Data-Gouv-ML/pcri-erc-participations-et-projets-laureats huggingface dataset:
Projet ERC : SPERIG (Horizon 2020, appel 2019, Advanced grants)
Domaine scientifique : Physical Sciences and Engineering
Panel : Mathematics
Entité participante : Institute of Science and Technology Austria — Pays : Autriche — Rôle : PI
Acronyme de l'entité : ISTA
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 1820816.0 €

In 1911, Hermann Weyl proved the remarkable asymptotic formula describing distribution of (large) eigenvalues of the Dirichlet Laplacian in a bounded domain Ω ⊂ Rd N (λ) = (2π)−d ωd Vol(Ω) λd/2(1 + o(1)) as λ → +∞. where N (λ) is the number of eigenvalues of the Laplacian spectrum, which are less than λ, ωd is a volume of the unit ball in Rd, Vol(Ω) is the volume of Ω, and the Laplace spectrum of a domain Ω is defined as the set of positive real numbers λ (with multiplicities) that satisfy the eigenvalue problem in Ω with Dirichlet boundary conditions. This result motivated the title of a famous paper by M. Kac “Can you hear the shape of a drum?”. The question is: can the shape of a bounded domain O C Rd be determined by the Laplace spectrum? Two domains are called isospectral if they have the same eigenvalues. Consider the space of domains with a smooth boundary. The existence of isospectral non-isometric domains is a well-known open question. The first goal of the project is to prove the local spectral rigidity for convex planar domains, i.e. for a smooth convex planar domain Ω the Laplace spectrum determines Ω locally. There are no nearby isospectral non-isometric domains with smooth boundary. All of the these questions can also be posed for Riemannian manifolds. The second goal is to prove the local rigidity for Riemannian manifolds with Anosov geodesic flows. The third goal is to prove local rigidity for integrable systems: geodesic flows on tori (resp. convex planar billiards). The goal is to prove that an integrable metric close to a Liouville metric is Liouville. The second type is billiards inside smooth planar domains integrable near the boundary. We shall prove that domains with integrable billiards belong to a finite-dimensional manifold. The focal goal of the project is to develop analytic tools to solve the local inverse problems for smooth planar convex domains and geodesic flows.

Mots-clés : birkhoff billiards,marked  length spectrum,spectral rigidity,integrable billiards,integrable geodesic flows
Projet ERC : FatVirtualBiopsy (Horizon 2020, appel 2019, Proof of concept grants)
Domaine scientifique : Life Science
Panel : Prevention, Diagnosis and Treatment of Human Diseases
Entité participante : Technical University of Munich — Pays : Allemagne — Rôle : PI
Acronyme de l'entité : TUM
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 150000.0 €

In 2015, four million people worldwide died because of the aftermaths of obesity (7% of total deaths), and in 2030, half of humankind is expected to be overweight. Lifestyle interventions in subjects with obesity can prevent the development of obesity-induced metabolic dysfunction but need personalization in order to become effective for diabetes and cardiovascular disease prevention. Visceral adiposity and adipocyte hypertrophy are phenotypes strongly linked to metabolic dysfunction in subjects with obesity. Visceral adiposity can be non-invasively measured using Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). Adipocyte size measurements are however nowadays only feasible using highly invasive biopsy procedures that cause severe patient discomfort, hold a risk for complications and are therefore rarely performed in the personalization of lifestyle interventions. The ongoing ProFatMRI research program (ERC-StG 677661) focuses on the development of an MRI platform to non-invasively assess fat microstructure. In the present proof of concept (PoC) project, we will translate the lipid droplet size measurement approaches successfully developed within ProFatMRI into an effective and reproducible toolkit (FatVirtualBiopsy) for non-invasive in vivo human adipocyte size measurement. The present PoC project encompasses the evaluation and the technical adjustment of the adipocyte size measurement in the real-life scenario involving a lifestyle intervention in subjects with obesity, the development of a prototype and the adoption of an intellectual property strategy. The PoC project will result in a non-invasive imaging toolkit that can be integrated into clinical prevention, targeting a wide range of medical specialists involved in obesity treatment. FatVirtualBiopsy will therefore contribute to transform the personalization of lifestyle interventions and drastically improve their effectiveness in subjects with obesity towards diabetes and cardiovascular disease prevention.

