DataHammer/scimrc huggingface dataset:
Question: List 3 cities on the east coast of Australia.
Answer: Sydney, Brisbane and Newcastle are Australian cities located on the east coast of Australia.
Question: Why does the accuracy of SHeteroFL not monotonically increase with FLOPS and #Params (as it is for Split-Mix)?
Evidence: For motivation, we set up a standard non-i.i.d. FL benchmark using DomainNet dataset (refer to experimental details in Section 5) and study how the budget constraint impedes effective training of customizable models. Case 1: FL without budget constraint. First, we individually train networks of different widths by FedAvg. We see that the slimmer networks converge slower and are less generalizable, even though they are trained on all clients (solid lines in Fig.).
The results justified the motivation of training wider networks than slimmer ones.
Case 2: FL with budget constraint. Following the above budget constraint, i.e., R k = (1/2) ⌈4k/K⌉ , we deploy HeteroFL to train budget-compatible prototype models locally. Since HeteroFL was not designed for model customization, data are not fully used: each model prototype is only trained by 1/4 of clients, when clients of the R k = 1 budget can actually afford all slimmer models. Therefore, we extend HeteroFL to a slimmable version (SHeteroFL) by training all affordable prototypes locally. As shown in Fig., wider models (e.g., ×1 net) converge to validation accuracy lower than not only the FedAvg counterparts, but also the slimmer ×0.25 net, showing that the widest model may not be a good candidate model. Therefore, switching models to wider configurations lowers efficiency but does not improve accuracy, which is not a valid customization.
From the perspective of data allocation, it is not surprising that SHeteroFL exhibits a non-monotonous relation between the model width and accuracy. For ×1 nets, only 1/4 clients and data are accessible for training. In comparison, 3/4 data are accessible by ×0.25 nets and the more data empowers ×0.25 nets better generalization ability than ×1 nets.
As shown in Fig. 2, wider models (e.g., ×1 net) converge to validation accuracy lower than not only the FedAvg counterparts,but also the slimmer ×0.25 net, showing that the widest model may not be a good candidate model. Therefore, switching models to wider configurations lowers efficiency but does not improve accuracy,
which is not a valid customization. From the perspective of data allocation, it is not surprising that SHeteroFL exhibits a non-monotonous relation between the model width and accuracy. For ×1 nets, only 1/4 clients and data are accessible for training. In comparison, 3/4 data are accessible by ×0.25 nets and the more data empowers
×0.25 nets better generalization ability than ×1 nets.
Answer: As we demonstrated and discussed in Sec 4.1 and Fig. 2, the wider networks trained by SHeteroFL will be less generalizable due to the limited data samples. In contrast, slimmer networks (x0.125 or x0.25 nets) are trained by more clients/samples (over 3/4 of the whole dataset). Therefore, the accuracy of SHeteroFL will first increase (because of more parameters) and then decrease (because of limited data).
Question: Who is the winner of Abel Prize 2022 ?
Answer: Dennis Parness Sullivan(American Mathematician)
Question: What is the first step in teaching someone how to ski?
Answer: Teaching someone to do anything starts with understanding how they learn.  Does the person learn by listening, reading, watching or doing (trial and error).  Most people learn via a combination of the above.  Let's assume the trainee learns via watching and doing.  The first step is safety.  The instructor must teach the basic stopping mechanism.  Once the trainee can stop this will provide a measure of confidence and instill with the trainee that they are in control and will be able to stop at any time.  The basic stopping mechanism is something called a pizza-pie or wedge move.  The tips of the skis are positioned together (barely touching) with the back of the skis much further apart.  As far apart as the persons hips or even further.  The further apart the back of the skis are the slower the person will go to the point of stopping.   The trainer should both describe and demonstrate this position to the trainee.  The trainee will copy the position with feedback and adjustments from the trainer.  Practicing this formation should be done many times until the trainee is comfortable stopping on steep slopes.  Once this effort is mastered, the trainee can move to the next steps in learning how to ski.
Question: List the types of chess pieces
Evidence: Chess is an abstract strategy game that involves no hidden information and no use of dice or cards. It is played on a chessboard with 64 squares arranged in an eight-by-eight grid. At the start, each player controls sixteen pieces: one king, one queen, two rooks, two bishops, two knights, and eight pawns. White moves first, followed by Black. Checkmating the opponent's king involves putting the king under immediate attack (in "check") whereby there is no way for it to escape. There are also several ways a game can end in a draw.
Answer: Pawn, knight, bishop, rook, queen and king
Question: Can you tell me about Hyderabad, India?
Evidence: Hyderabad (/ˈhaɪdərəbæd/ (listen) HY-dər-ə-bad; Telugu: [ˈɦaɪ̯daraːbaːd], Urdu: [ˈɦɛːdəɾaːbaːd]) is the capital and largest city of the Indian state of Telangana and the de jure capital of Andhra Pradesh.[A] It occupies 650 km2 (250 sq mi) on the Deccan Plateau along the banks of the Musi River, in the northern part of Southern India. With an average altitude of 542 m (1,778 ft), much of Hyderabad is situated on hilly terrain around artificial lakes, including the Hussain Sagar lake, predating the city's founding, in the north of the city centre. According to the 2011 Census of India, Hyderabad is the fourth-most populous city in India with a population of 6.9 million residents within the city limits, and has a population of 9.7 million residents in the metropolitan region, making it the sixth-most populous metropolitan area in India. With an output of US$74 billion, Hyderabad has the fifth-largest urban economy in India.

Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah established Hyderabad in 1591 to extend the capital beyond the fortified Golconda. In 1687, the city was annexed by the Mughals. In 1724, Asaf Jah I, the Mughal viceroy, declared his sovereignty and founded the Asaf Jahi dynasty, also known as the Nizams. Hyderabad served as the imperial capital of the Asaf Jahi's from 1769 to 1948. As capital of the princely state of Hyderabad, the city housed the British Residency and cantonment until Indian independence in 1947. Hyderabad was annexed by the Indian Union in 1948 and continued as a capital of Hyderabad State from 1948 to 1956. After the introduction of the States Reorganisation Act of 1956, Hyderabad was made the capital of the newly formed Andhra Pradesh. In 2014, Andhra Pradesh was split to form the state of Telangana, and Hyderabad became the joint capital of the two states with a transitional arrangement scheduled to end in 2024. Since 1956, the city has housed the Rashtrapati Nilayam, the winter office of the president of India.
Answer: Hyderabad is the capital of Telangana, which is a southern state of India. Hyderabad is also known as Bhagyanagar which is well known for it's cuisine primarily the Hyderbadi Biryani and also known as Pearl city. Hyderabad was built about 450 years ago and keeps growing, currently it's spread 250 sq miles in Deccan Plateau. Hyderabad is house for many cultures and people from all over the world. Hyderabad has great scenic places like Charminar, Golconda Fort, Bhagyalaxmi Temple, Ramoji FilmCity and Birla Temple to name a few.
Question: Name 10 of Kris Jenner's Grandchildren
Answer: North West, Saint West, Chicago West, Psalm West, True Thompson, Dream Kardashian, Stormi Webster, Aire Webster, Mason Disick, Penelope Disick and Reign Disick.
Question: What is the FAANG equivalent in China?
Answer: The FAANG equivalent in China is called BAT. It consist of three Chinese technology companies, namely Baidu, Alibaba and Tencent
Question: Who are the best college football programs of all time?
Answer: Ranked by total wins as of the completion of the 2022 season

