Data-Gouv-ML/pcri-erc-participations-et-projets-laureats huggingface dataset:
Projet ERC : GlobalCitizenshipLaw (Horizon 2020, appel 2016, Starting grants)
Domaine scientifique : Social Sciences and Humanities
Panel : Institutions, Governance and Legal Systems
Entité participante : Leibniz Association — Pays : Allemagne — Rôle : Partner
Acronyme de l'entité : LG
Type d'entité : Recherche
Financement ERC de l'entité : 495745.0 €

Managing global migration is one of the most pressing issues of our time, particularly in Europe. With more than 230 million international immigrants, the manner in which new citizens are/should be "created" has become a controversial issue, morally and politically. Traditionally, international law has not regulated nationality law; naturalization requirements remain the last stronghold of national sovereignty. This project advances the establishment of a new subfield in public international law—International Citizenship Law (ICIL)—which would regulate nationality law. It asks a critical and timely question: what are/should be the international legal limitations/privileges imposed on/granted to states in setting naturalization requirements? In order to address this question, the project has five scientific objectives: [1] to investigate the history of the law of naturalization in international law and what it can teach us about 21th-century challenges; [2] to identify the most recent legal developments in the field of naturalization law and establish the most up-to-date international legal standards of naturalization law; [3] to set out the theoretical foundations and the justifications for the establishment of ICIL; [4] to analyze the normative and structural implications derived from an-ICIL approach for future citizenship policy development, as well as to identify the legal reforms that should be taken to promote an-ICIL approach; and [5] to explore the interrelationship between ICIL, immigration policy, and constitutional identity. In essence, the project seeks to formulate international legal standards by which states can admit immigrants without fundamentally changing their cultural heritage and slipping into extreme nationalism. The outcome can serve as a basis for a future reform in international law, EU law, and national legal systems. As the immigration debate reaches a decisive moment, this project has both theoretical significance and policy implications

Mots-clés : constitutional identity,international citizenship law,comparative immigration law,naturalization,the study of nationalism,citizenship theory,immigrant integration,national belonging
Projet ERC : MAESTRO (Horizon 2020, appel 2019, Consolidator grants)
Domaine scientifique : Physical Sciences and Engineering
Panel : Systems and communication engineering
Entité participante : University of Twente — Pays : Pays-Bas — Rôle : PI
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 2000000.0 €

Manual insertion of rigid and unactuated probes are commonly used during minimally invasive surgery (MIS) for delivering diagnostic agents and performing therapeutic interventions. These agents move in an uncontrolled way and are visualized using non-real-time imaging modalities. Controlled release and real-time navigation of these agents would revolutionize MIS and pioneer a myriad of novel clinical interventions, including on-site diagnosis and targeted drug delivery. The goal of MAESTRO is to design a magneto-acoustic robotic system that will enable precise delivery of a wide range of diagnostic and therapeutic micro-agents using ultrasound (US) and fluorescence images for accurate feedback. In an unprecedented approach, I propose that the magneto-acoustic agents will be delivered using a magnetically-actuated flexible probe. As the probe and micro-agents deviate from their intended paths due to probe-tissue interaction and physiological processes, their controlled navigation requires development of a reliable multi-scale 3D model describing the evolving shape of the probe, and real-time tracking of micro-agents. These challenges will be overcome using a personalized pre-operative model based on anatomical details (acquired via US and fluorescence images) to achieve real-time intra-operative control of the probe, with feedback from US images and optical sensors. Furthermore, ultrafast US- and fluorescence-based imaging will be coupled to electromagnetic and piezoelectric systems to robustly control the micro-agents. The novel probe and micro-agents will be designed and evaluated in clinically-relevant scenarios with realistic physiological functionalities. The knowledge gained will be applicable to a range of flexible instruments, and to an assortment of personalized treatment scenarios. This research is motivated by the need to further reduce the invasiveness of MIS, improve clinical outcomes, minimize patient trauma, and enable treatment of inoperable patients.

