DataHammer/scimrc huggingface dataset:
Question: What defect on the model is found during decoding?
Evidence: We found that during decoding, the model would occasionally assign a high probability to words based on the target context alone, ignoring the source sentence. We speculate that this is an instance of the label bias problem BIBREF7 .
To mitigate this problem, we experiment with training separate models that produce the target text from right-to-left (r2l), and re-scoring the n-best lists that are produced by the main (left-to-right) models with these r2l models. Since the right-to-left model will see a complementary target context at each time step, we expect that the averaged probabilities will be more robust. In parallel to our experiments, this idea was published by liu2016.
We increase the size of the n-best-list to 50 for the reranking experiments.
A possible criticism of the l-r/r-l reranking approach is that the gains actually come from adding diversity to the ensemble, since we are now using two independent runs. However experiments in BIBREF8 show that a l-r/r-l reranking systems is stronger than an ensemble created from two independent l-r runs.
We found that during decoding, the model would occasionally assign a high probability to words based on the target context alone, ignoring the source sentence. We speculate that this is an instance of the label bias problem (Lafferty et al., 2001).
Answer: It occasionally ignores the source sentence when assigning a high probability to words.
Question: What is the difference between a banjo and a ukulele?
Answer: People usually use a ukulele for accompaniment and solo. The banjo is generally used for peals. Another difference between the two instruments is in regards to how they are tuned. A ukulele is tuned in only two main configurations while a banjo can be tuned to chord based on the musical style of the musicians and what they prefer.
Question: Why a manager is needed for a team?
Answer: 1. A manager's work is to manage the team and delivery the work on time
2. Team member needs to be organized their work and a manager is needed to do so
3. A manager determine the timeline to finish any job 

So, A manager is needed
Question: Which of the following are nuts: pecan, hazelnut, butternut squash, walnut, peanut, corn nut, macadamia nut.
Answer: The following are nuts: pecan, hazelnut, walnut, peanut, macadamia nut. 

The following are not nuts: butternut squash, corn nut.
Question: How do you replace a hole in the drywall?
Answer: First you start by locating the nearest wooden studs and cut a square, larger than the hole and exposing up to one inch of each wooden stud.  Each wooden stud is typically sixteen inches apart - center to center.  And each wooden stud is typically two inches in width.  Second step is to carefully measure the open space after you've cut the square.  Take your time and measure as close to the existing drywall as possible.  Take 4 measurements of 2 in length and 2 in width to ensure accuracy.  Cut that square from your replacement drywall.  Shave sides with sandpaper for tight fit.  Once your replacement square fits, insert drywall screws into the sides of the drywall that will also go through the previously exposed wooden studs.  Once the new square is secure, you can layer ontop the drywall paste to let dry.  Sand the drywall paste over the seams of the square, and repeat as necessary until you have a uniform, smooth surface.  Apply paint over the entire workspace and let dry.
Question: What is a recession?
Answer: In economics, a recession is a business cycle contraction that occurs when there is a general decline in economic activity. Recessions generally occur when there is a widespread drop in spending and it may be triggered by various events such as a financial crisis, the bursting of an economic bubble or a large-scale anthropogenic or natural disaster (e.g. a pandemic). Governments usually respond to recessions by adopting expansionary macroeconomic policies such as increasing money supply, decreasing interest rates, increasing government spending or decreasing taxes.
Question: who is the worlds most popular cricketer?
Answer: Virat kholi is the worlds most popular cricketer with over 242 million instagram followers
Question: Why in Table 1 some numbers are missing and X is drawn?
Evidence: Our implementation is in PyTorch and depends on the VISSL, MMClassification (Contributors, 2020), and Weights & Biases libraries. The code is attached and will be released for publication.