1. Michigan
T2. Ohio State
T2. Alabama
4. Notre Dame
5. Texas
6. Oklahoma
7. Yale
8. Penn State
9. Nebraska
10. Harvard
Question: What is the best season to ski?
Answer: In northsphere, the best season to ski is in February.
Individual ski experiences are related to snow quality, wind factor, avalanche danger, terrain, and visibility. The snow quality differs a lot from different seasons. Deep and dry snow are good for ski experience instead of icy or wet snow.
February is considered the best season because the temperature is still low, and the snow has accumulated with enough depth.
Question: How do they train the retrieval modules?
Evidence: Semantic Retrieval: We treated the neural semantic retrieval at both the paragraph and sentence level as binary classification problems with models' parameters updated by minimizing binary cross entropy loss. To be specific, we fed the query and context into BERT as:
We applied an affine layer and sigmoid activation on the last layer output of the [$\mathit {CLS}$] token which is a scalar value. The parameters were updated with the objective function:
where $\hat{p}_i$ is the output of the model, $\mathbf {T}^{p/s}_{pos}$ is the positive set and $\mathbf {T}^{p/s}_{neg}$ is the negative set. As shown in Fig. FIGREF2, at sentence level, ground-truth sentences were served as positive examples while other sentences from upstream retrieved set were served as negative examples. Similarly at the paragraph-level, paragraphs having any ground-truth sentence were used as positive examples and other paragraphs from the upstream term-based retrieval processes were used as negative examples.
Semantic Retrieval: We treated the neural semantic retrieval at both the paragraph and sentence level as binary classification problems with models' parameters updated by minimizing binary cross entropy loss. To be specific, we fed the query and context into BERT as:

We applied an affine layer and sigmoid activation on the last layer output of the [$\mathit {CLS}$] token which is a scalar value. The parameters were updated with the objective function:

