Data-Gouv-ML/pcri-erc-participations-et-projets-laureats huggingface dataset:
Projet ERC : FIBRING (Horizon 2020, appel 2019, Starting grants)
Domaine scientifique : Physical Sciences and Engineering
Panel : Mathematics
Entité participante : Bielefeld University — Pays : Allemagne — Rôle : Partner
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 0.0 €

The study of manifolds that fibre over the circle has a long and exciting history at the core of modern manifold topology, starting with Farrell's work on the problem in high ('surgery') dimensions, and running through the celebrated work of Stallings and Thurston in dimension 3, to Agol's 2013 solution of Thurston's virtual fibring conjecture. Parallel developments in group theory have placed the study of Bieri-Neumann-Strebel (BNS) invariants, which emerged in the 1980s, at the heart of the subject; these invariants describe when a group fibres, i.e. admits a map onto Z with finitely generated kernel. In the research outlined here a powerful new set of algebraic invariants - agrarian polytopes - will be used to establish a new frontier in the theory of fibring. The main goal is to achieve a complete description of all possible fibrings over the circle for aspherical manifolds in surgery dimensions. An agrarian polytope is a subset of the vector space H_1(X;R), where X is a group or a manifold. It is defined in the novel framework of agrarian invariants that I am developing, a theory that has already borne remarkable fruit. The theory provides algebraic counterparts to the (analytic) L2-invariants that have proved so powerful in geometric topology, group theory and global analysis over the last four decades. The primary focus of the research proposed here lies in establishing new deep connections between the algebra of group rings and their completions, and global properties of aspherical manifolds and groups. Three further goals of the proposal are: to develop the theory of agrarian invariants in positive characteristic; to show that agrarian invariants are profinitely rigid; to apply the new technology to the study of dynamical zeta functions. Each of these goals promises a breakthrough in its respective domain.

Mots-clés : fibring over the circle,bns invariants
Projet ERC : Metabinnate (Horizon 2020, appel 2018, Advanced grants)
Domaine scientifique : Life Science
Panel : Immunity, Infection and Immunotherapy
Entité participante : Trinity College Dublin — Pays : Irlande — Rôle : PI
Acronyme de l'entité : TCD
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 2484858.0 €

The study of the molecular basis to the immune response has for decades concerned receptors and the signalling pathways they activate which lead to immune cell activation. Recently metabolic changes have also been shown to couple to immune effector responses. A shift in appreciation of the role of metabolites beyond energy metabolism and biosynthetic processes has emerged. We have been examining the role of three metabolites in macrophages. We have evidence that two of these, malonyl-CoA and 2-hydroxyglutarate (2-HG) are pro-inflammatory, whilst the third, itaconate, has profound anti-inflammatory effects. In many ways, they mirror cytokines, with malonyl-CoA and 2-HG being akin to pro-inflammatory cytokines, whilst itaconate resembles anti-inflammatory cytokines. The specificity and breadth of the role of these metabolites in macrophages will be mapped in this proposal. For malonyl-CoA we have evidence that it regulates GAPDH, IRG1/CAD (which synthesises itaconate) and the key cytokine IL-1beta. For 2-HG, we will examine the production and actions of its 2 enantiomers, D-2-HG and L-2-HG, focusing on their effect on HIF1alpha and epigenetic regulation. For itaconate we have evidence for a role in Type I interferon modulation, antigen presentation, inflammasome regulation and GAPDH and LDHA (which can produce 2-HG) activities. We also have evidence that OXGR1 is the receptor for itaconate. All of these aspects will be explored in detail. Critically we will also determine the relationship between these metabolites since we have evidence for cross-talk. Their dynamic regulation is likely to be a key aspect of how metabolic reprogramming controls macrophage function. Our studies point to a major shift in our understanding of how intracellular metabolic changes lead to inflammation. The overall aim is therefore to elucidate how metabolic reprogramming controls inflammatory macrophage activation, which may lead to new therapeutic targets for inflammatory diseases.