Stage 0 (source) We train residual networks with various depths (including 18, 50, 101), and initializations (ImageNet pretraining or Kaiming init when training from scratch). We optimize cross-entropy loss by SGD with an initial learning rate 0.1, momentum 0.9, weight decay 0.0001, batch size 256. We do not apply label smoothing except for SHOT, as it specifically includes it. We adopt the standard data augmentation pipeline from ImageNet training, such as random cropping, random flipping, and color jitter. We choose ImageNet statistics as the default input mean and variance for all models.
Stage 1 (teacher) We experiment with three types of teacher models: 1) source-only, 2) TENT-IM, 3) SHOT. To optimize this altered loss, we choose SGD with learning rate 0.0001, momentum 0.9, and weight decay 0.0001. In addition to batch normalization, we also update convolutional layers except the final classification layer. As for SHOT, We execute the authors' open-sourced codebase with the same hyper-parameters for various architectures , initialization (from scratch and ImageNet pretrain), and domain shifts (train to val/test splits on VisDA-C).
Stage 2 (student) We experiment with two designs as students: 1) source-only, 2) contrastive learning. Specifically, we leverage some of off-the-shelf contrastive learning methods to initialize target-domain representation, such as MoCo v2, SimSiam SwAV, Barlow Twins. Compared to their training recipes on ImageNet, we have more epochs on VisDA-C val/test with the same batch size, learning rate, data augmentation, and model architecture, to make the training procedure longer with the smaller amount of images.
Stage 3 (teacher-student) By default, the whole knowledge distillation consists of three phases, where each phase has 10 epochs to train the student model with the hard pseudo label. The student would be reset to the contrastive model to avoid error accumulation at the beginning of every phase. The teacher would be replaced with the latest student before starting the next phase, so that the quality of pseudo-labeling could be improved gradually. We utilize SGD with an initial learning rate 0.01, momentum 0.9, weight decay 0.0001, batch size 256, and cosine annealing scheduler.
Table 1: Each stage of our on-target adaptation improves target accuracy. Contrastive learning (stage 2), for fitting the representation on target data alone, helps whether or not the teacher is adapted (stage 1).
Answer: We have revised Table 1 to focus on each stage and the contribution of our on-target representation from contrastive learning. The results with X did not include contrastive learning, as the state-of-the-art contrastive methods we experiment with had not yet been fully explored on these datasets.
Question: Tell me what are aspects of polytopes from given text
Evidence: In geometry, a simplicial polytope is a polytope whose facets are all simplices. For example, a simplicial polyhedron in three dimensions contains only triangular faces and corresponds via Steinitz's theorem to a maximal planar graph.

They are topologically dual to simple polytopes. Polytopes which are both simple and simplicial are either simplices or two-dimensional polygons.
Answer: 1. A simplicial polytope is a polytope in geometry where each facet is a simplice.
2. As an illustration, a simplicial polyhedron in three dimensions with only triangular faces corresponds to a maximum planar network according to Steinitz's theorem.
3. They are simple polytopes topological dual.
4. Two-dimensional polygons or simplices are polytopes that are both simple and simplicial.
Question: Why do the authors only marginalize over the K most probable labelings?
