Projet DECOMPOSE : DEtermination de la COMposition chimique et du Potentiel Oxydant des particules : étude des Emissions véhiculaires et ferroviaires à l’échappement et hors échappement
Programme : AQACIA 2022 - Préserver la qualité de l’air dans un monde en transition
Mots-clés : Mobilité / Transport / Qualité de l'air
Contexte : La pollution particulaire est classée comme cancérigène pour les êtres humains d’après le Centre international de recherche sur le cancer (CIRC). De plus, 40 000 morts prématurées par an en France seraient attribuables à l’exposition aux particules fines (PM2,5) ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"QNN9ngU5","properties":{"formattedCitation":"[1]","plainCitation":"[1]","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":869,"uris":["http://zotero.org/groups/2445804/items/HMSKMVHS"],"itemData":{"id":869,"type":"report","title":"Impact de pollution de l'air ambiant sur la mortalité en France métropolitaine. Réduction en lien avec le confinement du printemps 2020 et nouvelles données sur le poids total pour la période 2016-2019","author":[{"family":"Santé Publique France","given":""}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2021"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} [1] . L’amélioration des connaissances sur les particules est donc un enjeu majeur. A l’heure actuelle, seules la masse des particules est réglementée en air ambiant sans distinction de leur origine ou de leur composition chimique (Directive n°2008/50/CE). Or il est fondamental de disposer d’informations sur les sources et la caractérisation chimique des particules afin d’alimenter les jeux de données et mettre en place des actions efficaces. Dans la région Grand Est, les cadastres des émissions montrent que le secteur du transport est responsable de près de 10% des émissions des PM10 anthropiques (8-9%), de 10-12% des émissions de PM2,5 et de 28-32% des émissions de Black-Carbon (années 2019-2020) ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"9EsSTJSt","properties":{"formattedCitation":"[2]","plainCitation":"[2]","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":874,"uris":["http://zotero.org/groups/2445804/items/P2WJ7PPQ"],"itemData":{"id":874,"type":"webpage","title":"L'observatoire Climat Air Energie Grand Est - Open Data","URL":"https://observatoire.atmo-grandest.eu/inventair/","accessed":{"date-parts":[["2022",10,17]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} [2] . Parmi les différents transports, le trafic routier et le trafic ferroviaire sont les transports majeurs en zone urbaine. Le trafic routier est à l’origine d’émissions de particules directes (à l’échappement, liées au processus de combustion du carburant) mais également d’émissions indirectes (hors échappement, liées à l’usure des freins, des pneus et à la remise en suspension des poussières de route) ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"UvP59rF9","properties":{"formattedCitation":"[3]","plainCitation":"[3]","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":836,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/6363235/items/8ENAW24F"],"itemData":{"id":836,"type":"article-journal","abstract":"Non-exhaust emissions (NEE) of particulate matter (PM) from brake, tyre, road pavement and railway wear, as well as resuspension of already deposited road dust, account for up to 90% by mass of total traffic-related PM emitted. This review aims at analysing the current knowledge on road traffic NEE regarding sources, particle generation processes, chemical and physical characterization, and mitigation strategies. The literature on this matter often presents highly variable and hardly comparable results due to the heterogeneity of NEE sources and the absence of standardized sampling and measurement protocols. As evidence, emission factors (EFs) were found to range from 1 mg km−1 veh−1 to 18.5 mg km−1 veh−1 for brake wear, and from 0.3 mg km−1 veh−1 to 7.4 mg km−1 veh−1 for tyre wear. Resuspended dust, which varies in even wider ranges (from 5.4 mg km−1 veh−1 to 330 mg km−1 veh−1 for cars), is considered the prevailing NEE source. The lack of standardized monitoring approaches resulted in the impossibility of setting international regulations to limit NEE. Therefore, up until now the abatement of NEE has only been achieved by mitigation and prevention strategies. However, the effectiveness of these measures still needs to be improved and further investigated. As an example, mitigation strategies, such as street washing or sweeping, proved effective in reducing PM levels, but only in the short term. The replacement of internal combustion engines vehicles with electric ones was instead proposed as a prevention strategy, but there are still concerns regarding the increase of NEE deriving from the extra weight of the batteries. The data reported in this review highlighted the need for future studies to broaden their research area, and to focus not only on the standardization of methods and the introduction of regulations, but also on improving already existing technologies and mitigating strategies.","container-title":"Science