Data-Gouv-ML/pcri-erc-participations-et-projets-laureats huggingface dataset:
Projet ERC : PSYDISC (Horizon 2020, appel 2019, Starting grants)
Domaine scientifique : Social Sciences and Humanities
Panel : The Social World and Its Diversity
Entité participante : University of Amsterdam — Pays : Pays-Bas — Rôle : PI
Acronyme de l'entité : UvA
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 1500000.0 €

Increases in science scepticism among the public represent one of the key societal challenges of the 21st century. Recent research has made some progress by identifying variables that contribute to science scepticism. However, there are two important limitations to the current state-of-the art. One is that the antecedents identified so far have limited explanatory power, leaving substantial unexplained variance. The other is that these antecedents are unmalleable (e.g., religiosity, ideology), so that although it is possible to—to some extent—predict science scepticism, structural and theory-informed ways to understand and change scepticism are not yet identified. To overcome these limitations, I propose a Psychological Distance to Science model (PSYDISC), which states that perceiving science as psychologically distant is a crucial antecedent of science scepticism. This project will move research on science scepticism beyond the state-of-the-art in two ways: 1) PSYDISC will structurally explain unique variance across various topics of science scepticism; 2) the project will provide experimental evidence for the effects of psychological distance to science, and so identify empirically-based ways in which levels of science scepticism can be reduced. 1.PSYDISC will be tested by assessing as well as manipulating psychological distance to science. 2.This will be done by utilizing a multi-method approach that includes large-scale surveys, controlled experiments, randomized longitudinal studies, and secondary data analysis. 3.Various high-quality samples from around the world will be used to this end. 4.Previously identified predictors of scepticism will be controlled for in order to gauge the unique explanatory power of PSYDISC. PSYDISC will provide a much-needed theoretically informed account of science scepticism and so provide the basis for a long-term research agenda aimed at drastically increasing our understanding of the psychology behind science scepticism.

Mots-clés : attitudes and beliefs,social psychology,science scepticism,stereotyping,ideology,generalizability,political psychology,climate change beliefs,vaccination hesitancy,construal level theory,psychological distance
Projet ERC : MIMICH (Horizon 2020, appel 2019, Consolidator grants)
Domaine scientifique : Life Science
Panel : Prevention, Diagnosis and Treatment of Human Diseases
Entité participante : University of Manchester — Pays : Royaume-Uni — Rôle : PI
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 1773782.5 €

Increasing numbers of older, obese women with poor cardiometabolic health (dyslipidaemia, hyperglycaemia, hypertension) are embarking on pregnancy. One in six of these high-risk pregnancies are complicated by an indicated preterm birth due to fetal growth restriction (FGR) or fetal overgrowth and/or maternal complications including gestational diabetes and pre-eclampsia. The cumulative cost of neonatal care, childhood and adult disease in individuals born preterm has been estimated at £1-3 billion pa in the UK. Older age, obesity, dyslipidaemia and hypertension are major risk factors for placental disease leading to FGR and pre-eclampsia. Conversely, hyperglycaemia is associated with fetal overgrowth and is therefore treated with hypoglycaemic agents such as metformin during pregnancy. In women with hyperglycaemia and concurrent risk factors for placental disease, the impact of metformin on placental function, fetal growth, and postnatal outcomes is not known. To address this evidence gap, I will perform an RCT which will incorporate a novel method of tracking fetal growth and investigate the impact of metformin on maternal and infant metabolic health at 12 months. The impact of metformin on gene expression and placental function will be assessed in placentas from women exposed (or not) to metformin. In the wider group of women with poor cardiometabolic health, I will map maternal disease biomarkers and fetal growth to molecular placental disease subtypes who have developed a range of pregnancy complications. The goals of this work are to improve pregnancy outcomes in women with poor cardiometabolic health by, (1) producing evidence to personalise the prescription of metformin (2) refining current diagnostic criteria to better reflect placental disease molecular subtypes, (3) understanding the associations between cardiometabolic health and placental disease such that drugs to treat hyperglycaemia, hypertension, dyslipidaemia can be tested in the right women.