Evidence: Assume the joint distribution of INLINEFORM0 has the following form, DISPLAYFORM0 
where INLINEFORM0 is the true parameter, and INLINEFORM1 is independent of INLINEFORM2 . By selecting a subset of the training data, we are essentially choosing another distribution INLINEFORM3 so that the INLINEFORM4 pairs are drawn from INLINEFORM5 
Statistical signal processing theory BIBREF5 states the following asymptotic distribution of INLINEFORM0 , DISPLAYFORM0 
where INLINEFORM0 is the Fisher Information Matrix with respect to INLINEFORM1 . Using first order approximation at INLINEFORM2 , we have asymptotically, DISPLAYFORM0 
Eq. ( EQREF7 ) indicates that to reduce INLINEFORM0 on test data, we need to minimize the expected variance INLINEFORM1 over the test set. This is called Fisher Information Ratio criteria in BIBREF6 , which itself is hard to optimize. An easier surrogate is to maximize INLINEFORM2 . Substituting Eq. ( EQREF5 ) into INLINEFORM3 , we have INLINEFORM4 
which is equivalent to INLINEFORM0 
A practical issue is that we do not know INLINEFORM0 in advance. We could instead substitute an estimate INLINEFORM1 from a pre-trained model, where it is reasonable to assume the INLINEFORM2 to be close to the true INLINEFORM3 . The batch selection then works by taking the samples that have largest gradient norms, DISPLAYFORM0 
For RNNs, the gradients for each potential label can be obtained by back-propagation. Another practical issue is that EGL marginalizes over all possible labelings, but in speech recognition, the number of labelings scales exponentially in the number of timesteps. Therefore, we only marginalize over the INLINEFORM0 most probable labelings. They are obtained by beam search decoding, as in BIBREF7 . The EGL method in BIBREF3 is almost the same as Eq. ( EQREF8 ), except the gradient's norm is not squared in BIBREF3 .
Here we have provided a more formal characterization of EGL to complement its intuitive interpretation as “expected model change” in BIBREF3 . For notational convenience, we denote Eq. ( EQREF8 ) as EGL in subsequent sections.
Another practical issue is that EGL marginalizes over all possible labelings, but in speech recognition, the number of labelings scales exponentially in the number of timesteps. Therefore, we only marginalize over the K most probable labelings.
Answer: Because the EGL marginalizes over all possible labelings, but in speech recognition, the number of labelings scales exponentially in the number of timesteps.
Question: Can you offer tips for visiting Mexico City for fun?
Answer: Located in the center of Mexico, Mexico City is in the high central plateau.  It is the capital of Mexico and the 5th largest city in the world.  The average temperature ranges from 54-61 degrees Fahrenheit and traffic is much more tolerable compared with the other large Metro Areas in the US like San Fransisco and Los Angeles. The city has lots of greenspace and has a “European” feel. Some practical tips when traveling to Mexico City, include 1. using the ride sharing app Didi, which is more popular than Uber or Lyft in Mexico City, to get around the city; 2. tipping is recommended and servers accept tips for small favors; 3.withdrawing money from ATM machines usually has high foreign transaction fees so it is better to exchange money at the airport or before arriving; 4. food is fantastic! Visitors will enjoy food at both upscale restaurants and low-key food trucks.
Question: How do I see how large a dataset is in Spark?
Answer: You can find the number of records in a DataFrame or RDD using the `count()` method. If you want to see how large it is in terms of bytes, you can find this information on the Spark UI.
Question: How many players are on a hockey team?
Answer: An NHL hockey team can max a maximum of 20 players in 1 game. Typically, teams will have 12 forwards, 6 defensemen and 2 goalies, however, some teams will choose to play 11 forwards and 7 defensemen. Teams will typically have 3 forwards, 2 defensemen and a goalie on the ice at one time. Teams that commit a foul or penalty are penalized by temporarily sending one of their players to a penalty box, thus giving their opponents a man advantage, called a power play.
Question: Is a person with dark brown hair considered a brunette?
Answer: Yes, a brunette is a person with brown or black hair color. It typically refers to people with darker hair color which includes black and dark brown hair. There is no separate term for people with black hair. Brunette refers to a female with darker hair and and brunet refers to a male with darker hair.
Question: How strong is negative correlation between compound divergence and accuracy in performed experiment?
Evidence: Note that the experiment based on output-length exhibits a worse accuracy than what we would expect based on its compositional divergence. One explanation for this is that the test distribution varies from the training distribution in other ways than compound divergence (namely in output length and a slightly higher atom divergence), which seems to make this split particularly difficult for the baseline architectures. To analyze the influence of the length ratio further, we compute the correlation between length ratios and accuracy of the baseline systems and compare it to the correlation between compound divergence and accuracy. We observe $R^2$ correlation coefficients between 0.11 and 0.22 for the input and output length ratios and between 0.81 and 0.88 for the compound divergence. This shows that despite the known phenomenon that the baseline systems struggle to generalize to longer lengths, the compound divergence seems to be a stronger explanation for the accuracy on different splits than the lengths ratios.