of The Total Environment","DOI":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144440","ISSN":"0048-9697","journalAbbreviation":"Science of The Total Environment","language":"en","page":"144440","source":"ScienceDirect","title":"Non-exhaust traffic emissions: Sources, characterization, and mitigation measures","title-short":"Non-exhaust traffic emissions","volume":"766","author":[{"family":"Piscitello","given":"Amelia"},{"family":"Bianco","given":"Carlo"},{"family":"Casasso","given":"Alessandro"},{"family":"Sethi","given":"Rajandrea"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2021",4,20]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} [3] . Le trafic ferroviaire est principalement associé à des particules hors échappement émises majoritairement par des phénomènes de friction et d’arrachement (le contact roue/rail, le contact caténaire/pantographe ainsi que le contact frein/roue) mais également de particules à l’échappement, bien que la SNCF ambitionne d’abandonner l’usage du gazole ferroviaire à l’horizon 2035. Ces émissions ont pour origine les circulations d’engins diesel, représentant environ 35% du parc ferroviaire SNCF en 2018 ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"aJ1jR4gF","properties":{"formattedCitation":"[4]","plainCitation":"[4]","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":924,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/6363235/items/BIFGFTZN"],"itemData":{"id":924,"type":"report","title":"Memento statistiques SNCF Mobilités","author":[{"family":"SNCF","given":""}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} [4] . La réglementation associée aux émissions véhiculaires a permis une baisse des émissions particulaires à l’échappement et le développement de systèmes de post-traitement, notamment grâce aux normes Euro fixant les seuils d’émission maximums pour les véhicules neufs depuis 1993 ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"eqgdG1g1","properties":{"formattedCitation":"[5]","plainCitation":"[5]","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":876,"uris":["http://zotero.org/groups/2445804/items/BSLBXGGI"],"itemData":{"id":876,"type":"report","title":"Émissions de particules et de NOx par les véhicules routiers","URL":"https://librairie.ademe.fr/mobilite-et-transport/1378-emissions-de-particules-et-de-nox-par-les-vehicules-routiers.html","author":[{"family":"ADEME","given":""}],"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2022",10,17]]},"issued":{"date-parts":[["2018"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} [5] . Des études très récentes des tendances menées en France depuis une dizaine d’années des émissions véhiculaires (directes) via des mesures de terrain et des déconvolutions par analyse PMF confirment que ces émissions véhiculaires à l’échappement ont diminué très fortement, tant dans une zone représentative du fond rural français ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"IM2AL60G","properties":{"formattedCitation":"[6]","plainCitation":"[6]","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":914,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/6363235/items/ZGFLFTY8"],"itemData":{"id":914,"type":"article-journal","abstract":"<p><strong class=\"journal-contentHeaderColor\">Abstract.</strong> Long-term monitoring at sites with relatively low particulate pollution could provide an opportunity to identify changes in pollutant concentration and potential effects of current air quality policies. In this study, 9-year sampling of PM<span class=\"inline-formula\"><sub>10</sub></span> (particles with an aerodynamic diameter below 10 <span class=\"inline-formula\">µ</span>m) was performed in a rural background site in France (Observatoire Pérenne de l'Environnement or OPE) from 28 February 2012 to 22 December 2020. The positive matrix factorization (PMF) method was used to apportion sources of PM<span class=\"inline-formula\"><sub>10</sub></span> based on quantified chemical constituents and specific chemical tracers analysed on collected filters. Oxidative potential (OP), an emerging health metric that measures PM capability to potentially cause anti-oxidant imbalance in the lung, was also measured using two acellular assays: dithiothreitol (DTT) and ascorbic acid (AA). The sources of OP were also estimated using multiple linear regression (MLR) analysis. In terms of mass contribution, the dominant sources are secondary aerosols (nitrate- and sulfate-rich) associated with long-range transport (LRT). However, in terms of OP contributions, the main drivers are traffic, mineral dust, and biomass burning factors. There is also some OP contribution apportioned to the sulfate- and nitrate-rich sources influenced by processes and ageing during LRT that could have encouraged mixing with other anthropogenic sources. The study indicates much lower OP values than in urban areas. A substantial decrease (58 % reduction from the year 2012 to 2020) in the mass contributions from the traffic factor was found, even though this is not clearly reflected in its OP contribution. Nevertheless, the findings in this long-term study at the OPE site could indicate effectiveness of implemented emission control policies, as also seen in other long-term studies conducted in Europe, mainly for urban areas.