Mots-clés : pregnancy,metabolic syndrome,metformin,obesity,hypertension,pre eclampsia,diabetes,fetal,growth restriction,placenta
Projet ERC : TopSurgeons (Horizon 2020, appel 2018, Starting grants)
Domaine scientifique : Life Science
Panel : Prevention, Diagnosis and Treatment of Human Diseases
Entité participante : Université Claude Bernard - Lyon 1 — Pays : France — Rôle : PI
Acronyme de l'entité : Lyon I
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 749355.44 €

Individual performance of surgeon is a core element of successful surgery that can vary greatly over career for poorly understood reasons. Solutions to optimize physical and mental condition of surgeon during operation have not been thoroughly explored so far, while this may represent basic foundation for delivering high quality surgery. This surgeon-centred outcome research pursues three successive goals: 1-Identifying the key determinants related to surgeon's human factor and operating room organization influencing his/her performance in terms of patient safety and care efficiency; 2-Developing a customized coaching program for surgeons based on the human and organizational factors previously discovered, which includes a charting system for individual parameters and surgical outcomes feedback, profiling of individual surgeon, and standardized modules of improvement; 3-Implementing and measuring the impact of this program on surgical outcomes of a randomized group of surgeons against a control group of non-exposed surgeons. Inspired from previous experiences in the aeronautic and sport arena to improve pilots and athletes performance, our approach will take place in real time at the point of care in close collaboration with front-line personnel. A particular attention will be paid to quantify the influence of several factors that may affect how the surgeon operates every day (physiological stress, sleep quality, physical activities, workload, team composition and unplanned events in operating room). Generated knowledge on these factors will be exploited for identifying deficiencies that, if corrected, could improve surgeon's functional capacity. Solutions to control these factors and achieve optimal outcomes will then be experimentally tested to establish evidence-based standards of surgical practice. Those standards will be adapted to each surgeon's needs and preferences, potentially leading to a certification model for surgeons complying with excellence criteria.

Mots-clés : surgery,patient safety,performance
Projet ERC : MULTIATTACK (Horizon 2020, appel 2015, Starting grants)
Domaine scientifique : Life Science
Panel : Environmental Biology, Ecology and Evolution
Entité participante : Wageningen University & Research — Pays : Pays-Bas — Rôle : PI
Acronyme de l'entité : WUR
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 1500000.0 €

Individual plants are exposed to many stresses with insect herbivores being a prominent one. The occurrence of insect herbivores may be unpredictable in terms of when, by which species, and in which order the attack will take place. To deal with unpredictability of attack, plants are phenotypically plastic in their defence. They respond to attackers with the induction of specific defences and saving costs of defence in their absence. However, the induced plant phenotype may attract additional herbivores, alter the entire community composition of attackers and limit physiological capabilities of plant responses to subsequent attackers. An optimal response to one attacker should thus anticipate these consequences of induced responses. To understand the adaptive nature of plant plasticity to herbivore attack, it is essential to assess fitness consequences of an induced response when plants are exposed to multi-herbivory by their entire insect community. This requires a novel approach of comparing plant species adaptations in defence plasticity to the level of predictability in the dynamics of their insect community, such as order of herbivore arrival. To do so, this research proposal has three objectives: 1) Identifying the predictability of dynamic attacker communities of Brassicaceae species, 2) Understanding physiological adaptations to (un)predictable multi-herbivore attack, and 3) Identifying consistency in responses of insect herbivores to induced phenotypes of different Brassicaceae. By integrating community ecology with network inference modelling of insect communities, the nature of predictability of insect communities of nine annual Brassicaceae plant species will be identified and linked to species-specific physiological adaptations to multi-herbivory. This multidisciplinary community approach will provide novel insights into the evolution of plant phenotypic plasticity in defence, which is a central paradigm in the field of plant-insect interactions.

Mots-clés : induced plant defence,sequential herbivory,plant mediated interactions
Projet ERC : LIFEINEQ (Horizon 2020, appel 2016, Starting grants)
Domaine scientifique : Social Sciences and Humanities
Panel : The Social World and Its Diversity
Entité participante : Max Planck Society — Pays : Allemagne — Rôle : PI
Acronyme de l'entité : MPG
Type d'entité : Recherche
Financement ERC de l'entité : 1479105.0 €