Mots-clés : surgical robotics,medical microrobotics,minimally invasive surgery
Projet ERC : reLIVE (Horizon 2020, appel 2015, Advanced grants)
Domaine scientifique : Life Science
Panel : Cellular, Developmental and Regenerative Biology
Entité participante : Centre national de la recherche scientifique — Pays : France — Rôle : PI
Acronyme de l'entité : CNRS
Type d'entité : Recherche
Financement ERC de l'entité : 2571694.0 €

Many animals have the ability to regenerate parts of their body following injury or amputation. While there is great biological and medical interest in this process, many fundamental questions remain unanswered, because complex organ regeneration is poorly represented in classic model organisms; flies, nematodes and mammals have limited regenerative abilities, in contrast to flatworms, crustaceans and fish. reLIVE explores fundamental questions on regeneration in an emerging crustacean model, Parhyale hawaiensis, which combines extensive regenerative abilities, advanced genetic tools and live imaging. The project will address the following fundamental, centuries-old questions on regeneration: 1) Which are the progenitors that underpin complex organ regeneration? Do epidermis, tendons, neurons, glia and muscle arise de novo from undifferentiated adult stem cells, or do they emerge from differentiated cell types? Are the progenitors unipotent/committed or multipotent? Which are their molecular responses and behaviors during the course of regeneration? 2) Do diverse animal groups regenerate in the same way? Do the regenerative progenitors of crustaceans have common molecular and functional properties with those of vertebrates and flatworms? Do they have a shared evolutionary history? 3) How does regeneration differ from development? Are these processes operating on comparable temporal and spatial scales? How similar are the transcriptional responses and cell behaviors that underpin embryonic and regenerative morphogenesis of the limb? To answer these questions, reLIVE will take advantage of the unique opportunities offered by Parhyale limb regeneration and, for the first time, combine four cutting-edge approaches: a) CRISPR-mediated marking of specific cell types, b) continuous live imaging and cell tracking in regenerating limbs over week-long periods, c) a novel method of cell lineage reconstruction, and d) transcriptional profiling on individual cells.

Mots-clés : regeneration,comparative developmental biology  evo devo,emerging model organisms,live imaging,cell lineage,molecular profiling
Projet ERC : AngioResist (Horizon 2020, appel 2015, Proof of concept grants)
Entité participante : Institut Català d'Oncologia — Pays : Espagne — Rôle : PI
Acronyme de l'entité : ICO
Type d'entité : Recherche
Financement ERC de l'entité : 149931.68 €

Many anti-angiogenic drugs are clinically used in several types of cancer to block angiogenesis, impair tumor growth, progression and dissemination. Nevertheless, clinical trials report emergence of resistance to treatment and a failure in long-lasting effects of these therapies. To date, resistant patients do not currently have any established, proven alternative therapeutic possibility and the medical field is moving towards a careful selection of subgroups or subtypes of patients that have to be treated with each one of the available second-line targeted drugs. For this relevant unmet medical need, many laboratories and pharmaceutical companies have focused on developing new biomarkers and new drugs to fight anti-angiogenic resistance, but up to date, there is no proven established biomarker or method to predict which patient’s tumor is resistant to antiangiogenic therapies and which drug is capable of blocking this resistance to therapy. AngioResist PoC aims at solving the existing patient selection gap in the treatment of cancer that is therapeutically resistant to antiangiogenic drugs. Based on data generated from our ERC project and two filed European Patent applications, AngioResist PoC will transform the acquired basic knowledge into an Innovation project, to validate a novel biomarker of response/resistance to antiangiogenics together with a new inhibitor for the treatment of these selected patients. The project will coordinately perform the preclinical phases of development of the drug compound and the biomarker, with the final aim of licensing them both to a selected partner during the clinical phases. Together with our licensee, we aim at the final distribution of a therapeutic drug that will be delivered with a biomarker kit for the selection and treatment of cancer patients resistant to antiangiogenic drugs.