</p>","container-title":"Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics","DOI":"10.5194/acp-22-8701-2022","ISSN":"1680-7316","issue":"13","language":"English","note":"publisher: Copernicus GmbH","page":"8701-8723","source":"acp.copernicus.org","title":"Nine-year trends of PM<sub>10</sub> sources and oxidative potential in a rural background site in France","volume":"22","author":[{"family":"Borlaza","given":"Lucille Joanna"},{"family":"Weber","given":"Samuël"},{"family":"Marsal","given":"Anouk"},{"family":"Uzu","given":"Gaëlle"},{"family":"Jacob","given":"Véronique"},{"family":"Besombes","given":"Jean-Luc"},{"family":"Chatain","given":"Mélodie"},{"family":"Conil","given":"Sébastien"},{"family":"Jaffrezo","given":"Jean-Luc"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2022",7,6]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} [6] qu’en zone urbaine ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"oOZ0dDXZ","properties":{"formattedCitation":"[7]","plainCitation":"[7]","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":917,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/6363235/items/IGIGVJ2M"],"itemData":{"id":917,"type":"article-journal","journalAbbreviation":"To be submitted to Atmos. Chem. Phys. Disc","title":"Source apportionment and tendencies of PM components in Grenoble (France) over a 10-year period.","author":[{"family":"Ngoc","given":"V"},{"family":"Favez","given":"O."},{"family":"Uzu","given":"G."},{"family":"Weber","given":"S."},{"family":"Dominutti","given":"P"},{"family":"Jacob","given":"V."},{"family":"Houdier","given":"Stephan"},{"family":"Darfeuil","given":"S"},{"family":"INERIS","given":""},{"family":"ATMO AURA","given":""},{"family":"Jaffrezo","given":"J. -L."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2022"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} [7] . A l’opposée, les cadastres donnent une hausse de la contribution des particules hors échappement aux émissions véhiculaires totales sur les 25 dernières années, avec une hausse de 16% des émissions hors échappement (abrasion des routes et usure des pneus et plaquettes de freins) observée entre 1990 et 2020 dans la Région Grand Est ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"XT5jfkHM","properties":{"formattedCitation":"[8]","plainCitation":"[8]","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":938,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/6363235/items/9H3AWU4K"],"itemData":{"id":938,"type":"report","title":"Inventaire Air-Climat-Energie : Atlas sectoriel des résultats Grand Est","author":[{"family":"ATMO Grand Est","given":""}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2022"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} [8] . Plusieurs études de terrain à travers le monde ont été consacrées à ces processus ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"kzaq94Wf","properties":{"formattedCitation":"[9]","plainCitation":"[9]","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":920,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/6363235/items/6UHKL88H"],"itemData":{"id":920,"type":"article-journal","abstract":"In the last decades, emissions from road traffic saw a significant drop due to the stricter regulations for the motor vehicles’ exhaust and cleaner technologies for fleets. Therefore, non-tailpipe emissions should be increasingly held responsible for traffic-related emissions, including brake-, tyre- and road-wear particles, as well as vehicle-induced resuspension of road dust deposited on the surface. Nevertheless, the quantification of road dust resuspension is still lacking a standardised sampling procedure, leading to a doubtful integration in emission inventories. This article aims at presenting the various methodologies that were so far developed to collect road dust, ranging from the most rudimental scoop sweeping until more sophisticated devices with size-selective inlets to capture the more worrisome fraction: the inhalable resuspended particulate matter. The different methodologies for sampling and calculating emission factors are critically reviewed. Sources that contribute to the road dust and their implications on the particle size distributions and chemical composition are discussed. Easily applicable indexes to quantify the magnitude of pollution of road dust are presented. Emission factors and physicochemical profiles of road dust are necessary towards a more accurate inclusion of this specific non-exhaust category in emission inventories, receptor modelling and health protection programmes by policymakers.","container-title":"Atmospheric Research","DOI":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2021.105740","ISSN":"0169-8095","journalAbbreviation":"Atmospheric Research","language":"en","page":"105740","source":"ScienceDirect","title":"Road dust resuspension: A review","title-short":"Road dust resuspension","volume":"261","author":[{"family":"Casotti Rienda","given":"Ismael"},{"family":"Alves","given":"Célia A."