Data-Gouv-ML/pcri-erc-participations-et-projets-laureats huggingface dataset:
Projet ERC : GOODATTENTION (Horizon 2020, appel 2020, Consolidator grants)
Domaine scientifique : Social Sciences and Humanities
Panel : The Human Mind and Its Complexity
Entité participante : University of Oslo — Pays : Norvège — Rôle : PI
Acronyme de l'entité : UiO
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 1999997.0 €

What is good attention? Much public discussion about social media, public health, and political debates is focused on versions of this question. What deserves our attention and how we should regulate attention in the face of distraction occupies the debate. What is missing is a philosophical investigation of attention norms and a framework for thinking about them. This is what GOODATTENTION provides. While entire fields of philosophy investigate the normative assessment of other aspects of the mind, the normative structure of attention remains largely unstudied. In its ground-breaking and interdisciplinary approach GOODATTENTION connects the study of the nature and the causal role of attention in psychology, neuroscience, and linguistics with the philosophical fields of decision theory, epistemology, and ethics. It develops a unified foundation for the study of attention norms by using a novel conceptual framework based on priority structures that organize the mind. It aims, first, to understand how attention norms emerge within our individual psychology and in the social domain. And it aims, second, to evaluate attention norms by integrating them into normative philosophy. The project's hypothesis is that the fundamental norms of attention concern relevance. GOODATTENTION investigates the biological function of relevance processing and the role of social relevance for how attention is guided by social norms. Building on this investigation, GOODATTENTION considers the role of attention norms for relevance in decision making, and in epistemic and ethical considerations. GOODATTENTION will impact these philosophical fields by showing how they can integrate norms of attention. It unifies research in evolutionary biology, cognitive and social psychology, linguistics, economics, and political theory. Its investigation of the epistemic role of attention and ethical rights and duties regarding attention will provide an analytical framework as input for policy making.

Mots-clés : attention,normativity,natural norms,social norms,relevance,relevance theory,decision theory,rational choice theory,game theory,epistemology,ethics,political philosophy
Projet ERC : RUSTRANS (Horizon 2020, appel 2018, Starting grants)
Domaine scientifique : Social Sciences and Humanities
Panel : Cultures and cultural production
Entité participante : University of Exeter — Pays : Royaume-Uni — Rôle : PI
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 1346896.0 €

What is the dark side of translation? Translation is valued, taught, and often funded as a deterrent to monolingual nationalism and cultural parochialism. Yet the praxis of translation is highly politicized, often subverted by ideological prejudice or state interference. Translators have a personal agenda, as do editors, publishers, and other agents. Every translation is an act of cultural appropriation. This may not be detrimental to the culture of origin; even inaccurate translations can confer prestige on the former. The ‘dark side’ of translation – its immanent politics – often allows subaltern nations to assert cultural parity with larger neighbours. RusTRANS investigates how individuals, and governments, exploit this ‘dark side’ to reap cultural capital by translating their own literature into global languages (and the reverse). The PI and postdoctoral research assistant will research four case studies about translators of Russian literature, and their networks, in Anglophone contexts (Ireland, the UK, and the USA). Three doctoral students will study the transmission of Russian literature in other European cultures. We will also commission new translations of contemporary Russian writing in order to observe the dynamics of translator (and publisher) networks today. RusTRANS offers two key innovations. First, we explore an obscure, paradoxical, yet crucial function of translation: as a means of self-promotion and cultural consolidation for emergent nation-states. By focussing on literary translation, and on the transmission of a single language (Russian), we create a coherent paradigm for historians of the cultural reception of national literatures in translation. Second, our diachronic approach to translation praxis allows us to contrast past translation networks and strategies with cultural agents in the ever-more volatile context of modern Russia, as we document the political pressures placed on contemporary authors, translators, and publishers.

Mots-clés : translation studies,cultural turn,russian literature
Projet ERC : JetNS (Horizon 2020, appel 2018, Consolidator grants)
Domaine scientifique : Physical Sciences and Engineering
Panel : Universe sciences
Entité participante : Tel Aviv University — Pays : Israël — Rôle : PI
Acronyme de l'entité : TAU
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 1981250.0 €

