Data-Gouv-ML/pcri-erc-participations-et-projets-laureats huggingface dataset:
Projet ERC : ActiveCortex (Horizon 2020, appel 2014, Advanced grants)
Domaine scientifique : Life Science
Panel : Neuroscience and Disorders of the Nervous System
Entité participante : Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin — Pays : Allemagne — Rôle : PI
Acronyme de l'entité : HU
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 2386303.75 €

Converging studies from psychophysics in humans to single-cell recordings in monkeys and rodents indicate that most important cognitive processes depend on both feed-forward and feedback information interacting in the brain. Intriguingly, feedback to early cortical processing stages appears to play a causal role in these processes. Despite the central nature of this fact to understanding brain cognition, there is still no mechanistic explanation as to how this information could be so pivotal and what events take place that might be decisive. In this research program, we will test the hypothesis that the extraordinary performance of the cortex derives from an associative mechanism built into the basic neuronal unit: the pyramidal cell. The hypothesis is based on two important facts: (1) feedback information is conveyed predominantly to layer 1 and (2) the apical tuft dendrites that are the major recipient of this feedback information are highly electrogenic. The research program is divided in to several workpackages to systematically investigate the hypothesis at every level. As a whole, we will investigate the causal link between intrinsic cellular activity and behaviour. To do this we will use eletrophysiological and optical techniques to record and influence cell the intrinsic properties of cells (in particular dendritic activity) in vivo and in vitro in rodents. In vivo experiments will have a specific focus on context driven behaviour and in vitro experiments on the impact of long-range (feedback-carrying) fibers on cell activity. The study will also focus on synaptic plasticity at the interface of feedback information and dendritic electrogenesis, namely synapses on to the tuft dendrite of pyramidal neurons. The proposed program will not only address a long-standing and important hypothesis but also provide a transformational contribution towards understanding the operation of the cerebral cortex.

Mots-clés : cortex,feedback,feedforward,behaviour,optogenetics,electrogenesis
Projet ERC : REVERSEACTION (Horizon 2020, appel 2020, Advanced grants)
Domaine scientifique : Social Sciences and Humanities
Panel : The study of the human past
Entité participante : University of Cambridge — Pays : Royaume-Uni — Rôle : PI
Acronyme de l'entité : U. Cambridge
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 2484690.0 €

Cooperation is a markedly human mix of innate and learned behaviour, and a key to tackling some of our greatest concerns. Paradoxically, studies of social dynamics often focus on hierarchies, state formation and political structures ruled by coercive power, with comparatively little regard to the mechanisms whereby humans voluntarily collaborate. Encouragingly, new research on collective action is reconciling classic anthropology with game theory and empirical studies of group resource management, thus heralding a fundamental transformation. Archaeological collective action studies have mostly concentrated on subsistence and relatively simple technologies. There is a perplexing lack of research on cooperative production of luxury items, i.e. those materialising exceptional investment in materials, skill and/or labour, and not geared towards subsistence. Evidence for goldwork, polychrome textile-making and lapidary work in stateless societies provides compelling proof that complex technologies could be sustained in the absence of coercive powers, but explanations are lacking. How can complex technological systems be sustained in the absence of coercive political administrations? To address this question, REVERSEACTION will deploy archaeological science methods to the reverse engineering of archaeological artefacts made of multiple materials, combined with environmental studies, and fostering exploratory collaborations with anthropology, sociology, management studies and crafts. A key focus will be placed on two stateless societies of Pre-Columbian America: Muisca and Nariño. These offer a wealth of relevant materials, including goldwork, ceramics, lithics and textiles. Incorporating technological studies, raw material sourcing, and formal analyses of skill and knowledge transmission, the data will be used to test hypotheses on the role of cross-craft interaction in ensuring resilience, and on the relationships between ritual, complex technologies, and innovations.

