Data-Gouv-ML/pcri-erc-participations-et-projets-laureats huggingface dataset:
Projet ERC : IGOC (Horizon 2020, appel 2018, Consolidator grants)
Domaine scientifique : Physical Sciences and Engineering
Panel : Mathematics
Entité participante : University of Glasgow — Pays : Royaume-Uni — Rôle : PI
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 1246761.98 €

Recently, we discovered that the notion of Cartan subalgebras builds bridges between C*-algebras, topological dynamics, and geometric group theory. The goal of this research project is to develop our understanding of this concept in order to attack the following major open questions: I. The UCT question II. The Baum-Connes conjecture III. The conjugacy problem for topological shifts IV. Quasi-isometry rigidity for polycyclic groups UCT stands for Universal Coefficient Theorem and is a crucial ingredient in classification. I want to make progress on the open question whether sufficiently regular C*-algebras satisfy the UCT, taking my joint work with Barlak as a starting point. The Baum-Connes conjecture predicts a K-theory formula for group C*-algebras which has far-reaching applications in geometry and algebra as it implies open conjectures of Novikov and Kaplansky. My new approach to II will be based on Cartan subalgebras and the notion of independent resolutions due to Norling and myself. Problem III asks for algorithms deciding which shifts are topologically conjugate. It has driven a lot of research in symbolic dynamics. Conjecture IV asserts that every group quasi-isometric to a polycyclic group must already be virtually polycyclic. A solution would be a milestone in our understanding of solvable Lie groups. To attack III and IV, I want to develop the new notion of continuous orbit equivalence which (as I recently showed) is closely related to Cartan subalgebras. Problems I to IV address important challenges, so that any progress will result in a major breakthrough. On top of that, my project will initiate new interactions between several mathematical areas. It is exactly the right time to develop the proposed research programme as it takes up recent breakthroughs in classification of C*-algebras, orbit equivalence for Cantor minimal systems, and measured group theory, where measure-theoretic analogues of our key concepts have been highly successful.

Mots-clés : c  algebras,cartan subalgebras,groupoids,k theory,topological dynamics,orbit equivalence,geometric group theory
Projet ERC : ARPEMA (Horizon 2020, appel 2014, Advanced grants)
Domaine scientifique : Physical Sciences and Engineering
Panel : Synthetic Chemistry and Materials
Entité participante : Centre national de la recherche scientifique — Pays : France — Rôle : Partner
Acronyme de l'entité : CNRS
Type d'entité : Recherche
Financement ERC de l'entité : 56560.0 €

Redox chemistry provides the fundamental basis for numerous energy-related electrochemical devices, among which Li-ion batteries (LIB) have become the premier energy storage technology for portable electronics and vehicle electrification. Throughout its history, LIB technology has relied on cationic redox reactions as the sole source of energy storage capacity. This is no longer true. In 2013 we demonstrated that Li-driven reversible formation of (O2)n peroxo-groups in new layered oxides led to extraordinary increases in energy storage capacity. This finding, which is receiving worldwide attention, represents a transformational approach for creating advanced energy materials for not only energy storage, but also water splitting applications as both involve peroxo species. However, as is often the case with new discoveries, the fundamental science at work needs to be rationalized and understood. Specifically, what are the mechanisms for ion and electron transport in these Li-driven anionic redox reactions? To address these seminal questions and to widen the spectrum of materials (transition metal and anion) showing anionic redox chemistry, we propose a comprehensive research program that combines experimental and computational methods. The experimental methods include structural and electrochemical analyses (both ex-situ and in-situ), and computational modeling will be based on first-principles DFT for identifying the fundamental processes that enable anionic redox activity. The knowledge gained from these studies, in combination with our expertise in inorganic synthesis, will enable us to design a new generation of Li-ion battery materials that exhibit substantial increases (20 -30%) in energy storage capacity, with additional impacts on the development of Na-ion batteries and the design of water splitting catalysts, with the feasibility to surpass current water splitting efficiencies via novel (O2)n-based electrocatalysts.