}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2021",10,15]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} [9] confirmant l’intérêt du suivi et de la caractérisation simultanée des particules à l’échappement et hors échappement en termes de taille et de composition chimique ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"4QI1f7xd","properties":{"formattedCitation":"[10], [11]","plainCitation":"[10], [11]","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":812,"uris":["http://zotero.org/groups/2445804/items/NPSUVDTC"],"itemData":{"id":812,"type":"article-journal","abstract":"The switch to electric vehicles (EVs) has been incentivised by governments all over the world to reduce the use of fossil fuels and improve air quality. However, whether such a move could effectively lower the levels of pollutants as much as expected is still controversial. This study estimates the impact values of exhaust and non-exhaust emissions emitted from internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs) and their equivalent EVs from an economic-environmental perspective, expressed as monetary impact values, so as to ascertain the environmental effect of the switch to equivalent EVs from ICEVs. These monetary impact values were calculated according to the emission factors and damage costs of these pollutants. The results indicate that the particulate matter (PM) monetary impact values of equivalent EVs may exceed those of ICEVs, which depends primarily on the extent of regenerative braking and road type. The monetary impact values of total pollutants decrease for the move from diesel passenger cars to their equivalent EVs with 0% regenerative braking. For the conversion of petrol passenger cars to their equivalent EVs with 0% regenerative braking, however, the total monetary impact values increase on both urban and rural roads. These results can be useful for the economic-environmental assessment of vehicle exhaust and non-exhaust emissions.","container-title":"Journal of Cleaner Production","DOI":"10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.129965","ISSN":"0959-6526","journalAbbreviation":"Journal of Cleaner Production","language":"en","page":"129965","source":"ScienceDirect","title":"Exhaust and non-exhaust emissions from conventional and electric vehicles: A comparison of monetary impact values","title-short":"Exhaust and non-exhaust emissions from conventional and electric vehicles","volume":"331","author":[{"family":"Liu","given":"Ye"},{"family":"Chen","given":"Haibo"},{"family":"Li","given":"Ying"},{"family":"Gao","given":"Jianbing"},{"family":"Dave","given":"Kaushali"},{"family":"Chen","given":"Junyan"},{"family":"Li","given":"Tiezhu"},{"family":"Tu","given":"Ran"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2022",1,10]]}}},{"id":359,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/6363235/items/H2V859DJ"],"itemData":{"id":359,"type":"article-journal","abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> In order to identify and quantify key species associated with non-exhaust emissions and exhaust vehicular emissions, a large comprehensive dataset of particulate species has been obtained thanks to simultaneous near-road and urban background measurements coupled with detailed traffic counts and chassis dynamometer measurements of exhaust emissions of a few in-use vehicles well-represented in the French fleet. Elemental carbon, brake-wear metals (Cu, Fe, Sb, Sn, Mn), <span class=\"inline-formula\"><i>n</i></span>-alkanes (C19-C26), light-molecular-weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs; pyrene, fluoranthene, anthracene) and two hopanes (17<span class=\"inline-formula\"><i>α</i></span>21<span class=\"inline-formula\"><i>β</i></span>norhopane and 17<span class=\"inline-formula\"><i>α</i></span>21<span class=\"inline-formula\"><i>β</i></span>hopane) are strongly associated with the road traffic. Traffic-fleet emission factors have been determined for all of them and are consistent with most recent published equivalent data. When possible, light-duty- and heavy-duty-traffic emission factors are also determined. In the absence of significant non-combustion emissions, light-duty-traffic emissions are in good agreement with emissions from chassis dynamometer measurements. Since recent measurements in Europe including those from this study are consistent, ratios involving copper (<span class=\"inline-formula\">Cu∕Fe</span> and <span class=\"inline-formula\">Cu∕Sn</span>) could be used as brake-wear emissions tracers as long as brakes with Cu remain in use. Near the Grenoble ring road, where the traffic was largely dominated by diesel vehicles in 2011 (70&thinsp;%), the <span class=\"inline-formula\">OC∕EC</span> ratio estimated for traffic emissions was around 0.4. Although the use of quantitative data for source apportionment studies is not straightforward for the identified organic molecular markers, their presence seems to well-characterize fresh traffic emissions.