Data-Gouv-ML/pcri-erc-participations-et-projets-laureats huggingface dataset:
Projet ERC : MAESTRO (Horizon Europe, appel 2022, Advanced grants)
Domaine scientifique : Physical Sciences and Engineering
Panel : Earth System Science
Entité participante : Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines — Pays : France — Rôle : Partner
Acronyme de l'entité : UVSQ
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 29682.55 €

Recent research has shown that the spatial organisation of convection (and hence clouds) at the mesoscale (20-200km) dramatically affects the Earth’s energy balance and hydrological cycle. This raises the question as to how the organisation of convection will change with warming, and how it will influence the climate. A poor understanding of the physical drivers of the mesoscale organisation of convection, compounded by an inability to simulate and observe such processes, has hampered our ability to articulate this challenging question, let alone answer it. In MAESTRO I propose to develop observational approaches and analysis frameworks specifically designed to test mechanisms hypothesized to control the mesoscale organisation of both shallow and deep convective clouds. Advances in airborne remote sensing will be exploited to map the spatial structures of clouds and water vapor, to interpret their coupling through the analysis of coherent structures within the clear-air environment around clouds, and to understand their dependence on environmental conditions. This will help understand why and how convective clouds organise at the mesoscale, why the organisation co-varies with water vapor, clouds and radiation locally and remotely, and why it co-varies with climate conditions. By connecting observations from the airborne measurements to satellite observations and meteorological analyses, the generality of the insights from the field measurements will be tested and tempered. Finally, observational insights will be used to assess the new and emerging generation of climate models whose resolution is fine enough to represent the mesoscale organisation of convection and its interaction with climate. MAESTRO will lead to new experimental techniques for studying atmospheric processes, to an improved conceptualization of the interplay between convective organisation and climate, and to a critical assessment of the new generation of climate models for climate change studies.

Mots-clés : tropical convection,mesoscale organisation,clouds,water vapor,radiation budget,atmospheric processes,convective aggregation,field campaign,climate models
Projet ERC : TRAITS-GAMES (Horizon Europe, appel 2023, Advanced grants)
Domaine scientifique : Social Sciences and Humanities
Panel : Individuals, Markets and Organisations
Entité participante : Université Bocconi — Pays : Italie — Rôle : PI
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 1874575.0 €

I will analyse how agents’ traits affect behaviour and strategic reasoning in decision problems and games. Traits encompass stable cognitive and psychological features of agents, such as tastes, skills, cognitive abilities, attitudes toward uncertainty and misspecification, concerns for others, and propensities to be affected by emotions. To build an adequate formal framework, I will try to comply with a separation principle: the description of the rules of interaction should be separate and independent from the description of players’ traits. This will enable a fruitful and conceptually rigorous analysis of personal traits in games, including players’ abilities and cognition, analogous to what has already been done—for example— concerning attitudes toward risk. Also, to model interactive strategic thinking (a.k.a. epistemic game theory), I will use a flexible approach that, unlike the standard one, does not assume common knowledge of cognitive rationality (e.g., of coherence). I will start with individual decision making and planning and then embed the analysis in interactive situations, with a special attention to sequential decision making and the role of time. Building on and improving upon my previous work on the foundations of game theory and psychological games, most of the analysis of the impact of traits on behaviour will be either focused on steady-state long run outcomes, using variations of the self-confirming concept, or outcomes consistent with subjective rationality and strategic reasoning, characterized by variations of rationalizability. Examples of the research questions to be addressed are the following: (1) How do cognitive feature affect strategic interaction? (2) Can institutions and agreements be robust to assumptions about interactive knowledge and beliefs about traits when players reason by forward induction? (3) How can we model context-dependent motivations? (4) What is the impact on long-run of concerns for misspecification?

