Data-Gouv-ML/pcri-erc-participations-et-projets-laureats huggingface dataset:
Projet ERC : MACROMGR (Horizon Europe, appel 2022, Advanced grants)
Domaine scientifique : Social Sciences and Humanities
Panel : Individuals, Markets and Organisations
Entité participante : Université d'Europe centrale — Pays : Autriche — Rôle : PI
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 1437692.0 €

There are enormous differences in productivity both across countries and across firms within the same country. Not only is the average firm less productive in poor countries, the allocation of resources across firms is also less efficient. Good management is understood as one of the key determinants of firm performance. Why don't management best practices spread from good firms to bad ones and from rich countries to poor ones? In order to explain management practices and productivity at the macroeconomic level, we need to understand where good managers come from and how they are allocated across firms. I propose a new research agenda of the macroeconomics of managers. I will build three quantifiable theories to describe the market for manager skills and estimate them in new longitudinal data on the universe of firms and top managers in Germany (1991-2021) and Hungary (1980-2021). I will study the increased demand for manager skills after economic liberalization of the 1990s, the geographic and other frictions stopping managers from reaching their full potential at their ideal firm, and the spread of trading practices between firms as managers move. My research will show how the misallocation of manager skills across firms, space, and time can contribute to lower aggregate productivity.

Mots-clés : development accounting,management,assignment model,overlapping generations model,linked employer employee data
Projet ERC : UltraWave (Horizon Europe, appel 2024, Advanced grants)
Domaine scientifique : Physical Sciences and Engineering
Panel : Condensed Matter Physics
Entité participante : Université de Warwick — Pays : Royaume-Uni — Rôle : Partner
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 249952.5 €

A significant challenge in quantum nanoelectronics is accessing the internal characteristic timescales, typically a few picoseconds, that dictate the quantum dynamics of nanoelectronic quantum devices. These timescales are currently beyond our reach. If achieved, this will open new path for studying the dynamic aspects of quantum mechanics. ULTRAWAVE will overcome this challenge by leveraging advances in THz photon production and utilizing innovative photon-to-electron conversion devices to engineer THz electronic charge pulses for use in quantum nanoelectronics. We will integrate highly efficient photoconductive switches on-chip within a very low-temperature setup creating the first platform that merges time-resolved THz physics with milli Kelvin temperature. This breakthrough will enable us to achieve unprecedented time scales, granting access to the quantum regime of nanoelectronic conductors. We will develop a new quantum material platform for quantum nanoelectronics based on germanium heterostructures to elevate the field to unprecedented levels. The recently demonstrated exceptional quantum coherence properties of this material will enable us to develop the long-thought single-charge detector for propagating wave packets. Overall, ULTRAWAVE will establish a novel approach for performing in-flight quantum manipulations at unprecedented timescales, resulting in a major breakthrough in the study of quantum entanglement and introducing a new type of quantum information processing with propagating quantum states. The ability to reach these unprecedented timescales will pioneer a new area of research in quantum nanoelectronics for both fundamental science and applications in quantum technology.

Mots-clés : quantum nanoelectronics,entanglement,single electron detectors,quantum phenomena,quantum information and quantum technology,thz electronics,molecular beam epitaxy
Projet ERC : Off-Bench (Horizon Europe, appel 2024, Advanced grants)
Domaine scientifique : Social Sciences and Humanities
Panel : Institutions, Governance and Legal Systems
Entité participante : Université de Warwick — Pays : Royaume-Uni — Rôle : PI
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 1852797.5 €

Off-Bench adopts an innovative approach to the study of judges and judicial politics. Rather than focusing on judicial rulings (the mainstay of academic study) it undertakes the first systematic study of what judges do outside of their courtrooms as part of their official duties and public engagements (hereon off-bench activities), why, and with what impact. This politics project adopts this approach for five reasons: off-bench activities are inherently political; judges engage in a wider range of off-bench activities than has hitherto been recognised; what judges do off-bench is highly revealing of their role understandings; what judges do off-bench matters for the roles that they play both on and off the bench; and judges are critical political actors who can help to promote or undermine the rule of law, accountability, and human rights. The project focuses on contemporary Africa as a most likely case for such off-bench significance and to build theory from the Global South. To facilitate the complex mix of qualitative and quantitative research required to map and then analyse off-bench activities the project will undertake extensive research in two countries. Kenya and Zambia are selected as most similar cases that display different levels of off-bench activism and judicial independence. To test theory developed and evaluate the broader applicability of findings the project will conduct additional research in five ancillary cases – Ghana, Rwanda, Senegal, South Africa, and Uganda – selected for differences in levels of authoritarianism, conflict, and off-bench activities, and common and civil law traditions. This ambitious project will transform how we study and understand the political role, strategies, and significance of this critical democratic actor and make ground-breaking contributions to our understanding of African politics, institutional theory, and role of performance in politics and inform and enhance judicial reform and democracy support efforts.

