Data-Gouv-ML/pcri-erc-participations-et-projets-laureats huggingface dataset:
Projet ERC : CLIM (Horizon 2020, appel 2015, Advanced grants)
Domaine scientifique : Physical Sciences and Engineering
Panel : Systems and communication engineering
Entité participante : Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies du numérique — Pays : France — Rôle : PI
Acronyme de l'entité : Inria
Type d'entité : Recherche
Financement ERC de l'entité : 2461086.0 €

Light fields technology holds great promises in computational imaging. Light fields cameras capture light rays as they interact with physical objects in the scene. The recorded flow of rays (the light field) yields a rich description of the scene enabling advanced image creation capabilities from a single capture. This technology is expected to bring disruptive changes in computational imaging. However, the trajectory to a deployment of light fields remains cumbersome. Bottlenecks need to be alleviated before being able to fully exploit its potential. Barriers that CLIM addresses are the huge amount of high-dimensional (4D/5D) data produced by light fields, limitations of capturing devices, editing and image creation capabilities from compressed light fields. These barriers cannot be overcome by a simple application of methods which have made the success of digital imaging in past decades. The 4D/5D sampling of the geometric distribution of light rays striking the camera sensors imply radical changes in the signal processing chain compared to traditional imaging systems. The ambition of CLIM is to lay new algorithmic foundations for the 4D/5D light fields processing chain, going from representation, compression to rendering. Data processing becomes tougher as dimensionality increases, which is the case of light fields compared to 2D images. This leads to the first challenge of CLIM that is the development of methods for low dimensional embedding and sparse representations of 4D/5D light fields. The second challenge is to develop a coding/decoding architecture for light fields which will exploit their geometrical models while preserving the structures that are critical for advanced image creation capabilities. CLIM targets ground-breaking solutions which should open new horizons for a number of consumer and professional markets (photography, augmented reality, light field microscopy, medical imaging, particle image velocimetry).

Mots-clés : source coding,light fields
Projet ERC : CounterLIGHT (Horizon 2020, appel 2017, Starting grants)
Domaine scientifique : Physical Sciences and Engineering
Panel : Fundamental constituents of matter
Entité participante : Max Planck Society — Pays : Allemagne — Rôle : PI
Acronyme de l'entité : MPG
Type d'entité : Recherche
Financement ERC de l'entité : 1281250.0 €

Light is generally expected to travel through media independent of its direction. Exceptions can be achieved eg. through polarization changes induced by magnetic fields (known as the Faraday effect) together with polarization-sensitive birefringent materials. However, light can also be influenced by the presence of a counterpropagating light wave. We have recently shown that this leads to the surprising consequence that light sent into tiny glass rings (microresonators) can only propagate in one direction, clockwise or counterclockwise, but not in both directions simultaneously. When sending exactly the same state of light (same power and polarization) into a microresonator, nonlinear interaction induces a spontaneous symmetry breaking in the propagation of light. In this proposal we plan to investigate the fundamental physics and a variety of ground-breaking applications of this effect. In one proposed application, this effect will be used for optical nonreciprocity and the realization of optical diodes in integrated photonic circuits that do not rely on magnetic fields (an important key element in integrated photonics). In another proposed experiment we plan to use the spontaneous symmetry breaking to demonstrate microresonator-based optical gyroscopes that have the potential to beat state-of-the-art sensors in both size and sensitivity. Additional research projects include experiments with all-optical logic gates, photonic memories, and near field sensors based on counterpropagating light states. Finally, we plan to demonstrate a microresonator-based system for the generation of dual-optical frequency combs that can be used for real-time precision spectroscopy in future lab-on-a-chip applications. On the fundamental physics side, our experiments investigate the interaction of counterpropagating light in a system with periodic boundary conditions. The fundamental nature of this system has the potential to impact other fields of science far beyond optical physics.

Mots-clés : microresonators,optical frequency combs,integrated photonics,nonlinear optics,laser,four wave mixing,kerr effect,ultra high q
Projet ERC : ATTOSTRUCTURA (Horizon 2020, appel 2019, Starting grants)
Domaine scientifique : Physical Sciences and Engineering
Panel : Fundamental constituents of matter
Entité participante : Universidad de Salamanca — Pays : Espagne — Rôle : PI
Acronyme de l'entité : USAL
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 1425000.0 €