Mots-clés : cancer,targeted therapies,anti angiogenic therapies,therapeutic resistance,biomarkers,predictive factors of response,patient selection for treatment
Projet ERC : XSOL (Horizon 2020, appel 2020, Consolidator grants)
Domaine scientifique : Physical Sciences and Engineering
Panel : Fundamental constituents of matter
Entité participante : Heriot-Watt University — Pays : Royaume-Uni — Rôle : PI
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 2404702.0 €

Many important breakthroughs in science have occurred when investigating the laws of nature at extremes. Strong-field effects, such as relativistic plasma dynamics, high-harmonic generation and laser-driven particle acceleration, appear at extreme intensities of electromagnetic fields. By using very short laser pulses and focusing them very tightly, these effects and their applications come within reach of table-top systems. I will explore extreme strong-field physics at the fundamental limits of spatio-temporal confinement and open the door to a completely new regime of strong-field interactions in the vacuum ultraviolet. I will achieve this by scaling soliton-driven light sources in hollow capillary fibres by two orders of magnitude in power compared to the state of the art. I will create optical attosecond pulses (sub-cycle electric field transients in the visible part of the electromagnetic spectrum) with multi-terawatt peak power and excellent pulse contrast, with homogeneous linear polarisation, circular polarisation, or as radial vector beams. The latter can be focused to sub-wavelength spot sizes and create a relativistic electric field in the longitudinal direction. In combination with the sub-cycle duration, this will be a completely unique driving pulse for plasma physics and particle acceleration. I will use these pulses for the generation of high-energy isolated extreme ultraviolet and X-ray attosecond pulses from plasma mirrors and for the creation of isolated multi-MeV attosecond electron bunches using in-vacuum strong-field electron acceleration, both in a compact table-top system. I will generate few-femtosecond pulses tuneable across the vacuum ultraviolet (100 nm to 200 nm) with 300 GW peak power, opening the door to a regime of ultraviolet-driven strong-field and relativistic nonlinear effects in both gases and plasmas that has been almost entirely inaccessible, and hence unexplored.

Mots-clés : pulse compression,frequency conversion,vacuum ultraviolet,deep ultraviolet,soliton dynamics,ultrafast optics,attosecond pulses,high harmonic generation,plasma mirrors,electron acceleration
Projet ERC : GEPSI (Horizon 2020, appel 2020, Starting grants)
Domaine scientifique : Social Sciences and Humanities
Panel : The Social World and Its Diversity
Entité participante : Erasmus University Rotterdam — Pays : Pays-Bas — Rôle : PI
Acronyme de l'entité : EUR
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 1499923.0 €

Many important indicators of social status (such as one’s level of education, occupation, and income) have been shown to be moderately heritable, meaning that a part of the variation in social status can be explained by genetic differences across population members. I have been able to identify for the first time specific genetic variants that are robustly associated with such an indicator, namely educational attainment (Rietveld et al., 2013, Science). By methodologically advancing the estimation of the interaction between genes and environments, this proposal will settle two long lasting debates in social science genetics. First, I will show how heritability studies –despite earlier firm rejections of this position– can be informative for policies aiming to reduce social inequalities (Objective 1). Second, I will assess the critique that social science genetics attributes effects to genes which should be attributed to the environments through which these genes operate (Objective 2). In doing so, I will extend existing methodology to quantify the incremental explanatory power of genes over environmental factors such as the social status of parents (Objective 2A), and I will develop a solution for the endogenous inclusion of environmental factors in genetic summary indices (i.e., polygenic risk scores) which currently impacts the validity of gene-by-environment studies (Objective 2B). All newly developed methods will be tested extensively using simulations, and made available for others by means of free software code. Empirically, I will interact genes and various natural experiments (policy changes) to identify interventions that can ameliorate social inequalities in terms of education, occupational status, and income. For this purpose, I will draw on a unique combination of data sources including UK Biobank (~500,000 genotyped individuals) and administrative data from Statistics Netherlands which I will link to data from the Dutch Twin Registry for this project.

