Data-Gouv-ML/pcri-erc-participations-et-projets-laureats huggingface dataset:
Projet ERC : MaMBoQ (Horizon 2020, appel 2018, Starting grants)
Domaine scientifique : Physical Sciences and Engineering
Panel : Mathematics
Entité participante : Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati — Pays : Italie — Rôle : PI
Acronyme de l'entité : SISSA
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 943506.25 €

This project is devoted to the analysis of large quantum systems. It is divided in two parts: Part A focuses on the transport properties of interacting lattice models, while Part B concerns the derivation of effective evolution equations for many-body quantum systems. The common theme is the concept of emergent effective theory: simplified models capturing the macroscopic behavior of complex systems. Different systems might share the same effective theory, a phenomenon called universality. A central goal of mathematical physics is to validate these approximations, and to understand the emergence of universality from first principles. Part A: Transport in interacting condensed matter systems. I will study charge and spin transport in 2d systems, such as graphene and topological insulators. These materials attracted enormous interest, because of their remarkable conduction properties. Neglecting many-body interactions, some of these properties can be explained mathematically. In real samples, however, electrons do interact. In order to deal with such complex systems, physicists often rely on uncontrolled expansions, numerical methods, or formal mappings in exactly solvable models. The goal is to rigorously understand the effect of many-body interactions, and to explain the emergence of universality. Part B: Effective dynamics of interacting fermionic systems. I will work on the derivation of effective theories for interacting fermions, in suitable scaling regimes. In the last 18 years, there has been great progress on the rigorous validity of celebrated effective models, e.g. Hartree and Gross-Pitaevskii theory. A lot is known for interacting bosons, for the dynamics and for the equilibrium low energy properties. Much less is known for fermions. The goal is fill the gap by proving the validity of some well-known fermionic effective theories, such as Hartree-Fock and BCS theory in the mean-field scaling, and the quantum Boltzmann equation in the kinetic scaling.

Mots-clés : many body quantum mechanics,interacting quantum lattice models,effective evolution equations,quantum transport theory,renormalization group,topological insulators,universality
Projet ERC : JUSTEMOTIONS (Horizon 2020, appel 2017, Starting grants)
Domaine scientifique : Social Sciences and Humanities
Panel : The Social World and Its Diversity
Entité participante : Uppsala University — Pays : Suède — Rôle : PI
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 1455735.57 €

This project is the first comprehensive study of how objectivity is construed in different legal systems, in Sweden, Scotland, USA and Italy. Objectivity is operationalised as the applied emotive-cognitive process of judicial decision-making. This definition challenges the prevailing positivist legal notion of objectivity, which implies a separation of emotion/reason as opposites. Previous research has shown this dichotomy to be problematic; reason depends on emotions and ’feeling’ the consequences of alternative action is fundamental to form rational decisions. For legal actors this means that objective decision-making relies on emotional information and that sensibilities influence allocation of culpability. Through a comparative multi method qualitative design (court observations, shadowing, interviews and text analyses) we will follow criminal cases from prosecution, lower court, to the court of appeal focusing on: 1) The emotive-cognitive construction of objective decision-making; 2) Dimensions of encoding subjective lay narratives in a legal case into objective judicial categories; 3) Emotive-cognitive components of changed decisions. By contrasting the judicial decision-making process in different legal systems (common and civil criminal law) and in varying emotional regimes (e.g. subtle Swedish regime, outspoken American regime), we will dissect differences and similarities in the construction of objectivity in countries that all share the ideal of judicial dispassion. The project is path breaking by addressing problems with relying on a positivist notion of objectivity which tends to preclude legal actors from reflecting on how they do use emotions at work, thereby obscuring when personal sensibilities interfere with professional decisions. Since judicial objectivity serves as the quintessence of rational decision-making, this project will be of applied as well as theoretical relevance in the understanding of rational action outside of the legal context.

Mots-clés : objectivity,sociology of emotion,decision making,judge,prosecutor,criminal cases,empathy,emotional regime,rationality,power,qualitative design,international comparison,interdisciplinary
Projet ERC : QPAP (Horizon 2020, appel 2019, Advanced grants)
Domaine scientifique : Physical Sciences and Engineering
Panel : Fundamental constituents of matter
Entité participante : Lund University — Pays : Suède — Rôle : PI
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 2500000.0 €

