Data-Gouv-ML/pcri-erc-participations-et-projets-laureats huggingface dataset:
Projet ERC : FICKLEFORMS (Horizon 2020, appel 2014, Starting grants)
Domaine scientifique : Social Sciences and Humanities
Panel : Institutions, Governance and Legal Systems
Entité participante : University of Amsterdam — Pays : Pays-Bas — Rôle : PI
Acronyme de l'entité : UvA
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 1499875.0 €

Macroeconomic indicators are integral to economic governance. Measurements of growth, unemployment, inflation and public deficits inform policy, for example through growth targets and the inflation-indexation of wages. These indicators tell us “how economies are doing” and citizens often punish politicians who fail to deliver on them. Their air of objectivity notwithstanding, it is far from self-evident how these indicators should be defined and measured. Our choices here have deeply distributional consequences, producing winners and losers, and will shape our future, for example when GDP figures hide the cost of environmental degradation. So why do we measure our economies the way we do? Criticisms of particular measures are hardly new but their real-world effect has been limited. The project therefore asks: which social, political and economic factors shape the formulas used to calculate macroeconomic indicators? Extant research offers detailed histories of statistics, mostly in single countries. But we lack theoretical and empirical tools to describe and explain differences in measurement formulas between countries and over time. FICKLEFORMS will provide such understanding through five sub-projects. The first systematically compares the evolution of four indicators in four central OECD countries: the United Kingdom, the United States, France and Germany. The second analyses the timing and content of statistical harmonization efforts through the United Nations, the IMF and the World Bank. The third constructs a new database of “measures of measures” to quantitatively test hypotheses emerging from the previous sub-projects. The final two sub-projects reach beyond the OECD and study the politics of macroeconomic measurement in China, India, Brazil and South Africa. This project will promote public debate over meaningful measures, allow policy-makers to reflect on current practices, and sensitize academics who use macroeconomic data about their political roots.

Mots-clés : international political economy,comparative political economy,economic governance,global standards harmonization
Projet ERC : MODERATE (Horizon 2020, appel 2020, Consolidator grants)
Domaine scientifique : Physical Sciences and Engineering
Panel : Earth system science
Entité participante : University of Liverpool — Pays : Royaume-Uni — Rôle : Partner
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 0.0 €

Magmatism is central to planetary evolution, controlling differentiation, volcanic eruptions and most geothermal systems. The presence of volatiles regulates magma buoyancy, storage and transport. As temperature, pressure and stress evolve – during transport, crystallisation, earthquakes or geothermal exploration – volatiles exsolve and either accumulate or escape magma, influencing the probability and style of an eruption. Understanding the controls on magma-gas coupling is thus fundamental to resolve volcanic activity as well as manipulate its response to drilling operations when harnessing magma energy. This project aims to constrain Magma outgassing during eruptions and geothermal exploration (MODERATE). I propose a timely, innovative, interdisciplinary project to radically broaden our understanding of magma-gas coupling in volcanic and (superhot) geothermal systems. The objectives are to: 1) constrain the impact of external forcing mechanisms (i.e., decompression, temperature changes, shear and pressure oscillations from shaking, impact and rupture) on the kinetics of vesiculation, 2) quantify the development of magma permeability, and 3) define thermo-mechanical strategies to moderate magma outgassing and alleviate the risk of volcanic eruption associated with drilling and borehole operations. A map of magma vesiculation and permeability under a wider range of conditions and stressing scenarios than ever achieved before will allow us to resolve current conundrums and explore new regimes to control permeability in magma. This innovative effort will allow us to moderate magma outgassing, thus enabling direct access to magma energy and eventually providing a means to control outgassing and alleviate eruption potential.
Projet ERC : UniSDyn (Horizon 2020, appel 2018, Consolidator grants)
Domaine scientifique : Physical Sciences and Engineering
Panel : Universe sciences
Entité participante : Max Planck Society — Pays : Allemagne — Rôle : Partner
Acronyme de l'entité : MPG
Type d'entité : Recherche
Financement ERC de l'entité : 941625.0 €