</p>","container-title":"Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics","DOI":"https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-5187-2019","ISSN":"1680-7316","issue":"7","journalAbbreviation":"Atmos. Chem. Phys.","language":"English","note":"publisher: Copernicus GmbH","page":"5187-5207","source":"acp.copernicus.org","title":"Identification and quantification of particulate tracers of exhaust and non-exhaust vehicle emissions","volume":"19","author":[{"family":"Charron","given":"Aurélie"},{"family":"Polo-Rehn","given":"Lucie"},{"family":"Besombes","given":"Jean-Luc"},{"family":"Golly","given":"Benjamin"},{"family":"Buisson","given":"Christine"},{"family":"Chanut","given":"Hervé"},{"family":"Marchand","given":"Nicolas"},{"family":"Guillaud","given":"Géraldine"},{"family":"Jaffrezo","given":"Jean-Luc"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2019"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} [10], [11] . Les émissions ferroviaires ne sont pas associées à une réglementation et la distinction des contributions respectives des émissions particulaires à l’échappement et hors échappement est peu documentée. La plupart des études sur les émissions particulaires ont été menées au sein d’enceintes ferroviaires souterraines. En effet, ces environnements confinés ont particulièrement été étudiés en raison des forts taux d’empoussièrement mesurés dans l’air et de la présence de voyageurs ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"c87oAbOe","properties":{"formattedCitation":"[12], [13]","plainCitation":"[12], [13]","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":923,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/6363235/items/5PLF4SY9"],"itemData":{"id":923,"type":"report","genre":"Saisine 2011-SA-0265","title":"Avis relatif à la pollution chimique de l'air des enceintes de transports ferroviaires souterrains et risques sanitaires associés chez les travailleurs","author":[{"family":"ANSES","given":""}]}},{"id":922,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/6363235/items/G3REUP8X"],"itemData":{"id":922,"type":"report","genre":"Rapport final","title":"TOXin TRANSPORT : Caractérisations toxicologiques in vitro, chimiques et phyusiques de particules prélevées dans l'air d'habitacles de transport en roulage","author":[{"family":"Querron","given":"J"},{"family":"De Mendonça Andrade","given":"M"},{"family":"Le Bihan","given":"Olivier"},{"family":"Lacroix","given":"G"},{"family":"Plumail","given":"M"},{"family":"Uzu","given":"G"},{"family":"Suarez","given":"G"},{"family":"Ngo","given":"S"},{"family":"Delater","given":"A"},{"family":"Fable","given":"S"},{"family":"Meunier","given":"L"},{"family":"Tebby","given":"C"},{"family":"Amara","given":"A"},{"family":"Bonnaire","given":"N"},{"family":"Petit","given":"J. -E."},{"family":"Benbekka","given":"R"},{"family":"Gros","given":"V"},{"family":"Durif","given":"M"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2022"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} [12], [13] . Toutefois, la SNCF a initié des études pour évaluer les échanges existant entre ces environnements souterrains et le milieu extérieur ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"iyimnolW","properties":{"formattedCitation":"[14], [15]","plainCitation":"[14], [15]","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":925,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/6363235/items/SH5DAX6E"],"itemData":{"id":925,"type":"report","genre":"Rapport interne","title":"Détermination des concentrations en poussières et mesures de vitesses d'air dans le puit 162 du tunnel EOLE","author":[{"family":"SNCF","given":""}]}},{"id":926,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/6363235/items/LENDMR8N"],"itemData":{"id":926,"type":"report","title":"Puits de rejet des tunnels Eole, Paris","URL":"https://lhypercube.arep.fr/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/FRef_LHYP_Eole_QAE.pdf","author":[{"family":"AREP Agence d'architecture pluridisciplinaire","given":""}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2020"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} [14], [15] . Le manque d’études en air ambiant et l’amélioration des connaissances sur la distinction entre la caractérisation des particules à l’échappement des engins diesel et hors échappement sont des enjeux importants soulignés par les transporteurs tels que la SNCF. Les informations sanitaires sur les particules sont un élément clé dans tout projet d’amélioration des connaissances. Le potentiel oxydant (PO) est un indicateur sanitaire développé depuis une 15aine d’année, qui vient de faire son entrée (comme une métrique à implémenter dans les centres urbains) dans le projet de nouvelle directive européenne sur la qualité de l’air, qui remplacera la directive de 2008 ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"0ykc0EdM","properties":{"formattedCitation":"[16]","plainCitation":"[16]","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":918,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/6363235/items/MH3U2M7Z"],"itemData":{"id":918,"type":"webpage","language":"en","title":"Revision EU ambient air quality