where $\hat{p}_i$ is the output of the model, $\mathbf {T}^{p/s}_{pos}$ is the positive set and $\mathbf {T}^{p/s}_{neg}$ is the negative set. As shown in Fig. FIGREF2, at sentence level, ground-truth sentences were served as positive examples while other sentences from upstream retrieved set were served as negative examples. Similarly at the paragraph-level, paragraphs having any ground-truth sentence were used as positive examples and other paragraphs from the upstream term-based retrieval processes were used as negative examples.
Answer: The answers are shown as follows:
* We treated the neural semantic retrieval at both the paragraph and sentence level as binary classification problems with models' parameters updated by minimizing binary cross entropy loss.
Question: Given a reference text about the electrolytic detector, when was it replaced and what replaced it?
Evidence: The electrolytic detector, or liquid barretter, was a type of detector (demodulator) used in early radio receivers. First used by Canadian radio researcher Reginald Fessenden in 1903, it was used until about 1913, after which it was superseded by crystal detectors and vacuum tube detectors such as the Fleming valve and Audion (triode). It was considered very sensitive and reliable compared to other detectors available at the time such as the magnetic detector and the coherer. It was one of the first rectifying detectors, able to receive AM (sound) transmissions. On December 24, 1906, US Naval ships with radio receivers equipped with Fessenden's electrolytic detectors received the first AM radio broadcast from Fessenden's Brant Rock, Massachusetts transmitter, consisting of a program of Christmas music.
Answer: The electrolytic detector was replaced around 1913 by crystal and vacuum tube detectors.
Question: What do they call soccer in the rest of the world, than United States?
Answer: Futbol
Question: What do west coast oysters taste like?
Answer: West Coast oysters have a signature cucumber or melon note, they're mild in salt and tend to be smaller overall.
Question: Why is dried fruit prized?
Evidence: Dried fruit is fruit from which the majority of the original water content has been removed either naturally, through sun drying, or through the use of specialized dryers or dehydrators. Dried fruit has a long tradition of use dating back to the fourth millennium BC in Mesopotamia, and is prized because of its sweet taste, nutritive value and long shelf life.
Today, dried fruit consumption is widespread. Nearly half of the dried fruits sold are raisins, followed by dates, prunes, figs, apricots, peaches, apples, and pears. These are referred to as "conventional" or "traditional" dried fruits: fruits that have been dried in the sun or in heated wind tunnel dryers. Many fruits such as cranberries, blueberries, cherries, strawberries, and mango are infused with a sweetener (e.g. sucrose syrup) prior to drying. Some products sold as dried fruit, like papaya, kiwifruit and pineapple, are most often candied fruit.
Dried fruits retain most of the nutritional value of fresh fruits. The specific nutrient content of the different dried fruits reflects their fresh counterpart and the processing method.
Answer: Dried fruit has a long tradition of use dating back to the fourth millennium BC in Mesopotamia, and is prized because of its sweet taste, nutritive value and long shelf life.
Question: Identify which animal is domesticated or wild: White cockatoo, Pigeon
Answer: Pigeon is domesticated, White cockatoo is wild.
Question: How higher are F1 scores compared to previous work?
Evidence: Among the baselines, HRL achieves significantly higher F1 scores on the two datasets. We run their model and our models five times and report the median results in Table TABREF15. Scores of other baselines in Table TABREF15 are taken from previous published papers BIBREF6, BIBREF11, BIBREF14. Our WordDecoding (WDec) model achieves F1 scores that are $3.9\%$ and $4.1\%$ higher than HRL on the NYT29 and NYT24 datasets respectively. Similarly, our PtrNetDecoding (PNDec) model achieves F1 scores that are $3.0\%$ and $1.3\%$ higher than HRL on the NYT29 and NYT24 datasets respectively. We perform a statistical significance test (t-test) under a bootstrap pairing between HRL and our models and see that the higher F1 scores achieved by our models are statistically significant ($p < 0.001$). Next, we combine the outputs of five runs of our models and five runs of HRL to build ensemble models. For a test instance, we include those tuples which are extracted in the majority ($\ge 3$) of the five runs. This ensemble mechanism increases the precision significantly on both datasets with a small improvement in recall as well. In the ensemble scenario, compared to HRL, WDec achieves $4.2\%$ and $3.5\%$ higher F1 scores and PNDec achieves $4.2\%$ and $2.9\%$ higher F1 scores on the NYT29 and NYT24 datasets respectively.
Our WordDecoding (WDec) model achieves F1 scores that are $3.9\%$ and $4.1\%$ higher than HRL on the NYT29 and NYT24 datasets respectively. Similarly, our PtrNetDecoding (PNDec) model achieves F1 scores that are $3.0\%$ and $1.3\%$ higher than HRL on the NYT29 and NYT24 datasets respectively.
Answer: The answers are shown as follows:
* WordDecoding (WDec) model achieves F1 scores that are $3.9\%$ and $4.1\%$ higher than HRL on the NYT29 and NYT24 datasets respectively
* PtrNetDecoding (PNDec) model achieves F1 scores that are $3.0\%$ and $1.3\%$ higher than HRL on the NYT29 and NYT24 datasets respectively
Question: What dataset do they evaluate their model on?
Evidence: The CoNLL-2012 shared task BIBREF21 corpus is used as the evaluation dataset, which is selected from the Ontonotes 5.0. Following conventional approaches BIBREF9 , BIBREF11 , for each pronoun in the document, we consider candidate $n$ from the previous two sentences and the current sentence. For pronouns, we consider two types of them following BIBREF9 , i.e., third personal pronoun (she, her, he, him, them, they, it) and possessive pronoun (his, hers, its, their, theirs). Table 1 reports the number of the two type pronouns and the overall statistics for the experimental dataset. According to our selection range of candidate $n$ , on average, each pronoun has 4.6 candidates and 1.3 correct references.
The CoNLL-2012 shared task BIBREF21 corpus is used as the evaluation dataset, which is selected from the Ontonotes 5.0.
Answer: The answers are shown as follows:
* CoNLL-2012 shared task BIBREF21 corpus
Question: What are the five best Kim Stanley Robinson novels?
Answer: 1) Aurora - a unique and depressing take on interstellar colonization.
2) The Years of Rice and Salt - the Iroquois team up with a samurai warrior in the 17th Century.
3) Red Mars -  the descriptions of life in the early days of Martian colonization are fascinating.  
4) 2312 - after reading this book, you will want to live inside an asteroid.  Somehow, Kim Stanley Robinson turned space into 1970s Berkley, CA.
5) The Ministry for the Future - a scary but very hopeful book about global warming.
Question: What are the key functions of FDIC?
Answer: The FDIC insures deposits; examines and supervises financial institutions for safety, soundness, and consumer protection; makes large and complex financial institutions resolvable; and manages receiverships.
Question: Classify each of the following as a language or religion: Spanish, Catholicism, Islam, Judaism, Mandarin, Arabic
Answer: Spanish: Language
Catholicism: Religion
Islam: Religion
Judaism: Religion
Mandarin: Language
Arabic: Language
Question: Create a comma separated list of all countries mentioned in this paragraph on the history of test cricket
Evidence: Test cricket is a form of first-class cricket played at international level between teams representing full member countries of the International Cricket Council (ICC). A match consists of four innings (two per team) and is scheduled to last for up to five days. In the past, some Test matches had no time limit and were called Timeless Tests. The term "test match" was originally coined in 1861–62 but in a different context.