Magnetic fields are ubiquitous in the universe. The special property of cosmic magnetism is that, in the majority of objects hosting magnetic fields, those fields are organized, such that some meaningful averaging can reveal global structure and systematic behavior. In the Sun, averaging over longitude reveals the equatorward migration of the emergence region of the sunspots, forming the famous butterfly diagram. Further, vigorous turbulence is present in a wide variety of astrophysical systems, and yet they still exhibit organized magnetic fields. These observations prompt the search for a theory to explain how order can arise and sustain itself in such chaos. We claim that the available theories are incomplete, especially in the case of solar-like stars which becomes apparent if we view the Sun as one star among many. We propose a coherent plan of advancement in which each theory shall be tested by requiring it also to explain the cyclic dynamo action seen in more active rapid rotators. UNISDYN project attacks these very problems with novel simulations and data analysis tools. Our path to resolve them is to enhance the state-of-the-art stellar dynamo models with the relevant descriptions of the turbulent processes. This goal is reached in three steps. (i) We will produce improved convection dynamo simulations to serve as laboratories from which (ii) the turbulent transport coefficients are directly measured with a novel test methods suite. (iii) Finally, global dynamo models incorporating the turbulent effects in full are constructed based on (i) and (ii) results. These results will allow us to unify stellar dynamo theory for solar-like inactive and rapidly rotating active stars. The developed toolbox has direct applications in other fields of astrophysics, such as accretion and galactic disk dynamos, and industry, such as combustion engines and fusion reactors.

Mots-clés : magnetohydrodynamics,turbulence,convection,dynamo theory,solar and stellar magnetic,activity
Projet ERC : UniSDyn (Horizon 2020, appel 2018, Consolidator grants)
Domaine scientifique : Physical Sciences and Engineering
Panel : Universe sciences
Entité participante : Aalto University — Pays : Finlande — Rôle : PI
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 1023062.5 €

Magnetic fields are ubiquitous in the universe. The special property of cosmic magnetism is that, in the majority of objects hosting magnetic fields, those fields are organized, such that some meaningful averaging can reveal global structure and systematic behavior. In the Sun, averaging over longitude reveals the equatorward migration of the emergence region of the sunspots, forming the famous butterfly diagram. Further, vigorous turbulence is present in a wide variety of astrophysical systems, and yet they still exhibit organized magnetic fields. These observations prompt the search for a theory to explain how order can arise and sustain itself in such chaos. We claim that the available theories are incomplete, especially in the case of solar-like stars which becomes apparent if we view the Sun as one star among many. We propose a coherent plan of advancement in which each theory shall be tested by requiring it also to explain the cyclic dynamo action seen in more active rapid rotators. UNISDYN project attacks these very problems with novel simulations and data analysis tools. Our path to resolve them is to enhance the state-of-the-art stellar dynamo models with the relevant descriptions of the turbulent processes. This goal is reached in three steps. (i) We will produce improved convection dynamo simulations to serve as laboratories from which (ii) the turbulent transport coefficients are directly measured with a novel test methods suite. (iii) Finally, global dynamo models incorporating the turbulent effects in full are constructed based on (i) and (ii) results. These results will allow us to unify stellar dynamo theory for solar-like inactive and rapidly rotating active stars. The developed toolbox has direct applications in other fields of astrophysics, such as accretion and galactic disk dynamos, and industry, such as combustion engines and fusion reactors.

