Data-Gouv-ML/pcri-erc-participations-et-projets-laureats huggingface dataset:
Projet ERC : Mideast Med (Horizon 2020, appel 2016, Consolidator grants)
Domaine scientifique : Social Sciences and Humanities
Panel : The study of the human past
Entité participante : Hebrew University of Jerusalem — Pays : Israël — Rôle : PI
Acronyme de l'entité : HUJI
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 1867181.0 €

The purpose of this project is to write a long-term regional history of medicine in the Middle East and North Africa from a transnational and multi-layered perspective. A regional approach will enable tracing both global influences and local specificities, while a long-term perspective (1830-1960) will allow tracing continuity and change from the late Ottoman Middle East through the colonial to the post-colonial periods. Combining archival and published sources in Arabic, French, English, Hebrew, English, German and Ottoman Turkish, it will offer a unique perspective into the formation of the modern Middle East. Research for this project will revolve around five main cores: First, the global context: global vectors of disease transmission, alongside the transmission of medical knowledge and expertise. Second, the international aspect: how international conventions and international bodies affected the region and were affected by it. Third, the regional flow of both health challenges and proposed solutions, the regional spread of epidemics and the formation of regional epistemic communities. Fourth, the colonial aspect, noting both inter- and intra-colonial influences, and the encounter between colonial bodies of knowledge and locally produced ones. Fifth, the role played by doctors in various national projects: the nahda, namely the Arabic literary revival from the mid-nineteenth century onwards; the Zionist project; Egyptian and Syrian interwar nationalism and, later, Arab nationalism. This project will portray an intersection between the corporal, the social, the cultural and the technological and trace these interconnections across time and space. Health, medicine and hygiene will be a prism through which to explore large processes, such as colonization and decolonization, national identity and state-building. The scientific development of medicine and the globalization of health-risks and medical knowledge in this period make medicine an ideal case study.
Projet ERC : Eurasia3angle (Horizon 2020, appel 2014, Consolidator grants)
Domaine scientifique : Social Sciences and Humanities
Panel : The Human Mind and Its Complexity
Entité participante : Max Planck Society — Pays : Allemagne — Rôle : PI
Acronyme de l'entité : MPG
Type d'entité : Recherche
Financement ERC de l'entité : 2000000.0 €

The question about the origin and dispersal of the Transeurasian languages (i.e. Japonic, Koreanic, Tungusic, Mongolic and Turkic) is one of the most disputed issues in linguistic history. Eurasia3angle will address this question from an interdisciplinary perspective. My key objective is to effectively synthesize linguistic, archaeological and genetic evidence in a single approach, for which I use the term "triangulation". To this end, my project will bring together a highly qualified interdisciplinary team of doctoral and postdoctoral researchers along with world-eminent experts, who will focus on testing the Farming/Language Dispersal Hypothesis for the Transeurasian languages. The FLDH attributes the dispersal of some of the world's major language families to the adoption of agriculture and subsequent population expansion, whereby the language of new farmers displaced that of preexisting hunter gatherers. In contrast to its application to the major language families in East Asia, the FLDH has not been tested yet for the Transeurasian languages. My research team will specifically investigate the hypothesis that the Transeurasian languages derive from a homeland in South Manchuria and that their early dispersal should be associated with the spread of cultivation of millet and beans. For this purpose, we will use advanced techniques recently introduced to the individual disciplines, such as the application of phylogenetic methods to linguistic classification, a focus on derivational morphology in the reconstruction of subsistence-related language, a matrix-based comparison of archaeological cultures and a model-based approach applied to genome-wide autosomal data. Converging these partial perspectives into a more holistic understanding of what really happened in the past is quite a challenge. However, if successful, this research will be a break-through in the investigation of human prehistory in general and in the long-standing Transeurasian debate in particular.

Mots-clés : computational phylogenetic linguistics,palaeolinguistics,palaeobotany,autosomal dna,triangulation,farming,language dispersal,transeurasian,altaic,japanese,korean,tungusic,mongolic,turkic
Projet ERC : MALEPREG (Horizon 2020, appel 2017, Starting grants)
Domaine scientifique : Life Science
Panel : Environmental Biology, Ecology and Evolution
Entité participante : GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel — Pays : Allemagne — Rôle : Partner
Acronyme de l'entité : IFM-GEOMAR
Type d'entité : Recherche
Financement ERC de l'entité : 855838.5 €