Mots-clés : judges judicial politics african politics democratisation hybrid regimes
Projet ERC : CRACK THE ROCK (Horizon Europe, appel 2023, Advanced grants)
Domaine scientifique : Physical Sciences and Engineering
Panel : Earth System Science
Entité participante : Institut polytechnique de Grenoble — Pays : France — Rôle : Partner
Acronyme de l'entité : Grenoble INP
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 33862.81 €

The general idea that a rock mass cracks when the external stress-loading exceeds the rock strength, leading to catastrophic failure (critical cracking), is challenged when considering outcrop erosion. Many observations in the field and the laboratory evidence slow, incremental crack developments well below the yield stress of the material, for which repetitive stress load and fatigue induce progressive failure, also called sub-critical cracking. It is largely accepted that the weather (temperature changes, rain, frost) is a major source of stress cycles and slow cumulative damage, but the literature shows too limited quantitative field observations to confirm the mechanics behind rock outcrop cracking. Today, we cannot predict rockfalls nor quantify the relation between daily or seasonal weather forcings to rock crack production. And yet, rock fracturing plays a leading role in most surface processes, from landscape building to vegetation, hydrology and natural hazard prediction. There is an urgent need to reveal the mechanics of sub-critical failure within rock outcrops. Fracturing processes initiate and develop at small scales (from the grain size to a few mm), and meteorological forcing evolve over daily to seasonal time scales, but existing field observation tools hardly meet these scales. In order to lift this issue, the project will deploy an original active multisensory acoustic imaging technique on natural rock outcrops, to map and monitor stress changes and crack production (in m2/m3/time) over timescales ranging from a few hours to a few months, with a centimetric spatial resolution and a stress sensitivity down to a few kPa. Stress will be deduced from acoustic waves, thanks to the acousto-elasticity principle, allowing us to determine the physics of sub-critical cracking of rock outcrops in their natural environment. This work will pave the way for predicting rockfalls and, further, the impact of climate change on rock erosion.

Mots-clés : rock mechanics,acoustics,erosion processes,fatigue,cracking,rock weathering,geomorphology
Projet ERC : Zeptometry (Horizon Europe, appel 2023, Advanced grants)
Domaine scientifique : Physical Sciences and Engineering
Panel : Fundamental Constituents of Matter
Entité participante : Centre national de la recherche scientifique — Pays : France — Rôle : Partner
Acronyme de l'entité : CNRS
Type d'entité : Recherche
Financement ERC de l'entité : 150000.0 €

The theory of elementary particle physics, the Standard Model (SM), provides a successful description of the basic constituents of matter and the forces acting between them. However, it explains only about 15 % of the total mass in the universe, not accounting for the dark matter postulated in the face of astrophysical and cosmological data. The study of the universe at large shows that our theory of the smallest entities of Nature must be extended.  In the absence of a direct observation of new particles it becomes increasingly important to determine the parameters of the SM with the highest possible precision, as new particles and forces would modify their values through quantum effects. The existence of the W and Z bosons, and later the top quark, the tau neutrino, and the Higgs boson - the ultimate discovery of the SM - were all inferred from precision measurements before their direct observations.  A cornerstone parameter of the SM is the so-called weak mixing angle, which relates different sectors of the theory and is particularly sensitive to new physics. The objective of this project is to greatly improve its determination, at energy scales spanning four orders of magnitude, combining information from the LHC with low-energy data from the MESA accelerator. Detector techniques developed for the LHC will be used to optimise the measurements at low energy. The combination of all measurements will test the energy dependence of the weak mixing angle, below the Z peak, on the resonance, and for the first time above the Z, towards the weak scale.  Reaching these objectives requires improving theoretical predictions in the SM beyond the current state of the art, reducing the associated uncertainties. The simultaneous interpretation of the weak mixing angle determinations at all energies will test the SM, and probe new physics with sensitivity to mass scales ranging from 70 MeV up to the order of 100 TeV, corresponding to length scales of a zeptometer.
Projet ERC : UltraWave (Horizon Europe, appel 2024, Advanced grants)
Domaine scientifique : Physical Sciences and Engineering
Panel : Condensed Matter Physics
Entité participante : Centre national de la recherche scientifique — Pays : France — Rôle : PI
Acronyme de l'entité : CNRS
Type d'entité : Recherche
Financement ERC de l'entité : 2183511.0 €

