Data-Gouv-ML/pcri-informations-sur-les-projets-laureats huggingface dataset:
Socio-spatial inequality, deprived neighbourhoods, and neighbourhood effects (DEPRIVEDHOODS)

Framework: FP7 — Ideas
Programme: European Research Council
Theme: European research council
Destination: Consolidator grants
Action type: Support for frontier research (ERC)
Panel: Environment, Space and Population
Countries involved: Netherlands,United Kingdom,Sweden,Estonia,United Kingdom
Call:  (ERC-2013-CoG, 2013)
Start date: 2014-08-01
End date: 2019-07-31
Duration (months): 60.0
Total project cost (EUR): 1996506.0
EU funding (EUR): 1996506.0
Participants: 5
Project status: CLOSED

The objective of DEPRIVEDHOODS is to come to a better understanding of the relationship between socio-economic inequality, poverty and neighbourhoods. The spatial concentration of poverty within cities is of great concern to national governments, partly based on a belief in neighbourhood effects: the idea that living in deprived neighbourhoods has an additional negative effect on residents’ life chances over and above the effect of their own characteristics. This belief has contributed to the development of area-based policies designed to introduce a more ‘favourable’ socio-economic mix in deprived neighbourhoods. Despite the persistent belief in neighbourhood effects, there is surprisingly little evidence that living in deprived neighbourhoods really affects individual lives. There is little consensus on the importance of neighbourhood effects, the underlying causal mechanisms, the conditions under which they are important and the most effective policy responses. It is likely that most studies claiming to have found that poor neighbourhoods make people poor(er) only show that poor people live in poor neighbourhoods because they cannot afford to live elsewhere. DEPRIVEDHOODS will break new ground by simultaneously studying neighbourhood sorting over the life course, neighbourhood change, and neighbourhood effects, within one theoretical and analytical framework. This project will be methodologically challenging and will be the first integrated, multi-country research project on neighbourhood effects to use unique geo-referenced longitudinal data from Sweden, United Kingdom, Estonia, and The Netherlands. Special attention will be paid to the operationalization of neighbourhoods and how it affects modelling outcomes. Through its integrated and international approach, DEPRIVEDHOODS will fundamentally advance understandings of the ways in which individual outcomes interact with the neighbourhood, which will ultimately lead to more targeted and effective policy measures.

Keywords: poverty,inequality,neighbourhood change,neighbourhood effects,segregation,socio-economic mobility,longitudinal data,census,register data,sweden,the netherlands,united kingdom,estonia
Adhesion switches in cancer and development: from in vivo to synthetic biology (ADHESWITCHES)

Framework: FP7 — Ideas
Programme: European Research Council
Theme: European research council
Destination: Consolidator grants
Action type: Support for frontier research (ERC)
Panel: Cellular and Developmental Biology
Countries involved: Finland
Call:  (ERC-2013-CoG, 2013)
Start date: 2014-05-01
End date: 2019-04-30
Duration (months): 60.0
Total project cost (EUR): 1887910.0
EU funding (EUR): 1887910.0
Participants: 1
Project status: CLOSED

Integrins are transmembrane cell adhesion receptors controlling cell proliferation and migration. Our objective is to gain fundamentally novel mechanistic insight into the emerging new roles of integrins in cancer and to generate a road map of integrin dependent pathways critical in mammary gland development and integrin signalling thus opening new targets for therapeutic interventions. We will combine an in vivo based translational approach with cell and molecular biological studies aiming to identify entirely novel concepts in integrin function using cutting edge techniques and synthetic-biology tools. The specific objectives are: 1) Integrin inactivation in branching morphogenesis and cancer invasion. Integrins regulate mammary gland development and cancer invasion but the role of integrin inactivating proteins in these processes is currently completely unknown. We will investigate this using genetically modified mice, ex-vivo organoid models and human tissues with the aim to identify beneficial combinational treatments against cancer invasion. 2) Endosomal adhesomes – cross-talk between integrin activity and integrin “inside-in signaling”. We hypothesize that endocytosed active integrins engage in specialized endosomal signaling that governs cell survival especially in cancer. RNAi cell arrays, super-resolution STED imaging and endosomal proteomics will be used to investigate integrin signaling in endosomes. 3) Spatio-temporal co-ordination of adhesion and endocytosis. Several cytosolic proteins compete for integrin binding to regulate activation, endocytosis and recycling. Photoactivatable protein-traps and predefined matrix micropatterns will be employed to mechanistically dissect the spatio-temporal dynamics and hierarchy of their recruitment. We will employ innovative and unconventional techniques to address three major unanswered questions in the field and significantly advance our understanding of integrin function in development and cancer.