The question of how sex roles and parental investment have evolved belongs to the most controversial unresolved issues in evolutionary biology. The costliest form of reproduction regarding parental investment is viviparity. Its independent evolution in most vertebrate groups has required drastic morphological and genomic reorganisations in the sex bearing the young. Yet our knowledge is heavily biased towards mammals, where changes in the immune system and microbial composition are associated with pregnancy and placentation. Which factors have caused the selection and accompanied evolution of viviparity in other vertebrates remains severely understudied. As the evolution of viviparity is a textbook model of convergent evolution, I plan on using a comparative approach to identify selection and fitness benefits leading to the evolution of viviparity. I propose analysing mating system evolution, focusing on the unique evolution of male pregnancy in sex-role reversed syngnathids (pipefishes and seahorses) that show a gradient from external fertilisation to full viviparity and are, thus, ideal to study the evolution of viviparity. Only this genus allows the role of egg production and viviparity to be disentangled, as both traits co-occur in the female in most other species. As immunological tolerance is fundamentally associated with the evolution of pregnancy, I will investigate how male pregnancy has coevolved with adaptive immune system rearrangements and the broodpouch specific microbiota. Comparative genomics, transcriptomics and genetic engineering utilizing CRISPR/Cas9 will elucidate the genetic basis of trait loss and gain required for male pregnancy. In particular, I will assess whether new functions arose via gene duplication and neo-functionalization, via gene co-option or via de novo gene emergence. This proposal will pave the way for studying viviparity evolution beyond the mammalian model and will provide a fresh look at sex roles and parental investment.

Mots-clés : sex roles,parental investment,viviparity,immune system,microbiota,convergent evolution,male pregnancy,teleosts,pipefish,immunological tolerance
Projet ERC : HOTFLOW (Horizon 2020, appel 2016, Proof of concept grants)
Entité participante : Spanish National Research Council — Pays : Espagne — Rôle : PI
Acronyme de l'entité : CSIC
Type d'entité : Recherche
Financement ERC de l'entité : 149293.0 €

The rapid development of cost-effective and efficient biosensors has had a profound worldwide socioeconomic impact. Advances in the fields of microelectronics, materials science and nanotechnology have been vital to the implementation of enhanced sensing platforms aimed at providing alternatives to traditional analytical methods. Further, current sensing platforms are often slow, unreliable and expensive; in particular, when ultralow concentration detection is required. Although progress in the biosensors field typically focuses on clinical point-of-care diagnosis, a clear demand exists in areas such as food safety regulation, environmental policy, military and the arts, where time, cost, portability and ease-of-use of the device are critical. The grand aim of HOTFLOW is to develop an innovative, rapid, inexpensive, versatile and sensitive thermal transduction biosensor for the ultralow detection and quantification of relevant proteins such as tumoral markers. This novel sensing technology will use detection biomolecules linked to plasmonic gold nanoprisms which serve as thermal transducers by based on a lateral flow immunoassay and a “sandwich” recognition strategy with capture biomolecules immobilized on a dual-active nitrocellulose membrane support/thermosensitive paper that subsequently functions as photographic and tracing detection element. Although the ambitious thermal sensing device proposed here will be prototyped using simple analytes, this ERC POC project goes significantly beyond the current state-of-the-art in nanoplasmonics and biosensing by proposing the development and elaboration of an almost universal paper-based thermal sensing device. This technology will be implemented and validated by applying it to a specific problem, gastrointestinal cancer diagnosis.

Mots-clés : nanobiosensing,biosensor,photonics,nanoparticles,immunosensors,diagnosis
Projet ERC : TOPOQDot (Horizon 2020, appel 2016, Starting grants)
Domaine scientifique : Physical Sciences and Engineering
Panel : Condensed matter physics
Entité participante : Autonomous University of Madrid — Pays : Espagne — Rôle : PI
Acronyme de l'entité : UAM
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 1750625.0 €

