DataHammer/scimrc huggingface dataset:
Question: What is the city of Portsmouth in England famous for?
Answer: Portsmouth is a coastal town in the south of England only connected to the mainland by three road bridges built over the sea. Portsmouth has a long and well documented history that is closely associated with the Royal Navy, who are headquartered there, and the sea faring exploits of the British have shaped the modern day culture we see there today. Ship building and Engineering industries are most prevalent in Portsmouth with the local "super" Hospital and University also being amongst the largest employers. It is also worth noting that the local football club is well supported by the community and is famous throughout the English Football Leagues for the passion and commitment shown by their fans - particularly when they travel for away fixtures.
Question: what experiments are conducted?
Evidence: We carried out a reliability study for the proposed scheme using two pairs of expert annotators, P1 and P2. The annotators were trained by coding one transcript at a time and discussing disagreements. Five text-based discussions were used for testing reliability after training: pair P1 annotated discussions of The Bluest Eye, Death of a Salesman, and Macbeth, while pair P2 annotated two separate discussions of Ain't I a Woman. 250 argument moves (discussed by over 40 students and consisting of over 8200 words) were annotated. Inter-rater reliability was assessed using Cohen's kappa: unweighted for argumentation and knowledge domain, but quadratic-weighted for specificity given its ordered labels.
We carried out a reliability study for the proposed scheme using two pairs of expert annotators, P1 and P2. 
Inter-rater reliability was assessed using Cohen's kappa: unweighted for argumentation and knowledge domain, but quadratic-weighted for specificity given its ordered labels.
Answer: The answers are shown as follows:
* a reliability study for the proposed scheme
Question: What are the three highest peaks in the UK?
Answer: Ben Nevis, Scafell Pike, and Snowdon are the highest mountains in Scotland, England, and Wales.
Question: What is GIS?
Answer: GIS stands for Geographic Information system. It is a system that creates, manages, analyzes, and displays all different types of geospatial data. GIS can show different types of data - such as streets, structures, tree cover, vegetation, various types of imagery, etc on a single map.  This enables people to quickly see, find, analyze, and understand different patterns and relationships. This provides a foundation for mapping and analysis which is used in almost every industry. It results in improved communication and efficiency as well as better management and decision-making.
Question: What is a lab environment?
Answer: A lab environment is a place that has computers or servers used for testing different use cases or projects in development, test and production type scenarios.  Lab environment may more relaxed security rules too if new technology is being tested for production use in a company to get a go / no-go answer faster.  Lab environments save money because solutions and proof of concepts can usually be built out a lot of faster reducing the time to value to a technology or project decision.
Question: Identify which instrument is string or percussion: Sand blocks, Gadulka
Answer: Gadulka is string, Sand blocks is percussion.
Question: What's their future work?
Evidence: We propose a Bayesian model of semantic role induction (SRI) that uses crosslingual latent variables to capture role alignments in parallel corpora. The crosslingual latent variables capture correlations between roles in different languages, and regularize the parameter estimates of the monolingual models. Because this is a joint Bayesian model of multilingual SRI, we can apply the same model to a variety of training scenarios just by changing the inference procedure appropriately. We evaluate monolingual SRI with a large unlabeled dataset, bilingual SRI with a parallel corpus, bilingual SRI with annotations available for the source language, and monolingual SRI with a small labeled dataset. Increasing the amount of monolingual unlabeled data significantly improves SRI in German but not in English. Adding word alignments in parallel sentences results in small, non significant improvements, even if there is some labeled data available in the source language. This difficulty in showing the usefulness of parallel corpora for SRI may be due to the current assumptions about role alignments, which mean that only a small percentage of roles are aligned. Further analyses reveals that annotating small amounts of data can easily outperform the performance gains obtained by adding large unlabeled dataset as well as adding parallel corpora.
Future work includes training on different language pairs, on more than two languages, and with more inclusive models of role alignment.
