Data-Gouv-ML/pcri-erc-participations-et-projets-laureats huggingface dataset:
Projet ERC : JustCity (Horizon 2020, appel 2019, Consolidator grants)
Domaine scientifique : Social Sciences and Humanities
Panel : Institutions, Governance and Legal Systems
Entité participante : University of Zurich — Pays : Suisse — Rôle : PI
Acronyme de l'entité : UZH
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 1775000.0 €

One of the most innovative, and historically most influential, notions in the Western debate about justice is the political theory of Cicero (106-43 BCE). This project examines the ways a Ciceronian conception of justice came to be used in political argument at specific inflection points in the history of political thought. Ciceronian justice, responding to the breakdown of order, marked a significant departure from earlier Greek theories of justice. Cicero’s law-centered views on justice, both within and between states, were conceived against moral skepticism and shaped the later history of Western political thought in crucial ways. Cicero’s contribution has been obscured by philological trends keen on crediting Cicero’s political and ethical thought to Greek predecessors, on the one hand, and by the recent historiography on republicanism on the other. Neither of these can answer satisfyingly why Cicero’s legalized conception of justice has impacted Western political theory so thoroughly. How and why did Cicero distinguish his notion of justice from his predecessors? How did his conception come to influence both theory and institutions of justice until the enlightenment and beyond? The project challenges conventional views by focusing on crucial crossroads Cicero’s conception of justice faced from its inception in the late Roman Republic to early modern Europe. Bringing an innovative focus on the longue durée to the topic and bringing together methodological tools from intellectual history, ancient history and philosophy, and legal history, the project provides a deep historical perspective of Cicero’s conception of justice and its later reception. This reinterpretation of the intellectual history of justice in the West reevaluates the historical logic of Ciceronian justice, showing how and why this theory of justice came to play a crucial role in the European heritage by harnessing the reception of classical antiquity to long-term intellectual history.

Mots-clés : cicero,carneades,augustine,lactantius,gentili,school of salamanca,theories of justice,private property,republicanism,roman political thought,roman law,legal history,intellectual history,classical reception,political theory
Projet ERC : NanoPD (Horizon 2020, appel 2016, Consolidator grants)
Domaine scientifique : Physical Sciences and Engineering
Panel : Physical and analytical chemical sciences
Entité participante : Imperial College London — Pays : Royaume-Uni — Rôle : PI
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 1997680.0 €

One of the most significant challenges facing the healthcare community is the accurate and selective detection and quantification of trace levels of analyte. This can have enormous impact with numerous application, especially in the context of biosensing, where applications can range from early stage detection of disease to the identification of new markers amongst others. These challenges are compounded when the analysis of real samples or even complex mixtures are required. To address this need, single molecule or near single molecule methods are currently being heavily pursued which allows for the discrimination of events with low copy numbers by removing the “clouding” associated with ensemble averaging. Although strategies for detecting single molecules have existed for a number of years, efficient and cost-effective label-free methods without the need for chemical modification are lacking especially when considering smaller molecules directly in unprocessed clinical samples. As part of this proposal, I intend to address this limitation by developing new strategies in single molecule nanoscale sensing which will be both highly sensitive and selective for improved therapeutics and diagnostics applications.

Mots-clés : single molecule sensing,nanopores,biosensors,parkinson s disease,dopamine,diagnostics
Projet ERC : COMMUTE (Horizon 2020, appel 2020, Advanced grants)
Domaine scientifique : Social Sciences and Humanities
Panel : Individuals, Markets and Organisations
Entité participante : University of London — Pays : Royaume-Uni — Rôle : PI
Acronyme de l'entité : U. London
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 1868235.0 €

One of the most striking empirical regularities is the huge divergence in economic activity both across and within countries. Within countries, this is most clearly illustrated by the vast differences in economic activity between cities and rural areas. Despite this first-order economic phenomenon, the study of the economics of cities has been a niche interest for much of the 20th century. This has changed recently with the arrival of data with a high level of spatial resolution for cities and key theoretical breakthroughs. In particular, Ahlfeldt, Redding, Sturm and Wolf (2015) and Heblich, Redding and Sturm (2020) develop an empirically tractable model of location choices in cities. They show how this model can be used to estimate the strength of agglomeration forces in cities and the effect of the construction of the railways on commuting flows and city growth. This project will take our understanding of the economics of cities to the next level by innovating along four different dimensions. First, the project will combine quantitative urban models that build on my prior work with extraordinary detailed register data covering every person in Denmark. Second, the project will develop a dynamic version of the current static models and structurally estimate this model with the information available in the Danish data. Third, the rich heterogeneity that can be observed in the Danish register data will make it possible to innovate on the current state of the art, which assumes ex-ante identical workers and a single output, and allow for worker and firm heterogeneity. Fourth, the modelling and empirical work will directly address questions of first-order policy relevance. These questions include evaluating the general equilibrium benefits of improvements in urban transport infrastructure, and the effect of height restrictions and other planning interventions on the growth and welfare of cities.