Keywords: integrins,adhesion,migration,endocytosis,traffic
Understanding immune evasion by malaria parasites (MALMASQ)

Framework: FP7 — Ideas
Programme: European Research Council
Theme: European research council
Destination: Consolidator grants
Action type: Support for frontier research (ERC)
Panel: Immunity and Infection
Countries involved: Israel
Call:  (ERC-2013-CoG, 2013)
Start date: 2014-06-01
End date: 2020-05-31
Duration (months): 72.0
Total project cost (EUR): 2000000.0
EU funding (EUR): 2000000.0
Participants: 1
Project status: CLOSED

The deadliest form of human malaria is caused by the protozoan parasite, Plasmodium falciparum, which annually infects millions worldwide. Its virulence is attributed to its ability to evade the human immune system, by modifying the host red blood cell surface to adhere to the vascular endothelium and to undergo antigenic variation. Antigenic variation is achieved through switches in expression of hypervariable surface ligands named PfEMP1. These proteins are encoded by a multi-copy gene family called var. Each individual parasite expresses a single var gene at a time, whereas the remaining ~60 var genes found in its genome are maintained in a transcriptionally silent state, a phenomenon known as "allelic exclusion". These antigenic switches allow the parasite to avoid the human immune response and maintain a long-term infection. How mutually exclusive expression is regulated is still elusive. The rationale of the proposed study is that understanding the molecular mechanisms by which the parasite evade human immune attack would lead to the development of therapeutic approaches that disrupt this ability and would give the human immune system an opportunity to clear the infection and overcome the disease. I will focus this research project on understanding one of the unsolved mysteries in gene expression which is responsible for regulating antigenic variation in P. falciparum: the nature of "communication" between genes that allows expression of only a single gene at a time and the selection of the "chosen one" for activation while the rest of the gene family remains silent. The expected outcome of this knowledge is new concepts for disrupting the parasite’s ability to evade immune attack which will be exploited for the discovery of novel targets for drug and vaccine development. In addition, it will unravel mechanisms of allelic exclusion that extend beyond malaria virulence into fundamental aspect of gene expression in other organisms.

Keywords: malaria,plasmodium falciparum,antigenic variation,antigenic switching,gene expression,var genes,pfemp1
Symmetry Principles in Nature (SPIN)

Framework: FP7 — Ideas
Programme: European Research Council
Theme: European research council
Destination: Consolidator grants
Action type: Support for frontier research (ERC)
Panel: Fundamental Constituents of Matter
Countries involved: United Kingdom
Call:  (ERC-2013-CoG, 2013)
Start date: 2014-05-01
End date: 2019-04-30
Duration (months): 60.0
Total project cost (EUR): 1400758.0
EU funding (EUR): 1400758.0
Participants: 1
Project status: TERMINATED

