DataHammer/scimrc huggingface dataset:
Question: Compared to other types of word embedding models, does the utilization of ELMo for different NLP tasks result in improved performance?
Evidence: Over the few past years, the emergence of deep neural networks has fundamentally changed the design of entity detection systems. Consequently, recurrent neural networks (RNN) have found popularity in the field since they are able to learn long term dependencies of sequential data. The recent success of neural network based architectures principally comes from its deep structure. Training a deep neural network, however, is a difficult problem due to vanishing or exploding gradients. In order to solve this, LSTMs were proposed. An LSTM is an internal memory cell controlled by forget gate and input gate networks. A forget gate in an LSTM layer which determines how much prior memory should be passed into the next time increment. Similarly, an input gate scales new input to memory cells. Depending on the states of both gates, LSTM is able to capture long-term or short-term dependencies for sequential data. This is an ideal property for many NLP tasks.
It has been shown that the utilization of ELMo for different NLP tasks result in improved performance compared to other types of word embedding models such as Word2Vec (Mikolov et al., 2013), GloVe (Ma et al., 2013), and fast Text (Wang et al., 2013).
Answer: Yes.
Question: Why did my portable solar panel not work when I plugged it into the solar receptor on the side of my camper van?
Answer: Solar is a lot more complicated than just a panel and a battery. Even if you have a system that is pre-wired for solar panels, there is no guarantee it will work right away. This can lead to much frustration and the need to learn more about electrical systems than one may wish. First, a solar controller is needed for all solar-powered systems. Solar controllers regulate the incoming energy, and limit the amount of watts a system can support. Many solar panels come with a solar controller built in, but if you have a system pre-wired with existing solar panels that you are trying to add to there is likely already a solar controller. Adding an additional controller will prevent the new panel from working. If one does not know about solar controllers it can be very difficult to figure out, and may lead to angry overnight Amazon shipments of multimeters to determine what is breaking. However, multiple solar controllers is not the only potential problem. Different solar panel manufacturers have different cord types and connector types, and even within a type of connector there is the idea of “polarity” - the direction a connector needs to be plugged in. This can also lead to internet research, frustration, and more overnight Amazon orders of polarity switching adaptors. If one is especially unlucky it will rain all day once all parts finally arrive, delaying testing of the system.
Question: What is the typical lifespan of a dog?
Evidence: The typical lifespan of dogs varies widely among breeds, but for most, the median longevity (the age at which half the dogs in a population have died and half are still alive) ranges from 10 to 13 years. The median longevity of mixed-breed dogs, taken as an average of all sizes, is one or more years longer than that of purebred dogs when all breeds are averaged. For dogs in England, increased body weight has been found to be negatively correlated with longevity (i.e., the heavier the dog, the shorter its lifespan), and mixed-breed dogs live on average 1.2 years longer than purebred dogs.
Answer: The median lifespan of most dogs is between 10 and 13 years. It varies depending on the breed of the dog.
Question: Summarize the Challenger Sales Methodology for me
Answer: The Challenger Sales Methodology is a highly popular research backed, insight based approach to selling. It was codified during a research study following the economic crash of 2008 where a group of sellers were outperforming their peers and the research team at CEB wanted to understand why. They conducted the largest research study of its kind across 25,000 sales people and found the most successful sellers leverage (5) core skills;
1. Teaching customers about their business
2. Tailoring the message to the company, industry, role and individual
3. Taking control of the sales conversation
4. Leveraging constructive tension in the sales conversation
5. Leveraging Customer Mobilizers to sell on their behalf. 
Most sales approaches tend to focus on the features benefits and positive outcomes of the supplier product/solution. The Challenger approach is based upon leading the customer to the solution vs. leading with the solution.
Question: Given a reference text about No Longer at Ease, tell me the name of the book that precedes it in the trilogy.
