Data-Gouv-ML/pcri-erc-participations-et-projets-laureats huggingface dataset:
Projet ERC : DigiScore (Horizon 2020, appel 2020, Consolidator grants)
Domaine scientifique : Social Sciences and Humanities
Panel : Cultures and cultural production
Entité participante : University of Nottingham — Pays : Royaume-Uni — Rôle : PI
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 1150331.29 €

Digital scores utilising computational technology and digital media are emerging worldwide as the next evolutionary stage in the concept of the music score (Vear 2019). Yet there has been no scientific study of digital scores; nor their effect upon creativity and musicianship. This is remarkable for two reasons: First, because digital scores are generating new music experiences, innovative compositional approaches, novel performance opportunities, and broader accessibility for a vast number of musicians and music cultures around the world. Second, because many topics immediately adjacent or informing digital scores have been theorised thereby liberating these subjects and innovating creative practices, e.g. digital media art, digital performance, electro-acoustic music. This project will launch the first scientific investigation into the transformation of the music score through computational technologies. The core aims of the project are to: (1) determine scientific knowledge of how digital scores stimulate new creative opportunities and experiences within a range of music practices, (2) develop a theoretical framework for digital scores as an important transdisciplinary area of research, (3) build a scientific study of inclusive digital musicianship through the transformative potential of the digital score. This project will investigate these questions through an innovative combination of artistic and scientific research methods, undertaken by a transdisciplinary and international team of scientists and artists, led by a world expert of digital scores: Prof. Dr. Craig Vear. This is real “frontier research”, the benefits of which extend beyond music studies into computer science, new media research, digital humanities, performance studies and creative practice.

Mots-clés : music scores,performance practice,computational technology
Projet ERC : BNYQ (Horizon 2020, appel 2014, Consolidator grants)
Domaine scientifique : Physical Sciences and Engineering
Panel : Systems and communication engineering
Entité participante : Weizmann Institute of Science — Pays : Israël — Rôle : PI
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 1095637.14 €

Digital signal processing (DSP) is a revolutionary paradigm shift enabling processing of physical data in the digital domain where design and implementation are considerably simplified. However, state-of-the-art analog-to-digital convertors (ADCs) preclude high-rate wideband sampling and processing with low cost and energy consumption, presenting a major bottleneck. This is mostly due to a traditional assumption that sampling must be performed at the Nyquist rate, that is, twice the signal bandwidth. Modern applications including communications, medical imaging, radar and more use signals with high bandwidth, resulting in prohibitively large Nyquist rates. Our ambitious goal is to introduce a paradigm shift in ADC design that will enable systems capable of low-rate, wideband sensing and low-rate DSP. While DSP has a rich history in exploiting structure to reduce dimensionality and perform efficient parameter extraction, current ADCs do not exploit such knowledge. We challenge current practice that separates the sampling stage from the processing stage and exploit structure in analog signals already in the ADC, to drastically reduce the sampling and processing rates. Our preliminary data shows that this allows substantial savings in sampling and processing rates --- we show rate reduction of 1/28 in ultrasound imaging, and 1/30 in radar detection. To achieve our overreaching goal we focus on three interconnected objectives -- developing the 1) theory 2) hardware and 3) applications of sub-Nyquist sampling. Our methodology ties together two areas on the frontier of signal processing: compressed sensing (CS), focused on finite length vectors, and analog sampling. Our research plan also inherently relies on advances in several other important areas within signal processing and combines multi-disciplinary research at the intersection of signal processing, information theory, optimization, estimation theory and hardware design.

Mots-clés : sub nyquist sampling,analog to digital converters,low rate processing,wideband sensing
Projet ERC : ADVODID (Horizon 2020, appel 2019, Consolidator grants)
Domaine scientifique : Social Sciences and Humanities
Panel : Institutions, Governance and Legal Systems
Entité participante : University of London — Pays : Royaume-Uni — Rôle : PI
Acronyme de l'entité : U. London
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 1986922.0 €

Digital technology has fundamentally changed the action repertoire of political campaigning and advocacy in the last decade. Despite its fundamental role in contemporary political strategy and potential to affect the quality of democracy, there is still little systematic evidence to assess and compare the real effects of online and offline advocacy tools. ADVODID will implement the first large-scale quantitative project designed to provide rich correlational and causal evidence on the effects of advocacy on citizens and policymakers, in both online and offline settings. It sets out to address - theoretically and empirically - the potentials and challenges for modern democracies that arise from digital advocacy tools. Its novelty lies in analyzing the use, impact and democratic consequences of digital advocacy strategies by assessing interactions of advocacy groups with both citizens and political representatives in a diverse set of eight countries (Australia, Chile, Denmark, India, the Netherlands, Spain, the UK, and the US). ADVODID will collect data on the advocacy agenda and strategy use of at least 400 carefully sampled advocates in these countries, and will assess agenda congruence with political and public agendas, and their dynamic development over time. Correlational analyses of different measures of advocacy success will be complemented by field experiments in cooperation with advocates in two countries, to supply causal evidence on how advocacy affects the positions and actions of policymakers and citizens. The project’s rich datasets will be used to assess and refine theories of democratic representation and the role of digital advocacy across different types of policy issues. ADVODID will greatly advance understanding of how modern advocacy impacts its target audiences and potentially changes participatory democracy. Its findings will have interdisciplinary and social relevance and inform ways to strengthen representative democracy in an online age.

