DataHammer/scimrc huggingface dataset:
Question: What approach do they propose?
Evidence: Neural machine translation (NMT) is popularly implemented as an encoder-decoder framework BIBREF0, in which the encoder is right in charge of source sentence representation. Typically, the input sentence is implicitly represented as a contextualized source representation through deep learning networks. By further feeding the decoder, the source representation is used to learn dependent time-step context vectors for predicting target translation BIBREF1.
In state-of-the-art Transformer-based encoder, self-attention mechanisms are good at capturing the general information in a sentence BIBREF2, BIBREF3, BIBREF4. However, it is difficult to distinguish which kind of information lying deeply under the language is really salient for learning source representation. Intuitively, when a person reads a source sentence, he/she often selectively focuses on the basic sentence meaning, and re-reads the entire sentence to understand its meaning completely. Take the English sentence in Table TABREF2 as an example. We manually annotate its basic meaning as a shorter sequence of words than in the original sentence, called backbone information. Obviously, these words with the basic meaning contain more important information for human understanding than the remaining words in the sentence. We argue that such backbone information is also helpful for learning source representation, and is not explicitly considered by the existing NMT system to enrich the source sentence representation.
In this paper, we propose a novel explicit sentence compression approach to enhance the source representation for NMT. To this end, we first design three sentence compression models to accommodate the needs of various languages and scenarios, including supervised, unsupervised, and semi-supervised ways, to learn a backbone information words sequence (as shown in Table TABREF2) from the source sentence. We then propose three translation models, including backbone source-side fusion based NMT (BSFNMT), backbone target-side fusion (BTFNMT), and both-side fusion based NMT (BBFNMT), to introduce this backbone knowledge into the existing Transformer NMT system for improving translation predictions. Empirical results on the WMT14 English-to-German and English-to-French translation tasks show that the proposed approach significantly improves the translation performance over the strong even state-of-the-art NMT baselines.
In this paper, we propose a novel explicit sentence compression approach to enhance the source representation for NMT.
Answer: A novel explicit sentence compression approach to enhance the source representation for neural machine translation (NMT).
Question: Using given passage as a reference, Jot down some points on Laredo Formation
Evidence: The Laredo Formation is a geologic formation and Lagerstätte in Texas, United States and Nuevo León and Tamaulipas, Mexico. It preserves fossils dating back to the Lutetian stage of the Eocene period. Among many other fossils, the formation has provided invertebrates, vertebrates, leaves, pollen and spores and fossil wood of the brackish water palm Nypa sp.
Answer: 1. The Laredo Formation is a geological formation and Lagerstätte in Tamaulipas and Nuevo León, Mexico, as well as Texas, United States.
2. It protects fossils that date back to the Eocene Lutetian stage.
3. The formation has produced a variety of different fossils, including insects, vertebrates, leaves, pollen, spores, and fossilised wood from the brackish water palm Nypa sp.
Question: What are the different recurring costs associated with homeownership apart from mortgage?
Answer: Apart from mortgage, first-time home owners will need to consider a variety of different costs that may catch them by surprise. Some of those are:
- Home Insurance Costs: Tends to increase if the house is in a flood-prone or fire-hazard zones
- PMI: Iff the homeowners have put down less than 20% down, then they will be subject to a Payment Mortgage Insurance(PMI), a monthly fees charged by the lending agency to cover their risk of default on the loan
- Property Taxes: The property taxes vary by state and by county. So first-time home buyers will have to be aware of the rate of taxes in the locality they are buying the house in and plan their monthly escrow payments accordingly to cover the tax bill at the end of the year
- Ongoing Maintenance and Upkeep: Depending on how old the house is and how it's maintained, plan to spend a few hundred dollars with regards to upkeep. Some could be fixed expenses like lawn mowing and upkeep services, water softenereinstallation and upkeep, water filtering systems, HVAC and so on. Although not common, it's good to plan for any eventualities
Question: What data is contained in the RACE dataset?
Evidence: RACE (Reading Comprehension Dataset From Examinations) is a recently released MRC dataset consisting of 27,933 passages and 97,867 questions from English exams, targeting Chinese students aged 12-18. RACE consists of two subsets, RACE-M and RACE-H, from middle school and high school exams, respectively. RACE-M has 28,293 questions and RACE-H has 69,574. Each question is associated with 4 candidate answers, one of which is correct. The data generation process of RACE differs from most MRC datasets - instead of generating questions and answers by heuristics or crowd-sourcing, questions in RACE are specifically designed for testing human reading skills, and are created by domain experts.
RACE (Reading Comprehension Dataset From Examinations) is a recently released MRC dataset consisting of 27,933 passages and 97,867 questions from English exams, targeting Chinese students aged 12-18.
Answer: 27,933 passages and 97,867 questions from English exams, targeting Chinese students aged 12-18.
Question: List of Cat Breeds
Evidence: The following list of cat breeds includes only domestic cat breeds and domestic and wild hybrids. The list includes established breeds recognized by various cat registries, new and experimental breeds, landraces being established as standardized breeds, distinct domestic populations not being actively developed and lapsed (extinct) breeds.