What is the origin of the electromagnetic (EM) counterparts of gravitational waves observed from compact binary mergers? What makes short gamma ray bursts (GRBs)? What are the sources of IceCube’s high-energy neutrinos? Are all core-collapse supernovae exploding via the same mechanism? These are some of the puzzles that have emerged with the rapid progress of time domain astronomy. Relativistic jets in compact binary mergers and GRBs, and their interaction with the surrounding media hold the key to these, and other, seemingly unrelated broad-impact questions. Here I propose a new forefront study of how relativistic jets interact with their surrounding media and of its numerous implications, focusing on compact binary mergers and GRBs. The goal of this project is to study, first, the jet-media interaction, and the microphysics of the radiation-mediated shocks that it drives. I will then use the results, together with available observations, to learn about compact binary mergers, GRBs and SNe, sheding light on the questions listed above, and probing the nature of relativistic jets in general. Important goals will include: (i) General models for the propagation of relativistic jets in various media types. (ii) Modeling of the EM signal generated by jet-media interaction following compact binary mergers. (iii) Estimates of the neutrino signal from jet-media interaction in GRBs and SNe. (iv) Constraint the role of jets in SN explosions. This project is timey as it comes at the beginning of a new multi-messenger era where the EM counterparts of GW sources are going to be detected on a regular basis and where the face of transient astrophysics is going to be changed by a range of large scale surveys such as LSST, the SKA, and more. This project will set the theoretical base for understanding numerous known and yet-to be discovered transients that will be detected in the next decade.

Mots-clés : relativistic jets,compact binary mergers,grbs,gravitational waves,neutrinos
Projet ERC : Objectivity (Horizon 2020, appel 2014, Starting grants)
Domaine scientifique : Social Sciences and Humanities
Panel : The Human Mind and Its Complexity
Entité participante : University of Turin — Pays : Italie — Rôle : PI
Acronyme de l'entité : UNITO
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 846995.5 €

What makes scientific inferences trustworthy? Why do we think that scientific knowledge is more than the subjective opinion of clever people at universities? When answering these questions, the notion of objectivity plays a crucial role: the label "objective" (1) marks an inference as unbiased and trustworthy and (2) grounds the authority of science in society. Conversely, any challenge to this image of objectivity undermines public trust in science. Sometimes these challenges consist in outright conflicts of interests, but sometimes, they are of a foundational epistemic nature. For instance, standard inference techniques in medicine and psychology have been shown to give a biased and misleading picture of reality. My project addresses precisely those epistemic challenges and develops ways of making scientific inferences more objective. Our key move is to go beyond the traditional definition of objectivity as a "view from nowhere" and to calibrate the most recent philosophical accounts of objectivity (e.g., convergence of different inference methods) with the practice of scientific inference. The combination of normative and descriptive analysis is likely to break new ground in philosophy of science and beyond. In particular, we demonstrate how two salient features of scientific practice––methodological pluralism and subjective choices in inference––can be reconciled with the aim of objective knowledge. The benefits of the proposed research are manifold. First and foremost, it will greatly enhance our understanding of the scope and limits of scientific objectivity. Second, it will improve standard forms of scientific inference, such as hypothesis testing and causal and explanatory reasoning. This will be highly useful for scientific practitioners from nearly all empirical disciplines. Third, we will apply our theoretical insights to ameliorating the design and interpretation of clinical trials, where objectivity and impartiality are sine qua non requirements.

Mots-clés : philosophy of science,statistical inference,objectivity,causality,explanation,methodology of clinical trials
Projet ERC : EUSOL (Horizon 2020, appel 2017, Consolidator grants)
Domaine scientifique : Social Sciences and Humanities
Panel : Institutions, Governance and Legal Systems
Entité participante : University of London — Pays : Royaume-Uni — Rôle : PI
Acronyme de l'entité : U. London
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 603604.0 €

What principles of socioeconomic justice, if any, should apply to the European Union? Do European citizens have obligations of social justice that cross the borders of member states? If so, what are their grounds? I propose to answer these questions by providing a normative account of one of the fundamental values underpinning European integration, namely solidarity. The project has two main aims. The first is to develop a normative model of inter-, trans-, and supra-national solidarity that is responsive to the specific circumstances and history of the European Union (EUSOL1). The second aim is to apply this model to a number of central issues dividing the EU, including the free movement of persons, burden-sharing within the EU’s refugee policy, inter-state transfers, and enlargement and accession (EUSOL2). The project breaks new ground in normative debates on the nature and development of the EU, international/global justice, and the role of facts in normative political theory, and addresses some of the most pressing issues facing the EU today.