Mots-clés : immunometabolism,metabolic reprogamming,macrophages
Projet ERC : COREX (Horizon 2020, appel 2020, Synergy grants)
Entité participante : University of Plymouth — Pays : Royaume-Uni — Rôle : PI
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 94383.0 €

The study of the past is undergoing a dramatic transformation: researchers in the fields of archaeology, genetics, linguistics, history and archaeometry are blurring the lines delimiting their respective fields, and working in increasingly collaborative efforts to understand how history and prehistory unfolded. Recent debates stress the need for new explanatory models which integrate both micro- and macro-level historical processes, and diverse types of datasets. We approach this challenge by applying novel modelling approaches allowing us to move from correlations to explanations of how changes have been shaped by the dynamic interaction of cultural innovation, migration, admixture, population growth and collapse, landscape transformation, dietary change, biological adaptation, social structure, and the emergence of new diseases. To achieve this overall goal the project is built upon four specific aims, which translates into four work packages: WP1: Database for C14, cultural and subsistence (including isotope) data, ancient genomes, eDNA sites, fossil pollen datasets and strontium samples WP2: Environmental DNA and high- resolution local environments,WP3 Exploratory analyses and discriminative models, WP4 Generative models and explanations. Our findings will serve to determine what the impact of the movement of people was on the European landscape, simultaneously on multiple scales: continental, regional and local, providing a research program defying the boundaries of archaeology, genetics and mathematical modelling.Thus, by identifying prehistoric regularities in the interactions of human biology, social and economic organisation, and demography we will be able to compare them to anthropological and historical models of such processes in recent times, to form a more comprehensive understanding of the nature of migration, integration and cultural change, then and now.

Mots-clés : environmental dna,generative models,discriminative models,archeological databases
Projet ERC : HSD (Horizon 2020, appel 2019, Starting grants)
Domaine scientifique : Physical Sciences and Engineering
Panel : Mathematics
Entité participante : Centre national de la recherche scientifique — Pays : France — Rôle : PI
Acronyme de l'entité : CNRS
Type d'entité : Recherche
Financement ERC de l'entité : 1340472.0 €

The subject of this proposal is the field of continuous symplectic topology. This is an area of symplectic topology which defines and studies continuous analogues of smooth symplectic objects such as symplectic and Hamiltonian homeomorphisms and asks questions about persistence of various symplectic phenomena under uniform limits and perturbations. Our aim is to explore, and further develop, continuous symplectic topology from two different perspectives: The first is a symplectic topological perspective which is informed by Gromov’s soft and hard view of symplectic topology. The second is motivated by the recent interactions of continuous symplectic topology and dynamical systems and it falls under the new field of symplectic dynamics. We outline an extensive research program in line with the above two viewpoints. On the one hand, we propose to develop new tools for the advancement of the field via the medium of barcodes which will serve as a replacement of Floer homology for homeomorphisms. On the other hand, we propose new approaches towards several important questions in the field including the symplectic four-sphere problem which asks if non-symplectic manifolds, such as the four-sphere, could admit the structure of a topological symplectic manifold, and the simplicity conjecture which asks if the group of compactly supported area-preserving homeomorphisms of the disc is a simple group.

Mots-clés : continuous symplectic topology,symplectic dynamics,area preserving homeomorphisms,barcodes,simplicity conjecture,four sphere problem
Projet ERC : WATCH (Horizon 2020, appel 2018, Synergy grants)
Entité participante : University of Santiago de Compostela — Pays : Espagne — Rôle : PI
Acronyme de l'entité : USC
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 2497500.0 €

The survival of an organism depends on energy homeostasis, involving the control of neuroendocrine functions that integrate metabolic feedback and adapt the response of the organism to physiological demands. Tanycytes, specialized glial cells lining the floor of the third ventricle in the median eminence of the hypothalamus, act as linchpins of these processes, dynamically controlling the secretion of neuropeptides by hypothalamic neurons into the pituitary portal circulation and regulating blood-brain and blood-cerebrospinal fluid exchanges, both processes that depend on their morphological plasticity in response to the physiological state. In addition to their barrier properties, they actively shuttle circulating metabolic signals to hypothalamic neurons that control food intake. The overarching goal of WATCH is to synergistically employ state-of-the-art technologies in systems neuroscience, mouse genetics and bench-to-bedside research, to explore the role of these unique and versatile cells, providing new directions in biomarker research and new therapeutic approaches for a variety of disorders that impair well-aging. Our specific aims are: 1. Genetic dissection of the in vivo regulation, pathophysiological function and molecular markers of tanycytes classified according to their anatomical location. 2. Identification of novel heterogeneous, molecularly distinct tanycytes and associated endothelial cells and determining how these characteristics evolve under distinct physiological and pathological conditions. 3. Functional validation of newly classified subgroups of tanycytes and the specific modulation of the activity of these subgroups at the experimental level. 4. Exploration of the functional consequences of pharmacologically activating pathways required for the tanycytic shuttling of metabolic signals on their CSF levels of these factors, hypothalamic activity and cognition in animal models and patients with morbid obesity or age-related cognitive deficits.