As of 2023, The International Cat Association (TICA) recognizes 73 standardized breeds, the Cat Fanciers' Association (CFA) recognizes 45, the Fédération Internationale Féline (FIFe) recognizes 50, the Governing Council of the Cat Fancy (GCCF) recognizes 45, and the World Cat Federation (WCF) recognizes 69.

Inconsistency in a breed classification and naming among registries means that an individual animal may be considered different breeds by different registries (though not necessarily eligible for registry in them all, depending on its exact ancestry). For example, TICA's Himalayan is considered a colorpoint variety of the Persian by the CFA, while the Javanese (or Colorpoint Longhair) is a color variation of the Balinese in both the TICA and the CFA; both breeds are merged (along with the Colorpoint Shorthair) into a single "mega-breed", the Colourpoint, by the World Cat Federation (WCF), who have repurposed the name "Javanese" for the Oriental Longhair. Also, "Colorpoint Longhair" refers to different breeds in other registries. There are many examples of nomenclatural overlap and differences of this sort. Furthermore, many geographical and cultural names for cat breeds are fanciful selections made by Western breeders to be exotic sounding and bear no relationship to the actual origin of the breeds; the Balinese, Javanese, and Himalayan are all examples of this trend.

The domestic short-haired and domestic long-haired cat types are not breeds, but terms used (with various spellings) in the cat fancy to describe "mongrel" or "bicolor" cats by coat length, ones that do not belong to a particular breed. Some registries permit them to be pedigreed and they have been used as foundation stock in the establishment of some breeds.[citation needed] They should not be confused with standardized breeds with similar names, such as the British Shorthair and Oriental Longhair.
Answer: Base on the examples taken from the text, give me the total # of The International Cat Association (TICA) recognizes standardized breeds
Question: How loose the bound in Equation 5 is?
Evidence: To figure how loose the bound in Eq. 5 is, we randomly generate 10000 graphs, select the edge between agent 0 and 1, and put them into 100 bins according to the value of \zeta_{01}^{q_{var}} . In each bin, we calculate the number of graphs where the actions of agent 0 and 1 selected by Max-Sum keep unchanged after removing the edge between them. Also for each bin, we average the bound in Equation 5 of each graph instance. Then, in Fig. 18, we compare our bound against the frequency of unchanged actions. We observe that, on average, the bound is 36.9% lower than the real frequency
Answer: We empirically compare this bound with probability in real cases. We randomly generate 10000 graphs, select the edge between agent 0 and 1, and put them into 100 bins according to the value of \zeta_{01}^{q_{var}}. In each bin, we calculate the number of instances where the actions of agent 0 and 1 selected by Max-Sum keep unchanged after removing the edge between them. Also for each bin, we average the bound in Equation 5 of each instance. Then, in Fig. 19 (Appendix H, page 24), we compare our bound against the frequency of unchanged actions. We observe that, on average, our lower bound is 36.9% lower than the real frequency.
Question: What are some common types of monstera?
Answer: Monstera is a house plant most well known for its leaves with holes and quick growth. Some of the common varieties of the monstera plant include Deliciosa, Adansonii, Minima, Taureii, Thai Constellation, Silver, and Karstenianum
Question: Do they compare against state of the art text generation?
Evidence: We compare our HR-VAE model with three strong baselines using VAE for text modelling:
VAE-LSTM-base: A variational autoencoder model which uses LSTM for both encoder and decoder. KL annealing is used to tackled the latent variable collapse issue BIBREF0;
VAE-CNN: A variational autoencoder model with a LSTM encoder and a dilated CNN decoder BIBREF7;
vMF-VAE: A variational autoencoder model using LSTM for both encoder and decoder where the prior distribution is the von Mises-Fisher (vMF) distribution rather than a Gaussian distribution BIBREF5.
We compare our HR-VAE model with three strong baselines using VAE for text modelling:

