DataHammer/scimrc huggingface dataset:
Question: Does their approach require a dataset of unanswerable questions mapped to similar answerable questions?
Evidence: We attack the problem by automatically generating unanswerable questions for data augmentation to improve question answering models. The generated unanswerable questions should not be too easy for the question answering model so that data augmentation can better help the model. For example, a simple baseline method is randomly choosing a question asked for another paragraph, and using it as an unanswerable question. However, it would be trivial to determine whether the retrieved question is answerable by using word-overlap heuristics, because the question is irrelevant to the context BIBREF6 . In this work, we propose to generate unanswerable questions by editing an answerable question and conditioning on the corresponding paragraph that contains the answer. So the generated unanswerable questions are more lexically similar and relevant to the context. Moreover, by using the answerable question as a prototype and its answer span as a plausible answer, the generated examples can provide more discriminative training signal to the question answering model.
In this work, we propose to generate unanswerable questions by editing an answerable question and conditioning on the corresponding paragraph that contains the answer. So the generated unanswerable questions are more lexically similar and relevant to the context. Moreover, by using the answerable question as a prototype and its answer span as a plausible answer, the generated examples can provide more discriminative training signal to the question answering model.
Answer: Yes.
Question: How do Zipf and Herdan-Heap's laws differ?
Evidence: Statistical characterization of languages has been a field of study for decadesBIBREF0, BIBREF1, BIBREF2, BIBREF3, BIBREF4, BIBREF5. Even simple quantities, like letter frequency, can be used to decode simple substitution cryptogramsBIBREF6, BIBREF7, BIBREF8, BIBREF9, BIBREF10. However, probably the most surprising result in the field is Zipf's law, which states that if one ranks words by their frequency in a large text, the resulting rank frequency distribution is approximately a power law, for all languages BIBREF0, BIBREF11. These kind of universal results have long piqued the interest of physicists and mathematicians, as well as linguistsBIBREF12, BIBREF13, BIBREF14. Indeed, a large amount of effort has been devoted to try to understand the origin of Zipf's law, in some cases arguing that it arises from the fact that texts carry information BIBREF15, all the way to arguing that it is the result of mere chance BIBREF16, BIBREF17. Another interesting characterization of texts is the Heaps-Herdan law, which describes how the vocabulary -that is, the set of different words- grows with the size of a text, the number of which, empirically, has been found to grow as a power of the text size BIBREF18, BIBREF19. It is worth noting that it has been argued that this law is a consequence Zipf's law. BIBREF20, BIBREF21
However, probably the most surprising result in the field is Zipf's law, which states that if one ranks words by their frequency in a large text, the resulting rank frequency distribution is approximately a power law, for all languages BIBREF0, BIBREF11.
Another interesting characterization of texts is the Heaps-Herdan law, which describes how the vocabulary -that is, the set of different words- grows with the size of a text, the number of which, empirically, has been found to grow as a power of the text size BIBREF18, BIBREF19. It is worth noting that it has been argued that this law is a consequence Zipf's law. BIBREF20, BIBREF21
Answer: Zipf's law describes change of word frequency rate, while Heaps-Herdan describes different word number in large texts (assumed that Hepas-Herdan is consequence of Zipf's)
Question: Name some birds that are commonly observed in Berkeley, CA.
Answer: In Berkeley, it is common to see hummingbirds, crows, mourning doves, steller’s jays, song sparrows, and California gulls. It’s also possible to observe a red-tailed hawk or a great horned owl.
Question: Why does oil float on water?
Answer: Because oil has lesser density, it floats on water
Question: Classify the following as a 'triangle' or 'not a triangle' - equilateral, isosceles, right angled, circle, sphere, scalene, rectangle, square, trapezium.
Answer: 'triangle', 'triangle', 'triangle', 'not a triangle', 'not a triangle', 'triangle', 'not a triangle', 'not a triangle', 'not a triangle'.
Question: What are the most abundant greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere
Answer: The most abundant greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere, listed in decreasing order:

Water vapor
Carbon dioxide
Methane
Nitrous oxide
Ozone
Chlorofluorocarbons
Hydrofluorocarbons
Perfluorocarbons
Question: Who is Rihanna?
