Data-Gouv-ML/pcri-erc-participations-et-projets-laureats huggingface dataset:
Projet ERC : FaultScan (Horizon 2020, appel 2018, Consolidator grants)
Domaine scientifique : Physical Sciences and Engineering
Panel : Earth system science
Entité participante : University of California System — Pays : Etats-Unis — Rôle : Partner
Acronyme de l'entité : UC
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 550000.0 €

The recent September 2017, magnitude 7.1, central Mexico earthquake that caused 370 casualties reminds us that earthquakes are among the most dramatic natural disasters worldwide. Causal physical processes are not instantaneous and laboratory and numerical experiments predict that earthquakes should be preceded by a detectable slow preparation phase. Despite considerable efforts, however, robust geophysical precursors have not yet been observed before damaging earthquakes. My FaultScan project will revolutionize our ability to directly observe transient deformation within the core of active faults and provide unprecedented accuracy in the detection of earthquake precursors. My ambition is to develop a new, noise-based, high resolution, seismic monitoring approach. I intend to grasp the opportunity of a recent step change in seismic instrumentation and data processing capabilities to achieve a dream for seismologists: reproduce repeatable, daily, virtual seismic sources that can probe the core of active faults at seismogenic depths using only passive seismic records. I plan to target the San Jacinto Fault (a branch of the San Andreas Fault system) that is currently believed to pose one of the largest seismic risks in California. It is an ideal fault for this project because it is very active, already extensively studied and easily accessible for the pilot field data acquisition work. This project is in collaboration with the Univ. of South. California, the Univ. of Cal. San Diego and specialists in earthquake mechanics and will include earthquake preparation processes and seismic modeling that will guide us for our long-term (3 years), breakthrough, passive seismic experiment and further data analysis and interpretation. I strongly believe that this project has a very high potential for providing fundamental results on the physics of earthquakes and faults and that it will have a major impact on earthquake prediction worldwide in the near future.

Mots-clés : noise based seismology,earthquake monitoring and prediction
Projet ERC : PICOPROP (Horizon 2020, appel 2014, Advanced grants)
Domaine scientifique : Physical Sciences and Engineering
Panel : Condensed matter physics
Entité participante : Board of the Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology — Pays : Suisse — Rôle : PI
Acronyme de l'entité : ETH Zurich
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 2495712.0 €

The recent discovery of the organo-inorganic perovskite CH3NH3PbI3 as very efficient material in photoelectric conversion is multifaceted: it turns out that this compound is promising not only in photovoltaics, but it is lasing, it gives bright light emitting diodes, promising in water splitting and we are persuaded that it can play an important role in basic sciences, as well. We have recently realized that under white light illumination the photoelectrons, due to their very long recombination time, stay in the conduction band and the resistivity of a single crystal shows a metallic behavior. If the lifetime is sufficiently long and the density of these excited carrier is high enough they could condense into a Fermi sea. The project’s goal is to realize this highly unusual state and to document its properties by magneto-transport and spectroscopic techniques. We will check in our model compound the long-sought superconductivity of photo-excited carriers, extensively searched for in cuprates, if we could stabilize it by fine tuning the interactions by hydrostatic pressure under constant illumination. The availability of high quality samples is primordial for this program. It turns out that CH3NH3PbI3 is ideal compound, it seems to be almost free of charged defects (its room temperature resistance is 5 orders of magnitude higher than that of Phosphorus doped Silicon at 1013 cm-3 doping concentration) and we can grow excellent single crystals of it. Furthermore, it has a flexibility in material design: one can vary all the constituents, and even the dimensionality by making layered materials with the main chemical motifs. A special effort will be devoted to tune the spin-orbit coupling by different elements, since this could be at the origin of the long recombination time of the photo-electrons. We suspect that the highly tunable, clean and disorder-free doping obtained by shining light on these ionic crystals opens a new era in material discovery.
Projet ERC : MAFRAN (Horizon 2020, appel 2016, Consolidator grants)
Domaine scientifique : Physical Sciences and Engineering
Panel : Mathematics
Entité participante : University of Cambridge — Pays : Royaume-Uni — Rôle : PI
Acronyme de l'entité : U. Cambridge
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 1950637.0 €

