DataHammer/scimrc huggingface dataset:
Question: Are there any limitations in the existing methods?
Evidence: Question classification typically makes use of a combination of syntactic, semantic, surface, and embedding methods. Syntactic patterns BIBREF18 , BIBREF19 , BIBREF20 , BIBREF21 and syntactic dependencies BIBREF3 have been shown to improve performance, while syntactically or semantically important words are often expanding using Wordnet hypernyms or Unified Medical Language System categories (for the medical domain) to help mitigate sparsity BIBREF22 , BIBREF23 , BIBREF24 . Keyword identification helps identify specific terms useful for classification BIBREF25 , BIBREF3 , BIBREF26 . Similarly, named entity recognizers BIBREF6 , BIBREF27 or lists of semantically related words BIBREF6 , BIBREF24 can also be used to establish broad topics or entity categories and mitigate sparsity, as can word embeddings BIBREF28 , BIBREF29 . Here, we empirically demonstrate many of these existing methods do not transfer to the science domain.
The highest performing question classification systems tend to make use of customized rule-based pattern matching BIBREF30 , BIBREF7 , or a combination of rule-based and machine learning approaches BIBREF19 , at the expense of increased model construction time. A recent emphasis on learned methods has shown a large set of CNN BIBREF29 and LSTM BIBREF8 variants achieve similar accuracy on TREC question classification, with these models exhibiting at best small gains over simple term frequency models. These recent developments echo the observations of Roberts et al. BIBREF3 , who showed that existing methods beyond term frequency models failed to generalize to medical domain questions. Here we show that strong performance across multiple datasets is possible using a single learned model.
Due to the cost involved in their construction, question classification datasets and classification taxonomies tend to be small, which can create methodological challenges. Roberts et al. BIBREF3 generated the next-largest dataset from TREC, containing 2,936 consumer health questions classified into 13 question categories. More recently, Wasim et al. BIBREF4 generated a small corpus of 780 biomedical domain questions organized into 88 categories. In the education domain, Godea et al. BIBREF5 collected a set of 1,155 classroom questions and organized these into 16 categories. To enable a detailed study of science domain question classification, here we construct a large-scale challenge dataset that exceeds the size and classification specificity of other datasets, in many cases by nearly an order of magnitude.
Here, we empirically demonstrate many of these existing methods do not transfer to the science domain.
Answer: Yes, many of them do not transfer to the science domain.
Question: Which of the following countries are monarchies? United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Germany, Luxembourg, United States, Russia, Poland, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Finland, Spain
Answer: The monarchies in that list are the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Denmark, Norway, Sweden and Spain
Question: Given these two sets of instructions, will you end up at the same end point if you started at the same beginning point? First instructions: 1) Take 2 steps forward 2) Turn left 3) Take 3 steps forward 4) Turn left 5) take 2 steps forward. Second instructions: 1) Turn left 2) Take 6 steps forward 3) Take 1 step backward 4) Take 2 steps backward.
Answer: Yes, you will end up at the same point for both sets of instructions. In the first set of instructions, you will go forward, to the left, and then when turn again you will be facing opposite your starting orientation. Therefore, stepping forward will take you closer to your starting point. Finally you end 3 steps to the left of your starting point. For the second set of instructions, you turn left and go forward 6 then backwards 3 altogether, ending 3 steps to the left of the starting point.
Question: What are the three different sources of data?
Evidence: We test our proposed approach for binary classification on either sarcasm or irony, on seven benchmark datasets retrieved from different media sources. Below we describe each dataset, please see Table TABREF1 below for a summary.
Reddit: BIBREF21 collected SARC, a corpus comprising of 600.000 sarcastic comments on Reddit. We use main subset, SARC 2.0, and the political subset, SARC 2.0 pol.
Twitter: We use the Twitter dataset provided for the SemEval 2018 Task 3, Irony Detection in English Tweets BIBREF18 . The dataset was manually annotated using binary labels. We also use the dataset by BIBREF4 , which is manually annotated for sarcasm. Finally, we use the dataset by BIBREF20 , who collected a user self-annotated corpus of tweets with the #sarcasm hashtag.