Mots-clés : digital advocacy,political participation,representation,lobbying influence,democracy
Projet ERC : E-DIRECT (Horizon 2020, appel 2019, Starting grants)
Domaine scientifique : Life Science
Panel : Environmental Biology, Ecology and Evolution
Entité participante : Max Planck Society — Pays : Allemagne — Rôle : PI
Acronyme de l'entité : MPG
Type d'entité : Recherche
Financement ERC de l'entité : 1441500.0 €

Direct reciprocity is a fundamental mechanism for cooperation among non-kin. It is based on the idea that individuals are more cooperative when they interact in stable groups in which retaliation is possible. To model the evolution of reciprocity, researchers have used the framework of repeated games. Traditionally, these models rest on two assumptions. First, players are symmetric: they coincide in their strategic options, in their incentives to cooperate, and how they discount future payoffs. Second, the players' environment is fixed: players face the same game, with the same payoffs, in every round. Both assumptions are crucial, as they promote conditionally cooperative strategies like Tit-for-Tat. Yet in most natural applications, individuals are heterogeneous, and the games they play change over time. To address these two critical model limitations, we need to expand the theory of reciprocity. We focus on the following objectives: 1) Develop a theory of reciprocity in heterogeneous groups. Based on mathematical models and simulations, we study how different dimensions of heterogeneity affect the evolution of reciprocity. 2) Develop a theory of reciprocity in changing environments. Here, we explore the evolution of cooperation when the players' environment (and hence their feasible payoffs and strategies) can change from one round to the next. We ask which environmental feedback is most favorable to cooperation. 3) Explore the dynamics of asymmetric games with changing environments. Here, we analyze the intricacies that arise when both previous sources of complexity are present. 4) Verify the theory using behavioral experiments with human subjects. The success of the project will establish a novel framework and new tools to study the evolution of strategic behavior in non-constant environments. It will significantly enhance our ability to predict when reciprocity emerges under natural conditions.

Mots-clés : evolutionary game theory,cooperation,reciprocity,evolutionary dynamics
Projet ERC : MOVE_ME (Horizon 2020, appel 2020, Starting grants)
Domaine scientifique : Life Science
Panel : Cellular, Developmental and Regenerative Biology
Entité participante : Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation — Pays : Portugal — Rôle : PI
Type d'entité : Recherche
Financement ERC de l'entité : 1812125.0 €

Directional collective cell migration (dCCM) is key for cellular clusters to reach their target tissues in embryogenesis, tissue repair, and metastasis. Though cells interact with chemical and physical cues when migrating in vivo, the field has mostly focused on studying the chemical guidance (chemotaxis) of dCCM- and the role of physical cues is underappreciated. As chemotaxis is not sufficient to explain dCCM in native contexts, the mechanisms that guide dCCM in vivo remain unclear. Thus, our overall goal is to challenge the classic chemocentric view by addressing whether and how biophysical cues such as mechanical and electrical signals contribute to dCCM in vivo. To tackle this challenging aim, we will study durotaxis (mechanical guidance) and electrotaxis (electrical guidance) at two levels: i) Tissue level, to map mechanical and electrical properties in vivo and test their relative contribution to dCCM and ii) Cellular level, to explore the mechanisms by which cells respond and integrate these biophysical cues. To address this, we will take advantage of the innovative toolbox we developed to study mechanical and electrical cues in vivo. As dCCM occurs in different biological contexts, we propose to generalise our results by studying dCCM of Xenopus neural crest (NCs) in embryogenesis (WP1, WP2), and the migration of the recently discovered Regeneration Organizing Cells (ROCs) in Xenopus tail regeneration (WP3). Demonstrating durotaxis and electrotaxis in vivo has proven to be a challenging goal. Thus, we expect our research to be a breakthrough across fields, bringing new perspectives and tools to study the biophysics of dCCM in vivo for the first time. Finally, this proposal will open new research avenues for my lab and for the field, in which the interplay of biophysical and biochemical cues from the environment could be studied, paving the way to the formulation of a novel and more integrative view of dCCM, and other cell and developmental processes.

