Data-Gouv-ML/pcri-erc-participations-et-projets-laureats huggingface dataset:
Projet ERC : STEMpop (Horizon 2020, appel 2017, Consolidator grants)
Domaine scientifique : Life Science
Panel : Cellular, Developmental and Regenerative Biology
Entité participante : University of Helsinki — Pays : Finlande — Rôle : PI
Acronyme de l'entité : UH
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 1999918.0 €

How complex but stereotyped tissues are formed, maintained and regenerated through local growth, differentiation and remodeling is a fundamental open question in biology. Understanding how single cell behaviors are coordinated on the population level and how population-level dynamics is coupled to tissue architecture is required to resolve this question as well as to develop stem cell (SC) therapies and effective treatments against cancers. As a self-renewing organ maintained by multiple distinct SC populations, the epidermis represents an outstanding, clinically highly relevant research paradigm to address this question. A key epidermal SC population are the hair follicle stem cells (HFSCs) that fuel hair follicle regeneration, repair epidermal injuries and, when deregulated, initiate carcinogenesis. The major obstacle in mechanistic understanding of HFSC regulation has been the lack of an in vitro culture system enabling their precise monitoring and manipulation. We have overcome this barrier by developing a method for long-term maintenance of multipotent HFSCs that recapitulates the complexity of HFSC fate decisions and dynamic crosstalk between HFSCs and their progeny. This breakthrough invention puts me in the unique position to investigate how HFSCs self-organize into a network of SCs and progenitors through population-level signaling crosstalk and phenotypic plasticity. This project will uncover the spatiotemporal dynamics of HFSCs fate decisions and establish the role of the niche in this process (Aim1), decipher key gene-regulatory networks and epigenetic barriers that control phenotypic plasticity (Aim2), and discover druggable signaling networks that drive bi-directional reprogramming of HFSCs and their progeny (Aim3). By deconstructing complex tissue-level behaviors at an unprecedented spatiotemporal resolution this study has the potential to transform the fundaments of adult SC biology with immediate implications to regenerative medicine.

Mots-clés : hair follicle stem cells,stem cell niche,mechanotransduction
Projet ERC : CoCi (Horizon 2020, appel 2018, Advanced grants)
Domaine scientifique : Social Sciences and Humanities
Panel : Institutions, Governance and Legal Systems
Entité participante : Board of the Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology — Pays : Suisse — Rôle : PI
Acronyme de l'entité : ETH Zurich
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 2499500.0 €

How could networks of innovative cities contribute to the solution of humanity’s existential problems? Given the on-going digital revolution and our present-day sustainability challenges, we have to reinvent the way cities are operated. We propose that the requirement of organizing cities in a more resilient way implies the need for more decentralized solutions, based on digitally assisted self-organization, and that this concept is also compatible with sustainability requirements and stronger democratic participation. The CoCi proposal will investigate, whether such a decentralized, participatory approach could compete with a fully centralized approach in terms of efficiency and sustainability, or perform even better than that. This requires in particular to figure out, how distributed co-creation processes can be coordinated and lifted to a professional level in a scalable way. The main questions of the CoCi proposal are: How could more participatory smart cities work, and how can they meet the requirements of being more efficient, sustainable and resilient? What are their risks and benefits compared with centralized approaches? How could digital societies fitting our culture, for example, based on values such as freedom, equality and solidarity (liberté, égalité, fraternité) look like, and what performance can be expected from them? The CoCi proposal brings together two research directions: first, the automation of mobility solutions based on the Internet of Things and Machine Learning approaches, as they have been pursued within the “smart cities” paradigm and, second, novel collaborative approaches as they have been recently discussed under labels such as participatory resilience, digital democracy, City Olympics, open source urbanism, and the “socio-ecological finance system”.

Mots-clés : computational social science,complexity science,global systems science
Projet ERC : ANCESTORS (Horizon 2020, appel 2019, Advanced grants)
Domaine scientifique : Social Sciences and Humanities
Panel : The study of the human past
Entité participante : University of Cambridge — Pays : Royaume-Uni — Rôle : PI
Acronyme de l'entité : U. Cambridge
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 869503.0 €

