Data-Gouv-ML/pcri-erc-participations-et-projets-laureats huggingface dataset:
Projet ERC : JOINTATT (Horizon 2020, appel 2016, Consolidator grants)
Domaine scientifique : Social Sciences and Humanities
Panel : The Human Mind and Its Complexity
Entité participante : University of York — Pays : Royaume-Uni — Rôle : PI
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 1989611.0 €

Humans frequently coordinate and share attention about objects and events. Our basic ability to engage in joint attention (JA) is thought to underpin our uniquely complex cooperation skills and language, raising the possibility that the emergence of JA was a ‘small change that made a big difference’ in the evolution of human cognition. Despite the theoretical importance of JA for understanding human social cognition, we know surprisingly little about JA across species and cultures. Methodological shortcomings limit our understanding of the extent to which JA is uniquely human or shared with our primate cousins, and we lack data on how this ability develops in non-western cultures, which aspects of the social environment are necessary for JA to emerge and how JA is related to the emergence of cooperation. The JOINTATT project will address these four key issues by collecting longitudinal data on mother-infant dyads over the first 2 years of the infant’s life, across four different study groups: Ugandan and British humans; wild chimpanzees and crested macaque monkeys. The project will develop novel tasks and measures that allow the same set of data to be collected in directly comparable ways across species and provide the first valid, rigorous test of whether engagement in JA is a uniquely human trait. Data from the two human groups will test how different elements of JA are related and whether JA develops in a uniform way across cultures. Longitudinal data on mother-infant interactions and the infant’s environment will be related to performance on JA tasks across all four groups, enabling us to identify conditions that are likely necessary for JA to emerge. Performance on JA and cooperative tasks will be compared to assess whether engagement in JA predicts the later emergence of cooperation. This project will provide ground-breaking insights into JA and its evolutionary origins, and is likely to challenge current theories of how human social cognition evolved.
Projet ERC : ThinkAhead (Horizon 2020, appel 2018, Consolidator grants)
Domaine scientifique : Social Sciences and Humanities
Panel : The Human Mind and Its Complexity
Entité participante : National Research Council — Pays : Italie — Rôle : PI
Acronyme de l'entité : CNR
Type d'entité : Recherche
Financement ERC de l'entité : 1898757.0 €

Humans have an impressive ability to form action plans in several domains of cognition; for example, planning routes to goals in spatial navigation, or the necessary steps to assemble complex objects, alone or together with other persons. However, the computations that underlie human individual and social planning remain largely unknown. This proposal aims to explain the ways humans face three key forms of uncertainty arising in planning domains; namely, uncertainty about task structure, action sequences, and the contributions of self and others to cooperative plans. To this aim, it advances a radically new theory about human planning, within a Bayesian approach that has been successfully adopted to explain uncertainties arising in perception and control. The theory under scrutiny is that humans plan using probabilistic inference based on hierarchical predictive codes (HPCs): compressed information or task abstractions that afford a powerful form of uncertainty-minimization, by highlighting salient junction points of the problem at hand, analogous to saliency maps for visual search. The methodology will combine empirical and computational modeling methods, to systematically validate the hypotheses of HPC theory about human planning in the face of uncertainties. A cornerstone of the methodology consists in conducting model-based analyses of human participants' behavior while they solve navigation-and-building tasks, alone or in dyads. This approach will permit us to compare the predictions stemming from HPC with those of alternative planning theories and ultimately, to understand the computations that underlie human planning. This ambitious proposal will produce groundbreaking advancements in our understanding of a high-level executive function - planning - while also contextualizing it within the influential theory of predictive processing. Our results will have important implications for psychology, neuroscience, philosophy, AI and robotics.