Mots-clés : european union,international,global justice,solidarity,social,distributive justice,practice dependence
Projet ERC : DipolarSound (Horizon 2020, appel 2020, Consolidator grants)
Domaine scientifique : Physical Sciences and Engineering
Panel : Universe sciences
Entité participante : Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies — Pays : Allemagne — Rôle : PI
Acronyme de l'entité : HITS
Type d'entité : Recherche
Financement ERC de l'entité : 2000000.0 €

What would a star look like below its opaque surface? What are the physical conditions in a star? What physical processes play an important role in stars? How do these physical conditions and processes interact? How do they change with time, when a star evolves? Answering these kinds of questions is of fundamental importance for astronomy and beyond. Stars are a dominant source of light in the universe as well as main building blocks of planetary systems and galaxies. Thus, understanding of stars has a major impact in these fields. Closer to home, understanding the past and future of the Sun has a potentially wide-ranging impact on other scientific fields. To pierce inside stars, we need observable features that are sensitive to the hidden layers in stars. Intrinsic global oscillations are observable, and are sensitive to the internal structures of stars. The application of these global modes to study internal stellar structures is the field of asteroseismology. Particularly interesting and opportune stars to apply asteroseismology to are red-giant stars. These evolved stars are abundant, relatively bright, exhibit different stellar structures, allow to trace back a long history, and possess probes that are sensitive to both their deep and their more shallow layers; the so-called mixed dipole oscillation modes. The observed characteristics of mixed dipole modes differ significantly between different red-giant stars, leading to the following questions: • ‘What are the physical differences in the structures of / conditions in red-giant stars which lead to different mixed dipole mode oscillation spectra?’ • ‘What is the cause of the different structures / conditions in these stars?’ The aim of the DipolarSound proposal is to unravel the physical conditions and physical processes at play in red-giant stars using mixed dipole oscillation modes and to understand the underlying physical origin of the different oscillation spectra observed in red-giant stars.

Mots-clés : stellar structure,asteroseismology
Projet ERC : H1PStars (Horizon 2020, appel 2020, Starting grants)
Domaine scientifique : Physical Sciences and Engineering
Panel : Universe sciences
Entité participante : Board of the Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology — Pays : Suisse — Rôle : PI
Acronyme de l'entité : ETH Zurich
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 1836000.0 €

What's up with Hubble's constant (H0)? Recent H0 measurements have shown that the Universe is expanding faster than cosmology predicts, indicating a possible cosmological crisis. To wit, H0 measured to 1.9% precision in today's Universe using a cosmic distance ladder composed of classical Cepheids and type-Ia supernovae differs by 8.9% (4.2 sigma) from H0 predicted by cosmology based on observations of the Cosmic Microwave Background emitted 13.8 billion years ago. However, it remains unclear whether new physics must be invoked to reconcile cosmology with today's H0, or whether today's H0 is subject to as yet unknown or underestimated systematic errors. An unbiased 1% measurement of H0 is required to understand whether physics is on the brink of a major breakthrough. So, how solid is our distance ladder? To answer this, my research seeks to a) mitigate biases that can shift the center value of reported H0 measurements, b) quantify relevant systematic uncertainties, and c) reinforce the foundation of the distance ladder through a solid astrophysical understanding of pulsating stars, in particular, classical Cepheids. These steps must be taken now to achieve an unbiased 1% H0 measurement and to ensure the legacy of today's distance ladder for future space-borne facilities and ground-based extremely large telescopes. Imminent data releases of the ESA mission Gaia and precise time series spectroscopy will provide unprecedented opportunity to calibrate the distance ladder and unravel the structure and evolution of Cepheids through their variability. The H1PStars project will leverage my expertise in the astrophysics of classical Cepheids and the calibration of the distance ladder to support precision cosmology via accurate stellar physics, and vice versa. Thanks to this fresh perspective, my team and I will either reconcile the tension in H0 or confidently establish a need to revise cosmology.

Mots-clés : cepheids,pulsating stars,cosmic distance ladder,distance scale,hubble constant,spectroscopy,binary stars,star clusters,chemical abundances,gaia
Projet ERC : AMORE (Horizon 2020, appel 2016, Starting grants)
Domaine scientifique : Social Sciences and Humanities
Panel : The Human Mind and Its Complexity
Entité participante : Pompeu Fabra University — Pays : Espagne — Rôle : PI
Acronyme de l'entité : UPF
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 1499805.0 €

