Data-Gouv-ML/pcri-erc-participations-et-projets-laureats huggingface dataset:
Projet ERC : O3-SML (Horizon 2020, appel 2018, Advanced grants)
Domaine scientifique : Physical Sciences and Engineering
Panel : Earth system science
Entité participante : University of York — Pays : Royaume-Uni — Rôle : PI
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 2364087.0 €

Tropospheric ozone is a significant climate gas and has a major influence on air quality, public health, and food security. Ozone is lost to the Earth’s surface directly by “dry deposition”, which is an important loss process for this gas. Since the ocean represents 70% of the surface, uncertainties in the dry deposition to the “sea surface microlayer” (SML) of the ocean translate into large differences in the predicted global ocean dry deposition flux. There has been very limited experimental quantification of ozone deposition over the oceans, because making such measurements is technically very challenging, and estimates of oceanic ozone deposition velocities vary widely. The mechanistic details of the process are incomplete and parameterisations in models are untested against observations. This loss of ozone is acknowledged to be controlled predominantly by chemical reactions in the SML involving iodide and organic material, which not only determine how quickly ozone can be irreversibly taken up at the ocean surface, but may also constitute a source of trace gases to the marine atmosphere. Whilst there is a growing body of work on ozone interactions with oceanic iodide, the nature and reactivity of the organic material in the SML which interacts with ozone is completely unknown. This project will probe both the fundamental mechanisms on and in the SML involved in the loss of ozone and production of atmospherically important trace gases and, in a highly novel and agenda-setting approach, apply this mechanistic information to field observations of oceanic ozone fluxes and the corresponding biogeochemical properties of the SML. This highly interdisciplinary study involves aspects of physical chemistry, atmospheric chemistry, ocean chemistry and physics, and engineering. It transcends conventional boundaries by integrating across atmospheric and ocean science, reflecting the PIs world-leading expertise in field and laboratory science in these fields.

Mots-clés : biogeochemistry,chemical oceanography,eddy covariance,sea surface micro layer
Projet ERC : O3-SML (Horizon 2020, appel 2018, Advanced grants)
Domaine scientifique : Physical Sciences and Engineering
Panel : Earth system science
Entité participante : Plymouth Marine Laboratory — Pays : Royaume-Uni — Rôle : Partner
Acronyme de l'entité : PML
Type d'entité : Recherche
Financement ERC de l'entité : 72765.0 €

Tropospheric ozone is a significant climate gas and has a major influence on air quality, public health, and food security. Ozone is lost to the Earth’s surface directly by “dry deposition”, which is an important loss process for this gas. Since the ocean represents 70% of the surface, uncertainties in the dry deposition to the “sea surface microlayer” (SML) of the ocean translate into large differences in the predicted global ocean dry deposition flux. There has been very limited experimental quantification of ozone deposition over the oceans, because making such measurements is technically very challenging, and estimates of oceanic ozone deposition velocities vary widely. The mechanistic details of the process are incomplete and parameterisations in models are untested against observations. This loss of ozone is acknowledged to be controlled predominantly by chemical reactions in the SML involving iodide and organic material, which not only determine how quickly ozone can be irreversibly taken up at the ocean surface, but may also constitute a source of trace gases to the marine atmosphere. Whilst there is a growing body of work on ozone interactions with oceanic iodide, the nature and reactivity of the organic material in the SML which interacts with ozone is completely unknown. This project will probe both the fundamental mechanisms on and in the SML involved in the loss of ozone and production of atmospherically important trace gases and, in a highly novel and agenda-setting approach, apply this mechanistic information to field observations of oceanic ozone fluxes and the corresponding biogeochemical properties of the SML. This highly interdisciplinary study involves aspects of physical chemistry, atmospheric chemistry, ocean chemistry and physics, and engineering. It transcends conventional boundaries by integrating across atmospheric and ocean science, reflecting the PIs world-leading expertise in field and laboratory science in these fields.

Mots-clés : biogeochemistry,chemical oceanography,eddy covariance,sea surface micro layer
Projet ERC : TRODITIES (Horizon 2020, appel 2014, Advanced grants)
Domaine scientifique : Social Sciences and Humanities
Panel : Institutions, Governance and Legal Systems
Entité participante : University of London — Pays : Royaume-Uni — Rôle : Partner
Acronyme de l'entité : U. London
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 179234.48 €