Mots-clés : goal directed decision making,human planning,predictive processing,prospection,computational modeling
Projet ERC : EVORULES (Horizon 2020, appel 2016, Starting grants)
Domaine scientifique : Life Science
Panel : Environmental Biology, Ecology and Evolution
Entité participante : University of Exeter — Pays : Royaume-Uni — Rôle : PI
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 1499462.0 €

Humans live in groups of huge numbers of genetically unrelated individuals due to culturally-inherited social rules (“institutions”) that structure groups and provide solutions to coordination and collective action problems. However, only in certain places have societies developed more “inclusive” institutions (e.g. democratic governance, the rule of law) that enable the majority of the population (not just elites) to participate in economic and political activities. Fundamental questions about the evolution of institutions still remain. This project will go beyond existing research by employing an overarching cultural evolutionary framework to address a number of outstanding issues such as: How do institutions evolve over time?, How do cultural and ecological factors affect how institutions emerge and spread?, Why have certain institutions emerged or been adopted in only a limited number of places? I will apply innovative statistical, computational and theoretical models from biology to formally and rigorously test a range of hypotheses concerning the evolution of institutions. The project has 3 main objectives (O). In O1 I will use phylogenetic methods to infer the entangled evolutionary history of the institutions that groups possess. In O2 I will employ epidemiological and comparative statistical models, to investigate what factors affect the probability of institutions spreading between societies. In O3 I will use computer simulations to examine how ecological and social factors have led to the emergence of institutions for collective action in some parts of the world but not others. The objectives of this project therefore involve both modelling and empirically assessing theories using cross-national and historical data on institutions and other relevant variables. This more integrated approach will create a step-change in our understanding of institutional change and how evolutionary and ecological processes have shaped the world we live in today.

Mots-clés : cultural evolution,human behavioural ecology,human evolutionary ecology,cultural phylogenetics,phylogenetic comparative methods,agent based simulation,socio political evolution,social evolution
Projet ERC : DIGDEEP (Horizon Europe, appel 2023, Advanced grants)
Domaine scientifique : Life Science
Panel : Environmental B iology, Ecology  and E volution
Entité participante : Wageningen University & Research — Pays : Pays-Bas — Rôle : PI
Acronyme de l'entité : WUR
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 2500000.0 €

Plant species diversity is often associated with reduced disease risk. Yet, the scientific literature on diversity-disease relationships is unclear, showing conflicting relationships. This conflict highlights a major knowledge gap in our understanding of the mechanisms underpinning the diversity-disease relationships. Overcoming this gap is essential for transforming agricultural systems from monocultures that are sensitive to disease outbreaks to diverse cropping systems that are intrinsically resilient to pathogens.  I aim to significantly advance our understanding of diversity-disease relationships in plants. I will transform our knowledge on belowground plant-pathogen interactions by integrating three advances from animal epidemiology. 1 Host quality Diversity in epidemiological traits has proven key to understanding disease dynamics in animals. I will systematically quantify such variation in plants and their consequences for disease risk. 2 Pathogen protection Microbes can protect animals from pathogen infection. I will investigate the role of symbiotic mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in belowground pathogen protection in diverse plant communities. 3 Contact networks Pathogen transmission ultimately depends on contacts within the community. Plants are obviously sessile, but their root systems are not. By navigating the soil, they may interact with different neighbouring plants. I will examine how the nature of these root contact networks affects disease risk. I propose that plant traits are a bridging link between these epidemiological advances. I will use experimental and modelling approaches with a range of grassland species and three soil-borne fungal pathogens. I aim to transform our understanding of belowground plant-pathogen interactions in biodiverse systems with multiple pathogens, stimulate crossovers with phytopathology and animal epidemiology, and provide a knowledge base to design agricultural systems that are intrinsically resilient to pathogens.