legislation","URL":"https://environment.ec.europa.eu/publications/revision-eu-ambient-air-quality-legislation_en","author":[{"family":"European Commission","given":""}],"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2022",11,18]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} [16] . Cette avancée majeure implique de développer rapidement les connaissances sur les déterminants de la variabilité du PO et, en particulier, des émissions des transports qui en sont une composante fondamentale ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"jyJwlrw4","properties":{"formattedCitation":"[17]\\uc0\\u8211{}[20]","plainCitation":"[17]–[20]","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":570,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/6363235/items/VD5ZJJM2"],"itemData":{"id":570,"type":"article-journal","abstract":"<p><strong class=\"journal-contentHeaderColor\">Abstract.</strong> Reactive oxygen species (ROS) carried or induced by particulate matter (PM) are suspected of inducing oxidative stress in vivo, leading to adverse health impacts such as respiratory or cardiovascular diseases. The oxidative potential (OP) of PM, displaying the ability of PM to oxidize the lung environment, is gaining strong interest in examining health risks associated with PM exposure. In this study, OP was measured by two different acellular assays (dithiothreitol, DTT, and ascorbic acid, AA) on <span class=\"inline-formula\">PM<sub>10</sub></span> filter samples from 15 yearly time series of filters collected at 14 different locations in France between 2013 and 2018, including urban, traffic and Alpine valley site typologies. A detailed chemical speciation was also performed on the same samples, allowing the source apportionment of PM using positive matrix factorization (PMF) for each series, for a total number of more than 1700 samples. This study then provides a large-scale synthesis of the source apportionment of OP using coupled PMF and multiple linear regression (MLR) models. The primary road traffic, biomass burning, dust, MSA-rich, and primary biogenic sources had distinct positive redox activity towards the OP<span class=\"inline-formula\"><sup>DTT</sup></span> assay, whereas biomass burning and road traffic sources only display significant activity for the OP<span class=\"inline-formula\"><sup>AA</sup></span> assay. The daily median source contribution to the total OP<span class=\"inline-formula\"><sup>DTT</sup></span> highlighted the dominant influence of the primary road traffic source. Both the biomass burning and the road traffic sources contributed evenly to the observed OP<span class=\"inline-formula\"><sup>AA</sup></span>. Therefore, it appears clear that residential wood burning and road traffic are the two main target sources to be prioritized in order to decrease significantly the OP in western Europe and, if the OP is a good proxy of human health impact, to lower the health risks from PM exposure.</p>","container-title":"Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics","DOI":"10.5194/acp-21-11353-2021","ISSN":"1680-7316","issue":"14","language":"English","note":"publisher: Copernicus GmbH","page":"11353-11378","source":"acp.copernicus.org","title":"Source apportionment of atmospheric PM<sub>10</sub> oxidative potential: synthesis of 15 year-round urban datasets in France","title-short":"Source apportionment of atmospheric PM<sub>10</sub> oxidative potential","volume":"21","author":[{"family":"Weber","given":"Samuël"},{"family":"Uzu","given":"Gaëlle"},{"family":"Favez","given":"Olivier"},{"family":"Borlaza","given":"Lucille Joanna S."},{"family":"Calas","given":"Aude"},{"family":"Salameh","given":"Dalia"},{"family":"Chevrier","given":"Florie"},{"family":"Allard","given":"Julie"},{"family":"Besombes","given":"Jean-Luc"},{"family":"Albinet","given":"Alexandre"},{"family":"Pontet","given":"Sabrina"},{"family":"Mesbah","given":"Boualem"},{"family":"Gille","given":"Grégory"},{"family":"Zhang","given":"Shouwen"},{"family":"Pallares","given":"Cyril"},{"family":"Leoz-Garziandia","given":"Eva"},{"family":"Jaffrezo","given":"Jean-Luc"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2021",7,28]]}}},{"id":746,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/6363235/items/C2IEKDLT"],"itemData":{"id":746,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"Nature","issue":"7834","note":"publisher: Nature Publishing Group","page":"414–419","source":"Google Scholar","title":"Sources of particulate-matter air pollution and its oxidative potential in Europe","volume":"587","author":[{"family":"Daellenbach","given":"Kaspar R."