Data-Gouv-ML/pcri-erc-participations-et-projets-laureats huggingface dataset:
Projet ERC : FAIRWORK (Horizon 2020, appel 2018, Proof of concept grants)
Domaine scientifique : Social Sciences and Humanities
Panel : Institutions, Governance and Legal Systems
Entité participante : University of Oxford — Pays : Royaume-Uni — Rôle : PI
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 149776.0 €

Millions of platform workers live all over the world: doing work that is outsourced via platforms or apps in the ‘gig economy.’ Workers tend to have little ability to negotiate wages or working conditions with the platforms that give them work. The ERC GEONET project has shown that, as a result of this new market for work, many workers have jobs characterized by long and irregular hours, low income, and high stress. The international nature of digital work means that some of it can be done outside of the purview of national governments, with few employers paying attention to relevant existing regulation in either their home countries or the worker’s home country. Labour platforms can therefore threaten to undermine workers’ ability to defend existing jobs, liveable wages, and dignified working conditions, in both low and high-income countries. If wages and working conditions for digital workers are to improve, new international strategies need to be devised. This Proof of Concept project will create the beginnings of a ‘Fairwork Foundation.’ It seeks to co-develop fair work principles with key stakeholders, develop methods to assess those principles, and ultimately rate and rank platforms against how they score against the fair work principles.

Mots-clés : fair work,collective bargaining,labour,economic geography,gig economy,digital labour
Projet ERC : SCHEMES (Horizon 2020, appel 2019, Advanced grants)
Domaine scientifique : Physical Sciences and Engineering
Panel : Mathematics
Entité participante : Hasselt University — Pays : Belgique — Rôle : PI
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 1015047.5 €

Mirror symmetry is a manifestation of string theory that predicts a certain symmetry between complex geometry and symplectic geometry. Mirror symmetry is justified on physical grounds but makes nonetheless strong and testable predictions about purely mathematical concepts. A celebrated example is the prediction by physicists of the number of rational curves of a given degree in a generic quintic threefold which went far beyond classical enumerative geometry. The main actor in this proposal is the "Stringy Kähler Moduli Space" which is the moduli space of complex structures of the mirror partner of a Calabi-Yau manifold. The SKMS is not rigorously defined as mirror symmetry itself is not rigorous, but in many cases there are precise heuristics available to characterize it. Mirror symmetry predicts the existence of an action of the fundamental group of the SKMS on the derived category of coherent sheaves of a Calabi-Yau manifold. This prediction has only been verified in a limited number of cases. We will attempt to confirm the prediction for algebraic varieties occurring in geometric invariant theory and the minimal model program. Our main approach will be the construction of a perverse schober on a partial compactification of the SKMS. The existence of such a schober does not only confirm, but also clarifies the predicted action as it is now becomes the result of ``wall crossing'', i.e. moving outside the SKMS itself. To reach our objective we will approach the SKMS from different angles, most notably through its relation with the moduli space of stability conditions.

Mots-clés : stringy k hler moduli space,moduli space of stability conditions,perverse schobers
Projet ERC : NAMirror (Horizon 2020, appel 2020, Starting grants)
Domaine scientifique : Physical Sciences and Engineering
Panel : Mathematics
Entité participante : Centre national de la recherche scientifique — Pays : France — Rôle : PI
Acronyme de l'entité : CNRS
Type d'entité : Recherche
Financement ERC de l'entité : 1481550.0 €

Mirror symmetry is one of the most mysterious dualities in mathematics. Roughly, it predicts that given any Calabi-Yau variety, there exists a mirror Calabi-Yau variety such that a rich list of geometric relations hold between the two, involving Hodge numbers, Gromov-Witten invariants, variation of Hodge structures, Floer homology (Fukaya category), coherent sheaves, stability conditions and so on. Despite continual progress in the subject, a fundamental question remains unclear: to what extent do mirrors exist, and how to construct the mirror variety? Here we propose a new approach to answer this question, based on latest developments from non-archimedean geometry, in particular the theory of Berkovich spaces, as well as derived non-archimedean geometry. Our goal is to conceive and pursue a full-fledged theory of non-archimedean mirror symmetry, which will lead to new results unattainable from existing methods. We propose to work out a general mirror construction, starting directly from a non-archimedean Strominger-Yau-Zaslow torus fibration, conjectured by Kontsevich-Soibelman, by counting non-archimedean analytic disks with boundaries on SYZ torus fibers. First we need to establish the existence of such counts in full generality, based on non-archimedean Gromov-Witten theory and tail conditions. Then we have to prove various properties of the mirror algebra, including associativity, radius of convergence and singularity estimates. Finally we propose to use wall-crossing formulas to glue local mirror algebras together to obtain the global mirror variety. A long-term goal is to show that the mirror construction is an involution, the best exhibition of mirror duality. We also aim for applications outside mirror symmetry, in particular towards the moduli of KSBA stable pairs in birational geometry. Our project is intimately related to the ongoing Gross-Siebert program based on logarithmic geometry. We also expect fruitful future interactions with their program.