Light is one of today’s most powerful tools for exploriLight is one of today’s most powerful tools for exploring nature at the frontier of the human knowledge. The rapid development of laser technology allow us today to generate ultrashort pulses of coherent structured light: light fields with custom spatial and temporal properties, such as intensity, phase and angular momentum. The later one represents one of the most interesting light properties nowadays, as topological light beams carrying angular momentum interact with matter differently, introducing mechanical motion to micro and nano-structures, and affecting fundamental excitation rules. High-order harmonic generation (HHG) stands as a unique mechanism to provide coherent flashes of light with outstanding properties: its radiation spectrum expands from the vacuum ultraviolet to the soft x-rays; it can be synthesized in pulses as short as several attoseconds (10^-18 seconds): and it can be structured in its angular momentum properties. This proposal represents a timely opportunity to explore the ground-breaking opportunities offered by attosecond structured x-ray sources. It conveys computing light-matter interaction in extreme conditions, which requires an extraordinary effort in the elaboration of new theoretical tools to design, propose and guide future experiments at the frontier of ultrafast science. We shall pioneer the new scenario of angular momenta in structured ultrashort x-rays –the most complex coherent pulses to date–. It is not difficult to envision a new era in ultrafast nanotechnology that makes use of these x-ray sources. In particular we shall pioneer their application to nanoscience and ultrafast magnetism. We aim to establish the grounding principles of attomagnetism, taking advantage of the unique opportunity offered by structured light pulses to induce pure attosecond magnetic fields, which could set the precedents of high-rate magnetic recording through ultrafast magnetization reversal.

Mots-clés : attosecond science,ultrafast magnetism,light angular momentum,high harmonic generation,spin orbit angular momentum,topological light properties
Projet ERC : SHINING (Horizon 2020, appel 2016, Starting grants)
Domaine scientifique : Physical Sciences and Engineering
Panel : Synthetic Chemistry and Materials
Entité participante : Linköping University — Pays : Suède — Rôle : PI
Acronyme de l'entité : LiU
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 1499759.0 €

Light-emitting diodes (LEDs), which emit light by a solid-state process called electroluminescence, are considered as the most promising energy-efficient technology for future lighting and display. It has been demonstrated that optimal use of LEDs could significantly reduce the world’s electricity use for lighting from 20% to 4%. However, current LED technologies typically rely on expensive high-vacuum manufacturing processes, hampering their widespread applications. Therefore, it is highly desirable to develop low-cost LEDs based on solution-processed semiconductors. A superstar in the family of solution-processed semiconductors is metal halide perovskites, which have shown great success in photovoltaic applications during the past few years. The same perovskites can also been applied in LEDs. Despite being at an early stage of development with associated challenges, metal halide perovskites provide great promise as a new generation of materials for low-cost LEDs. This project aims to develop high-efficiency and stable perovskite LEDs based on solution-processed perovskites. Two different classes of low-dimensional perovskites will be investigated independently. These new perovskites materials will then be coupled with novel interface engineering to fabricate perovskite LEDs with the performance beyond the state of the art. At the core of the research is the synthesis of new perovskite nanostructures, combined with advanced spectroscopic characterization and device development. This project combines recent advances in perovskite optoelectronics and low-dimensional materials to create a new paradigm for perovskite LEDs. This research will also lead to the development of new perovskites materials which will serve future advances in photovoltaics, transistors, lasers, etc.

Mots-clés : perovskites,light emitting diodes,optoelectronics
Projet ERC : ZOOMecular (Horizon 2020, appel 2014, Advanced grants)
Domaine scientifique : Physical Sciences and Engineering
Panel : Earth system science
Entité participante : University of Bremen — Pays : Allemagne — Rôle : PI
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 3000000.0 €

Lipid biomarkers provide unique information to disciplines such as paleoceanography, paleoecology and biogeochemistry. Factors limiting their scope include high sample demand and analytical complexity, constraining resolution of time and space to decadal and centimeter scales, respectively. However, dynamic interactions between physical, chemical and biological processes are recorded within sedimentary matrices at finer scales; lipid biomarkers could decode this sedimentary fine print if the limitations of resolution could be overcome. In a recent PNAS paper, we have demonstrated that this can be done and shown that µm-scale molecular images of paleoenvironmental and geobiological processes can be obtained directly on surfaces of cut sediment cores via laser desorption ionization coupled to mass spectrometry. The project ZOOMecular will build on this innovation by interrogating laminated sediment archives of Late Quaternary climate change and dissecting the complex environmental and ecological responses at subannual resolution. Through analysis of spatial associations of lipid biomarkers with the sedimentary matrix, we will provide a new view of the mechanisms underlying delivery to and preservation of molecular signals in sedimentary records. ZOOMecular will seek to examine the microbial habitat niches at sedimentary interfaces that are home to globally important biogeochemical processes but that are largely known from studies of cm3-scale samples. To enable these pioneering studies, we will develop innovative analytical protocols for a suite of informative biomarkers and for the acquisition of congruent molecular and elemental maps of geological samples. ZOOMecular will unlock otherwise inaccessible information of broad geoscientific relevance; its goals go far beyond the state-of-the-art and its outcome has the potential to transform biomarker research. Such a project can be successfully realized only within a frontier research scheme as provided by the ERC.