Further analyses reveals that annotating small amounts of data can easily outperform the performance gains obtained by adding large unlabeled dataset as well as adding parallel corpora. Future work includes training on different language pairs, on more than two languages, and with more inclusive models of role alignment.
Answer: Training on different language pairs, on more than two languages, and with more inclusive models of role alignment.
Question: Give me some of the most famous characters Marvel Comics has produced from this list.
Evidence: Marvel counts among its characters such well-known superheroes as Spider-Man, Iron Man, Captain America, Thor, Doctor Strange, Hulk, Daredevil, Wolverine, Black Panther and Captain Marvel, as well as popular superhero teams such as the Avengers, X-Men, Fantastic Four, and Guardians of the Galaxy. Its stable of well-known supervillains includes the likes of Doctor Doom, Magneto, Ultron, Thanos, Kang the Conqueror, Green Goblin, Galactus, Loki, and Kingpin. Most of Marvel's fictional characters operate in a single reality known as the Marvel Universe, with most locations mirroring real-life places; many major characters are based in New York City, New York, United States. Additionally, Marvel has published several licensed properties from other companies. This includes Star Wars comics twice from 1977 to 1986 and again since 2015.
Answer: Some of the most famous characters Marvel have produced include Spider-Man, Iron Man, Captain America, Thor, Doctor Strange, Hulk, and Wolverine. These characters are often affiliated with teams of superheroes, such as the Avengers, X-Men, Fantastic Four, and Guardians of the Galaxy.
Question: What are some of most popular science fiction and fantasy books with TV or movie adaptations in the past twenty years?
Answer: There have been many extremely popular science fiction and fantasy books in the last ten years, but a small selection that were extremely popular and had successful TV/movie adaptations might include: "The Lord of the Rings" by J.R.R. Tolkien, which was published in 1955 but remains extremely popular and whose movie adaptations won a record number of Academy Awards; the series "A Song of Ice and Fire" by George R.R. Martin, the first book of which is "A Game of Thrones", is very popular and was adapted into a critically successful TV show on HBO; "The Hunger Games" by Suzanne Collins, also with a series of successful movie adaptations; and "Dune" by Frank Herbert, which has had a number of movie adaptations with the most recent releasing in 2021.
Question: When should I take a medication?
Answer: Knowing when to take a medication requires understanding what kind of medication it is, who is taking it, and what kinds of pre-existing conditions they have that may interact with the medication.  Therefore, in this case it is best to consult with your doctor.
Question: Identify which animal is domesticated or wild: Ferret, Northern bobwhite
Answer: Ferret is domesticated, Northern bobwhite is wild.
Question: Predictions in section 4.1 depends on the expressions being accurate in Section 3.1. How does the definitions of unpredictability and complexity lead to predictions over expressivity?
Evidence: As we illustrated in Section 3.1, higher complexity indicates more similar distractors to targets, thus requires messages conveying more fine-grained features of inputs. This leads to the following prediction:
1. higher complexity in games with same contextual unpredictability can facilitate emergent languages having higher expressivity;
Meanwhile, following the conclusion from that higher contextual unpredictability leads to higher signal autonomy, i.e. more comprehensive information about input space is encoded in the emergent languages, we then make the following prediction: 2. higher unpredictability in games having same contextual complexity can facilitate emergent languages having higher expressivity; Following the above two predictions, both higher complexity and higher unpredictability can unilaterally lead to better expressivity. However, with an input space whose size is finite, changing context size always affects the two factors in an inverse way, which leads to our Hypothesis 1 and gives the following prediction:
3. if the size of X is fixed across games, a language which emerges in a game with moderate complexity and unpredictability should have the highest expressivity.
