Data-Gouv-ML/pcri-erc-participations-et-projets-laureats huggingface dataset:
Projet ERC : KNOW-HOW (Horizon Europe, appel 2024, Advanced grants)
Domaine scientifique : Social Sciences and Humanities
Panel : Texts and Concepts
Entité participante : Université de Glasgow — Pays : Royaume-Uni — Rôle : PI
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 2480625.0 €

Knowing what is true is valuable, but practical knowledge – knowledge how to do things – is equally critical. Having such ‘know-how’ enables us to succeed in action, and achieve our goals. Currently, little consensus exists across philosophical and empirical disciplines about the nature of know-how and what is involved in exercising it. Research results are siloed across epistemology, action theory, philosophy of language, and cognitive science, and fundamental disagreement persists about whether research questions about know-how primarily concern cognitive processes or behavioral manifestations. These theoretical barriers hinder our ability to recognize and utilize know-how effectively.  KNOW-HOW aims to make a major advance here by developing a comprehensive framework for understanding know-how and its place in a wider web of concepts we rely on to understand and describe intelligent behavior across a range of activities we care about and depend on. A novel hypothesis to be explored is that know-how disposes us not just to success but to creditworthy control. This control, it is proposed, takes a theoretically unified form in both intentional action and judgment, revealing how know-how enhances performance in a structurally symmetrical way when we deliberate and when we act. With minimal metaphysical commitments, the framework applies to both biological and artificial intelligence, avoiding ad hoc explanations and preserving theoretical unification across areas of philosophy that have yet to benefit from each other's shared resources. KNOW-HOW will put our understanding of know-how on a new footing, impacting academic research across disciplines.

Mots-clés : virtue epistemology know how intentional action practical knowledge action theory epistemology of know how epistemic normativity
Projet ERC : RaRiE (Horizon Europe, appel 2024, Advanced grants)
Domaine scientifique : Social Sciences and Humanities
Panel : Institutions, Governance and Legal Systems
Entité participante : Université de Glasgow — Pays : Royaume-Uni — Rôle : PI
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 1371637.5 €

Until recently, the study of penal systems has focused mainly on their most severe or repressive features, but these systems often do great harm when aiming to do good, not least by expanding the scale, reach and intensity of penal control. For example, recent research suggests that ‘rehabilitation’ has become focused on managing risks rather than enabling reintegration and that, in consequence, it often hurts and harms those that it claims to help. By examining evidence from three countries that are often considered ‘progressive’ (the Netherlands, Norway and Scotland), the RaRiE project will help us better understand whether and where rehabilitation lives up to its ideals, and to creatively, critically and comparatively interrogate its development and prospects, its coherences and contradictions, its rhetoric and its realities, its pitfalls and its possibilities. Through a new approach that I call Dialogical Comparative Penology (DCP), building on the interdisciplinary approaches that I have used in a series of innovative, high-impact research projects, RaRiE will provide a uniquely comprehensive analysis of the nature and impact of rehabilitation in these three nations. It will also develop new tools and metrics for critically assessing rehabilitative systems and practices, to better direct their future development. In and through dialogue with policymakers, senior leaders in prison and probation systems, practitioners, activists and people with lived experience of rehabilitation, RaRiE will help to improve the fairness and effectiveness of European penal systems. RaRiE’s ambition -- the ‘step-change’ it offers – lies both in developing a new approach to comparative penology, and in using that new approach to reshape how rehabilitation is understood and developed in Europe.

Mots-clés : criminology,penology,criminal justice,corrections,punishment,rehabilitation,reintegration
Projet ERC : MemoryIndex (Horizon Europe, appel 2024, Advanced grants)
Domaine scientifique : Social Sciences and Humanities
Panel : The Human Mind and Its Compl exity
Entité participante : Université de Glasgow — Pays : Royaume-Uni — Rôle : PI
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 2012224.5 €