Mots-clés : mirror symmetry,non archimedean geometry,berkovich spaces,calabi yau varieties
Projet ERC : GREENFIN (Horizon 2020, appel 2020, Starting grants)
Domaine scientifique : Social Sciences and Humanities
Panel : Institutions, Governance and Legal Systems
Entité participante : Board of the Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology — Pays : Suisse — Rôle : PI
Acronyme de l'entité : ETH Zurich
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 1499771.0 €

Mitigating dangerous climate change requires a fundamental transition of global economies. This transition calls for an annual investment of 2–4 trillion USD, which is a multiple of current climate investment. Accordingly, the EU and many countries are enacting green financial policies, intervening in the financial sector to improve financing conditions for low-carbon technologies. Examples include green state investment banks, carbon disclosure requirements, and changes to lending regulations. However, the effect of these financial policies on investments in non-financial sectors such as energy, transport, or building is largely unknown. More specifically, we lack insights on how different low-carbon technologies require different types of finance (such as public vs. private finance, corporate vs. project finance, or equity vs. debt). Hence, it remains unclear how to make best use of such policies to fill the climate finance gap. By bridging disciplines and using novel data, GREENFIN will lead to a breakthrough in our understanding of the effects of financial policies on the low-carbon transition in non-financial sectors, and thereby lay the foundations for a new interdisciplinary field of financial policy analysis. First, combining theory from technology innovation studies and financial economics, I will derive how technology-inherent characteristics predict the demand for different types of finance. Second, using policy analysis tools and novel machine learning-based methods, I will analyze the effects of green financial policies on the supply of various types of finance. Third, combining these insights I will deliver specific recommendations for designing more effective green financial policies in the EU and beyond. By including financial policies in policy mix analyses, GREENFIN will crucially increase the overall analytical power of public policy analysis, which is all the more important given the ever-growing role of the financial sector in modern economies.

Mots-clés : public policy analysis,climate policy,innovation studies,climate finance
Projet ERC : MitoCure (Horizon 2020, appel 2020, Starting grants)
Domaine scientifique : Life Science
Panel : Physiology in Health, Disease and Ageing
Entité participante : Autonomous University of Madrid — Pays : Espagne — Rôle : PI
Acronyme de l'entité : UAM
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 1463410.0 €

Mitochondria are essential organelles that carry out critical metabolic functions within the cells. Electron transport chain (ETC) defects occurring from mitochondrial disease mutations compromise cellular fitness and survival. This biochemical failure is thought to underlie pathologies associated with mitochondrial dysfunction. However, the precise metabolic processes, signaling pathways and compensatory responses resulting from a defective mitochondrial ETC that drive these fatal disorders are not entirely understood. Although diminished ATP production has been considered a hallmark of mitochondrial dysfunction, I hypothesize that other metabolic failures such as disturbed redox hemostasis due to accumulated levels of NADH can be equally detrimental. Moreover, which cell types contribute the most to the disease and whether disease-carrying cells negatively impact the function of its surrounding wild-type neighbors or distant organs remain poorly characterized. Here I propose to develop a holistic understanding of the molecular and metabolic components that contribute to cell and tissue deterioration in the context of ETC dysfunction. Our central goals are: (1) To identify novel uncharacterized genes controlling function and integrity of ETC complexes and supercomplexes (2) To define how ETC dysfunction impacts cellular metabolism with special focus on redox-sensitive pathways that might be altered as a consequence of imbalanced NAD+/NADH ratio (3) To elucidate brain-specific non cell-autonomous signaling that mediates maladaptation to mitochondrial dysfunction. In sum, MitoCure puts forward an ambitious but feasible program with the purpose of yielding novel information about genes, metabolic pathways and signaling mechanisms underlying the pathophysiology associated with mitochondrial dysfunction.

