Data-Gouv-ML/pcri-erc-participations-et-projets-laureats huggingface dataset:
Projet ERC : HybCell (Horizon 2020, appel 2015, Consolidator grants)
Domaine scientifique : Life Science
Panel : Biotechnology and Biosystems Engineering
Entité participante : Board of the Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology — Pays : Suisse — Rôle : PI
Acronyme de l'entité : ETH Zurich
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 1971250.0 €

The overall aim of the here described projects is to learn fundamental characteristics of cellular organization and compartmentalization, in particular the role of the lipid membrane, and to exploit this knowledge for engineering minimal cells with a great impact in the context of synthetic biology and also for pharmaceutical and medical applications. The first major objective aims at combining natural cell membranes with synthetic membranes to form defined hybrid systems with the size of cells or cell organelles. This approach has the intriguing advantage that the membrane receptors or channels are reconstituted in the hybrid cell and remain functional. In consequence, signaling pathways of a cell can be mimicked and therefore, the vesicles can be addressed similar to a cell or can serve as cell-free sensor. The second major objective addresses the challenge to build multi-compartment systems. In a defined number and formulation, smaller compartments are enclosed in a larger vesicle and carry other constituents than the lumen of the larger host vesicles (catalysts or enzymes, respectively; DNA; buffer systems; other active biomolecules). With the acquired fundamental knowledge on membrane permeability and fusion, multi-step reactions can be conducted, where several compartments are involved, just like in a living cell. The key methods to address these challenges are based on lab-on-chip technology that provide the unique potential to systematically investigate membrane properties by allowing precise formation, positioning, manipulation and analysis of the membranes; together with many more advantages such as the fast and controlled fluid supply, the possibility of tailoring the chemical surface patterns and surface topology and the application of electrical fields. Microfluidic platform will allow going far beyond the existing methods in membrane research, so that controlled bottom-up formation of simple to more and more complex systems becomes possible.

Mots-clés : lab on chip technology,microfluidics,artificial cells,minimal cells,lipid membrane
Projet ERC : GLOBTAXGOV (Horizon 2020, appel 2017, Starting grants)
Domaine scientifique : Social Sciences and Humanities
Panel : Institutions, Governance and Legal Systems
Entité participante : Leiden University — Pays : Pays-Bas — Rôle : PI
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 1384750.0 €

The overall aim of this research project is to assess the feasibility and legitimacy of the current model of global tax governance and the role of the OECD and EU in international tax lawmaking. Unlike the former OECD projects that only provide for exchange of information between countries, in the BEPS Project, the EU Anti-Tax Avoidance Directive, the EU state aid investigations and the EU External Strategy, the OECD and the EU focus on substantive issues that when implemented will change the international tax architecture of developed and developing countries. These initiatives aim to ensure that governments engage in fair competition and that multinationals pay their fair share. Even though these objectives are legitimate, these developments raise the questions what is the role of the OECD and the EU in global tax governance? and under what conditions can the model of global tax governance be feasible and legitimate for both developed and developing countries? These initiatives have generated tensions between developed and developed countries and between EU and third (non-EU) countries. The tensions between countries call for the articulation of a new framework of global tax governance that is legitimate and based on considerations of fairness for all countries participating. Against this background, my project will first assess the feasibility of the legal transplant of the BEPS minimum standards into the tax systems of 12 countries of research by asking three sub-questions (i) why are these countries participating in the BEPS Project? (ii) how will the BEPS minimum standards be transplanted into the tax system of these countries? and (iii) how can the differences in tax systems and tax cultures of these countries influence the content of these minimum standards? Thereafter, the conditions for the legitimacy of the role of the OECD and the EU will be provided in light of the theories of legitimacy and governance.

Mots-clés : legitimacy,international organizations
Projet ERC : SCrIPT (Horizon 2020, appel 2018, Consolidator grants)
Domaine scientifique : Physical Sciences and Engineering
Panel : Earth system science
Entité participante : University of Bern — Pays : Suisse — Rôle : Partner
Acronyme de l'entité : UB
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 920518.75 €

