DataHammer/scimrc huggingface dataset:
Question: do they use a crowdsourcing platform?
Evidence: We carried out a reliability study for the proposed scheme using two pairs of expert annotators, P1 and P2. The annotators were trained by coding one transcript at a time and discussing disagreements. Five text-based discussions were used for testing reliability after training: pair P1 annotated discussions of The Bluest Eye, Death of a Salesman, and Macbeth, while pair P2 annotated two separate discussions of Ain't I a Woman. 250 argument moves (discussed by over 40 students and consisting of over 8200 words) were annotated. Inter-rater reliability was assessed using Cohen's kappa: unweighted for argumentation and knowledge domain, but quadratic-weighted for specificity given its ordered labels.
We carried out a reliability study for the proposed scheme using two pairs of expert annotators, P1 and P2. 
Answer: No.
Question: What is the movie The Fabelmans about?
Answer: The Fabelmans is a semi-autobiographical coming-of-age movie by Stephen Spielberg about a young filmmaker growing up in a somewhat unstable household.  His father doesn't understand or appreciate his passion for film, and his mother begins to wander away from the family.  Adding to the strain are the several relocations in order to support the father's career.  The film garnered a rating of 92% on Rotten Tomatoes, so it is worth a watch.
Question: How many legs has octopus?
Answer: An octopus has eight legs or arms.
Question: What happens if don't drink water
Answer: Getting enough water every day is essential for your health. Drinking water can prevent dehydration, a condition that can cause unclear thinking, result in mood change, cause your body to overheat, and lead to constipation and kidney stones.
People who don't drink enough water daily are at greater risk of kidney stones, heart valve problems, and cancer. Even minor dehydration can affect physical and mental performance. Drinking water is also essential for the health of your mouth.
Question: Based on the following passage when do schools close and resume after summer holidays in the United States?
Evidence: Schools and universities typically have a summer break to take advantage of the warmer weather and longer days. In almost all countries, children are out of school during this time of year for summer break, although dates vary. Many families will take holidays for a week or two over summer, particularly in Southern Hemisphere Western countries with statutory Christmas and New Year holidays.
In the United States, public schools usually end in late May in Memorial Day weekend, while colleges finish in early May. Public school traditionally resumes near Labor Day, while higher institutions often resume in mid-August.
In England and Wales, school ends in mid-July and resumes again in early September. In Scotland, the summer holiday begins in late June and ends in mid-to late-August. Similarly, in Canada the summer holiday starts on the last or second-last Friday in June and ends in late August or on the first Tuesday of September, with the exception of when that date falls before Labour Day, in which case, ends on the second Tuesday of the month. In Russia the summer holiday begins at the end of May and ends on 31 August.
In the Southern Hemisphere, school summer holiday dates include the major holidays of Christmas and New Year's Day. School summer holidays in Australia, New Zealand and South Africa begin in early December and end in early February, with dates varying between states. In South Africa, the new school year usually starts during the second week of January, thus aligning the academic year with the Calendar year. In India, school ends in late April and resumes in early or mid-June. In Cameroon and Nigeria, schools usually finish for summer vacation in mid-July and resume in the later weeks of September or the first week of October.
Answer: In the United States, public schools usually end in late May in Memorial Day weekend, while colleges finish in early May. Public school traditionally resumes near Labor Day, while higher institutions often resume in mid-August.
Question: When did the maximum rate of water usage begin to be mandated?
Evidence: A low-flow fixture is a water saving plumbing fixture designed to achieve water savings by having a lower flow rate of water or a smaller quantity per flush. Some of these low-flow fixtures are faucets, showerheads, and toilets. In the United States a maximum water usage of conventional plumbing fixtures was federally mandated by the Energy policy act of 1992. Low-flow fixtures are designed to save water over conventional fixtures by having a lower flow rate while still maintaining satisfactory performance. The Environmental protection agency (EPA) WaterSense program has requirements for plumbing fixtures to achieve their definition for water saving low-flow.
Answer: 1992
Question: Are these cities or countries: Tokyo, Riyadh, Florence, Monteverde, Nafplio
Answer: cities
Question: Who was Robert Ross Munro?
Evidence: Robert Ross Munro, OBE, OC (September 6, 1913 - June 21, 1990) was the Canadian Press's lead war correspondent in Europe in World War II. He covered a Canadian raid in Spitsbergen, the 1942 raid on Dieppe, the Allied landings in Sicily, the Italian campaign, D-Day and the campaign in Northwestern Europe. His memoirs of the campaigns, published as From Gauntlet to Overlord, won the Governor General's Award for English-language non-fiction in 1945. He later covered the Korean War, and after retiring as a war correspondent became publisher of the Vancouver Daily Province, the Winnipeg Tribune, and the Edmonton Journal. Munro was appointed OBE in 1946 and OC in 1975.