Mots-clés : magnetohydrodynamics,turbulence,convection,dynamo theory,solar and stellar magnetic,activity
Projet ERC : HP4all (Horizon 2020, appel 2016, Starting grants)
Domaine scientifique : Physical Sciences and Engineering
Panel : Physical and analytical chemical sciences
Entité participante : Université Claude Bernard - Lyon 1 — Pays : France — Rôle : PI
Acronyme de l'entité : Lyon I
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 1816250.0 €

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and are two well-established powerful and versatile tools that are extensively used in many fields of research, in clinics and in industry. Despite considerable efforts involving highly sophisticated instrumentation, these techniques suffer from low sensitivity, which keeps many of today’s most interesting problems in modern analytical sciences below the limits of MR detection. Hyperpolarization (HP) in principle provides a solution to this limitation. We have recently pioneered breakthrough approaches using dissolution dynamic nuclear polarization (d-DNP) for preparing nuclear spins in highly aligned states, and therefore boosting sensitivity in several proof-of-concept reports on model systems. The proposed project aims to leverage these new advances through a series of new concepts i) to generate the highest possible hyperpolarization that can be transported in a persistent state, and ii) to demonstrate their use in magnetic resonance experiments with > 10’000 fold sensitivity enhancements, with the potential of revolutionizing the fields of MRI and NMR. By physically separating the source of polarization from the substrate at a microscopic level, we will achieve polarized samples with lifetimes of days that can be stored and transported over long distances to MRI centers, hospitals and NMR laboratories. Notable applications in the fields of drug discovery, metabolomics and real-time metabolic imaging in living animals will be demonstrated. These goals require a leap forward with respect to today’s protocols, and we propose to achieve this through a combination of innovative sample formulations, new NMR methodology and advanced instrumentation. This project will yield to a broadly applicable method revolutionizing analytical chemistry, drug discovery and medical diagnostics, and thereby will provide a powerful tool to solve challenges at the forefront of molecular and chemical sciences today.

Mots-clés : nuclear magnetic resonance  nmr,magnetic resonance imaging  mri,hyperpolarization,dissolution dynamic nuclear polarization
Projet ERC : TRANS-ID (Horizon 2020, appel 2015, Consolidator grants)
Domaine scientifique : Social Sciences and Humanities
Panel : The Human Mind and Its Complexity
Entité participante : University Medical Center Groningen — Pays : Pays-Bas — Rôle : PI
Acronyme de l'entité : UMCG
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 1994076.0 €

Major Depression (MD) is often chronic and characterized by frequent recurrences of symptoms and burden. The need to better understand how and when relevant transitions in symptoms occur is urgent. A seemingly unsolvable scientific problem is the enormous etiological complexity of mental disorders such as MD, involving continuously ongoing gene-environment interactions that act in highly person-specific ways. This hampers accurate assessment of personalized risk. I will use an out-of-the-box and interdisciplinary approach to tackle this problem. MD is not the only phenomenon that is influenced by many factors, is unpredictable and makes sudden transitions. This is also the case for other so-called complex dynamical systems such as climate or water quality of lakes. For the latter systems generic early warning signals (EWS) have been found that indicate the approach of a transition. I hypothesize that transitions in mood can be anticipated using the same generic EWS as reported for other complex dynamical systems. Finding direct evidence for this hypothesis requires a completely novel approach in the field of psychiatry, which would involve (i) a design that captures data of the complete dynamic process within a single individual in order to detect the timing of EWS and sudden transitions in symptoms, prospectively and intra-individually, and (ii) frequent replications of these individual experiments. With help of recent technology and my acquired expertise I will use precisely this novel approach to search for personalized EWS that anticipate critical transitions in depression. This is the aim of my project. Evidence that transitions in mood behave according to principles of complex dynamical systems would change the field majorly. First, it would lead to a new understanding of mental disorders and the way we study them. Second, it would yield a sophisticated novel way of obtaining personalized and clinically relevant information on risk for transitions.

