DataHammer/scimrc huggingface dataset:
Question: Which two phases does the shared task have?
Evidence: The shared task had two phases: In the development phase, the participants were provided labeled training and development datasets; in the testing phase, testing input was further provided.
The participants tried to achieve the best performance on the development set. A live leaderboard kept track of the submissions.
The test set was released and the participants had few days to make final predictions.
In phase 2, no immediate feedback on the submissions was provided. The winner was determined based on the performance on the test set.
The shared task had two phases: In the development phase, the participants were provided labeled training and development datasets;  in the testing phase, testing input was further provided.
Answer: The development phase and the testing phase.
Question: Given a reference text about Charles Wing Krafft, tell me where he was born and his occupation.
Evidence: Charles Wing Krafft (September 19, 1947 – June 12, 2020) was an American painter and ceramicist whose later work incorporated traditional ceramic decorative styles to produce works commemorating modern disasters. In 1998, he was called "the dark angel of Seattle art" by the art critic of the Seattle Post-Intelligencer. In early 2013 it was revealed that he participated in white nationalist and Holocaust denial websites, which led to a re-evaluation of his artwork.

Early life
Charles Krafft was born in Seattle in 1947, and grew up near the Seattle Art Museum, which he frequented, leading to his initial interest in art. In his teenage years, he became interested in the writings of Jack Kerouac and the artwork of Von Dutch, a prominent custom car designer, gunsmith and explosives specialist. He later became fascinated by the art of Morris Graves and the Northwest School. He has named Von Dutch and Graves as his "greatest inspirations". He also spent time with Guy Anderson, also of the Northwest School. He soon moved into a cabin in an artists' commune in Fishtown, near La Conner, Washington, where he lived for 12 years. Initially he went there to attempt to learn to meditate. Although this failed, he first began painting there.
Answer: Charles Wing Krafft was born in Seattle and was a painter and ceramicist.
Question: Based on this text, what was Ruth Handler's inspiration for making the Barbie Doll?
Evidence: Ruth Handler watched her daughter Barbara play with paper dolls, and noticed that she often enjoyed giving them adult roles. At the time, most children's toy dolls were representations of infants. Realizing that there could be a gap in the market, Handler suggested the idea of an adult-bodied doll to her husband Elliot, a co-founder of the Mattel toy company. He was unenthusiastic about the idea, as were Mattel's directors.

During a trip to Europe in 1956 with her children Barbara and Kenneth, Ruth Handler came across a German toy doll called Bild Lilli. The adult-figured doll was exactly what Handler had in mind, so she purchased three of them. She gave one to her daughter and took the others back to Mattel. The Lilli doll was based on a popular character appearing in a comic strip drawn by Reinhard Beuthin for the newspaper Bild. Lilli was a blonde bombshell, a working girl who knew what she wanted and was not above using men to get it. The Lilli doll was first sold in Germany in 1955, and although it was initially sold to adults, it became popular with children who enjoyed dressing her up in outfits that were available separately.
Answer: Ruth Handler was inspired by the German Bild Lilli doll
Question: What is an Abacus?
Evidence: The abacus (plural abaci or abacuses), also called a counting frame, is a calculating tool which has been used since ancient times. It was used in the ancient Near East, Europe, China, and Russia, millennia before the adoption of the Hindu-Arabic numeral system. The exact origin of the abacus has not yet emerged. It consists of rows of movable beads, or similar objects, strung on a wire. They represent digits. One of the two numbers is set up, and the beads are manipulated to perform an operation such as addition, or even a square or cubic root.

In their earliest designs, the rows of beads could be loose on a flat surface or sliding in grooves. Later the beads were made to slide on rods and built into a frame, allowing faster manipulation. Abacuses are still made, often as a bamboo frame with beads sliding on wires. In the ancient world, particularly before the introduction of positional notation, abacuses were a practical calculating tool. The abacus is still used to teach the fundamentals of mathematics to some children, for example, in Russia.