Test cricket did not become an officially recognised format until the 1890s, but many international matches since 1877 have been retrospectively awarded Test status. The first such match took place at the Melbourne Cricket Ground (MCG) in March 1877 between teams which were then known as a Combined Australian XI and James Lillywhite's XI, the latter a team of visiting English professionals. Matches between Australia and England were first called "test matches" in 1892. The first definitive list of retrospective Tests was written by South Australian journalist Clarence P. Moody two years later and, by the end of the century, had gained acceptance.

There are now twelve full ICC member countries playing Test cricket. Day/night Tests were permitted by the ICC in 2012 and the first day/night match was between Australia and New Zealand at the Adelaide Oval in November 2015.
Answer: Australia, England, New Zealand
Question: How to classify question pairs in the feature-based approach?
Evidence: In this feature-based approach, we use Logistic Regression to classify question pairs into entailment or no-entailment. Logistic Regression achieved good results on this specific task and outperformed other statistical learning algorithms such as SVM and Naive Bayes. In a preprocessing step, we remove stop words and perform word stemming using the Porter algorithm BIBREF43 for all ( INLINEFORM0 , INLINEFORM1 ) pairs.
We use a list of nine features, selected after several experiments on RTE datasets BIBREF12 . We compute five similarity measures between the pre-processed questions and use their values as features. We use Word Overlap, the Dice coefficient based on the number of common bigrams, Cosine, Levenshtein, and the Jaccard similarities. Our feature list also includes the maximum and average values obtained with these measures and the question length ratio (length( INLINEFORM0 )/length( INLINEFORM1 )). We compute a morphosyntactic feature indicating the number of common nouns and verbs between INLINEFORM2 and INLINEFORM3 . TreeTagger BIBREF44 was used for POS tagging.
For RQE, we add an additional feature specific to the question type. We use a dictionary lookup to map triggers to the question type (e.g. Treatment, Prognosis, Inheritance). Triggers are identified for each question type based on a manual annotation of a set of medical questions (cf. Section SECREF36 ). This feature has three possible values: 2 (Perfect match between INLINEFORM0 type(s) and INLINEFORM1 type(s)), 1 (Overlap between INLINEFORM2 type(s) and INLINEFORM3 type(s)) and 0 (No common types).
In this feature-based approach, we use Logistic Regression to classify question pairs into entailment or no-entailment.
Answer: The authors use Logistic Regression to classify question pairs into entailment or no-entailment.
Question: Why is baseball called America's Pastime?
Answer: Although its popularity is arguably greater in Latin America and Asia now, baseball is still commonly referred to as "America's Pastime." This is partly because game was invented in the United States 180 years ago and was the dominate sport for much of the time since. But baseball is also a game obsessed with its own history, much like America is with hers and we can trace a lot of the story of baseball alongside the story of America. 

While the country was fighting itself to determine the shape of its future during the Civil War, the game of baseball was taking shape and spreading to the south by northern war prisoners. After the war, when mass market commercialism became available, baseball and its products were the primary sport marketed to people across the country. Many of the first American celebrities were in fact baseball players, their faces and names seen by millions of people through the rising circulation of newspapers and distribution of baseball cards.

Even later, baseball was at the forefront of the Civil Rights Movement. Jackie Robinson became the first Black player to play Major League Baseball in the modern era. The integration of baseball was an early and important step in the broader Civil Rights Movement. Since then, baseball has been one of the most diverse sports in the world, its demographics closely representing that of the whole country.

In many ways, baseball culture has become synonymous with American culture in general. The season takes place through summer. There are hot dogs, nachos, a lot of sitting around, fireworks, and games on 4th of July.

So even as more countries and cultures find a way to make baseball their own, the sport can always claim its place as America's Pastime.
Question: On a golf course where are the holes?
Answer: The hole is on the green of a golf course