The overall concept of this proposal is to investigate the main biogeochemical processes modulating spatial and temporal changes in marine export productivity, and assess their role in regulating atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations, both under present conditions and in the geological past. The exchange of CO2 between the atmosphere and ocean interior mediated by the oceanic ecosystem is a pivotal mechanism modulating the global carbon cycle, and thus, a substantial driver of the Earth’s climatic evolution. The overarching objective of this research proposal is to develop a novel proxy to trace changes in the global strength of the marine biological carbon pump (BCP) based on stable Chromium (Cr) isotopes. Despite its significance for the global carbon cycle, the BCP is still poorly constrained. This project will explore a tracer that has recently been developed to investigate the rise of atmospheric oxygen in the early history of the Earth and develop it thoroughly through a comprehensive, multidisciplinary calibration program and apply it to the much more subtle redox variations associated with organic matter remineralization in the ocean. The proposed approach includes phytoplankton culture experiments, water-column investigations and sedimentary analysis and will aim at elucidating the mechanisms governing the reduction of Cr and its associated isotopic fractionation. The proxy will subsequently be used to reconstruct export production variability in the past and assess its role in modulating glacial/interglacial climate oscillations. These past changes tended to be much slower than the current, anthropogenic change. Nonetheless, they can help to appraise sensitivities and point toward potentially dominant mechanisms of change. The observations gathered within the framework of this research program will enable refining the evolution of the marine carbon cycle and the rapidly declining buffering capacity of the ocean.
Projet ERC : WARFUN (Horizon 2020, appel 2020, Consolidator grants)
Domaine scientifique : Social Sciences and Humanities
Panel : The Social World and Its Diversity
Entité participante : Christian Michelsen Institute — Pays : Norvège — Rôle : PI
Acronyme de l'entité : CMI
Type d'entité : Recherche
Financement ERC de l'entité : 1999340.0 €

The overall goal of WARFUN is to offer a new understanding of war and soldiering through a study of the role and implications of fun for soldiers and veterans. An understanding of the complexity of soldiers’ participation in war requires an epistemic change in conventional approaches. This project builds on a central hypothesis: fun is a key component of war. This, in turn, paves the way for three sub-hypotheses on the capacity of fun to reshape social categories and social practice, alter the lived experience of war, and create new horizons of actions and forms of agency. From here, the project aims to: (a) theorize the role of fun in the construction of the “enemy”; (b) produce new knowledge on the normalization of war; (c) reconceptualize notions of agency, complicity, and participation in the context of war; and (d) produce new insights on sexual violence in war. These research objectives will be achieved through a comprehensive research design and a “progression model” that dynamically combines ethnography, archival research, digital ethnography, visual and participatory methods, military analysis, and scaling and translating approaches. The strategy for implementing the project, disseminating its results, and mobilizing networks will enable the development of a novel epistemological framework for theorizing the role of soldiers in war, which will advance the European research environment on the nexus between the anthropology of war and anthropology of emotions, the emotional turn in international relations, and critical military approaches. Precisely because of the intense suffering and hardships that humans endure in warfare, we urgently need a more nuanced understanding of war. WARFUN will provide an unprecedented opportunity to initiate a new intellectual project on the so far understudied, untheorized role of fun in war, extending and challenging existing assumptions while developing an innovative reconceptualization of warfare.

Mots-clés : soldiers,veterans,agency,subjectivity,enemy
Projet ERC : REACH (Horizon 2020, appel 2014, Consolidator grants)
Domaine scientifique : Life Science
Panel : Prevention, Diagnosis and Treatment of Human Diseases
Entité participante : University of London — Pays : Royaume-Uni — Rôle : PI
Acronyme de l'entité : U. London
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 1999776.0 €

The overarching aim of REACH is to examine groundbreaking questions on the developmental origins of psychosis in migrant and minority ethnic populations using a highly innovative accelerated cohort study of adolescents, to be conducted in south London (UK). It has been known for over 50 years that the incidence of psychotic disorders is high in many migrant and minority ethnic groups across many countries. Our seminal study (AESOP) on this, for example, found that incidence rates were 3 to 6 times higher in black Caribbean and black African populations in the UK than in the white British. There have, however, been no public health initiatives specifically designed to tackle this problem – this is a public health tragedy. In part this inaction is due to a limited understanding of why rates of disorder are elevated. This points to an urgent need for research that can shed light on why the incidence of psychosis is so high in some populations and, more importantly, provide information on how and when to intervene to reduce risk. In seeking to do this, REACH will break new ground. To achieve these aims, REACH will use highly innovative methods to recruit, assess and follow at one and two years 3 overlapping school-based cohorts of adolescents aged 11-12, 12-13 and 13-14 years (total sample, 2,760; 552 of whom will be assessed more intensively). Collection of data on a) psychotic and other experiences of emotional distress, b) socio-environmental risk and, uniquely, protective factors, and c) psychological and biological (HPA axis related) mechanisms, will enable REACH to examine cutting edge questions about the developmental origins of psychosis. REACH is an ambitious study that, critically, seeks to explain (not just document) ethnic differences and in doing so provide concrete proposals for prevention strategies and interventions to reduce risk of psychosis and other poor mental health outcomes during adolescence, a key developmental stage, in diverse ethnic groups.