We observe $R^2$ correlation coefficients between 0.11 and 0.22 for the input and output length ratios and between 0.81 and 0.88 for the compound divergence. 
Answer: The answers are shown as follows:
*  between 0.81 and 0.88
Question: Identify which animal species is alive or extinct: Tyrannosaurus Rex, Amazon River Dolphin
Answer: Tyrannosaurus Rex is extinct, Amazon River Dolphin is alive.
Question: Which method for integration peforms better ensemble or consensus dropout fusion with shared parameters?
Evidence: As shown in Table TABREF46, consensus dropout fusion improves the score of NDCG by around 1.0 from the score of the joint model while still yielding comparable scores for other metrics. Unlike ensemble way, consensus dropout fusion does not require much increase in the number of model parameters.
As also shown in Table TABREF46, the ensemble model seems to take the best results from each model. Specifically, the NDCG score of the ensemble model is comparable to that of the image-only model and the scores of other metrics are comparable to those of the image-history joint model. From this experiment, we can confirm that the two models are in complementary relation.
As shown in Table TABREF46, consensus dropout fusion improves the score of NDCG by around 1.0 from the score of the joint model while still yielding comparable scores for other metrics.
As also shown in Table TABREF46, the ensemble model seems to take the best results from each model.
Answer: The answers are shown as follows:
* ensemble model
Question: Why do humans fall in love?
Answer: There are various reasons why humans fall in love: for example, because they see themselves in each other and thus find it easier to manage the relationship in terms of understanding and compatibility; some people feel attracted to those who have similar values to their own and thus the same way of feeling and acting. Still others are attracted to the physical part of the other person and think they are in love.
Question: Why do the authors only evaluate the arguments that were correctly identified?
Evidence: Following the setting of titovcrosslingual, we evaluate only on the arguments that were correctly identified, as the incorrectly identified arguments do not have any gold semantic labels. Evaluation is done using the metric proposed by lang2011unsupervised, which has 3 components: (i) Purity (PU) measures how well an induced cluster corresponds to a single gold role, (ii) Collocation (CO) measures how well a gold role corresponds to a single induced cluster, and (iii) F1 is the harmonic mean of PU and CO. For each predicate, let INLINEFORM0 denote the total number of argument instances, INLINEFORM1 the instances in the induced cluster INLINEFORM2 , and INLINEFORM3 the instances having label INLINEFORM4 in gold annotations. INLINEFORM5 , INLINEFORM6 , and INLINEFORM7 . The score for each predicate is weighted by the number of its argument instances, and a weighted average is computed over all the predicates.
Following the setting of Titov and Klementiev (2012b), we evaluate only on the arguments that were correctly identified, as the incorrectly identified arguments do not have any gold semantic labels.
Answer: As the incorrectly identified arguments do not have any gold semantic labels.
Question: Which of the following is a type of fruit: cucumber, broccoli, orange, or apple?
Answer: Among the options listed, orange and apple are both fruits. Cucumber and broccoli are vegetables.
Question: Which months have 30 days?
Answer: April, June, September and November have 30 days.
Question: Tell me whether these are hockey teams or soccer teams: Anaheim Ducks, Calgary Flames, Brighton & Hove Albion, Edmonton Oilers, Arsenal, Aston Villa, Brentford, Los Angeles Kings, San Jose Sharks, Seattle Kraken, Crystal Palace, Everton, Vancouver Canucks, Vegas Golden Knights, Chelsea.
Answer: Anaheim Ducks is a hockey team.
Calgary Flames is a hockey team.
Brighton & Hove Albion is a soccer team.
Edmonton Oilers is a hockey team.
Arsenal is a soccer team.
Aston Villa is a soccer team.