Mots-clés : early warning signals,critical transitions,mood,time series designs,mental disorders
Projet ERC : MSG (Horizon 2020, appel 2015, Advanced grants)
Domaine scientifique : Social Sciences and Humanities
Panel : Cultures and cultural production
Entité participante : IT University of Copenhagen — Pays : Danemark — Rôle : PI
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 2006905.94 €

Making Sense of Games (MSG) will build a methodology for the humanistic study of games, and develop a theory of how ludic meaning is produced. Following the pervasive, global growth of video gaming culture and the games industry, the multi-disciplinary field of game studies has grown exponentially in the last 15 years, with numerous new journals, conferences, university programs and research departments. However, still lacking at this ‘adolescent’ stage of the field’s development are game-specific methods and theoretical foundations necessary to train researchers and build curricula. In aesthetic games research there is not yet any widely accepted methodology for game analysis, and there has not yet been any large-scale, long-term attempt to produce a theoretical platform that can support and advance the field. MSG aims to fill this gap by combining fundamental hermeneutic approaches (semiotics, reception theory, reader response, theories of representation, narrative theory) with recent theories of ludic structure (game ontology) into a hermeneutic theory of game meaning, which can be used as a set of tools and concepts for game analysis and criticism. MSG will be a triple first for aesthetic game research: a five-year research program, a hermeneutic theory of games, and a team-based effort to build an interdisciplinary methodology. The results from MSG will speak to many of the current public concerns and debates about games, such as gamer culture, games’ cultural and artistic status, the representation of minorities, misogyny, violence and even addiction. MSG will demonstrate the strong usefulness of humanistic approaches not only to game studies itself, but also to the 21st century’s most vibrant new cultural sector. It will also provide other aesthetic fields (literary studies, film studies, art history) with theoretical models, critical insights, and a rich empirical material for comparative exploration.

Mots-clés : interdisciplinary humanistic game studies,game hermeneutics,game aesthetics,game analysis methods
Projet ERC : OPTIMIZERR (Horizon 2020, appel 2017, Starting grants)
Domaine scientifique : Social Sciences and Humanities
Panel : The Human Mind and Its Complexity
Entité participante : Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale — Pays : France — Rôle : PI
Acronyme de l'entité : Inserm
Type d'entité : Recherche
Financement ERC de l'entité : 1497125.0 €

Making decisions, from simple perceptual judgments to complex policy-making orientations, often requires to combine multiple pieces of ambiguous or conflicting information. In such uncertain conditions, human decisions exhibit a suboptimal variability whose origin remains poorly understood. Dominant psychological theories attribute the resulting errors to imperfections at the peripheries of an otherwise optimal inference process, and consider them essentially as failures of human cognition. Instead, my research program seeks to redefine decision errors not as cognitive failures, but as cognitive compromises which optimize a trade-off between the expected accuracy of a decision and the cost associated with neural computations required to reach this accuracy. I hypothesize that human decision errors arise to a large part from the limited computational precision of probabilistic inference, and that humans adapt this precision to the cognitive demands imposed by their environment - by increasing it when it is deemed necessary or decreasing it when they can rely on 'cheaper' sources of information to decide. I propose to test this original research hypothesis using a combination of computational modeling and multimodal functional neuroimaging of human decision-making. The degree of generality of the obtained findings will be assessed by bridging research across two types of decisions historically studied separately: perceptual decisions and reward-guided decisions. I will also test the clinical relevance of the hypothesized 'accuracy-cost' trade-off for two psychiatric conditions associated with dysfunctions of decision-making under uncertainty: 1. the emergence of false beliefs in schizophrenia, and 2. the repetitive checking behavior observed in obsessive-compulsive disorders. Together, the proposed research will shed light on previously unsuspected cognitive pressures which shape virtually every human decision, and identify associated neural computations.