A significant challenge in quantum nanoelectronics is accessing the internal characteristic timescales, typically a few picoseconds, that dictate the quantum dynamics of nanoelectronic quantum devices. These timescales are currently beyond our reach. If achieved, this will open new path for studying the dynamic aspects of quantum mechanics. ULTRAWAVE will overcome this challenge by leveraging advances in THz photon production and utilizing innovative photon-to-electron conversion devices to engineer THz electronic charge pulses for use in quantum nanoelectronics. We will integrate highly efficient photoconductive switches on-chip within a very low-temperature setup creating the first platform that merges time-resolved THz physics with milli Kelvin temperature. This breakthrough will enable us to achieve unprecedented time scales, granting access to the quantum regime of nanoelectronic conductors. We will develop a new quantum material platform for quantum nanoelectronics based on germanium heterostructures to elevate the field to unprecedented levels. The recently demonstrated exceptional quantum coherence properties of this material will enable us to develop the long-thought single-charge detector for propagating wave packets. Overall, ULTRAWAVE will establish a novel approach for performing in-flight quantum manipulations at unprecedented timescales, resulting in a major breakthrough in the study of quantum entanglement and introducing a new type of quantum information processing with propagating quantum states. The ability to reach these unprecedented timescales will pioneer a new area of research in quantum nanoelectronics for both fundamental science and applications in quantum technology.

Mots-clés : quantum nanoelectronics,entanglement,single electron detectors,quantum phenomena,quantum information and quantum technology,thz electronics,molecular beam epitaxy
Projet ERC : GEOEDP (Horizon Europe, appel 2022, Advanced grants)
Domaine scientifique : Physical Sciences and Engineering
Panel : Mathematics
Entité participante : Université Paris-Saclay — Pays : France — Rôle : PI
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 1647938.0 €

Many physics models are described by waves or more generally dispersive equations (Schrödinger equations) with propagation in a non homogeneous and bounded medium. Toy models (mostly in flat backgrounds) have been developed by mathematicians. However, many questions remain open even on these simplified models in the presence of inhomogeneities and boundaries. In particular, the works of mathematicians in the last decade have allowed to exhibit some pathological behaviours which appear to be quite unstable. A first point in this proposal will be to expand the understanding of the influence of the geometry (inhomogeneities of the media, boundaries) on the behaviour of solutions to dispersive PDE’s. When these behaviours appear to be unstable, a natural question is whether they are actually rare. The last years have seen the emergence of a new point of view on these questions: random data Cauchy theories. The idea behind is that for random initial data, the solution’s behaviours are better than expected (deterministically). The second point of this project is precisely to go further in this direction. After identifying these pathological behaviours, is it possible to show that for almost all initial data, almost all geometries, they do not happen? Understanding how to combine the powerful techniques from micro-local and harmonic analysis with a probabilistic approach in this context should allow a much better understanding of these physically relevant models. Summarising, the purpose of my project is to develop tools and give answers to the following questions in the context of dispersive PDE’s (and to some extent fluids mechanics)  Can we understand the influence of the geometric background (and boundaries) on concentration properties and the the behaviour of solutions to dispersive evolution PDE’s?  Can we define generic behaviours for solutions to waves and fluids PDE's ? Can we show that some very pathological behaviours (which do happen) are actually very rare?

Mots-clés : partial differential equations,control,scattering,probabilities
Projet ERC : WOW (Horizon Europe, appel 2024, Advanced grants)
Domaine scientifique : Social Sciences and Humanities
Panel : Institutions, Governance and Legal Systems
Entité participante : Institut de recherche pour la paix — Pays : Norvège — Rôle : Partner
Acronyme de l'entité : PRIO
Type d'entité : Recherche
Financement ERC de l'entité : 431237.5 €

Wars are raging around the world. War has terrible consequences: soldiers and civilians are killed or wounded, millions are forced to flee their homes, buildings and infrastructure are destroyed, and children, especially, are put at risk of sickness and death; the suffering is astounding. Some of this is unintended, but too much of the suffering is intentional. Wars are fought in myriad ways, ranging from conventional interstate war to intrastate guerilla insurgencies to terrorist actions. The ways wars are waged have serious consequences. The strategic dynamics between warring parties are crucial in shaping warfare – and thus its consequences – but these aspects are often overlooked. We know much more about the causes of war and ways to end wars than we know about what happens during war. The Waging of War (WOW) project addresses this fundamental research gap, emphasizing the dynamic and evolving nature of the interactions of belligerents, offering new insights into how the organization of warring parties influences the conduct of war, and conversely, how the fighting impacts the organizational structure of the belligerents. War dynamics are important because they determine winners and losers, and the nature of the resolution of conflict. War dynamics also have severe consequences for affected communities and societies and influence the prospects for rebuilding. WOW addresses three central research questions: • How are wars fought? • How does the organization of a belligerent party affect the way they wage war? • How do the dynamics of the war affect the organization of the fighting parties?  The project has 3 objectives: • To develop a theory of the dynamics of war with applications to interstate and intrastate conflict. • To apply the dynamics of war theory to specific cases and develop generalizable conclusions. • To develop a data infrastructure about organizational features and aspects of the dynamics of war.