Symmetries have traditionally played a very important role in our understanding of physics, both classical and quantum. As we move towards the next frontier of defining a quantum theory of gravity, it is clear that they will continue to play a predominant role. The current project is aimed at obtaining a comprehensive understanding of the dynamics of strongly coupled quantum systems, exploiting various symmetry properties that one expects on physical grounds. Specifically, the aim is to come up with effective descriptions of a wide class of quantum dynamics in gravitational and non-gravitational theories using the holographic gauge/gravity correspondence. One of the primary strands of the proposed research involves a critical examination of gravitational theories with higher spin symmetry. We will investigate the phase structure of such theories, the nature of gravitational solutions and notions of classical geometry in the presence of the enlarged gauge symmetry. Using appropriate generalizations of the gauge/gravity correspondence we will try to give gauge invariant characterizations of these concepts and further explore how such higher spin theories can be realized in string theory. A related strand of research concerns a deeper understanding of the gauge/gravity correspondence itself, with focus on figuring out how collective behaviour of strongly coupled field theories leads to the emergence of extra symmetries, such as local diffeomorphisms in the dual description. Along the way we will also develop effective descriptions for collective dynamics of strongly coupled quantum degrees of freedom, both in and out of equilibrium.

Keywords: string theory,higher spin interactions
Protein S-mycothiolation and real-time redox imaging in Corynebacterium diphtheriae during ROS stress and infection conditions (MYCOTHIOLOME)

Framework: FP7 — Ideas
Programme: European Research Council
Theme: European research council
Destination: Consolidator grants
Action type: Support for frontier research (ERC)
Panel: Genetics, Genomics, Bioinformatics and Systems Biology
Countries involved: Germany,Germany
Call:  (ERC-2013-CoG, 2013)
Start date: 2014-04-01
End date: 2020-03-31
Duration (months): 72.0
Total project cost (EUR): 1958314.0
EU funding (EUR): 1958314.0
Participants: 2
Project status: CLOSED

Glutathione serves as the major thiol-redox buffer in the defense against Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in eukaryotes. Firmicutes bacteria utilize as thiol redox buffer bacillithiol (Cys-GlcN-Mal, BSH) and Actinomycetes produce the related redox buffer mycothiol (AcCys-GlcN-Ins, MSH). In eukaryotes, proteins are post-translational modified to S-glutathionylated proteins in response to oxidative stress. S-glutathionylation has emerged as major redox-regulatory mechanism and protects cysteine residues against overoxidation to sulfonic acids. Using thiol-redox proteomics and mass spectrometry (MS) we have recently discovered protein S-bacillithiolations as mixed BSH protein disulfides in response to oxidative stress in Firmicutes bacteria. Protein S-bacillithiolation controls the activity of the redox-sensing OhrR repressor and protects active site cysteine residues of metabolic enzymes, antioxidant function proteins and translation factors. However, it is unknown if ROS and infection conditions cause protein S-mycothiolations and affect the cellular MSH redox potential in pathogenic Mycobacteria and Corynebacteria. Here we aim to explore the comprehensive mycothiolome in the major respiratory pathogen Corynebacterium diphtheriae. We apply gel-based and novel MS-based thiol-redox proteomic approaches for the quantitative analysis of the S-mycothiolome in C. diphtheriae under oxidative stress conditions (e.g. NEM-Biotin-Switch-Assay). Novel genetically encoded redox biosensors (Mrx1-roGFP2 and roGFP2-Orp1) will be developed for real-time imaging of the MSH redox potential and ROS production during infections in C. diphtheriae. The role of S-mycothiolated proteins for redox regulation, fitness, stress resistance and virulence mechanisms will be investigated. Our studies provide leads to understand the physiological role of thiol-redox switches in the defense against the host immune system and in the regulation of virulence mechanisms in Gram-positive pathogens.