Evidence: Robyn Rihanna Fenty (born February 20, 1988) is a Barbadian singer, actress, and businesswoman. Born in Saint Michael and raised in Bridgetown, Barbados, Rihanna auditioned for American record producer Evan Rogers who invited her to the United States to record demo tapes. After signing with Def Jam in 2005, she soon gained recognition with the release of her first two studio albums, Music of the Sun (2005) and A Girl Like Me (2006), both of which were influenced by Caribbean music and peaked within the top ten of the US Billboard 200 chart.
Answer: Rihanna (Robyn Rihanna Fenty) is a singer, actress, and businesswoman from Barbados. After auditioning with American record producer Evan Rogers, she signed to Def Jam in 2005 and gained worldwide recognition with her first two studio albums, "Music of the Sun" and "A Girl Like Me".
Question: Given this paragraph, where did the German dish sauerkraut originate from?
Evidence: Although "sauerkraut" is from a German word (Sauerkraut), the dish did not originate in Germany. Some claim fermenting cabbage suan cai was already practised in the days of the building of the Great Wall of China and that the practice was likely transmitted from China to Europe by the Tartars. However, the Romans, as previously noted, pickled forms of cabbage, and were the more likely source of modern-day sauerkraut  It then took root in Central and Eastern European cuisines, but also in other countries including the Netherlands, where it is known as zuurkool, and France, where the name became choucroute. The English name is borrowed from German where it means "sour cabbage". The names in Slavic and other Central and Eastern European languages have similar meanings with the German word: "fermented cabbage" (Albanian: lakër turshi, Azerbaijani: kələm turşusu, Belarusian: квашаная капуста, Czech: kysané zelí, Lithuanian: rauginti kopūstai, Russian: квашеная капуста, tr. kvašenaja kapusta, Turkısh: lahana turşusu, Romanian: varză murată, Persian: kalam torş, Ukrainian: квашена капуста) or "sour cabbage" (Bulgarian: кисело зеле, Estonian: hapukapsas, Finnish: hapankaali, Hungarian: savanyúkáposzta, Latvian: skābēti kāposti, Macedonian: расол / кисела зелка, Polish: kapusta kiszona, Russian: кислая капуста, tr. kislaya kapusta, Serbo-Croatian: кисели купус / кисело зелје, kiseli kupus / kiselo zelje, Slovak: kyslá kapusta, Slovene: kislo zelje, Ukrainian: кисла капуста, kysla kapusta).
Answer: The Romans are believed to be the most likely origin of the German dish called sauerkraut.
Question: What percentage of the world is left-handed?
Answer: It's estimated about ten percent of the global populated are left-hand dominant.
Question: What does someone mean when they say “flip him the bird”?
Answer: The phrase refers to pointing a middle finger at someone in order to swear at them. This colloquial form of profanity was popularized by Robin Williams in the movie Good Morning Vietnam.
Question: I am an odd number and if you take away a letter, I become even. What number am I?
Answer: I am the number seven.
Question: Do you know any beautiful flower with purple petals and native to Scandinavia and central Europe?
Evidence: Campanula cervicaria, also known as the bristly bellflower, is a species of flowering plant in the bellflower family, Campanulaceae. Native to Scandinavia and central Europe, C. cervicaria has also become naturalised in parts of the U.S. state of Minnesota. Its natural habitat is woodland edges, hillside meadows, dry meadows and banks, and it also flourishes where soil has been disturbed, for example after slash-and-burn or forest clearance. The plant has a hairy stem, with light blue flowers about 1 to 2 centimetres (0.4 to 0.8 in) long and grouped together. This C. cervicaria flower was photographed in Keila, Estonia.
Answer: Yes, Campanula cervicaria, also known as the bristly bellflower, is a species of flowering plant in the bellflower family, Campanulaceae. It is Native to Scandinavia and central Europe, it has also become naturalised in parts of the U.S. state of Minnesota.
Question: Who are the top 5 basketball players of all time?
Answer: The top 5 basketball players of all time will differ in opinion, depending on who you are talking to and in what region. But, a common list includes Michael Jordan, Lebron James, Kobe Bryant, Kareem Abdul Jabbar and Magic Johnson. Other players that are often mentioned in the conversation are Larry Bird, Bill Russel and Julius Erving.