Trust, Global Traders, and Commodities in a Chinese International City Yiwu, a city of 2 million in China’s commercially vibrant Zheijang province, is known by traders from countries including Afghanistan and Syria, the Ukraine and Mexico, and the UK and Russia, as being the world’s hub for wholesale of ‘small commodities’. Journalists have recently been struck both by Yiwu’s significance to consumption practices across the world and by the diverse mix of merchants that assemble in the city. Yet despite the clear insights into globalization and the significance of trade for forging relations between cultures offered by a study of a modern trading node such as Yiwu, the city has yet to be the focus of sustained research. The proposed project, Trust, Global Traders, and Commodities is an integrated comparative programme of research that will provide new empirical data and comparative analysis on the global trade in low-grade Chinese-made commodities. Its focus will be on the ways in which transnational trading activities are conducted in the cosmopolitan and dynamic city of Yiwu. This project’s in-depth investigation of Yiwu, and its connections to the wider world through networks and flows of people, commodities, and knowledge, will yield ground-breaking perspectives on the precise ways in which trade facilitates the simultaneous exchange of commodities, practices, ideas, and identities. The project is necessarily multi-sited and an inter-disciplinary engaging researchers and theoretical approaches in in anthropology, area studies, business studies, and history; it will also draw on expertise from law, commercial shipping, and international trade policy. (1335 characters)

Mots-clés : cities,capitalism,china,commodities,ethnography,globalization,islam,informal money transfers,markets,online trading,small and medium enterprises  smes,trade,trading networks,trust,yiwu
Projet ERC : Diricore (Horizon 2020, appel 2014, Proof of concept grants)
Entité participante : Netherlands Cancer Institute-Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital — Pays : Pays-Bas — Rôle : PI
Acronyme de l'entité : NKI-AVL
Type d'entité : Recherche
Financement ERC de l'entité : 149500.0 €

Tumor growth requires continuous synthesis of proteins, nucleic acids and lipids that are important components of the cell. Demand for amino acids as the building blocks for protein synthesis in rapidly dividing tumor cells is often much higher than that of normal cells. Such increased demand can represent a vulnerability of the tumor. Importantly, this vulnerability is already being exploited for therapy in one instance: Addition of L-asparginase - an enzyme lowering the concentration of the amino acid asparagine in blood - to chemotherapy against acute lymphoblastic leukemia, resulted in a dramatic increase in cure from 5% to 95% of patients treated. Recent scientific publications highlight the fact that tumors are often metabolically rewired, and multiple examples of altered amino acid demand and/or turnover have been demonstrated in different cancer indications. Multiple drugs are under development that target amino acid availability, uptake or biosynthesis. The challenge is to identify the potential sensitivity of individual tumors to such drugs. Recently, we developed diricore, a procedure for determination of restrictions in the availability of particular amino acids for protein synthesis. To demonstrate the potential for diricore’s diagnosis capability in cancer, revealing proline limitations for protein synthesis in kidney cancer. We also used kidney cancer cell lines to verify sensitivity to proline deprivation, suggesting therapeutic possibilities. We propose here to develop diricore towards a commercial diagnostic platform for determining limiting amino acid availability profiles in cancer patients. This information will guide physicians in taking dietary measures or prescribing drugs that inhibit amino acid uptake or biosynthesis.

Mots-clés : cancer diagnosis,protein synthesis,ribosome profiling,amino acid deprivation
Projet ERC : COTURB (Horizon 2020, appel 2014, Advanced grants)
Domaine scientifique : Physical Sciences and Engineering
Panel : Products and processes engineering
Entité participante : Universidad Politécnica de Madrid — Pays : Espagne — Rôle : PI
Acronyme de l'entité : UPM
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 2218250.0 €

Turbulence is a multiscale phenomenon for which control efforts have often failed because the dimension of the attractor is large. However, kinetic energy and drag are controlled by relatively few slowly evolving large structures that sit on top of a multiscale cascade of smaller eddies. They are essentially single-scale phenomena whose evolution can be described using less information than for the full flow. In evolutionary terms they are punctuated ‘equilibria’ for which chaotic evolution is only intermittent. The rest of the time they can be considered coherent and predictable for relatively long periods. Coherent structures studied in the 1970s in free-shear flows (e.g. jets) eventually led to increased understanding and to industrial applications. In wall-bounded cases (e.g. boundary layers), proposed structures range from exact permanent waves and orbits to qualitative observations such as hairpins or ejections. Although most of them have been described at low Reynolds numbers, there are reasons to believe that they persist at higher ones in the ‘LES’ sense in which small scales are treated statistically. Recent computational and experimental advances provide enough temporally and spatially resolved data to quantify the relevance of such models to fully developed flows. We propose to use mostly existing numerical data bases to test the various models of wall-bounded coherent structures, to quantify how often and how closely the flow approaches them, and to develop moderate-time predictions. Existing solutions will be extended to the LES equations, methods will be sought to identify them in fully turbulent flows, and reduced-order models will be developed and tested. In practical situations, the idea is to be able to detect large eddies and to predict them ‘most of the time’. If simple enough models are found, the process will be implemented in the laboratory and used to suggest control strategies.