Keywords: thiol redox proteomics redox-sensing regulators low molecular weight thiols microbial proteomics post-translational thiol-modifications oxidative stress responses
Antiviral Defense in the Vector Mosquito Aedes aegypti: induction and suppression of RNA silencing pathways (VIVARNASILENCING)

Framework: FP7 — Ideas
Programme: European Research Council
Theme: European research council
Destination: Consolidator grants
Action type: Support for frontier research (ERC)
Panel: Immunity and Infection
Countries involved: Netherlands
Call:  (ERC-2013-CoG, 2013)
Start date: 2014-08-01
End date: 2019-07-31
Duration (months): 60.0
Total project cost (EUR): 2000000.0
EU funding (EUR): 2000000.0
Participants: 1
Project status: CLOSED

BACKGROUND: Mosquitoes and other blood-feeding arthropods transmit important human and animal viruses (arthropod-borne viruses, arboviruses). With the increasing global threat of arboviruses, it is essential to understand the virus-vector interactions that determine virus transmission. The mosquito antiviral immune response is a key determinant of virus replication and transmission. We recently showed that arboviruses are targeted by a poorly-understood RNA silencing pathway in the major vector mosquito Aedes aegypti: the Piwi-interacting RNA (piRNA) pathway. Our (published and unpublished) observations imply that the piRNA pathway contributes to antiviral defense against different classes of viruses in somatic tissues of mosquitoes. Moreover, we identified a novel class of endogenous gene-derived piRNAs in mosquitoes that may form a new paradigm for piRNA-based regulation of cellular gene expression. AIM: This proposal has a three-fold aim: i) to delineate the biogenesis and function of the novel classes of virus- and gene-derived piRNAs, ii) to characterize mechanisms by which (arbo)viruses suppress or evade antiviral RNA silencing pathways, and by doing so, iii) to establish mosquitoes as an experimental model to characterize the complex piRNA machinery. APPROACH: We will use Aedes cell lines that recapitulate all aspects of piRNA biogenesis. This allows us to use a unique, powerful approach of genomic, cell biological, biochemical, and proteomic methodologies to study piRNA biogenesis and function. IMPORTANCE AND INNOVATION: This is the first study to comprehensively characterize viral and cellular piRNA biogenesis and function in mosquitoes. This proposal provides novel insights into the antiviral response in mosquitoes and may uncover novel regulatory functions of endogenous piRNAs. Moreover, it establishes a platform for functional and biochemical dissection of the complex biogenesis of piRNAs - the most enigmatic class of small silencing RNAs.

Keywords: rna silencing,rna interference,piwi-interacting rna,mosquito vector biology,insect immunity.
Cavity quantum phonon dynamics (CAVITYQPD)

Framework: FP7 — Ideas
Programme: European Research Council
Theme: European research council
Destination: Consolidator grants
Action type: Support for frontier research (ERC)
Panel: Condensed Matter Physics
Countries involved: Finland
Call:  (ERC-2013-CoG, 2013)
Start date: 2015-01-01
End date: 2020-12-31
Duration (months): 72.0
Total project cost (EUR): 2004283.0
EU funding (EUR): 2004283.0
Participants: 1
Project status: CLOSED

Large bodies usually follow the classical equations of motion. Deviations from this can be called macroscopic quantum behavior. These phenomena have been experimentally verified with cavity Quantum Electro Dynamics (QED), trapped ions, and superconducting Josephson junction systems. Recently, evidence was obtained that also moving objects can display such behavior. These objects are micromechanical resonators (MR), which can measure tens of microns in size and are hence quite macroscopic. The degree of freedom is their vibrations: phonons. I propose experimental research in order to push quantum mechanics closer to the classical world than ever before. I will try find quantum behavior in the most classical objects, that is, slowly moving bodies. I will use MR's, accessed via electrical resonators. Part of it will be in analogy to the previously studied macroscopic systems, but with photons replaced by phonons. The experiments are done in a cryogenic temperature mostly in dilution refrigerator. The work will open up new perspectives on how nature works, and can have technological implications. The first basic setup is the coupling of MR to microwave cavity resonators. This is a direct analogy to optomechanics, and can be called circuit optomechanics. The goals will be phonon state transfer via a cavity bus, construction of squeezed states and of phonon-cavity entanglement. The second setup is to boost the optomechanical coupling with a Josephson junction system, and reach the single-phonon strong-coupling for the first time. The third setup is the coupling of MR to a Josephson junction artificial atom. Here we will access the MR same way as the motion of a trapped ions is coupled to their internal transitions. In this setup, I am proposing to construct exotic quantum states of motion, and finally entangle and transfer phonons over mm-distance via cavity-coupled qubits. I believe within the project it is possible to perform rudimentary Bell measurement with phonons.

