Data-Gouv-ML/pcri-erc-participations-et-projets-laureats huggingface dataset:
Projet ERC : RotaNut (Horizon 2020, appel 2014, Advanced grants)
Domaine scientifique : Physical Sciences and Engineering
Panel : Earth system science
Entité participante : Royal Observatory of Belgium — Pays : Belgique — Rôle : PI
Type d'entité : Recherche
Financement ERC de l'entité : 2500000.0 €

The rotation of the Earth has long been used as a measure of time, and the stars as reference points to determine travellers’ whereabouts on the globe. Today, precise timescales are provided using atomic clocks and precise positioning is determined using geodetic techniques such as GPS grounded on two reference frames: the terrestrial frame, fixed relative to the Earth and rotating synchronously with the planet, and the celestial frame, which is immobile in space, where the artificial satellites such as those of GPS are moving. The relationship between these frames is complicated by the fact that the rotation and orientation of the Earth is subject to irregularities induced by global mass redistributions with time and external forcing such as the gravitational pull of the Sun and the Moon. With the advance of observation precision, the causes of Earth orientation changes are progressively being identified by geodesists and geophysicists. The term ‘precession’ describes the long-term trend of the orientation of the axis of spin, while ‘nutation’ is the name given to shorter-term periodic variations, which are the prime focus of the present project. The rotation axis of the Earth is moving in space at the level of 1.5km/year due to precession and has periodic variations at the level of 600 meters as seen from space in a plane tangent to the pole. The present observations allow scientists to measure these at the sub-centimetre level enabling them to identify further physics of the Earth’s interior to be taken into account in the Earth orientation models such as the coupling mechanisms at the boundary between the liquid core and the viscoelastic mantle, as well as many other factors (sometimes not yet definitely identified). The proposed research will address many of these and will result in the development of improved global orientation of the Earth with an unprecedented accuracy - at the sub-centimetre level.
Projet ERC : AArteMIS (Horizon 2020, appel 2014, Starting grants)
Domaine scientifique : Physical Sciences and Engineering
Panel : Products and processes engineering
Entité participante : Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Saint-Etienne — Pays : France — Rôle : Partner
Acronyme de l'entité : CHU Saint-Etienne
Type d'entité : Organismes publics (hors enseignement & recherche)
Financement ERC de l'entité : 36192.99 €

The rupture of an Aortic Aneurysm (AA), which is often lethal, is a mechanical phenomenon that occurs when the wall stress state exceeds the local strength of the tissue. Our current understanding of arterial rupture mechanisms is poor, and the physics taking place at the microscopic scale in these collagenous structures remains an open area of research. Understanding, modelling, and quantifying the micro-mechanisms which drive the mechanical response of such tissue and locally trigger rupture represents the most challenging and promising pathway towards predictive diagnosis and personalized care of AA. The PI's group was recently able to detect, in advance, at the macro-scale, rupture-prone areas in bulging arterial tissues. The next step is to get into the details of the arterial microstructure to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. Through the achievements of AArteMIS, the local mechanical state of the fibrous microstructure of the tissue, especially close to its rupture state, will be quantitatively analyzed from multi-photon confocal microscopy and numerically reconstructed to establish quantitative micro-scale rupture criteria. AArteMIS will also address developing micro-macro models which are based on the collected quantitative data. The entire project will be completed through collaboration with medical doctors and engineers, experts in all required fields for the success of AArteMIS. AArteMIS is expected to open longed-for pathways for research in soft tissue mechanobiology which focuses on cell environment and to enable essential clinical applications for the quantitative assessment of AA rupture risk. It will significantly contribute to understanding fatal vascular events and improving cardiovascular treatments. It will provide a tremendous source of data and inspiration for subsequent applications and research by answering the most fundamental questions on AA rupture behaviour enabling ground-breaking clinical changes to take place.

Mots-clés : biomechanics,aneurysm,microstructure analysis,rupture criteria,numerical reconstruction,multiscale modeling
Projet ERC : AArteMIS (Horizon 2020, appel 2014, Starting grants)
Domaine scientifique : Physical Sciences and Engineering
Panel : Products and processes engineering
Entité participante : Centre national de la recherche scientifique — Pays : France — Rôle : Partner
Acronyme de l'entité : CNRS
Type d'entité : Recherche
Financement ERC de l'entité : 43618.75 €