The recent growing mathematical activity around the partial differential equations of kinetic theory has lead to deeper and deeper conceptual breakthroughs. This has opened new paths, and has created new frontiers with other cutting-edge fields of research. These frontiers correspond to three combined levels: the dialogue with another world-leading research community; the uncovering of deep new connexions and methods through this interplay; the possibilities of making significant progresses on a fundamental open problem: I. with the elliptic regularity community (regularisation for nonlocal collision operators, De Giorgi- Nash theory): the main challenge is the well-posedness of the Landau-Coulomb equation; II. with the dispersive and fluid mechanics equations communities (nonlinear stability driven by phase mixing): the main challenge is the damping stability of non spatially homogeneous structures; III. with the dynamical system and probability communities (mean-field and Boltzmann-Grad limits): the main challenge is the rigorous derivation of the fundamental equations of statistical mechanics on macroscopic times; IV. with the applications to biology, ecology and statistical physics (emerging collective phenomena for open many-particle systems): the main challenge is the understanding of steady or propagation front solutions and their stability outside the realm of the 2d principle of thermodynamics. These frontiers can rapidly lead to key advances with potential impact in mathematical analysis and fundamental physics (plasma physics, statistical mechanics); the work program Horizon 2020 would strongly benefit from the construction of a world-class research centre devoted to them. This is my objective in this project: I have played a key role in the opening of these frontiers, I propose new approaches, I have experience in building a research group, and the University of Cambridge, where I am based, would provide a unique supportive environment.

Mots-clés : many particle systems,application to kinetic theory,application to plasma physics,application to fluid mechanics,theoretical statistical physics,application to ecological models of population
Projet ERC : PerInterv (Horizon 2020, appel 2019, Consolidator grants)
Domaine scientifique : Social Sciences and Humanities
Panel : The Social World and Its Diversity
Entité participante : Hebrew University of Jerusalem — Pays : Israël — Rôle : PI
Acronyme de l'entité : HUJI
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 1990000.0 €

The recent increase in intergroup hostilities and the intertwining of local and global crises emphasizes the importance of finding ways to attenuate the destructive effects of intergroup conflicts. In recent decades, social psychologists have shown an increasing interest in offering interventions to reduce intergroup prejudice and promote intergroup reconciliation. Yet, in contrast to other scientific fields that strive towards more personalized approaches, most research on intergroup interventions applies the same interventions to all target populations. The proposed project aims to address this gap by introducing an innovative framework for personalized intergroup interventions. The proposed framework is composed of three main layers: a. personalization parameters, b. mechanisms connecting personalization parameters to concrete interventions, and c. the relevant interventions to be tested. The project includes four sequential parts. In part one (WP1) I will conduct six (one for each intervention) meta-analyses in which all available data of studies using these interventions will be gathered and moderations by personalization parameters will be tested. In WP2, online versions of all interventions will be created and tested in two large-scale online studies in two different contexts (Israeli-Palestinian and immigration in Europe) against relevant personalization parameters. Then, in WP3, I will attempt to pinpoint optimal compositions of different interventions, to maximize effects for distinct individuals. Finally, in WP4, I will conduct field interventions in two domains: education and social media, in which screening based on the parameters for personalization is plausible. The project will identify novel mechanisms by which different intergroup interventions differently influence different individuals. It will make important conceptual discoveries and apply them in order to shift intergroup relations using more accurate, theory-driven, personalized methods.