Evidence: No Longer at Ease is a 1960 novel by Nigerian author Chinua Achebe. It is the story of an Igbo man, Obi Okonkwo, who leaves his village for an education in Britain and then a job in the Nigerian colonial civil service, but is conflicted between his African culture and Western lifestyle and ends up taking a bribe. The novel is the second work in what is sometimes referred to as the "African trilogy", following Things Fall Apart and preceding Arrow of God, though Arrow of God chronologically precedes it in the chronology of the trilogy. Things Fall Apart concerns the struggle of Obi Okonkwo's grandfather Okonkwo against the changes brought by the British.
Answer: The book that precedes "No Longer at Ease" in the African trilogy is "Things Fall Apart".
Question: Classify which teams are in the NHL or NBA: Detroit Red Wings, Detroit Pistons, Milwaukee Bucks, Cleveland Cavaliers, Columbus Blue Jackets, Chicago Bulls, Chicago Blackhawks
Answer: The Detroit Red Wings, Columbus Blue Jackets, and Chicago Blackhawks are NHL teams. The Detroit Pistons, Milwaukee Bucks, Cleveland Cavaliers, and Chicago Bulls are NBA teams.
Question: My air conditioner quit working how do I fix it?
Answer: If your air conditioner quit working you may find it to be extremely hot in the building or house you are in.  If you are in a building you will want to contact building management first and let them know about the problem and then you will want to remove yourself from the area that is very hot to prevent heat exhaustion.  If you are in a house you will want to call a service technician to get your air conditioner fixed.  It may be quite costly to get it fixed depending on the problem, and you might want to consider a home warranty in order to keep your costs down if you don't already have one.  Next you will want to stay with a friend or family member in their house if its too hot in your house to stay there.
Question: What is the best way to catch fish from pond
Answer: Use net, this will give you most area to cover the fish
Question: What dataset did they use?
Evidence: Our training data consists of 2.09M sentence pairs extracted from LDC corpus. Table 1 shows the detailed statistics of our training data. To test different approaches on Chinese-to-English translation task, we use NIST 2003(MT03) dataset as the validation set, and NIST 2004(MT04), NIST 2005(MT05), NIST 2006(MT06) datasets as our test sets. For English-to-Chinese translation task, we also use NIST 2003(MT03) dataset as the validation set, and NIST 2008(MT08) will be used as test set.
Our training data consists of 2.09M sentence pairs extracted from LDC corpus.
To test different approaches on Chinese-to-English translation task, we use NIST 2003(MT03) dataset as the validation set, and NIST 2004(MT04), NIST 2005(MT05), NIST 2006(MT06) datasets as our test sets. For English-to-Chinese translation task, we also use NIST 2003(MT03) dataset as the validation set, and NIST 2008(MT08) will be used as test set.
Answer: The answers are shown as follows:
* LDC corpus
* NIST 2003(MT03)
* NIST 2004(MT04), NIST 2005(MT05), NIST 2006(MT06)
* NIST 2008(MT08)
Question: What is the largest city in the United Kingdom?
Evidence: London is the capital and largest city of England and the United Kingdom, with a population of just under 9 million. It stands on the River Thames in south-east England at the head of a 50-mile (80 km) estuary down to the North Sea, and has been a major settlement for two millennia. The City of London, its ancient core and financial centre, was founded by the Romans as Londinium and retains its medieval boundaries.[note 1] The City of Westminster, to the west of the City of London, has for centuries hosted the national government and parliament. Since the 19th century, the name "London" has also referred to the metropolis around this core, historically split between the counties of Middlesex, Essex, Surrey, Kent, and Hertfordshire, which since 1965 has largely comprised Greater London, which is governed by 33 local authorities and the Greater London Authority.[note 2]
Answer: London is the largest and capital city of the United Kingdom.