Mots-clés : energy storage,li ion batteries,electrocatalysis
Projet ERC : CoralStem (Horizon 2020, appel 2020, Starting grants)
Domaine scientifique : Life Science
Panel : Biotechnology and Biosystems Engineering
Entité participante : Ben-Gurion University of the Negev — Pays : Israël — Rôle : PI
Acronyme de l'entité : BGU
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 2045900.0 €

Reef corals are the foundation of ecosystems that host much of the ocean’s biodiversity, making them a significant component of economies and communities around the world. They are under severe threat from anthropogenic stressors, particularly global warming. Some parts of the world’s oceans have already lost the majority of their corals. Efforts to mitigate the damage are informed by research on understanding and transferring naturally-occurring resilient genotypes. This has a direct parallel in medicine; cell- or gene-therapy, which is founded on an ability to isolate and then transplant progenitor/stem cells. This technology does not exist for any coral species. In this research program we will develop robust tools for the isolation, characterization, and transplantation of coral progenitor cells. The tools will be species non-specific, and therefore widely applicable. We will develop generalized strategies for isolating cell-type enriched cell populations, especially progenitor cells, in four species of anemones and stony corals. We will develop cell transplantation techniques for engraftment in non-model species. We will then characterize the engraftment potentials of candidate progenitor cell populations in these species. This technology will have an impact on basic and applied research. Because of the broad applicability, it will become a valuable tool for researchers seeking a more complete cell biology in non-classical invertebrate species. Being able to isolate, manipulate, and replace progenitor cells in diverse species will assist in efforts to understand how the developmental programs that construct or regenerate an organism function and change during evolution. Being able to transfer progenitor cells from a stress-resilient coral to a sensitive one will assist in understanding the mechanisms governing stress tolerance. With this research, and using the tools developed here, it may become possible to confer resilience in the wild.

Mots-clés : stem cell transplantation,coral conservation,chimerism,cell therapy
Projet ERC : TARG-SUP (Horizon 2020, appel 2015, Consolidator grants)
Domaine scientifique : Life Science
Panel : Immunity, Infection and Immunotherapy
Entité participante : Université Catholique de Louvain — Pays : Belgique — Rôle : PI
Acronyme de l'entité : UCL
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 1993125.0 €

Regulatory T lymphocytes (Tregs) inhibit immune responses and are required to maintain immune tolerance. Tregs express membrane protein GARP, which displays latent TGF-β1 on the cell surface. Immunosuppression by human Tregs appears to require GARP-mediated activation of TGF-β1. My objectives are to unravel the molecular aspects of TGF-β1 activation by GARP and determine the functional importance of this process in physiological and pathological conditions where Tregs or other GARP-expressing cells are present. As this implies the development of new tools to modulate GARP-dependent TGF-β1 activation and Treg immunosuppression, we will also explore their potential for the treatment of immune-related human diseases, and notably cancer. More specifically, I will: - Derive antibodies that modulate GARP-mediated TGF-β1 production by human Tregs and perform structural analyses in the presence of these antibodies to identify tri-dimensional changes in GARP/TGF-β1 complexes that lead to the release of active TGF-β1. - Identify and characterize additional proteins implicated in TGF-β1 activation by human Tregs, as GARP is required but not sufficient for TGF-β1 activation by Tregs. - Determine the immunological and clinical impact of inhibitory anti-GARP mAbs on cancer in mice. We will derive anti-murine GARP mAbs. As an alternative, we will generate mutant mice expressing a chimeric mouse/human GARP that is recognized by anti-human GARP mAbs. The antibodies will be tested in tumour-bearing mice treated or not with other immunotherapies including vaccines or immunostimulatory antibodies. - Determine whether blocking anti-GARP mAbs improve immune responses to microbial vaccines or to chronic infections, as these represent important applications for transient inhibition of Treg activity in humans. - Analyse the expression and roles of GARP in non-Treg cells to better understand GARP functions, which remain largely unknown, and predict potential toxicities of anti-GARP mAbs.