Mots-clés : psychological interventions,intergroup relations,emotion regulation
Projet ERC : LINCHPIN (Horizon 2020, appel 2018, Consolidator grants)
Domaine scientifique : Physical Sciences and Engineering
Panel : Products and processes engineering
Entité participante : Universität Hamburg — Pays : Allemagne — Rôle : PI
Acronyme de l'entité : UHH
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 1964375.0 €

The recent successful applications of photon-in-photon-out spectroscopy in condense matter physics, bio-inorganic chemistry and catalysis build upon the high brilliance of modern X-ray sources and realization of dedicated emission spectrometers. However, probing with highly energetic X-ray beam puts many constraints on the sample environment and requires probing faster than the X-ray radiation damage occurs. This strongly limits the applicability of the method in studying the chemistry of colloidal nanomaterials. The objective of LINCHPIN is to investigate the emergence of electronic structure of nanomaterials in solution by hard X-ray photon-in-photon-out spectroscopy. To reach this very ambitious target, LINCHPIN consolidates an interdisciplinary engineering, spectroscopic and chemically driven effort. My group aim for developing micro-reactors, which will enable new fundamental insights related to the chemistry and electronic properties of the transition metal nitrides and sulfides. The main scientific goals are to study at the relevant time scales the kinetics and dynamics of: (a) short-lived molecular intermediate states and pre-nucleation clusters, (b) metal-sulfur and metal-nitrogen bond formation and their condensation in solution, (c) electronic structure changes during growth of nanostructures, and (d) concurrently interdependent electronic and chemical processes. The ultimate goal is to have a handle on designing and selecting, still in the reaction solution, the nanomaterials with the most promising electronic properties relevant for energy conversion and storage. Moreover, the proposed micro-reactors along with experimental spectroscopic protocols and the concurrent fundamental knowledge create a paradigm shift for in situ time-resolved experiments with an impact in many other fields ranging from catalysis, sustainable flow chemistry to biomedical applications.

Mots-clés : colloidal chemistry,nanomaterials,micro reactors,synchrotron studies,x rays spectroscopy
Projet ERC : IRONDEATH (Horizon 2020, appel 2019, Advanced grants)
Domaine scientifique : Life Science
Panel : Physiology in Health, Disease and Ageing
Entité participante : University Hospital Bonn — Pays : Allemagne — Rôle : Partner
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 48000.0 €

The recognition of distinct regulated cell death pathways presents tantalizing possibilities for gaining control over life and death decisions made by cells to both prevent age-dependent (neuro)degenerative diseases and to fight cancer. For decades, apoptosis has been considered as the sole form of regulated cell death, while others were deemed unregulated, necrotic. In this context, pioneering work originating from my group enabled to establish “ferroptosis” as an iron-dependent cell death modality that is marked by the oxidative destruction of cellular membranes. Ferroptosis has sparked overwhelming interest in the last few years not only because it harbours many pharmacologically tractable nodes, but as it is likely induced only under pathological conditions, thus opening the unique opportunity for a broad therapeutic window of novel ferroptosis modulators. While some of the molecular players, metabolic contexts and respective small molecule inhibitors and inducers of ferroptosis have been recently described, pivotal questions have remained unanswered. In a holistic approach this project is conceived to tackle these fundamental questions by providing answers to (i) whether there are yet-unrecognized key ferroptosis nodes that may explain why certain cells are highly vulnerable to ferroptosis while others are not, (ii) the nature and subcellular compartment where the initial ferroptosis priming signal is being generated and (iii) why certain cells and tissues die by apoptosis while others succumb to ferroptosis. Successful implementation of the herein proposed aims will yield novel ferroptosis regulating genes as potential future drug targets, decipher and localize the death signal affording the rationale design of refined small molecule ferroptosis modulators and enable the precision-based treatment of patients suffering from early cell loss and tissue demise or cancer.