Mots-clés : extensive game form,information flows,cognitive features,psychological motivations,subjective rationality,beliefs,strategic reasoning,steady states
Projet ERC : INFINITY (Horizon Europe, appel 2024, Advanced grants)
Domaine scientifique : Social Sciences and Humanities
Panel : Individuals, Markets and Organisations
Entité participante : Université Bocconi — Pays : Italie — Rôle : PI
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 2057919.0 €

Banking crises are recurrent phenomena. They lead to large declines in economic activity and share two features: i) they are often triggered by runs, i.e., sudden withdrawals by depositors; and ii) they follow episodes of deregulation and/or lax supervision. The 2023 banking turmoil in the U.S. is no exception. After the relaxation of prudential rules in 2018, three midsized banks faced distress as a result of runs, leading to three of the largest failures in history. Motivated by these events, the proposal seeks to enhance our understanding of the occurrence of runs, the process leading to deregulation and the effectiveness of supervision. It is organized in three projects, one theoretical [T] and two empirical [E]. 1) Runs in modern banking [T]. The project builds a new framework to study why banks offer demandable debt, even if it creates run risk. Based on some stylized facts, it departs from the standard assumptions of competitive deposit market, risk averse investors and fully leveraged banks. The results will advance our knowledge on the role of capital for financial fragility, monetary policy transmission and central bank credibility. 2) The political economy of banking deregulation [E]. The link between crises and deregulation prompts the question of whether banks influence regulation. The project studies this issue in the context of the Economic Growth, Regulatory Relief, and Consumer Protection Act (EGRRCPA). Its goal is to better understand banks’ influence on politicians and the channels through which this influence is exerted. 3) Supervision with style: The impact of supervisors on bank behavior [E]. An important question is the extent to which the implementation of banking regulation through supervisory oversight has a role per se in fostering financial stability. Exploiting a unique and novel dataset, the project investigates whether and how supervisory intensity and individual supervisors’ characteristics matter for the effectiveness of supervision.

Mots-clés : financial crises,bank runs,deregulation,lobbying,supervision
Projet ERC : PREDICTION (Horizon Europe, appel 2023, Advanced grants)
Domaine scientifique : Social Sciences and Humanities
Panel : The Human Mind and Its Compl exity
Entité participante : Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale — Pays : France — Rôle : PI
Acronyme de l'entité : Inserm
Type d'entité : Recherche
Financement ERC de l'entité : 1942430.0 €

The human brain exhibits remarkable cognitive abilities, such as imagery, attention and mental simulation, which along with perception reflect our capacity to infer properties of the world. Perceptual inference involves a statistical hierarchical synthesis of information from the senses with prior knowledge of the world. There is empirical evidence in favour of Predictive Processing where functional interaction of descending pathways carrying top-down prediction and precision signals interaction with the ascending pathways to generative prediction errors. PREDICTION will develop a mechanistic and computational understanding of the hierarchical processing underlying inference in vision-related human brain areas and will establish how feedback connections enable generative cognitive functions. Unravelling the neural mechanisms of high-level visual cognitive functions requires novel ways of thinking about biological information processing and an integrated effort to measure and model cognitive functions at multiple brain scales. PREDICTON accomplishes this by integrating concepts and advanced methods from multiple disciplines: 1) Molecular biology to characterise projection cell-types. 2) Psychophysics and sub-millimetre ultra-high-field functional imaging of cortical layers and columns in the human brain, 3) Precision viral tracing to investigate the anatomical origins and targets of generative networks in non-human primates (NHP), 4) Spatio-temporal controlled activation of genetically identified feedback pathways with optogenetics together in multi-areal laminar recordings in NHPs, 4) Biologically realistic multi-scale computational modelling. PREDICTION will describe the functional circuits supporting hierarchical processing and their role in active vision. This will take us to the heart of cortical function and its causative role in perception, cognition, and decision-making, relative to a range of pathologies as well as to understand what makes us human.

Mots-clés : predictive processing,non human primate,anatomy,electrophysiology,human brain imaging
Projet ERC : ALTERMAG (Horizon Europe, appel 2022, Advanced grants)
Domaine scientifique : Physical Sciences and Engineering
Panel : Condensed Matter Physics
Entité participante : Université de Nottingham — Pays : Royaume-Uni — Rôle : Partner
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 624998.75 €

