Data-Gouv-ML/pcri-erc-participations-et-projets-laureats huggingface dataset:
Projet ERC : SPECs (Horizon 2020, appel 2018, Starting grants)
Domaine scientifique : Physical Sciences and Engineering
Panel : Physical and analytical chemical sciences
Entité participante : University of Cambridge — Pays : Royaume-Uni — Rôle : PI
Acronyme de l'entité : U. Cambridge
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 1596481.0 €

Industries creating inorganic, organic, and agricultural chemicals use a staggering 4.2% of the worldwide delivered energy, mainly from unsustainable fossil fuels. Meanwhile, the sun provides energy that could be utilized to power photochemical reactions sustainably and cleanly. Recent advances revealing how localized surface plasmon resonances (LSPRs), light-driven electron oscillations in metal nanoparticles, can concentrate light at the molecular scale made the dream of efficient photochemistry one step closer. However, plasmonic materials are almost exclusively constructed from the rare and unsustainable metals Ag and Au. In addition to being incompatible with current industrial practices relying on catalytic surfaces to lower energy barriers and guide reactions, Ag and Au cause prohibitive cost challenges for real-world applications. But there is hope: several of the few metals predicted to sustain LSPRs and become potential alternatives to Ag and Au are amongst the most abundant, i.e. sustainable, elements on Earth (Al, Mg, Na, K). The way forward, and key objective of my proposal, is thus to design, synthesize, and understand multimetallic nanostructures where a cheap, Earth-abundant plasmonic material traps and concentrates (sun)light directly at a catalytic surface to efficiently and intelligently power and choreograph chemical reactions. To achieve this ambitious goal, I devised a project concurrently advancing important aspects of sustainable plasmon-enhanced catalysis, from the development of two synthetic approaches for Earth-abundant plasmonic-catalysts, to the fundamental studies of light-trapping in these new materials with state-of-the-art numerical and experimental approaches and the unravelling of the relative contribution of plasmon-generated hot electrons, enhanced field, and heat using key model chemical reactions. These results will help develop a more sustainable future by lowering our reliance on both fossil fuels and rare metals.
Projet ERC : CTSM (Horizon 2020, appel 2019, Starting grants)
Domaine scientifique : Social Sciences and Humanities
Panel : Individuals, Markets and Organisations
Entité participante : University of Amsterdam — Pays : Pays-Bas — Rôle : PI
Acronyme de l'entité : UvA
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 1335536.0 €

Inequalities in study choices and career outcomes between population groups, including Inequalities in study choices and career outcomes between population groups, including differences across gender and socioeconomic background, are highly persistent. This hints at unobserved barriers that limit diversity and prevent people from selecting the careers they would be most productive in. As a society, this may keep us from having the best people in the most important positions. Our limited understanding of what drives individual differences in educational choices and labor market success prevents us from identifying such barriers. My project builds on an ongoing effort to incorporate insights from personality psychology into economics. Past research indicates that personality traits (and other non-cognitive traits) have high potential for explaining career choices and outcomes. I will introduce new measures for four promising traits, willingness to compete, ability to cope with time pressure, public speaking aversion and ability to multitask. Time pressure, competition, public speaking and multitasking are hallmarks of high-level careers and individual ability to cope with these pressures is therefore a plausible determinant of career outcomes. These traits vary strongly across individuals, as evidenced by studies that document differences across gender, socio-economic background and educational achievement levels. However, the potential of these traits for explaining individual differences in career choices is under-researched, in part because we do not yet know how to measure them properly in large samples. I will develop new measures for willingness to compete, ability to cope with time pressure, public speaking aversion and ability to multitask which can be implemented in large-scale survey panels. I will then collect large-scale data where these traits can be linked to a wide range of career outcomes to investigate how these traits shape individual careers.

Mots-clés : personality,willingness to compete,time pressure,public speaking,multitasking,inequality,education,labor markets
Projet ERC : PATHOCOM (Horizon 2020, appel 2020, Synergy grants)
Entité participante : Toulouse INP — Pays : France — Rôle : Partner
Acronyme de l'entité : Toulouse INP
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 18626.25 €