Mots-clés : ferroptosis,regulated necrosis,lipid peroxidation,redox signaling,cell death,mouse genetics
Projet ERC : IRONDEATH (Horizon 2020, appel 2019, Advanced grants)
Domaine scientifique : Life Science
Panel : Physiology in Health, Disease and Ageing
Entité participante : Helmholtz Zentrum München — Pays : Allemagne — Rôle : PI
Acronyme de l'entité : HMGU
Type d'entité : Recherche
Financement ERC de l'entité : 2451835.0 €

The recognition of distinct regulated cell death pathways presents tantalizing possibilities for gaining control over life and death decisions made by cells to both prevent age-dependent (neuro)degenerative diseases and to fight cancer. For decades, apoptosis has been considered as the sole form of regulated cell death, while others were deemed unregulated, necrotic. In this context, pioneering work originating from my group enabled to establish “ferroptosis” as an iron-dependent cell death modality that is marked by the oxidative destruction of cellular membranes. Ferroptosis has sparked overwhelming interest in the last few years not only because it harbours many pharmacologically tractable nodes, but as it is likely induced only under pathological conditions, thus opening the unique opportunity for a broad therapeutic window of novel ferroptosis modulators. While some of the molecular players, metabolic contexts and respective small molecule inhibitors and inducers of ferroptosis have been recently described, pivotal questions have remained unanswered. In a holistic approach this project is conceived to tackle these fundamental questions by providing answers to (i) whether there are yet-unrecognized key ferroptosis nodes that may explain why certain cells are highly vulnerable to ferroptosis while others are not, (ii) the nature and subcellular compartment where the initial ferroptosis priming signal is being generated and (iii) why certain cells and tissues die by apoptosis while others succumb to ferroptosis. Successful implementation of the herein proposed aims will yield novel ferroptosis regulating genes as potential future drug targets, decipher and localize the death signal affording the rationale design of refined small molecule ferroptosis modulators and enable the precision-based treatment of patients suffering from early cell loss and tissue demise or cancer.

Mots-clés : ferroptosis,regulated necrosis,lipid peroxidation,redox signaling,cell death,mouse genetics
Projet ERC : CEAD (Horizon 2020, appel 2018, Starting grants)
Domaine scientifique : Social Sciences and Humanities
Panel : The Social World and Its Diversity
Entité participante : Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador — Pays : Équateur — Rôle : Partner
Acronyme de l'entité : PUCE
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 229700.0 €

The relentless rise in diabetes is one of the greatest global health emergencies of the 21st century. The increase is most pronounced in low and middle income countries where today three quarters of people with diabetes live and over 80% of the deaths attributed to non-communicable diseases occur. In light of the wealth of knowledge already available about how to tackle the problem, most major international organizations call for the adoption healthy public policies and initiatives to strengthening health systems. However, implementation of recommended action remains limited in many settings. Most evidence comes from high-income settings and may generate recommendations that cannot be successfully implemented in other settings without careful consideration and contextualization. I propose here that this “know-do” gap can be reduced by revealing the barriers to implementing evidence-based recommendations, engaging local stakeholders in developing context-led innovations and developing a tool-kit for contextualizing and implementing diabetes recommendations in low-resource settings. I plan the research in two carefully selected settings in Ecuador, with mixed-methods combining quantitative epidemiological research and qualitative methodology to generate the rich and varied knowledge that is required to trigger policy action and/or changes in care models. Furthermore, I will engage patients, community members, health workers and decision makers in the process of knowledge generation, interpretation and use. The overarching objective is hence, to explore the process by which global recommendations can be translated into context-specific, evidence-informed action for diabetes prevention in low-resource settings. The findings will support the global endeavour to bridge the global “know-do” gap, one of the most important public health challenges this century and a great opportunity for strengthening health systems and achieving health equity.