Mots-clés : regulatory t cells,tgfbeta,anti tumor immunity
Projet ERC : INFORL (Horizon 2020, appel 2020, Starting grants)
Domaine scientifique : Social Sciences and Humanities
Panel : The Human Mind and Its Complexity
Entité participante : University of Geneva — Pays : Suisse — Rôle : Partner
Acronyme de l'entité : UNIGE
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 227800.0 €

Reinforcement learning (RL) characterizes how we adaptively learn, by trial and errors, to select actions that maximize the occurrence of rewards, and minimize the occurrence of punishments. While the behavioural, computational and neurobiological features of learning from singular experienced outcomes have been extensively studied, the mechanisms by which RL could leverage multiple, concurrent information samples – including abstract information about prospective outcomes – have been largely overlooked. As a consequence, little is known about how we prioritize, filter or value outcome information in RL, while these processes likely critically contribute to shaping learning behaviour. This project proposes to address this gap, and hypothesizes that humans can learn from multiple concurrent information samples, but that computational limitations and affective biases curb information integration. First, using a new experimental and computational framework, I will evidence and quantify these cognitive features. Using eye-tracking and complementary functional neuroimaging modalities (EEG, fMRI), I will build a neuro-computational model of information integration, by deciphering the interactions between attentional parieto-frontal network and the affective ventro-limbic networks during reinforcement learning. Then, I propose to investigate the strategic modulation of information integration, by investigating the effects of information quantity and quality on learning strategies and on the neural correlates of learning variables. Finally, I will assess several behavioural interventions to ameliorate information integration and improve learning performance. By investigating an overlooked aspect of reinforcement learning –the integration of available information–, this project could not only help refine computational and neurobiological models of the learning process, but also shed new lights on maladaptive traits of human behaviour in social and clinical contexts.

Mots-clés : reinforcement learning,neuroeconomics,functional neuroimaging,fmri,biases
Projet ERC : EoPPP (Horizon 2020, appel 2018, Advanced grants)
Domaine scientifique : Social Sciences and Humanities
Panel : The Social World and Its Diversity
Entité participante : University of London — Pays : Royaume-Uni — Rôle : PI
Acronyme de l'entité : U. London
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 2395636.0 €

Relationships between politicians and the people they represent are in turmoil. This is no more evident than on social media. Although the digital revolution has created unprecedented scope for political expression and debate, potentially acting as a connective tissue binding the public to politicians, the sobering reality of echo-chambers and post-truth populist memes has tempered the optimism of many. In embracing social networking, politicians have exposed themselves to daily criticism for perceived breaches in their legislative and representative responsibilities. The institutions that lie at the heart of our democracies – parliaments – are under constant attack by the media and disdained by the public. Their cultures are also under-researched by scholars. At a time when in-depth political scrutiny has a vital role to play in addressing democratic deficits, this research will uncover the relationships between parliaments, politicians and people – as expressed and shaped by political communication – in six democracies. We will explore the causes of rupture, crises of representation, and pathways towards more inclusive and relational communication between politicians and people. Leading a team of experienced ethnographers, Professor Emma Crewe (PI) will remould how representatives within parliaments are studied. This research will position anthropology as an intellectually influential, and potentially transformative, source of scholarship on everyday politics. She is eminently placed to direct this research as the world’s leading ethnographer of parliaments, having published ground-breaking ethnographies of the UK Parliament and mentored scholars researching parliaments elsewhere. Having played a pivotal role in the development of the anthropology of development in the 1980s, Crewe is similarly poised to reshape the study of parliament globally by guiding ethnographers to conduct research across Europe, Asia, Africa, North America, South America and Oceania.