Mots-clés : probabilistic inference,uncertainty,confidence,behavioral modeling,cognitive neuroscience
Projet ERC : Mal3D-BBB (Horizon 2020, appel 2020, Starting grants)
Domaine scientifique : Life Science
Panel : Immunity, Infection and Immunotherapy
Entité participante : European Molecular Biology Laboratory — Pays : Allemagne — Rôle : PI
Acronyme de l'entité : EMBL
Type d'entité : Recherche
Financement ERC de l'entité : 1492900.0 €

Malaria is a major public health problem and it still causes more than 400,000 deaths per year. Cerebral malaria (CM) is one of the most serious complications, with 20% mortality rates even after administration of fast-acting antimalarials. CM pathology is characterized by sequestration of P. falciparum-infected red blood cells (iRBC) in the brain microvasculature, blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption, and brain swelling. Our current knowledge of CM is primarly based on autopsy studies, because of the absence of suitable animal models. However, there are numerous pathogenic aspects that cannot be studied from post-mortem samples, such as disease progression. In Mal3D-BBB, we bypass these limitations by recreating the human CM pathology with cutting-edge in vitro bioengineering approaches. Rather than using 2D endothelial monolayers, we will develop BBB models with 3D tubular geometry that incorporate multiple cell types: brain microvascular endothelial cells, astrocytes and pericytes. We will mimic vessel dimensions and flow dynamics of the brain vasculature with the goal to recreate physiological BBB permeability rates. Using such technology brings a unique angle to malaria research to evaluate in a controlled and systematic way 1) the molecular mechanisms of BBB disruption after P. falciparum sequestration, and 2) whether parasite and host factors synergize to increase pathology. The findings obtained by this cutting-edge technology will be further validated in samples from CM patients, whose neurovascular pathology has been thoroughly characterized using MRI. Our interdisciplinary approach aims to provide a holistic understanding of CM malaria pathogenesis. In return, this knowledge will identify new pathways that could be counteracted to develop therapies to reduce patient mortality. In a broader context, we will build an innovative platform that captures the complex physiology of the BBB, and can be translated to the study of other neurovascular diseases.

Mots-clés : malaria,cerebral malaria,plasmodium falciparum,pathogenesis,blood brain barrier,tissue engineering,microfluidics
Projet ERC : MalPar.NET (Horizon 2020, appel 2017, Starting grants)
Domaine scientifique : Life Science
Panel : Immunity, Infection and Immunotherapy
Entité participante : Weizmann Institute of Science — Pays : Israël — Rôle : PI
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 1500000.0 €

Malaria, caused by Plasmodium falciparum, is a devastating parasitic disease effecting hundreds of millions of people worldwide. The parasite’s transmission cycle between humans and mosquitoes involves a remarkable series of morphological transformations. While it is clear that, for such a complex journey, the parasites must develop means to sense their host and coordinate their actions; these modes of communication remain one of the greatest mysteries in malaria biology. In fact, since an individual parasite is enclosed by three membranes inside its human host, the red blood cell (RBC), they were not thought to possess any communication ability. However, we discovered that these parasites, despite the multiple barriers, are able to communicate and exchange episomal genes by releasing exosome-like vesicles, thereby opening the exciting new field of malaria parasite communication. Our initial data demonstrate that these vesicles serve as a secure tool for the delivery of remarkable components. The overarching goal of this proposal is to take an innovative look at this under-investigated area of parasite sensing and signalling pathways and to decipher the multiple layers of parasite and host signalling networks. Specifically, we will determine the biological roles of Plasmodium exosome cargo components in: parasite-parasite communication - exploring parasite coordination traits in cell-density growth and sexual development (Objective 1); and parasite-host communication - unravelling the mutual communication of the parasite and its hosts, the red blood and immune cells (Objective 2). Simultaneously, we will exploit our experience in cell communication research to investigate the complementary, yet-to-be-explored mode of parasite communication via the secretion of small molecules (Objective 3). Our project will provide a holistic view of parasite communication networking while potentially providing, in the long term, novel targets for malaria therapeutics.

Mots-clés : extracellular vesicles  exosomes,cell cell communication,host parasite interactions,small molecules secretion