Question: Extract the current points scoring table for current Formula 1's grand prixs in the form of [Place of Finish- Points Scored]
Evidence: Points system
Main article: List of Formula One World Championship points scoring systems
1st	2nd	3rd	4th	5th	6th	7th	8th	9th	10th	FL*
25	18	15	12	10	8	6	4	2	1	1
*A driver must finish within the top ten to receive a point for setting the fastest lap of the race. If the driver who set the fastest lap finishes outside of the top ten, then the point for fastest lap will not be awarded for that race.


The Formula One trophy given to the winner at the end of the year.
Various systems for awarding championship points have been used since 1950. The current system, in place since 2010, awards the top ten cars points in the Drivers' and Constructors' Championships, with the winner receiving 25 points. All points won at each race are added up, and the driver and constructor with the most points at the end of the season are crowned World Champions. Regardless of whether a driver stays with the same team throughout the season, or switches teams, all points earned by them count for the Drivers' Championship.

A driver must be classified in order to receive points, as of 2022, a driver must complete at least 90% of the race distance in order to receive points. Therefore, it is possible for a driver to receive points even if they retired before the end of the race.

From some time between the 1977 and 1980 seasons to the end of the 2021 season if less than 75% of the race laps were completed by the winner, then only half of the points listed in the table were awarded to the drivers and constructors. This has happened on only five occasions in the history of the championship, and it had a notable influence on the final standing of the 1984 season. The last occurrence was at the 2021 Belgian Grand Prix when the race was called off after just three laps behind a safety car due to torrential rain. The half points rule was replaced by a distance-dependent gradual scale system for 2022.
Answer: [1st Place- 25 pts], [2nd place- 20 pts], [3rd place- 15 pts], [4th place- 12 pts], [5th place- 10 pts], [6th place- 8 pts], [7th place- 6 pts], [8th place- 4 pts], [9th place- 2 pts], [10th place- 1 pt]
Question: How many homologous pairs do humans have and what is the exception?
Answer: Humans has 22 homologous pairs besides the 23 pairs which can be different.  The 23rd paird codes for gender and does not need to match.  The 21st pair is the pair that sometimes has a third which causes down syndrome.
Question: What method does the author introduce in this paper?
Evidence: Machine translation has made remarkable progress, and studies claiming it to reach a human parity are starting to appear BIBREF0. However, when evaluating translations of the whole documents rather than isolated sentences, human raters show a stronger preference for human over machine translation BIBREF1. These findings emphasize the need to shift towards context-aware machine translation both from modeling and evaluation perspective.
Most previous work on context-aware NMT assumed that either all the bilingual data is available at the document level BIBREF2, BIBREF3, BIBREF4, BIBREF5, BIBREF6, BIBREF7, BIBREF8, BIBREF9, BIBREF10 or at least its fraction BIBREF11. But in practical scenarios, document-level parallel data is often scarce, which is one of the challenges when building a context-aware system.
We introduce an approach to context-aware machine translation using only monolingual document-level data. In our setting, a separate monolingual sequence-to-sequence model (DocRepair) is used to correct sentence-level translations of adjacent sentences. The key idea is to use monolingual data to imitate typical inconsistencies between context-agnostic translations of isolated sentences. The DocRepair model is trained to map inconsistent groups of sentences into consistent ones. The consistent groups come from the original training data; the inconsistent groups are obtained by sampling round-trip translations for each isolated sentence.
To validate the performance of our model, we use three kinds of evaluation: the BLEU score, contrastive evaluation of translation of several discourse phenomena BIBREF11, and human evaluation. We show strong improvements for all metrics.
We analyze which discourse phenomena are hard to capture using monolingual data only. Using contrastive test sets for targeted evaluation of several contextual phenomena, we compare the performance of the models trained on round-trip translations and genuine document-level parallel data. Among the four phenomena in the test sets we use (deixis, lexical cohesion, VP ellipsis and ellipsis which affects NP inflection) we find VP ellipsis to be the hardest phenomenon to be captured using round-trip translations.
