Question: Why court designations are collected in their own class court GRT?
Evidence: We defined 19 fine-grained semantic classes. The (proto)typical classes are person, location and organization. In addition, we defined more specific semantic classes for the legal domain. These are the coarse-grained classes legal norm, case-by-case regulation, court decision and legal literature. The classes legal norm and case-by-case regulation include designations and references, while court decision and legal literature include only references.
In the process of developing the typology and annotation guidelines, the fine-grained classes continent KONT (which belongs to location), university UNI, institute IS and museum MUS (which belonged to organization) were eliminated due their low frequency in the corpus (less than 50 occurrences). This is why university, institute and museum were subsumed under the fine-grained class organization. Continent was integrated into landscape.
The specification of the 19 fine-grained classes was motivated by the need for distinguishing entities in the legal domain. A first distinction was made between standards and binding acts. Standards, which belong to legal norm, are legal rules adopted by a legislative body in a legislative process. We can distinguish further between law, ordinance (German national standards) and European legal norm. Binding acts (circulars, administrative acts, contracts, administrative regulations, directives, etc.) belong to the category of case-by-case-regulation. It includes regulation (arrangements or instructions on subjects) and contract (agreements between subjects). In addition, court decision and legal literature, which are important in the decision making process, were put into their own categories.
Within person, we distinguish between judge and lawyer, key roles mentioned frequently in the decisions. Locations are categorised in terms of their size in country, city and street. Organizations are divided based on their role in the process, into public or social organization, state institution, (private) economic company, mostly as a legal entity, and court as an organ of jurisprudence.
The coarse-grained class person PER contains the fine-grained classes judge RR, lawyer AN and person PER (such as accused, plaintiff, defendant, witness, appraiser, expert, etc.), who are involved in a court process and mentioned in a decision. In example (UNKREF19), the same surname occurs twice in a sentence, one as judge and one as person.
Zwar ist Paul Kirchhof RR mit dem Vizepräsidenten Kirchhof PER als dessen Bruder in der Seitenlinie im zweiten Grade verwandt...
`Although Paul Kirchhof is related to the Vice President Kirchhof as his brother in the second-degree sidelines...'
The coarse-grained class location LOC contains names of topographic objects, divided into country LD, city ST, street STR and landscape LDS. Country (UNKREF21) includes countries, states or city-states and city (UNKREF22) includes to cities, villages or communities. Street (UNKREF23) refers to avenues, squares, municipalities, attractions etc., i. e., named entities within a city or a village. Landscape (UNKREF24) includes continents, lakes, rivers and other geographical objects.
... hat bislang nur das Land Mecklenburg-Vor-ForestGreen!50I pommern LD Gebrauch gemacht.
`So far, only the state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern has made use of it.'
Dem Haftbefehl liegt eine Entscheidung des Berufungsgerichts in Bukarest ST vom 18. Februar 2016 zugrunde ...
`The arrest warrant is based on a decision of the Appeal Court in Bucharest of 18 February 2016 ...'
Zwar legt der Bezug auf die Grenzwertüberschreitung 2015 insbesondere in der Cornelius-GreenYellowI straße STR ...
`Admittedly, the reference to the exceedance of the 2015 threshold applies in particular to Corneliusstraße ...'
... aus der Region um den Fluss Main LDS stammen bzw. dort angeboten werden ...
`... come from the region around the river Main or are offered there...'
The coarse-grained class organization ORG is divided into public/social, state and economic institutions. Social and public institutions such as parties, associations, centres, communities, unions, educational institutions or research institutions are grouped into the fine-grained class organization ORG (UNKREF26). Institution INN (UNKREF27) contain public administrations, including federal and state ministries and the constitutional bodies of the Federal Republic of Germany at the federal and state level, i. e., the Federal Government, the Federal Council, the Bundestag, the state parliaments and governments. Company UN (UNKREF28) includes commercial legal entities.
Der FC Bayern München ORG schloss den Beschwerdeführer ... aus dem Verein aus ...
`Bayern Munich closed the complainant ... from the club ....'
Die Landesregierung Rheinland-Pfalz INN hat von einer Stellungnahme abgesehen.
`The state government of Rhineland-Palatinate refrained from commenting.'
... eingeführte Smartphone-Modellreihe des US-amerikanischen Unternehmens Apple UN ...
`... introduced smartphone model series of the US company Apple ...'
Court designations play a central role in decisions, which is why they are collected in their own class court GRT. These are designations of federal, supreme, provincial and local courts. The designations of the courts at the country level are composed of the names of the ordinary jurisdiction and their location (UNKREF29). Furthermore, brands are often discussed in decisions of the Federal Patent Court. They are subsumed under brand MRK, which can be contextual and semantically ambiguous, such as `Becker' from (UNKREF30), which has evolved from a personal name.
Diesen Anspruch hat das LSG Mecklenburg-RubineRed!50I Vorpommern GRT mit Urteil vom 22.2.2017 verneint ...