Episodic memories make us who we are, yet how these memories are coded in the human brain remains an open question. We know that the human hippocampus is essential for turning unique experiences into memory episodes, such as a memory from the last concert you have attended. We also know that the human hippocampus has two types of neurons that could be critical for coding such episodic memories. These are Concept Cells, which store general semantic concepts (i.e. the artist, or the location where the concert was), and Episode Specific Neurons, which hold together all the elements that belong to an episode (i.e. seeing Taylor Swift performing in Edinburgh). Concept cells, which are well-known, represent a context invariant and highly abstract code for certain elements that matter to us, such as a certain place, or a certain person. In contrast, Episodic Specific Neurons, which have only recently been observed, represent a conjunctive code that uniquely identifies individual episodes. However, how these two types of neural codes are used by the hippocampus to code episodic memories is unclear. Specifically, we don’t know whether and how Episode Specific Neurons and Concept Cells interact with each other and with the neocortex. We don’t know where in the hippocampus they are, how they are allocated to code for a memory, and whether they are causally relevant for human episodic memory. The aim of MemoryIndex is to answer these questions via testing computationally motivated hypotheses in a multimodal project using a unique combination of human single neuron recordings, ultra-high field fMRI and invasive electrical stimulation. The results of this project will critically advance our understanding of the fundamental coding mechanisms that the human hippocampus uses for storing episodic memories. These findings could potentially pave the way for developing a neural prosthesis to restore memory function in patients.

Mots-clés : episodic memory,hippocampus,human single neurons
Projet ERC : CIRCAMET (Horizon Europe, appel 2023, Advanced grants)
Domaine scientifique : Life Science
Panel : Physiology in Health, Disease and Ageing
Entité participante : Institut Karolinska — Pays : Suède — Rôle : PI
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 1750000.0 €

Type 2 diabetes is a global epidemic, with prevalence of >500 million. The current obesogenic environment, favoring high caloric foods and physical inactivity, is a major driver of this epidemic. An evolutionarily conserved mechanism by which environmental factors impact whole body physiology is through internal biological clocks and the control of circadian rhythms. This machinery is a transcription/translation feedback loop that anticipates day/night cycles to optimize organismal physiology. However, the underlying mechanisms regulating metabolic rhythmicity and its role in type 2 diabetes pathogenesis remain enigmatic. Cellular energy sensors relay information about the environment to the circadian clock machinery, but the extent to which this biology can be modified to improve systemic metabolism is unknown. We will uncover mechanisms that underpin the relationship between the circadian clock, energy sensors, and metabolism and their dysfunction in type 2 diabetes. Our overarching hypothesis is that synchronizing energetic stressors to the molecular circadian clock may maximize the health benefits on metabolism. We will elucidate the mechanism by which the timing of energetic stressors acts on peripheral tissues controlling energy homeostasis. We will study temporal dynamics of cell and organ physiology, rather than snapshots in time. We will integrate “omics” analyses with rigorous physiological phenotyping of genetically modified mouse models, and clinical investigations in people with type 2 diabetes to temporally resolve dynamic networks of transcription, protein signaling, and metabolites, which synchronously control metabolism. In doing so, we will come closer to understanding the dynamic changes that occur with metabolic dysfunction. The work has the potential to make a breakthrough in clarifying underlying mechanisms for molecular regulation of metabolic rhythmicity, how this is perturbed in type 2 diabetes, and ultimately, insight into new treatments.

Mots-clés : circadian biology,type 2 diabetes,insulin resistance,endocrinology
Projet ERC : NextReason (Horizon Europe, appel 2024, Advanced grants)
Domaine scientifique : Physical Sciences and Engineering
Panel : Computer Science and Informatics
Entité participante : Ai4reason zu — Pays : Rép. Tchèque — Rôle : Partner
Type d'entité : Recherche
Financement ERC de l'entité : 599057.0 €

Galileo said that mathematics is the language of science. It is used to solve arbitrary abstract problems, underpinning hard sciences, technology and engineering. Automation of complex mathematical reasoning, discovery and large-scale formal proofs is today one of the greatest challenges in the fields of Automated Reasoning (AR) and Artificial Intelligence (AI). Compared to human experts, today’s main automated reasoning and theorem proving paradigms are severely one-sided: they largely lack the capability to combine learning, reasoning and conjecturing in complex feedback loops. There is solid evidence that such combinations are the key to building the next generation of advanced reasoning systems for mathematics, computer-assisted proof and formal verification.  The NextReason project will create one of the world’s strongest teams working on such combinations. We will jointly develop (i) logic-aware learning architectures and neuro-symbolic methods for a range of automated and interactive theorem proving paradigms, (ii) novel AI approaches for learning-guided automated decomposition of hard reasoning problems, (iii) methods for automated formalization of human-written mathematics by combining learning-based translation methods with semantic methods such as type-checking and theorem proving, (iv) neuro-symbolic methods for synthesis of interesting mathematical objects, conjectures and explanations, and (v) autonomous systems and positive feedback loops interleaving learning, theory exploration and efficiently guided proof search to attack hard and open problems.  The expected overall outcome is a new generation of strong architectures for reasoning and theorem proving, and their transformative effect on large-scale computer-assisted proof, mathematics and formal verification.