Mots-clés : xenopus,collective cell migration,directional migration,biomechanics,bioelectricity,embryo development,chemotaxis
Projet ERC : INVICTUS (Horizon 2020, appel 2017, Proof of concept grants)
Entité participante : Sapienza University of Rome — Pays : Italie — Rôle : PI
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 150000.0 €

Disorders of the central nervous system (CNS) contribute almost 800 billion euros in annual European healthcare costs. New compounds, effective in animal models, hardly work in humans, mostly due to the inability to cross the Brain Blood Barrier (BBB). In these conditions cost-effective tools to alter BBB and, more generally, endothelial layer permeability is desirable before proceeding to expensive and time-consuming animal studies. INVICTUS (IN VItro Cavitation Through UltraSound) originates within the ERC-AdG project Bubbles from Inception to Collapse (BIC) and concerns the development of a biomimetic micro-fluidic platform to be made turnkey available to biologists, clinicians and pharmacologists. The integrated platform exploits endothelial layer permeability enhancement by cavitation bubbles and provides an integrated, low cost platform to develop cavitation enhanced drug delivery under well controlled and reproducible conditions. Its potential is significant, given the well known societal and economical impact of degenerative diseases and the enormous investment and the long times of pre-clinical trials, as confirmed by a leading company operating in the field. Limiting/avoiding animal experimentation has an evident ethical impact and is associated with substantial economic savings and organisational simplification. In few words, micro-bubbles injected into the bloodstream undergo volume oscillations under localised ultrasound irradiation, with local reversible permeability enhancement of the endothelium. Already pursed in in vivo animal models, this approach is extended here to a high-fidelity, in vitro biomimetic device that will bring to market new crucial features such as the three-dimensional geometry of realistic-size vascular channels featuring an actual endothelial barrier, the correct perfusion rate, the appropriate physiological shear stress exerted on the endothelial cells and the ability to reproduce biochemical interactions between different, healthy and diseased, tissues.

Mots-clés : drug delivery,cavitation enhanced extravasation,ulstrasound,endothelial layer permeability,micro bubbles,blood vessel on a chip,microfluidics,biomimetics
Projet ERC : sEEIngDOM (Horizon 2020, appel 2018, Starting grants)
Domaine scientifique : Life Science
Panel : Environmental Biology, Ecology and Evolution
Entité participante : University of Cambridge — Pays : Royaume-Uni — Rôle : PI
Acronyme de l'entité : U. Cambridge
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 1499169.0 €

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is central to the functioning of freshwater ecosystems that support life on Earth. For example, DOM has a major role in global carbon (C) cycling by helping to bury four times more C in the bottom of lakes and rivers than across all of the world’s oceans. DOM also majorly influences the growth of aquatic organisms and impedes drinking water treatment for millions of people, such as by increasing microbial growth. Yet, despite its importance, DOM remains poorly understood because it has been measured with little resolution for nearly 200 years. Recent technological advances have now shown that a handful of lake water can contain thousands of different molecules of varying origin and composition. But the role of all these different molecules in aquatic ecosystems largely remains a mystery. This project will discover the importance of the tremendous diversity of molecules – termed chemodiversity – found in DOM for lake functioning and human wellbeing. It will do so by combining cutting-edge techniques in analytical chemistry, genomics, and statistical modelling with careful lab-based studies, proven field experiments, and large-scale observational surveys. By thinking about species of molecules as we would species of organisms, this project will draw upon rich theory and methods developed for the study of biodiversity. The work will allow us to learn how variation in chemodiversity across lakes is driven by associations with different microbes and how these microbes reciprocally adapt and evolve to different DOM. In the process, we will improve predictions of how important functions and services provided by lakes, such as C cycling and drinking water, vary with chemodiversity. An exciting application of this work is to improve emerging technologies for water purification by identifying microbial consortia that can consume chemodiversity and make water clearer.

Mots-clés : lakes,limnology,biodiversity,ecosystem functioning,geochemistry,species interactions,environmental biology,carbon cycling,organic matter,biogeography,metabolomics,metagenomics
Projet ERC : BANDWIDTH (Horizon 2020, appel 2017, Starting grants)
Domaine scientifique : Physical Sciences and Engineering
Panel : Computer science and informatics
Entité participante : Technion – Israel Institute of Technology — Pays : Israël — Rôle : PI
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 1486480.0 €

