Data-Gouv-ML/pcri-erc-participations-et-projets-laureats huggingface dataset:
Projet ERC : LTI (Horizon 2020, appel 2014, Starting grants)
Domaine scientifique : Social Sciences and Humanities
Panel : Individuals, Markets and Organisations
Entité participante : University of London — Pays : Royaume-Uni — Rôle : PI
Acronyme de l'entité : U. London
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 899105.0 €

The typical 20th-century firm was capital-intensive and competed on cost efficiency. The 21st-century firm is different. Competitive success increasingly depends on product quality, which in turn hinges on intangible assets such as brand strength, innovation, and corporate culture. Unlike tangible investment such as buying a factory, the fruits of intangible investment may take several years to appear. A manager pressured to maximise short-term earnings may fail to invest, jeopardising the long-term future of his firm. This project will study the determinants and consequences of long-term investment through three linked components. Financial Markets. The traditional view is that financial markets dissuade investment by forcing firms to cater to short-term shareholders. I will study two channels through which markets promote investment. First, traders gather information about a firm’s past investments and incorporate it into stock prices by trading - rewarding the manager for good investment. Second, traders can gather information about a firm’s future investment opportunities - informing the manager about his future investment decisions. I aim to analyse what determines the efficiency of both channels. Incentives. Most research on incentives focuses on either the level of pay, or the sensitivity of pay to performance, but it is the horizon of incentives that is key to promoting investment. I will theoretically analyse the optimal incentive horizon, and empirically demonstrate how it affects long-term decisions. Moving beyond managers, I will study how to incentivise teachers to focus on their pupils’ long-run development rather than “teaching-to-the-test.” Effects of Investment. A key to inducing long-run investment is to demonstrate its benefits, but this is difficult due to data availability. I aim to gather data on a firm’s corporate social responsibility – its investment in its stakeholders – and link it to firm value.
Projet ERC : e-See (Horizon 2020, appel 2017, Starting grants)
Domaine scientifique : Physical Sciences and Engineering
Panel : Systems and communication engineering
Entité participante : Commissariat à l’énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives — Pays : France — Rôle : Partner
Acronyme de l'entité : CEA
Type d'entité : Recherche
Financement ERC de l'entité : 60000.0 €

The ultimate goal of device miniaturization is to rely on a single charge provided by a single dopant atom: solotronics. Currently the gate length in a transistor cannot be reduced beyond 10-12 nm, as variability between nominally identical devices reaches unacceptable levels. Elaborate quantum transport experiments can monitor the presence and spin state of a single charge, but do not provide information about location and distribution (wavefunction) of the charge or the local chemical and crystallographic environment. The latter, however, determine why the charge is present at a specific location with a particular distribution. Scanning probe techniques can measure charges but are restricted to the near surface region. In contrast, the phase of an electron in transmission electron microscopy (TEM) can probe the sample volume and is sensitive to charge. The target of the e-See project is the first real time observation of the wavefunction associated to a single electron charge in the volume of a device with atomic resolution. I aim to implement low temperature quantum transport experiments in a TEM to allow simultaneous electrical manipulation of this charge. Combined visualization and manipulation of a single charge trapped by Coulomb blockade in a transistor will (i) identify the origins of device variability, and (ii) show how the local properties of the sample affect localization of a single charge and its wavefunction. The project impact involves understanding of variability, improving device design and creation of a new research field on low temperature electrical in situ TEM experiments. It will provide the tool to visualize a single charge wavefunction in any device, enabling ultimate device engineering: deterministic 3D atomic scale control of the position of charge localization. To this end, I will use electron holography and scanning TEM, develop a low temperature electrical TEM sample holder, and novel sample preparation.

