Data-Gouv-ML/pcri-erc-participations-et-projets-laureats huggingface dataset:
Projet ERC : PrISMoID (Horizon 2020, appel 2018, Advanced grants)
Domaine scientifique : Physical Sciences and Engineering
Panel : Condensed matter physics
Entité participante : University of Fribourg — Pays : Suisse — Rôle : PI
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 2499990.0 €

Structural colour reflected by photonic materials is typically attributed to highly ordered nanostructures with periodicities on the 100-nm length scale. When investigating structural colour in animals and plants, it is however becoming increasingly evident that brilliant photonic colour can also arise from seemingly disordered morphologies. This is surprising as uncontrolled disorder in photonic materials usually severely degrades their colour response. While some recent theories exist, the emergence of structural colour from disordered morphologies is fundamentally not understood. It is clear however that these disordered morphologies must possess "hidden correlations", which enable the formation of a photonic band gap. This project will uncover the design rules that underlie disordered photonic morphologies, thereby contributing to the fundamental understanding of photonic materials. The project has a strong nature-inspired component, but will go beyond the examination of natural photonic materials. WP1 and WP2 will examine 3D and 2D disordered photonic morphologies in animals and plants, respectively. The structural analysis of these materials will uncover hidden correlations in seemingly random morphologies. WP2 and WP3 will manufacture materials that implement these correlations to recreate the optical signatures of the biological model organisms. This will test the statistical analysis of WP1 and WP2 and shed light on the \textit{in vivo} synthesis of the disordered photonic morphologies. WP4 ties WP1-WP3 together by performing optical experiments and computer simulations. By analysing both the far- and near-field results of the simulations and comparing them with the structural correlations and optical experiments, the four WPs will not only provide a fundamental understanding of the interplay of structural correlations with optical interference in disordered materials, it will also establish design rules allowing their facile manufacture.

Mots-clés : optics of disordered materials,optical band gap,structural colour,optics in biological systems
Projet ERC : PRIDISP (Horizon 2020, appel 2019, Starting grants)
Domaine scientifique : Social Sciences and Humanities
Panel : Individuals, Markets and Organisations
Entité participante : Université Toulouse Capitole — Pays : France — Rôle : Partner
Acronyme de l'entité : UT Capitole
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 312500.0 €

Structural models of demand and supply in differentiated product markets are widely used for policy evaluation and in antitrust. They typically consider firms set uniform prices and fail to explain price dispersion within products. Yet, it is common that the same good is purchased at different prices and this has major consequences for consumers that standard models cannot analyze. This proposal extends standard models to incorporate price dispersion. These new structural models are used to shed lights on the sources of price dispersion, their importance and evaluate the distributional impacts and profitability of price dispersion on important markets (automobile, grocery items and online markets). We model and analyze specific sources of price dispersion. First, we consider price dispersion within product lines and the pricing of quality with a model of second degree price discrimination. Second, we develop a model of third degree price discrimination with limited arbitrage opportunity. When price discrimination is not explicit, consumers are not locked in and some individuals are able to arbitrage and pay the lowest price. The third project considers individualized pricing and purchase history and develops a structural model in which firms learn about consumers’ preferences by observing their previous purchase patterns and leverage this information by setting individualized prices. Finally, we consider a framework with spatial price dispersion to analyze price dispersion for grocery items across locations. As a transversal project, we provide a reliable method to test alternative models of market equilibrium and apply them to confront our new models to the standard ones.

Mots-clés : structural model,industrial organization,market equilibrium,price discrimination,welfare effects
Projet ERC : DEEP (Horizon 2020, appel 2020, Consolidator grants)
Domaine scientifique : Physical Sciences and Engineering
Panel : Systems and communication engineering
Entité participante : University of Barcelona — Pays : Espagne — Rôle : PI
Acronyme de l'entité : UB
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 1862462.0 €

Subcellular light focusing is the primary enabler of a number of characterization, diagnosis and treatment tools in biomedicine and life sciences, including microscopy and spectroscopy techniques or phototherapies. However, limited by the scattering of light, current approaches are only optimized to operate at depths below a fraction of a millimeter inside tissue. Deeper light focusing – which is fundamental for sound biological conclusions or accurate treatments –always comes at the expense of increased invasiveness, restricted sample availability, or loss of spatial or temporal precision. The overall objective of DEEP is to overcome the above limitations and develop an original non-invasive strategy to focus light inside tissue at a millimeter depth (or above) and in real-time while maintaining subcellular spatial confinement. Specifically, by exploiting the deep penetration of ultrasound and its ability to locally modify the optical properties of a sample, we will generate in-situ virtual endoscopes that will act as embedded optical lenses or waveguides inside living tissue, thus redirecting light toward a deeper focus. Throughout DEEP, we will implement a hybrid ultrasonic-optical system able to (i) generate ultrasonic endoscopes with particular shapes and propagation characteristics that maximize the coupling and guiding of light inside tissue; (ii) operate in synergy with cutting-edge imaging methods such as two-photon or optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy to extend their imaging depth; (iii) analyze via fluorescence correlation spectroscopy the intracellular dynamics inside organoids at microsecond temporal resolution; (iv) combine laser-irradiation therapies with the real-time in-situ monitoring of the structural changes induced inside tissue. Ultrasonic-enabled virtual endoscopes will lead to an unprecedented control of light inside living systems, opening the door to transformative advances in personalized medicine and molecular biology.