Individuals and populations are surviving to ever higher ages. A crucial and timely question for policymakers is whether to direct limited resources toward future life expectancy increases or toward reductions of inequalities in longevity. These inequalities, hereafter referred to as lifespan inequality but also known as age-at-death variation, are large, infrequently summarized, and impose major costs on individuals and society. In order to formulate effective policies to reduce lifespan inequality, we need a deeper understanding of the magnitude and causes of divergent age patterns of mortality decline. This project will undertake the most comprehensive inquiry to date into the development and anticipated future course of lifespan inequality in contemporary developed countries. Specifically LIFEINEQ has four main research objectives: (1) To quantify the recent and forecasted contributions of premature and old age mortality decline to changes in lifespan inequalities, (2) To determine the ages and causes of death that drive outlying age patterns of mortality, (3) To analyze the development of lifespan inequality by socioeconomic groups, and (4) To assess the impact of individual differences in behaviour on lifespan inequality. LIFEINEQ will tackle the above objectives using a combination of established and newly developed decomposition techniques, many of which were co-developed by the PI. These innovative techniques aim to isolate the ages, causes of death, periods, cohorts, and socioeconomic groups that propagate lifespan inequalities. The benefit to society is clear: a ground-breaking analysis of lifespan inequality could revolutionize the way that we conceive longevity. Just as economists have long summarized national income by the GDP and the Gini coefficient, so too will health experts summarize survival by life expectancy and lifespan inequality for a more complete picture of population health.

Mots-clés : mortality compression,life expectancy,lifespan variation,socioeconomic inequality,life tables,age patterns of mortality,decomposition
Projet ERC : iAML-lncTARGET (Horizon 2020, appel 2016, Starting grants)
Domaine scientifique : Life Science
Panel : Prevention, Diagnosis and Treatment of Human Diseases
Entité participante : Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg — Pays : Allemagne — Rôle : Partner
Acronyme de l'entité : MLU
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 877630.0 €

Infant acute myeloid leukemia (AML) has a dismal prognosis, with a high prevalence of unfavorable features and increased susceptibility to therapy-related toxicities, highlighting the need for innovative treatment approaches. Despite the discovery of an enormous number and diversity of transcriptional products arising from the previously presumed wastelands of the non-protein-coding genome, our knowledge of non-coding RNAs is far from being incorporated into standards of AML diagnosis and treatment. I hypothesize that the highly developmental stage- and cell-specific expression of long non-coding RNAs shapes a chromatin and transcriptional landscape in fetal hematopoietic stem cells that renders them permissive towards transformation. I predict this landscape to synergize with particular oncogenes that are otherwise not oncogenic in adult cells, by providing a fertile transcriptional background for establishing and maintaining oncogenic programs. Therefore, the non-coding transcriptome, inherited from the fetal cell of origin, may reflect a previously unrecognized Achilles heel of infant AML, which I will identify with my expertise to understand and edit the AML genome and transcriptome. I will apply recent breakthroughs from various research areas to i) create a comprehensive transcriptomic atlas of infant AML and fetal stem cells, ii) define aberrant or fetal stage-specific non-coding RNAs that drive leukemia progression, and iii) resolve their features to probe the oncogenic interactome. After iv) establishing a biobank of patient-derived xenografts, I will v) evaluate preclinical RNA-centered therapeutic interventions to overcome current obstacles in the treatment of infant AML. Targeting the vulnerable fetal stage-specific background of infant AML inherited from the cell of origin may set a paradigm shift for cancer treatment, by focusing on the permissive basis required by the oncogene for inducing and sustaining cancer, rather than on the oncogene itself.

Mots-clés : infant,long non coding rna
Projet ERC : CoDisEASe (Horizon 2020, appel 2018, Starting grants)
Domaine scientifique : Social Sciences and Humanities
Panel : The study of the human past
Entité participante : Max Planck Society — Pays : Allemagne — Rôle : PI
Acronyme de l'entité : MPG
Type d'entité : Recherche
Financement ERC de l'entité : 1490043.0 €

Infectious diseases have had an intimate history with humans and have shaped our genetic makeup through generating strong selective pressures. Although disease emergence and epidemics occur on a local scale, human interrelationships formed through travel and trade can lead to exchanges of pathogenic communities. While such transfers were common among the interconnected Eurasian and North African cultures throughout most of human history, the rest of the world experienced relative ecological autonomy. The terminal Pleistocene witnessed the colonisation of vast territory on the American continents, after which interactions between New and Old World peoples were limited for millennia by geographical barriers. These ecological worlds collided at the end of the fifteenth century, when improvements in navigation and the discovery of the Americas by Europeans permitted regular contact and plentiful opportunities for biological interchange. The identities of most diseases that played leading roles during this period of exchange are known, though details on the directions of their movement and temporal introductions remain the subject of scholarly debate. The work programme presented here will use an underexplored data source – ancient pathogen genomes – to identify infectious insults in pre- and post-contact New and Old World skeletal series, thus enabling an evaluation of changing disease landscapes at contact. Complementary to this goal, genomic loci for human immunity genes will be interrogated, thus permitting quantitative evaluations of disease adaptation. Ancient molecular data will be acquired through use of the most sensitive and up to date methods in the field of ancient DNA with the aim of bringing diseases not easily seen from skeletal morphology or historical documents to light in clear detail. This will permit an unprecedented resolution of past disease experience and host-pathogen interactions during this dynamic period of global ecological unification.