Mots-clés : psychosis,ethnicity,adolescence
Projet ERC : QUANTUMMETALINK (Horizon 2020, appel 2014, Consolidator grants)
Domaine scientifique : Physical Sciences and Engineering
Panel : Systems and communication engineering
Entité participante : University of London — Pays : Royaume-Uni — Rôle : PI
Acronyme de l'entité : U. London
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 1779240.0 €

The overarching aim of this proposal is to initiate and advance an integrated theoretical and computational research programme in an emerging area of metamaterials research, namely Quantum Metamaterials. Thus, it is commonly believed that one of the most noteworthy developments witnessed in the last decade in physical sciences and engineering is the emergence of metamaterials. Unlike ordinary materials, which are assembled at the atomic level, metamaterials are composite materials built up from artificially engineered meta-atoms and meta-molecules. The fundamental idea in this area of research is that remarkable physical properties beyond those available in naturally occurring materials can be achieved by designing the meta-constituents of the metamaterial and structuring it at a scale comparable or smaller than the optical wavelength. In this context, a new paradigm in metamaterials research emerges when the building blocks of metamaterials are quantum resonators, e.g., quantum dots (QDs), QD molecules, graphene disks coupled to interacting QDs, and quantum nanowires, case in which the macroscopic properties of quantum metamaterials are determined by the quantum properties of their basic constituents. We have organised this research programme along three broad, synergistically integrated themes. The first will focus on the development of a general theory of the effective, macroscopic properties of quantum metamaterials. The key challenge is to build a theoretical framework in which the macroscopic properties of quantum metamaterials are derived directly from those of their quantum building blocks. The second theme will be geared towards developing a set of numerical methods and software tools for ab initio simulations of fundamental physical properties quantum metamaterials. The foundational work pertaining to the first two themes will enable us to pursue the main objective of the third theme, which is the exploration of new science and novel applications.

Mots-clés : computational electromagnetics,nano photonics,nonlinear optics,mathematical modelling,metamaterials
Projet ERC : L2STAT (Horizon 2020, appel 2015, Advanced grants)
Domaine scientifique : Social Sciences and Humanities
Panel : The Human Mind and Its Complexity
Entité participante : Hebrew University of Jerusalem — Pays : Israël — Rôle : PI
Acronyme de l'entité : HUJI
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 1700000.0 €

The overarching goal of L2STAT is to understand L2 literacy acquisition by bringing together, for the first time, recent advances in the neurobiology of statistical learning (SL), a detailed statistical characterization of the world’s writing systems, and neurally-plausible general principles of learning, representation, and processing. L2STAT aims to provide a new theoretical framework that considers L2 learning and SL a two-way street: SL, on the one hand, tunes learners to the regularities of a new linguistic environment, and on the other hand, L2 environment shapes learners’ sensitivity to its specific types of statistical properties. The project will focus on the assimilation of reading skills in four novel linguistic environments, and investigate how exposure to their distinct writing systems shape, in turn, SL. L2STAT is an interdisciplinary project that launches in parallel five mutually informative research axes: 1) we employ advanced methods from computational linguistics and machine learning to precisely characterize the statistics of four highly contrasting writing systems (English, Spanish, Hebrew, Chinese). 2) We study the learning that results from biologically-inspired computational models that are exposed to these statistics, to generate a priori predictions regarding what statistical properties can (or cannot) be learned, and how neural mechanisms constrain the representations learned during L2 literacy acquisition. 3) We develop psychometrically reliable behavioral tests of individuals’ capacities to extract regularities in the visual and auditory modalities. 4) We use state of the art neuroimaging techniques including EEG, MEG, fMRI to probe the neurobiological underpinning for detecting regularities in the visual and auditory modalities. 5) We conduct behavioral experimentation in four sites (Israel, Spain, Taiwan to track literacy acquisition longitudinally in the four different languages.

Mots-clés : statistical learning,l2 literacy acquisition,writing systems
Projet ERC : ReNewQuantum (Horizon 2020, appel 2018, Synergy grants)
Entité participante : Institut des hautes études scientifiques — Pays : France — Rôle : PI
Acronyme de l'entité : IHÉS
Type d'entité : Recherche
Financement ERC de l'entité : 2318952.0 €