Distributed systems underlie many modern technologies, a prime example being the Internet. The ever-increasing abundance of distributed systems necessitates their design and usage to be backed by strong theoretical foundations. A major challenge that distributed systems face is the lack of a central authority, which brings many aspects of uncertainty into the environment, in the form of unknown network topology or unpredictable dynamic behavior. A practical restriction of distributed systems, which is at the heart of this proposal, is the limited bandwidth available for communication between the network components. A central family of distributed tasks is that of local tasks, which are informally described as tasks which are possible to solve by sending information through only a relatively small number of hops. A cornerstone example is the need to break symmetry and provide a better utilization of resources, which can be obtained by the task of producing a valid coloring of the nodes given some small number of colors. Amazingly, there are still huge gaps between the known upper and lower bounds for the complexity of many local tasks. This holds even if one allows powerful assumptions of unlimited bandwidth. While some known algorithms indeed use small messages, the complexity gaps are even larger compared to the unlimited bandwidth case. This is not a mere coincidence, and in fact the existing theoretical infrastructure is provably incapable of giving stronger lower bounds for many local tasks under limited bandwidth. This proposal zooms in on this crucial blind spot in the current literature on the theory of distributed computing, namely, the study of local tasks under limited bandwidth. The goal of this research is to produce fast algorithms for fundamental distributed local tasks under restricted bandwidth, as well as understand their limitations by providing lower bounds.

Mots-clés : theory of distributed computing,congest,local distributed tasks,bandwidth restrictions
Projet ERC : DLEDA (Horizon 2020, appel 2017, Starting grants)
Domaine scientifique : Social Sciences and Humanities
Panel : Institutions, Governance and Legal Systems
Entité participante : Freie Universität Berlin — Pays : Allemagne — Rôle : PI
Acronyme de l'entité : FU
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 127889.11 €

Do Legislatures Enhance Democracy in Africa? This project seeks to investigate the role of legislatures in African electoral authoritarian regimes. There are two opposing theoretical views: While several studies have found that holding elections, introducing a national assembly and a multiparty system prolongs the life of autocracies, other authors claim the exact opposite: in their view, the more successive multiparty elections take place, the more democratic a regime becomes. Answering these questions is difficult due to the opaqueness of authoritarian regimes. Moreover, most work has concentrated on only a few cases – African cases, in particular, have remained largely absent from the research agenda. This project attempts to fill these gaps by collecting data on authoritarian legislatures in seven African countries. We focus on three areas of investigation: 1) law-making; 2) interaction patterns and political dialogue between the ruling party and the opposition; and 3) representation and constituency responsiveness. The main question is whether legislatures in authoritarian countries actually have a potential to enhance democracy. We use a Mixed Methods-Design which combines qualitative and quantitative data. To answer Question 1, we use content analysis of parliamentary debates. For Question 2 and 3, we will conduct full population surveys in the national assemblies of our seven countries. We will collect biographical and opinion data, as well as data on the social interactions between government and opposition, which will be analyzed with the methods of Social Network Analysis. Furthermore, we employ process tracing to understand the causal mechanism between legislative behaviour and the level of democracy. With a strong team of partner institutions in seven African countries, this project fills a research gap by collecting extensive and systematic empirical evidence on legislative behaviour in electoral autocracies for the first time.

Mots-clés : electoral authoritarianism,africa,democratization,legislatures
Projet ERC : DLEDA (Horizon 2020, appel 2017, Starting grants)
Domaine scientifique : Social Sciences and Humanities
Panel : Institutions, Governance and Legal Systems
Entité participante : University of Konstanz — Pays : Allemagne — Rôle : Partner
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 1362035.89 €

Do Legislatures Enhance Democracy in Africa? This project seeks to investigate the role of legislatures in African electoral authoritarian regimes. There are two opposing theoretical views: While several studies have found that holding elections, introducing a national assembly and a multiparty system prolongs the life of autocracies, other authors claim the exact opposite: in their view, the more successive multiparty elections take place, the more democratic a regime becomes. Answering these questions is difficult due to the opaqueness of authoritarian regimes. Moreover, most work has concentrated on only a few cases – African cases, in particular, have remained largely absent from the research agenda. This project attempts to fill these gaps by collecting data on authoritarian legislatures in seven African countries. We focus on three areas of investigation: 1) law-making; 2) interaction patterns and political dialogue between the ruling party and the opposition; and 3) representation and constituency responsiveness. The main question is whether legislatures in authoritarian countries actually have a potential to enhance democracy. We use a Mixed Methods-Design which combines qualitative and quantitative data. To answer Question 1, we use content analysis of parliamentary debates. For Question 2 and 3, we will conduct full population surveys in the national assemblies of our seven countries. We will collect biographical and opinion data, as well as data on the social interactions between government and opposition, which will be analyzed with the methods of Social Network Analysis. Furthermore, we employ process tracing to understand the causal mechanism between legislative behaviour and the level of democracy. With a strong team of partner institutions in seven African countries, this project fills a research gap by collecting extensive and systematic empirical evidence on legislative behaviour in electoral autocracies for the first time.

Mots-clés : electoral authoritarianism,africa,democratization,legislatures