Mots-clés : infectious disease,disease adaptation,pre colonial history,ancient dna,europe,americas
Projet ERC : DCUBATION (Horizon 2020, appel 2020, Starting grants)
Domaine scientifique : Life Science
Panel : Prevention, Diagnosis and Treatment of Human Diseases
Entité participante : Tel Aviv University — Pays : Israël — Rôle : PI
Acronyme de l'entité : TAU
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 1986875.0 €

Infectious diseases pose one of the greatest risks for a global catastrophe. Just like controlling the spread of wildfires, an early detection of infectious diseases is instrumental to containing outbreaks. Nearly all infections start silently, and gradually progress until clinical symptoms appear. In this silent period, the incubation period (IP), pathogens inhibit major pathways of the innate immune system, allowing an extended period of unhindered replication. The rate of replication, as well as the type and length of suppressed symptoms vary considerably between pathogens, creating a unique signature for each pathogen. Thus, improved understanding of the IP is pivotal for early detection, prevention and control of infectious diseases. Previous studies estimating IPs have used aggregated retrospective data, and are subject to the biases of patient self-reporting. I hypothesise that the actual onset of clinical symptoms occurs earlier than previously known, can be identified more accurately, and can be used in real-time for patient empowerment. Focusing on respiratory infections, my methodological approach includes: 1) real-time evaluation of the prior risk for respiratory infections by integrating transmission models with individual-level data from electronic medical records of 4.5 Million individuals, 2) identification of micro-changes in patients’ behaviour during the early phase of an infection by prospectively analysing digital sensory data from wearable devices and mobile phones of 5000 selected participants, 3) early detection of the causing pathogen validated with self-swab kits that are tested using RT-PCR. Our preliminary work that combined an analysis of EMR and transmission modelling led to a change in public health policy in Israel. The proposed study has the potential to open new research directions on the hidden side of infectious diseases and to initiate a new era of personalized medicine through dramatic changes in patient-doctor interaction.

Mots-clés : infectious disease modeling,incubation period,influenza,computational social science,transmission models,interface of epidemiology
Projet ERC : ENGINES (Horizon 2020, appel 2020, Advanced grants)
Domaine scientifique : Life Science
Panel : Immunity, Infection and Immunotherapy
Entité participante : Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München — Pays : Allemagne — Rôle : PI
Acronyme de l'entité : LMU
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 2372637.0 €

Inflammasomes play a pivotal role in host defense. They function as intracellular surveillance systems by sensing pathogens or indirectly by responding to the perturbation of cellular homeostasis. While our understanding of inflammasome biology is growing at a rapid pace, we still have an incomplete understanding of how these systems detect pathogenic insults, or how these sensors operate at the molecular level. Just recently, NLRP1 and the closely related CARD8, a functionally distinct subgroup of inflammasome sensors, have been ‘de-orphanized’ for their unique mode of action. More than other sensors of the inflammasome family, NLRP1 and CARD8 display a high level of divergence across different species and NLRP1 ranks among the top genes experiencing positive selection in primates. In our search for a physiological NLRP1 trigger, we have now made the surprising finding that human NLRP1 operates as a direct sensor for dsRNA, a key non-self signature of viral replication. To obtain a detailed mechanistic framework for NLRP1 and also CARD8 function, I here propose a challenging and pioneering endeavor: employing functional genomics, proteomics and chemogenomics, we will identify signaling networks upstream of NLRP1 and CARD8. Taking cell biological, biochemical and structural biology approaches, the mechanism of action and structure of these sensors will be elucidated. Further, screening a large panel of pathogens, we will characterize their role in response to infection in vitro and implementing novel humanized mouse models for the NLRP1 and the CARD8 inflammasomes, we will assess the relevance of these sensors for antiviral immunity and immune cell homeostasis in vivo. Altogether, this work will not only comprehensively profile the role of these emerging inflammasome pathways, but also uncover fundamental molecular principles of inflammasome biology. Gaining these insights, this work also holds the promise of developing novel, innovative therapeutic strategies.

Mots-clés : innate immunity,antiviral immunity,inflammasomes,dsrna,nlrp1,card8,caspase 1