How did politics and inequality work in prehistoric Europe? Traditionally, politics has been seen in terms of discrete political ranks identified through differential treatment of individual burials. But this results in classifying much of prehistory, where the dead were treated in ways which effaced individual identity, as egalitarian. The result is an artificially dichotomous history: Neolithic people had landscapes, rituals and ancestors, Bronze and Iron Age people had politics and inequality. In the last two decades this approach has been strongly critiqued. Burial treatment rarely relates to status so directly; the dead serve many different political roles. Inequality in pre-state groups rarely consists of clear strata; inequality and equality exist in tension within groups. Inequality may have been present throughout European prehistory, but manifest situationally through differential life chances, kinship, ritual or ancestorhood, rather than overtly through political command, wealth or identity. But this new perspective has never been tested empirically. This project tests alternative models of prehistoric inequality and deathways. To investigate social relations in life, it uses osteobiography, reconstructing life stories from skeletons through scientific data on identity, health, diet, mobility and kinship. To understand deathways, it employs a second new methodology, funerary taphonomy. Combining osteobiography and taphonomy allows us to connect ancient lives and deaths. Peninsular Italy provides a substantial test sequence typical of much of Europe. For each of three key periods (Neolithic, 6000-4000 BC; Final Neolithic to Early Bronze Age, 4000-1800 BC; Middle Bronze Age to Iron Age, 1800-600 BC), 200+ individuals will be analysed. The results will allow us to evaluate for the first time how inequality affected lives in prehistoric Europe and what role ancestors played in it.

Mots-clés : osteobiography,ritual taphonomy,ancestors,death,prehistory,kinship,politics
Projet ERC : PlastiCell (Horizon 2020, appel 2014, Consolidator grants)
Domaine scientifique : Life Science
Panel : Cellular, Developmental and Regenerative Biology
Entité participante : Centre européen de recherche en biologie et en médecine — Pays : France — Rôle : PI
Acronyme de l'entité : CERBM
Type d'entité : Recherche
Financement ERC de l'entité : 2000000.0 €

How differentiated cells can change their identity is a fascinating question. Indeed, natural interconversions between functionally distinct somatic cell types (aka transdifferentiation, Td) have been reported in species as diverse as jellyfish and mice, while experimentally induced reprogramming of differentiated cells has been demonstrated. The relative ease with which cellular identities can be reprogrammed raises a number of exciting questions: What mechanisms and steps allow a given cell, but not its apparently identical neighbours, to naturally acquire a new plasticity potential and change its identity? How does the cellular context influence the ability of a cell to be reprogrammed? What cellular mechanisms must be counteracted to allow natural reprograming to occur? What circuitry underlie the impressive efficiency observed in natural events? The proposed project tackles these questions To systematically identify the molecular networks and cellular requirements of Td, we established a simple model of natural Td, in C. elegans, where the conversion of a rectal cell into a motoneuron is followed in vivo. This model is unique: it is 100% efficient, predictable and provides the first unambiguous demonstration, at the single cell level, of natural Td. The study of such natural event has revealed a key asset to unravel the discrete steps of the process, their control and the conserved cell plasticity factors promoting its initiation, while leading to important concepts conserved across phyla. We propose here 4 aims to push new frontiers and: i) Define what makes a cellular context permissive; ii) Elucidate the conserved nuclear complexes and network architecture promoting efficient reprogramming; iii) Identify mechanisms that protect the differentiated identity and act as a brake to Td. Understanding cell plasticity in vivo will have a tremendous impact on our perception of developmental and cancerous processes and could open new avenues for regenerative medicine.

Mots-clés : c  elegans,transdifferentiation,natural direct reprogramming,node,rectum
Projet ERC : KINMATRIX (Horizon 2020, appel 2019, Starting grants)
Domaine scientifique : Social Sciences and Humanities
Panel : The Social World and Its Diversity
Entité participante : University of Cologne — Pays : Allemagne — Rôle : PI
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 1487427.0 €

How do families mobilize to respond to their members’ needs? How do families transmit advantages and disadvantages within and across generations? Most of what we know about these questions is restricted to solidarity and transmission in the nuclear family – a small segment comprising only the closest kin. The project’s core concept – the kinship matrix – offers a much richer view of family members and family ties relevant to solidarity and transmission. It widens the lens to examine nuclear family ties in a larger pattern of relations that constitutes the immediate and extended family network spreading vertically and horizontally. Based on this concept, the project will achieve three objectives: to collect new comparative data on the kinship matrix in five European countries (Objective 1); and to use these data to conduct novel studies of solidarity (Objective 2) and of transmission (Objective 3) that break new ground in family research. The project comprises three subprojects, each dedicated to one objective. Subproject 1 will achieve Objective 1, collecting and preparing data on kinship ties that underpin all analyses on solidarity and transmission. The new comparative survey on the kinship matrix will be supplemented by further sources of population-scale data. Subproject 2 will achieve Objective 2, capturing solidarity in a multigenerational structure of immediate and extended kin. Subproject 3 will achieve Objective 3, capturing status transmission and behavioral transmission across a wide set of relevant kin. All subprojects will study the channels of solidarity and transmission, combining attribute data on status and behavior with relational data on the quality of kinship ties. The project will advance our understanding of the family as a unit of cohesion constitutive to the European social model and as a unit of transmission constitutive to inequality within and across generations. The new data will be released to create a lasting impact on family research.
Projet ERC : INFIMOP (Horizon 2020, appel 2015, Advanced grants)
Domaine scientifique : Social Sciences and Humanities
Panel : Individuals, Markets and Organisations
Entité participante : University of London — Pays : Royaume-Uni — Rôle : PI
Acronyme de l'entité : U. London
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 1830866.0 €