Mots-clés : social science genetics,social inequality,gene environment interaction,heritability
Projet ERC : OPTRASTOCH (Horizon 2020, appel 2016, Starting grants)
Domaine scientifique : Physical Sciences and Engineering
Panel : Mathematics
Entité participante : Institute of Science and Technology Austria — Pays : Autriche — Rôle : PI
Acronyme de l'entité : ISTA
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 1074590.0 €

Many important properties of stochastic processes are deeply connected with the underlying geometric structure. The crucial quantity in many applications is a lower bound on the Ricci curvature, which yields powerful applications to concentration of measure, isoperimetry, and convergence to equilibrium. Since many important processes are defined in discrete, infinite-dimensional, or singular spaces, major research activity has been devoted to developing a theory of Ricci curvature beyond the classical Riemannian setting. This led to the powerful theories of Bakry-Émery and Lott-Sturm-Villani, which have been extremely successful in the analysis of geodesic spaces and diffusion processes. Building on our recent work, we will develop a wide research program that allows us to significantly enlarge the scope of these ideas. A) Firstly, we develop a comprehensive theory of curvature-dimension for discrete spaces based on geodesic convexity of entropy functionals along discrete optimal transport. Promising first results suggest that the theory initiated by the PI provides the appropriate framework for obtaining many powerful results from geometric analysis in the discrete setting. B) Secondly, we analyse discrete stochastic dynamics using methods from optimal transport. We focus on non-reversible Markov processes, which requires a significant extension of the existing gradient flow theory, and develop new methods for proving convergence of discrete stochastic dynamics. C) Thirdly, we develop an optimal transport approach to the analysis of quantum Markov processes. We will perform a thorough investigation of noncommutative optimal transport, we aim for geometric and functional inequalities in quantum probability, and apply the results to the analysis of quantum Markov processes. The project extends the scope of optimal transport methods significantly and makes a fundamental contribution to the conceptual understanding of discrete curvature.

Mots-clés : optimal transport,gradient flows,ricci curvature,markov chains,quantum probability
Projet ERC : FastMat (Horizon 2020, appel 2016, Consolidator grants)
Domaine scientifique : Physical Sciences and Engineering
Panel : Products and processes engineering
Entité participante : Centre national de la recherche scientifique — Pays : France — Rôle : PI
Acronyme de l'entité : CNRS
Type d'entité : Recherche
Financement ERC de l'entité : 1516262.5 €

Many mechanical structures are submitted to repeated loadings and can break under stress lower than the ultimate tensile stress. This phenomenon is called the fatigue of materials and can be found in many industrial sectors, such as the transport industry, aeronautic industry and energy production. Fatigue design is thus crucial in engineering and it requires the precise characterization of material behavior under cyclic loadings to ensure the safety and reliability of structures throughout their life. An increase in the life span of a structure or a reduction in the number of maintenance phases leads to an increases in the number of cycles applied to this structure. It is presently common to find mechanical systems subjected to several billion cycles, in what is called the gigacycle fatigue domain. The characterization of the fatigue behavior of materials requires fatigue tests to be conducted until fracture for different stress amplitudes. One problem with this method is the test duration, which becomes excessive and beyond possible, particularly for a very high number of cycles. The goal of FastMat is to develop a new method that reduces considerably the duration of fatigue characterization. This method involves the use of only short interrupted tests coupled with a self-heating measurement to characterize the fatigue behavior for very low stress amplitudes. The scientific objective is to develop simultaneously experimental and numerical tools for the fast determination of fatigue behavior. The experimental approach will be developed to estimate simultaneously the dissipation and the stored energy, which directly reflect fatigue damage. For the numerical approach, discrete dislocation dynamics simulations will be developed to establish links between the fatigue damage associated with the evolution of dislocation structures, the stored energy and the dissipated energy.