Answer: Robert Ross Munro was a twentieth century journalist and the Canadian Press's lead war correspondent in Europe during World War II. He covered numerous campaigns, from Spitsbergen, Dieppe, Sicily, Normandy, and the broader campaign in Northwestern Europe. After the war, Munro published his memoirs of the campaigns, titled "From Gauntlet to Overlord," which won the Governor General's Award for English-language non-fiction in 1945. He also later covered the Korean War, before retiring from military correspondence to become publisher of several Canadian periodicals, including the Vancouver Daily Province, the Winnipeg Tribune, and the Edmonton Journal. Munro was honored for his work with an appointment to the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in 1946.
Question: Who let the dogs out?
Answer: According to the hit 2000 song "Who Let the Dogs Out" by the Baha Men, it is undetermined who exactly is responsible for letting the dogs out. The lyrics indicate that the dogs may have been uninvited to the party and let themselves out so they could crash the party, much to the dismay of the other guests in attendance.
Question: Please propose an argument to convince my mother that she increases the amount of money that I get every month during my studies. I think the current amount is too low.
Answer: Dear Mum, I would like to talk to you about the monthly money I get for my studies. I am very grateful that you support me financially during my studies. At the same time, I feel that the current amount is a little bit too low in order to sustain myself. I estimated my monthly expenses and it seems like the money is not enough. We can go through the details if you want. I want to ask you if you can increase the amount so that I can cover my expenses. I understand if you cannot do this or have other reasons against this. However, I want you to know that if you do not increase my monthly money, I will be forced to work part-time next to my studies. There is research that shows that students who work part-time have worse grades than people who do not have to work part-time to afford their studies. I would love to dedicate my full time to my studies to get the best grades and learning outcomes possible; thus, I would prefer not to work part-time. What do you think?
Question: List the Pokemon Go regions.
Answer: There are ten regions in Pokémon GO Kanto, Johto, Hoenn, Sinnoh, Unova, Kalos, Alola, Galar, Hisui and Paldea. Certain Pokemon originate from each region and can only be captured within that region.
Question: Did Magic Johnson or Larry Bird win more collegiate and professional basketball championships?
Answer: Magic Johnson. Magic Johnson has won 6 total which are the 1979 NCAA Championship (defeated Larry Bird), and NBA Championships in 1980, 1982, 1985, 1987 and 1988. Larry Bird has only won three NBA Championships and zero collegiate championships.
Question: What is the objective of Bio-molecular Interactions?
Evidence: To illustrate that semantically different yet related applications may have significant potential for reuse of features, let us consider the problem of event extraction, which involves identifying occurrences of specific type of events or activities from raw text.
Towards that, we analysed published works on three different types of events in different domains as described next:
Objective of this study is to design a ML model for identifying if there exist mentions of one of the nine types of bio-molecular interactions in (publicly available) Biomedical data. To train SVM based classifier, authors use GENETAG database, which is a tagged corpus for gene/protein named entity recognition. BioNLP 2009 shared task test-set was used to estimate performance of the system. Further details can be found at BIBREF22.
Objective of the study was to design ML model for enabling automated detection of specific financial events in the news text. Ten diﬀerent types of ﬁnancial events were considered including announcements regarding CEOs, presidents, products, competitors, partners, subsidiaries, share values, revenues, proﬁts, and losses. To train and test SVM and CRF based ML models, authors used data set consisting of 200 news messages extracted from the Yahoo! Business and Technology newsfeeds, having financial events and relations manually annotated by 3 domain experts. Further details can be found at BIBREF23.
Objective of the study was to design an ML based system for extracting open domain calendar of significant events from Twitter-data. 38 different types of events were considered for designing the system. To train the ML model, an annotated corpus of 1000 tweets (containing 19,484 tokens) was used and trained model was tested on 100 million most recent tweets. Further details can be found at BIBREF24.
Table TABREF21 below depicts classes of features selected by authors of these works (as described in the corresponding references above) to highlight the point that despite domain differences, these applications share similar sets of features. Since authors of these works did not cite each other, it is possible that that these features might have been identified independently. This, in turn, supports the hypothesis that if adequate details of any one or two of these applications are fed to a system described in this work, which is designed to estimate semantic similarities across applications, system can automatically suggest potential features for consideration for the remaining applications to start with without requiring manual knowledge of the semantically related applications.
Objective of this study is to design a ML model for identifying if there exist mentions of one of the nine types of bio-molecular interactions in (publicly available) Biomedical data.
Answer: Objective of this study is to design a ML model for identifying if there exist mentions of one of the nine types of bio-molecular interactions in (publicly available) Biomedical data.
Question: Why is Muhammad Ali called the greatest boxer of all time?