Online Dialogues: We utilize the Sarcasm Corpus V1 (SC-V1) and the Sarcasm Corpus V2 (SC-V2), which are subsets of the Internet Argument Corpus (IAC). Compared to other datasets in our selection, these differ mainly in text length and structure complexity BIBREF22 .
We test our proposed approach for binary classification on either sarcasm or irony, on seven benchmark datasets retrieved from different media sources. Below we describe each dataset, please see Table TABREF1 below for a summary.
Reddit: BIBREF21 collected SARC, a corpus comprising of 600.000 sarcastic comments on Reddit. We use main subset, SARC 2.0, and the political subset, SARC 2.0 pol.
Twitter: We use the Twitter dataset provided for the SemEval 2018 Task 3, Irony Detection in English Tweets BIBREF18 . The dataset was manually annotated using binary labels. We also use the dataset by BIBREF4 , which is manually annotated for sarcasm. Finally, we use the dataset by BIBREF20 , who collected a user self-annotated corpus of tweets with the #sarcasm hashtag.
Online Dialogues: We utilize the Sarcasm Corpus V1 (SC-V1) and the Sarcasm Corpus V2 (SC-V2), which are subsets of the Internet Argument Corpus (IAC). Compared to other datasets in our selection, these differ mainly in text length and structure complexity BIBREF22 .
Answer: The answers are shown as follows:
* Twitter
* Reddit
* Online Dialogues
Question: How to evaluate an equation with multiple operations?
Answer: Use PEMDAS (Parantheses, Exponents, Multiplication, Division, Addition and Substraction) as the order in which calculations are performed
Question: Name 10 colors
Answer: Fuschia, magenta, orange, green, blue, red, yellow, chartreuse, aquamarine, sienna
Question: Give me a bulleted list of brands that make golf clubs
Answer: - Taylormade
- Titleist 
- Callaway
- Ping
- Cobra
- PXG
Question: What are the primary causes of inflation?
Answer: One of the primary causes of inflation are when there is an overall increase in the amount of money people are being paid, therefore it drives up the price of everything else.
Question: Identify which instrument is string or woodwind: Ukulele, Oboe
Answer: Ukulele is string, Oboe is woodwind.
Question: How does someone win the Tough Guy Contest?
Evidence: The Tough Guy Contest was an elimination style mixed martial arts tournament billed as “Anything Goes” and “Organized, Legalized, Streetfighting.” The inaugural field of 64 fighters was broken into light and heavyweight divisions. Bill Viola wrote the first codified set of mixed martial arts rules in 1979. Fighters were required to use open fingered padded gloves and permitted to use any combination of martial arts skills, including but not limited to boxing, wrestling, grappling, karate, judo, and jiu-jitsu techniques. Bouts were 3 two minute rounds judged using a 10-point-must system. Fighters could win by knockout, technical knockout, submission or decision. Fighters were broken into weight classes, required to wear Olympic style headgear, and subject to a doctor’s approval to fight.
Answer: Fighters win the Tough Guy Contest by winning every round of an elimination style tournament in their weight class. Fighters may use any combination of mixed martial arts skills to win each round by knockout, technical knockout, submission or decision based on a 10-point-must system.
Question: Summarize the mechanism for conventional superconductors.
Evidence: At sufficiently low temperatures, electrons near the Fermi surface become unstable against the formation of Cooper pairs. Cooper showed such binding will occur in the presence of an attractive potential, no matter how weak. In conventional superconductors, an attraction is generally attributed to an electron-lattice interaction. The BCS theory, however, requires only that the potential be attractive, regardless of its origin. In the BCS framework, superconductivity is a macroscopic effect which results from the condensation of Cooper pairs. These have some bosonic properties, and bosons, at sufficiently low temperature, can form a large Bose–Einstein condensate. Superconductivity was simultaneously explained by Nikolay Bogolyubov, by means of the Bogoliubov transformations.
Answer: Cooper Pairs - consisting of two lightly attracted electrons - still carry charge, but now act more like bosons than fermions.  Unlike fermions, bosons can all behave the exact same. Cooper Pairs all "acting the same" is the mechanism of conventional superconductivity.
Question: From the passage provided, extract the sobriquets Tagore was known by. Separate them with a comma.