VAE-LSTM-base: A variational autoencoder model which uses LSTM for both encoder and decoder. KL annealing is used to tackled the latent variable collapse issue BIBREF0;

VAE-CNN: A variational autoencoder model with a LSTM encoder and a dilated CNN decoder BIBREF7;

vMF-VAE: A variational autoencoder model using LSTM for both encoder and decoder where the prior distribution is the von Mises-Fisher (vMF) distribution rather than a Gaussian distribution BIBREF5.
Answer: Yes.
Question: What are some rules of Slack etiquette?
Answer: Slack etiquette varies greatly between different workplaces, so it's hard to give general guidelines. However, most workplaces that use Slack do have some common rules. For example, if you are writing a message during non-work hours, it's better to schedule it to be sent during work hours. If you are responding to a message, it's better to do it in a threaded reply than by starting a new thread.
Question: Name the planets in the solar system, in the order of distance from the sun
Answer: The planets in the solar system in order of distance from the sun are Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, and Uranus.
Question: Classify each of the following as either typical indoor or outdoor sports: Chess, Carrom, Cricket, Billiards, Table Tennis, Field Hockey, Rugby, Snooker, Soccer and Boxing
Answer: Chess - Indoor
Carrom - Indoor 
Cricket - Outdoor 
Billiards -  Indoor 
Table Tennis - Indoor 
Field Hockey - Outdoor 
Rugby - Outdoor 
Snooker - Indoor 
Soccer - Outdoor 
Boxing - Indoor
Question: Please provide me a summary about Iron Maiden band.
Evidence: Iron Maiden are an English heavy metal band formed in Leyton, East London, in 1975 by bassist and primary songwriter Steve Harris. Although fluid in the early years of the band, the lineup for most of the band's history has consisted of Harris, lead vocalist Bruce Dickinson, drummer Nicko McBrain, and guitarists Dave Murray, Adrian Smith and Janick Gers. The band have released 41 albums, including 17 studio albums, 13 live albums, four EPs and seven compilations. They have also released 47 singles and 20 video albums. Two electronic games have been released with Iron Maiden soundtracks, and the band's music is featured in a number of other video games.
Answer: Iron Maiden are an English heavy metal band. The most popular lineup is Steve Harris, Bruce Dickinson, Nicko McBrain, Dave Murray, Adrian Smith and Janick Gers. They have released 41 albums, 47 singles, 20 video albums and their music is featured in a number of video games.
Question: Given this reference text about the Philadelphia Phillies, how many stadiums have they had and where do they play currently?
Evidence: The franchise was founded in Philadelphia in 1883, replacing the team from Worcester, Massachusetts, in the National League. The team has played at several stadiums in the city, beginning with Recreation Park (1883–1886) and continuing at Baker Bowl (1887–1938); Shibe Park (which was renamed Connie Mack Stadium in 1953 in honor of the longtime Philadelphia Athletics manager Connie Mack) (1938–1970); Veterans Stadium (1971–2003), and now Citizens Bank Park (2004-present).
Answer: The Phillies have played in five different stadium throughout their history in Philadelphia. They currently play at Citizens Bank Park.
Question: Based on the following passage summarise how sunsets are viewed from the northern hemisphere across seasons.
Evidence: Sunset, also known as sundown, is the daily disappearance of the Sun below the horizon due to Earth's rotation. As viewed from everywhere on Earth (except the North and South poles), the equinox Sun sets due west at the moment of both the spring and autumn equinoxes. As viewed from the Northern Hemisphere, the Sun sets to the northwest (or not at all) in the spring and summer, and to the southwest in the autumn and winter; these seasons are reversed for the Southern Hemisphere.
The time of sunset is defined in astronomy as the moment when the upper limb of the Sun disappears below the horizon. Near the horizon, atmospheric refraction causes sunlight rays to be distorted to such an extent that geometrically the solar disk is already about one diameter below the horizon when a sunset is observed.