Mots-clés : gigacycle fatigue
Projet ERC : TypeFoundry (Horizon 2020, appel 2020, Consolidator grants)
Domaine scientifique : Physical Sciences and Engineering
Panel : Computer science and informatics
Entité participante : University of Cambridge — Pays : Royaume-Uni — Rôle : PI
Acronyme de l'entité : U. Cambridge
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 1999998.0 €

Many modern programming languages, whether developed in industry, like Rust or Java, or in academia, like Haskell or Scala, are typed. All the data in a program is classified by its type (e.g., as strings or integers), and at compile-time programs are checked for consistent usage of types, in a process called type checking. Thus, the expression 3 + 4 will be accepted, since the + operator takes two numbers as arguments, but the expression 3 + "hello" will be rejected, as it makes no sense to add a number and a string. Though this is a simple idea, sophisticated type system can track properties like algorithmic complexity, data-race freedom, differential privacy, and data abstraction. In general, programmers must annotate programs to tell compilers the types to check. In theoretical calculi, it is easy to demand enough annotations to trivialize typechecking, but this can make the annotation burden unbearable: often larger than the program itself! So, to transfer results from formal calculi to new programming languages, we need type inference algorithms, which reconstruct missing data from partially-annotated programs. However, the practice of type inference has outpaced its theory. Compiler authors have implemented many type inference systems, but the algorithms are often ad-hoc or folklore, and the specifications they are meant to meet are informal or nonexistent. The makes it hard to learn how to implement type inference, hard to build alternative implementations (whether for new compilers or analysis engines for IDEs), and hard for programmers to predict if refactorings will preserve typability. In TypeFoundry, we will use recent developments in proof theory and semantics (like polarized type theory and call-by-push-value) to identify the theoretical structure underpinning type inference, and use this theory to build a collection of techniques for type inference capable of scaling up to the advanced type system features in both modern and future languages.

Mots-clés : type inference,type systems,type theory,programming languages,proof theory,formal semantics,sequent calculus,bidirectional typechecking
Projet ERC : HyperQ (Horizon 2020, appel 2019, Synergy grants)
Entité participante : University of Ulm — Pays : Allemagne — Rôle : CO-PI
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 5857375.0 €

Many of the most remarkable contributions of modern science to society have arisen from the interdisciplinary work of scientists enabling novel methods of imaging and sensing. Outstanding examples are nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) which have enabled fundamental insights in a broad range of sciences extending from Chemistry to the Life Sciences. However, the key challenge of NMR and MRI is their very low inherent sensitivity due to the weak nuclear spin polarisation under ambient conditions. This makes the extension of magnetic resonance to the nanoscale (small volumes) and to the observation of metabolic processes (low concentrations) impossible. HyperQ will address this challenge with the development of room-temperature quantum control of solid-state spins to increase nuclear spin polarisation several orders of magnitude above thermal equilibrium and thereby revolutionise the state-of-the-art of magnetic resonance. Essential for this development is the synergy of an interdisciplinary team of world leaders in quantum control and hyperpolarised magnetic resonance to enable the development of quantum control theory (“Quantum Software”), quantum materials (“Quantum Hardware”), their integration (“Quantum Devices”) and applications to biological and medical imaging (“Medical Quantum Applications”). HyperQ will target major breakthroughs in the field of magnetic resonance, which include chip-integrated hyperpolarisation devices designed to operate in combination with portable magnetic resonance quantum sensors, unprecedented sensitivity of bio-NMR at the nanoscale, and biomarkers of deranged cellular metabolism. The HyperQ technology will provide access to metabolic processes from the micron to the nanoscale and thereby insights into metabolic signatures of a broad range of disease such as cancer, Alzheimer and the mechanisms behind neurodegenerative disease. This will enable fundamentally new insights into the Life Sciences.

Mots-clés : nuclear magnetic resonance,magnetic resonance imaging,hyperpolarisation