Evidence: Rabindranath Tagore FRAS (/rəˈbɪndrənɑːt tæˈɡɔːr/ (listen); pronounced [rɔˈbindɾɔnatʰ ˈʈʰakuɾ]; 7 May 1861 – 7 August 1941) was a Bengali polymath who worked as a poet, writer, playwright, composer, philosopher, social reformer and painter. He reshaped Bengali literature and music as well as Indian art with Contextual Modernism in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Author of the "profoundly sensitive, fresh and beautiful" poetry of Gitanjali, he became in 1913 the first non-European and the first lyricist to win the Nobel Prize in Literature. Tagore's poetic songs were viewed as spiritual and mercurial; however, his "elegant prose and magical poetry" remain largely unknown outside Bengal. He was a fellow of the Royal Asiatic Society. Referred to as "the Bard of Bengal", Tagore was known by sobriquets: Gurudeb, Kobiguru, Biswokobi.
Answer: Gurudeb, Kobiguru, Biswokobi.
Question: Give me some ideas on how to make money while traveling the world.
Answer: Freelancing online
Language tuition
Teach other people your skills
Make things to sell
Offer your services at hostels
Sell your photos
Street performances
Seasonal work
Question: How did Abraham Lincoln die?
Answer: Abraham Lincoln was assassinated during a play in Ford's Theater while serving as President
Question: Extract all of the names of people mentioned in this paragraph and list them using bullets in the format {Name}
Evidence: Bill Rasmussen came up with the concept of ESPN in May 1978, after he was fired from his job with the World Hockey Association's New England Whalers. Bill and his son Scott (who had also been let go by the Whalers) first rented office space in Plainville, Connecticut. However, the plan to base ESPN there was put on hold because of a local ordinance prohibiting buildings from bearing rooftop satellite dishes. Available land to build their own facility on was quickly found in Bristol, Connecticut (where the channel remains headquartered to this day), with funding to buy the property provided by Getty Oil, which purchased 85% of the company from Bill Rasmussen on February 22, 1979, in an attempt to diversify the company's holdings. This helped the credibility of the fledgling company; however, there were still many doubters about the viability of their sports channel concept. Another event that helped build ESPN's credibility was securing an advertising agreement with Anheuser-Busch in the spring of 1979; the company invested $1 million to be the "exclusive beer advertised on the network."
Answer: • Bill Rasmussen
• Scott Rasmussen
Question: What is the most famous landmark in Cologne?
Answer: The most famous landmark in Cologne is the Cologne Cathedral. The construction of the cathedral started in 1248 and was finished in 1880. The cathedral is famous for its gothic architecture. It is located in the center of the city of Cologne. More than 20.000 tourists visit the cathedral every day.
Question: What are some of the major food allergens in the USA?
Answer: Some of the major food allergens in the USA as identified by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) include: 
Wheat, peanuts, tree nuts, soy, shellfish, fish, eggs, milk, and sesame.
Question: What is unplugged?
Evidence: The term "unplugged" has come to refer to music that would usually be played on electrified instruments (such as an electric guitar or synthesizer) but is rendered instead on instruments that can be played without electricity, for example acoustic guitar or traditional piano, although a microphone is still used. In most cases, the bass (or bass guitar) is amplified, and a Hammond organ is sometimes used.
Answer: Unplugged is a style of playing music. It is the performance of music that is intended to be played on instruments that use electricity, using instruments that do not use electricity.
This allows you to touch the essential part of the original music and performance. In contrast to standing and swinging in a large stadium, performing in a small music hall allows the performers and audience to enjoy playing close together.
Question: What should I do if my motherboard won't post?
Answer: Remove any recently installed components. Reset CMOS. If that doesn't fix the problem, check all cables are plugged in completely. If that does not help, reseat the graphics card, memory, and CPU one by one.
Question: Make me a list of some countries I could visit if I wanted to take a beach vacation. Give me options in multiple timezones
Answer: Some different options you could visit include Greece, Mexico, Tahiti, Spain, Brazil and Costa Rica
Question: What is a GIS?