Mots-clés : urban economics,quantitative models,agglomeration forces,density
Projet ERC : EllipticPDE (Horizon 2020, appel 2018, Starting grants)
Domaine scientifique : Physical Sciences and Engineering
Panel : Mathematics
Entité participante : University of Barcelona — Pays : Espagne — Rôle : PI
Acronyme de l'entité : UB
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 950306.25 €

One of the oldest and most important questions in PDE theory is that of regularity. A classical example is Hilbert's XIXth problem (1900), solved by De Giorgi and Nash in 1956. During the second half of the XXth century, the regularity theory for elliptic and parabolic PDE's experienced a huge development, and many fundamental questions were answered by Caffarelli, Nirenberg, Krylov, Evans, Nadirashvili, Friedman, and many others. Still, there are problems of crucial importance that remain open. The aim of this project is to go significantly beyond the state of the art in some of the most important open questions in this context. In particular, three key objectives of the project are the following. First, to introduce new techniques to obtain fine description of singularities in nonlinear elliptic PDE's. Aside from its intrinsic interest, a good regularity theory for singular points is likely to provide insightful applications in other contexts. A second aim of the project is to establish generic regularity results for free boundaries and other PDE problems. The development of methods which would allow one to prove generic regularity results may be viewed as one of the greatest challenges not only for free boundary problems, but for PDE problems in general. Finally, the third main objective is to achieve a complete regularity theory for nonlinear elliptic PDE's that does not rely on monotonicity formulas. These three objectives, while seemingly different, are in fact deeply interrelated.

Mots-clés : elliptic pde,free boundaries
Projet ERC : DeepProton (Horizon 2020, appel 2020, Starting grants)
Domaine scientifique : Physical Sciences and Engineering
Panel : Physical and analytical chemical sciences
Entité participante : Uppsala University — Pays : Suède — Rôle : PI
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 1400600.0 €

One promising solution toward a sustainable society and a green economy is to use metal oxide-based materials. Metal oxides are a class of inorganic materials that have various energy and environmental applications such as heterogeneous catalyst, fuel cell, lithium-ion battery, supercapacitor, water treatment and antimicrobial application. Most metal oxides are synthesized as nanostructures which leads to unique properties and reduced economical costs. The very properties that make the metal oxide nanostructures attractive and indispensable in modern science and technology also cause an issue for the environment and human safety. In both the functioning and the degradation of metal oxide nanostructures, aqueous interface plays a vital role. The metal oxide-aqueous solution aqueous interface is electrified in working conditions due to acid-base chemistry and composed of protonic electric double layer. Given the importance of metal oxide surfaces in practical applications, surprisingly little is known about the relation between atomic structure of protonic double layer and the interfacial reactivity. This is largely due to the fact that our knowledge is mostly based on macroscopic observations such as current and concentration in electrochemistry and microscopic information of protonic double layer is difficult to be obtained in experiments. Therefore, developing a novel deep-learning empowered multi-scale modelling framework and providing a revolutionizing understanding at microscopic level of the functioning and degradation of electrified metal oxide nanostructures are the aims of this proposal. The outcome of this project will not only lead to the knowledge discovery about the impact of protonic electric double layer on porous metal oxide-based supercapacitors and on the degradation of metal oxide nanoparticles, but it will also propose useful design principles for synthesis and fabrication.

Mots-clés : electric double layer,surface chemistry,supercapacitor,dissolution,electric field,molecular dynamics,machine learning,density functional theory
Projet ERC : TUMOR-LOCK (Horizon 2020, appel 2020, Consolidator grants)
Domaine scientifique : Life Science
Panel : Physiology in Health, Disease and Ageing
Entité participante : Board of the Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology — Pays : Suisse — Rôle : PI
Acronyme de l'entité : ETH Zurich
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 1999995.0 €