Magnetically ordered crystals are traditionally divided into two basic phases -- ferromagnetism and antiferromagnetism. The ferromagnetic order offers a range of phenomena and device applications. The vanishing net magnetization in antiferromagnets is potentially favorable for spatial and temporal scalability of devices. Recently, our team and others have predicted instances of strong time-reversal symmetry breaking and spin splitting in electronic bands, typical of ferromagnetism, in crystals with antiparallel compensated magnetic order, typical of antiferromagnetism. Our central idea, resolving this apparent fundamental conflict in magnetism, is that symmetry classifies a third basic magnetic phase. Its alternating spin polarizations in both crystal-structure real space and electronic-structure momentum space suggest a term altermagnetism. We will demonstrate that altermagnets combine merits of ferromagnets and antiferromagnets, that were regarded as principally incompatible, and have merits unparalleled in either of the two traditional basic magnetic phases. In Objective 1 we will establish materials landscape of altermagnetism and, in Objective 2, show how its anisotropic (d-wave) nature enriches fundamental physics concepts of lifted Kramers spin-degeneracy, Fermi-liquid instabilities and electron quasiparticles. This will underpin our development of a new avenue in spintronics, elusive within the two traditional magnetic phases, based on strong non-relativistic spin-conserving phenomena, without magnetization imposed scalability limitations, and with complex functionalities. In Objective 3 we will demonstrate altermagnetic giant-magnetoresistive multi-layer memory devices. In Objective 4 we will realize logic-in-memory analog functionalities in single-layer nano-scale devices via atomically-sharp altermagnetic domain walls, written by pulses scaled down to femtoseconds, and forming networks of self-assembled atomic-scale giant-magnetoresitive junctions.

Mots-clés : magnetic phases,altermagnetism,synthesis and characterization of magnetic thin films,electron spectroscopy,kramers degeneracy,fermi liquid instabilities,electron quasiparticles,spintronic devices,ultra fast switching,magnetic nano textures,memory and logic in memory functionalities
Projet ERC : MENBELONG (Horizon Europe, appel 2024, Advanced grants)
Domaine scientifique : Social Sciences and Humanities
Panel : The Soci al World and Its Interactions
Entité participante : Université Mahidol — Pays : Thaïlande — Rôle : Partner
Acronyme de l'entité : MU
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 124657.0 €

The successful integration of migrant populations requires that individuals who permanently relocate to a host country develop a sense of belonging. This involves not only economic and legal integration, but also the sharing of values, practices, and social networks with others. Single men form the largest group within global migration flows but face the harshest challenges to successful integration and belonging. They are frequently viewed as taking away opportunities from citizens and are deprioritized in social services in favour of families and women. They are also often stereotyped as hypersexualized or criminal. In the face of these obstacles, single migrant men create a range of unique belonging strategies that take place outside family networks and formal integration processes. Yet existing migration research tends to focus on the experience of women and families and the integration of specific groups of migrant men (usually Muslim) in Western democracies. As a result, we know very little about how single migrant men develop a sense of belonging outside of these restricted contexts. In this project, I investigate single migrant men’s experiences of belonging across five countries that have experienced abrupt, large-scale migration flows and that have different gender equality levels and integration policies. These groups include Syrians in Türkiye, Mexicans in Canada, Turks in Germany, Myanmarese in Thailand, and Venezuelans in Chile. My team includes country experts from the disciplines of migration studies, anthropology, sociology, gender studies, and community mental health with expertise in archival research, experimental surveys, interviews and photovoice. I draw on these perspectives to develop a theory of migrant belonging. This comprehensive approach will impact theories of migration and gender by providing intersectional and international insights into how single migrant men develop a sense of belonging in the face of serious challenges.

Mots-clés : masculinity,intersectionality,belonging,stigma,mixed methods research,non eu countries
Projet ERC : HOTIMAGE (Horizon Europe, appel 2022, Advanced grants)
Domaine scientifique : Life Science
Panel : Integrative B iology : from Genes and Genomes to S ystems
Entité participante : Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale — Pays : France — Rôle : PI
Acronyme de l'entité : Inserm
Type d'entité : Recherche
Financement ERC de l'entité : 1666776.0 €

Transposable elements (TEs) are mobile DNA sequences that have massively colonized mammalian genomes. Host genomes and TEs are engaged in ambiguous trade-offs, whereby TEs can be co-opted for genomic upgrades over evolutionary timescales, but they should also be suppressed to protect genome stability and function. Effective and multi-layered surveillance is primordial: TE reactivation is associated with various dysfunctional states, including infertility, ageing, cancer or neurological disorders, involving both transposition-dependent or -independent routes. Understanding the two-way relationship between host genomes and their TE integrants is an essential and fascinating topic, with far-reaching impact on development, evolution and disease.  Here I propose to uncover and functionally challenge the molecular arrangements that genomes and TEs came upon for the sake of germline development and fertility. The germline is a highly relevant context, as this is where host-TE interests are the most conflicting, and from their outcome depend reproductive success and species fitness. I will specifically question how TE transcription is transiently tolerated during germline reprogramming and whether it could be purposely used for the early germline program. Using the mouse model, we will deploy innovative and ambitious approaches including in vivo epigenome editing of TE activity, single-cell multimodal profiling, and advanced molecular profiling and microscopy to investigate i) the molecular bases of mutualistic relationships between germ cells and TEs, ii) the dynamic coordination of host-TE interactions within germ cell nuclei, iii) the consequences of dysfunctional host-TE interactions on meiosis. By harnessing our unique expertise and tools and by going beyond correlations, we expect to reveal groundbreaking insights into the molecular transactions in which TEs and host genomes are engaged, and how unbalanced host-TE interactions can lead to disease.