Mots-clés : archaeological science,colombia,chiefdoms,luxury,reverse engineering,technology,collective action
Projet ERC : Microns2Reefs (Horizon 2020, appel 2019, Advanced grants)
Domaine scientifique : Physical Sciences and Engineering
Panel : Earth system science
Entité participante : University of Southampton — Pays : Royaume-Uni — Rôle : PI
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 3492322.0 €

Coral Reefs are under threat from climate change, pollution and other local and global anthropogenic disturbances. Microns2Reefs will go beyond the state of the art by providing the mechanistic understanding needed to accurately predict their fate given the multifaceted and multifactorial anthropogenic threats they face. Coral reefs provide many ecosystem functions, from coastal defence to sustaining fisheries. These, and many others, critically depend on the 3D framework of the reef made from the skeletons of Scleractinian corals. The coral biomineralisation tool kit is known but key questions remain: what biomineralisation tools are most important? what and how do environmental and biological factors limit and influence biomineralisation? how does the environmental sensitivity of coral biomineralisation determine the diversity, resilience, and survivability of individual colonies and the entire reef? The answers to these questions are key to inform the strategies needed to effectively manage these diversity hotspots and are placed into sharp focus by recent coral mass mortality events and the rapidity of anthropogenic climate change. Microns2Reefs will produce a step change by integrating a raft of new and innovative scientific techniques to provide a mechanistic understanding of coral biomineralisation and hence coral reef resilience. Microns2Reefs has four objectives: 1) to develop a novel multimodal imaging technique to reconstruct the nature of the calcifying fluid and the biomineralisation process in 3D; 2) use this to build a detailed model of coral biomineralisation; 3) develop a mechanistic understanding of the relationship between environment and skeleton construction; 4) quantify the future resilience of corals and coral reefs in the face of multiple anthropogenic stressors. Microns2Reefs is only now feasible due to recent analytical developments, exchange of knowledge and ideas from biomedical sciences, and advances in geochemistry and coral genomics.

Mots-clés : coral calcification,geochemical imaging,boron isotopes,micro ct,correlative imaging,coral genetics,biomineralisation
Projet ERC : EyeRegen (Horizon 2020, appel 2014, Starting grants)
Domaine scientifique : Physical Sciences and Engineering
Panel : Products and processes engineering
Entité participante : Trinity College Dublin — Pays : Irlande — Rôle : PI
Acronyme de l'entité : TCD
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 1498734.0 €

Corneal blindness resulting from disease, physical injury or chemical burns affects millions worldwide and has a considerable economic and social impact on the lives of people across Europe. In many cases corneal transplants can restore vision however the shortage of donor corneas suitable for transplantation has necessitated the development of alternative treatments. The aim of this project is to develop a new approach to corneal tissue regeneration. Previous approaches at engineering corneal tissue have required access to donor cells and lengthy culture periods in an attempt to grow tissue in vitro prior to implantation with only limited success and at great expense. Our approach will differ fundamentally from these in that we will design artificial corneal scaffolds that do not require donated cells or in vitro culture but instead will recruit the patient’s own cells to regenerate the cornea post-implantation. These biomaterial scaffolds will incorporate specific chemical and physical cues with the deliberate aim of attracting cells and inducing tissue formation. Studies will be undertaken to examine how different chemical, biochemical, physical and mechanical cues can be used to control the behaviour of corneal epithelial, stromal and endothelial cells. Once the optimal combination of these cues has been determined, this information will be incorporated into the design of the scaffold. Recent advances in manufacturing and material processing technology will enable us to develop scaffolds with organized nanometric architectures and that incorporate controlled growth factor release mechanisms. Techniques such as 3D bio-printing and nanofiber electrospinning will be used to fabricate scaffolds. The ability of the scaffold to attract cells and promote matrix remodelling will be examined by developing an in vitro bioreactor system capable of mimicking the ocular environment and by performing in vivo tests using a live animal model.
Projet ERC : SolMAG (Horizon 2020, appel 2016, Consolidator grants)
Domaine scientifique : Physical Sciences and Engineering
Panel : Universe sciences
Entité participante : University of Helsinki — Pays : Finlande — Rôle : PI
Acronyme de l'entité : UH
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 1934876.0 €

Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs) are spectacular stellar eruptions that carry huge amounts of plasma and magnetic flux into the space. The interests in their origin, structure, and dynamics reach from fundamental plasma physics to paramount impact on their parent stars and the surrounding planets. One of the most outstanding problems in the studies of CMEs is the lack of reliable information on their magnetic field properties until observed directly. This severely limits our understanding of many aspects in the lifespan of CMEs and their far-reaching consequences. SolMAG will deliver realistic and detailed information of the magnetic fields in CMEs. We will further use this knowledge to obtain significant breakthroughs in CME research, including unravelling physical processes that control CME initiation and evolution, and characterizing formation and interaction of key CME structures. A unique opportunity is provided by recent advances in data-driven and time-dependent numerical simulations and state-of-the-art high-quality remote-sensing solar observations. We will form an unprecedented synthesis of a revolutionary coupled coronal simulation my group is now developing and innovative cross-scale observational analyses. UH space physics team is exceptionally well-placed to carry out this challenging project: We have an unusually versatile background in CME research and strong experience both in numerical simulations and data analysis covering the whole Sun to Earth chain. SolMAG is also particularly timely now when our society is becoming increasingly dependent on technology that solar eruptions have potential to damage and the role of CMEs influencing planetary and stellar evolution is being emphasized. In addition, this project will be an important contribution to European Space Agency’s activities, including the future Solar Orbiter and BebiColombo missions, which also provides a natural exit strategy for this project.

Mots-clés : corona,coronal mass ejections,solar wind,interplanetary magnetic field,magnetosphere,space weather,numerical simulations,turbulence
Projet ERC : ReDHeaD (Horizon 2020, appel 2019, Proof of concept grants)
Domaine scientifique : Life Science
Panel : Physiology in Health, Disease and Ageing
Entité participante : Weizmann Institute of Science — Pays : Israël — Rôle : PI
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 150000.0 €

Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) and particularly Myocardial Infarction (MI), i.e. heart attack, is the leading cause of death in the Western world today. The main cause for CHD is the incapacity of the mammalian heart to undergo regeneration after injury. Current therapies are not able to address the central problem of decreased pumping capacity that results from the depleted pool of cardiac muscle cells. The outcome of this shortcoming is grim; nearly half of all patients with heart failure die within five years of the initial diagnosis. We have tested a widely used FDA approved drug, Copaxone, which is used to treat Multiple Sclerosis, for its efficacy in heart repair and made a breakthrough discovery. Copaxone improved cardiac function and reduced scarring in a mouse MI model. Most of the treated mice (85%) responded to the treatment, exhibiting an average improvement of 44% in heart function parameters, along with 40% reduction in scar size. In this PoC, we will expand these experiments by testing Copaxone using a chronic heart failure (CHF) model in both small and large animals (rats, pigs), and determine the optimal dosage regimen. Based on positive findings in this PoC, we plan to pursue Phase II clinical trials. The suggested activities include the preparation of the commercialization by interacting with key opinion leaders (e.g. cardiologists), who are in the position to speed up the clinical translation. We will also interact with pharma companies to build a potential collaborator and customer network. Eventually, we aim at commercializing repurposing existing drug to treat heart diseases, for CHF or acute MI indications. The impact of such therapy would be vast: CHD is the most common cause of death in Europe, accounting for 1.8 million deaths each year. As the original drug was already successfully commercialized by our institute, we can build on this experience and have the treatment available in approximately 5-6 years.