Answer: The Abacus is calculating tool using movable beads often made on a bamboo frame
Question: What are three most commonly sung lyric soprano arias?
Answer: Three most commonly sung lyric soprano arias?
- "Quando m'en vo" from La Boheme by Puccini
- "O mio babbino caro" from Gianni Schicchi by Puccini
- "Deh! vieni non tardar" from Le Nozze di Figaro by Mozart
Question: What's the function of the output layer?
Evidence: The used architecture of the QA model is briefly summarized below. Here we choose QANet BIBREF2 as the base model due to the following reasons: 1) it achieves the second best performance on SQuAD, and 2) since there are completely no recurrent networks in QANet, its training speed is 5x faster than BiDAF BIBREF17 when reaching the same performance on SQuAD.
The network architecture is illustrated in Figure FIGREF2 . The left blocks and the right blocks form two QANets, each of which takes a document and a question as the input and outputs an answer. In QANet, firstly, an embedding encoder obtains word and character embeddings for each word in INLINEFORM0 or INLINEFORM1 and then models the temporal interactions between words and refines word vectors to contextualized word representations. All encoder blocks used in QANet are composed exclusively of depth-wise separable convolutions and self-attention. The intuition here is that convolution components can model local interactions and self-attention components focus on modeling global interactions. The context-query attention layer generates the question-document similarity matrix and computes the question-aware vector representations of the context words. After that, a model encoder layer containing seven encoder blocks captures the interactions among the context words conditioned on the question. Finally, the output layer predicts a start position and an end position in the document to extract the answer span from the document.
Finally, the output layer predicts a start position and an end position in the document to extract the answer span from the document.
Answer: It predicts a start position and an end position in the document to extract the answer span from the document.
Question: Classify each of the following as either solid, liquid or gas: fart, urine, poop, toilet paper, toilet, sink, water, bar of soap, underwear, belt, steam
Answer: The solids include poop, toilet paper, the toilet, the bar of soap, underwear and belt. The liquids include urine and water. The gases include the fart and steam.
Question: Write a manifesto for the "Be IRL" movement. The movement advocates being present to your surroundings and fellow humans, vs being immersed in the virtual world created by our smartphones.
Answer: New "technology" comes with incredible benefits, but also incredible long term harms. Think of plentiful calories (no fear of starvation) vs the obesity epidemic. Now think, constant dopamine vs incredible lack of connection to our environment, no new friends and a loneliness epidemic.

We see it all around us like some dystopian movie. Everyone is looking down at their phones, their eyes and ears oblivious to everything around them. Colleges, the very places that should be bursting with energy, laughter, and serendipitous lifelong friendships, have become places full of people with few friends, constantly scrolling in search of the ever decreasing dopamine hit from a like or just something "new".
Question: How can I reduce my carbon footprint?
Answer: There are several ways to reduce an individual's carbon footprint. It can be done by reducing your utilization of motor vehicles powered by fossil fuels like diesel or gasoline, including cars, airplanes, boats, trains and trucks. It is also possible to reduce your carbon footprint by easy changes in your lifestyle such as adjusting your thermostat so that you don't heat your house too hot in the winter or too cold in the summer, reducing your red meat intake and sourcing your electricity from renewable energy providers. It is also possible to reduce your carbon footprint by improving your home's energy efficiency by using energy efficient appliances, windows, water heaters and HVAC systems.
Question: Based on the text provided, what does a minimum spanning tree optimize?
Evidence: A minimum spanning tree (MST) or minimum weight spanning tree is a subset of the edges of a connected, edge-weighted undirected graph that connects all the vertices together, without any cycles and with the minimum possible total edge weight. That is, it is a spanning tree whose sum of edge weights is as small as possible. More generally, any edge-weighted undirected graph (not necessarily connected) has a minimum spanning forest, which is a union of the minimum spanning trees for its connected components.