This project lies at the crossing of attosecond science, photoionization of atoms and molecules and quantum optics. Progress in the performances of the attosecond sources, in particular regarding repetition rate, now enables us to perform photoionization studies of atoms and molecules using advanced coincidence/three dimensional momentum techniques. Adding an additional dimension, the phase, which is accessible by attosecond interferometric techniques, we will able to follow in time the quantum properties of the studied processes. The aim of the present application is to perform quantum optics experiments, not with photons as in conventional quantum optics, but with electron wave-packets created by absorption of attosecond light pulses. Our objectives are - to characterize and study in the time domain the quantum coherence of attosecond electron wavepackets, - to control quantum interferences of electron wavepackets using a small number of attosecond pulses and - to create and follow in time entangled two-electron attosecond wavepackets. The experiments will use advanced laser systems, attosecond sources and electron detectors. A unique 200-kHz repetition rate laser system based on optical parametric chirped pulse amplification technology, combined with an efficient attosecond source and a three-dimensional momentum electron detector will open the door to attosecond experiments where the kinematics of the light-matter interaction can be recorded. The success in achieving the above objectives will not only lead to a major leap forward in attosecond science and atomic and molecular physics in general; it might shed new lights in fundamental quantum physics, given the originality of the studied systems, attosecond electron wave packets and the versatility of the tools, providing four dimensional information (momentum and time) for multiple particles.

Mots-clés : attosecond pulses,photoionization,quantum physics,interferences,coherence,entanglement
Projet ERC : PETALO (Horizon 2020, appel 2017, Starting grants)
Domaine scientifique : Life Science
Panel : Prevention, Diagnosis and Treatment of Human Diseases
Entité participante : Spanish National Research Council — Pays : Espagne — Rôle : Partner
Acronyme de l'entité : CSIC
Type d'entité : Recherche
Financement ERC de l'entité : 224856.25 €

This project presents a new technology for detectors used in positron emission tomography (PET), based on liquid xenon instead of current scintillator crystals. The basic element is a liquid xenon scintillating cell, with its size optimized to maximize the number of gammas that interact in the cell. Silicon photomultipliers read out by low power, low noise customized integrated circuits for time of flight applications will be used as sensors. Xenon is a noble gas which scintillates as response to ionizing radiation. Scintillation is very fast and intense, which results in the possibility of building a PET of good energy and spatial resolution and excellent time resolution. This, in turn, makes possible the measurement of the time-of-flight (TOF), which increases the sensitivity of the detector. Recently, the PI has published a Monte Carlo study of the coincidence resolving time that can be achieved by the PETALO technology, obtaining the promising result of less than 100 ps FWHM, which would be a break-through in the PET scanner field. The low cost of liquid xenon compared to conventional scintillating crystals opens two possible applications: one one hand, a full body PET reducing the cost and with an already better performance than the current technology; on the other hand, a smaller brain scanner, optimized to maximize the improvement in the performance with TOF measurements. This project will demonstrate the technological and commercial feasibility of the proposed technology. For this purpose, first a set of prototypes with two cells will be built to evaluate the resulting performance of the PETALO technology using different kinds of photosensors (UV light sensitive SiPMs versus conventional ones coated with a wavelength shifter). In a second phase, a full ring of the dimensions of a brain scanner will be built, using the technology that has performed better according to the results of this first phase.
Projet ERC : ENPMUC (Horizon 2020, appel 2017, Advanced grants)
Domaine scientifique : Social Sciences and Humanities
Panel : The study of the human past
Entité participante : Aix-Marseille Université — Pays : France — Rôle : PI
Acronyme de l'entité : amU
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 2500000.0 €

This project proposes a step-change in the study of modern China reliant upon scalable data-rich history. It will deliver precise historical information at an unprecedented scale from heretofore untapped sources - as well as reshaping the analysis of existing sources - to create a new dimension in the study of the transformation of elites in modern China. It will deploy an array of cutting-edge digital methods — including data mining, sampling, and analysis within an integrated virtual research environment. To establish the validity of this approach, the project focuses on the three urban areas (Shanghai, Beijing/Tianjin, Canton/Hong Kong) that had the most profound impact on the course of modern Chinese history. Starting from the mid-19th century, the narrow elite of Confucian-trained scholar-officials that had ruled the country for a millenium was finally swept away. Power and social prestige shifted to socially more diversified groups of Chinese and foreigners who operated within interlocked transnational networks. The project will challenge the China-centered and group-based approach dominant in the historical literature of the past two decades. The project envisions elites in urban China as actors whose status, position, and practices were shaped by the power configurations that developed over time and whose actions through institutions and informal/formal networks in turn were a determining factor in redrawing social and political boundaries. The project will place the emphasis on the networks through which information, capital, and individuals circulated. It will investigate the transnationalization of elites as a process that overstepped the limits of institutions and nation states. The key issue that the project will address is breaking through existing limits of access to historical information that is embedded in complex sources and its transformation into refined, re-usable and sustainable data for contemporary and future study of modern China.