Our key contributions are as follows:
we introduce the first approach to context-aware machine translation using only monolingual document-level data;
our approach shows substantial improvements in translation quality as measured by BLEU, targeted contrastive evaluation of several discourse phenomena and human evaluation;
we show which discourse phenomena are hard to capture using monolingual data only.
We introduce an approach to context-aware machine translation using only monolingual document-level data.
Answer: The author introduces an approach to context-aware machine translation using only monolingual document-level data.
Question: Ideas on how to cure my dog's red paws.
Answer: Rest your dog.
Inspect your dog's paws for injuries.
Treat your dog's paws with an antibiotic solution or anti-fungal solution.
Consider your dog's diet and potential food allergies.
Inspect your dog's regular physical environment for possible sources of allergy or injury.
Have your dog's paws inspected by a veterinarian.
Consider using a device to prevent your dog from licking it's paws until the condition subsides.
Question: How do you like your ski trip to Whistler Blackcomb?
Answer: It has been great. I really enjoyed it.  It took about 4 hours to drive from Seattle to Whistler. It was a big ski town. The Whistler Blackcomb ski resort contains two big mountains. Blackcomb mountain and Whistler mountain.  Each provides plenty of trails that can fit one's level. I personally rely enjoyed a run at Blackcomb. It started from 7th Heaven lift. I went from Cloud Nine, to Sunset Blvd, to Lower Gear Jammer. It's a 5.5 miles run. Really enjoyable! Highly recommended.
Question: What models in psychology try to categorize and point to basic human emotions?
Evidence: There have been many advances in machine learning methods which help machines understand human behavior better than ever. One of the most important aspects of human behavior is emotion. If machines could detect human emotional expressions, it could be used to improve on verity of applications such as marketing BIBREF0 , human-computer interactions BIBREF1 , political science BIBREF2 etc.
Emotion in humans is complex and hard to distinguish. There have been many emotional models in psychology which tried to classify and point out basic human emotions such as Ekman's 6 basic emotions BIBREF3 , Plutchik's wheel of emotions BIBREF4 , or Parrott's three-level categorization of emotions BIBREF5 . These varieties show that emotions are hard to define, distinguish, and categorize even for human experts.
By adding the complexity of language and the fact that emotion expressions are very complex and context dependant BIBREF6 , BIBREF7 , BIBREF8 , we can see why detecting emotions in textual data is a challenging task. This difficulty can be seen when human annotators try to assign emotional labels to the text, but using various techniques the annotation task can be accomplished with desirable agreement among the annotators BIBREF9 .
There have been many emotional models in psychology which tried to classify and point out basic human emotions such as Ekman’s 6 basic emotions, Plutchik’s wheel of emotions, or Parrott’s three-level categorization of emotions.
Answer: There have been many emotional models in psychology which tried to classify and point out basic human emotions such as Ekman’s 6 basic emotions, Plutchik’s wheel of emotions, or Parrott’s three-level categorization of emotions.
Question: Are penguins native to Alaska?
Answer: Penguins are not native to Alaska; they are only found near the South Pole.
Question: What is Magical Thinking?
Evidence: Magical thinking, or superstitious thinking, is the belief that unrelated events are causally connected despite the absence of any plausible causal link between them, particularly as a result of supernatural effects. Examples include the idea that personal thoughts can influence the external world without acting on them, or that objects must be causally connected if they resemble each other or have come into contact with each other in the past. Magical thinking is a type of fallacious thinking and is a common sour
Answer: Magical thinking is the belief that unrelated events are causally connected despite the absence of any plausible causal link between them.
Question: Classify these colors into primary or not primary: red, blue, green, orange, yellow, white, blue, pink, black, white, brown.
Answer: Red, blue and yellow are primary colors. Green, orange, white, blue, pink, black, white and brown are not primary colors.
Question: Why do people drink coffee?
Answer: Coffee contains caffeine which is a stimulant.  It increases wakefulness and alertness.  Too much coffee can cause hyperactivity.