Mots-clés : acousto optics,deep light focusing,additive manufacturing,photoacoustic microscopy
Projet ERC : DEEP-trigger (Horizon 2020, appel 2019, Consolidator grants)
Domaine scientifique : Physical Sciences and Engineering
Panel : Earth system science
Entité participante : Université Savoie Mont Blanc — Pays : France — Rôle : Partner
Acronyme de l'entité : USMB
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 48625.0 €

Subduction zones host the world’s largest earthquakes and tsunamis. Understanding how such earthquakes initiate and interact is a first-order challenge in earth sciences. A puzzling and unexplained observation is that megathrust earthquakes seem to be clustering at the scale of the plate boundary. This suggests that the subducting slab plays an important role, albeit downplayed, in the triggering of megathrust earthquakes. I propose to study subduction zones recently affected by megathrust events or earthquakes sequences, with an enlarged perspective, considering the mechanisms of deformation in the larger subduction system, including the slab, and their potential role in pushing the megathrust to failure: - At the scale of the seismic asperity, how aseismic slip can trigger earthquakes and how this triggering depends on depth, duration, migration, periodicity, and amplitude will be examined, notably by integrating new observations of small, short or long-lived slow slip events. - At the scale of the subduction zone, how distant changes transfer into large-scale deformation, potentially initiate slow slip and eventual rupture on the plate interface will be analyzed. The role of metamorphic fluids in the softening of the mantle surrounding the slab, which may contribute to distant triggering of earthquakes, and recently observed deep-shallow interactions will be explored. Multi-scale observations of deformation and seismicity will be extracted from the great amount of geophysical data available in South America, Japan and Sumatra, complemented by in-situ GPS monitoring at a promising area in south Peru. Machine Learning will serve to systematize these complementary observables, to characterize how their empirical relationships evolve with time and space, and to isolate the key processes hidden in these large datasets. Physical mechanisms driving the plate interface destabilization will be explored through mechanical and fluid modeling, and tested against the data.

Mots-clés : subduction,earthquakes,slow slip events,geodesy,seismology,machine learning,fluids,plate tectonics
Projet ERC : DEEP-trigger (Horizon 2020, appel 2019, Consolidator grants)
Domaine scientifique : Physical Sciences and Engineering
Panel : Earth system science
Entité participante : Centre national de la recherche scientifique — Pays : France — Rôle : Partner
Acronyme de l'entité : CNRS
Type d'entité : Recherche
Financement ERC de l'entité : 68330.0 €

Subduction zones host the world’s largest earthquakes and tsunamis. Understanding how such earthquakes initiate and interact is a first-order challenge in earth sciences. A puzzling and unexplained observation is that megathrust earthquakes seem to be clustering at the scale of the plate boundary. This suggests that the subducting slab plays an important role, albeit downplayed, in the triggering of megathrust earthquakes. I propose to study subduction zones recently affected by megathrust events or earthquakes sequences, with an enlarged perspective, considering the mechanisms of deformation in the larger subduction system, including the slab, and their potential role in pushing the megathrust to failure: - At the scale of the seismic asperity, how aseismic slip can trigger earthquakes and how this triggering depends on depth, duration, migration, periodicity, and amplitude will be examined, notably by integrating new observations of small, short or long-lived slow slip events. - At the scale of the subduction zone, how distant changes transfer into large-scale deformation, potentially initiate slow slip and eventual rupture on the plate interface will be analyzed. The role of metamorphic fluids in the softening of the mantle surrounding the slab, which may contribute to distant triggering of earthquakes, and recently observed deep-shallow interactions will be explored. Multi-scale observations of deformation and seismicity will be extracted from the great amount of geophysical data available in South America, Japan and Sumatra, complemented by in-situ GPS monitoring at a promising area in south Peru. Machine Learning will serve to systematize these complementary observables, to characterize how their empirical relationships evolve with time and space, and to isolate the key processes hidden in these large datasets. Physical mechanisms driving the plate interface destabilization will be explored through mechanical and fluid modeling, and tested against the data.

