DataHammer/scimrc huggingface dataset:
Question: Why is the hierarchical encoder proposed rely on two modules?
Evidence: As outlined in Section SECREF2, most previous work BIBREF28, BIBREF12, BIBREF13, BIBREF10, BIBREF29 make use of flat encoders that do not exploit the data structure. To keep the semantics of each element from the data-structure, we propose a hierarchical encoder which relies on two modules. The first one (module A in Figure FIGREF11) is called low-level encoder and encodes entities on the basis of their records; the second one (module B), called high-level encoder, encodes the data-structure on the basis of its underlying entities. In the low-level encoder, the traditional embedding layer is replaced by a record embedding layer as in BIBREF11, BIBREF12, BIBREF10. We present in what follows the record embedding layer and introduce our two hierarchical modules.
The first layer of the network consists in learning two embedding matrices to embed the record keys and values. Keys $k_{i,j}$ are embedded to $\mathbf {k}_{i,j} \in \mathbb {R}^{d}$ and values $v_{i,j}$ to $\mathbf {v}_{i,j} \in \mathbb {R}^{d}$, with $d$ the size of the embedding. As in previous work BIBREF11, BIBREF12, BIBREF10, each record embedding $\mathbf {r}_{i,j}$ is computed by a linear projection on the concatenation $[\mathbf {k}_{i,j}$; $\mathbf {v}_{i,j}]$ followed by a non linearity:
where $\mathbf {W}_r \in \mathbb {R}^{2d \times d}$ and $\mathbf {b}_r \in \mathbb {R}^{d}$ are learnt parameters.
The low-level encoder aims at encoding a collection of records belonging to the same entity while the high-level encoder encodes the whole set of entities. Both the low-level and high-level encoders consider their input elements as unordered. We use the Transformer architecture from BIBREF21. For each encoder, we have the following peculiarities:

the Low-level encoder encodes each entity $e_i$ on the basis of its record embeddings $\mathbf {r}_{i,j}$. Each record embedding $\mathbf {r}_{i,j}$ is compared to other record embeddings to learn its final hidden representation $\mathbf {h}_{i,j}$. Furthermore, we add a special record [ENT] for each entity, illustrated in Figure FIGREF11 as the last record. Since entities might have a variable number of records, this token allows to aggregate final hidden record representations $\lbrace \mathbf {h}_{i,j}\rbrace _{j=1}^{J_i}$ in a fixed-sized representation vector $\mathbf {h}_{i}$.
the High-level encoder encodes the data-structure on the basis of its entity representation $\mathbf {h}_{i}$. Similarly to the Low-level encoder, the final hidden state $\mathbf {e_i}$ of an entity is computed by comparing entity representation $\mathbf {h}_{i}$ with each others. The data-structure representation $\mathbf {z}$ is computed as the mean of these entity representations, and is used for the decoder initialization.
To keep the semantics of each element from the data-structure, we propose a hierarchical encoder which relies on two modules.
Answer: To keep the semantics of each element from the data-structure.
Question: Given this paragraph about Pharaohs, when the title used to address the kings of egypt
Evidence: The title "Pharaoh" is used for those rulers of Ancient Egypt who ruled after the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt by Narmer during the Early Dynastic Period, approximately 3100 BC. However, the specific title was not used to address the kings of Egypt by their contemporaries until the New Kingdom's 18th Dynasty, c. 1400 BC. Along with the title Pharaoh for later rulers, there was an Ancient Egyptian royal titulary used by Egyptian kings which remained relatively constant during the course of Ancient Egyptian history, initially featuring a Horus name, a Sedge and Bee (nswt-bjtj) name and a Two Ladies (nbtj) name, with the additional Golden Horus, nomen and prenomen titles being added successively during later dynasties.
Answer: 1400 BC
Question: From the passage provided, extract the major cities in Telangana. Separate them with a comma.
Evidence: Telangana (/ˌtɛlənˈɡɑːnə/ (listen); Telugu: [ˈtelaŋɡaːɳa], Urdu: [ˈtɪləŋɡɑːna] (listen)) is a state in India situated on the south-central stretch of the Indian peninsula on the high Deccan Plateau. It is the eleventh-largest state and the twelfth-most populated state in India with a geographical area of 112,077 km2 (43,273 sq mi) and 35,193,978 residents as per 2011 census. On 2 June 2014, the area was separated from the northwestern part of Andhra Pradesh as the newly formed state of Telangana, with Hyderabad as its capital. Its other major cities include Warangal, Nizamabad, Khammam, Karimnagar and Ramagundam. Telangana is bordered by the states of Maharashtra to the north, Chhattisgarh to the northeast, Karnataka to the west, and Andhra Pradesh to the east and south. The terrain of Telangana consists mostly of the Deccan Plateau with dense forests covering an area of 27,292 km2 (10,538 sq mi). As of 2019, the state of Telangana is divided into 33 districts.
Answer: Hyderabad, Warangal, Nizamabad, Khammam, Karimnagar, Ramagundam
Question: Write a paragraph on why visit and stay at Marysville in Victoria Australia.
Answer: Maryville is located 120km from Melbourne. Nestled just past the Victorian Yarra Valley, Marysville offers a range of activities for the outdoor enthusiast.  Mountain Biking, Bush Walking and during winter Marysville's Lake Mountain is the closest snow resort to the Melbourne CBD. Marysville has some fantastic accommodation options from Caravan Parks all the way to high-end houses for multiple families to enjoy time together. A magnificent location to get away and feel connected with nature. Marysville also has some amazing places to enjoy a meal.  From the Duck Inn Pub to the various other eatery options Marysville caters for all tastes and budgets.
Question: What are the strongest mobs in the online game called Minecraft?
Answer: The strongest Minecraft mobs are Wither, Ender Dragon, and Warden.
Question: How was the dataset annotated?
Evidence: To make the annotated data publicly available, we selected 70 news articles from Arabic WikiNews site https://ar.wikinews.org/wiki. These articles cover recent news from year 2013 to year 2015 in multiple genres (politics, economics, health, science and technology, sports, arts, and culture.) Articles contain 18,300 words, and they are evenly distributed among these 7 genres with 10 articles per each.
Word are white-space and punctuation separated, and some spelling errors are corrected (1.33% of the total words) to have very clean test cases. Lemmatization is done by an expert Arabic linguist where spelling corrections are marked, and lemmas are provided with full diacritization as shown in Figure FIGREF2 .
To make the annotated data publicly available, we selected 70 news articles from Arabic WikiNews site https://ar.wikinews.org/wiki. These articles cover recent news from year 2013 to year 2015 in multiple genres (politics, economics, health, science and technology, sports, arts, and culture.) Articles contain 18,300 words, and they are evenly distributed among these 7 genres with 10 articles per each.

Word are white-space and punctuation separated, and some spelling errors are corrected (1.33% of the total words) to have very clean test cases. Lemmatization is done by an expert Arabic linguist where spelling corrections are marked, and lemmas are provided with full diacritization as shown in Figure FIGREF2 .
Answer: The answers are shown as follows:
* Lemmatization is done by an expert Arabic linguist where spelling corrections are marked, and lemmas are provided with full diacritization
Question: What are three popular women's fashion rental services?
Answer: Rent the Runway, Nuuly, and FashionPass
Question: Extract the list of European Union member countries
Evidence: The European Union (EU) is a political and economic union of 27 member states that are signatories to the founding treaties of the union and thereby share in the privileges and obligations of membership. They have agreed by the treaties to share their own sovereignty through the institutions of the European Union in some, but not all, aspects of government. State governments must agree unanimously in the Council for the union to adopt some policies; for others, collective decisions are made by qualified majority voting. These obligations and sharing of sovereignty within the EU (sometimes referred to as supranational) make it unique among international organisations, as it has established its own legal order which by the provisions of the founding treaties is both legally binding and supreme on all the member states (after a landmark ruling of the ECJ in 1964). A founding principle of the union is the principle of subsidiarity, meaning that decisions are taken collectively if and only if they cannot realistically be taken individually.

Another notable and unique feature of membership are the commissioners of the European Commission, who are appointed by each of the governments of the member states but do not represent their member state but instead work collectively in the interests of all the member states.