When I asked my seven-year-old daughter "Who is the boy in your class who was also new in school last year, like you?", she instantly replied "Daniel", using the descriptive content in my utterance to identify an entity in the real world and refer to it. The ability to use language to refer to reality is crucial for humans, and yet it is very difficult to model. AMORE breaks new ground in Computational Linguistics, Linguistics, and Artificial Intelligence by developing a model of linguistic reference to entities implemented as a computational system that can learn its own representations from data. This interdisciplinary project builds on two complementary semantic traditions: 1) Formal semantics, a symbolic approach that can delimit and track linguistic referents, but does not adequately match them with the descriptive content of linguistic expressions; 2) Distributional semantics, which can handle descriptive content but does not associate it to individuated referents. AMORE synthesizes the two approaches into a unified, scalable model of reference that operates with individuated referents and links them to referential expressions characterized by rich descriptive content. The model is a distributed (neural network) version of a formal semantic framework that is furthermore able to integrate perceptual (visual) and linguistic information about entities. We test it extensively in referential tasks that require matching noun phrases (“the Medicine student”, “the white cat”) with entity representations extracted from text and images. AMORE advances our scientific understanding of language and its computational modeling, and contributes to the far-reaching debate between symbolic and distributed approaches to cognition with an integrative proposal. I am in a privileged position to carry out this integration, since I have contributed top research in both distributional and formal semantics.

Mots-clés : computational semantics,semantic theory,distributional semantics,semantics,reference,neural networks,distributed representations
Projet ERC : NEMO (Horizon 2020, appel 2017, Consolidator grants)
Domaine scientifique : Physical Sciences and Engineering
Panel : Fundamental constituents of matter
Entité participante : Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati — Pays : Italie — Rôle : PI
Acronyme de l'entité : SISSA
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 1521423.0 €

When an extended quantum system is suddenly brought out of thermodynamic equilibrium all excitations collectively participate in the ensuing quench dynamics, causing a plethora of unconventional and exotic effects, in particular in low spatial dimensions where the effects of interactions and integrability are enhanced. The theoretical study of the non-equilibrium dynamics is hampered by the fact that the time dependent many-body wave function is highly entangled on spatial scales which rapidly grow in time. Consequently, a satisfactory description of the quench dynamics is a timely challenge whose solution cannot prescind from a precise characterisation of the entanglement content of the systems of interest. The ambitious goal of this proposal is to find and characterise new non-equilibrium states of matter guided by their entanglement content. Two parallel lines of research will help achieving this goal. One line concerns the study of some entanglement indicators like entanglement Hamiltonian, spectrum, negativity and relative entropies which, contrary to the entanglement entropy, are not yet widely used as tools for investigating many-body systems. The other line focuses on the study of some frontiers of non-equilibrium one-dimensional physics which include quantum quenches in spinful fermionic systems, the determination of the exact time dependence of correlation functions after a quench, and the use of integrable hydrodynamics for investigating transport in one-dimensional systems. Particular attention will be devoted to the experimental realisation of the proposed non-equilibrium protocols. The main tools to achieve these goals will be conformal field theories and integrability complemented by numerical simulations when the former two are not applicable.

Mots-clés : entanglement,non equilibrium dynamics of isolated quantum systems,integrability,conformal field theory
Projet ERC : INTERSTELLAR (Horizon 2020, appel 2016, Advanced grants)
Domaine scientifique : Physical Sciences and Engineering
Panel : Universe sciences
Entité participante : Scuola Normale Superiore — Pays : Italie — Rôle : PI
Acronyme de l'entité : SNS
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 2151875.0 €

When and how did the first galaxies form across cosmic history? Were they different from present-day ones? This is only a small subset of key cosmological questions that the combination of deep galaxy observations, theoretical modeling, and powerful simulations envisaged here will allow us to answer for the first time. Deep galaxy surveys have provided a first valuable characterization of early galaxies in the Epoch of Reionization (redshift z > 6), mostly in terms of their stellar content. However, almost nothing is known about their internal structure and Interstellar Medium (ISM). This is in striking contrast with galaxies at z < 2, for which ISM observations have enabled a much more complete physical description. Hence, a substantial progress in the study of early galaxies must be based on techniques able to probe their ISM. Conversely, ISM studies will help completing the “stellar” picture. Interstellar will bridge this gap. Its main aim is to understand the internal structure and interstellar medium of galaxies in the Epoch of Reionization by performing theoretical modeling and high fidelity simulations. By post-processing the simulations and calibrating them with local analogs, we will produce mock images/spectra used to (i) interpret available high-redshift observations, and (ii) plan breakthrough experiments with ALMA, JWST and E-ELT. The advent of ALMA, JWST, E-ELT and advances in computational cosmology make the study of high-z ISM one of the most promising areas of development in cosmology. The aim will be achieved through 5 objectives distributed among 3 Work Packages (WPs). WP1 is concerned with theoretical work, a preparatory phase for the cosmological simulations performed in WP2. WP2 represents the production phase of the project and will deliver cutting-edge zoom simulations of a sample of high-z galaxies and their ISM. Finally, WP3 is concerned with the exploitation of the numerical results and their integration with observations.

Mots-clés : high redshift galaxies,alma observations,jwst observations,cosmic reionization