There are many use cases for minimum spanning trees. One example is a telecommunications company trying to lay cable in a new neighborhood. If it is constrained to bury the cable only along certain paths (e.g. roads), then there would be a graph containing the points (e.g. houses) connected by those paths. Some of the paths might be more expensive, because they are longer, or require the cable to be buried deeper; these paths would be represented by edges with larger weights. Currency is an acceptable unit for edge weight – there is no requirement for edge lengths to obey normal rules of geometry such as the triangle inequality. A spanning tree for that graph would be a subset of those paths that has no cycles but still connects every house; there might be several spanning trees possible. A minimum spanning tree would be one with the lowest total cost, representing the least expensive path for laying the cable.
Answer: A minimum spanning tree optimizes the a graph in a way that minimizes the sum of all the weights of the edges
Question: Classify each of the following as either computer hardware or computer software: hard drive, text editor, keyboard, monitor, mouse, operating system, and Internet browser.
Answer: hard drive - computer hardware, text editor - computer software, keyboard - computer hardware, monitor - computer hardware, mouse - computer hardware, operating system - computer software, and Internet browser - computer software.
Question: What companies are in the Big Four?
Answer: The Big Four is made up of Deloitte, PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC), Ernst and Young (EY), and KPMG. The Big Four are defined as the largest accounting firms in the world, by revenue. In addition to auditing services, these companies offer tax, strategy, and other consulting services.
Question: Does my Myers-Briggs personality type determine my long-term career potential?
Answer: No, your Myers-Briggs personality type does not predict your career-path. Your personality is a fundamental part of who you are. The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) is a shorthand way to describe your level of introversion versus extroversion, sensitivity to perceptual queues, and the way you evaluate new information. While these factors could individually contribute to your success or failure in a given career path, none of them can statistically predict success or failure.
Question: What questions are raised at the end of this paper?
Evidence: This paper provided a taxonomy of stereotype-driven descriptions in the Flickr30K dataset. I have divided these descriptions into two classes: linguistic bias and unwarranted inferences. The former corresponds to the annotators' choice of words when confronted with an image that may or may not match their stereotypical expectancies. The latter corresponds to the tendency of annotators to go beyond what the physical data can tell us, and expand their descriptions based on their past experiences and knowledge of the world. Acknowledging these phenomena is important, because on the one hand it helps us think about what is learnable from the data, and on the other hand it serves as a warning: if we train and evaluate language models on this data, we are effectively teaching them to be biased.
I have also looked at methods to detect stereotype-driven descriptions, but due to the richness of language it is difficult to find an automated measure. Depending on whether your goal is production or interpretation, it may either be useful to suppress or to emphasize biases in human language. Finally, I have discussed stereotyping behavior as the addition of a contextual layer on top of a more basic description. This raises the question what kind of descriptions we would like our models to produce.
Finally, I have discussed stereotyping behavior as the addition of a contextual layer on top of a more basic description. This raises the question what kind of descriptions we would like our models to produce.
Answer: Finally, the author has discussed stereotyping behavior as the addition of a contextual layer on top of a more basic description. This raises the question what kind of descriptions they would like their models to produce.
Question: How do I find my Tesla charging station?
Answer: To enable Trip Planner, touch 'Settings' > 'Navigation' > 'Trip Planner' on your touchscreen. Once you have selected a site, your vehicle's navigation will automatically route you to the nearest entrance of the property. You can then zoom in on the map to find the exact location of the station.
Question: Can I unilaterally change terms of a contract?
Answer: The general rule is no. If a party were allowed to unilaterally change the term of a contract, there may be no value in having a contract in the first place as an obvious change would be to change what a party has promised in the contract to little or nothing at all. This would erode any value of having a contract in the first place. However, there are contracts that allow a party to unilaterally change certain terms of the contract but they should not take away the substantial benefit of the contract from the other party or parties. If a party has agreed to allow the other to vary any of the terms of the contract, this is not ideal and the implications would depend on the extent and nature of the variations made. It is therefore prudent for both parties to avoid provisions to allow unilateral changes to the contract or at the very least, expressly limit the scope of unilateral changes.
Question: How large is the gap in performance between the HMMs and the LSTMs?