As we illustrated in Section 3.1, higher complexity indicates more similar distractors to targets, thus requires messages conveying more fine-grained features of inputs. This leads to the following prediction: 1. higher complexity in games with same contextual unpredictability can facilitate emergent languages having higher expressivity;Meanwhile, following the conclusion from Winters et al. (2018) that higher contextual unpredictability leads to higher signal autonomy, i.e. more comprehensive information about input space is encoded in the emergent languages, we then make the following prediction: 2. higher unpredictability in games having same contextual complexity can facilitate emergent languages having higher expressivity; Following the above two predictions, both higher complexity and higher unpredictability can unilaterally lead to better expressivity. However, with an input space whose size is finite, changing context size always affects the two factors in an inverse way, which leads to our Hypothesis 1 and gives the following prediction: 3. if the size of X is fixed across games, a language which emerges in a game with moderate complexity and unpredictability should have the highest expressivity
Answer: We updated Section 4.1 to give better derivation of the three predictions. More specifically, we show that the first two predictions directly follow the existing findings from other domains, and there’s naturally a tradeoff since we cannot increase both complexity and unpredictability at the same time.
Question: Is it safe to invest in cryptocurrency?
Answer: Compared to other asset classes such as stocks and government bonds, investing in cryptocurrency can be considered very risky.
Question: Bob's mother had 3 children. Two of them are Mary and Hugh. What is the name of the last child?
Answer: The last child is Bob since Bob's mother had 3 children.
Question: Does Arizona use Daylight Savings?
Answer: No, Arizona does not use Daylight Savings?
Question: What is enriched air and why would divers dive with enriched air?
Answer: Enriched air, also known as nitrox, is one kind of air with more than 21% oxygen. 21% oxygen is the normal air we breathe on the earth. The primary benefit of using enriched air is to extend the diver's bottom time, and reduce the need to push to no decompression limit. This advantage is really beneficial in deeper diving. 
For example, at 80 feet of depth, normal air can last around 30 min, while enriched air of 32% oxygen can last for 45 min and 36% can last for 55 min. 
While enriched air is really beneficial in extending bottom time, it is important that divers get trained to use it before diving with enriched air.
Question: Given a reference text about Wagyu, tell me the different types of cattle that are together known as wagyu.
Evidence: Wagyu 

Cattle were brought to Japan from China at the same time as the cultivation of rice, in about the second century AD, in the Yayoi period.: 209  Until about the time of the Meiji Restoration in 1868, they were used only as draught animals, in agriculture, forestry, mining and for transport, and as a source of fertilizer. Milk consumption was unknown, and – for cultural and religious reasons – meat was not eaten. Cattle were highly prized and valuable, too expensive for a poor farmer to buy.: 2 

Japan was effectively isolated from the rest of the world from 1635 until 1854; there was no possibility of the intromission of foreign genes to the cattle population during this time. Between 1868, the year of the Meiji Restoration, and 1887, some 2600 foreign cattle were imported.: 7  At first, there was little interest in cross-breeding these with the native stock, but from about 1900, it became widespread. It ceased abruptly in 1910 when it was realised that, while the cross-breeds might be larger and have better dairy qualities, their working capacity and meat quality was lower.: 7  From 1919, the various heterogeneous regional populations that resulted from this brief period of cross-breeding were registered and selected as "Improved Japanese Cattle". Four separate strains were characterised, based mainly on which type of foreign cattle had most influenced the hybrids, and were recognised as individual breeds in 1944.: 8  They are collectively known as wagyū, and are:: 66 : 420 

The Japanese Black (黒毛和種, kuroge washu), which constitutes over 90% of beef cattle in Japan; regional strains within the breed include the Tottori, Tajima, Shimane and Okayama.
The Japanese Brown or Japanese Red (褐毛和種, akage washu or akaushi), the other main breed, representing about 5% of all beef cattle;: 17  reared in southern Japan, in Kōchi Prefecture on Shikoku island, and in Kumamoto Prefecture on Kyushu island.: 8 
The Japanese Polled (無角和種, mukaku washu), found principally in Yamaguchi Prefecture: 8 
The Japanese Shorthorn (日本短角和種, nihon tankaku washu), reared in northern Japan, mainly in Iwate Prefecture; it constitutes less than one percent of all wagyu cattle.[
Answer: The different types of cattle that are known as Wagyu are:
- The Japanese Black
- The Japanese Brown
- The Japanese Polled
- The Japanese Shorthorn
Question: How are FHIR and RDF combined?