Question: Given this text about the Major League Baseball, where do Major League Baseball teams play spring training games and why.
Evidence: Spring training is a series of practices and exhibition games preceding the start of the regular season. Teams hold training camps in the states of Arizona and Florida, where the early warm weather allows teams to practice and play without worrying about the late winter cold. Spring training allows new players to compete for roster and position spots and gives existing team players practice time prior to competitive play. The teams that hold spring training in Arizona are grouped into the Cactus League, while teams that hold camp in Florida are known as the Grapefruit League. Spring training has always attracted fan attention, drawing crowds who travel to the warmer climates to enjoy the weather and watch their favorite teams play, and spring training usually coincides with spring break for many college students. Autograph seekers also find greater access to players during spring training.[citation needed]
Answer: Spring training games are played in the states of Arizona or Florida due to the warm weather, even early in the year.
Question: Can you explain the Keto diet and ketosis?
Answer: The keto diet, short for the ketogenic diet, focuses on high-fat and low-carbohydrate consumption in order to achieve a state of ketosis. Ketosis is a metabolic state in which fat stores in the liver produce ketones to use as energy instead of glucose from carbohydrates. The idea here is to force the body to burn fat for energy instead of carbs, which contributes to weight loss and other healthy effects such as enhanced blood sugar and energy levels. It is worth noting that this diet requires a lifestyle that is often difficult to maintain and breaking it can lead to adverse effects. Some professionals advocate for moderation, balance and regular exercise rather than attempting to maintain ketosis.
Question: What are some fun activities to do in Charlotte, NC?
Answer: Charlotte is the most-visited city in the state, attracting 28.3 million visitors in 2018. Fun area attractions include Carolina Panthers NFL football team and Charlotte Hornets basketball team, Carowinds amusement park, Charlotte Motor Speedway, U.S. National Whitewater Center, Discovery Place, Great Wolf Lodge, Sea Life Aquarium, Bechtler Museum of Modern Art, Billy Graham Library, Carolinas Aviation Museum, Harvey B. Gantt Center for African-American Arts + Culture, Levine Museum of the New South, McColl Center for Art + Innovation, Mint Museum, and the NASCAR Hall of Fame.
Question: What is electrical conduction?
Evidence: The movement of electric charge is known as an electric current, the intensity of which is usually measured in amperes. Current can consist of any moving charged particles; most commonly these are electrons, but any charge in motion constitutes a current. Electric current can flow through some things, electrical conductors, but will not flow through an electrical insulator.
By historical convention, a positive current is defined as having the same direction of flow as any positive charge it contains, or to flow from the most positive part of a circuit to the most negative part. Current defined in this manner is called conventional current. The motion of negatively charged electrons around an electric circuit, one of the most familiar forms of current, is thus deemed positive in the opposite direction to that of the electrons. However, depending on the conditions, an electric current can consist of a flow of charged particles in either direction, or even in both directions at once. The positive-to-negative convention is widely used to simplify this situation.
The process by which electric current passes through a material is termed electrical conduction, and its nature varies with that of the charged particles and the material through which they are travelling. Examples of electric currents include metallic conduction, where electrons flow through a conductor such as metal, and electrolysis, where ions (charged atoms) flow through liquids, or through plasmas such as electrical sparks. While the particles themselves can move quite slowly, sometimes with an average drift velocity only fractions of a millimetre per second, the electric field that drives them itself propagates at close to the speed of light, enabling electrical signals to pass rapidly along wires.
In engineering or household applications, current is often described as being either direct current (DC) or alternating current (AC). These terms refer to how the current varies in time. Direct current, as produced by example from a battery and required by most electronic devices, is a unidirectional flow from the positive part of a circuit to the negative.  If, as is most common, this flow is carried by electrons, they will be travelling in the opposite direction. Alternating current is any current that reverses direction repeatedly; almost always this takes the form of a sine wave. Alternating current thus pulses back and forth within a conductor without the charge moving any net distance over time. The time-averaged value of an alternating current is zero, but it delivers energy in first one direction, and then the reverse. Alternating current is affected by electrical properties that are not observed under steady state direct current, such as inductance and capacitance. These properties however can become important when circuitry is subjected to transients, such as when first energised.
Answer: The process by which electric current passes through a material is termed electrical conduction.
Question: What is Bar Method?