Mots-clés : china,urban history,elites,networks,cities,spatial analysis,digital methods,data mining,text analysis
Projet ERC : STATE (Horizon 2020, appel 2015, Starting grants)
Domaine scientifique : Social Sciences and Humanities
Panel : The study of the human past
Entité participante : Ghent University — Pays : Belgique — Rôle : PI
Acronyme de l'entité : UGent
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 1496875.0 €

This project pursues a new interpretation of state formation in Western Europe between 1300 and 1600. This period is considered as the key phase in the genesis of the modern state, as various polities now centralized fiscal and military resources under their command. While there is debate whether this was primarily a top-down process carried by princes, or a bottom-up process carried by popular representation, scholars agree that state building was exclusively a process of centralization. This assumption must be questioned, as recent studies have raised awkward questions that cannot be answered by the current paradigm. The research hypothesis is that the emerging states of Western Europe could only acquire sufficient support among established elites if they also decentralized much of their legal authority through a process in which princes created a growing number of privately owned seigneuries as “states-within-states” for the benefit of elites who in return contributed to state building. This project will study the interplay between states and seigneurial elites in five regions – Flanders, Guelders, Normandy, Languedoc and Warwickshire – to test whether fiscal and military centralization was facilitated by a progressively confederal organization of government. Together, the case studies cover four key variables that shaped the relations between princes and power elites in different combinations all over Europe. It concerns different trajectories in 1) state formation, 2) urbanization, 3) the socio-economic organization of rural society and 4) ideological dissent. As a result, the comparisons between the case studies will yield an analytical framework to chart and to explain path-dependency. The project will put the social history of power in Western Europe on a new, improved footing and provide the methodological innovation that is necessary to integrate the political history of Western Europe between1300-1600 with that of Central- and Eastern Europe.

Mots-clés : state formation,elites,seigneurial lordship,social history of power
Projet ERC : DYNMECH (Horizon 2020, appel 2016, Starting grants)
Domaine scientifique : Social Sciences and Humanities
Panel : Individuals, Markets and Organisations
Entité participante : Fondation Jean-Jacques Laffont - Toulouse sciences économiques — Pays : France — Rôle : Partner
Acronyme de l'entité : JJL-TSE
Type d'entité : Recherche
Financement ERC de l'entité : 514895.84 €

This project studies dynamic mechanisms. By “dynamic mechanisms”, we mean policies to which a principal (e.g., a seller, an employer, or a regulator) can commit to induce the agents (e.g., buyers, employees, or regulated firms) to take the desired actions over time. Several components of the project are envisaged: - Competition in dynamic mechanisms. o I propose a competitive setting in which agents (e.g., buyers or workers) learn about the offers of different principals over time. Agents may receive more than one offer at a time, leading to direct competition between mechanisms. Received offers are agents’ private information, permitting strategic delay of acceptance (for instance, an agent may want to wait to evaluate new offers that received in the future). - Robust predictions for a rich class of stochastic processes. o We study optimal dynamic mechanisms for agents whose preferences evolve stochastically with time. We develop an approach to partially characterizing these mechanisms which (unlike virtually all of the existing literature) does not depend on ad-hoc restrictions on the stochastic process for preferences. - Efficient bilateral trade with budget balance: dynamic arrival of traders o I study bilateral trade with budget balance, when traders (i) arrive over time, and (ii) have preferences which evolve stochastically with time. The project aims at an impossibility result in this setting: contrary to the existing literature which does not account for dynamic arrivals, budget-balanced efficient trade is typically impossible, even for very patient traders. - Pre-event ticket sales and complementary investments o We provide a rationale for the early allocation of capacity to customers for events such as flights and concerts based on customers’ demand for pre-event complementary investments (such as booking a hotel or a babysitter). We examine efficient and profit-maximizing mechanisms.

Mots-clés : dynamic mechanism design,competition,changing preferences,bilateral trade,matching,durable goods,dynamic arrivals
Projet ERC : DYNMECH (Horizon 2020, appel 2016, Starting grants)
Domaine scientifique : Social Sciences and Humanities
Panel : Individuals, Markets and Organisations
Entité participante : University of Essex — Pays : Royaume-Uni — Rôle : PI
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 520270.82 €

This project studies dynamic mechanisms. By “dynamic mechanisms”, we mean policies to which a principal (e.g., a seller, an employer, or a regulator) can commit to induce the agents (e.g., buyers, employees, or regulated firms) to take the desired actions over time. Several components of the project are envisaged: - Competition in dynamic mechanisms. o I propose a competitive setting in which agents (e.g., buyers or workers) learn about the offers of different principals over time. Agents may receive more than one offer at a time, leading to direct competition between mechanisms. Received offers are agents’ private information, permitting strategic delay of acceptance (for instance, an agent may want to wait to evaluate new offers that received in the future). - Robust predictions for a rich class of stochastic processes. o We study optimal dynamic mechanisms for agents whose preferences evolve stochastically with time. We develop an approach to partially characterizing these mechanisms which (unlike virtually all of the existing literature) does not depend on ad-hoc restrictions on the stochastic process for preferences. - Efficient bilateral trade with budget balance: dynamic arrival of traders o I study bilateral trade with budget balance, when traders (i) arrive over time, and (ii) have preferences which evolve stochastically with time. The project aims at an impossibility result in this setting: contrary to the existing literature which does not account for dynamic arrivals, budget-balanced efficient trade is typically impossible, even for very patient traders. - Pre-event ticket sales and complementary investments o We provide a rationale for the early allocation of capacity to customers for events such as flights and concerts based on customers’ demand for pre-event complementary investments (such as booking a hotel or a babysitter). We examine efficient and profit-maximizing mechanisms.