Mots-clés : magnetic resonance imaging,obesity,diabetes,personalized prevention
Projet ERC : PICASSO (Horizon 2020, appel 2018, Consolidator grants)
Domaine scientifique : Social Sciences and Humanities
Panel : Institutions, Governance and Legal Systems
Entité participante : Utrecht University — Pays : Pays-Bas — Rôle : PI
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 1843107.5 €

In 2015, nearly all nations agreed on a set of ambitious Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) to ensure environment protection and human development. Accounting for the coherence of the overall set of goals presents a major scientific challenge as there are many complex relationships and feedbacks between them and across various scales (local to global, near- and long-term). However, in fact very little scientific information exists on how to achieve such a diverse set of goals simultaneously. In the proposed research, I will address the scientific gap by developing a novel set of model-based scenarios that explore the efforts required to achieve a set of key sustainable development targets by 2050 simultaneously (i.e. using a backcasting approach). These targets are based on the SDGs and other international agreements, and cover key sustainability issues such as food production, energy and land use, climate change, water scarcity, and nutrient cycles. The purpose of the analysis is to identify 1) transformation processes needed for achieving these targets (including timing), 2) key synergies and trade-offs among sustainability issues, and 3) the relationships between different geographic scales. In PICASSO, I will use the integrated assessment model IMAGE 3.0 to develop such scenarios and explore the key linkages. For this purpose, important model improvements will be made to better cover the feedbacks and response options relevant for the SDG targets. Additional project activities will cover uncertainty analysis, and questions related to implementation (the role of different actors in these transitions). Stakeholder interaction is vital and will be formalised in a project forum with key stakeholders that will meet on a regular basis. The scenarios may thus be used to implement and evaluate the SDGs, and they will also result in new scientific understanding of integrated response strategies that can be used by other researchers in more detailed analysis.

Mots-clés : scenarios,sustainable development goals,integrated assessment modeling
Projet ERC : PICASSO (Horizon 2020, appel 2018, Consolidator grants)
Domaine scientifique : Social Sciences and Humanities
Panel : Institutions, Governance and Legal Systems
Entité participante : Ministry of Infrastructure and the Environment — Pays : Pays-Bas — Rôle : Partner
Type d'entité : Organismes publics (hors enseignement & recherche)
Financement ERC de l'entité : 156892.5 €

In 2015, nearly all nations agreed on a set of ambitious Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) to ensure environment protection and human development. Accounting for the coherence of the overall set of goals presents a major scientific challenge as there are many complex relationships and feedbacks between them and across various scales (local to global, near- and long-term). However, in fact very little scientific information exists on how to achieve such a diverse set of goals simultaneously. In the proposed research, I will address the scientific gap by developing a novel set of model-based scenarios that explore the efforts required to achieve a set of key sustainable development targets by 2050 simultaneously (i.e. using a backcasting approach). These targets are based on the SDGs and other international agreements, and cover key sustainability issues such as food production, energy and land use, climate change, water scarcity, and nutrient cycles. The purpose of the analysis is to identify 1) transformation processes needed for achieving these targets (including timing), 2) key synergies and trade-offs among sustainability issues, and 3) the relationships between different geographic scales. In PICASSO, I will use the integrated assessment model IMAGE 3.0 to develop such scenarios and explore the key linkages. For this purpose, important model improvements will be made to better cover the feedbacks and response options relevant for the SDG targets. Additional project activities will cover uncertainty analysis, and questions related to implementation (the role of different actors in these transitions). Stakeholder interaction is vital and will be formalised in a project forum with key stakeholders that will meet on a regular basis. The scenarios may thus be used to implement and evaluate the SDGs, and they will also result in new scientific understanding of integrated response strategies that can be used by other researchers in more detailed analysis.

Mots-clés : scenarios,sustainable development goals,integrated assessment modeling
Projet ERC : PARFORM (Horizon 2020, appel 2019, Consolidator grants)
Domaine scientifique : Social Sciences and Humanities
Panel : The Social World and Its Diversity
Entité participante : University of Mannheim — Pays : Allemagne — Rôle : PI
Acronyme de l'entité : UMA
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 1087485.25 €

In 2015-16 Germany received large numbers of young unmarried male refugees arriving from culturally distant countries and settling in largely non-existent co-ethnic communities. This situation is likely to complicate the process of refugees’ partnership formation. Against this background the project seeks to answer three research questions: 1. To what extent is the partnership formation of newly arrived refugees in Germany determined by the demographic situation, and how does the process compare to patterns observed among the established German population (both majority and minority ethnic groups)? 2. How do social media and online dating affect partnership formation among recent refugee immigrants? 3. How do established members of German society react to refugees’ mating attempts, and how is this reflected in immigrants’ partnership patterns? Whereas the first research question is largely descriptive, the others seek to advance the field’s theoretical and analytic frameworks by extending our understanding of opportunity structures in the age of the internet and social media, and conceptualizing partnership formation as a genuinely two-sided interactive process. PARFORM will (1) collect novel three-wave panel data on male refugee migrants from Syria and Afghanistan and (2) administer specially tailored instruments to two established representative panel studies (GESIS panel and CILS4EU-DE) to collect data on the established German population. Multi-actor, multi-time and multi-level data will be analysed using advanced methods of network, panel and hierarchical data analyses. Through a combination of theoretical innovations, methodological rigour and analytic depth, PARFORM will contribute to scholarly debates on immigrants’ partnership formation in the multidisciplinary fields of the sociology of migration, demography and network studies. Its findings will have policy implications for the social integration of refugees in Germany and Europe as a whole.