Keywords: nanomechanics optomechanics superconducting qubits quantum phenomena
Emerging Subjects of the New Economy: Tracing Economic Growth in Mongolia (EMERGING SUBJECTS)

Framework: FP7 — Ideas
Programme: European Research Council
Theme: European research council
Destination: Consolidator grants
Action type: Support for frontier research (ERC)
Panel: Institutions, Values, Beliefs and behaviour
Countries involved: United Kingdom
Call:  (ERC-2013-CoG, 2013)
Start date: 2014-09-01
End date: 2019-06-30
Duration (months): 58.0
Total project cost (EUR): 1658373.0
EU funding (EUR): 1658373.0
Participants: 1
Project status: CLOSED

This project examines how predicted economic growth is experienced by people in Mongolia with the advent of large-scale mining operations. Our project will generate new insight into two areas of concern for economic anthropology and beyond. First we will examine the way that the economy is unfolding in a distinct way in East Asia through different kinds of predictive narratives that come to have an effect on the way people act. Second we will explore how individual subjects also shape the economy in their everyday relations through various forms of exchange and the accumulation of wealth. This dual focus provides the basis for a nuanced and powerful critique of our understanding of the way in which economic realities are shaped through predictive narratives as well as formed, from the ground-up, by local actors who carve out new forms of subjectivity through such actions. Indeed it is our suggestion that these new subjects of the growing economy are distinctly different from the post-socialist selves described in previous literature on the region. Instead they are powerful and hopeful subjects who demand a different kind of engagement and entitlement. The form such engagement takes and the kind of economic realities produced out of such forms is the focus of our study.

Keywords: capitalist vernaculars,beliefs,values,economic behaviour,mining,nomads,nationalism,class,shamanism,sustainability,corporate ethics,corruption,money,east asia.
Supernovae: Physics and Cosmology in the Next Decade (SPCND)

Framework: FP7 — Ideas
Programme: European Research Council
Theme: European research council
Destination: Consolidator grants
Action type: Support for frontier research (ERC)
Panel: Universe Sciences
Countries involved: United Kingdom
Call:  (ERC-2013-CoG, 2013)
Start date: 2014-06-01
End date: 2020-05-31
Duration (months): 72.0
Total project cost (EUR): 1976745.0
EU funding (EUR): 1970745.0
Participants: 1
Project status: CLOSED

Exploding stars, or supernovae, impact upon many diverse areas of astrophysics, from galaxy formation, to stellar evolution, to cosmology and studies of dark energy. I am playing a leading role in new, wide-field, high-cadence optical surveys that are revolutionising the study of supernovae, searching vast volumes of space, locating hundreds of events to study their demographics in detail, and uncovering new and bizarre types of explosions. In concert with a major European Southern Observatory public spectroscopic survey, PESSTO, these imaging surveys will provide an extraordinary dataset for understanding all facets of the supernova and explosive transient population. My work will perform several tests of the progenitors and physics of the classical type Ia supernovae in an attempt to understand how these crucial standard candles depend on their progenitor stellar populations. I will use these results to inform a new generation of models of type Ia supernovae. I will this distill these results to make a detailed measurement of the dark energy that powers the accelerating universe in which we live, greatly improving upon existing measurements of the variation of dark energy over the last ten billion years. A final aspect of my research is an innovative search for superluminous supernovae: a new class of supernova explosion a hundred times brighter than traditional supernovae, capable of being studied in the very distant universe. These objects may become cosmology's new standard candle, visible far beyond the reach of type Ia supernovae. My new search will significantly increase both the quantity and quality of superluminous supernova observations, allowing us to further our understanding of these enigmatic objects and use them in a cosmological setting for the first time.

Keywords: supernovae