Mots-clés : dynamic mechanism design,competition,changing preferences,bilateral trade,matching,durable goods,dynamic arrivals
Projet ERC : LAWHA (Horizon 2020, appel 2019, Starting grants)
Domaine scientifique : Social Sciences and Humanities
Panel : Cultures and cultural production
Entité participante : Max Weber Stiftung - Deutsche Geisteswissenschaftliche Institute im Ausland — Pays : Allemagne — Rôle : PI
Acronyme de l'entité : MWS;MWS-DGIA
Type d'entité : Recherche
Financement ERC de l'entité : 1332236.16 €

This project takes an ambitious approach to investigating the trajectories of artists and their works in and from Lebanon since its independence in 1943. In the absence of an institutionalised local art history, artists are often stereotyped according to the agendas of labelling institutions. The project proposes a shift of perspective in approaching Lebanon’s art world by placing emphasis on the multi-dimensionality of artists’ individual trajectories. It investigates (1) the forces that have shaped the emergence of a professional field of art in their local, regional and global contexts, (2) how to rethink the impact of the political, social and economic environment on the art world and its protagonists, Lebanon often being defined by its experience of violence and conflict, (3) how artists are represented in relation to the nation, and (4) how the trajectories of individuals shape the field. The focus will be on artists in and from Lebanon using the forms of painting (Arabic: lawha), sculpture and new media art. The specificity of Lebanon’s history after gaining independence from France in 1943 makes it particularly worthwhile to study the power-relations between artists and institutions at home and abroad. The project’s objectives are to (1) develop a new approach to rethink artistic production from a cultural-political perspective while placing the trajectory of artists and their works at the centre, (2) re-evaluate the impact of war and migration on a country’s artistic production, (3) build a collaborative digital platform and database (DDP) to create a central and open-access repository and innovative tool for future research and preserving Lebanon's cultural heritage, and (4) to connect the scientific cultures of academic research and museums/art institutions. The project’s five thematic clusters and DDP will identify new methods on how to interrelate context and artistic production, serving as a model for revisiting art histories in post-colonial contexts.

Mots-clés : cultural policies,arts education,art market,global art history
Projet ERC : ImmunityByPairDesign (Horizon 2020, appel 2014, Advanced grants)
Domaine scientifique : Life Science
Panel : Biotechnology and Biosystems Engineering
Entité participante : Sainsbury Laboratory — Pays : Royaume-Uni — Rôle : PI
Acronyme de l'entité : TSL
Type d'entité : Recherche
Financement ERC de l'entité : 1972649.0 €

This project will (1) reveal design principles of paired immune receptor complexes and (2) elevate plant disease resistance by enabling design of immune receptors with new recognition capacities. Plant immunity is triggered upon pathogen detection by dedicated immune receptors. Like animal Nod-like receptors (NLRs), plant immune receptors have a modular structure and can work in pairs, both of which are required for defence activation upon recognition of specific pathogen proteins. How such intracellular immune receptor complexes activate defence solely upon recognition of microbial molecules is poorly understood. Using novel high risk/high gain methods such as domain/domain cross-linking with mass spectrometry (XL-MS) and cryo-electron microscopy, as well as X-ray crystallography, genetics and cell biology, we will define at a structural level the domain/domain interactions within an immune receptor complex, and how these change upon pathogen perception. The Arabidopsis RPS4/RRS1 immune receptor acts in the cell nucleus to detect when pathogen effectors target WRKY transcription factors, converting effector interactions with the RRS1 WRKY domain into defence activation via RPS4. We will reveal the intra-molecular reconfigurations required for signalling and thus tackle a problem of broad significance, both for immune receptors, and for other intracellular receptors that are activated by ligand-dependent release from negative regulation. We will also create and test derivatives of RPS4/RRS1 or related complexes that are designed to respond to effectors that target other host protein domains. As Richard Feynman said, “What I cannot create, I do not understand”. By designing immune receptors to recognize other pathogen effectors, we will test models of how plant immune receptors activate defence, but only upon effector recognition. This second objective is ambitious and high risk/high gain, but potentially game-changing for crop disease control.

Mots-clés : plant disease resistance,immune receptors,receptor biology,pathogens,pathogen effectors