`This claim was rejected by the LSG Mecklenburg-Vorpommern by judgment of 22.2.2017 ...'
Vorliegend stehen sich die Widerspruchsmarke Becker Mining MRK und die angegriffene Marke Becker MRK gegenüber.
`In the present case, the opposing brand Becker Mining and the challenged brand Becker face each other.'
Norms are divided according to their legal status into the fine-grained classes of law GS, ordinance VO and European legal norm EUN. Law is composed of the standards adopted and designated by the legislature (Bundestag, Bundesrat, Landtag). Ordinance includes standards adopted by a federal or provincial government or by a ministry. European legal norm includes norms of European primary or secondary legislation, European organizations and other conventions and agreements.
Example (UNKREF32) includes a reference to the `Part-Time and Limited Term Employment Act' and the designation 'Basic Law'. The complex reference consists of the reference to the particular section of the law, its name and abbreviation (in brackets), date of issue, the reference in parenthesis and the details of the most recent change. Cases such as this one are a full reference. Example (UNKREF33), on the other hand, shows a short reference consisting of information on the corresponding section of the law and the abbreviated name of the statutory order.
... § 14 Absatz 2 Satz 2 des Gesetzes über Teil- RedOrange!70I zeitarbeit und IRedOrange!70Ibefristete Arbeitsverträge RedOrange!70I(Tz-RedOrange!70I BfG) vom 21. Dezember 2000 (Bundesgesetz- RedOrange!70I blatt Seite 1966), zuletzt geändert durch GesetzRedOrange!70I vomRedOrange!70IRedOrange!70I20.RedOrange!70IDezemberRedOrange!70I2011 (Bundesgesetzblatt IRedOrange!70I Seite 2854 ) RedOrange!70I GS, ist nach Maßgabe der Gründe mit dem Grundgesetz GS vereinbar.
`... section 14 paragraph 2 sentence 2 of the Law on Part-Time and Limited Term Employment Act (TzBfG) of 21 December 2000 (Federal Law Gazette I, page 1966), as last amended by the Law of 20 December 2011 (Federal Law Gazette I, page 2854), shall be published in accordance with the reasons compatible with the Basic Law.'
... Neuregelung in § 35 Abs. 6 StVO VO...
`... new regulation in sec. 35 para. 6 StVO...'
The class case-by-case regulation REG contains individual binding acts. These include regulation VS and contract VT. Regulation is an internal order or instruction from a superordinate authority to a subordinate, regulating their activities. In addition to administrative regulations, these include guidelines, circulars and decrees. In contrast to legal norm, these rules have no direct effect on the citizen. The class contract includes public contracts, international treaties and collective agreements. Some designations and references from these classes are similar to legal norm (UNKREF35, UNKREF36).
... insbesondere durch die Richtlinien zur Be-Peach!70I wertung des Grundvermögens –BewRGr– vom Peach!70I 19. September 1966 (BStBl I, S. 890) VS.
`... in particular by the Guidelines for the Valuation of Real Estate – BewRGr – of 19 September 1966 (BStBl I, p. 890).'
... fand der Manteltarifvertrag für die Beschäf-Goldenrod!70I tigten der Mitglieder der TGAOK VT (BAT/Goldenrod!70I AOK-Neu VT) vom 7. August 2003 Anwendung.
`... the Collective Agreement for the Employees of Members of TGAOK (BAT/AOK-New) was applied of 7 August 2003 ...'
The class court decision RS includes references to decisions. It does not have any subclasses, the coarsed and fine-grained versions are identical. In court decision, the name of the official decision-making collection, the volume and the numbered article are cited. Often mentioned are also the court, if necessary the decision type, date and file number. Example (UNKREF39) cites decisions of the Federal Constitutional Court (BVerfG) and the Federal Social Court (BSG). Decisions of the BVerfG are referenced with regard to pages, while decisions of the BSG are sorted according to paragraphs, numbers and marginal numbers.
Legal literature LIT also contains references, but they refer to legal commentaries, legislative material, legal textbooks and monographs. The commentary in example (UNKREF39) includes the details of an author's and/or publisher's name, the name of a legal norm, a paragraph and a paragraph number. Multiple authors are separated by a slash. Textbooks and monographs are cited as usual (author's name, title, edition, year of publication, page number). References of legislative materials consist of a title and reference marked with numbers.
... vgl zB BVerfGE 62, 1, 45 RS; BVerfGEDandelion!70I 119, 96, 179 RS; BSG SozR 4–2500 § 62 NrDandelion!70I 8 RdNr 20 f RS; Hauck/Wiegand, KrV 2016,Tan!60!Bittersweet!70!whiteI 1, 4 LIT ...
`... cf. i.e. BVerfGE 62, 1, 45; BVerfGE 119, 96, 179; BSG SozR 4–2500 § 62 Nr 8 RdNr 20 f; Hauck/Wiegand, KrV 2016, 1, 4 ...'
Court designations play a central role in decisions, which is why they are collected in their own class court GRT.
Answer: Because court designations play a central role in decisions.