Answer: A GIS is a tool for making and using spatial information. Among the many definitions of GIS, we choose: A GIS is a computer-based system to aid in the collection, maintenance, storage, analysis, output, and distribution of spatial information. When used wisely, GIS can help us livehealthier, wealthier, and safer lives. Each GIS user may decide what features and attributes are important. For example, forests are good for us. They may protect water supplies, yield wood, harbor wildlife,and provide space to recreate.We are concerned about the level of harvest, the adjacent land use, pollution from nearby industries, or where forests burn. Informed management requires knowledge of all these related factors and, perhaps above all, the spatial arrangement of these factors. Buffer strips near rivers may protect water supplies,clearings may prevent the spread of fire, and polluters upwind may harm our forests. A GIS helps us analyze these spatial interactions, and is also particularly useful at displaying spatial data and analysis. A GIS is often the only way to solve spatially-related problems.
Question: Given this paragraph about planting and harvesting for peanut butter, when are peanuts typically harvested?
Evidence: Due to weather conditions, peanuts are usually planted in spring. The peanut comes from a yellow flower that bends over and penetrates the soil after blooming and wilting, and the peanut starts to grow in the soil. Peanuts are harvested from late August to October, while the weather is clear. This weather allows for dry soil so that when picked, the soil does not stick to the stems and pods. The peanuts are then removed from vines and transported to a peanut shelling machine for mechanical drying. After cropping, the peanuts are delivered to warehouses for cleaning, where they are stored unshelled in silos.
Answer: Peanuts are typically harvested from late August to October
Question: Classify each as a ocean, sea, or lake: Pacific, Mediterranean, Erie, Atlantic, Dead Sea, Black, Michigan
Answer: Pacific - ocean
Mediterranean - sea 
Erie - lake
Atlantic - ocean
Dead Sea - lake
Black - sea
Michigan - lake
Question: Extract the names of the islands located on the Eastern Group of the Azores plateau from the text. Separate them with a comma.
Evidence: These islands can be divided into three recognizable groups located on the Azores Plateau:
The Eastern Group (Grupo Oriental) of São Miguel, Santa Maria and Formigas Islets
The Central Group (Grupo Central) of Terceira, Graciosa, São Jorge, Pico and Faial
The Western Group (Grupo Ocidental) of Flores and Corvo.
Answer: Flores and Corvo
Question: What are the datasets in this paper?
Evidence: We evaluated ARAML on three datasets: COCO image caption dataset BIBREF28 , EMNLP2017 WMT dataset and WeiboDial single-turn dialogue dataset BIBREF29 . COCO and EMNLP2017 WMT are the common benchmarks with no input to evaluate the performance of discrete GANs, and we followed the existing works to preprocess these datasets BIBREF12 , BIBREF11 . WeiboDial, as a dialogue dataset, was applied to test the performance of our model with input trigger. We simply removed post-response pairs containing low-frequency words and randomly selected a subset for our training/test set. The statistics of three datasets are presented in Table TABREF28 .
We evaluated ARAML on three datasets: COCO image caption dataset (Chen et al., 2015), EMNLP2017 WMT dataset1 and WeiboDial single-turn dialogue dataset (Qian et al., 2018). 
Answer: COCO image caption dataset (Chen et al., 2015), EMNLP2017 WMT dataset1 and WeiboDial single-turn dialogue dataset (Qian et al., 2018).
Question: Where is Jasienica?
Answer: Jasienica [jaɕeˈnit͡sa] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Łoniów, within Sandomierz County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in south-central Poland. It lies approximately 3 kilometres (2 mi) south-east of Łoniów, 21 km (13 mi) south-west of Sandomierz, and 76 km (47 mi) south-east of the regional capital Kielce.
Question: How is knowledge retrieved in the memory?
Evidence: Recently, BIBREF17 proposed a dynamic memory based neural network for implicitly modeling the state of entities present in the text for question answering. However, this model lacks any module for relational reasoning. In response, we propose RelNet, which extends memory-augmented neural networks with a relational memory to reason about relationships between multiple entities present within the text. Our end-to-end method reads text, and writes to both memory slots and edges between them. Intuitively, the memory slots correspond to entities and the edges correspond to relationships between entities, each represented as a vector. The only supervision signal for our method comes from answering questions on the text.
Our end-to-end method reads text, and writes to both memory slots and edges between them. Intuitively, the memory slots correspond to entities and the edges correspond to relationships between entities, each represented as a vector.
Answer: The answers are shown as follows:
* the memory slots correspond to entities and the edges correspond to relationships between entities, each represented as a vector.