Brentford is a soccer team.
Los Angeles Kings is a hockey team.
San Jose Sharks is a hockey team.
Seattle Kraken is a hockey team.
Crystal Palace is a soccer team.
Everton is a soccer team.
Vancouver Canucks is a hockey team.
Vegas Golden Knights is a hockey team.
Chelsea is a soccer team.
Question: Where is Mount Everest located ?
Evidence: Mount Everest is Earth's highest mountain above sea level, located in the Mahalangur Himal sub-range of the Himalayas. The China–Nepal border runs across its summit point. Its elevation of 8,848.86 m was most recently established in 2020 by the Chinese and Nepali authorities.
Answer: Mount Everest is located in the Mahalangur Himal sub-range of the Himalayas. It is bordered by China and Nepal which runs across its summit points.
Question: Name the states of Northeast India.
Evidence: Northeast India (officially the North Eastern Region (NER)) is the easternmost region of India representing both a geographic and political administrative division of the country. It comprises eight states—Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland and Tripura (commonly known as the "Seven Sisters"), and the "brother" state Sikkim.
The region shares an international border of 5,182 kilometres (3,220 mi) (about 99 percent of its total geographical boundary) with several neighbouring countries – 1,395 kilometres (867 mi) with Tibet in the north, 1,640 kilometres (1,020 mi) with Myanmar in the east, 1,596 kilometres (992 mi) with Bangladesh in the south-west, 97 kilometres (60 mi) with Nepal in the west, and 455 kilometres (283 mi) with Bhutan in the north-west. It comprises an area of 262,230 square kilometres (101,250 sq mi), almost 8 percent of that of India. The Siliguri Corridor connects the region to the rest of mainland India.
The states of North Eastern Region are officially recognised under the North Eastern Council (NEC), constituted in 1971 as the acting agency for the development of the north eastern states. Long after induction of NEC, Sikkim formed part of the North Eastern Region as the eighth state in 2002. India's Look-East connectivity projects connect Northeast India to East Asia and ASEAN. Guwahati city in Assam is called the Gateway to the North East and is the largest metropolis in North East India.
Answer: Northeast India comprises eight states—Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Tripura, and Sikkim.
Question: Here is some reference information about Huaquechula, When does the feast of the Holy Cross in Huaquechula start?
Evidence: One major festival is that of the Feast of the Holy Cross, which dates back far into the colonial period. It has a community cross made from basalt called the “Cruz de Huaquechula” which is incrusted with various relics related to the original cross of Christ. It is said to be so heavy that it cannot be lifted unless the bearers pray and the church plays a special melody on its bells. The festival lasts nine days beginning in April ending on May 3, with mass, traditional dance, food and music played by bands playing wind instruments, and fireworks set off from large frames in the shape bulls. The event has been named part of the Cultural Heritage of Puebla. During this event, traditional festive wear such as that of the charro and the China Poblana can be seen.
Answer: April 25th.  It ends on May 3rd, and lasts 9 days.
Question: Best vacation in Mexico
Answer: Cancun, best beach vacation in Mexico.You can visit Playa Del Carman, Tulum and one of the new Wondars in the world.
Question: Given a reference text about combat readiness, tell me which troops are kept most ready for combat.
Evidence: Combat readiness is a condition of the armed forces and their constituent units and formations, warships, aircraft, weapon systems or other military technology and equipment to perform during combat military operations, or functions consistent with the purpose for which they are organized or designed, or the managing of resources and personnel training in preparation for combat.

Most armed forces maintain varying levels of readiness by the troops to engage in combat due to economic considerations which vary from minutes to months. In modern armed forces troops designated special forces are usually those kept at the highest state of readiness for combat, and are often alerted only a few hours before being committed to combat. Where time is of the essence in military action being initiated, the troops, such as pilots of interceptor aircraft, may be kept in constant state of combat readiness.
Answer: Designated special forces are normally kept at the highest state of readiness for combat.