Evidence: FLOAT SELECTED: Table 1: Predictive loglikelihood (LL) comparison, sorted by validation set performance.
FLOAT SELECTED: Table 1: Predictive loglikelihood (LL) comparison, sorted by validation set performance.
Answer: With similar number of parameters, the log likelihood is about 0.1 lower for LSTMs across datasets. When the number of parameters in LSTMs is increased, their log likelihood is up to 0.7 lower.
Question: Why babies cry ?
Answer: Since babies can’t speak, crying is their way to communicate what they need or feel. For instance, babies can cry because they are hungry or because their diaper is dirty or because their tummy hurts or just because they to let go of emotions. The type, the intensity and the length of cries can vary from one baby to another.
Question: Who is William Shakespeare
Evidence: William Shakespeare (bapt. 26 April 1564 – 23 April 1616) was an English playwright, poet and actor. He is regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the world's pre-eminent dramatist. He is often called England's national poet and the "Bard of Avon" (or simply "the Bard"). His extant works, including collaborations, consist of some 39 plays, 154 sonnets, three long narrative poems, and a few other verses, some of uncertain authorship. His plays have been translated into every major living language and are performed more often than those of any other playwright. He remains arguably the most influential writer in the English language, and his works continue to be studied and reinterpreted.
Answer: Many experts agree William Shakespeare is the most important author in the English language.  Although, this is a hotly debated topic, he is still the best known from the Elizabethan period.  He has written many plays.  His most famous tragedy is Hamlet.  He also wrote much poetry in the form of Sonnets.  Arguably, the most interesting sonnet by William Shakespeare is Sonnet 95.
Question: What is Ruby?
Answer: Ruby is an interpreted, high-level, general-purpose programming language which supports multiple programming paradigms. It was designed with an emphasis on programming productivity and simplicity. In Ruby, everything is an object, including primitive data types. It was developed in the mid-1990s by Yukihiro "Matz" Matsumoto in Japan.
Question: What is the Monty Hall problem?
Answer: The Monty Hall problem is a probability brain teaser that many consider to be counterintuitive. The problem is stated as follows: Imagine you are a contestant on a game show and the host shows you 3 doors. Behind one of the doors is a car and behind the other two are goats. The prizes have been randomly assigned to the doors and you want to win the car. The host allows you to pick one of the doors as a first selection. Then, the host opens one of the remaining doors and reveals a goat is behind it. The host now allows you to decide if you want to switch from your selected door to the remaining unopened door. Should you switch, to maximize your probability of winning the car?

Most people believe switching does not improve your probability of winning the car. However switching does increase your probability of winning the car from 1/3 to 2/3. An intuitive way to understand this problem is by first considering the initial state. At your first selection the probability that you have selected the right door is 1/3 and the probability that the car remains behind one of the two unselected doors is 2/3. Then the host reveals more information. The host reveals that one of the unselected doors does not have the car behind it. The probability that the originally unselected doors must have the car behind one of them is still 2/3, but you now know one of them specifically which does not have the car. Therefore, the remaining unopened unselected door must have a probability of 2/3 to contain the car, and your originally selected door must have a probability of 1/3. When offered the chance, you should switch to maximize your chances of winning the car.
Question: Given this paragraph, show me how to calculate how many total patrons can be served by all of the Schauspielhaus theaters?
Evidence: The Schauspielhaus Zürich (English: Zürich playhouse) is one of the most prominent and important[citation needed] theatres in the German-speaking world. It is also known as "Pfauenbühne" (Peacock Stage). The large theatre has 750 seats. The Schauspielhaus also operates three stages in the Schiffbau in the western part of Zürich, the Schiffbau/Halle (400 seats), the Schiffbau/Box (up to 200 seats) and the Schiffbau/Matchbox (80 seats).