The rupture of an Aortic Aneurysm (AA), which is often lethal, is a mechanical phenomenon that occurs when the wall stress state exceeds the local strength of the tissue. Our current understanding of arterial rupture mechanisms is poor, and the physics taking place at the microscopic scale in these collagenous structures remains an open area of research. Understanding, modelling, and quantifying the micro-mechanisms which drive the mechanical response of such tissue and locally trigger rupture represents the most challenging and promising pathway towards predictive diagnosis and personalized care of AA. The PI's group was recently able to detect, in advance, at the macro-scale, rupture-prone areas in bulging arterial tissues. The next step is to get into the details of the arterial microstructure to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. Through the achievements of AArteMIS, the local mechanical state of the fibrous microstructure of the tissue, especially close to its rupture state, will be quantitatively analyzed from multi-photon confocal microscopy and numerically reconstructed to establish quantitative micro-scale rupture criteria. AArteMIS will also address developing micro-macro models which are based on the collected quantitative data. The entire project will be completed through collaboration with medical doctors and engineers, experts in all required fields for the success of AArteMIS. AArteMIS is expected to open longed-for pathways for research in soft tissue mechanobiology which focuses on cell environment and to enable essential clinical applications for the quantitative assessment of AA rupture risk. It will significantly contribute to understanding fatal vascular events and improving cardiovascular treatments. It will provide a tremendous source of data and inspiration for subsequent applications and research by answering the most fundamental questions on AA rupture behaviour enabling ground-breaking clinical changes to take place.

Mots-clés : biomechanics,aneurysm,microstructure analysis,rupture criteria,numerical reconstruction,multiscale modeling
Projet ERC : SEACHANGE (Horizon 2020, appel 2019, Synergy grants)
Entité participante : University of Bergen — Pays : Norvège — Rôle : Partner
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 39051.25 €

The seas are changing. Marine conservation seeks to protect valuable habitats but the pristine state of marine ecosystem functioning and biodiversity – that is, the system as it operated before there was any large scale human impact – is conjectural. Conservation management strategies are often based on highly altered ecosystems where the degree of human-induced change is unknown. In SEACHANGE, we propose a structured and systematic approach to the reconstruction of marine ecosystem baselines to quantify the impact of anthropogenic cultural transitions on marine biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. SEACHANGE will address two key questions: 1) What was the nature of long-term changes in prehistoric marine biodiversity and ecosystem functioning over a 3000-year period in NW Europe and the degree of human impact associated with major socioeconomic changes across the Mesolithic-Neolithic boundary? 2) What has been the scale and rate of marine biodiversity loss and changes to ecosystem functioning as a result of fishing intensity and marine habitat loss during the last 2000 years (including the Industrial Transition) in the North Sea and around Iceland, eastern Australia and the west Antarctic Peninsula? To address these questions we will analyse: 1) absolutely-dated annually-resolved bivalve shell series (“sclerochronologies”); 2) marine sediment cores; 3) archaeological midden (waste) materials including shells and bones. We will date these samples precisely and undertake zooarchaeological and palaeoecological, stable isotope geochemical and environmental DNA/DNA metabarcoding analyses. We will compare the data with historical and archival sources, and we will generate numerical ecosystem simulations. We will identify how depleted the current marine environment is compared with that before large scale human impact and what measures are needed, and how long will it take, for marine biodiversity to recover.

Mots-clés : marine palaeoevironments,holocene,marine ecosystems,marine biodiversity,environmental change,cultural transition,sclerochronology,marine environmental archaeology,midden
Projet ERC : SenseX (Horizon 2020, appel 2014, Starting grants)
Domaine scientifique : Physical Sciences and Engineering
Panel : Computer science and informatics
Entité participante : University of Sussex — Pays : Royaume-Uni — Rôle : Partner
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 1312601.24 €

The senses we call upon to interact with technology are still very limited relying mostly on visual and auditory senses. The grand challenge and vision of this project is to gain a rich and integrated understanding on touch, taste, and smell experiences for interactive technologies. We aim to achieve this ambitious grand vision by 1) creating a ‘sensory interaction framework’ on the bases of a systematic empirical investigation of touch, taste, and smell experiences, 2) integrating the generated understanding on the three senses into meaningful and efficient experiential cross-sensory gamuts and interaction principles, and 3) demonstrating the added value of the created experiential understanding on touch, taste, and smell – aka the experiential gamuts – through their integration into the development of multi-sensory systems verifying the short-, mid- and long-term societal and scientific impact (short-term: multi-sensory media experiences; mid-term: interaction concepts for partially sensory impaired people; long-term: multi-sensory interaction approach for life beyond Earth). This research will pioneer novel interaction concepts for interactive technologies in relation to essential components of multi-sensory experiences. This project will transform existing interaction paradigm in Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) and likewise impact other disciplines such as sensory and cognitive sciences by delivering ground-breaking new insights on the experiential dimensions underlying neurological processes and human perception. The PI’s research excellence and her track record (three recent seminal papers on touch, taste, and smell at the premier HCI – CHI conference) provide a rock solid foundation for the feasibility of the proposed scientific venture. This ERC project would enable her to establish an independent and interdisciplinary team to revolutionize multi-sensory research within the HCI community with impact across disciplines.