How do financial globalization and monetary policies interact? This proposal studies the international transmission channels of monetary policy from the main financial centres to the rest of the world and the ability of countries to conduct independent monetary policy in a financially integrated world. I focus in particular on the role of different exchange rate regimes and on the implications of large cross border financial flows for monetary policy transmission. The proposal is organized around four related parts: (i) global financial conditions and monetary policy; (ii) central banking in large capital flow environments; (iii) heterogeneous financial intermediaries and monetary policy; and (iv) the structure of the international monetary system. In the first part, I will use cutting-edge empirical methods to characterize the effect of monetary policy conducted in main financial centres on the global financial cycle, with a special focus on the role of financial intermediaries in channelling liquidity across borders. In the second part, I will use high frequency data on financial markets to assess to what extent the inflation targeting open economies can have an independent monetary policy in the presence of international capital flows and induced credit creation. In the third part, I will develop new theoretical modelling of the monetary policy transmission mechanism where heterogeneity in financial intermediation plays a key role. This novel framework will allow me to study in general equilibrium the interplay between the effect of monetary policy on investment and aggregate demand and the endogenous build-up of macroeconomic risk. I will then extend the model to the open economy. Finally, I will propose a new model of the workings of the international monetary system based on the insurance properties of the reserve currency and asymmetric fiscal capacities. This micro-founded model will allow me to consider multipolar systems versus a dollar-centric

Mots-clés : monetary economics,international finance,macroeconomics,central banks and monetary policy,global banks,trilemma,capital flows
Projet ERC : FOUNDCOG (Horizon 2020, appel 2017, Advanced grants)
Domaine scientifique : Social Sciences and Humanities
Panel : The Human Mind and Its Complexity
Entité participante : Trinity College Dublin — Pays : Irlande — Rôle : PI
Acronyme de l'entité : TCD
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 2500000.0 €

How do human infants develop complex cognition? We propose that artificial intelligence (AI) provides crucial insight into human curiosity-driven learning and the development of infant cognition. Deep learning—a technology that has revolutionised AI—involves the acquisition of informative internal representations through pre-training, as a critical precursory step to learning any specific task. We propose that, similarly, curiosity guides human infants to develop ‘hidden’ mature mental representations through pre-training well before the manifestation of behaviour. To test this proposal, for the first time we will use neuroimaging to measure the hidden changes in representations during infancy and compare these to predictions from deep learning in machines. Research Question 1 will ask how infants guide pre-training through directed curiosity, by testing quantitative models of curiosity adapted from developmental robotics. We will also test the hypothesis from pilot data that the fronto-parietal brain network guides curiosity from the start. Research Question 2 will further test the parallel with deep learning by characterising the developing infant’s mental representations within the visual system using the powerful neuroimaging technique of representational similarity analysis. Research Question 3 will investigate how individual differences in curiosity affect later cognitive performance, and test the prediction from deep learning that the effects of early experience during pre-training grow rather than shrink with subsequent experience. Finally, Research Question 4 will test the novel prediction from deep learning that, following perinatal brain injury, pre-training creates resilience provided that curiosity is intact. The investigations will answer the overarching question of how pre-training learning lays the foundations for cognition and pioneer the new field of Computational Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience.

Mots-clés : infant,neuroimaging,deep learning,computational developmental cognitive neuroscience,vision
Projet ERC : StarDestroyers (Horizon 2020, appel 2019, Starting grants)
Domaine scientifique : Physical Sciences and Engineering
Panel : Universe sciences
Entité participante : Tel Aviv University — Pays : Israël — Rôle : PI
Acronyme de l'entité : TAU
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 1998625.0 €