Mots-clés : biodiversity,roots,fungal pathogens,mycorrhizal fungi,belowground interactions,disease dynamics,epidemiology
Projet ERC : ENLIGHTEN (Horizon Europe, appel 2024, Advanced grants)
Domaine scientifique : Physical Sciences and Engineering
Panel : Earth System Science
Entité participante : Université de Bergen — Pays : Norvège — Rôle : PI
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 3500000.0 €

Lightning strikes earth 45 times each second, but we still don’t understand exactly what initiates it. The large electric fields in thunderclouds are also responsible for charged particle acceleration, ultimately leading to gamma-ray production. Energetic radiation is an essential component of thundercloud dynamics. Energetic radiation and lightning discharge appear tightly linked, but the nature of this link is yet to be understood. ENLIGHTEN posits a causal relationship between energetic radiation and lightning initiation. Combining novel time-resolved gamma-ray imaging of thunderclouds with simultaneous lightning discharge imaging in the radio band, we aim to establish the causal mechanisms which initiate lightning and, in doing so, address one of the longest standing unsolved questions in atmospheric electricity. Overarching hypothesis: lightning initiation is triggered by electron avalanches conducive to gamma-ray production. To test this hypothesis, we identify three research objectives: 1. Mapping the spatio-temporal evolution of intense large-scale electric fields in tropical thunderclouds. 2. Imaging in gamma-rays of the newly discovered sub-second gamma-ray transients - flickering gamma-flashes and glow bursts. 3. Quantify the runaway electron avalanche discharge co-located with lightning initiation. ENLIGHTEN will achieve its objectives with a methodology which combines: a) time-resolved gamma-ray imaging of thunderclouds, b) time-resolved lightning imaging in the radio band, c) use of a high-altitude research aircraft, d) data analysis and modelling. Thunderclouds are the birthplace of a large variety of particle and gamma-ray phenomena, not to be considered just exotic and rare, but intrinsic and fundamental for thunderclouds. With 3 million lightning per day affecting life on planet Earth, unravelling the secrets of how gamma-ray emissions is linked to this common phenomenon is of great importance for the mankind.

Mots-clés : lightning initiation,gamma ray imaging,thunderclouds
Projet ERC : EXPLOIT (Horizon Europe, appel 2021, Advanced grants)
Domaine scientifique : Social Sciences and Humanities
Panel : Individuals, Markets and Organisations
Entité participante : Université d'Oslo — Pays : Norvège — Rôle : PI
Acronyme de l'entité : UiO
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 1904046.0 €

We need a theory to explain why society has so far failed to address climate change and other environmental problems. After all, it has been able to deal with other challenges, ranging from wars to trade barriers and, most recently, Covid-19. In this project, we seek to shed light on two important questions: I. What political economics forces explain the failure to deal with environmental problems? II. How can environmental agreements and contracts exploit domestic political forces? The first, positive, part seeks to develop dynamic political economics models that can be combined with models of climate change and other environmental problems. The goal is to learn more about what political economics forces or constraints are best able to explain the observed inefficiencies in environmental policies. This knowledge is necessary before we can analyse which policies are best – subject to the relevant constraints. The second, normative, part is more groundbreaking because it investigates how international environmental policies can exploit the political forces that are important at the domestic level. Intuitively, when desirable policies are hindered by political forces, such as present bias and time inconsistency, an incumbent may value a treaty that offers pre-commitments or credibility. This value implies that the incumbent can be persuaded to contribute more (to emission cuts, for example) if the agreement is designed so that it helps the incumbent overcome domestic political constraints. By drawing on contract theory and organizational economics, we will investigate how international policies can exploit time-inconsistent incumbents’ demands for commitment, how status-quo biases offer credibility, and how inattention permits persuasion. The project will contribute methodologically to political economics and contract theory. The lessons for policymakers may be invaluable.