Mots-clés : copaxone,repurposing,heart disease,chronic heart failure
Projet ERC : BIT-ACT (Horizon 2020, appel 2018, Starting grants)
Domaine scientifique : Social Sciences and Humanities
Panel : Institutions, Governance and Legal Systems
Entité participante : University of Bologna — Pays : Italie — Rôle : PI
Acronyme de l'entité : UNIBO
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 1489115.0 €

Corruption is a global challenge that affects the lives of millions of citizens. In the past decade, Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) have become indispensable tools in the fight to reduce corruption, especially when employed from the bottom-up by civil society organizations. While pioneering initiatives in this direction have flourished, to date we only have unsystematic and descriptive evidence regarding how they work and the associated consequences. With the objective of significantly advancing knowledge on this topic, BIT-ACT will open a new line of inquiry by investigating what I call anti-corruption technologies (ACTs) to: (1) assess how civil society organizations engage with ACTs to counter corruption, (2) appraise how ACTs enable intersections between bottom-up and top-down efforts against corruption, and (3) evaluate how ACTs blend with the transnational dimension in the struggle against corruption. Based on an interdisciplinary framework that combines corruption studies, science and technology studies and social movement studies, BIT-ACT will use the constructivist grounded theory method to analyze a combination of textual and visual data in a comparative and transnational research design including nine countries – Algeria, Bangladesh, Brazil, Estonia, India, Italy, Spain, Ukraine, Uruguay. BIT-ACT will be groundbreaking in three ways. At the theoretical level, it will expand the debate on anti-corruption providing grounded concepts and models to explain ACTs; at the empirical level, it will advance knowledge on how the usage of ACTs is changing the relationship between citizens and democratic institutions; at the methodological level, it will innovate in the use of grounded theory assessing a new standard for cross-national comparative grounded theory. Finally, BIT-ACT will produce sound and useful knowledge for the stakeholders involved in the fight against corruption worldwide by suggesting how to best employ ICTs from the bottom-up.

Mots-clés : corruption studies,social accountability,transnational civil society,qualitative methods
Projet ERC : Auger-Horizon (Horizon 2020, appel 2017, Advanced grants)
Domaine scientifique : Physical Sciences and Engineering
Panel : Universe sciences
Entité participante : Radboud University Nijmegen — Pays : Pays-Bas — Rôle : PI
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 3499249.0 €

Cosmic Rays (ionized atomic nuclei) are the only matter from beyond our solar system or even from extragalactic space, that we can directly investigate. Up to energies of 10^17 eV they most likely originate in our Galaxy. The highest-energy cosmic rays (>10^18 eV) cannot be magnetically bound any more to the Galaxy and are most likely of extragalactic origin. The pure existence of these particles raises the question about their origin – how and where are they accelerated? How do they propagate through the universe and interact? How can we directly probe extragalactic matter and how can we locate its origin? A key to understand the origin of cosmic rays is to measure the particle species (atomic mass). A precise mass measurement will allow discriminating astrophysical models and will clarify the reason for the observed suppression of the cosmic-ray flux at the highest energies, namely the maximum energy of the accelerators or the energy losses during propagation. I address these questions by employing a new technique to precisely measure the cosmic-ray mass composition, which my group pioneered, the radio detection of air showers (induced by high-energy cosmic rays in the atmosphere) on very large scales, detecting horizontal air showers with zenith angles from 60° to 90°. The new set-up will be the world-largest radio array, operated together with the well-established Auger surface and fluorescence detectors, forming a unique set-up to measure the properties of cosmic rays with unprecedented precision for energies above 10^17.5 eV. The radio technique is a cost-effective and robust method to measure the cosmic-ray energy and mass, complementary to established techniques. The energy scale of the radio measurements is established from first principles. The proposed detectors will also enhance the detection capabilities for high-energy neutrinos and the search for new physics through precision measurements of the electromagnetic and muonic shower components.