The overarching goal of ReNewQuantum is to renew the mathematical foundation behind quantum phenomena. We aim to construct a recursive and exact new approach to quantum theory. Quantum theory is one of the pillars of modern science. Its success stretches from elementary quantum mechanical models, developed a century ago by quantization of classical mechanics, to advanced quantum field theories such as the standard model of particle physics, which is the quantization of a gauge theory. However, a precise and universal mathematical formulation of the quantization procedure is still lacking. In addition, there are very few analytic methods in Quantum Mechanics and in Quantum Field Theory. They are typically based on approximation schemes which often lead to quantitative and even qualitative failures in our descriptions. In response to these shortcomings, the main objective of ReNewQuantum is to construct a completely new mathematical approach to quantization and to quantum systems. This quantum theory will provide: - a global, explicit and recursive description of the series of quantum corrections, - access to exact quantum regimes beyond perturbation theory, - a well founded mathematical theory underlying the quantization procedure, based on geometric structures, and applicable to quantum field theory and string theory. ReNewQuantum will take the lead among the world scientific community in building this new theory of quantum physics. The researchers behind ReNewQuantum have already made important contributions along these directions. The construction of a recursive and exact new approach to quantum theory with the stated properties will only be possible through their joint synergetic effort and a combination of their deep mathematical and physical expertises, including geometry, topology and the mathematical theory of quantization (Andersen, Kontsevich), and quantum mechanics, quantum field theory, random matrix theory and string theory (Eynard, Mariño).

Mots-clés : topological recursion,mirror symmetry,resurgence,deformation quantization,fukaya category,geometric recursion,quantum chern simons theory,tqft,string theory,moduli space theory
Projet ERC : ReNewQuantum (Horizon 2020, appel 2018, Synergy grants)
Entité participante : Commissariat à l’énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives — Pays : France — Rôle : PI
Acronyme de l'entité : CEA
Type d'entité : Recherche
Financement ERC de l'entité : 2139275.0 €

The overarching goal of ReNewQuantum is to renew the mathematical foundation behind quantum phenomena. We aim to construct a recursive and exact new approach to quantum theory. Quantum theory is one of the pillars of modern science. Its success stretches from elementary quantum mechanical models, developed a century ago by quantization of classical mechanics, to advanced quantum field theories such as the standard model of particle physics, which is the quantization of a gauge theory. However, a precise and universal mathematical formulation of the quantization procedure is still lacking. In addition, there are very few analytic methods in Quantum Mechanics and in Quantum Field Theory. They are typically based on approximation schemes which often lead to quantitative and even qualitative failures in our descriptions. In response to these shortcomings, the main objective of ReNewQuantum is to construct a completely new mathematical approach to quantization and to quantum systems. This quantum theory will provide: - a global, explicit and recursive description of the series of quantum corrections, - access to exact quantum regimes beyond perturbation theory, - a well founded mathematical theory underlying the quantization procedure, based on geometric structures, and applicable to quantum field theory and string theory. ReNewQuantum will take the lead among the world scientific community in building this new theory of quantum physics. The researchers behind ReNewQuantum have already made important contributions along these directions. The construction of a recursive and exact new approach to quantum theory with the stated properties will only be possible through their joint synergetic effort and a combination of their deep mathematical and physical expertises, including geometry, topology and the mathematical theory of quantization (Andersen, Kontsevich), and quantum mechanics, quantum field theory, random matrix theory and string theory (Eynard, Mariño).

Mots-clés : topological recursion,mirror symmetry,resurgence,deformation quantization,fukaya category,geometric recursion,quantum chern simons theory,tqft,string theory,moduli space theory
Projet ERC : POLAR-EM (Horizon 2020, appel 2016, Proof of concept grants)
Entité participante : Universidad Complutense de Madrid — Pays : Espagne — Rôle : PI
Acronyme de l'entité : UCM
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 150000.0 €

The overarching goal of this proposal is to produce a software tool that will allow inexpensive atomic resolution mapping of electrostatic potentials and fields within materials in the electron microscope. Such mapping capabilities could revolutionize our understanding of future materials for devices based on exploiting functionalities such as ferroelectric polarization. During the last decade, the scientific community has addressed this pressing need by developing microscopy techniques sensitive to the local potential such as the recently reported differential phase contrast (DPC) imaging technique. DPC can, for the first time, map the distribution of electrostatic potential and field within a material in an atomic column-by-atomic column fashion in a direct way. However, DPC imaging relies on the use of non-flexible segmented detectors with non-linear geometries. The increasing degree of physical complexity has made this approach rather unaffordable for a conventional materials research lab composed of non-specialists. The technology we propose here will replace such detectors by software tools and produce similar atomic resolution maps. The key idea is to acquire electron diffraction images with more conventional detectors and then apply post-acquisition analysis routines. Pixelated detectors (i.e., cameras) will be used to record the variation of the electron diffraction pattern as a function of probe position. Imaging configurations similar to DPC will be chosen after acquisition: a given detector geometry can be reproduced off-line by partial, ad-hoc integration of regions of the electron diffraction pattern over at each probe position. Basic mathematical operations between images ensuing form those different regions of the bright field disk will produce a DPC image in a straightforward manner. Such a technology will outsmart complex non-flexible hardware only by inexpensive software routines working on the new generation of ultra-fast cameras.

Mots-clés : electron microscopy,software tools,advanced materials