation task with MLE objective added to the adversarial objective BIBREF16 .
DPGAN: A variant of DialogGAN which uses a language model based discriminator and regards cross-entropy as rewards BIBREF13 .
Note that MLE, SeqGAN, LeakGAN, MaliGAN and IRL are the baselines on COCO and EMNLP2017 WMT, while MLE, RAML, DialogGAN, and DPGAN on WeiboDial. The original codes are used to test the baselines.
We compared our model with MLE, RL and GAN baselines.
Answer: MLE, RL and GAN baselines.
Question: During Passover, what are some distinctions of what is and is not Kosher?
Answer: Typically, there are two main branches of Judaism based on geography. Ashkenazy, predominately from Europe, and Sephardic, non-European. Overall grain is prohibited and many other items they may be unholy for the 8 day period. However, within the Sephardic tradition, certain allowances are made that are not observed by Ashkenazy, such as beans and corn. In some practices, dependent on the degree of religious practice, the observant will share the tradition of the community in which they reside rather than the geographical definition.
Question: Categorize actions that would be effective in the event of a major earthquake as either 'effective' or 'not effective’. A. Check information via radio. B. Secure an evaculation route. C. Stay wherever you originally are. D. Use a car. E. Turn off a fire when you’re cooking.
Answer: A. Check information via radio., B. Secure an evaculation route., and E. Turn off a fire when you’re cooking. are effective while C. Stay wherever you originally are. and D. Use a car. are not effective.