Mots-clés : environmental economics,political economics,contract theory
Projet ERC : CRIMLIFE (Horizon Europe, appel 2024, Advanced grants)
Domaine scientifique : Social Sciences and Humanities
Panel : The Soci al World and Its Interactions
Entité participante : Université d'Oslo — Pays : Norvège — Rôle : PI
Acronyme de l'entité : UiO
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 2099017.5 €

How do social contexts determine paths into crime? How do these trajectories vary across different societal circumstances? And how are they narrated? CRIMEGLO is the first-ever large-scale comparative life-course criminological study globally. No research hitherto has addressed criminal careers and storytelling in such detail and on the scale envisaged in this project. The approach will counterweight the current Northern bias in research and theory, a shift necessary to establish a truly global perspective within life-course criminology. Cultural and societal contexts play a large role in defining and responding to crime. Social conditions shape the life-courses of those getting caught up in the criminal justice system. Context is also intertwined with the ways people talk about their lives. CRIMEGLO will explore and compare crime from a life-course and life-story perspective spanning four continents and six countries: Norway, the Czech Republic, Türkiye, Nigeria, Bangladesh, and Colombia. By combining criminological theory with institutional, cultural, and narrative studies, CRIMEGLO’s goal is to establish global comparative research on crime within a life-course perspective. The primary objective is to introduce and theoretically develop a contextually sensitive, comparative global life-course criminology. The secondary objective is to achieve a better empirical understanding of the particular social, economic, institutional, and gendered factors shaping criminal life-courses in different countries with highly divergent societal contexts. Principal Investigator Sveinung Sandberg is a sociologist and one of Europe’s leading qualitative criminologists. He has pioneered the prominent research traditions of Bourdieusian Criminology and Narrative Criminology. With CRIMEGLO, he expands globally his qualitative work on life-courses and life-stories started in Latin America and, for the first time, incorporates quantitative and comparative methods to his research.

Mots-clés : sociology,criminology,narrative criminology,life course analysis,life history analysis,crime
Projet ERC : IONOLOGIC (Horizon Europe, appel 2021, Advanced grants)
Domaine scientifique : Physical Sciences and Engineering
Panel : Materials Engineering
Entité participante : Université technologique de Dresde — Pays : Allemagne — Rôle : PI
Acronyme de l'entité : TU Dresden
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 2351250.0 €

Ultracapacitors (also referred to as Supercapacitors or ElectricUltracapacitors (also referred to as Supercapacitors or Electric Double Layer Capacitors, EDLCs) stand out as high power devices for ultrafast energy storage. A new paradigm is to use ion electroadsorption devices for logic information processing. In living organisms, ions and chemical transmitters are involved in signaling, managing logic operations and memory, evolutionary optimized in terms of energy-efficiency. My group recently reported the first switchable and directional ultracapacitor devices emulating discrete electronic circuit elements (diode, transistor) as basic building blocks for the realization of logic operations, an important step towards ultracapacitor-based ion information signaling and processing. IONOLOGIC targets the conceptual design and realization of capacitive logic gates (AND, OR, NAND, etc.) based on ion electroadsorption in nanoporous carbons by integrating multiple switchable EDLC elements into monolithic microdevices. The deliberate deployment of nanoporous carbons and membranes with defined pore size and surface functionality, selective ion-sieving mechanisms, electrolyte depletion and charge transport in nanopores will lead to intrinsic IONOLOGIC gates. Nanoimprint lithography and piezo-printing of nanoporous carbon electrodes offers an emerging enabling technology for monolithic integration of complex electrode structures to finally interconnect multiple gates on a chip. A highly interlaced team architecture conceptualizes switchable ultracapacitors and ion-circuits, designs nanopore-electrolyte pairs, develops new precursor and processing concepts for on chip-deposition of nanoporous materials, and finally realizes prototypical monolithic logic gates. IONOLOGIC constitutes the basis for novel ion-based computing technologies to reduce energy dissipation in computing architectures and enable on-chip power management in autonomous microelectronic devices in future.