The realization of a topological superconductor (TS) and of Majorana fermion (MF) quasiparticles promises to open new avenues towards decoherence-robust topological quantum computing. However, further developments in this direction, including the investigation of their topological properties, have been hindered by the lack of a fully conclusive demonstration. In setups based on 1D nanostructures, e.g. semiconductor nanowires and magnetic adatom chains, this is linked to the difficulty to unambiguously assign the main reported signatures, a zero-bias peak in Andreev conductance, to MF modes. This proposal aims to overcome these limitations by exploring an alternative approach in which a 1D TS is built from the bottom up. In particular, arrays of proximity-coupled semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) will be explored as a platform for emulating the Kitaev chain. Such an approach offers the advantage that the evolution of subgap states into MF modes is followed during the assembly of the TS, thereby providing conclusive evidence of their realization. It also enables to controllably adjust the chain parameters to their optimal values where the topological array is most robust. Recent work from the PI addressed in detail the single QD limit of these arrays, where important milestones have been reached. These include the demonstration of spin-polarized subgap states that are the atomic precursors of topological chains and MF modes, and of the precise electrical control over the parameters of proximity-coupled QDs. Here, the PI aims to take the subsequent steps and study the assembly of these building blocks into a 1D TS. The main goals will be to: i) study the hybridization of subgap states into molecular levels as well as the spinless superconducting pairing in double QDs. This will shed light on the mechanisms involved in the formation of arrays; ii) show conclusive signatures of MF quasiparticles in a topological triple QD array; iii) study properties of MF modes.
Projet ERC : 3DAddChip (Horizon 2020, appel 2018, Consolidator grants)
Domaine scientifique : Physical Sciences and Engineering
Panel : Products and processes engineering
Entité participante : Imperial College London — Pays : Royaume-Uni — Rôle : PI
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 1999968.0 €

The realization of “the internet of things” is inevitably constrained at the level of miniaturization that can be achieved in the electronic devices. A variety of technologies are now going through a process of miniaturization from micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) to biomedical sensors, and actuators. The ultimate goal is to combine several components in an individual multifunctional platform, realizing on-chip technology. Devices have to be constrained to small footprints and exhibit high performance. Thus, the miniaturization process requires the introduction of new manufacturing processes to fabricate devices in the 3D space over small areas. 3D printing via robocasting is emerging as a new manufacturing technique, which allows shaping virtually any materials from polymers to ceramic and metals into complex architectures. The goal of this research is to establish a 3D printing paradigm to produce miniaturized complex shape devices with diversified functions for on-chip technologies adaptable to “smart environment” such as flexible substrates, smart textiles and biomedical sensors. The elementary building blocks of the devices will be two-dimensional nanomaterials, which present unique optical, electrical, chemical and mechanical properties. The synergistic combination of the intrinsic characteristics of the 2D nanomaterials and the specific 3D architecture will enable advanced performance of the 3D printed objects. This research programme will demonstrate 3D miniaturized energy storage and energy conversion units fabricated with inks produced using a pilot plant. These units are essential components of any on-chip platform as they ensure energy autonomy via self-powering. Ultimately, this research will initiate new technologies based on miniaturized 3D devices.
Projet ERC : deepSLice (Horizon 2020, appel 2014, Advanced grants)
Domaine scientifique : Physical Sciences and Engineering
Panel : Earth system science
Entité participante : University of Bern — Pays : Suisse — Rôle : PI
Acronyme de l'entité : UB
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 2255788.0 €

The recent anthropogenic global warming makes a detailed understanding of coupling processes between climate and biogeochemical cycles of pressing importance. The atmospheric archive of air bubbles enclosed in polar ice cores provides the only direct record of greenhouse gas changes in the past, and the key to understanding the related changes in biogeochemical cycles and climate/greenhouse gas feedbacks. Crucial questions about greenhouse gas variability on very short (decadal) and very long (orbital) time scales still remain open. To answer these questions, the ice core community has proposed new drilling projects with the goal of nearly doubling the time span of the available ice core record to the last 1.5 million years and of covering the entire Holocene greenhouse gas record in unprecedented decadal resolution. These goals have one thing in common: due to glacier flow most of this record will only be found in a very thin layer in the bottom-most ice of the cores. Completely new analytical approaches are needed to unlock the atmospheric archive in this ice in order to gain high-resolution, high-precision measurements, while at the same time drastically reducing sample consumption compared to established techniques. The deepSLice project will make such a step change in ice core analytics by developing a novel coupled Continuous Sublimation Extraction-Quantum Cascade Laser Spectrometer system. It will allow us to simultaneously measure CO2, CH4 and N2O concentrations as well as the isotopic composition of CO2 on air samples of only 1-2 ml at standard pressure and temperature, reducing the required sample size by one order of magnitude. This non-destructive analysis will make it also possible for the complete air sample to be recollected after analysis and used for other measurements. This method will be applied to existing and new ice cores in order to study past changes in greenhouse gases and the underlying biogeochemical cycles in unparalleled detail.