Mots-clés : tanycytes,energy homeostasis,hypothalamo pituitary neuroedocrine axis,aging,neurodegenerative disorders,hypothalamus
Projet ERC : WATCH (Horizon 2020, appel 2018, Synergy grants)
Entité participante : Centre hospitalier régional universitaire de Lille — Pays : France — Rôle : Partner
Acronyme de l'entité : CHRU Lille
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 250000.0 €

The survival of an organism depends on energy homeostasis, involving the control of neuroendocrine functions that integrate metabolic feedback and adapt the response of the organism to physiological demands. Tanycytes, specialized glial cells lining the floor of the third ventricle in the median eminence of the hypothalamus, act as linchpins of these processes, dynamically controlling the secretion of neuropeptides by hypothalamic neurons into the pituitary portal circulation and regulating blood-brain and blood-cerebrospinal fluid exchanges, both processes that depend on their morphological plasticity in response to the physiological state. In addition to their barrier properties, they actively shuttle circulating metabolic signals to hypothalamic neurons that control food intake. The overarching goal of WATCH is to synergistically employ state-of-the-art technologies in systems neuroscience, mouse genetics and bench-to-bedside research, to explore the role of these unique and versatile cells, providing new directions in biomarker research and new therapeutic approaches for a variety of disorders that impair well-aging. Our specific aims are: 1. Genetic dissection of the in vivo regulation, pathophysiological function and molecular markers of tanycytes classified according to their anatomical location. 2. Identification of novel heterogeneous, molecularly distinct tanycytes and associated endothelial cells and determining how these characteristics evolve under distinct physiological and pathological conditions. 3. Functional validation of newly classified subgroups of tanycytes and the specific modulation of the activity of these subgroups at the experimental level. 4. Exploration of the functional consequences of pharmacologically activating pathways required for the tanycytic shuttling of metabolic signals on their CSF levels of these factors, hypothalamic activity and cognition in animal models and patients with morbid obesity or age-related cognitive deficits.

Mots-clés : tanycytes,energy homeostasis,hypothalamo pituitary neuroedocrine axis,aging,neurodegenerative disorders,hypothalamus
Projet ERC : DEBATE (Horizon 2020, appel 2017, Consolidator grants)
Domaine scientifique : Social Sciences and Humanities
Panel : The study of the human past
Entité participante : Centre national de la recherche scientifique — Pays : France — Rôle : PI
Acronyme de l'entité : CNRS
Type d'entité : Recherche
Financement ERC de l'entité : 1997976.0 €

The switch from parchment to paper had a fundamental impact on later medieval universities, equivalent to the shift to Open Access today, hindering some intellectual practices while encouraging others. The DEBATE project identifies a neglected genre of latin texts that flourished on paper, the Principia, which record the public confrontations between candidates (socii) for the title of doctor. These debates, imposed by university statutes throughout Europe as annual exercises linked to lectures on the Sentences (the medieval parallel to our PhD thesis), forced the candidate to reveal his innovative theories (sheets of papers were exchanged among the socii beforehand), display his erudition and prove his intellectual prowess before a large audience. The futuristic discussion usually exceeded the confines of one discipline and allowed the bachelor to indulge his interdisciplinary interests, employing science, theology, mathematics, politics, literature, and rhetoric in his polemics against his colleagues. Principia thus reveal the cutting edge method of fostering science in later medieval universities. The DEBATE team intends to identify new manuscripts, edit the texts, establish authorship for anonymous fragments and propose an interpretation that will help explain how innovation was a primordial target in medieval academia. Putting together all the surviving texts of Principia produced in various cultural contexts, this project will provide a wealth of material that will bring about a basic change in our understanding of the mechanism of the production of academic knowledge in the early universities all around Europe.The project is designed to promote erudition by combining a palaeographical, codicological, editorial and hermeneutical approach, aiming to open an advanced area of inquiry focusing on an intellectual practice that bound together medieval universities from different geographical and cultural regions: Paris, Bologna, Vienna, Prague, Krakow and Cologne.

Mots-clés : medieval palaeography,edition of texts,intellectual history of medieval universities,tradition of medieval commentaries,medieval philosophy,medieval theology
Projet ERC : PTRCSP (Horizon 2020, appel 2017, Consolidator grants)
Domaine scientifique : Physical Sciences and Engineering
Panel : Mathematics
Entité participante : Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München — Pays : Allemagne — Rôle : PI
Acronyme de l'entité : LMU
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 1219462.0 €