Mots-clés : mitochondrial metabolism,mitochondrial diseases,electron transport chain,oxphos,redox balance,neurometabolism
Projet ERC : MITOsmORFs (Horizon 2020, appel 2014, Consolidator grants)
Domaine scientifique : Life Science
Panel : Molecules of Life: Biological Mechanisms, Structures and Functions
Entité participante : University of Freiburg — Pays : Allemagne — Rôle : Partner
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 905833.75 €

Mitochondria are essential organelles with crucial roles in cellular energy metabolism, Fe-S cluster biogenesis, signaling and apoptosis. Mitochondrial dysfunction causes encephalomyopathy and neurodegenerative diseases. Mitochondria possess a remarkably high content of small proteins compared to other cellular compartments. About one third of the cellular proteins ≤15 kDa characterized to date are located in mitochondria. Functional examples of such small proteins cover the whole mitochondrial biology like cristae morphology, Fe-S cluster formation, metabolite transport, protein biogenesis and respiration. However, the intracellular localization and function of most small proteins is unknown. These small proteins constitute one third of the uncharacterized open reading frames and even three quarters of the dubious open reading frames in the model organism budding yeast. Taken together we predict that more than 10% of the mitochondrial proteome deserves to be discovered. In an initial study we demonstrated the mitochondrial localization of several uncharacterized small open reading frame (smORF) proteins. MITOsmORFs aims to identify over 100 novel small mitochondrial proteins. MITOsmORFs will determine the submitochondrial localization and the functional role of the novel mitochondrial proteins by genetic, proteomic, metabolomic and lipidomic analysis, including interaction mapping and characterization of mitochondrial activities in vivo and in organello to explore the unknown biology of smORF proteins localized to mitochondria.

Mots-clés : mitochondrial biogenesis,mitochondrial function,mitochondrial proteins
Projet ERC : Amitochondriates (Horizon 2020, appel 2017, Consolidator grants)
Domaine scientifique : Life Science
Panel : Environmental Biology, Ecology and Evolution
Entité participante : Charles University — Pays : Rép. Tchèque — Rôle : PI
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 1935500.0 €

Mitochondria are often referred to as the “power houses” of eukaryotic cells. All eukaryotes were thought to have mitochondria of some form until 2016, when the first eukaryote thriving without mitochondria was discovered by our laboratory – a flagellate Monocercomonoides. Understanding cellular functions of these cells, which represent a new functional type of eukaryotes, and understanding the circumstances of the unique event of mitochondrial loss are motivations for this proposal. The first objective focuses on the cell physiology. We will perform a metabolomic study revealing major metabolic pathways and concentrate further on elucidating its unique system of iron-sulphur cluster assembly. In the second objective, we will investigate in details the unique case of mitochondrial loss. We will examine two additional potentially amitochondriate lineages by means of genomics and transcriptomics, conduct experiments simulating the moments of mitochondrial loss and try to induce the mitochondrial loss in vitro by knocking out or down genes for mitochondrial biogenesis. We have chosen Giardia intestinalis and Entamoeba histolytica as models for the latter experiments, because their mitochondria are already reduced to minimalistic “mitosomes” and because some genetic tools are already available for them. Successful mitochondrial knock-outs would enable us to study mitochondrial loss in ‘real time’ and in vivo. In the third objective, we will focus on transforming Monocercomonoides into a tractable laboratory model by developing methods of axenic cultivation and genetic manipulation. This will open new possibilities in the studies of this organism and create a cell culture representing an amitochondriate model for cell biological studies enabling the dissection of mitochondrial effects from those of other compartments. The team is composed of the laboratory of PI and eight invited experts and we hope it has the ability to address these challenging questions.

Mots-clés : mitochondrion,iron sulphur cluster assembly,protists,oxymonads,giardia,entamoeba,mitosome,endosymbiosis
Projet ERC : MitoCRISTAE (Horizon 2020, appel 2018, Advanced grants)
Domaine scientifique : Life Science
Panel : Molecules of Life: Biological Mechanisms, Structures and Functions
Entité participante : Universitätsmedizin Göttingen — Pays : Allemagne — Rôle : PI
Acronyme de l'entité : UMG
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 1170655.16 €