Sunset is distinct from twilight, which is divided into three stages. The first one is civil twilight, which begins once the Sun has disappeared below the horizon, and continues until it descends to 6 degrees below the horizon. The second phase is nautical twilight, between 6 and 12 degrees below the horizon. The third phase is astronomical twilight, which is the period when the Sun is between 12 and 18 degrees below the horizon. Dusk is at the very end of astronomical twilight, and is the darkest moment of twilight just before night. Finally, night occurs when the Sun reaches 18 degrees below the horizon and no longer illuminates the sky.
Locations further north than the Arctic Circle and further south than the Antarctic Circle experience no full sunset or sunrise on at least one day of the year, when the polar day or the polar night persists continuously for 24 hours.
Answer: When viewed from the Northern Hemisphere, the Sun sets to the northwest (or not at all) in the spring and summer, and to the southwest in the autumn and winter; these seasons are reversed for the Southern Hemisphere.
Question: What does the author analyze by comparing twitter and Wikipedia with similar words on the topic of cyberbullying?
Evidence: DNN models learn word embeddings over the training data. These learned embeddings across multiple datasets show the difference in nature and style of bullying across cyberbullying topics and SMPs. Here we report results for BLSTM with attention model. Results for other models are similar. We first verify that important words for each topic of cyberbullying form clusters in the learned embeddings. To enable the visualization of grouping, we reduced dimensionality with t-SNE BIBREF16 , a well-known technique for dimensionality reduction particularly well suited for visualization of high dimensional datasets. Please refer to Table TABREF22 . This table shows important clusters observed in t-SNE projection of learned word embeddings. Each cluster shows that words most relevant to a particular topic of bullying form cluster.
We also observed changes in the meanings of the words across topics of cyberbullying. Table TABREF23 shows most similar words for a given query word for two datasets. Twitter dataset which is heavy on sexism and racism, considers word slave as similar to targets of racism and sexism. However, Wikipedia dataset that is about personal attacks does not show such bias.
Twitter dataset which is heavy on sexism and racism, considers word slave as similar to targets of racism and sexism. However, Wikipedia dataset that is about personal attacks does not show such bias.
Answer: Twitter dataset which is heavy on sexism and racism, considers word slave as similar to targets of racism and sexism. However, Wikipedia dataset that is about personal attacks does not show such bias.
Question: Should I pet the belly of a cat who is laying on its back?
Answer: It depends on the cat. Some cats may enjoy having their belly rubbed and will permit you to do so. Other cats may not appreciate it and this position may be a trap for them to bite and kick your hand.
Question: Help plan a first date in San Francisco
Answer: You could start a first date by heading to a local bar - depending on where you live in the city of San Francisco, you might choose a different bar. For example, if you live in the Russian Hill area, you could go to a bar called Bar Iris. Subsequently, you could choose to go to other nearby restaurants or bars as well.
Question: Given this text, what is the third wealthiest state in the USA?
Evidence: Hawaii became a unified, internationally recognized kingdom in 1810, remaining independent until American and European businessmen overthrew the monarchy in 1893; this led to annexation by the U.S. in 1898. As a strategically valuable U.S. territory, Hawaii was attacked by Japan on December 7, 1941, which brought it global and historical significance, and contributed to America's decisive entry into World War II. Hawaii is the most recent state to join the union, on August 21, 1959. In 1993, the U.S. government formally apologized for its role in the overthrow of Hawaii's government, which spurred the Hawaiian sovereignty movement.