Mots-clés : subduction,earthquakes,slow slip events,geodesy,seismology,machine learning,fluids,plate tectonics
Projet ERC : DEEP-trigger (Horizon 2020, appel 2019, Consolidator grants)
Domaine scientifique : Physical Sciences and Engineering
Panel : Earth system science
Entité participante : Institut de recherche pour le développement — Pays : France — Rôle : Partner
Acronyme de l'entité : IRD
Type d'entité : Recherche
Financement ERC de l'entité : 72750.0 €

Subduction zones host the world’s largest earthquakes and tsunamis. Understanding how such earthquakes initiate and interact is a first-order challenge in earth sciences. A puzzling and unexplained observation is that megathrust earthquakes seem to be clustering at the scale of the plate boundary. This suggests that the subducting slab plays an important role, albeit downplayed, in the triggering of megathrust earthquakes. I propose to study subduction zones recently affected by megathrust events or earthquakes sequences, with an enlarged perspective, considering the mechanisms of deformation in the larger subduction system, including the slab, and their potential role in pushing the megathrust to failure: - At the scale of the seismic asperity, how aseismic slip can trigger earthquakes and how this triggering depends on depth, duration, migration, periodicity, and amplitude will be examined, notably by integrating new observations of small, short or long-lived slow slip events. - At the scale of the subduction zone, how distant changes transfer into large-scale deformation, potentially initiate slow slip and eventual rupture on the plate interface will be analyzed. The role of metamorphic fluids in the softening of the mantle surrounding the slab, which may contribute to distant triggering of earthquakes, and recently observed deep-shallow interactions will be explored. Multi-scale observations of deformation and seismicity will be extracted from the great amount of geophysical data available in South America, Japan and Sumatra, complemented by in-situ GPS monitoring at a promising area in south Peru. Machine Learning will serve to systematize these complementary observables, to characterize how their empirical relationships evolve with time and space, and to isolate the key processes hidden in these large datasets. Physical mechanisms driving the plate interface destabilization will be explored through mechanical and fluid modeling, and tested against the data.

Mots-clés : subduction,earthquakes,slow slip events,geodesy,seismology,machine learning,fluids,plate tectonics
Projet ERC : BRAVIUS (Horizon 2020, appel 2014, Advanced grants)
Domaine scientifique : Social Sciences and Humanities
Panel : The Human Mind and Its Complexity
Entité participante : École normale supérieure PSL — Pays : France — Rôle : PI
Acronyme de l'entité : ENS PSL
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 1706510.0 €

Subjectivity defines the subject who is perceiving, feeling, thinking, acting, and is essential to understand the conscious mind from the inside. However, subjectivity, or non-reflective first-person perspective, is not identified as a core concept in cognitive neuroscience and its neural basis remain largely unknown. BRAVIUS offers a unified framework to appraise both the concept and the neural mechanisms generating subjectivity. The hypothesis relies on two vital organs that generate their own rhythmic electrical activity, the stomach and the heart, and therefore constantly send information up to the neocortex, even in the absence of bodily change. Cortical responses to those visceral organs would define the organism as an entity at the neural level, and create a subject-centered referential from which first-person perspective can develop. In other words, the cardiac and gastric pacemakers could feed the brain with self-specifying inputs. BRAVIUS builds on previous theories and studies on visceral states but focuses on ascending information, from viscera to brain, and does not require visceral states to change nor to be consciously perceived. Experimentally, BRAVIUS measures the understudied neural response evoked by heartbeats and introduces a new measure, the electrogastrogram, to quantify the slow gastric pacemaker. BRAVIUS will test with magneto-encephalography (MEG) the role of neural responses to ascending visceral signals in generating subjectivity by cutting across domains of cognitive sciences and exploring diverse paradigms where subjectivity is engaged: perceptual consciousness, self-consciousness, emotions and decision making. BRAVIUS will further explore how cardiac and gastric ascending signals shape the temporal (MEG) and spatial (fMRI) organization of spontaneous brain activity. The project outcome is a detailed mechanistic neural account of the most private part of the human mind, and a unified concept of subjectivity across cognitive domains.