Mots-clés : automated reasoning,automated theorem proving,interactive theorem proving,formal proof,automating mathematics,formalized mathematics,ai and theorem proving
Projet ERC : ZAMBEZI (Horizon Europe, appel 2024, Advanced grants)
Domaine scientifique : Social Sciences and Humanities
Panel : The Study of the Human Past
Entité participante : Université de York — Pays : Royaume-Uni — Rôle : PI
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 2446428.0 €

ZAMBEZI introduces a radical new precolonial history of an African region in the Middle Zambezi Valley. The project explores the site of Ingombe Ilede in Zambia and its regional setting, using a nested methodology offering three levels of innovation: (1) deep understanding of a crucial but under-explored site; (2) pioneering methodologies offering unique detail on human settlement and mobility; and (3) a transformative view of the African past derived from an exploration of diversity and contingency.  Rescue excavations at Ingombe Ilede in 1960 captured attention due to the discovery of rich burials suggesting the existence of a wealthy elite; the materials illuminate resource networks from the Copperbelt to the eastern African coast. The richest period was contemporary with 15th/16th century Portuguese colonial intrusion, and thus Ingombe Ilede has a story to tell that encompasses the socio-economic landscape of the precolonial Zambezi, as well as the emergence of a local elite during a moment of global encounter.  Building on the expertise of the PI in constructing human-scale archaeological histories through combined methods, the project will apply an ambitious methodology combining established techniques and new technologies to create detailed life histories and diachronic understandings of settlement and society. The project will produce a microhistory with the capacity to transform our understanding of macro-histories of this region, highlighting emergent cultural forms that stem from mobility and encounter. Detailed, human-level stories about African societies are urgently needed, as the building blocks of our explorations of the global past. ZAMBEZI offers a unique opportunity to tell a new story about the African past, beyond narratives of migration or the emergence of single central places, focusing rather on the histories of local societies and economies, craft producers, and the way they forged forms of power and status on the eve of colonial expansion.

Mots-clés : african archaeology global entanglements zambezi zambia portuguese colonialism
Projet ERC : CALIX (Horizon Europe, appel 2024, Advanced grants)
Domaine scientifique : Physical Sciences and Engineering
Panel : Earth System Science
Entité participante : Université de Northumbria — Pays : Royaume-Uni — Rôle : Partner
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 60220.0 €

Global sea levels will continue to rise as ice sheets shrink in response to climate change, but predictions vary widely on how much ice will be lost in different carbon futures. The single largest source of uncertainty is iceberg calving rates. Calving can cause more rapid ice loss than any other process, but no reliable method currently exists for representing calving in numerical models. CALIX seeks to find and apply the elusive universal calving law, by adopting a radical new approach based on the self-organising nature of glacier systems. The calving law will be formulated using bulk statistical properties of calving events, and will be rooted in both detailed observations and sound theory. The calving law will be implemented in leading ice-sheet models, throughly tested, and used in model run ensembles to determine the most-probable Antarctic Ice Sheet contribution to sea level into the 22nd Century under different mitigation and business-as-usual carbon scenarios. CALIX will address a major knowledge gap in glacier science, and will revolutionise our ability to understand ice-sheet stability, predict ice-sheet response to climate change and anticipate the global consequences.

Mots-clés : ice sheet model,iceberg calving,calving law,greenland,antarctic ice sheet
Projet ERC : PHAERO (Horizon Europe, appel 2024, Advanced grants)
Domaine scientifique : Physical Sciences and Engineering
Panel : Physical and Analytical Chemical Sciences
Entité participante : Université de Bristol — Pays : Royaume-Uni — Rôle : PI
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 3197095.0 €

Much of the current discussion of the causes of global warming and mitigation of its impacts focuses on greenhouse gas emissions and net-zero CO2 targets. However, atmospheric aerosols also contribute significantly, and in ways that remain more poorly quantified, to the radiative balance that determines Earth’s climate. The PHAERO project addresses a major gap in our knowledge of the sunlight-driven photochemistry of organic aerosol particles in the lower atmosphere. For the first time, PHAERO will apply cutting-edge time-resolved spectroscopy and mass spectrometry methods to explore directly the photochemistry of organic compounds dissolved in aqueous aerosol droplets with picolitre volumes, and with femtosecond to microsecond time resolution. The chosen organic compounds represent chemical species proposed to be responsible for organic aerosol growth, as well as those present in brown-carbon aerosol particles formed by the burning of plants and trees, for example in wildfires and agricultural land clearance. This project is timely because of the increasing incidences worldwide of such fires and their associated emissions of particulate matter, as exemplified by poor air quality in many cities and major fires in Europe, north America and the Arctic. PHAERO will explore how the photochemical pathways of atmospherically important organic molecules are changed by confinement in micron-dimension aqueous aerosol droplets, for example through solute accumulation at the water-air interface, supersaturated concentrations in evaporating aerosols, and inhibited diffusion in viscous aerosol particles. The outcomes will advance our understanding of climate science and air quality. Applying the same methods to the photochemistry of droplets containing molecules of biological importance, the project will also provide new insights into the UV-induced degradation of the molecular components of pathogens in exhaled respiratory droplets by sunlight or germicidal UVC radiation.