In the 1950s, six core states founded the EU's predecessor European Communities (Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, and West Germany). The remaining states have acceded in subsequent enlargements. To accede, a state must fulfil the economic and political requirements known as the Copenhagen criteria, which require a candidate to have a democratic government and free-market economy together with the corresponding freedoms and institutions, and respect for the rule of law. Enlargement of the Union is also contingent upon the consent of all existing members and the candidate's adoption of the existing body of EU law, known as the acquis communautaire.

The United Kingdom, which had acceded to the EU's predecessor in 1973, ceased to be an EU member state on 31 January 2020. No other member state has withdrawn from the EU and none has been suspended, although some dependent territories or semi-autonomous areas have left.
Answer: Formed in 1950s with six core states (Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, and West Germany) the European Union now has 27 members which are:
Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Republic of Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain and Sweden
Question: What hypothesis supports the fact that fixation duration normalized over total word count should usually be higher for a sarcastic text than for a non-sarcastic one?
Evidence: Since sarcasm in text can be expected to induce cognitive load, it is reasonable to believe that it would require more processing time BIBREF14 . Hence, fixation duration normalized over total word count should usually be higher for a sarcastic text than for a non-sarcastic one. We observe this for all participants in our dataset, with the average fixation duration per word for sarcastic texts being at least 1.5 times more than that of non-sarcastic texts. To test the statistical significance, we conduct a two-tailed t-test (assuming unequal variance) to compare the average fixation duration per word for sarcastic and non-sarcastic texts. The hypothesized mean difference is set to 0 and the error tolerance limit ( INLINEFORM0 ) is set to 0.05. The t-test analysis, presented in Table TABREF11 , shows that for all participants, a statistically significant difference exists between the average fixation duration per word for sarcasm (higher average fixation duration) and non-sarcasm (lower average fixation duration). This affirms that the presence of sarcasm affects the duration of fixation on words.
It is important to note that longer fixations may also be caused by other linguistic subtleties (such as difficult words, ambiguity and syntactically complex structures) causing delay in comprehension, or occulomotor control problems forcing readers to spend time adjusting eye-muscles. So, an elevated average fixation duration per word may not sufficiently indicate the presence of sarcasm. But we would also like to share that, for our dataset, when we considered readability (Flesch readability ease-score BIBREF15 ), number of words in a sentence and average character per word along with the sarcasm label as the predictors of average fixation duration following a linear mixed effect model BIBREF16 , sarcasm label turned out to be the most significant predictor with a maximum slope. This indicates that average fixation duration per word has a strong connection with the text being sarcastic, at least in our dataset.
We now analyze scanpaths to gain more insights into the sarcasm comprehension process.
Since sarcasm in text can be expected to induce cognitive load, it is reasonable to believe that it would require more processing time (Ivanko and Pexman, 2003). Hence, fixation duration normalized over total word count should usually be higher for a sarcastic text than for a non-sarcastic one.
Answer: Since sarcasm in text can be expected to induce cognitive load, it is reasonable to believe that it would require more processing time.
Question: Classify each of these objects as having color that is red or blue: tomato, sky, ice, fire, cherries.
Answer: Tomatoes and cherries are red. The sky is blue. The color of ice is much closer to blue than red. Fire can be red or blue but under most circumstances would be closer to red.
Question: List all the places and countries mentioned in the paragraph in the format [Place] separated by comma.
Evidence: Niagara was a federal electoral district in the Canadian province of Ontario, which was represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1867 to 1883. It is sometimes also considered one of Ontario's historic counties, as it was listed in some post-Confederation census records as a county of residence. Niagara consisted of the Lincoln County townships of Niagara and Grantham, including the towns of Niagara-on-the-Lake and St. Catharines. The electoral district was abolished in 1882 when it was merged into Lincoln and Niagara riding.
Answer: [Niagara],[Ontario],[Canada],[Lincoln County],[Grantham],[Niagara-on-the-Lake],[St. Catharines]
Question: Give me a list of popular tourist attractions in Rome
Answer: Some popular tourist attractions are:
- Colosseum
- Pantheon
- Trevi Fountain
- St. Peter's Basilica
- Roman Forum
- Spanish Steps
Question: Imagine you are someone's shadow for a day. Write about your experiences in the present tense.
Answer: I'm feeling surprised this morning. I feel a little flatter than usual, and a little lighter. To be honest with you, I can't see myself at all. 