Mots-clés : warfare,dynamic processes,armed organizations,contestation
Projet ERC : IMPERIAL ENCOUNTER (Horizon Europe, appel 2024, Advanced grants)
Domaine scientifique : Social Sciences and Humanities
Panel : The Study of the Human Past
Entité participante : Centre national de la recherche scientifique — Pays : France — Rôle : Partner
Acronyme de l'entité : CNRS
Type d'entité : Recherche
Financement ERC de l'entité : 24602.5 €

Named ‘Aphrodito archive’ because it originates in that otherwise unremarkable Middle-Egyptian town, the most important papyrological archive of the early Caliphate contains the papers of an early-eighth-century district administrator, including correspondence with the provincial governor in the new Muslim capital Fustat, and with village heads in his district, as well as registers and accounts generally related to tax and resource extraction. Known for over a century, the Aphrodito archive remains underexploited, largely because of its inaccessibility. Its three languages (Arabic, Coptic, Greek), difficult-to-access editions, and lack of translations have acted as a break to its study, and the partial nature of the existing translated texts (mainly those coming from above) has created a skewed view of its nature, which is much more organic and dialectical than has been allowed for. IMPERIAL ENCOUNTER will make this invaluable group of documents available to scholars by providing a full translation of the archive’s documents IMPERIAL ENCOUNTER will also use this archive to produce a microhistory of the Aphrodito area and its engagement with the new empire. Containing documents from above and from below, the archive admirably illustrates the Caliphate’s conception of empire and its implementation strategy on the one hand, and local reception empire on the other. A team with the necessary linguistic skills will produce several microhistorical studies exploring some key questions for the Umayyad caliphate and the functioning of early medieval empires: the balance between coercion and negotiation, the role of archives in establishing power, the indigenous reception of empire. In this key period of ostensible power display by the Umayyads, the documents found in rural Aphrodito mention such projects as the building of the Umayyad mosque in Damascus and demonstrate how they affected tiny villages in a different province, providing a textbook case of global microhistory.

Mots-clés : papyrology,medieval egypt,umayyad caliphate,coptic studies,indigeneity,empire studies,late antiquity
Projet ERC : BIOSSCI (Horizon Europe, appel 2024, Advanced grants)
Domaine scientifique : Social Sciences and Humanities
Panel : The Soci al World and Its Interactions
Entité participante : Université d'Exeter — Pays : Royaume-Uni — Rôle : PI
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 1921467.0 €

Biosecurity, the management of biological threats to humans, animals, and environments, is critical for health, economy, pandemic preparedness, and food security. In agricultural settings, it involves protecting livestock and workers from infectious diseases. The tendency is to take an engineering approach, aiming to minimise system breaches or failures. But this Biosecurity I approach is failing. Infection pressures are growing with climate and other environmental changes. Resulting livestock systems can make animals and landscapes less resilient and expose farms and workers to greater risks. Implementation costs are high, non-compliant farms can be excluded from markets, resulting in rural poverty and increased disease threat. Biosecurity I is ill-fitted to low income and sub-tropical settings and can generate socially unjust and neo-colonial outcomes. Radical new thinking is needed.  The alternative is to learn from those who successfully manage biological threats under varying conditions. In this approach, safety involves more than minimising breaches. It requires that many matters or ‘goods’ are managed effectively. Biosecurity II, biosocial security, is the careful arrangement of people, animals, materials, and markets in ways that make life safe. Lessons need to be learned concerning how this is achieved and how things can be improved. This ground-breaking project reverses the usual top-down flow of biosecurity knowledge. It will work with farmers and policymakers in Bangladesh, South Africa, and the UK to understand how biosecurity works in practice. The project team will generate empirically and conceptually informed social science knowledge on those practices. The field knowledge will be used to exnovate future approaches to biosecurity, exploring alternative institutional and policy practices. Developing innovative methods and theory, the PI-led team will generate a step change in social science approaches to a key twenty-first century issue.

Mots-clés : biosecurity food human nonhuman relations science policy epidemiology disease health