Question: Explain me the characteristics of the Monalisa that make it a masterpiece
Evidence: Considered an archetypal masterpiece of the Italian Renaissance, it has been described as "the best known, the most visited, the most written about, the most sung about, the most parodied work of art in the world". The painting's novel qualities include the subject's enigmatic expression, monumentality of the composition, the subtle modelling of forms, and the atmospheric illusionism.

The painting has been definitively identified to depict Italian noblewoman Lisa del Giocondo. It is painted in oil on a white Lombardy poplar panel. Leonardo never gave the painting to the Giocondo family, and it is believed he later left it in his will to his favored apprentice Salaì. It was believed to have been painted between 1503 and 1506; however, Leonardo may have continued working on it as late as 1517. It was acquired by King Francis I of France and is now the property of the French Republic. It has been on permanent display at the Louvre in Paris since 1797.

The painting's global fame and popularity stem from its 1911 theft by Vincenzo Peruggia, who attributed his actions to Italian patriotism—a belief it should belong to Italy. The theft and subsequent recovery in 1914 generated unprecedented publicity for an art theft, and led to the publication of many cultural depictions such as the 1915 opera Mona Lisa, two early 1930s films (The Theft of the Mona Lisa and Arsène Lupin) and the song Mona Lisa recorded by Nat King Cole—one of the most successful songs of the 1950s.

The Mona Lisa is one of the most valuable paintings in the world. It holds the Guinness World Record for the highest-known painting insurance valuation in history at US$100 million in 1962 equivalent to $1 billion as of 2023.
Answer: The enigmatic expression of the subject, the monumentality of the composition, the subtle modelling of forms, and the atmospheric illusionism made the Mona Lisa one of the most valuable paintings in the world.
Question: Did they crowdsource the annotations?
Evidence: To collect article-level labels, we utilized a platform in the company that has been used by the market research team to collect surveys from the subscribers of different news publishers. The survey works as follows: The user is first presented with a set of selected pages (usually 4 pages and around 20 articles) from the print paper the day before. The user can select an article each time that he or she has read, and answer some questions about it. We added 3 questions to the existing survey that asked the level of partisanship, the polarity of partisanship, and which pro- or anti- entities the article presents. We also asked the political standpoint of the user. The complete survey can be found in Appendices.
To collect article-level labels, we utilized a platform in the company that has been used by the market research team to collect surveys from the subscribers of different news publishers. The survey works as follows: The user is first presented with a set of selected pages (usually 4 pages and around 20 articles) from the print paper the day before. The user can select an article each time that he or she has read, and answer some questions about it. We added 3 questions to the existing survey that asked the level of partisanship, the polarity of partisanship, and which pro- or anti- entities the article presents. We also asked the political standpoint of the user. The complete survey can be found in Appendices.
Answer: Yes.
Question: Tell me which of these are brands of soap: Dove, Colgate, Palmolive, Ivory, Pearl Milling Co, Sofsoap, Dawn, Ethan
Answer: Dove, Palmolive, Ivory, Sofsoap, Dawn
Question: What are three ways to build a pillow fort?
Answer: You could use chairs or sofas in the room as stands, draping large sheets across them to form a canopy and walls. Alternatively, you could stick the corners of the sheets to a corner of the room so the walls are pre-built in, allowing for as tall a canopy as you want, but having a less cozy feel overall. As another option, you could use other large items besides blankets and sheets such as large umbrellas, decorating the space with lots of pillows and stuffed animals to cover any item that isn't already soft or fluffy.
Question: Why do humans like dogs?
Answer: Humans like dogs because they make us feel good. When a human pets a dog, oxytocin levels rise in both species, which make both feel emotionally closer. These feelings of closeness make us want to pet them more – and the dog wanting to be petted more – increasing feelings of closeness and connectedness while engaging in this biological and emotional feedback loop.