WOW! Someone turned the lights on. I can't see! Wait... I'm on the floor. Why am I on the floor? I'm right behind this man, he's just got out of bed. I don't recognise this room. 

Ah. I seem to be a shadow. Not what I was hoping for this morning, if I'm being honest. I have a big day at work, and this is going to make things rather more challenging. I'll have to get on with it though, stiff upper lip and all that. I can only hope this my shadow's driver has an interesting plan for the day. 

It's looking promising so far. They are putting on hiking boots and other outdoor wear. Certainly better than staying inside and playing video games all day. I'd hardly have anything to do at all. Now we need to hope for some good weather. If we're in Norway, there isn't much light at this time of the year. I'd barely even exist. 

Finally, he's opened the curtains. I've struck gold. We're in the Sierra Nevada mountains in Spain, and it's a clear day. 

We're outside and we're climbing. This is fun! But scary! I never climbed before in my real body. I wish he would stop sitting down to rest. I don't like being sat on. 

The view from the summit, it's finally here. It's amazing. Or at least that is what the man says. As a 2 dimensional shadow, I can't really see much. I'm not tall enough.
Question: Explain Cricket game
Answer: Cricket is mainly played between 2 teams and each team contains 11 players, distance between wickets is about 22 yards, Cricket has 3 different formats One International, T20 format and Test match which is longer format around 5 days, T20 is shorter format of game which has 20 overs to play each side, an Over means 6 deliveries bowled by a bowler, a batter from other team try to defend the bowler, 2nd batting team should be able to chase whatever scored by first batting team to win the game other wise second bowling team wins. If the batter hit the ball and reaches out of boundary line then its considered as six runs, if it crosses boundary line by the ground then it is considered as four, batters allowed to run between the wickets to score singles and doubles, total 11 batters can bat until they get all out, bowler can get out batters in different ways, if he misses the bat and touches the stumps then its called bowled, if fielders take catch with in boundary line then its called catch out, if batter try to take runs in between wickets and fielding team throws the ball at wickets before batter reaches popping crease then its called run out some what similar to baseball, Cricket is second popular sport in the world after soccer, India, England, Australia, South Africa and New Zealand are poplar teams, Virat Kohli is the biggest cricket of current generation. One Day International World cup happens every 4 years most of the times won  by Australia, T20 World Cup happens in every 2 years.
Question: Give me a bulleted list of things to consider when deciding where to apply to college.
Answer: The following should be considered when deciding where to apply to college:
1. Academic programs the college offers
2. Cost of attendance
3. Location of the campus
4. Admission requirements and expectations
5. Size of the student population
6. Extracurricular activities the college offers
Question: Who leads the Cambridge Zero initiative?
Evidence: Cambridge Zero is Cambridge University's response to climate change. Led by Dr Emily Shuckburgh OBE, a climate scientist, mathematician and science communicator, it is an interdisciplinary and collaborative initiative created "to harness the full range of the University’s research and policy expertise, developing solutions that work for our lives, our society and our economy".

Shuckburgh stresses that Cambridge Zero will not work in isolation and that the climate crisis demands a holistic response: "There is a really urgent need for, frankly, an immediate response on a scale that is utterly unprecedented and does require the whole of our economy and the whole of society. It's about all of us contributing in the way we live our lives".

Cambridge Zero was first announced by Cambridge Vice-Chancellor Stephen Toope in his annual address in October 2019.

Electric flight is one of several engineering areas covered but Shuckburgh emphasizes the need for the broadest range of skills to support Cambridge Zero's output. She says, “I started being involved in climate-related research right at the start of it becoming an international political topic, and it’s been a convergence of different interests.”