Mots-clés : ethnography,politicians,parliaments,anthropology
Projet ERC : EoPPP (Horizon 2020, appel 2018, Advanced grants)
Domaine scientifique : Social Sciences and Humanities
Panel : The Social World and Its Diversity
Entité participante : University of Leeds — Pays : Royaume-Uni — Rôle : Partner
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 77995.0 €

Relationships between politicians and the people they represent are in turmoil. This is no more evident than on social media. Although the digital revolution has created unprecedented scope for political expression and debate, potentially acting as a connective tissue binding the public to politicians, the sobering reality of echo-chambers and post-truth populist memes has tempered the optimism of many. In embracing social networking, politicians have exposed themselves to daily criticism for perceived breaches in their legislative and representative responsibilities. The institutions that lie at the heart of our democracies – parliaments – are under constant attack by the media and disdained by the public. Their cultures are also under-researched by scholars. At a time when in-depth political scrutiny has a vital role to play in addressing democratic deficits, this research will uncover the relationships between parliaments, politicians and people – as expressed and shaped by political communication – in six democracies. We will explore the causes of rupture, crises of representation, and pathways towards more inclusive and relational communication between politicians and people. Leading a team of experienced ethnographers, Professor Emma Crewe (PI) will remould how representatives within parliaments are studied. This research will position anthropology as an intellectually influential, and potentially transformative, source of scholarship on everyday politics. She is eminently placed to direct this research as the world’s leading ethnographer of parliaments, having published ground-breaking ethnographies of the UK Parliament and mentored scholars researching parliaments elsewhere. Having played a pivotal role in the development of the anthropology of development in the 1980s, Crewe is similarly poised to reshape the study of parliament globally by guiding ethnographers to conduct research across Europe, Asia, Africa, North America, South America and Oceania.

Mots-clés : ethnography,politicians,parliaments,anthropology
Projet ERC : JETSET (Horizon 2020, appel 2019, Advanced grants)
Domaine scientifique : Physical Sciences and Engineering
Panel : Universe sciences
Entité participante : Goethe University Frankfurt — Pays : Allemagne — Rôle : PI
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 2875000.0 €

Relativistic jets are marvellous astrophysical phenomena and formidable tools in multi-messenger astronomy. Revealed by uncountable examples, their existence has been the subject of observations for decades across a variety of length and timescales. They are associated with some of the most energetic phenomena in the universe, such as gamma-ray bursts (GRBs), microquasars, and active galactic nuclei (AGNs). As particle accelerators in GRBs, or as regulators of galaxy evolution in AGNs, relativistic jets represent a cornerstone in our understanding of the universe. Yet, relativistic jets raise far more questions than answers: Do rotating black holes provide the enormous energy powering relativistic jets? How can jets propagate stably across huge scales when plagued by a number of instabilities? What produces their emission during propagation and at breakout? Building on the first pioneering calculations in which I showed that merging magnetised neutron stars produce jet-like structures, and on the tremendous success in obtaining and interpreting the first image of a supermassive black hole, I am in a unique position to offer a complete set of answers to these long-standing questions. JETSET proposes to construct a new and organic comprehension of the mechanisms behind the launching, propagation and emission of relativistic jets from merging binaries. It will also clarify if the same physical processes are responsible for the jet phenomenology across eight orders of magnitude in the mass scale, going from stellar-mass to the largest supermassive black holes. To achieve this goal, JETSET will combine a computational infrastructure employing the most advanced numerical methods with accurate observations from electromagnetic bands, neutrinos and gravitational waves. In this way, a novel and comprehensive view will be built of one of the most fascinating and puzzling astrophysical phenomena, linking the deepest fabric of spacetime with the nonlinear dynamics of plasmas.