Mots-clés : analytical geochemistry,palaeoclimatology,palaeoecology,palaeoenvironment,geomicrobiology
Projet ERC : LLPS-NMR (Horizon 2020, appel 2017, Advanced grants)
Domaine scientifique : Physical Sciences and Engineering
Panel : Physical and analytical chemical sciences
Entité participante : German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases — Pays : Allemagne — Rôle : PI
Acronyme de l'entité : DZNE
Type d'entité : Recherche
Financement ERC de l'entité : 2460278.0 €

Liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) is a phenomenon inherent to the thermodynamics of liquids, is critical for the development of technologically useful fluids and underlies some of the biggest health changes in our society. LLPS is based on transitions between two different forms of liquid that have the same chemical composition, but distinct energy, entropy and density. Despite the importance of LLPS for technology and health, however, only a very low-resolution view primarily through light microscopy is currently available for LLPS states formed by peptides and proteins. Because of this bottleneck, the interactions, which stabilize liquid droplets, and regulate their biogenesis, as well as a rationale for the biochemical function of LLPS, have remained mysterious. To tackle this massive unmet need, I propose to develop powerful methods of NMR spectroscopy that go far beyond the state-of-the-art and team them up with mechanobiology/force microscopy to break the resolution barrier of polypeptide LLPS and push the description of the internal organization of liquid droplets from micrometer to sub-nanometer. Although highly challenging, the novel methods when successful will (i) disentangle the structure and kinetics of intrinsically disordered proteins within LLPS reaction chambers in space and time, (ii) unravel the nature of chemical reactions in liquid droplets, and (iii) decipher LLPS regulation by posttranslational modifications, nucleic acids and critical changes in cellular environment at atomic resolution. The innovative nature of the proposal is designed to unravel the innermost forces in liquid droplets and to transform our knowledge about the chemistry of liquid phase-separated protein states. Findings from this proposal will provide critical guidance in the development of systems to encapsulate bioactive molecules and to develop better treatments for human diseases.
Projet ERC : GlobalLIT (Horizon 2020, appel 2017, Starting grants)
Domaine scientifique : Social Sciences and Humanities
Panel : Cultures and cultural production
Entité participante : Friedrich Schiller University Jena — Pays : Allemagne — Rôle : Partner
Acronyme de l'entité : FSU
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 64240.0 €

Literary theory is often regarded as a twentieth century invention, with no precedents prior to modernity. This relegates older discourses on literature to the status of source material, pertaining to literature’s past, rather than as springboards for literature’s future. While the self-understanding of literary theory’s modernity helped to bring about the discipline’s birth, and hence was innovative in its own time, at present it accounts for many gaps and limits within its current structure, whereby European aesthetic categories remain normative and lesser-known geographies are marginalized within synthetic accounts of literary form. Even when the literatures studied are non-European, the literary theory used to understand these texts often circulates within a restricted set of modern European traditions. A more pluralistic approach to literary knowledge that takes account of the radically different temporalities in the genesis of literary form across different literary traditions, and which explores the different meanings of literature across varying historical and cultural contexts, will reinvigorate the discipline of literary studies with new understandings of the capacity of critique, new views of the role of aesthetic judgment and its ontological foundations, and new ways of imagining the status of literature—poetry in particular—in the public sphere. Through four case studies of Arabic, Persian, Turkic, and Georgian literary theory in the Islamic world (especially the Caucasus), we will produce co-authored articles, individual monographs, and a cumulative anthology of key contributions to literary theory from the Islamic world. Moving beyond the parameters of modernity itself, GlobalLIT seeks to invigorate the discipline of literary studies with new answers to ancient questions. While some of our texts have been studied before, most have not been the subject of sustained scholarly research, and have never before been placed into systematic comparison.

Mots-clés : world literature,literary theory,poetics,rhetoric,translation,transnational,caucasus,islam,middle east
Projet ERC : RNAflashbacks (Horizon 2020, appel 2018, Consolidator grants)
Domaine scientifique : Life Science
Panel : Integrative Biology: from Genes and Genomes to Systems
Entité participante : Tel Aviv University — Pays : Israël — Rôle : PI
Acronyme de l'entité : TAU
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 2000000.0 €