One woman in eight is destined to develop breast cancer. All women that lose their battle against breast cancer vividly realize that its most deadly feature is not the primary lesion, but its ability to spread to distant sites and become an incurable, metastatic disease. In this proposal, we aim to address what is arguably the most ambitious challenge in the cancer field: metastasis prevention. Metastatic spread of cancer occurs through the generation and hematogenous dissemination of circulating tumor cells (CTCs). We recently discovered that CTCs are heterogeneous, and that CTC clusters – multicellular aggregates of cancer cells and immune cells in circulation – represent the most powerful mediators of disease spread (Szczerba et al., Nature, 2019; Gkountela et al., Cell, 2019). Post-intravasation biological and clinical features of CTCs are extensively interrogated, yet, surprisingly, the mechanisms that dictate their generation from a solid tumor lesion are unknown. Only a minimal fraction of cancer cells is capable to intravasate in functional blood vessels, while the vast majority of tumor cells will always remain in situ. Understanding the fundamental biological principles that govern CTC generation is of paramount importance, as it could lead to the development of new therapeutic agents that lock tumor cells in their primary site, thereby preventing metastasis. Our preliminary data strongly suggest that CTC generation is not occurring in a stochastic fashion, but it is dictated by very precise and previously-unappreciated signals. Based on these very exciting findings, the two predominant goals of this proposal are: first, to gain insights into those fundamental cell-autonomous and non-cell-autonomous mechanisms that govern CTC intravasation in vivo. Second, to identify actionable targets and direct treatment opportunities to lock tumor cells in situ and blunt CTC generation, with the long-term ambition to prevent the metastatic spread of breast cancer.

Mots-clés : breast cancer,circulating tumor cells,metastasis
Projet ERC : AI4Dignity (Horizon 2020, appel 2020, Proof of concept grants)
Domaine scientifique : Social Sciences and Humanities
Panel : Cultures and cultural production
Entité participante : Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München — Pays : Allemagne — Rôle : PI
Acronyme de l'entité : LMU
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 150000.0 €

Online hate speech and disinformation have emerged as a major problem for democratic societies worldwide. Governments, companies and civil society groups have responded to this phenomenon by increasingly turning to Artificial Intelligence (AI) as a tool that can detect, decelerate and remove online extreme speech. However, such efforts confront many challenges. One of the key challenges is the quality, scope, and inclusivity of training data sets. The second challenge is the lack of procedural guidelines and frameworks that can bring cultural contextualization to these systems. Lack of cultural contextualization has resulted in false positives, over-application and systemic bias. The ongoing ERC project has identified the need for a global comparative framework in AI-assisted solutions in order to address cultural variation, since there is no catch-all algorithm that can work for different contexts. Following this, the proposed project will address major challenges facing AI assisted extreme speech moderation by developing an innovative solution of collaborative bottom-up coding. The model, “AI4Dignity”, moves beyond keyword-based detection systems by pioneering a community-based classification approach. It identifies fact-checkers as critical human interlocutors who can bring cultural contextualization to AI-assisted speech moderation in a meaningful and feasible manner. AI4Dignity will be a significant step towards setting procedural benchmarks to operationalize “the human in the loop” principle and bring inclusive training datasets for AI systems tackling urgent issues of digital hate and disinformation.

Mots-clés : online hate speech,online extreme speech,artificial intelligence,collaborative ai,hate speech moderation,fact checking,disinformation,internet policy
Projet ERC : CriticalMaaS (Horizon 2020, appel 2018, Starting grants)
Domaine scientifique : Social Sciences and Humanities
Panel : Institutions, Governance and Legal Systems
Entité participante : Delft University of Technology — Pays : Pays-Bas — Rôle : PI
Acronyme de l'entité : TU Delft
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 1443250.0 €

Online marketplaces enable in the travel context the dynamic matching of supply and demand. The shared economy can revolutionize urban mobility by blurring the traditional division between private and public transport, shifting from an ownership model to Mobility as a Service (MaaS). Existing transport models are designed with the premise that transport consists of either fully scheduled and controlled fleets or individual privately owned vehicles. Since MaaS breaks the conventional division between individual (ownership) and collective (usage) travel alternatives, existing theories and models of travel behaviour, transport network and operations cannot explain the behavioural dynamics, interactions and evolution of both supply-side and demand-side of the marketplace. This research program develops and tests theories and models of transport network in the domain of two-sided mobility market. CriticalMaaS will produce a set of new behavioural models of traveller and supplier choices in transport marketplace settings. The supply- and demand-side dynamics and their interactions will be mathematically formalized and developed in both network flow distribution and agent-based modelling frameworks designed for the analysis of their co-evolution. Models will be used to study emerging patterns, transition phases and critical mass concepts by testing the conditions required for generating economies of scale in market adoption and evolution of MaaS. Models will be estimated and validated using a series of surveys, choice experiments, laboratory experiments, observed behavioural data from on-demand services, focus groups and interviews. The proposed research efforts will result with several theoretical and methodological breakthroughs in the field of transport modelling. In addition, the research program will make methodological and empirical contributions to the field of travel behaviour as well as insights into the dynamics of a two-sided (mobility) marketplace.