Infectious disease is often the major selective agent in nature, and we cannot understand how populations evolve without understanding their pathogenic microbes. Beyond host immunity, an important factor determining the ability of pathogens to invade and proliferate in a host is the resident microbiota, but we are only beginning to glimpse its multifarious impacts. We know even less about interactions among pathogenic microbes themselves. Any effort to explain how pathogen communities, or pathobiota, develop within a host requires knowledge about the extent to which pathogens engage in competition, commensalism and cooperation, both with other pathogens and the rest of the microbiota. To date, studies of plant-pathogen interactions in the lab and descriptive work in the field have focused on pairwise interactions between one plant host and one pathogen, leaving a large gap in our understanding of how different types of interactions between microbes, and especially pathogens, determine the outcome of host-pathogen interactions in the real world. In PATHOCOM, we will implement a program that integrates large-scale field observations of microbes in the plant Arabidopsis thaliana with ultra-high-throughput experimental tests of host-dependent interactions among microbes, allowing experiment-informed modeling of pathogenic microbe-microbe interactions. These models, which will be improved through an iterative process of data collection with synthetic communities, will illuminate how interactions, from pairwise to higher-order, shape microbial community composition and structure. In the final step, the resulting models will be tested against and refined with field data. Together, these efforts will transform the study of plant pathogens by applying deep analyses of microbial interactions in an ecological context to explain patterns in nature. Ultimately, PATHOCOM will play an essential role in refashioning plant-pathogen-microbiome studies into a predictive science.

Mots-clés : arabidopsis thaliana,ecological genomics,pathogen pathogen interactions,host microbiota interactions,ecology community structure,community modeling
Projet ERC : PATHOCOM (Horizon 2020, appel 2020, Synergy grants)
Entité participante : Centre national de la recherche scientifique — Pays : France — Rôle : PI
Acronyme de l'entité : CNRS
Type d'entité : Recherche
Financement ERC de l'entité : 3184808.75 €

Infectious disease is often the major selective agent in nature, and we cannot understand how populations evolve without understanding their pathogenic microbes. Beyond host immunity, an important factor determining the ability of pathogens to invade and proliferate in a host is the resident microbiota, but we are only beginning to glimpse its multifarious impacts. We know even less about interactions among pathogenic microbes themselves. Any effort to explain how pathogen communities, or pathobiota, develop within a host requires knowledge about the extent to which pathogens engage in competition, commensalism and cooperation, both with other pathogens and the rest of the microbiota. To date, studies of plant-pathogen interactions in the lab and descriptive work in the field have focused on pairwise interactions between one plant host and one pathogen, leaving a large gap in our understanding of how different types of interactions between microbes, and especially pathogens, determine the outcome of host-pathogen interactions in the real world. In PATHOCOM, we will implement a program that integrates large-scale field observations of microbes in the plant Arabidopsis thaliana with ultra-high-throughput experimental tests of host-dependent interactions among microbes, allowing experiment-informed modeling of pathogenic microbe-microbe interactions. These models, which will be improved through an iterative process of data collection with synthetic communities, will illuminate how interactions, from pairwise to higher-order, shape microbial community composition and structure. In the final step, the resulting models will be tested against and refined with field data. Together, these efforts will transform the study of plant pathogens by applying deep analyses of microbial interactions in an ecological context to explain patterns in nature. Ultimately, PATHOCOM will play an essential role in refashioning plant-pathogen-microbiome studies into a predictive science.

Mots-clés : arabidopsis thaliana,ecological genomics,pathogen pathogen interactions,host microbiota interactions,ecology community structure,community modeling
Projet ERC : PATHOCOM (Horizon 2020, appel 2020, Synergy grants)
Entité participante : Institut national de recherche pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement — Pays : France — Rôle : Partner
Acronyme de l'entité : Inrae
Type d'entité : Recherche
Financement ERC de l'entité : 142125.0 €

Infectious disease is often the major selective agent in nature, and we cannot understand how populations evolve without understanding their pathogenic microbes. Beyond host immunity, an important factor determining the ability of pathogens to invade and proliferate in a host is the resident microbiota, but we are only beginning to glimpse its multifarious impacts. We know even less about interactions among pathogenic microbes themselves. Any effort to explain how pathogen communities, or pathobiota, develop within a host requires knowledge about the extent to which pathogens engage in competition, commensalism and cooperation, both with other pathogens and the rest of the microbiota. To date, studies of plant-pathogen interactions in the lab and descriptive work in the field have focused on pairwise interactions between one plant host and one pathogen, leaving a large gap in our understanding of how different types of interactions between microbes, and especially pathogens, determine the outcome of host-pathogen interactions in the real world. In PATHOCOM, we will implement a program that integrates large-scale field observations of microbes in the plant Arabidopsis thaliana with ultra-high-throughput experimental tests of host-dependent interactions among microbes, allowing experiment-informed modeling of pathogenic microbe-microbe interactions. These models, which will be improved through an iterative process of data collection with synthetic communities, will illuminate how interactions, from pairwise to higher-order, shape microbial community composition and structure. In the final step, the resulting models will be tested against and refined with field data. Together, these efforts will transform the study of plant pathogens by applying deep analyses of microbial interactions in an ecological context to explain patterns in nature. Ultimately, PATHOCOM will play an essential role in refashioning plant-pathogen-microbiome studies into a predictive science.