How do massive stars evolve and achieve explosion? What governs the various regimes of accretion physics? What is the population of quiescent supermassive black holes? What is the neutron star equation of state? These seemingly unrelated questions (among others) can be answered through the study of transients, mainly: supernovae (SNe), tidal disruption events (TDEs), and kilonovae (KNe). For this reason, an enormous amount of observational effort is being put into surveys to discover more of these rare events. The bottleneck is now in identifying the transients of value in ever-growing alert streams, and in performing prioritized wide-scale followup. Without these crucial steps, which cannot be done retroactively after the transient surveys are concluded, we will not gain full access to the broad underlying physics, regardless of the quantity of events discovered. Here I propose to develop and use novel tools to consolidate discoveries from various transient surveys, identify the events that demand immediate followup, prioritize followup resources, and conduct the followup, all in real time. My experience with prominent transient surveys and followup facilities allowed me to obtain some of the most comprehensive observations of young SNe, identify the first class of optical TDEs and their unique host-galaxy preference, and lead the discovery team that secured the densest early data of the first KN following a gravitational-wave trigger. I now have access to a unique combination of observing resources that will allow me to transform these discoveries from the few events level to statistical samples. The public ZTF survey is already producing 100,000 alerts per night. LSST is around the corner, and is expected to produce 10 million alerts per night. Now is the time to invest in identification, classification, and followup of the potential treasure chest of events provided by transient surveys in order to unlock the broad range of physical insights we gain from them.

Mots-clés : pacs2010  97 10 me mass loss and stellar winds,97 60 bw supernovae,97 60 jd neutron stars,98 62 js galactic nuclei,circumnuclear matter,and bulges,95 75 rs remote observing techniques
Projet ERC : DEPART (Horizon 2020, appel 2020, Starting grants)
Domaine scientifique : Social Sciences and Humanities
Panel : Institutions, Governance and Legal Systems
Entité participante : University of Vienna — Pays : Autriche — Rôle : PI
Acronyme de l'entité : Univie
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 1499856.0 €

How do people reach the highest echelons of politics? Traditionally, the answer has been through political parties. Yet recently, more and more politicians in Europe take office with little or no party socialization. Technocrats and political outsiders have assumed power across Europe. Even established parties appoint ever more nonpartisans as ministers. Yet we still know nothing about how this ‘de-party-politicization’ of our political elites affects – or even damages – representative democracy. To address this gap, DEPART’s theoretical innovation is to re-conceptualize the idea of ‘party control of government’. Existing work views party control as established once parties appoint individuals to office. DEPART abandons this formalistic perspective and conceives of party control as a function of the socialization of political elites into parties. The weaker this socialization, the weaker the linkage that parties provide between voters and governments. Empirically, DEPART breaks new ground by developing the first biography-based measures of party control, using the most comprehensive and most granular analysis of political careers in Europe to date (~10,000 ministers, 30 countries, 1945–2020). It also employs survey experiments to study voter responses to de-party-politicization. With these unique data, DEPART addresses two hitherto overlooked questions. First, does de-party-politicization diminish the influence of the party composition of governments on policy outcomes? This would undermine the ability of voters to affect policy through their electoral choice. Second, do weak (or absent) partisan ties among political elites reduce the ability of voters to correctly assign blame for bad government performance? This would increase the chance that parties pay no electoral price for corruption, scandals and mismanagement.

Mots-clés : political careers,political parties,policy responsiveness,political accountability
Projet ERC : VINO (Horizon 2020, appel 2020, Consolidator grants)
Domaine scientifique : Social Sciences and Humanities
Panel : Institutions, Governance and Legal Systems
Entité participante : Uppsala University — Pays : Suède — Rôle : PI
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 1968835.0 €

How do states address police misconduct? Police violence and abuse occurs throughout the democratic world, presenting a challenge for states committed to exercising coercive force with discretion. One of the ways states address this problem is with police misconduct oversight institutions, which facilitate civilian reporting and state investigation of misconduct. But there is vast variation in the ways democracies design these institutions, and there is no systematic cross-national comparative research which can help us understand how different types of oversight institutions influence citizens’ behavior and attitudes to the state. As a consequence, decisionmakers lack the empirical basis necessary for developing informed policy. This project will develop a theoretical framework which contains a wider array of facets of institutional design than have been considered in previous research. It then asks how these institutional facets impact on citizen perceptions of police legitimacy and willingness to file complaints. The project studies these relationships within all OECD democracies using a multi-method approach. It first collects new, systematic data in order to conduct the first cross-national, statistical analysis. It complements this analysis with a series of survey experiments in order to overcome challenges to causal inference. Five case studies anchor this effort by helping to validate and contextualize the empirics. This project contributes by developing a new conceptual framework, innovating new and nuanced theoretical arguments, and studying them with rigorous, comparative methods. This research agenda is important because understanding how these oversight institutions are designed and whether they work can provide us with important leverage on understanding the foundations of democratic governance and state respect for the civil rights of its citizens.

Mots-clés : policing,oversight,misconduct,human rights,democratic governance