Mots-clés : single charge,transmission electron microscopy  tem,devices
Projet ERC : ADORA (Horizon 2020, appel 2016, Advanced grants)
Domaine scientifique : Physical Sciences and Engineering
Panel : Mathematics
Entité participante : Sorbonne Université — Pays : France — Rôle : PI
Acronyme de l'entité : Sorbonne U
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 2192500.0 €

The understanding of spatial, social and dynamical organization of large numbers of agents is presently a fundamental issue in modern science. ADORA focuses on problems motivated by biology because, more than anywhere else, access to precise and many data has opened the route to novel and complex biomathematical models. The problems we address are written in terms of nonlinear partial differential equations. The flux-limited Keller-Segel system, the integrate-and-fire Fokker-Planck equation, kinetic equations with internal state, nonlocal parabolic equations and constrained Hamilton-Jacobi equations are among examples of the equations under investigation. The role of mathematics is not only to understand the analytical structure of these new problems, but it is also to explain the qualitative behavior of solutions and to quantify their properties. The challenge arises here because these goals should be achieved through a hierarchy of scales. Indeed, the problems under consideration share the common feature that the large scale behavior cannot be understood precisely without access to a hierarchy of finer scales, down to the individual behavior and sometimes its molecular determinants. Major difficulties arise because the numerous scales present in these equations have to be discovered and singularities appear in the asymptotic process which yields deep compactness obstructions. Our vision is that the complexity inherent to models of biology can be enlightened by mathematical analysis and a classification of the possible asymptotic regimes. However an enormous effort is needed to uncover the equations intimate mathematical structures, and bring them at the level of conceptual understanding they deserve being given the applications motivating these questions which range from medical science or neuroscience to cell biology.

Mots-clés : non linear partial differential equations,asymptotic analysis,mathematical biology
Projet ERC : CURVATURE (Horizon 2020, appel 2018, Starting grants)
Domaine scientifique : Physical Sciences and Engineering
Panel : Mathematics
Entité participante : University of Warwick — Pays : Royaume-Uni — Rôle : Partner
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 78092.62 €

The unifying goal of the CURVATURE project is to develop new strategies and tools in order to attack fundamental questions in the theory of smooth and non-smooth spaces satisfying (mainly Ricci or sectional) curvature restrictions/bounds. The program involves analysis and geometry, with strong connections to probability and mathematical physics. The problems will be attacked by an innovative merging of geometric analysis and optimal transport techniques that already enabled the PI and collaborators to solve important open questions in the field. The project is composed of three inter-connected themes: Theme I investigates the structure of non smooth spaces with Ricci curvature bounded below and their link with Alexandrov geometry. The goal of this theme is two-fold: on the one hand get a refined structural picture of non-smooth spaces with Ricci curvature lower bounds, on the other hand apply the new methods to make progress in some long-standing open problems in Alexandrov geometry. Theme II aims to achieve a unified treatment of geometric and functional inequalities for both smooth and non-smooth, finite and infinite dimensional spaces satisfying Ricci curvature lower bounds. The approach will be used also to establish new quantitative versions of classical geometric/functional inequalities for smooth Riemannian manifolds and to make progress in long standing open problems for both Riemannian and sub-Riemannian manifolds. Theme III will investigate optimal transport in a Lorentzian setting, where the Ricci curvature plays a key role in Einstein's equations of general relativity. The three themes together will yield a unique unifying insight of smooth and non-smooth structures with curvature bounds.

Mots-clés : optimal transport,differential geometry,metric geometry,metric measure spaces,ricci curvature,isoperimetric inequalities,sectional curvature,alexandrov spaces,lorenzian geometry
Projet ERC : CURVATURE (Horizon 2020, appel 2018, Starting grants)
Domaine scientifique : Physical Sciences and Engineering
Panel : Mathematics
Entité participante : University of Oxford — Pays : Royaume-Uni — Rôle : PI
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 1178128.38 €