Answer: Bar Method is a type of exercise routine based on body weight strength movements and stretching. The entire one-hour class is performed at a Ballet Bar and individual instruction and corrections are provided by a certified Bar Method teacher. Most movements are based on physical therapy with a focus on maximizing muscular strength and minimal joint impact.
Question: Imagine you're planning a ski trip with your friends. What are some good areas to go skiing?
Answer: There are many skiing spots around the world with various levels of difficulty. Some of the most well-known ski areas in the world are in North America, including in Whistler, BC, Lake Tahoe, CA, Park City, UT, various resorts in Colorado, and Mont Tremblant, Quebec.
Question: Given a reference text about George Watson Buck, tell me where he went to Quaker School and where he got a job in 1807.
Evidence: George Watson Buck (1789–1854) was the engineer of the Montgomeryshire Canal in the early 19th century, and was responsible for the unique lock paddle design.

He was later resident engineer during the building of the London and Birmingham Railway, and also designed Stockport Viaduct and the Dane Valley Viaduct on the Manchester and Birmingham Railway.

Early life
Buck was born on 1 April 1789 at Stoke Holy Cross, near Norwich. His parents were Quakers and sent him, with his two brothers, to the Quaker School at Ackworth, West Yorkshire. With his schooling completed, his father placed him with a wholesaler at Tower Hill, London, as he wanted him to be involved in trade, but the position did not suit Buck, and so he looked for something else. Around 1807, the East London Waterworks Company were building Old Ford pumping station, which had been designed by Ralph Walker, and Buck managed to secure a job there. When the job was finished, Walker moved on to Farlington, to work on a water supply scheme for Portsmouth and Gosport. The scheme had been authorised by an Act of Parliament in 1809, and Buck went to work as resident engineer, reporting to Walker. The scheme suffered from an intermittent water supply, as did a competing scheme engineered by William Nicholson.
Answer: George Watson Buck went to Quaker School at Ackworth, West Yorkshire and got a job at the East London Waterworks Company in 1807.
Question: Name five NHL teams in the Western Conference.
Answer: Five NHL teams in the Western Conference are the Dallas Stars, Minnesota Wild, Edmonton Oilers, Seattle Kraken, and Colorado Avalanche.
Question: What are some common types of snake plants?
Answer: Snake plants come in many varieties. Some common varieties include the bird's nest snake plant, cylinder snake plant, laurentii sansevieria, twisted sister, white snake plant, rhino grass, and sansevieria desertii.
Question: Give me the list of fictional dogs in prose and poetry
Answer: Fictional dogs in prose and poetry:

- Buck, in Jack London's The Call of the Wild
- Bull's-eye, Bill Sikes' dog in Oliver Twist by Charles Dickens
- Ripper, Marjorie Dursley's pet dog in J.K Rowling's Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban
- Jip (short for Gypsy), Dora Spenlow's spaniel in Charles Dickens' David Copperfield
- Jip, resident in the household of Hugh Lofting's Dr. Dolittle
- Baleia, the dog-companion that follows a poor family throughout the hardships of the 1915-drought in Brazil in Vidas secas, by Graciliano Ramos
- Quincas Borba, the dog whose name is the same as his human's in Machado de Assis' Quincas Borba
- Tentação, the dog in the homonymous short-story by Clarice Lispector
- Pingo de Ouro, Miguilim's companion in the novella Campo Geral, by João Guimarães Rosa
- Biruta, the dog in the homonymous short-story by Lygia Fagundes Telles
- Bruno Lichtenstein, the dog in the homonymous short-story by Rubem Braga
- Toto, Dorothy's dog in The Wizard of Oz, by L. Frank Baum
- Sharik, the astray dog who undergoes a transformation surgery in Heart of a Dog, by Mikhail Bulgakov
- Mr. Bones, the companion dog in Timbuktu, by Paul Auster
- Randolph, a Labrador retriever and the narrator of A Dog About Town, by JF Englert
Question: What is a NBA super team?
Answer: NBA superteam is a term coined in the past decade that involves various all stars deciding to team up to play for a particular organization. The super team only works if the organization has enough money to pay everyone - so often super stars will take a pay cut to play with fellow super stars. Some recent super teams, regardless of success, include Nets (Harden, Durant, Kyrie, even Simmons), Warriors (Durant, Curry, Green, Thompson), Heat (Bosh, Wade, Lebron).