Mots-clés : type 2 diabetes,global health challenges,implementation science,population engagement in knowledge generation
Projet ERC : PartonicNucleus (Horizon 2020, appel 2018, Starting grants)
Domaine scientifique : Physical Sciences and Engineering
Panel : Fundamental constituents of matter
Entité participante : Centre national de la recherche scientifique — Pays : France — Rôle : PI
Acronyme de l'entité : CNRS
Type d'entité : Recherche
Financement ERC de l'entité : 1405881.0 €

The representation of the nucleus as an aggregate of protons and neutrons has been quite successful to describe nuclear properties in the past. However, it is now the time to understand the nuclear structure in terms of quarks and gluons (i.e. the partons). We have known for more than 30 years that the quark distribution deviates by up to 20% from the standard model of nuclear physics. With time, most explanations of this phenomenon have come to fail and this major nuclear effect remains today a mystery, but clearly tells us that a description of the nucleus in which protons and neutrons are not affected by their surrounding medium is incomplete. I propose here to use several recent developments in detection technologies and in hadron physics theory to perform new experiments that will unravel the deeper structure of the atomic nucleus. The first measurement will give the 3D tomography of the nucleus in terms of quarks and gluons. Second, I lay out a strategy to measure transverse momentum dependent parton distribution functions in cold nuclear matter and show how it can help understand the gluon saturation scale, i.e. the onset of non linear behavior in the nuclear gluon structure. Third, I propose to measure reactions, in which we detect nuclear remnants, to link the nucleon and quark dynamics of the nucleus together. The proposed measurements necessitate the development of a dedicated nuclear low energy recoil tracker (ALERT), that I propose to develop and build in the IPN Orsay laboratory at the Paris-Saclay University (France). This detector will be used at the recently upgraded electron accelerator of Jefferson Lab (USA). This facility offers a unique setup with the most intense multi-GeV electron beam in the world. Together, these three unique measurements form a comprehensive program to decisively advance our understanding of the nuclear structure in terms of quarks and gluons.

Mots-clés : hadronic physics
Projet ERC : FluxWIN (Horizon 2020, appel 2019, Starting grants)
Domaine scientifique : Physical Sciences and Engineering
Panel : Earth system science
Entité participante : Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research — Pays : Allemagne — Rôle : PI
Acronyme de l'entité : AWI
Type d'entité : Recherche
Financement ERC de l'entité : 1577818.75 €

The response of the terrestrial biosphere to climate change is still largely unknown and represents a key uncertainty in climate change predictions. High latitude regions, including Arctic and boreal ecosystems, constitute a key component of the earth system due to significant soil carbon stocks. High latitude regions are net sources of greenhouse gases, such as methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O), but there is significant disagreement among flux estimates with further uncertainty due to a rapidly changing environment. Climate change effects are particularly strong during the non-growing season, altering the timing of spring snowmelt, fall freeze-up, and increasing winter temperatures. The changes have significant implications for biogeochemical cycles and ecosystem function across high latitude regions. Despite growing evidence of the importance of non-growing season greenhouse gas emissions, few measurements have been made in pristine Arctic and boreal ecosystems. Non-growing season CH4 emissions can account for 10-100% of annual CH4 flux, while next to nothing is known about emissions of N2O during this period. Process-based models miss non-growing season emissions of CH4, underestimating them by 67% and annual emissions by 25%. I will use complementary observations (WP1), modelling (WP2), and experiments (WP3) to quantify the annual magnitude of CH4 and N2O flux, identify controls on non-growing season flux, and assess why existing models of CH4 flux fail outside of the growing season. Are environmental conditions so different that existing model parameters fail, or is non-growing season biogeochemistry fundamentally different? The overall impact is to shift the paradigm from “nothing happens outside of the growing season” to “capturing non-growing season processes is key to understanding ecosystem dynamics.” Ultimately, results will provide novel insights into greenhouse gas budgets and transform our understanding of fundamental earth system dynamics.

Mots-clés : methane,nitrous oxide,boreal ecosystems,tundra ecosystems,winter,fall,spring,seasonality,peatlands,wetlands,modeling