Mots-clés : turbulence,structure identification,reduced order models
Projet ERC : RELICS (Horizon 2020, appel 2020, Starting grants)
Domaine scientifique : Physical Sciences and Engineering
Panel : Products and processes engineering
Entité participante : University of Alicante — Pays : Espagne — Rôle : PI
Acronyme de l'entité : UA
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 1536183.0 €

Turning valuable though outcasted lignocellulosic biomass, such as forestry and agricultural waste, into commodity chemicals by using renewable energies is key to disrupt our ongoing dependence on oil refineries and fossil fuels and to stimulate the growth of a sustainable industry. The lack of effective valorization strategies to mine the valuable chemicals locked into lignin, one of the major components of this biomass, is holding back this transition. Using sunlight to drive this valorization is key to embrace sustainability. In this sense, photocatalysis is the prevalent strategy when targeting the upscaling of solar-driven chemistry. The realization of this concept has been prevented by huge fundamental and technical hurdles, viz. the lack of knowledge on the redox processes involved in the valorization, on specific catalysts and on the optimum systems for light harnessing and utilization. The RELICS will deploy an interdisciplinary approach of materials’ synthesis, interfacial engineering and operando characterization to pioneer new selective catalysts with specific end-products and tailor-made photocatalysts (PCs). Our definitive goal of demonstrating a photocatalytic machinery with programmed selectivity and breakthrough yields of lignin conversion will be enabled through advancing the project’s core objectives: (1) the rational design of electrocatalysts for the selective production of phenolic aldehydes or ketones, guided by (2) a profound understanding of the reaction mechanism and (3) the fabrication of multijunction PCs with intentionally-defined selectivity and enhanced photogenerated carrier utilization. The use of (photo)electrochemical model systems will support project progress by accelerating materials’ optimization and providing a reliable platform for the operando analysis of the reactive interface. All in all, the scientific outcomes of RELICS will positively impact the fields of organic electrosynthesis and solar energy conversion.

Mots-clés : lignin valorization,photoelectrochemistry,photocatalysis,electrocatalysis,interfacial engineering
Projet ERC : TVOF (Horizon 2020, appel 2014, Advanced grants)
Domaine scientifique : Social Sciences and Humanities
Panel : Cultures and cultural production
Entité participante : University of London — Pays : Royaume-Uni — Rôle : PI
Acronyme de l'entité : U. London
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 2274225.0 €

Two questions about linguistic identity lie at the heart of this project. What is the relation historically between language and identity in Europe? How are cognate languages demarcated from each other? Normative models of national languages helped shape Europe. Yet they did not become hegemonic until the 19th century. Indeed, they were imposed (not always successfully) on a linguistic map of Europe more fluid and complex than most histories of national languages allow. In the Middle Ages multilingualism was common, as was the use of non-local languages, notably Latin, but also French. This project undertakes a revaluation of the nature and value of the use of French in Europe during a crucial period, 1100-1450, less in terms of its cultural prestige (the traditional focus of scholarship) than of its role as a supralocal, transnational language, particularly in Western Europe and the Eastern Mediterranean. The project fosters collaboration between, and cuts across, different intellectual and national scholarly traditions, drawing on expertise in codicology, critical theory, linguistics, literature, and philology; it involves scholars from a range of European countries and North America, entailing empirical research around a complex and widely disseminated textual tradition vital to medieval understandings of European history and identity, L’Histoire ancienne jusqu’à César. This case study will ground and stimulate broader speculative reflection on the two core questions concerning linguistic identity. While the project builds on prior critiques of the construction of, and investment in, national languages and literary traditions, it has a broad historical scope, and will offer an innovative, genuinely international perspective, in terms of both its object of study and method. Indeed, its final aim, through and beyond its consideration of French as a lingua franca, is to interrogate that language’s role in the emergence of a European identity in the Middle Ages.
Projet ERC : ALDof 2DTMDs (Horizon 2020, appel 2014, Consolidator grants)
Domaine scientifique : Physical Sciences and Engineering
Panel : Synthetic Chemistry and Materials
Entité participante : Eindhoven University of Technology — Pays : Pays-Bas — Rôle : PI
Acronyme de l'entité : TU/e
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 1968708.75 €