The unifying goal of the CURVATURE project is to develop new strategies and tools in order to attack fundamental questions in the theory of smooth and non-smooth spaces satisfying (mainly Ricci or sectional) curvature restrictions/bounds. The program involves analysis and geometry, with strong connections to probability and mathematical physics. The problems will be attacked by an innovative merging of geometric analysis and optimal transport techniques that already enabled the PI and collaborators to solve important open questions in the field. The project is composed of three inter-connected themes: Theme I investigates the structure of non smooth spaces with Ricci curvature bounded below and their link with Alexandrov geometry. The goal of this theme is two-fold: on the one hand get a refined structural picture of non-smooth spaces with Ricci curvature lower bounds, on the other hand apply the new methods to make progress in some long-standing open problems in Alexandrov geometry. Theme II aims to achieve a unified treatment of geometric and functional inequalities for both smooth and non-smooth, finite and infinite dimensional spaces satisfying Ricci curvature lower bounds. The approach will be used also to establish new quantitative versions of classical geometric/functional inequalities for smooth Riemannian manifolds and to make progress in long standing open problems for both Riemannian and sub-Riemannian manifolds. Theme III will investigate optimal transport in a Lorentzian setting, where the Ricci curvature plays a key role in Einstein's equations of general relativity. The three themes together will yield a unique unifying insight of smooth and non-smooth structures with curvature bounds.

Mots-clés : optimal transport,differential geometry,metric geometry,metric measure spaces,ricci curvature,isoperimetric inequalities,sectional curvature,alexandrov spaces,lorenzian geometry
Projet ERC : UpTrop (Horizon 2020, appel 2019, Starting grants)
Domaine scientifique : Physical Sciences and Engineering
Panel : Earth system science
Entité participante : University of Leicester — Pays : Royaume-Uni — Rôle : Partner
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 138000.0 €

The upper troposphere (UT), a severely under-researched part of the atmosphere, has profound impacts on global climate, air quality, major atmospheric oxidants, and the protective ozone layer. Key to its influence on the Earth system are reactive nitrogen compounds (collectively NOy). Models, since their inception, have grossly misrepresented observations of UT NOy, hindering application of these models to accurately estimate the impact of humans on climate, the ozone layer, and air quality. The reasons proposed for discrepancies between models and observations are unsatisfactory, as past studies have been hampered by observations that are limited in space and time. Only now are there unprecedented global, high-resolution measurements of the UT from instruments on aircraft and satellites that can be combined with detailed and advanced modelling tools to at last tackle this issue on a global scale. The ground-breaking UpTrop work programme will innovatively combine observations from the recently launched ESA Sentinel-5P mission and a long record of aircraft campaigns (most crucially the 2016-2018 NASA ATom campaign) to create the first truly global dataset of UT NOy abundance, interpreted with the state-of-the-art GEOS-Chem model. This pioneering multiplatform approach, the bedrock of my previous highly cited work, will deliver game-changing objectives: (i) novel insights into the processes controlling UT NOy, (ii) an unequivocal account of the role of the upper troposphere in altering climate and the chemical composition of the atmosphere, and (iii) interpretation of the disruptive impact of improved understanding of UT NOy on widespread application of satellite observations to constrain global air quality. UpTrop is ambitious, with bold objectives that will conceptually change fundamental understanding of UT NOy and address a challenge that has plagued atmospheric chemists for decades. A cascade of new avenues of cross-disciplinary research is inevitable.

Mots-clés : tropomi,nasa dc8,atmospheric chemistry transport model,geos chem,ukca
Projet ERC : mVITO (Horizon 2020, appel 2017, Advanced grants)
Domaine scientifique : Physical Sciences and Engineering
Panel : Condensed matter physics
Entité participante : University of Oxford — Pays : Royaume-Uni — Rôle : PI
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 3431872.25 €