Mots-clés : transport modeling,travel behavior,mobility policy,transport network dynamics,agent based simulation
Projet ERC : AMDROMA (Horizon 2020, appel 2017, Advanced grants)
Domaine scientifique : Physical Sciences and Engineering
Panel : Computer science and informatics
Entité participante : Sapienza University of Rome — Pays : Italie — Rôle : PI
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 1780150.0 €

Online markets currently form an important share of the global economy. The Internet hosts classical markets (real-estate, stocks, e-commerce) as well allowing new markets with previously unknown features (web-based advertisement, viral marketing, digital goods, crowdsourcing, sharing economy). Algorithms play a central role in many decision processes involved in online markets. For example, algorithms run electronic auctions, trade stocks, adjusts prices dynamically, and harvest big data to provide economic information. Thus, it is of paramount importance to understand the algorithmic and mechanism design foundations of online markets. The algorithmic research issues that we consider involve algorithmic mechanism design, online and approximation algorithms, modelling uncertainty in online market design, and large-scale data analysisonline and approximation algorithms, large-scale optimization and data mining. The aim of this research project is to combine these fields to consider research questions that are central for today's Internet economy. We plan to apply these techniques so as to solve fundamental algorithmic problems motivated by web-basedInternet advertisement, Internet market designsharing economy, and crowdsourcingonline labour marketplaces. While my planned research is focussedcentered on foundational work with rigorous design and analysis of in algorithms and mechanismsic design and analysis, it will also include as an important component empirical validation on large-scale real-life datasets.

Mots-clés : algorithmic mechanism design,online and approximation algorithms,algorithmic data analysis,online markets,economics and computation
Projet ERC : VENUSCANCER (Horizon 2020, appel 2017, Consolidator grants)
Domaine scientifique : Life Science
Panel : Prevention, Diagnosis and Treatment of Human Diseases
Entité participante : University of London — Pays : Royaume-Uni — Rôle : PI
Acronyme de l'entité : U. London
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 1996483.0 €

Opening the World Cancer Congress in Paris in November 2016, President François Hollande insisted that women should be at the heart of cancer control, “because they are victims of inequality in access to prevention, treatment and screening in every country in the world.” Breast, ovarian and cervical cancers are a major public health problem world-wide. Each year, approximately 2.5 million women are diagnosed with one of these cancers, and 900,000 women die from them, mainly in low- and middle-income countries. The CONCORD programme for global surveillance of cancer survival reported striking differences in survival from these three cancers. Population-based cancer survival is a key measure of the overall effectiveness of health systems in dealing with cancer, from early diagnosis to comprehensive investigation and optimal treatment. I will exploit the CONCORD data base, as follows: • Access primary medical records in selected high- and low-income countries to collect more detailed data on stage at diagnosis, staging investigations, morphology, grade, prognostic bio-markers and treatment, for the most recent year during 2010-2014 for which data are available • Analyse the distributions of stage and treatment (“patterns of care”) • Estimate 1- and 5-year survival trends by stage, histological group and/or molecular subtype • Quantify inequalities in survival as the number of premature deaths that would be avoidable if survival in a given country (region) were equal to that in a neighbouring country with higher survival. This ground-breaking work will show that it is possible (a) to collect high-quality, complete clinical information at population level even in low- and middle-income countries; (b) to explain the striking inequalities in women’s cancer survival world-wide, and (c) to summarise these inequalities in a single number (avoidable deaths) as a powerful tool that motivates policymakers to reduce inequalities in survival.
Projet ERC : SPECTRODOT (Horizon 2020, appel 2018, Proof of concept grants)
Domaine scientifique : Physical Sciences and Engineering
Panel : Products and processes engineering
Entité participante : Institute of Photonic Sciences — Pays : Espagne — Rôle : PI
Acronyme de l'entité : ICFO;ICFO-CERCA
Type d'entité : Recherche
Financement ERC de l'entité : 150000.0 €

Optical Spectrometry is a powerful non-destructive, high throughput technique used extensively for threat and hazardous substance detection, food inspection, process and environmental monitoring and quality control amongst others. The market is fragmented into many niche markets, mainly due to the different wavelengths ranges of interest. Hybrid graphene-quantum dot photodetectors can enable versatile spectrometer covering the whole spectral range from UV to mid-IR. The main goal of SPECTRODOT is to develop a prototype low-cost, hand-held spectrometer with broadband range from 400 to 2500 nanometres.

Mots-clés : hand held,spectrometer,graphene,quantum dots,photodetector