Mots-clés : arabidopsis thaliana,ecological genomics,pathogen pathogen interactions,host microbiota interactions,ecology community structure,community modeling
Projet ERC : MicroRepro (Horizon 2020, appel 2018, Advanced grants)
Domaine scientifique : Life Science
Panel : Prevention, Diagnosis and Treatment of Human Diseases
Entité participante : Leibniz Association — Pays : Allemagne — Rôle : Partner
Acronyme de l'entité : LG
Type d'entité : Recherche
Financement ERC de l'entité : 520391.93 €

Infertility is a health issue with sociological and psychological implications that affects approximately 50 million couples worldwide and therefore receives global attention. Among fertility issues, male infertility is diagnosed in about 40% of all cases and the major causes are poor motility of spermatozoa (asthenospermia), low sperm count (oligospermia), abnormal sperm morphology (teratospermia) and/or combinations of these, leading to their inability to fertilize an oocyte. Such problems have been mainly addressed by artificial insemination (AI) and in vitro fertilization (IVF). AI involves introducing sperms into a woman’s uterus with a medical instrument, but its applicability is limited and its success rate is below 30%. In contrast, IVF and intracytoplasmic sperm injection can be more effective but implicate more invasive procedures such as removing oocytes from a woman’s ovaries, fertilize them outside of the body and then transfer the embryos back to the uterus a few days later. These difficulties demand rethinking of assisted fertilization and the sought after novel approaches that offer more natural procedures with high success rate. Hence, we propose untethered medical microbots to assist sperm cells to fertilize an oocyte in living organisms (mice model). The MicroRepro project will bring advances in areas such as bioimaging, nanomaterials science and fundamental biology, boosting the whole field of medical microbots in the process, as was recently highlighted by the PI in an extended comment [Nature 545, 406(2017)]. The PI has decisively contributed to the field of microrobotics and invented the sperm-robot (Spermbot) concept together with his team in two previous patent applications and several publications. The mere concept has attracted worldwide attention. However, even in vitro fertilization has never been achieved – therefore, targeting the challenges leading to the first spermbot fertilization will be the main objective of this project.

Mots-clés : in vitro fertilisation,micromotors,microrobotics,deep tissue imaging,nanomedicine
Projet ERC : REpAIR (Horizon 2020, appel 2019, Consolidator grants)
Domaine scientifique : Life Science
Panel : Immunity, Infection and Immunotherapy
Entité participante : Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research — Pays : Allemagne — Rôle : Partner
Acronyme de l'entité : GBF;HZI
Type d'entité : Recherche
Financement ERC de l'entité : 643562.0 €

Inflammation is fundamental to promote tissue regeneration upon injury, and in turn, the resolution of the immune response. Physiological tissue regeneration depends on fine-tuned interaction between the immune system, the tissue, and the microbiota. However, the complex communication between these three components and the molecules that mediate it are unclear. Understanding this is fundamental to prevent immune-mediated diseases and even cancer. This is particularly important at mucosal surfaces, where continued regeneration occurs. Therefore, we hypothesize that inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and colorectal cancer (CRC) are a consequence of a miscommunication between these components. Interleukin-22 (IL-22) is one key orchestrator of this communication: It is produced by immune cells and by acting on intestinal epithelial cells, it modulates the composition of the microbiota and promotes tissue regeneration. However, IL-22 can also promote both chronic inflammation and cancer. Exactly what regulates these paradoxical effects remains unclear. Of note, there is an endogenous inhibitor of IL-22, namely IL-22 binding protein (IL-22BP), which blocks IL-22 activity. We hypothesize that a misguided spatio-temporal regulation of the IL-22 – IL-22BP axis is the cause of pathogenic effects of IL-22. In particular, we will analyse: (i) the location, and the functional and molecular heterogeneity; (ii) the origin and fate of IL-22 and IL-22BP producing immune cells; and (iii) the role of the microbiota in regulating them. To this end, we will use new transgenic and gnotobiotic mouse models, single cell RNA sequencing and human samples. In short, by studying the IL-22 - IL-22BP axis, we will understand how the complex interactions between the immune system, the tissue, and the microbiota lead to either physiological or pathological tissue regeneration. This will provide the basis for therapies controlling inflammation and tissue regeneration in a spatio-temporal manner.