Cambridge Zero represents the University of Cambridge in the COP26 Universities Network  and is a facilitator of COP26's "Visions for a Net Zero Future" initiative.
Answer: The Cambridge Zero is initiative is led by Dr. Emily Shuckburgh, she is a climate scientist, mathematician, and science communicator.
Question: Which two of Beukeboom's list of language "tools" does the author mention?
Evidence: Generally speaking, people tend to use more concrete or specific language when they have to describe a person that does not meet their expectations. beukeboom2014mechanisms lists several linguistic `tools' that people use to mark individuals who deviate from the norm. I will mention two of them.
[leftmargin=0cm]
One well-studied example BIBREF4 , BIBREF5 is sexist language, where the sex of a person tends to be mentioned more frequently if their role or occupation is inconsistent with `traditional' gender roles (e.g. female surgeon, male nurse). Beukeboom also notes that adjectives are used to create “more narrow labels [or subtypes] for individuals who do not fit with general social category expectations” (p. 3). E.g. tough woman makes an exception to the `rule' that women aren't considered to be tough.
can be used when prior beliefs about a particular social category are violated, e.g. The garbage man was not stupid. See also BIBREF6 .
These examples are similar in that the speaker has to put in additional effort to mark the subject for being unusual. But they differ in what we can conclude about the speaker, especially in the context of the Flickr30K data. Negations are much more overtly displaying the annotator's prior beliefs. When one annotator writes that A little boy is eating pie without utensils (image 2659046789), this immediately reveals the annotator's normative beliefs about the world: pie should be eaten with utensils. But when another annotator talks about a girls basketball game (image 8245366095), this cannot be taken as an indication that the annotator is biased about the gender of basketball players; they might just be helpful by providing a detailed description. In section 3 I will discuss how to establish whether or not there is any bias in the data regarding the use of adjectives.
Generally speaking, people tend to use more concrete or specific language when they have to describe a person that does not meet their expectations. Beukeboom (2014) lists several linguistic ‘tools’ that people use to mark individuals who deviate from the norm. I will mention two of them.2 Adjectives  One well-studied example (Stahlberg et al., 2007; Romaine, 2001) is sexist language, where the sex of a person tends to be mentioned more frequently if their role or occupation is inconsistent with ‘traditional’ gender roles.**** Negation  can be used when prior beliefs about a particular social category are violated,
Answer: Adjectives and Negation.
Question: Who is the greatest male tennis player of all time?
Answer: Roger Federer, Rafael Nadal, and Novak Djokovic (aka the Big 3 of tennis) are all regarded as the greatest male tennis players of all time. If the criteria for greatest of all time is based on the number of grand slams won, then that title is shared by Nadal and Djokovic at 22 majors. However, many fans, pundits, and sports analysts consider Federer to be the greatest of all time due to his longevity, success, and ability to attract fans to the game, and humanitarian impact off the court. Ultimately this is a very subjective question and is difficult to answer without first defining the criteria for greatness in tennis.
Question: Based on the above passage classify Bermudians based on their descent along with respective percentages in a bracket. Display the results in a comma separated format.
Evidence: Bermuda (/bərˈmjuːdə/; historically known as The Bermudas or Somers Isles) is a British Overseas Territory in the North Atlantic Ocean. The Bermuda archipelago consists of 181 islands with a total land area of 54 km2 (21 sq mi). The closest land outside the territory is in the US state of North Carolina, approximately 1,035 km (643 mi) to the northwest.

Bermuda is named after Spanish explorer Juan de Bermúdez, who discovered the archipelago in 1505. The islands have been permanently inhabited since 1612, and, forming part of British America, became a crown colony in 1684. The first African slaves arrived in 1616, but as the slave trade ceased by the end of the 17th century, the colony developed into a base for merchants, privateers, and the Royal Navy. More recently, tourism has been a significant contributor to Bermuda's economy. After World War II the territory became an offshore financial centre and tax haven.

As of 2019, Bermuda had a population of around 64,000 people, making it the second-most populous of the British overseas territories, after the Cayman Islands. Black Bermudians, primarily descended from African slaves, make up almost 60% of the population, while White Bermudians, primarily of British, Irish, and Portuguese descent, account for more than 30%.
Answer: Black Bermudians (60%), White Bermudians (30%)