Evidence: One of the several formats into which FHIR can be serialized is RDF. However, because RDF was designed as an abstract information model and FHIR was designed for operational use in a healthcare setting, there is the potential for a slight mismatch between the models. This comes up in two ways: One, RDF makes statements of fact, whereas FHIR makes records of events. The example given in the FHIR documentation is the difference between "patient x has viral pneumonia" (statement of fact) and "Dr. Jones diagnosed patient x with viral pneumonia" (record of event). Two, RDF is intended to have the property of monotonicity, meaning that previous facts cannot be invalidated by new facts. The example given for this mismatch is "a modifier extension indicates that the surrounding element's meaning will likely be misunderstood if the modifier extension is not understood." The potential for serious error resulting from this mismatch is small, but it is worth bearing in mind when designing information systems.
One of the several formats into which FHIR can be serialized is RDF. However, because RDF was designed as an abstract information model and FHIR was designed for operational use in a healthcare setting, there is the potential for a slight mismatch between the models. This comes up in two ways: One, RDF makes statements of fact, whereas FHIR makes records of events.
Two, RDF is intended to have the property of monotonicity, meaning that previous facts cannot be invalidated by new facts.
Answer: The answers are shown as follows:
* RDF was designed as an abstract information model and FHIR was designed for operational use in a healthcare setting
* RDF makes statements of fact, whereas FHIR makes records of events
* RDF is intended to have the property of monotonicity, meaning that previous facts cannot be invalidated by new facts
Question: How often is The Australian Chess Championship held?
Evidence: The Australian Chess Championship is a tournament organised by the Australian Chess Federation and held every two years. The tournament is largely restricted to Australian chess players, although it is common to allow a small number of strong overseas players to compete. The highest-scoring eligible player (frequently the tournament winner) holds the title of Australian Chess Champion until the next tournament is held. The tournament format is normally a restricted Swiss system, and in case of a tie for first place, a playoff match or tournament is conducted.
Answer: Every two years
Question: What is Autism Spectrum Disorder?
Answer: Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a developmental disability caused by differences in the brain condition and is characterized by difficulty with social communication and restricted, repetitive patterns of behaviour, interest, or activities. 
Many children with high functioning autism (also known as Asperger's syndrome) have average or above average IQ. ASD affects men almost 4 times more than women, and is known to be more prevalent among people in technical professions such as engineering and physics.
Question: What are the books in Harry Potter series in order?
Answer: Harry Potter is a book series written by British author J.K. Rowling. The series was published from 1997 to 2007 with 7 books
Book 1: Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone (1997)
Book 2: Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (1998)
Book 3: Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (1999)
Book 4: Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (2000)
Book 5: Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (2003)
Book 6: Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (2005)
Book 7: Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows (2007)
Question: Name five teams in Liga Portugal.
Answer: Five teams in Liga Portugal are Benfica, Porto, Sporting, Braga, and Arouca.
Question: What assumption is their method based on?
Evidence: In this paper we presented the approach for introducing thesaurus information into topic models. The main idea of the approach is based on the assumption that if related words or phrases co-occur in the same text, their frequencies should be enhanced and this action leads to their mutual larger contribution into topics found in this text.
In the experiments on four English collections, it was shown that the direct implementation of this idea using WordNet synonyms and/or direct relations leads to great degradation of the unigram model. But the correction of initial assumptions and excluding hyponyms from frequencies adding improve the model and makes it much better than the initial model in several measures. Adding ngrams in a similar manner further improves the model.
Introducing information from domain-specific thesaurus EuroVoc led to improving the initial model without the additional assumption, which can be explained by the absence of general abstract words in such information-retrieval thesauri.