Answer: There were many great boxers, but many consider Muhammad Ali to be the greatest. This is likely due to the success that he had as a sportsman and as a social figure outside of the ring. Not only did he become the undisputed heavyweight boxing champion, and then regain the title later, he also resisted the draft for the Vietnam War (which stripped him of his boxing titles), he was a heavy racial pride advocate for African Americans during the Civil Rights Movement, he converted to Islam, changed his name to reflect the name, and enforced that others call him by his name, he won 2 Grammy awards for his music work, and became an accomplished author. Many successful boxers following Muhammad Ali also accredit him as an inspiration as well.
Question: What is the difference between MMA and boxing?
Answer: Mixed Martial Arts (MMA) is a collective form of martial arts, which can include boxing. On the other hand, boxing is one single form of martial art.
Question: What are all the metrics to measure user engagement?
Evidence: We assessed the degree of conversational depth by measuring users' mean word count. Prior work has found that an increase in word count has been linked to improved user engagement (e.g., in a social dialog system BIBREF13). For each user conversation, we extracted the overall rating, the number of turns of the interaction, and the user's per-utterance word count (averaged across all utterances). We modeled the relationship between word count and the two metrics of user engagement (overall rating, mean number of turns) in separate linear regressions.
We assessed the degree of conversational depth by measuring users' mean word count. Prior work has found that an increase in word count has been linked to improved user engagement (e.g., in a social dialog system BIBREF13). For each user conversation, we extracted the overall rating, the number of turns of the interaction, and the user's per-utterance word count (averaged across all utterances). We modeled the relationship between word count and the two metrics of user engagement (overall rating, mean number of turns) in separate linear regressions.
Answer: The answers are shown as follows:
* overall rating
* mean number of turns
Question: What does HIPAA stand for?
Answer: HIPAA is an acronym for the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act.
Question: In which fields do the authors hope the dataset can be further applied?
Evidence: We have presented a new dataset for political stance detection called x-stance. The dataset extends over a broad range of topics and issues regarding national Swiss politics. This diversity of topics opens up an opportunity to further study multi-target learning. Moreover, being partly Swiss Standard German, partly French and Italian, the dataset promotes a multilingual approach to stance detection.
By compiling formal commentary that politicians have written on political questions, we add a new text genre to the field of stance detection. We also propose a question–answer format that allows us to condition stance detection models on a target naturally.
Our baseline results with multilingual Bert show that the model has some capability to perform zero-shot transfer to unseen languages and to unseen targets (both within a topic and to unseen topics). However, there is some gap in performance that future work could address. We expect that the x-stance dataset could furthermore be a valuable resource for fields such as argument mining, argument search or topic classification.
We expect that the X-stance dataset could furthermore be a valuable resource for fields such as argument mining, argument search or topic classification.
Answer: Argument mining, argument search or topic classification.
Question: Identify which car manufacturer is Chinese or American: Dodge, Foton
Answer: Foton is Chinese, Dodge is American
Question: Write a short story about a cat named Bistro that is full of adventure.
Answer: Bistro patiently waited outside his backdoor in the early afternoon. The clouds were starting to clear, revealing the first full sunlight of what had been a dreary spring day in Seattle. As Bistro sat pondering his afternoon plans, he saw something red out of the corner of his eye! a small brown dog with a red collar was sprinting down the alley! 

Unable to resist, Bistro leapt to his feet and immediately gave chase. They bounded along together, with Bistro slowly closing the gap. They ran through the neighborhood park, narrowly avoiding the  large black lab that plays on the baseball field. After 10 blocks, the small brown dog came to a quick halt. It wagged it's tail and waited patiently outside the front door of a blue house. The owner of the house opened the door, letting both Bistro and the dog inside. Bistro quickly realized he had made a mistake! The dog lived there and now he was far from home and didn't know his way back.

The next morning, the dog and its owner went for a walk around the neighborhood. They were able to find Bistro family and brought it home safely immediately. Hooray for Bistro!
Question: Explain the Montessori Method of education in pre-school and kindergarten
Evidence: Montessori classrooms for children from 2+1⁄2 or 3 to 6 years old are often called Children's Houses, after Montessori's first school, the Casa dei Bambini in Rome in 1906. A typical classroom serves 20 to 30 children in mixed-age groups, staffed by a fully trained lead teacher and assistants. Classrooms are usually outfitted with child-sized tables and chairs arranged singly or in small clusters, with classroom materials on child-height shelves throughout the room. Activities are for the most part initially presented by the teacher, after which they may be chosen more or less freely by the children as interest dictates. A teacher's role within a Montessori classroom is to guide and consult students individually by letting each child create their own learning pathway. Classroom materials usually include activities for engaging in practical skills such as pouring and spooning, washing up, scrubbing tables and sweeping. Also materials for the development of the senses, mathematical materials, language materials, music, art and cultural materials, including more science-based activities like 'sink and float', Magnetic and Non magnetic and candle and air.