Mots-clés : refugee migrants,partnership formation,social integration
Projet ERC : CIO (Horizon 2020, appel 2016, Advanced grants)
Domaine scientifique : Physical Sciences and Engineering
Panel : Computer science and informatics
Entité participante : Aarhus University — Pays : Danemark — Rôle : PI
Acronyme de l'entité : AU
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 2398993.0 €

In CIO, common interactive objects are developed and explored to extend human control over the technological environment by human beings, both individually and together. CIO leads to a coherent framework of user interfaces to be applied in interaction design. Common interactive objects will provide a useful frame for furthering human computer interaction (HCI) theory, development of interaction design methods and the underlying technical platforms. Common interactive objects will empower users to better understand and develop the technologies they use. When carried through, the project offers new ways for people to construct and configure human physical and virtual environments, together, over time and within communities. The main objectives of CIO are to 1. develop the conception of common interactive objects in order to offer a new understanding of human-computer interaction, focusing on human control. 2. develop support for building user interfaces in a coherent and unified framework. 3. make common interactive objects that will empower users to better understand and develop the technologies they use. 4. carry out ground-breaking research regarding the technological basis of common interactive objects with focus on malleability, control and shareability over time. CIO is methodologically rooted in HCI. CIO’s research methods combine empirical, analytical, theoretical, and design approaches, all with focus on the relationship between common interactive objects and their human users. CIO presents the idea that common interactive objects may radically innovate our understanding of use and building user interfaces. The gains of CIO will be a coherent new, high-impact way of understanding and building HCI across physical and virtual structures, bringing control back to the users. The risks are in delivering this alternative in a manner that is able to confront the current strong commercial interests in the Internet-of-Things and the 'new' Artificial Intelligence

Mots-clés : advanced user interfaces,common objects,interactive objects,control,appropriation,collaborative computing,empowering users,computer mediated collaborative activity
Projet ERC : COBRAS (Horizon 2020, appel 2019, Proof of concept grants)
Domaine scientifique : Physical Sciences and Engineering
Panel : Condensed matter physics
Entité participante : Consorzio per l'AREA di Ricerca Scientifica e Tecnologica di Trieste — Pays : Italie — Rôle : PI
Type d'entité : Recherche
Financement ERC de l'entité : 150000.0 €

In COBRAS we will establish Femtosecond Covariance Spectroscopy, a new spectroscopic technique to measure the optical response of material which is based on stochastic light pulses characterized by frequency uncorrelated intensity fluctuation. By using light with different property every repetition, each reiteration of the experiment can be considered as a measurement under new conditions rather than a repetition of the same experiment. Crucially, within the ERC_StG project INCEPT we have demonstrated that in this limit the frequency of the Raman modes of a sample can be retrieved by measuring the spectral correlations in different pulses which are induced by the interaction with the sample. This is in striking contrast with standard approaches to Raman spectroscopy which are based on the measurement of the integrated emission of Raman sidebands at a given frequency and therefore require a high stability and low noise detection which can be reached only at a significant expense. Conversely, in covariance-based methods noise is a resource that can be exploited (rather than an impediment) and a much simpler and cheaper architecture for the spectrometer can be envisioned. The central idea of COBRAS is to set the way for commercial exploitation of covariance-based approaches to Raman spectroscopy. To this purpose we will develop a prototype spectrometer, study the general applicability of the covariance based methods and identify viable strategies for the commercialization of the spectrometer developed. We stress that the concept proposed here for Raman spectroscopy can be extended to different optical techniques and wavelength ranges. This make us confident that the COBRAS investment may represent a paradigmatic change in the approach to optical spectroscopy, potentially disclosing a new market across different industrial and scientific spectroscopic applications.