Little is known about non-DNA mediated transgenerational inheritance of parental responses. If inheritance of non-genetic materials is prevalent, it could challenge our conceptions regarding the rules and limits of heredity. We are in particularly intrigued by the possibility that the nervous system can produce heritable changes. Mechanisms for propagation of responses from the soma to the germline are known. Until very recently, the possibility that any type of environmental response could become heritable, let alone somatic responses, was considered blasphemous. In C. elegans nematodes, exogenously-supplied artificial dsRNA transfers from the soma to the germline, triggering transgenerational small RNA-mediated RNA interference. It is unknown whether endogenous small RNAs can transmit specific information about the environment to the progeny. We will investigate if endogenous siRNAs, which are naturally made in somatic tissues, and in particular in neurons, produce transgenerational responses. Specifically, we will test which RNA molecules act transgenerationally, how do they mediate non-cell autonomous gene regulation, and which responses can be communicated to the progeny. What is the code that transforms particular environmental responses to specific arsenals of heritable RNA molecules? We will answer these questions, and moreover study the implications that this completely new form of hereditary has for the offspring’s survival. Can heritable small RNAs retain adaptive memory? Not only will we elucidate natural transmission of the parents’ activity from generation-to-generation, we will moreover devise means to control these mechanisms. We will engineer tools to diagnose, erase, maintain, and modulate the heritable effects, which would be important for basic research and hopefully also translational in the future.

Mots-clés : transgenerational inheritance,small rnas,non genetic inheritance,non mendelian genetics,c elegans
Projet ERC : VIVARNAsilencing2 (Horizon 2020, appel 2020, Proof of concept grants)
Domaine scientifique : Life Science
Panel : Immunity, Infection and Immunotherapy
Entité participante : Radboud University Nijmegen — Pays : Pays-Bas — Rôle : Partner
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 0.0 €

Live-attenuated viral vaccines are among the most successful vaccine approaches and have been used for decades. However, live-attenuated vaccines come with a risk of reversion or recombination of the vaccine to a virulent form. An important consideration for live-attenuated vaccines for arthropod-borne (arbo-) viruses is that they should not replicate in their mosquito vectors to prevent unwanted spread of the vaccine and vaccine-derived virulent strains. In this ERC Proof-of-Concept project (VIVARNAsilencing2), we will develop an innovative approach to enhance the safety of live-attenuated vaccines for mosquito-transmitted viruses, by preventing their replication in mosquitoes. To this end, we will exploit a small RNA-based gene regulatory network of the mosquito vector to target viral RNA for degradation in the mosquito. The mechanism and natural function of this gene regulatory network had been characterized in an ERC Consolidator Grant, which we will now develop into a commercial and societal valuable product. We will focus on important epidemic human arboviruses with a large disease burden such as dengue virus, Zika virus, and chikungunya virus, but the approach is readily applicable for all arboviruses that are transmitted by mosquitoes of the Culex and Aedes genera, including pathogens of livestock. VIVARNAsilencing2 meets an urgent need in the face of the enormous disease burden and strong global push to develop vaccines for the important class of mosquito-transmitted pathogens.

Mots-clés : viral vaccine,live attenuated vaccine,rna silencing,piwi interacting rna,arbovirus,mosquito,aedes,aegypti
Projet ERC : EPIDEMICSonCHIP (Horizon 2020, appel 2017, Consolidator grants)
Domaine scientifique : Life Science
Panel : Environmental Biology, Ecology and Evolution
Entité participante : Institute of Science and Technology Austria — Pays : Autriche — Rôle : PI
Acronyme de l'entité : ISTA
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 1991564.0 €

Living in societies amplifies the risk of getting sick, as pathogens can easily spread along the dense social interaction networks of the hosts. Sanitary care and the organisational structure of societies are expected to limit the risk of epidemics. Yet, how the defences of the individual group members scale-up, combine and synergise towards society-level protection, is poorly understood, as the majority of societies can only be studied via correlational and modeling approaches. Insect societies provide a powerful system for experimental studies, as whole societies are accessible for surveillance and manipulative approaches. We can monitor every behavioural interaction between all members, determine their effects on colony-wide disease spread and replicate experiments arbitrarily. The fitness effects of collective disease defences can be quantified, as they result in a single fitness measure of colony productivity. This is because all members of a social insect colony form a reproductive entity composed of the reproductive queens and males and their sterile workers. I will use an ant host–fungal pathogen system to find out how initial infection develops into an epidemic, and, in turn, how colony-level defence emerges from the interactions between its members. To infer effect from cause, I will not only observe the colony after initial infection of a subset of colony members, but also manipulate the sanitary behaviours and spatiotemporal interaction of host individuals. To this end, I will engineer an automatised platform, following the principles of lab-on-a-chip techniques, to individually target and manipulate colony members, and to quantify their behaviours. Fitness effects will be read out by the quantity and quality of reproductive offspring in the next generation. Such a long-term whole-colony approach is required for understanding the evolution of social immunity, that is, how disease shapes society and how society shapes disease.

Mots-clés : host pathogen interactions,social immunity,sanitary behaviour,disease transmission,experimental epidemiology