We also considered thematic analysis of an Islam Internet site and evaluated the combined topic models manually. We found that the best, understandable topics are obtained by adding domain-specific thesaurus knowledge (domain terms, synonyms, and relations).
In this paper we presented the approach for introducing thesaurus information into topic models. The main idea of the approach is based on the assumption that if related words or phrases co-occur in the same text, their frequencies should be enhanced and this action leads to their mutual larger contribution into topics found in this text.
Answer: If related words or phrases co-occur in the same text, their frequencies should be enhanced and this action leads to their mutual larger contribution into topics found in this text.
Question: Which of the following numbers is a irrational number: -200, -1.5, -1, 0, 1, 1.5, 200, pi, e, sqrt(-1)?
Answer: Square root of -1 is an irrational number
Question: What is power resource theory?
Evidence: Power resource theory is a political theory proposing that variations among welfare states is largely attributable to differing distributions of power between economic classes. It argues that "working class power achieved through organisation by labor unions or left parties, produces more egalitarian distributional outcomes".

Pioneered in the 1970s and 1980s by a school of Scandinavian researchers closely associated with Walter Korpi, Gøsta Esping-Andersen, and John Stephens, power resource theory is an empirical approach to examining the development, characteristics and effects of social policies in advanced industrialized nations. It attempts to account for the various approaches to social policy adopted by different nations, focusing primarily on the role and strength of labor mobilization. Its major conclusion is that social welfare provisions are larger and income inequality lower in countries where working-class people are more politically organized.

While power resource theory became the dominant paradigm among scholars in the 1990s for explaining variations between welfare states in advanced democracies, there are criticisms that point out the lack of accountability for factors such as variations in “coverage, extension, and generosity among welfare states” in addition to not accounting for the importance of political mobilization based on social class. Competing theories have also challenged power resource theory with alternative explanations for the varying levels of welfare development such as the importance of employers and cross-class alliances that exist in coordinated market societies.
Answer: Power resource theory is a political theory proposing that variations among welfare states is largely attributable to differing distributions of power between economic classes. Power resource theory was pioneered in the 1970's by a school of Scandinavian researchers and it attempts to account for the various approached to social policy adopted by different nations.
Question: Which countries are the world's largest or biggest manufacturer in terms of $ value?
Answer: According to data from the World Bank, in 2021, the world's largest or biggest manufacturers in terms of $ output are:
1. China, $4,865,827.26
2. United States, 2,497,131.58	
3. Japan, $995,308.97	
4. Germany, $803,213.14	
5. South Korea, $461,104.31	
6. India, $443,911.66	
7. Italy, $314,095.61	
8. United Kingdom, $274,872.28	
9. France, $262,642.86	
10. Russian Federation, $256,958.27
Question: Does each attention head in the decoder calculate the same output?
Evidence: On the other hand, in the case of MHD, instead of the integration at attention level, we assign multiple decoders for each head and then integrate their outputs to get a final output. Since each attention decoder captures different modalities, it is expected to improve the recognition performance with an ensemble effect. The calculation of the attention weight at the head INLINEFORM0 in Eq. ( EQREF21 ) is replaced with following equation: DISPLAYFORM0
On the other hand, in the case of MHD, instead of the integration at attention level, we assign multiple decoders for each head and then integrate their outputs to get a final output.
Answer: No.
Question: From the passage provided, extract the difference in caffeine between a light roast and a dark roast.
Evidence: Sucrose is rapidly lost during the roasting process, and may disappear entirely in darker roasts. During roasting, aromatic oils and acids weaken, changing the flavor; at 205 °C (401 °F), other oils start to develop. One of these oils, caffeol, is created at about 200 °C (392 °F), which is largely responsible for coffee's aroma and flavor. The difference of caffeine content between a light roast and a dark roast is only about 0.1%.
Answer: The difference of caffeine content between a light roast and a dark roast is about 0.1%.