Mots-clés : raman spectroscopy,intensity correlation,stochastic sources,noise measurement
Projet ERC : ELECTRIC (Horizon 2020, appel 2017, Starting grants)
Domaine scientifique : Physical Sciences and Engineering
Panel : Systems and communication engineering
Entité participante : Ghent University — Pays : Belgique — Rôle : PI
Acronyme de l'entité : UGent
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 1391250.0 €

In ELECTRIC, I will integrate electrically powered optical frequency combs on mass manufacturable silicon chips. This will allow for making use of all the advantageous properties of these light sources in real-life situations. Optical frequency combs are light sources with a spectrum consisting of millions of laser lines, equally spaced in frequency. This equifrequency spacing provides a link between the radio frequency band and the optical frequency band of the electromagnetic spectrum. This property has literally revolutionized the field of frequency metrology and precision laser spectroscopy. Recently, their application field has been extended. Amongst others, their unique properties have been exploited in precision distant measurement experiments as well as optical waveform and microwave synthesis demonstrators. Moreover, so called “dual-comb spectroscopy” experiments have demonstrated broadband Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy with ultra-high resolution and record acquisition speeds. However, most of these demonstrations required large bulky experimental setups which hampers wide deployment. I will build frequency combs on optical chips that can be mass-manufactured. Unlike the current chip scale Kerr comb based solutions they do not need to be optically pumped with a powerful continuous wave laser and can have a narrower comb spacing. The challenge here is two-fold. First, we need to make electrically powered integrated low noise oscillators. Second, we need to lower the threshold of current on-chip nonlinear optical interactions by an order of magnitude to use them in on-chip OFC generators. Specifically I will achieve this goal by: • Making use of ultra-efficient nonlinear optical interactions based on soliton compression in dispersion engineered III-V waveguides and plasmonic enhanced second order nonlinear materials. • Enhance the performance of ultra-low noise silicon nitride mode locked lasers with these nonlinear components.

Mots-clés : optical frequency comb,nonlinear optics,integrated photonics
Projet ERC : EXPO (Horizon 2020, appel 2017, Starting grants)
Domaine scientifique : Social Sciences and Humanities
Panel : The Social World and Its Diversity
Entité participante : University of Amsterdam — Pays : Pays-Bas — Rôle : PI
Acronyme de l'entité : UvA
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 1499384.0 €

In Europe, understanding and respect for those who hold different opinions are needed more than ever. In this context, exposure to dissimilar content in the media is crucial because encountering views that challenge one’s beliefs is hoped to foster tolerance. More and more scholars are interested in media diversity and more and more policymakers encourage citizens to see dissimilar views in the media. However, exposure to difference can also do harm, increasing conflict among citizens with different opinions (backfire effects). Despite these dangers, we lack a comprehensive model that explains when and why exposure to dissimilar views amplifies or attenuates hostilities. What encourages people to see dissimilar political content, on which issues, and in which media? Under what conditions, for whom, and why does exposure to dissimilar views backfire? What can be done to minimize the harms and maximize the benefits of encountering difference? This project addresses these questions. It will advance an evidence-based theoretical model that identifies the individual, social, and system factors that together drive dissimilar exposure and its effects on understanding and respect between citizens with different views. This model accounts for old and new media, various political issues, and intended and incidental exposure.The model will be tested in four projects, each offering methodological breakthroughs. I will use latest techniques in ‘big data’ research, automated content analyses, panel surveys, qualitative work, and experiments; the first project to use this necessary variety of cutting-edge techniques conjointly and comparatively. This project will advance academic knowledge. Its findings are crucial for scholars across disciplines, policymakers who optimize media diversity policies, and media and campaign designers. Only if we know when, how, and why citizens are affected by dissimilar media will we be able to enhance respect and understanding in diverse societies.
Projet ERC : MACULA2 (Horizon 2020, appel 2016, Proof of concept grants)
Entité participante : Radboud University Nijmegen — Pays : Pays-Bas — Rôle : PI
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 150000.0 €

In MACULA2 we aim to develop a genetic diagnostic test for complement activation that will allow proper stratification of patients with age-related macular degeneration (AMD). AMD is an inflammatory disease, the #1 cause of blindness in the world, with 196 million patients estimated for 2020. Such a test does not currently exist, strongly hampering drug development and patient treatment. Poor patient stratification contributes to high failure rates in trials for AMD. Local and systemic inflammation in AMD are caused by deregulated activation of the alternative pathway of the complement system. In AMD, some patients have higher complement activation levels compared to controls, which stimulates further inflammation. Several complement-lowering therapies for AMD are under development. Pharmaceutical companies are aware that patients with a genetic predisposition to higher complement activation levels will potentially benefit most from such treatments. Without sound patient stratification, therapies that are currently in clinical trials may not reach the statistical significance needed for approval. However, certain individuals might actually benefit from these therapies because of their specific genetic makeup. We aim to solve the challenge of patient stratification in AMD by developing a novel diagnostic test based on genetic testing combined with a patient questionnaire. An AMD diagnostic test will contribute towards a precision medicine approach towards treatment of patients.

Mots-clés : age related macular degeneration,blindness,complement,diagnostic test