Mots-clés : ultrafast spectroscopy,organic aerosol,brown carbon aerosol,organic photochemistry,aqueous droplets,atmospheric chemistry
Projet ERC : ANSOC (Horizon Europe, appel 2021, Advanced grants)
Domaine scientifique : Social Sciences and Humanities
Panel : The Study of the Human Past
Entité participante : Université de Bristol — Pays : Royaume-Uni — Rôle : Partner
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 653452.5 €

This project will create a new vision of Bronze Age ontologies by exploring the role of animals as active participants in Bronze Age social worlds. The impact of contemporary Capitalist ideology on archaeological understanding of the European Bronze Age has been profound. Dominant narratives describe a world in which economic intensification, the accumulation of wealth and the emergence of chiefly hierarchies were predicated on the objectification of the ‘other’. This project will critically re-evaluate models that view animals as objects of exploitation. Drawing on work in animal studies that highlights how living with animals involves intimate interaction and interdependency, it will investigate the intertwining of human and animal identities, and will consider how the social and cultural significance of animals affected how they were farmed, managed and consumed. The appearance of field-systems and houses incorporating byres for cattle indicates major changes in animal management in the Bronze Age. Yet, animal iconography and the presence of animal remains in graves and votive deposits suggest that animals had cultural significance. The project will bring together contextual, zooarchaeological, isotope, organic residue and aDNA analysis to investigate human-animal sociality, examining herd management; patterns of human-animal interaction; animal mobility and exchange; the role of animals in feasting and ritual; and their location in cultural taxonomies. By examining the ontological position of animals not as passive objects but as active subjects, this project will radically reframe the theoretical basis on which wider interpretations of the Bronze Age are based, including how political authority, gender relations and economic activities were structured. By illuminating alternate modalities of power and agency, and different ways of living with non-human others, it will also contribute to current debates around issues such as sustainability in the present.

Mots-clés : bronze age,animals,depositional practice,settlement,landscape,zooarchaeology,adna,isotope analysis
Projet ERC : IntelliSwarm (Horizon Europe, appel 2024, Advanced grants)
Domaine scientifique : Physical Sciences and Engineering
Panel : Systems and Communication Engineering
Entité participante : École polytechnique de Turin — Pays : Italie — Rôle : PI
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 3008550.0 €

Space-based monitoring systems for Earth observation are being increasingly employed by industry and governments, and large constellations having tens to hundreds of units will be deployed in the near future. This project considers swarms of satellites in formation flight, and it investigates innovative cooperation modalities to enhance image quality and enable satellite distributed onboard inference. Through artificial intelligence (AI), multiple simultaneous and redundant satellite image acquisitions from different viewing angles will be cooperatively combined into scene representations having significantly higher spatial and spectral resolution and augmented with surface profile information, enabling imaging beyond the diffraction limit by using very high-resolution training sets. These representations will be computed onboard the satellites in a distributed fashion and will be used for inference and image reconstruction; they will allow to increase quality, availability and timeliness of the data and to optimize the usage of inter-satellite and satellite-to-ground communication links. Enabling this cooperation requires major scientific advances; the project will generate new knowledge via innovative scene models allowing spatial/spectral resolution enhancement and 3D augmentation, innovative AI-based compression techniques, novel distributed inference methodologies for AI, as well as a new generation of fast and energy-efficient AI models powering distributed onboard computing. This ambitious research will become the cornerstone of next-generation satellite imaging and inference systems, increasing scientific and economic value for the users and allowing public and private entities to exploit advanced image products and analytics that can benefit the economy and the society. The developed methods will also be relevant to several other types of embedded systems, further extending the project impact to areas such as sensor networks and Internet of Things.

Mots-clés : satellite imaging inverse problems distributed inference ai for embedded systems