Mots-clés : ice cores,carbon dioxide,methane,nitrous oxide
Projet ERC : Novel Calorimetry (Horizon 2020, appel 2014, Advanced grants)
Domaine scientifique : Physical Sciences and Engineering
Panel : Fundamental constituents of matter
Entité participante : Imperial College London — Pays : Royaume-Uni — Rôle : PI
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 3034107.0 €

The recent discovery of a Higgs boson by the ATLAS and CMS Collaborations at the Large Hadron Collider at CERN, Geneva, has undoubtedly opened a portal to widely expected new physics, anticipated to manifest itself in the Tera-electron-Volt range: the Terascale. New physics is needed to understand some of the deepest mysteries of our universe, that include its composition, where dark matter and dark energy seem to comprise 95% of its energy/matter density, and its evolution from the Big Bang to today, where we see much structure and where matter dominates over antimatter, and whether we live in more dimensions than the familiar four. Substantial improvements to the current experiments at the LHC are planned, and new experiments are being proposed or discussed at future new energy frontier accelerators to tackle these scientific issues. A key element of the improved and newer generation detectors is the use of very high performance calorimeters for the measurement of the energies of particles produced in the high-energy collisions at colliders. At the upgraded LHC these must operate in an unprecedentedly challenging experimental environment. This proposal deals with a novel, yet untested, high-risk approach to calorimetry that combines state of the art techniques so far only used independently either in charged particle tracking or conventional calorimeters. New technologies will have to be developed for such a ground-breaking calorimeter. These include very fine feature size, powerful, radiation hard electronics in emerging technologies using feature sizes of 130 nm or 65 nm; low-cost silicon sensors in the emerging technology using 8” silicon wafers, also in Europe; environmentally-friendly cooling technologies using liquid carbondioxide; high performance and fast decision making logic using new more powerful FPGA, all to be produced at an industrial scale.

Mots-clés : lhc cms calorimetry
Projet ERC : FORCEDMIGDEV (Horizon 2020, appel 2019, Starting grants)
Domaine scientifique : Social Sciences and Humanities
Panel : Individuals, Markets and Organisations
Entité participante : University of Oxford — Pays : Royaume-Uni — Rôle : Partner
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 103092.5 €

The recent forced migration crisis has reached an impressive magnitude: by 2016, 68.5 million individuals had been forcibly displaced by violence, conflict and natural disasters. This crisis is vastly concentrated in developing countries, which host 85% of the world’s displaced population. Nevertheless, we still know relatively little about the economic consequences of forced migration in these countries. FORCEDMIGDEV seeks to fill this gap. It is organised in complementary parts that analyse the two dimensions of forced migration – internal displacement and international migration (refugees) – which constitute very different economic phenomena. The first part develops a structural model to analyse the long-run impacts of refugee inflows in developing countries. The model is estimated and used to investigate the effects of the Syrian refugees in Turkey, the largest host country in the world. I am able to answer questions that are relevant for developing but also developed host countries. What are the distributional effects of refugee shocks? What are the welfare effects across regions? What are the effects of providing refugees with a legal status? The second part combines reduced-form and structural methods to investigate the effects of severe climate shocks on internal displacement and its impacts on economic development. I take advantage of unique data availability in Brazil to estimate the reduced-form effects of internal displacement on a broad array of outcomes at destination. I then move to develop a novel quantitative spatial model that captures the equilibrium effects in origin and destination regions, while accounting for congestion and agglomeration externalities and labour market frictions. I estimate the model and use it to assess the long-run, micro and macro effects of internal displacement in Brazil. This part lies on the under-explored intersection of climate and development economics, which has a large potential to open new avenues for future research.

Mots-clés : forced migration,economic development,informality
Projet ERC : PICOPROP4CT (Horizon 2020, appel 2017, Proof of concept grants)
Entité participante : Board of the Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology — Pays : Suisse — Rôle : PI
Acronyme de l'entité : ETH Zurich
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 150000.0 €

The reduction of radiation exposure in Computed Tomography (CT) remains a pressing medical need in radiology and a major growth opportunity for the medical imaging industry. As part of our ERC research, we have identified a novel method to produce crystalline, photo-sensitive nanowires. These nanowires show a remarkable sensitivity, nearing single-photon detection; about 100 times better than current detectors. This could cause a seismic shift in medical imaging as it will drastically increase the safety of CT and open up many new applications for CT as a modality. In this project, we will assess the commercial feasibility of this novel detector. As part of this study we will investigate the scalability of our technology and characteristics of the market and will develop and implement a sound business strategy.

Mots-clés : computed tomography,x ray detector,nanowires