},{"family":"Uzu","given":"Gaëlle"},{"family":"Jiang","given":"Jianhui"},{"family":"Cassagnes","given":"Laure-Estelle"},{"family":"Leni","given":"Zaira"},{"family":"Vlachou","given":"Athanasia"},{"family":"Stefenelli","given":"Giulia"},{"family":"Canonaco","given":"Francesco"},{"family":"Weber","given":"Samuël"},{"family":"Segers","given":"Arjo"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2020"]]}}},{"id":552,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/6363235/items/58NEEQE6"],"itemData":{"id":552,"type":"article-journal","abstract":"Epidemiological studies suggest that the main part of chronic effects from air pollution is likely to be linked with particulate matter (PM). Oxidative potential (OP) of PM is gaining strong interest as a promising health exposure metric. This study combined atmospheric detailed composition results obtained for seven different urban background environments over France to examine any possible common feature in OP seasonal variations obtained using two assays (acid ascorbic (AA) and dithiothreitol (DTT)) along a large set of samples (    N &gt; 700    ). A remarkable homogeneity in annual cycles was observed with a higher OP activity in wintertime at all investigated sites. Univariate correlations were used to link the concentrations of some major chemical components of PM and their OP. Four PM components were identified as OP predictors: OC, EC, monosaccharides and Cu. These species are notably emitted by road transport and biomass burning, targeting main sources probably responsible for the measured OP activity. The results obtained confirm that the relationship between OP and atmospheric pollutants is assay- and location-dependent and, thus, the strong need for a standardized test, or set of tests, for further regulation purposes.","container-title":"Atmosphere","DOI":"10.3390/atmos10110698","issue":"11","language":"en","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/","note":"number: 11\npublisher: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","page":"698","source":"www.mdpi.com","title":"Seasonal Variations and Chemical Predictors of Oxidative Potential (OP) of Particulate Matter (PM), for Seven Urban French Sites","volume":"10","author":[{"family":"Calas","given":"Aude"},{"family":"Uzu","given":"Gaëlle"},{"family":"Besombes","given":"Jean-Luc"},{"family":"Martins","given":"Jean M. F."},{"family":"Redaelli","given":"Matteo"},{"family":"Weber","given":"Samuël"},{"family":"Charron","given":"Aurelie"},{"family":"Albinet","given":"Alexandre"},{"family":"Chevrier","given":"Florie"},{"family":"Brulfert","given":"Guillaume"},{"family":"Mesbah","given":"Boualem"},{"family":"Favez","given":"Olivier"},{"family":"Jaffrezo","given":"Jean-Luc"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2019",11]]}}},{"id":356,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/6363235/items/E6Q6ZC99"],"itemData":{"id":356,"type":"article-journal","abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Inhaled aerosolized particulate matter (PM) induces cellular oxidative stress in vivo, leading to adverse health outcomes. The oxidative potential (OP) of PM appears to be a more relevant proxy of the health impact of the aerosol rather than the total mass concentration. However, the relative contributions of the aerosol sources to the OP are still poorly known. In order to better quantify the impact of different PM sources, we sampled aerosols in a French city for one year (2014, 115 samples). A coupled analysis with detaile
Description : Le projet DECOMPOSE combine l’expertise du monde de la recherche à l’implication d’acteurs de terrain. Il est porté par l’association agréée pour la surveillance de la qualité de l’air ATMO Grand Est, en partenariat avec l’Institut des Géosciences de l’environnement (IGE) et la Société nationale des chemins de fer français (SNCF). DECOMPOSE a pour objectifs de caractériser les particules émises par le trafic routier et le trafic ferroviaire en zone urbaine et d’identifier leur part dans les niveaux urbains. L’aspect sanitaire est également caractérisé dans ce projet a l’aide d’un indicateur développé par l’IGE : le potentiel oxydant. Le couplage de ces données et leur exploitation par des méthodes statistiques permettront d’apporter des éléments notables sur ces sources de particules en zone urbaine et leur implication dans le potentiel oxydant. Deux campagnes de mesure de 50 jours en saison contrastée sur trois sites de mesure d’une même agglomération, permettront de produire le jeu de données dense et innovant permettant de répondre aux objectifs cités par une exploitation complète et l’application de méthodes de Source apportionment (PMF). Ce jeu de données sera constitué des résultats d’analyses chimiques et de potentiel oxydant des particules PM10 et PM2,5 pour chaque site permettant de connaître les composés principaux des particules et d’identifier ou caractériser les sources de particules grâce aux traceurs chimiques connus. La caractérisation en parallèle des particules PM10 et PM2,5 permettra l’étude de la répartition en taille entre la fraction fine et la fraction grossière des particules. De plus, l’ajout de traceurs chimiques ou complémentaires aux études habituellement observés dans la littérature, permettra de dissocier les particules à l’échappement des particules hors échappement pour les deux transports étudiés (routier et ferroviaires). Ce projet permettra d’améliorer les connaissances du monde scientifique en apportant des éléments d’intérêt mais également d’alimenter les besoins auprès de l’opérationnel en visant des acteurs divers et complémentaires (secteur émissif, acteurs locaux, monde de la santé…).