Mots-clés : supercapacitor,nanoporous carbon,electroadsorption,iontronic devices
Projet ERC : LOSYSINCHRON (Horizon Europe, appel 2021, Advanced grants)
Domaine scientifique : Life Science
Panel : Physiology in Health, Disease and Ageing
Entité participante : Université technologique de Dresde — Pays : Allemagne — Rôle : PI
Acronyme de l'entité : TU Dresden
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 2493275.0 €

Chronic inflammation underlies several diseases and is a common basis of multiple comorbidities. In obesity, chronic inflammation of the adipose tissue (AT) and liver contributes to the metabolic syndrome and related metabolic-inflammatory pathologies. Here, we propose a thorough and innovative approach to revolutionize understanding of metabolic inflammation chronicity. We will address both local (at the respective tissue level) and systemic mechanisms, involving the novel principle of trained innate immunity (TII) and inflammatory adaptation of the bone marrow (BM). (i) Local: In chronic metabolic inflammation, there is an imbalance between chronic accumulation/activation of inflammatory cells and resolution of inflammation (RoI) in favor of the former. Based on our recent findings regarding integrin-dependent chronic macrophage retention in the obese AT and that Developmental endothelial locus-1 promotes RoI, we will here identify novel pathways towards counter-acting chronicity of metabolic inflammation and facilitating its resolution and test their therapeutic efficacy. (ii) Systemic: Systemic metabolic/inflammatory feedback to the BM may trigger long-term adaptations of hematopoietic progenitors, fueling a feed-forward loop of perpetual inflammation. Following our discovery that TII is initiated in the BM, we will pursue the hypothesis that maladaptive training of BM progenitors in obesity facilitates metabolic inflammation chronicity, via generation of myeloid cells with higher potential for tissue accumulation and inflammatory activation, and promotes development of obesity-related inflammatory comorbidities. Despite apparent links, local and systemic mechanisms are mostly studied independently of each other rather than through an integrative approach, which will be followed here for the first time. Our proposal will lead to breakthrough concepts in metabolic inflammation chronicity and to novel therapeutic strategies for metabolic-inflammatory pathologies.

Mots-clés : inflammation,resolution of inflammation,integrins,leukocyte adhesion,trained immunity,bone marrow,hematopoietic progenitors,adipose tissue inflammation,metabolism
Projet ERC : VCOMP (Horizon Europe, appel 2021, Advanced grants)
Domaine scientifique : Social Sciences and Humanities
Panel : Institutions, Governance and Legal Systems
Entité participante : Université nationale et capodistrienne d'Athènes — Pays : Grèce — Rôle : Partner
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 90000.0 €

The distinct advantages of enhancing the public’s voluntary compliance (VC) with regulations has made it an advantageous form of governance. However, its use is limited by the extent to which governments and regulators can trust the public without jeopardizing regulatory purposes and harming other social values. Identifying and analysing the antecedents of VC across doctrines and countries can enhance our theoretical understanding of the underlying nature of the interaction between countries and their residents, as well as evaluate the relative efficacy of behaviourally based regulatory tools. This project proposes, examines, and develops a new conceptual model and a methodology that will facilitate a systematic comparison of the relative efficacy across different doctrines and nations. This model will take into account national, organizational, situational, and individual factors and will draw on and combine material from the fields of organizational, situational, and individual factors and will draw on and combine material from the fields of Compliance, Regulation, Behavioural Public Policy, Behavioural Ethics, Trust & Social Norms on how to advance public VC. We will empirically explore if and to what extent VC and greater trustworthiness by the public can be achieved across countries (high vs. low trust) using regulatory tools such as nudges, pledges, incentives, sanctions, and morality in the context of the situations of tax, environment, COVID-19 and ethics. The comprehensive picture of VC that will emerge from this project will include not just effect sizes, but also factors such as the proportion of those who comply, the sustainability of compliance, the impact on social norms, and the likelihood of positive externalities (e.g., trust enhancement) following the enactment of a specific regulatory tool. Better insights into VC can help elucidate the descriptive and normative understanding of the nature of the interaction between countries and their residents.

Mots-clés : compliance,regulatory instrument choice,behavioral ethics,legal impact,cross cultural legal analysis