The systematic investigation of random discrete structures and processes was initiated by Erdős and Rényi in a seminal paper about random graphs in 1960. Since then the study of such objects has become an important topic that has remarkable applications not only in combinatorics, but also in computer science and statistical physics. Random discrete objects have two striking characteristics. First, they often exhibit phase transitions, meaning that only small changes in some typically local control parameter result in dramatic changes of the global structure. Second, several statistics of the models concentrate, that is, although the support of the underlying distribution is large, the random variables usually take values in a small set only. A central topic is the investigation of the fine behaviour, namely the determination of the limiting distribution. Although the current knowledge about random discrete structures is broad, there are many fundamental and long-standing questions with respect to the two key characteristics. In particular, up to a small number of notable exceptions, several well-studied models undoubtedly exhibit phase transitions, but we are not able to understand them from a mathematical viewpoint nor to investigate their fine properties. The goal of the proposed project is to study some prominent open problems whose solution will improve significantly our general understanding of phase transitions and of the fine behaviour in random discrete structures. The objectives include the establishment of phase transitions in random constraint satisfaction problems and the analysis of the limiting distribution of central parameters, like the chromatic number in dense random graphs. All these problems are known to be difficult and fundamental, and the results of this project will open up new avenues for the study of random discrete objects, both sparse and dense.

Mots-clés : phase transitions,message passing algorithms,constraint satisfaction problems
Projet ERC : TEACHERSCAREERS (Horizon 2020, appel 2016, Starting grants)
Domaine scientifique : Social Sciences and Humanities
Panel : The Social World and Its Diversity
Entité participante : Université Catholique de Louvain — Pays : Belgique — Rôle : PI
Acronyme de l'entité : UCL
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 1498125.0 €

The teaching profession is central to a number of major issues concerning the possible futures of educational systems. The functioning of the profession suffers from low attractiveness, fragmentation, and teacher shortages. This proposal constitutes the first systematic comparative project in Europe aimed at understanding the role of the institutional dimensions affecting teachers’ careers and the teaching profession as a whole. It has four objectives: [1] to explain the nature of teacher policy over the last thirty years in different educational systems (Belgium, France and England); [2] to understand the changing status of the teaching profession and its impact on the diversification of the teaching workforce; [3] to analyse the processes by which teachers are allocated into increasingly diverse working and professional conditions; and [4] to model and predict teacher attrition and migration within a common but differentiated multilevel framework. This project will adopt a post-comparative mixed-method design organized around four work packages on teacher policy, supply, labour markets and mobility. It will combine five methods: policy analysis of teachers’ recruitment and careers; secondary data analyses of relevant national and international datasets on teacher supply and the profession’s attractiveness; a qualitative, in-depth study of three national labour-market spaces; multilevel multi-group analyses of original datasets on teacher mobility, and semi-structured interviews with non-entrants and early leavers. This project will produce new theoretical knowledge about labour markets for teachers and contribute to the reconceptualization of the nature of institutional change affecting educational systems in a society characterized by the progressive decline of nation states, increased interdependence between societal fields and the fragmentation of individual life spheres.

Mots-clés : teachers,institutional change,labour markets,teaching profession
Projet ERC : MANIFEST (Horizon 2020, appel 2020, Starting grants)
Domaine scientifique : Social Sciences and Humanities
Panel : Institutions, Governance and Legal Systems
Entité participante : Chalmers University of Technology — Pays : Suède — Rôle : PI
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 1424408.0 €

The technologies needed to decarbonize the electricity system are already commercially available. There are mathematical models of how these technologies can be deployed sufficiently fast and at a large enough scale to displace fossil fuels to meet climate targets. Yet there is no scientific method to evaluate whether these scenarios are feasible given the real world’s socio-political constraints. MANIFEST develops a new scientific understanding of socio-political feasibility of climate change mitigation that takes into account the context, actors and change over time. Theoretically, MANIFEST combines a definition of socio-political feasibility from political philosophy with the concept of causal mechanisms of energy transitions. Thus, I shift the thinking about the feasibility of climate change mitigation from its current focus on barriers and enablers to a dynamic and context sensitive view with space for actors and agency. Empirically, I focus on transitions in electricity supply including the expansion of low-carbon electricity and coal phase-out. I explore three areas which are critical for the feasibility of decarbonisation of electricity: (i) the role and capacities of international suppliers of electricity technologies, (ii) the competition between electricity technologies at the early stages of their introduction in emerging economies, and (iii) factors shaping the growth of low-carbon technologies and under what conditions they substitute carbon-intensive ones. Methodologically, I develop a new approach to assess the feasibility of climate solutions by constructing dynamic feasibility spaces which are a function of paths, contexts and actors. I test this approach by analysing national low-carbon electricity targets to determine whether states plan to accelerate decarbonisation beyond the current feasibility frontier. This dynamic feasibility space is a breakthrough in assessing the feasibility of national and global climate change mitigation solutions.

Mots-clés : energy transitions,climate change mitigation,low carbon scenarios,renewables