Mots-clés : transposable elements nuclear organization chromatin genome stability mouse development fertility
Projet ERC : RegTrust (Horizon Europe, appel 2022, Advanced grants)
Domaine scientifique : Social Sciences and Humanities
Panel : Institutions, Governance and Legal Systems
Entité participante : Université de Lausanne — Pays : Suisse — Rôle : Partner
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 100000.0 €

Regulation is sometimes a manifestation of distrust, but on other times it is a manifestation of trust. When do trust and regulation compete, substitute for and mutually-support each other? How can we maximize the benefits of both? Is the proliferation of rules around us a manifestation of growing distrust or trust? Is the regulatory state necessarily a low-trust state? To answer these questions, RegTrust introduces intermediation as a governance mechanism and intermediaries as third parties in trust and regulatory interactions. Intermediaries certify products, report compliance, rank organizations, label products, monitor performance, screen behavior, whistle-blow misbehavior, and audit organizations. The regulation literature treats them as regulatory actors; the trust literature, as trustees. Yet intermediaries are both trustees and regulatees, both subjects and objects of trust and regulation. Most importantly, they may determine successes and failures, winners and losers, of trust and regulation. At their best, intermediaries reinforce regulation and trust, and promote polycentric (pluralist) structures of governance. At their worst, they undermine trust in regulation, leading to vicious cycles of failure and re/centralization (monocentric governance). RegTrust examines under which conditions, why, how, and to what effects trust and regulation compete, substitute for, or mutually-support each other. We problematize the role of intermediaries, develop a three-actor (triadic) model of governance, and assess its institutional macro-political consequences. Going beyond the state of the art, this project sheds light on the multiple interactions of trust and regulation in policy and politics. It advances the theory of intermediation; advances the interaction of trust and regulation as a central element of the governance literature; And explores the conditions that may make a regulatory state into a high-trust state.

Mots-clés : regulation,trust,governance,intermediaries
Projet ERC : SPRING (Horizon Europe, appel 2024, Advanced grants)
Domaine scientifique : Physical Sciences and Engineering
Panel : Synthetic Chemistry and Materials
Entité participante : Université de Strasbourg — Pays : France — Rôle : Partner
Acronyme de l'entité : UNISTRA
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 1110126.44 €

Biomolecular motors are fundamental elements in the emergence of dynamic, self-sustaining, and evolving properties that characterize living systems. When fuelled by an external source of energy, they can perform and convert mechanical work into key functions such as catalysis, regulation, transport, actuation, and locomotion. This transduction of energy happens between hierarchical levels of self-organization, which maintain living systems out of thermodynamic equilibrium and link the unidirectional motion produced by the motors with various emerging functions in a remarkably efficient way. Therefore, one could expect that the implementation of artificial molecular motors in fully synthetic (supra)molecular systems may confer them with some “active” functional properties, in striking contrast with the majority of today’s rather “passive” materials which are engineered and used in (meta)stable states. However, artificial molecular machines have been mainly studied so far as molecular switches, which simply influence their surrounding as a function of their isomerization states (typically A vs B). The objective of the SPRING project is to unambiguously show that the unidirectional motion of artificial molecular motors can be usefully implemented in supramolecular and macromolecular systems and materials, in order to drive them energetically uphill and to subsequently produce non-trivial functions requiring dissipative out-of-equilibrium conditions such as: active morphing, active adaptation, and active propulsion. This will be achieved through advanced synthetic chemistry and a fundamental in-depth understanding of the (supra)molecular and macromolecular systems developed at all scales. If successful, the SPRING project will establish innovative concepts to elaborate (i) active (supra)molecular systems, (ii) new synthetic objects to study some fundamentals of complex matter, and (iii) new technologies to envision applications of molecular machines in the real world.

Mots-clés : molecular motors,out of equilibrium systems