The urgent imperative to discover and understand topological quantum matter (TQM) is based both on the fundamental significance of its rich new physics and on the potential for unprecedented applications e.g. topological quantum computing. Specific topological ordered states, such as topological superconductors, ferromagnetic topological insulators, and topological Kondo insulators, are now the focus of physics research. Their microscopic quantum states have proven very difficult to address experimentally, one reason being the lack of instrumentation designed to deal with their novel measurement challenges, especially in high-resolution visualization of TQM. However, new opportunities for this field, based on discovery of viable new materials and on the development of new visualization techniques, have emerged very recently. Therefore, we propose to develop and utilize a suite of new spectroscopic imaging scanning tunnelling microscope instruments capable of visualizing topological quantum matter at millikelvin temperatures. The objective is to achieve the extremely high energy-resolution required to access the energy gaps and exotic electronic states of TQM. Using these unique instruments, we propose a specific sequence of key experiments on direct visualization and quantitative understanding of topological quantum matter. These include direct measurement of the momentum-space structure of the energy gaps of topological superconductors, ferromagnetic topological insulators, and topological Kondo insulators. We plan atomic scale visualization of the Cooper-pair condensate, the ferromagnetic state, and the heavy-fermion hybridization to explore how the real-space structure of these ordered states influences their topological characteristics. Finally, we propose to visualize scattering interference of topological quasiparticles to detect the spectra of extremely exotic Majorana/Jackiw-Rebbi/Heavy-Dirac states that are predicted for these three topological orders.
Projet ERC : FRESCO (Horizon 2020, appel 2020, Consolidator grants)
Domaine scientifique : Physical Sciences and Engineering
Panel : Computer science and informatics
Entité participante : Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies du numérique — Pays : France — Rôle : PI
Acronyme de l'entité : Inria
Type d'entité : Recherche
Financement ERC de l'entité : 1999926.0 €

The use of computers for formulating conjectures, but also for substantiating proof steps, pervades mathematics, even in its most abstract fields. Most computer proofs are produced by symbolic computations, using computer algebra systems. Sadly, these systems suffer from severe, intrinsic flaws, key to their amazing efficiency, but preventing any flavor of post-hoc verification. But can computer algebra become reliable while remaining fast? Bringing a positive answer to this question represents an outstanding scientific challenge per se, which this project aims at solving. Our starting point is that interactive theorem provers are the best tools for representing mathematics in silico. But we intend to disrupt their architecture, shaped by decades of applications in computer science, so as to dramatically enrich their programming features, while remaining compatible with their logical foundations. We will then design a novel generation of mathematical software, based on the firm grounds of modern programming language theory. This environment will feature a new, high-level, performance-oriented programming language, devised for writing efficient and correct code easily, and for serving the frontline of research in computational mathematics. Users will have access to fast implementations, and to powerful proving technologies for verifying any component à la carte, with high productivity. Logic- and computer-based formal proofs will prevent run-time errors, and incorrect mathematical semantics. We will maintain a close, continuous collaboration with interested high-profile mathematicians, on the verification of cutting-edge research results, today beyond the reach of formal proofs. We ambition to empower mathematical journals to install high-quality artifact evaluation, when peer-reviewing falls short of assessing computer proofs. This project will eventually impact the use of formal methods in engineering, in areas like cryptography or signal-processing.

Mots-clés : computer algebra
Projet ERC : QUAMAP (Horizon 2020, appel 2018, Advanced grants)
Domaine scientifique : Physical Sciences and Engineering
Panel : Mathematics
Entité participante : Spanish National Research Council — Pays : Espagne — Rôle : Partner
Acronyme de l'entité : CSIC
Type d'entité : Recherche
Financement ERC de l'entité : 366100.0 €

The use of delicate quasiconformal methods, in conjunction with convex integration and/or nonlinear Fourier analysis, will be the common theme of the proposal. A number of important outstanding problems are susceptible to attack via these methods. First and foremost, Morrey's fundamental question in two dimensional vectorial calculus of variations will be considered as well as the related conjecture of Iwaniec regarding the sharp $L^p$ bounds for the Beurling transform. Understanding the geometry of conformally invariant random structures will be one of the central goals of the proposal. Uhlmann's conjecture regarding the optimal regularity for uniqueness in Calder\'on's inverse conductivity problem will also be considered, as well as the applications to imaging. Further goals are to be found in fluid mechanics and scattering, as well as the fundamental properties of quasiconformal mappings, interesting in their own right, such as the outstanding deformation problem for chord-arc curves.