Objectifs et résultats attendus : Le projet DECOMPOSE a pour objectifs : De caractériser les émissions véhiculaires et ferroviaires en zone urbaine en termes de composition chimique et de taille (PM10 et PM2,5) mais également en ciblant l’impact sanitaire grâce au suivi d’un indicateur : le potentiel oxydant. De caractériser les différentes sources de particules associées au trafic routier et au trafic ferroviaire par la distinction des particules à l’échappement et hors échappement. D’identifier les différentes sources de particules des deux secteurs d’émissions par l’usage d’analyses chimiques et de traceurs classiques complétés par des traceurs inédits spécifiques pour identifier les particules liées aux émissions particulaires directes (acides organiques, EC/OC) et indirectes : usure des freins (métaux dont cuivre pour le secteur routier et baryum pour le secteur ferroviaire), usure des pneus (benzothiazoles), contact roue-rail (fer), dégradation des pots catalytiques (platinoïdes) et remise en suspension de la poussière des routes (éléments en trace). D’étudier la contribution des sources de particules du trafic routier et du trafic ferroviaire sur les niveaux particulaires par l’utilisation de méthodes de déconvolution des sources. D’étudier la contribution des sources de particules du trafic routier et du trafic ferroviaire sur le potentiel oxydant par l’utilisation de méthodes de déconvolution des sources. L’influence de la solubilité des métaux sera également étudiée pour évaluer leur biodisponibilité et son rôle dans l’évolution du Potentiel Oxydant. Ce dernier sera mesuré à la fois avec des tests éprouvés (AA et DTT), mais aussi avec une mesure directe innovante des radicaux hydroxyles. De comparer les deux secteurs du transport étudiés dans ce projet et de déterminer leur importance pour un fond urbain. L’acquisition de données très poussées de caractérisation des particules liées aux trafics routier et ferroviaire permettra une amélioration des connaissances sur ces particules avec un focus sur les particules hors échappement possédant une bibliographie plus limitée. L’enjeu sanitaire et environnemental associé aux particules illustre la nécessité d’améliorer les connaissances. La réglementation actuelle sur les émissions véhiculaires ne prenant pas en compte la totalité des particules émises par les véhicules, les éléments de compréhension sur les particules hors échappement notamment sont nécessaires pour alimenter les prises de décision à ce sujet. De plus, le monde ferroviaire est en attente d’éléments en air ambiant pour mettre en place des actions ayant pour objectifs de limiter les émissions associées à ce mode de transport. Ce projet est porté par 3 partenaires éminemment reconnus dans leur domaine d’expertise tant au niveau national qu’européen. Leur association se place dans un contexte de recherche à la pointe des connaissances actuelles, tout en permettant un ancrage très fort au niveau du territoire, ainsi que les transferts de connaissances très direct vers l’opérationnel et les acteurs décisionnaires.
Bénéficiaire : SNCF VOYAGEURS
Localisation : Grand Est, Grand Est, FRANCE
Début : 01/12/2023 — Durée : 36 mois
Budget total : 397504.31 € — Aide ADEME : 255439.71 €
Statut : Suivi du projet