Mots-clés : consciousness,brain body interactions,spontaneous brain activity,magneto encephalography
Projet ERC : SVNeuroTrans (Horizon 2020, appel 2017, Advanced grants)
Domaine scientifique : Life Science
Panel : Neuroscience and Disorders of the Nervous System
Entité participante : Max Planck Society — Pays : Allemagne — Rôle : PI
Acronyme de l'entité : MPG
Type d'entité : Recherche
Financement ERC de l'entité : 2500000.0 €

Summary In presynaptic nerve endings, neurotransmitters are stored in synaptic vesicles (SVs) before they are released by exocytosis. SVs contain specific transporters that sequester and concentrate transmitters from cytoplasmic pools. All known vesicular transporters belong to the solute carrier (SLC) superfamily of proteins. They draw the energy for transport from an electrochemical proton gradient created by a V-ATPase across the vesicle membrane. However, despite recent progress it is still largely unclear how synaptic vesicles are filled with hundreds of mM transmitter within less than a minute. Open questions include (1) how exactly transport is linked to the proton gradient and which ions are coupled to solute transport, (2) how two different transmitters can be accommodated by the same SV, and (3) how much transmitter can be loaded into an SV and how the stored transmitter is kept inside and prevented from leaking out. Here we will focus on the vesicular transporters for glutamate (VGLUTs) and GABA/glycine (VGAT or VIAAT), the main excitatory and inhibitory transmitters in the CNS, and on the vesicular transporter for ATP (VNUT). Primarily we will use biochemical approaches employing purified SVs and artificial vesicles, recombinant proteins (either purified and reconstituted in liposomes or using vesicles isolated from transfected cells), in combination with quantitative in vitro assays, for characterizing the features of transport and storage. To achieve this, we plan to develop advanced methods involving adaptation of new fluorescent probes and microscopic analysis of loading and unloading using microfluidic devices. For these experiments, vesicles will be captured by affinity ligands such as antibodies printed on glass surfaces. This allows for analyzing small numbers of vesicles such as SVs derived from primary cultured neurons or transport vesicles from transfected cells that are tagged and labeled with fluorescent reporters before isolation.

Mots-clés : synaptic vesicles,neurotransmitters,membrane proteins,microfluidics
Projet ERC : Cathedral (Horizon 2020, appel 2015, Advanced grants)
Domaine scientifique : Physical Sciences and Engineering
Panel : Systems and communication engineering
Entité participante : KU Leuven — Pays : Belgique — Rôle : PI
Acronyme de l'entité : KUL
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 2369250.0 €

Summary: Comprehensive set of circuits and design methods to create next generation electronic circuits with strong built-in trust and security. Electronics are integrating/invading into the human environment at an amazing speed, called the Internet-of-Things and next the Internet-of-Everything. This creates huge security problems. Distributed (e.g. body) sensors, pick up often very private data, which is sent digitally into the cloud, over wireless and wired links. Protection of this data relies on high-quality cryptographic algorithms and protocols. The nodes need to be cheap and lightweight, making them very vulnerable to eavesdropping and abuse. Moreover, post-Snowden, society realizes that the attack capabilities of intelligence agencies, and probably following soon of organized crime and other hackers, are orders of magnitude stronger than imagined. Thus there is a strong demand to re-establish trust in ICT systems. In this proposal we focus on the root of trust: the digital hardware. The overall objective is to provide fundamental enabling technologies for secure trustworthy digital circuits which can be applied in a wide range of applications. To master complexity, digital hardware design is traditionally split into different abstraction layers. We revisit these abstraction layers from a security viewpoint: we look at process variations to the benefit of security, standard cell compatible digital design flow with security as design objective, hardware IP blocks for next generation cryptographic algorithms and protocols (e.g. authenticated encryption schemes, post-quantum public key schemes), integration into embedded HW/SW platforms, and methods to provide trust evidence to higher levels of abstraction. To strengthen the security we investigate the links between the layers. Finally an embedded application is selected as design driver, the security evaluation of which will be fed back to the individual layers.

Mots-clés : secure electronic circuits,digital hardware,electronic design methods,resistance to attacks,hardware security evaluations
Projet ERC : DropletScan (Horizon 2020, appel 2019, Proof of concept grants)
Domaine scientifique : Physical Sciences and Engineering
Panel : Products and processes engineering
Entité participante : Aalto University — Pays : Finlande — Rôle : PI
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 150000.0 €

Superhydrophobic surfaces repel water to great extent, that droplets in contact with such surface have spherical shape, featuring high contact angle (>150°) and low friction. The classic measurement technique for their characterization is contact angle measurement, though that technique faces serious challenges for superhydrophobic characterization, as optical accuracy for high contact angles is poor, and local variations in wetting cannot be easily probed. Here we develop the proof of concept for Scanning Droplet Tribometer as a new measurement method that could overcome these challenges, by measuring friction of droplets. Preliminary data are obtained and very promising. There is interest from industry (see two support letters). In DropletScan ERC PoC project, I will set up a team to develop the protocol and analysis tools, test limitations, build a prototype and validate the results. Furthermore we will analyse the market, identify possible partners, develop a commercial roadmap and strategy, carry out IPR & FTO analysis, write new patent applications and create a IPR strategy.

Mots-clés : surface characterization,hydrophobic