Mots-clés : plasma physics and magnetohydrodynamics,simulations and supercomputing
Projet ERC : NEWORLDatA (Horizon 2020, appel 2020, Advanced grants)
Domaine scientifique : Social Sciences and Humanities
Panel : The study of the human past
Entité participante : Max Planck Society — Pays : Allemagne — Rôle : Partner
Acronyme de l'entité : MPG
Type d'entité : Recherche
Financement ERC de l'entité : 0.0 €

Research data are vital components of any scientific enterprise and the introduction of more inclusive world data exchange practices is a decisive factor, locally and globally, in strengthening capacity for research and innovation and tackling societal challenges. Yet we now comparatively little about what international negotiations have paved the way to the current global system of research data circulation and exchange. NEWORLD@A aims to provide the first comprehensive survey about the sets of science diplomacy exercises that have contributed to shape the current world data exchange system. This study will pioneer transnational research collaborations in order to successfully reconstruct these key historical transitions, also enmeshing non-Western narratives in the study of research data negotiations. Through an original combination of quantitative and qualitative methods, the study will first map existing networking patterns of data circulation and reveal existing imbalances in the world distribution of research data centres. It will then chart the international legal infrastructure that supports this distribution. It will also identify the historical determinants for the shape of world data exchange networks through an investigation of relevant archival documents across the world discussing the relevant negotiations and decision-making processes. They study will focus in particular on interactions between: non-governmental and governmental transnational organizations such as those under the aegis of ICSU and UNESCO; Western and Eastern blocs in the context of the Cold War science race; and Global North and South nations in the uses of research data for development purposes. Shedding new light on how these interactions have shaped the current research data circulation system will finally provide the analysis needed to inform current policy provisions on how to make these systems more inclusive and responsive to global challenges.

Mots-clés : data,globalisation,science diplomacy,transnational,history of science,global history,cold war,international data management,non governmental,inter governmental,global north,global south,scientometrics
Projet ERC : SPANUMBRA (Horizon 2020, appel 2018, Advanced grants)
Domaine scientifique : Social Sciences and Humanities
Panel : The Human Mind and Its Complexity
Entité participante : University of London — Pays : Royaume-Uni — Rôle : Partner
Acronyme de l'entité : U. London
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 275537.0 €

Research in cognitive science has revealed that the temporal, spatial, and numerical features of a stimulus can interact with one another. An example is the tendency to map increasing numerical magnitudes with a left-to-right orientation. Numerical-spatial associations (NSA) are pervasive in human behaviour and have relevance to health (e.g., dyscalculia is thought to be related to improper understanding of the so-called «mental number line»). NSA have been shown to occur in human newborns and in non-human animals for non-symbolic numerousness. SPANUMBRA aims to investigate NSA in different animal models (domestic chicks, mice and zebrafish) and in human neonates and infants to provide a comprehensive and comparative perspective on the developmental, neural and genetic origins of this phenomenon. The project will be guided by a new hypothesis that links the direction of NSA to a differential role of the two sides of the brain to the perceived value (valence) of changes in magnitudes. The role of the experience (WP1) in the development of NSA will be investigated making use of early exposure to light in chicks’ embryos to modulate brain asymmetry, and controlled-rearing experiments in which newly-hatched chicks will be exposed to correlated and anti-correlated discrete and continuous magnitudes. Development of NSA will be also studied in human neonates and infants (WP2) before, during, and after the exposure to culture-specific NSA associations (numbers organized in spatially oriented layouts) to investigate the role of culture in shaping/reinforcing NSA. The study of the neural basis of the NSA (WP3) will combine neurobiological techniques (immediate early gene expression in chicks and zebrafish), and non-invasive methods (EEG and fNIRS in human neonates). The genetic bases of NSA (WP4) will be investigated using transgenic lines of zebrafish and mice, in order to understand the role of some genes implicated in the development of lateralization and in dyscalculia.

Mots-clés : space number association,mental number line,numerical cognition,quantity discrimination,comparative cognition,cognitive ethology,neural bases of numerical cognition