Mots-clés : inflammatory bowel disease,colorectal cancer,t cells,microbiota,cytokines,tissue regeneration
Projet ERC : INFO-LEG (Horizon 2020, appel 2016, Starting grants)
Domaine scientifique : Social Sciences and Humanities
Panel : Institutions, Governance and Legal Systems
Entité participante : Utrecht University — Pays : Pays-Bas — Rôle : PI
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 557858.69 €

Information can harm people. Think of being denied mortgage or insurance based on your grocery shopping or online surfing profile. But what exactly is it in information that is harmful, and how can people be protected? The current legal answer is that protection (data protection principles, rights and obligations) is granted when a) there is information b) about or potentially affecting a person c) who is identified or identifiable. This is Personally Identifiable Information (PII). But now that virtually all information is PII, how can law meaningfully protect against information-induced harms? Given modern data collection and processing techniques and unprecedented amounts of data available for analysis, everything can be translated into data and anyone can be identifiable in data sets. Therefore, PII-based legal protection will fail, since a law regulating everything is meaningless. Yet, alternatives for structuring legal protection other than through the concept of PII are lacking. INFO-LEG innovates by looking for substitutes for the notion of PII to fundamentally re-organise legal protection. Promising new organising notions will be found through better understanding of information, how it links to people and harms. The approach is unique in integrating how law, economics, and information studies conceptualise information. INFO-LEG will theoretically and empirically explore external and internal conceptual boundaries of information and produce a multidisciplinary taxonomy of information. The notions from this taxonomy will be assessed on their suitability to substitute PII as new organising notions for legal protection against information-induced harms. The multidisciplinary conceptualisation of information will impact scholarships studying how other areas of law regulate information in digital age: intellectual property (drawing borders of rights in information objects); constitutional law (if data is protected speech); telecommunication and cybercrime.

Mots-clés : privacy theory,data protection,privacy harms,data processing,data economy,legal protection,information law,information theory,information economics,information goods,institutional economics
Projet ERC : UNMOVED (Horizon 2020, appel 2014, Proof of concept grants)
Entité participante : Technion – Israel Institute of Technology — Pays : Israël — Rôle : Partner
Type d'entité : Organismes privés (hors enseignement)
Financement ERC de l'entité : 0.0 €

Information in the nervous system is typically represented in activity patterns distributed across large populations of neurons in three dimensions, and there is a lot of current interest in the development of systems that can volumetrically image these patterns (or other distributed processes) in real-time. During our work towards imaging responses to artificial retinal stimulation we have developed a solution for remotely manipulating the illumination plane during temporal-focusing multiphoton imaging (a powerful bio-microscopy and photo-manipulation modality). This technique and its variations could provide unprecedented access into rapid 3D imaging at an exciting time for the neuroimaging field, where major initiatives for high-resolution brain activity mapping have been launched, and could potentially also be applied towards innovative approaches to micro-endoscopy and other applications.
Projet ERC : INFO TECHNOLOGY (Horizon 2020, appel 2014, Starting grants)
Domaine scientifique : Social Sciences and Humanities
Panel : Individuals, Markets and Organisations
Entité participante : University of London — Pays : Royaume-Uni — Rôle : PI
Acronyme de l'entité : U. London
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 1275043.75 €

Information technology revolutions transform the production and exchange of ideas and drive profound institutional and cultural change. History provides unique settings to document the causal impact of changes in information technology and institutions, and the best evidence on their long-run effects. The objective of the research is to document the impact of revolutionary transformations in information technology and institutions using evidence from the European Renaissance. Printing was the new information technology of the Renaissance and is arguably the best parallel to the internet. Print media transmitted ideas that led to significant institutional change. But no quantitative research systematically documents the impact of these innovations. The research will innovate by constructing ground-breaking micro-data on media markets, human capital, and institutions; developing cutting edge estimators for high-dimensional data to measure ideas in the media; and using historical sources of exogenous variation to identify cause and effect. The research has three strands. The first will document the impact of competition on idea diffusion and institutional change during the Protestant Reformation. The research will construct firm-level data on all known books in German-speaking Europe 1450-1600, use high-dimensional estimators to measure ideas in print, and identify exogenous variation in competition from archival data. The second strand will document the origins of persistent differences in human capital accumulation by constructing new data on city laws that set up the first experiments in public education and on virtually all German university students 1400-1550, and by using local shocks to support causal inference. The third strand will document the impact of organizations supporting knowledge diffusion that were complementary to printing by constructing data on all European scholarly societies and journals and using historical shocks to identify their impact.

Mots-clés : information technology,education,history,media