Mots-clés : origin of cosmic rays,radio detection
Projet ERC : COSMOVIS (Horizon 2020, appel 2019, Synergy grants)
Entité participante : University of Manchester — Pays : Royaume-Uni — Rôle : PI
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 2310873.0 €

Cosmological Visionaries explores what global environmental initiatives of the future will look like, by asking: (1) How can scientists, shamans, priests, and other indigenous holders of animistic knowledge collaborate in regions of climatic vulnerability and (2) What are the geopolitics of climate change and the policies that surround it? Starting from the position that cosmology often evokes religious ways of knowing or being, the project brings together anthropologists, ethnologists, historians and philosophers of science and ethics, religious studies experts, space and satellite researchers, indigenous leaders and environmental scientists to examine how climate change is managed at the ethnic borderlands of China and Russia. The widespread deforestation undertaken in Siberia to meet Chinese market demands for wood is melting Russia’s vast permafrost, accelerating the release of ancient greenhouse gases, which carbon capture and storage technologies of the future will not manage. Our project is an academic and a practical intervention driven by two research teams – the China Team and the Russia Team – with a fourfold methodology. Firstly, we will uncover the scientific and indigenous views on climate change in Southwest China and Siberia. Secondly, we will mobilise dialogues between scientists and animistic peoples to mutually inform their approaches to climate change. Thirdly, we will explore how collaboration can benefit both parties. Fourthly, we will map the policies and geopolitics of climate change in China and Russia. Scientists who collaborate with indigenous peoples can get more subtle data than when working alone. Indigenous persons who supply scientists with advice and logistical help can source scientific initiatives for managing local climate change. This feedback loop between scientists and indigenous peoples, advocating for each other, can enable religious leaders and scientists to translate shared findings into visions that everyone can commit to.

Mots-clés : social anthropology,shamanism,animism,deforestation,ethnic minorities,china,russia,history and philosophy of science,philosophy of ethics
Projet ERC : CoupledNC (Horizon 2020, appel 2016, Advanced grants)
Domaine scientifique : Physical Sciences and Engineering
Panel : Physical and analytical chemical sciences
Entité participante : Hebrew University of Jerusalem — Pays : Israël — Rôle : PI
Acronyme de l'entité : HUJI
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 2499750.0 €

Coupling of atoms is the basis of chemistry, yielding the beauty and richness of molecules and materials. Herein I introduce nanocrystal chemistry: the use of semiconductor nanocrystals (NCs) as artificial atoms to form NC molecules that are chemically, structurally and physically coupled. The unique emergent quantum mechanical consequences of the NCs coupling will be studied and tailored to yield a chemical-quantum palette: coherent coupling of NC exciton states; dual color single photon emitters functional also as photo-switchable chromophores in super-resolution fluorescence microscopy; electrically switchable single NC photon emitters for utilization as taggants for neuronal activity and as chromophores in displays; new NC structures for lasing; and coupled quasi-1D NC chains manifesting mini-band formation, and tailored for a quantum-cascade effect for IR photon emission. A novel methodology of controlled oriented attachment of NC building blocks (in particular of core/shell NCs) will be presented to realize the coupled NCs molecules. For this a new type of Janus NC building block will be developed, and used as an element in a Lego-type construction of double quantum dots (dimers), heterodimers coupling two different types of NCs, and more complex NC coupled quantum structures. To realize this NC chemistry approach, surface control is essential, which will be achieved via investigation of the chemical and dynamical properties of the NCs surface ligands layer. As outcome I can expect to decipher NCs surface chemistry and dynamics, including its size dependence, and to introduce Janus NCs with chemically distinct and selectively modified surface faces. From this I will develop a new step-wise approach for synthesis of coupled NCs molecules and reveal the consequences of quantum coupling in them. This will inspire theoretical and further experimental work and will set the stage for the development of the diverse potential applications of coupled NC molecules.

Mots-clés : semiconductor nanocrystals,quantum dots,quantum coupling,janus nanoparticles,single nanocrystal spectroscopy,photo switchable chromophores,self assembly,oriented attachment