Mots-clés : user experience,multi sensory experience,interaction modalities
Projet ERC : CHANGE (Horizon 2020, appel 2015, Advanced grants)
Domaine scientifique : Physical Sciences and Engineering
Panel : Mathematics
Entité participante : Austrian Academy of Sciences — Pays : Autriche — Rôle : Partner
Acronyme de l'entité : OAW
Type d'entité : Recherche
Financement ERC de l'entité : 255595.0 €

The simulation of Partial Differential Equations (PDEs) is an indispensable tool for innovation in science and technology. Computer-based simulation of PDEs approximates unknowns defined on a geometrical entity such as the computational domain with all of its properties. Mainly due to historical reasons, geometric design and numerical methods for PDEs have been developed independently, resulting in tools that rely on different representations of the same objects. CHANGE aims at developing innovative mathematical tools for numerically solving PDEs and for geometric modeling and processing, the final goal being the definition of a common framework where geometrical entities and simulation are coherently integrated and where adaptive methods can be used to guarantee optimal use of computer resources, from the geometric description to the simulation. We will concentrate on two classes of methods for the discretisation of PDEs that are having growing impact: isogeometric methods and variational methods on polyhedral partitions. They are both extensions of standard finite elements enjoying exciting features, but both lack of an ad-hoc geometric modelling counterpart. We will extend numerical methods to ensure robustness on the most general geometric models, and we will develop geometric tools to construct, manipulate and refine such models. Based on our tools, we will design an innovative adaptive framework, that jointly exploits multilevel representation of geometric entities and PDE unknowns. Moreover, efficient algorithms call for efficient implementation: the issue of the optimisation of our algorithms on modern computer architecture will be addressed. Our research (and the team involved in the project) will combine competencies in computer science, numerical analysis, high performance computing, and computational mechanics. Leveraging our innovative tools, we will also tackle challenging numerical problems deriving from bio-mechanical applications.

Mots-clés : numerical methods for pdes,isogeometric methods,numerical methods on polyhedral meshes,geometric modeling and processing
Projet ERC : CHANGE (Horizon 2020, appel 2015, Advanced grants)
Domaine scientifique : Physical Sciences and Engineering
Panel : Mathematics
Entité participante : National Research Council — Pays : Italie — Rôle : Partner
Acronyme de l'entité : CNR
Type d'entité : Recherche
Financement ERC de l'entité : 877557.76 €

The simulation of Partial Differential Equations (PDEs) is an indispensable tool for innovation in science and technology. Computer-based simulation of PDEs approximates unknowns defined on a geometrical entity such as the computational domain with all of its properties. Mainly due to historical reasons, geometric design and numerical methods for PDEs have been developed independently, resulting in tools that rely on different representations of the same objects. CHANGE aims at developing innovative mathematical tools for numerically solving PDEs and for geometric modeling and processing, the final goal being the definition of a common framework where geometrical entities and simulation are coherently integrated and where adaptive methods can be used to guarantee optimal use of computer resources, from the geometric description to the simulation. We will concentrate on two classes of methods for the discretisation of PDEs that are having growing impact: isogeometric methods and variational methods on polyhedral partitions. They are both extensions of standard finite elements enjoying exciting features, but both lack of an ad-hoc geometric modelling counterpart. We will extend numerical methods to ensure robustness on the most general geometric models, and we will develop geometric tools to construct, manipulate and refine such models. Based on our tools, we will design an innovative adaptive framework, that jointly exploits multilevel representation of geometric entities and PDE unknowns. Moreover, efficient algorithms call for efficient implementation: the issue of the optimisation of our algorithms on modern computer architecture will be addressed. Our research (and the team involved in the project) will combine competencies in computer science, numerical analysis, high performance computing, and computational mechanics. Leveraging our innovative tools, we will also tackle challenging numerical problems deriving from bio-mechanical applications.