Question: Given this paragraph about Yahalom and his works, tell me when he was born?
Evidence: Yahalom is the author of numerous books and articles on Hebrew poetry, from Byzantine Palestine (5th century CE) to the early modern period. Much of his work explores the connections between Hebrew poetry and the literature of the other groups living in the same time and place, for example, the link between piyyut and Syriac and Greek Christian hymns; between Hebrew poetry from Spain and the emerging romances in European languages; and between early modern mystical Hebrew poetry in the Ottoman Empire and Turkish songs. He also has written extensively about the bilingual (Hebrew and Arabic) culture of Judah Al-Harizi.
Answer: Based off of this paragraph, it is clear that Yahalom wrote books and articles "from Byzantine Palestine (5th century CE) to the early modern period". Therefore, it is likely that Yahalom was born in the early modern period or sometime after the early modern period.

The exact date of Yahalom's birth cannot be determined given the provided information.
Question: Who was Manchester United's most successful manager?
Evidence: Manchester United have won a record 20 League titles, 12 FA Cups, six League Cups, and a record 21 FA Community Shields. They have won the European Cup/UEFA Champions League three times, and the UEFA Europa League, the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup, the UEFA Super Cup, the Intercontinental Cup and the FIFA Club World Cup once each. In 1968, under the management of Matt Busby, 10 years after eight of the club's players were killed in the Munich air disaster, they became the first English club to win the European Cup. Sir Alex Ferguson is the club's longest-serving and most successful manager, winning 38 trophies, including 13 league titles, five FA Cups, and two Champions League titles between 1986 and 2013. In the 1998–99 season, under Ferguson, the club became the first in the history of English football to achieve the European treble of the Premier League, FA Cup, and UEFA Champions League. In winning the UEFA Europa League under José Mourinho in 2016–17, they became one of five clubs to have won the original three main UEFA club competitions (the Champions League, Europa League and Cup Winners' Cup).
Answer: Manchester United's most successful manager is Sir Alex Ferguson who won 38 trophies including 13 league titles
Question: What is a Chinese red envalope?
Evidence: A red envelope or red packet (simplified Chinese: 红包; traditional Chinese: 紅包; pinyin: hóngbāo; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: âng-pau) is a monetary gift given during holidays or for special occasions such as a wedding, a graduation, or the birth of a baby.
Answer: A red envelope is usually for celebrations like weddings, birthdays, or graduations. Receiving a red pouch is a sign of good luck and to ward off evil spirits. Usually it contains money and people give them during the holidays. People usually put in even amount of money including 9 because it is a homophonous to the word long. 4 should never be given or using 4 in any of the digits because the pronunciation of 4 is similar to death.
Question: When and where was the field of AI officially born?
Evidence: Dartmouth Workshop 1956: the birth of AI
The Dartmouth Workshop of 1956 was organized by Marvin Minsky, John McCarthy and two senior scientists: Claude Shannon and Nathan Rochester of IBM. The proposal for the conference included this assertion: "every aspect of learning or any other feature of intelligence can be so precisely described that a machine can be made to simulate it". The participants included Ray Solomonoff, Oliver Selfridge, Trenchard More, Arthur Samuel, Allen Newell and Herbert A. Simon, all of whom would create important programs during the first decades of AI research. At the workshop Newell and Simon debuted the "Logic Theorist" and McCarthy persuaded the attendees to accept "Artificial Intelligence" as the name of the field. The 1956 Dartmouth workshop was the moment that AI gained its name, its mission, its first success and its major players, and is widely considered the birth of AI. The term "Artificial Intelligence" was chosen by McCarthy to avoid associations with cybernetics and connections with the influential cyberneticist Norbert Wiener.
Answer: The field of AI was officially born in 1956 during a workshop organised at Dartmouth College
Question: What is the Eupithecia spinibarbata
Evidence: Eupithecia spinibarbata is a moth in the family Geometridae. It is found in India (Darjeeling).

The wingspan is about 19 mm. The forewings are pale whitish grey.
Answer: The Eupithecia spinibarbata is a moth in the family Geometridae. It is found in India (Darjeeling).

The wingspan is about 19 mm. The forewings are pale whitish grey.