Mots-clés : vectorial calculus of variations,quasiconformal geometry,holomorphic motions,nonlinear fourier analysis,calder n s inverse problem,convex integration,chord arc curves,conformal invariance,dimer models
Projet ERC : QUAMAP (Horizon 2020, appel 2018, Advanced grants)
Domaine scientifique : Physical Sciences and Engineering
Panel : Mathematics
Entité participante : Aalto University — Pays : Finlande — Rôle : Partner
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 401361.25 €

The use of delicate quasiconformal methods, in conjunction with convex integration and/or nonlinear Fourier analysis, will be the common theme of the proposal. A number of important outstanding problems are susceptible to attack via these methods. First and foremost, Morrey's fundamental question in two dimensional vectorial calculus of variations will be considered as well as the related conjecture of Iwaniec regarding the sharp $L^p$ bounds for the Beurling transform. Understanding the geometry of conformally invariant random structures will be one of the central goals of the proposal. Uhlmann's conjecture regarding the optimal regularity for uniqueness in Calder\'on's inverse conductivity problem will also be considered, as well as the applications to imaging. Further goals are to be found in fluid mechanics and scattering, as well as the fundamental properties of quasiconformal mappings, interesting in their own right, such as the outstanding deformation problem for chord-arc curves.

Mots-clés : vectorial calculus of variations,quasiconformal geometry,holomorphic motions,nonlinear fourier analysis,calder n s inverse problem,convex integration,chord arc curves,conformal invariance,dimer models
Projet ERC : ISOBOREAL (Horizon 2020, appel 2017, Starting grants)
Domaine scientifique : Physical Sciences and Engineering
Panel : Earth system science
Entité participante : Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry — Pays : Finlande — Rôle : PI
Type d'entité : Recherche
Financement ERC de l'entité : 1814610.0 €

The vast boreal forests play a critical role in the carbon cycle. As a consequence of increasing temperature and atmospheric CO2, forest growth and subsequently carbon sequestration may be strongly affected. It is thus crucial to understand and predict the consequences of climate change on these ecosystems. Stable isotope analysis of tree rings represents a versatile archive where the effects of environmental changes are recorded. The main goal of the project is to obtain a better understanding of δ13C and δ18O in tree rings that can be used to infer the response of forests to climate change. The goal is achieved by a detailed analysis of the incorporation and fractionation of isotopes in trees using four novel methods: (1) We will measure compound-specific δ13C and δ18O of leaf sugars and (2) combine these with intra-annual δ13C and δ18O analysis of tree rings. The approaches are enabled by methodological developments made by me and ISOBOREAL collaborators (Rinne et al. 2012, Lehmann et al. 2016, Loader et al. in prep.). Our aim is to determine δ13C and δ18O dynamics of individual sugars in response to climatic and physiological factors, and to define how these signals are altered before being stored in tree rings. The improved mechanistic understanding will be applied on tree ring isotope chronologies to infer the response of the studied forests to climate change. (3) The fact that δ18O in tree rings is a mixture of source and leaf water signals is a major problem for its application on climate studies. To solve this we aim to separate the two signals using position-specific δ18O analysis on tree ring cellulose for the first time, which we will achieve by developing novel methods. (4) We will for the first time link the climate signal both in leaf sugars and annual rings with measured ecosystem exchange of greenhouse gases CO2 and H2O using eddy-covariance techniques.

Mots-clés : stable carbon and oxygen isotopes,tree rings,forest ecosystem,compound specific,carbohydrates,photosynthesis,boreal forest,intra annual,position specific,eddy covariance,plant physiology