Mitochondrial cristae biogenesis is an enigma ever since the first imaging of mitochondria, the ‘powerhouses’ of eukaryotic cells, by electron microscopy in the 1950s. The mitochondrial cristae, dynamic and structurally conserved invaginations of the mitochondrial inner membrane, are essential for respiratory ATP generation. Thereby, the form and function of the mitochondrial inner membrane are deeply intertwined. Indeed, irregular or disturbed cristae morphologies are believed to cause numerous human diseases, including neurodegeneration, cardiomyopathies, metabolic disorders and cancer. Previous approaches to study cristae biogenesis have relied primarily on the use of 2D electron microscopy and biochemistry to analyse mutant cells defective in cristae formation. Based on striking pilot experiments, we propose to study cristae biogenesis by a radically different approach. We will induce synchronous cristae development in gene-edited cell lines initially defective in cristae formation. We will then follow de novo cristae biogenesis over time by combining a series of enabling approaches, including live cell and MINFLUX super-resolution microscopy, 3D (cryo) electron microscopy, label-free (SWATH) mass spectrometry, and single molecule counting. These technologies have just emerged in the last few years, and thus this proposal would not have been possible a few years ago. The primary aim of this proposal is to establish a deep, comprehensive and quantitative understanding of cristae biogenesis in human cells. Using theses insights, we will also investigate the effects of mutations in mitochondrial proteins associated with human diseases on cristae biogenesis. Altogether, if successful, the outcome will represent a paradigm shift in our knowledge of how mitochondrial ultrastructure in healthy and diseased cells is generated and maintained. Our findings might spark innovative and novel strategies for the treatment of devastating human mitopathies.

Mots-clés : mitochondrial ultrastructure,inner membrane architecture,super resolution microscopy
Projet ERC : INDIMACRO (Horizon 2020, appel 2014, Advanced grants)
Domaine scientifique : Social Sciences and Humanities
Panel : Individuals, Markets and Organisations
Entité participante : Bocconi University — Pays : Italie — Rôle : PI
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 1394716.0 €

Model uncertainty is a key issue and an active research area in Macro-Finance. Its study, pioneered by Hansen and Sargent, substantially improves the treatment of uncertainty in Macro-Finance models and the robustness of their conclusions. The interest of central banks on problems related to model uncertainty is a clear signal of the relevance of this novel concept and the related theoretical framework. Model uncertainty in Macro-Finance and ambiguity in Decision Theory share a common insight that inspires empirical and theoretical developments: the agents’ ignorance about the “true” probabilistic model that governs the uncertain environments they face. With few exceptions, decision theorists have studied ambiguity mostly in static contexts that are insufficient for the analysis of the steady state and dynamic decision problems that characterize Macro-Finance. Hence, this field keeps relying on decision models that cannot cope with model uncertainty. Our research agenda aims to create a unified Macro-Finance and Decision Theory framework for the study of model uncertainty, which broadens the scope of Decision Theory and provides novel foundations for a common framework. We will build new steady state and dynamic decision models that are powerful enough for a general analysis of model uncertainty in Macro-Finance. We will also develop a self-confirming equilibrium analysis, which by leaving room for agents to have “wrong” views about models, can much more naturally confront agents with model uncertainty than the rational expectations approach. Our project will foster cross-fertilization and lead to a deeper understanding of the empirical and theoretical effects of uncertainty in Macro-Finance phenomena. Because model uncertainty is pervasive (e.g., which climate model to use? which is the correct production function for human capital?), we expect that our theoretical findings will push the research frontier and the analysis of the role of uncertainty in other fields.

Mots-clés : decision theory,ambiguity,model uncertainty,robustness
Projet ERC : RACCOON (Horizon 2020, appel 2016, Starting grants)
Domaine scientifique : Physical Sciences and Engineering
Panel : Computer science and informatics
Entité participante : Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies — Pays : Espagne — Rôle : PI
Acronyme de l'entité : IMDEA
Type d'entité : Recherche
Financement ERC de l'entité : 1498312.0 €

Modern Internet services store data in novel cloud databases, which partition and replicate the data across a large number of machines and a wide geographical span. To achieve high availability and scalability, cloud databases need to maximise the parallelism of data processing. Unfortunately, this leads them to weaken the guarantees they provide about data consistency to applications. The resulting programming models are very challenging to use correctly, and we currently do not have advanced methods and tools that would help programmers in this task. The goal of the project is to develop a synergy of novel reasoning methods, static analysis tools and database implementation techniques that maximally exploit parallelism inside cloud databases, while enabling application programmers to ensure correctness. We intend to achieve this by first developing methods for reasoning formally about how weakening the consistency guarantees provided by cloud databases affects application correctness and the parallelism allowed inside the databases. This will build on techniques from the areas of programming languages and software verification. The resulting theory will then serve as a basis for practical implementation techniques and tools that harness database parallelism, but only to the extent such that its side effects do not compromise application correctness. The proposed project is high-risk, because it aims not only to develop a rigorous theory of consistency in cloud databases, but also to apply it to practical systems design. The project is also high-gain, since it will push the envelope in availability, scalability and cost-effectiveness of cloud databases.

Mots-clés : static analysis,program logics,distributed databases,cloud computing,parallelism