Answer: 1430 total patrons can be served. There are 750 seats in Schauspielhaus Zürich, 400 in the Schiffbau/Halle, 200 in the Schiffbau/Box and 80 in the Schiffbau/Matchbox. This totals to 750 + 400 + 200 + 80 = 1430 seats. Each patron requires one seat
Question: Classify the following as being either being a type of shark or a type of bird:  hammerhead, eagle, tiger, sawtooth, blacktip, oriole, osprey, falcon, great white.
Answer: Hammerhead, tiger, sawtooth, blacktip, and great white are types of sharks.  Eagle, oriole, osprey, and falcon are types of birds.
Question: List some of the extinct houses in the series "A Song of Ice and Fire."
Answer: Greystark, Fisher, Lothston, Qoherys, Caron, Toyne, Durrendon, Gardener
Question: Name a battlefield surgeon
Evidence: Princess Vera Ignatievna Gedroits was a Russian doctor of medicine and author. She was the first woman military surgeon in Russia, the first woman professor of surgery, and the first woman to serve as a physician to the Imperial Court of Russia. Following her involvement in a student movement, Gedroits was unable to complete her studies in Russia, and despite being openly lesbian, entered into a marriage of convenience, which allowed her to obtain a passport in another name and leave the country. In Switzerland, she enrolled in the medical courses of César Roux and graduated in 1898, working as Roux’s assistant, but returned to Russia because of illnesses in her family. As a young physician, Gedroits was concerned at the low standards of hygiene, nutrition and sanitation, and made recommendations to improve conditions. In the Russo-Japanese War, she performed abdominal surgeries against established policy, leading to a change in the way battlefield medicine was performed. Much decorated for her war service, she served as physician to the royal court until the outbreak of World War I, training the Tsarina Alexandra and her daughters as nurses. At the beginning of the Revolution, Gedroits returned to the battle front. Wounded, she was evacuated to Kiev, where she resumed her work as a physician and academic. In 1921, she was hired to teach pediatric surgery at the Kiev Medical Institute and within two years was appointed a professor of medicine. Soviet purges at that time removed her from office in 1930 and denied her a pension. Gedroits turned her attention to writing autobiographical novels until her death from uterine cancer in 1932.
Answer: Vera Gedroits was a ground-breaking physician and surgeon who improved surgical practices on the battlefield and became the first woman to serve as a physician to the Imperial Court of Russia.
Question: Did Sir Winston Churchill win the Nobel Peace Prize?
Answer: No, Sir Winston Churchill did not win the Nobel Peace Prize. He was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize twice, in 1945 and in 1950, and did not win it.
However, he did win the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1953.
Question: How did 'March Madness' get its name?
Answer: "March Madness" was originally coined after a high school basketball tournament in Illinois dating back to 1908. Henry V. Porter wrote an essay titled "March Madness" in the Illinois Interscholastic in 1939 to commemorate the tournament. Other media outlets embraced the term as the tournament continued to sell out and thrive for decades. Brent Musburger, a former sportswriter from Chicago, brought the term "March Madness" to the NCAA tournament when covering the event for CBS in 1982. The phrase became synonymous with the tournament ever since. In 2010, the NCAA made it official and paid IHSA (The Illinois High School Association) $17.2M for the rights to the phrase, and began using the trademark in marketing materials, logos and other branding material. While only used for the men's tournament for decades, the NCAA only began using the phrase "March Madness" for the women's tournament in 2022.
Question: What are the main components of AWS Kinesis?
Answer: Kinesis is a distributed system that is composed of several components. The main components of Kinesis are:
1. Streams: A stream is a group of records that are ingested and processed in real-time by Kinesis. A stream consists of one or more shards, and each shard is an ordered sequence of data records.
2. Shards: A shard is a sequence of records in a stream. It is equivalent to a data partition. Each shard has a specific sequence of records and provides a specific read and write capacity.
3. Producers: Producers are responsible for sending data to a Kinesis stream. Producers can be any application that can send data to an HTTP/HTTPS endpoint.
4. Consumers: Consumers are responsible for reading and processing data from a Kinesis stream. Consumers can be any application that can read data from an HTTP/HTTPS endpoint.