Two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides (2D-TMDs) are an exciting class of new materials. Their ultrathin body, optical band gap and unusual spin and valley polarization physics make them very promising candidates for a vast new range of (opto-)electronic applications. So far, most experimental work on 2D-TMDs has been performed on exfoliated flakes made by the ‘Scotch tape’ technique. The major next challenge is the large-area synthesis of 2D-TMDs by a technique that ultimately can be used for commercial device fabrication. Building upon pure 2D-TMDs, even more functionalities can be gained from 2D-TMD alloys and heterostructures. Theoretical work on these derivates reveals exciting new phenomena, but experimentally this field is largely unexplored due to synthesis technique limitations. The goal of this proposal is to combine atomic layer deposition with plasma chemistry to create a novel surface-controlled, industry-compatible synthesis technique that will make large area 2D-TMDs, 2D-TMD alloys and 2D-TMD heterostructures a reality. This innovative approach will enable systematic layer dependent studies, likely revealing exciting new properties, and provide integration pathways for a multitude of applications. Atomistic simulations will guide the process development and, together with in- and ex-situ analysis, increase the understanding of the surface chemistry involved. State-of-the-art high resolution transmission electron microscopy will be used to study the alloying process and the formation of heterostructures. Luminescence spectroscopy and electrical characterization will reveal the potential of the synthesized materials for (opto)-electronic applications. The synergy between the excellent background of the PI in 2D materials for nanoelectronics and the group’s leading expertise in ALD and plasma science is unique and provides an ideal stepping stone to develop the synthesis of large-area 2D-TMDs and derivatives.

Mots-clés : 2d materials,atomic layer deposition,nanoelectronics,plasma chemistry
Projet ERC : FOCUS (Horizon 2020, appel 2017, Advanced grants)
Domaine scientifique : Physical Sciences and Engineering
Panel : Earth system science
Entité participante : IDIL — Pays : France — Rôle : Partner
Acronyme de l'entité : IDIL
Type d'entité : Organismes privés (hors enseignement)
Financement ERC de l'entité : 545625.0 €

Two-thirds of the Earth’s surface is covered by water and thus largely inaccessible to modern networks of seismological instruments. The FOCUS project is poised to revolutionize seismic monitoring of the seafloor through a novel use of fiber optic cables to improve hazard assessment and increase early warning capability. Laser reflectometry using BOTDR, commonly used for structural health monitoring of large-scale engineering structures (e.g. - bridges, dams, pipelines, etc.), can measure very small strains (< 1 mm) at very large distances (10 - 200 km). It has never been used to monitor deformation caused by active faults on the seafloor. The objective of the FOCUS project is to demonstrate that this technique can measure small (1 - 2 cm) displacements on a primary test site offshore Sicily where the 28 km long EMSO Catania cable crosses the recently mapped North Alfeo Fault. BOTDR observations must be calibrated by other independent measurements. Therefore, targeted marine geophysical surveys of the seafloor along the trace of the cable and faults are planned, with micro-bathymetry, high-resolution seismics, seafloor seismic stations and use of seafloor geodetic instruments to quantify fault displacement. Once the BOTDR fault-monitoring technique has been tested and calibrated offshore Sicily, the goal is to expand it to other fiber optic cable networks, either existing research networks in earthquake hazard zones (Japan, Cascadia) or to the Mediterranean region through access to retired telecommunication cables, or through the development of dual-use cables with industry partners, (two of the anticipated outcomes of the FOCUS project). The novel secondary use of fiber optic cables as described by FOCUS represents a potentially tremendous breakthrough in seismology, tectonics and natural hazard early warning capability, one that could turn Earth’s future undersea communication infrastructure into a seismological monitoring network of unprecedented scale.

Mots-clés : earthquake hazard,active faults,seafloor deformation,montitoring,fiber optic cables,laser reflectometry,botdr,strain measurements,mediterranean,sicily,ionian sea
Projet ERC : E-T1IFNs (Horizon 2020, appel 2017, Advanced grants)
Domaine scientifique : Life Science
Panel : Immunity, Infection and Immunotherapy
Entité participante : Institut des maladies génétiques — Pays : France — Rôle : Partner
Acronyme de l'entité : Imagine
Type d'entité : Recherche
Financement ERC de l'entité : 262500.0 €

Type I interferons represent both key molecules in anti-viral defence and mediators of inflammatory disease, so that the induction, transmission and resolution of the interferon response are tightly regulated - balancing protection against infection versus the risk of immunopathology. Monogenic type I interferonopathies (T1IFNs), and related ‘complex’ phenotypes such as systemic lupus erythematosus and dermatomyositis, represent examples of a disturbance of the homeostatic control of this system, where a constitutive upregulation of type I interferon activity is considered directly relevant to pathology. Set against the absence of a routine assay in clinical medicine for the detection of upregulated type I interferon, the current application addresses major questions in the developing T1IFN field. Analogous to other screening strategies (e.g. using mouse ENU mutagenesis or yeast gene deletion series), we have established a pipeline for the systematic identification of human mutant states predisposing to upregulated type I interferon signalling. Such an approach will allow for the comprehensive definition of important themes in interferon biology, informing our understanding of anti-viral signalling and self-non-self discrimination. Furthermore, these studies will have direct translational benefit - since the identification of a phenotype as a T1IFN implies the possibility of therapy to reduce type I interferon levels and / or block interferon signalling.

Mots-clés : type i interferon,type i interferonopathies,innate immunity