Question: Was CamemBERT compared against multilingual BERT on these tasks?
Evidence: To demonstrate the value of building a dedicated version of BERT for French, we first compare CamemBERT to the multilingual cased version of BERT (designated as mBERT). We then compare our models to UDify BIBREF36. UDify is a multitask and multilingual model based on mBERT that is near state-of-the-art on all UD languages including French for both POS tagging and dependency parsing.
To demonstrate the value of building a dedicated version of BERT for French, we first compare CamemBERT to the multilingual cased version of BERT (designated as mBERT).
Answer: Yes.
Question: Based on the information below, when might people have started baking bread?
Evidence: Agriculture encompasses crop and livestock production, aquaculture, fisheries and forestry for food and non-food products. Agriculture was the key development in the rise of sedentary human civilization, whereby farming of domesticated species created food surpluses that enabled people to live in cities. While humans started gathering grains at least 105,000 years ago, nascent farmers only began planting them around 11,500 years ago. Sheep, goats, pigs and cattle were domesticated around 10,000 years ago. Plants were independently cultivated in at least 11 regions of the world. In the twentieth century, industrial agriculture based on large-scale monocultures came to dominate agricultural output.
Answer: Bread typically requires grains as an ingredient, so it’s feasible that humans could make bread when they started gathering grains 105,000 years ago. However, it may be more likely that they began baking bread around the time they began intentionally planting grains 11,500 years ago.
Question: Given this text about the nutrition profile of peanut butter, what vitamins is peanut butter rich in?
Evidence: In a 100 gram amount, smooth peanut butter supplies 597 Calories and is composed of 51% fat, 22% protein, 22% carbohydrates (including 5% dietary fiber), and 1% water (table). Both crunchy and smooth peanut butter are sources of saturated and monounsaturated fats (mainly oleic acid) as 25% of total serving amount, and polyunsaturated fat (12% of total), primarily as linoleic acid).

Peanut butter is a rich source (20% or more of the Daily Value, DV) of dietary fiber, vitamin E, pantothenic acid, folate, niacin, and vitamin B6 (table, USDA FoodData Central). Also high in content are the dietary minerals manganese, magnesium, phosphorus, zinc, copper, and sodium (added as salt during manufacturing). Peanut butter is a moderate source (10–19% DV) of thiamin, riboflavin, iron, and potassium (table).
Answer: Vitamins that peanut butter is rich in include vitamin E, pantothenic acid, folate, niacin, and vitamin B6.
Question: What type of model are the ELMo representations used in?
Evidence: The usage of a purely character-based input would allow us to directly recover and model these features. Consequently, our architecture is based on Embeddings from Language Model or ELMo BIBREF10 . The ELMo layer allows to recover a rich 1,024-dimensional dense vector for each word. Using CNNs, each vector is built upon the characters that compose the underlying words. As ELMo also contains a deep bi-directional LSTM on top of this character-derived vectors, each word-level embedding contains contextual information from their surroundings. Concretely, we use a pre-trained ELMo model, obtained using the 1 Billion Word Benchmark which contains about 800M tokens of news crawl data from WMT 2011 BIBREF24 .
Subsequently, the contextualized embeddings are passed on to a BiLSTM with 2,048 hidden units. We aggregate the LSTM hidden states using max-pooling, which in our preliminary experiments offered us better results, and feed the resulting vector to a 2-layer feed-forward network, where each layer has 512 units. The output of this is then fed to the final layer of the model, which performs the binary classification.
Consequently, our architecture is based on Embeddings from Language Model or ELMo BIBREF10
Concretely, we use a pre-trained ELMo model, obtained using the 1 Billion Word Benchmark which contains about 800M tokens of news crawl data from WMT 2011 BIBREF24 .
Subsequently, the contextualized embeddings are passed on to a BiLSTM with 2,048 hidden units. We aggregate the LSTM hidden states using max-pooling, which in our preliminary experiments offered us better results, and feed the resulting vector to a 2-layer feed-forward network, where each layer has 512 units. The output of this is then fed to the final layer of the model, which performs the binary classification.
Answer: A bi-LSTM with max-pooling on top of it