Activities in Children's Houses are typically hands-on, tactile materials to teach concepts. For example, to teach writing, students use sandpaper letters. These are letters created by cutting letters out of sandpaper and placing them on wooden blocks. The children then trace these letters with their fingers to learn the shape and sound of each letter. Another example is the use of bead chains to teach math concepts, specifically multiplication. Specifically for multiples of 10, there is one bead that represents one unit, a bar of ten beads put together that represents 1×10, then a flat shape created by fitting 10 of the bars together to represent 10×10, and a cube created by fitting 10 of the flats together to represent 10×10×10. These materials help build a concrete understanding of basic concepts upon which much is built in the later years.
Answer: The Montessori Method for Education in pre-school and kindergarten is a unique approach to teaching children to build self-confidence and independence. Learning takes place in Children's Houses and are fully staffed with a mixture of qualified teachers and teaching assistants who guide and consult the individual child by letting each child create their own learning pathway. Activities are introduced by the teacher, but there is no requirement for a child to complete the activity until they are ready, as what the child learns is fully guided by an individual child's interest. Classrooms are equipped with child-sized tables and chairs with learning materials on child height shelves. 
Education covers a variety of areas, for example completing practical tasks including pouring water, washing up, cleaning tables and sweeping floors. They will have access to materials relating to mathematics, languages, music, art and culture. They are taught to learn basic concepts of mathematics and writing through a hands-on approach using tactile materials.
Question: Given this reference text, why and when did Coke use Splenda as a sweetener in diet Coke?
Evidence: When diet colas first entered the market, beginning with Diet Rite, the Coca-Cola Company had a long-standing policy to use the Coca-Cola name only on its flagship cola, and so its diet cola was named Tab when it was released in 1963. Its rival Pepsi had no such qualms, and after the long-term success of its sugar-free Diet Pepsi (launched in 1964) became clear, Coca-Cola decided to launch a competing sugar-free brand under the Coca-Cola name that could be marketed more easily than Tab. Diet Coke was launched in 1982 and quickly overtook Tab in sales by a wide margin, though the older drink would remain on the market for decades until the COVID-19 pandemic forced Coca-Cola to discontinue Tab along with other slower-selling drinks in 2020.

Diet Coke is not based on the Coca-Cola formula, but instead on Tab. The controversial New Coke, introduced in 1985, used a version of the Diet Coke recipe that contained high-fructose corn syrup and had a slightly different balance of ingredients. In 2005, the company introduced Coca-Cola Zero (renamed Coca-Cola Zero Sugar in 2017), a sugar-free formula more closely based on original Coca-Cola.

In 2005, under pressure from retailer Walmart (which was impressed with the over-the-counter popularity of Splenda sweetener), the company released a new formulation called "Diet Coke sweetened with Splenda". Sucralose and acesulfame potassium replaced aspartame in this version. As the formulation was done to mollify one retailer, this variety had little advertising and promotion, as the company preferred to market Coca-Cola Zero instead. By late 2009, most distributors had stopped distributing the Splenda-formulated Diet Coke.

In 2018, in an effort to be more appealing to millennials, Diet Coke was packaged in a taller, more slender can (of the same volume) and introduced four new flavors. The cans reverted to the conventional shape a year later.
Answer: Pressure from Walmart pressured Coca-Cola to release a version of diet Coke sweetened with Splenda from 2005 until most distribution ended in 2009.
Question: What is it like living in Salt Lake City?
Answer: Salt Lake City is located next to the beautiful Wasatch mountain range in northern Utah. Residents enjoy popular outdoor activities all year round with access to ski resorts, national parks, bike trails, mountains, and local lakes. Salt Lake City has been nicknamed the Silicon Slopes for the influx of start-ups and tech companies based out of the region.
Question: What dropout rate is utilized in each CNN layer?
Evidence: In the preprocessing step, we used pre-trained GloVe vectors for word embeddings, and they would not be updated during training; We padded sentence number in each passage to 101, all word number in each sentence to 100. Word number of queries and choices were padded to 50. For all kernels of CNN, INLINEFORM0 , each of which has three different kernel width INLINEFORM1 ; each of them has same kernel number INLINEFORM2 . We utilized dropout in each CNN layer with dropout rate 0.8. We used Adam BIBREF8 optimizer to optimize our model with initial learning rate 0.001.
We utilized dropout in each CNN layer with dropout rate 0.8.
Answer: 0.8.
Question: What did George Dantzig develop?
Answer: Dantzig is known for his development of the simplex algorithm, an algorithm for solving linear programming problems, and for his other work with linear programming. In statistics, Dantzig solved two open problems in statistical theory, which he had mistaken for homework after arriving late to a lecture by Jerzy Neyman.