Historically dominated by a plantation economy, Hawaii remains a major agricultural exporter due to its fertile soil and uniquely tropical climate in the U.S. Its economy has gradually diversified since the mid-20th century, with tourism and military defense becoming the two largest sectors. The state attracts tourists, surfers, and scientists with its diverse natural scenery, warm tropical climate, abundance of public beaches, oceanic surroundings, active volcanoes, and clear skies on the Big Island. Hawaii hosts the U.S. Pacific Fleet, the world's largest naval command, as well as 75,000 employees of the Defense Department.

Its relative isolation results in one of the highest costs of living in the United States, and Hawaii is the third-wealthiest state.
Answer: According to this text, Hawaii is the third wealthiest state in the United States of America.
Question: Why do people eat food?
Answer: People eat food for sustenance and energy.  Food is required to keep us alive and moving about in our daily lives.  It is just as important as water is to our lives.  Your body converts the food into ATP (e.g. energy) for your cells to use.  Nutrients also come from food and help us to grow, and keep the bodily functions working correctly like breathing, digestion, blood flow and the overall health of the immune system.
Question: From the following article, tell me the information related to the most recent year and what the largest number in the article is referring to.
Evidence: Austria, formally the Republic of Austria, is a landlocked country in the southern part of Central Europe, lying in the Eastern Alps. It is a federation of nine states, one of which is the capital, Vienna, the most populous city and state. Austria is bordered by Germany to the northwest, the Czech Republic to the north, Slovakia to the northeast, Hungary to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west. The country occupies an area of 83,871 km2 (32,383 sq mi) and has a population of 9 million.

Austria emerged from the remnants of the Eastern and Hungarian March at the end of the first millennium. Originally a margraviate of Bavaria, it developed into a duchy of the Holy Roman Empire in 1156 and was later made an archduchy in 1453. In the 16th century, Vienna began serving as the empire's administrative capital and Austria thus became the heartland of the Habsburg monarchy. After the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, Austria established its own empire, which became a great power and the dominant member of the German Confederation. The empire's defeat in the Austro-Prussian War of 1866 led to the end of the Confederation and paved the way for the establishment of Austria-Hungary a year later.

After the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in 1914, Emperor Franz Joseph declared war on Serbia, which ultimately escalated into World War I. The empire's defeat and subsequent collapse led to the proclamation of the Republic of German-Austria in 1918 and the First Austrian Republic in 1919. During the interwar period, anti-parliamentarian sentiments culminated in the formation of an Austrofascist dictatorship under Engelbert Dollfuss in 1934. A year before the outbreak of World War II, Austria was annexed into Nazi Germany by Adolf Hitler, and it became a sub-national division. After its liberation in 1945 and a decade of Allied occupation, the country regained its sovereignty and declared its perpetual neutrality in 1955.

Austria is a parliamentary representative democracy with a popularly elected president as head of state and a chancellor as head of government and chief executive. Major cities include Vienna, Graz, Linz, Salzburg, and Innsbruck. Austria is consistently listed as one of the richest countries in the world by GDP per capita and with a high standard of living; it was ranked 25th in the world for its Human Development Index in 2021.

Austria has been a member of the United Nations since 1955 and of the European Union since 1995. It hosts the OSCE and OPEC and is a founding member of the OECD and Interpol. It also signed the Schengen Agreement in 1995, and adopted the euro currency in 1999.
Answer: The most recent year is 2021, the year Austria was ranked 25th in the Human Development Index. The largest number is 9 million, referring to the population of Austria.
Question: Remove the last names of all people in this passage
Evidence: Dino Hotić is a professional footballer who plays as an attacking midfielder for Belgian First Division A club Cercle Brugge. Born in Slovenia, he represents the Bosnia and Herzegovina national team.
Answer: Dino is a professional footballer who plays as an attacking midfielder for Belgian First Division A club Cercle Brugge. Born in Slovenia, he represents the Bosnia and Herzegovina national team.