Mots-clés : numerical methods for pdes,isogeometric methods,numerical methods on polyhedral meshes,geometric modeling and processing
Projet ERC : PMP (Horizon 2020, appel 2019, Advanced grants)
Domaine scientifique : Physical Sciences and Engineering
Panel : Products and processes engineering
Entité participante : Technical University of Denmark — Pays : Danemark — Rôle : PI
Acronyme de l'entité : DTU
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 2496793.0 €

The societal need to conserve materials and energy calls for lighter and stronger metal components. The advantage of metals is their unique combination of plasticity (i.e. formability) and strength, which is governed by their complex structure. This structure is organized hierarchically on several length scales. In contrast to functional materials and polymers, this complexity has led to the common theoretical framework being not physics, but an engineering science: metallurgy. As a result, phenomenological models prevail. The big obstacle to understand the underlying physics is the lack of visualization of the dynamics of the structure. From 2012 to 2019 I have developed a hard x-ray microscope for high-resolution 3D studies. Uniquely, this now allows us to zoom into the material and map grains and dislocations. This will enable 3D movies on all relevant length scales. No competing group will have anything similar within the next 5 years. PMP will exploit this to unravel the physics of plasticity. For the first time, we can directly see the processes involved: the creation of dislocations, their self-organization, and subsequent creation of ever more complex patterns. At the same time, we can deduce the local stress. This will provide answers to longstanding core questions of metal science. Current multiscale models of plasticity are not capable of predicting realistic patterns. The new data will guide theory and allow for direct comparison of models and experiment at all scales. PMP will develop a physics-based multiscale model of plasticity that for the first time can predict which patterns evolve when and where in the metal, and as a result greatly improve predictions of the macroscopic plasticity and strength. If successful, we have created the instrumental and modelling foundation for a new paradigm in structural materials. This will support the ultimate vision of materials and process design in computer models rather than trial and error in the lab.

Mots-clés : synchrotron based x ray imaging,dislocations in metals
Projet ERC : DEEP PURPLE (Horizon 2020, appel 2019, Synergy grants)
Entité participante : Aarhus University — Pays : Danemark — Rôle : CO-PI
Acronyme de l'entité : AU
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 7563356.75 €

The stability of the Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS) is a threat to coastal communities worldwide. The PIs have changed our understanding of why it darkens during the melt season, becoming increasingly deep purple due to pigmented ice algal blooms in the ice surface, producing more melt and accelerating the GrIS towards its tipping point, and increasing sea level. The next step jump in our understanding of biological darkening will be provided by DEEP PURPLE, which will establish the factors that control ice algal blooms. These factors are essential for modelling of future melting, which require a process-based understanding of blooming. DEEP PURPLE will quantify the synergies between the biology, chemistry and physics of ice algae micro-niches in rotting, melting ice, and examine the combination of factors which stabilise them. State-of-the-science analytical and observational methods will be employed to characterise the complex mosaic of wet ice habitats, dependent on factors such as the hydrology, nutrient status, particulate content and light fields within these continually evolving ice-water-particulate-microbe systems. We will quantitatively assess why and how the fine light mineral dust particulates contained within the melting ice amplify the growth of ice algae. The particulate content and composition of different layers in the GrIS is dependent on age, and so the algae that the melting ice can support may fundamentally change over time. We look back to understand if the ice biome has changed through the Anthropocene via analyse of fjord sediments. The first draft genome of ice algae will show their key adaptations to glacier surface habitats. DEEP PURPLE looks forward by providing the critical field data sets and conceptual models of ice algal growth that will facilitate the next generation of predictive models of sea level rise due to biologically enhanced melting of the GrIS.

Mots-clés : greenland ice sheet,bioalbedo,sea level rise
Projet ERC : COREX (Horizon 2020, appel 2020, Synergy grants)
Entité participante : University of Gothenburg — Pays : Suède — Rôle : CO-PI
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 2997683.0 €

The study of the past is undergoing a dramatic transformation: researchers in the fields of archaeology, genetics, linguistics, history and archaeometry are blurring the lines delimiting their respective fields, and working in increasingly collaborative efforts to understand how history and prehistory unfolded. Recent debates stress the need for new explanatory models which integrate both micro- and macro-level historical processes, and diverse types of datasets. We approach this challenge by applying novel modelling approaches allowing us to move from correlations to explanations of how changes have been shaped by the dynamic interaction of cultural innovation, migration, admixture, population growth and collapse, landscape transformation, dietary change, biological adaptation, social structure, and the emergence of new diseases. To achieve this overall goal the project is built upon four specific aims, which translates into four work packages: WP1: Database for C14, cultural and subsistence (including isotope) data, ancient genomes, eDNA sites, fossil pollen datasets and strontium samples WP2: Environmental DNA and high- resolution local environments,WP3 Exploratory analyses and discriminative models, WP4 Generative models and explanations. Our findings will serve to determine what the impact of the movement of people was on the European landscape, simultaneously on multiple scales: continental, regional and local, providing a research program defying the boundaries of archaeology, genetics and mathematical modelling.Thus, by identifying prehistoric regularities in the interactions of human biology, social and economic organisation, and demography we will be able to compare them to anthropological and historical models of such processes in recent times, to form a more comprehensive understanding of the nature of migration, integration and cultural change, then and now.

Mots-clés : environmental dna,generative models,discriminative models,archeological databases