Data-Gouv-ML/pcri-erc-participations-et-projets-laureats huggingface dataset:
Projet ERC : TIDE (Horizon 2020, appel 2015, Consolidator grants)
Domaine scientifique : Social Sciences and Humanities
Panel : Cultures and cultural production
Entité participante : University of Liverpool — Pays : Royaume-Uni — Rôle : Partner
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 1025138.61 €

The central research question this project will pose is: how did mobility in the great age of travel and discovery (c.1550–1700) shape English perceptions of human identity based on cultural identification and difference? The role of those marked by transcultural mobility was central to this period. Our current world is all too familiar with the concepts that surfaced or evolved as a result: ‘foreigners’, ‘strangers’, ‘aliens’, ‘converts’, ‘exiles’, or even ‘translators’, ‘ambassadors’ and ‘go-betweens’. There is an urgent need to consolidate our fragmented understanding of this crucial issue, which continues to shape current debates. TIDE offers a direct and timely response to this challenge, combining established methodologies with a set of ambitious and innovative approaches. By bringing together multiple discourses that tackled the fraught question of human identity in this era, ranging across literature, trade, diplomacy, governance, law, religion and ethnography, it will open a new perspective on cross-cultural encounters. It will put pressure on our understanding of cultural difference, transculturality and identity, and generate a new understanding of key terms, concepts, and debates. It will produce new knowledge about the unique role played by literature, and break fresh ground through the combination of academic research with new writing. Its returns would be significant: a fundamental improvement to our current understanding of cultural differentiation and assimilation, as well as a lasting and creative insight into their consequences.

Mots-clés : renaissance,travel law,religious studies,trade,diplomacy,migration,identity
Projet ERC : CORPNET (Horizon 2020, appel 2014, Starting grants)
Domaine scientifique : Social Sciences and Humanities
Panel : Institutions, Governance and Legal Systems
Entité participante : University of Amsterdam — Pays : Pays-Bas — Rôle : PI
Acronyme de l'entité : UvA
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 1497764.0 €

The character of global business networks has long fascinated but continues to divide scholars of global markets and governance. A well-established perspective looks at the changes in global networks and sees an emerging cohesive transnational capitalist class. However, a rival line of inquiry sees the rise of competing corporate elites. Scholars also disagree on the origins of emergent patterns of corporate networks. Do they reflect institutional preferences of corporate and political elites? Or are they unintended by-products of corporate conduct? Third, there are fundamental differences of opinion on how patterns of global corporate ownership relate to actual power in the governance of such networks. Past research has been unable to adjudicate these debates in part due to insufficient data clarifying the full breadth of corporate interactions globally, and insufficient analytical tools for analysing that breadth. This project seeks to do what has so far eluded existing scholarship: to fully explore the global network of corporate ownership and control as a complex system. Network structures may appear to be the result of a grand design at macro level, but are the outcome of the sum of the actions of a large set of interdependent actors. Using cutting-edge network science methods, the project explores for the first time the largest database on ownership and control covering over 100 million firms. Exploiting the longitudinal richness of the new data in combination with state-of-the-art methods and techniques makes it possible to model and empirically test generating mechanisms that drive network formation. By doing so the project bridges the hitherto disjoint fields of social network studies in socio-economics and political science on the one hand, and the growing body of literature on network science in physics, computer science and complexity studies on the other.

Mots-clés : corporate governance,corporate networks,social network analysis,interlocking directorates,ownership and control
Projet ERC : METALS (Horizon 2020, appel 2014, Consolidator grants)
Domaine scientifique : Life Science
Panel : Biotechnology and Biosystems Engineering
Entité participante : University of Southern Denmark — Pays : Danemark — Rôle : PI
Acronyme de l'entité : SDU
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 1798750.0 €

The chemistry of metals is rich and viewed in a biological context its diversity is crucial for a multitude of molecular functions in the living cell. Many of these reactions are very attractive to both academia and industry. In this proposal, I plan to develop novel applications of metal compounds to solve immediate challenges in mass spectrometry-based proteome research, but also will assess the potential risks of using nano-sized metals in our society. First, it is important to develop an efficient enzyme-independent method to synthesize large amounts of biologically relevant C-terminal amidated peptides. Presently, C-terminal peptide amidation poses a challenge in pharmaceutical production due to limitations of the two enzymes used for this purpose. The suggested approach in METALS will examine the specific binding of uranyl to artificially phosphorylated recombinant peptides. Data reveal that subsequent UV irradiation produces C-terminal amidated peptides. I will attempt to minimize the bias inherent in current phosphopeptide analysis, which comes from inefficient inhibition of phosphatases during cell lysis. Application of a recently developed gallium complex during cell lysis should limit the extent of this bias by binding phosphorylated proteins. The neutral conditions involved with the gallium complex reaction should also facilitate the possibility of enrichment of acid labile phospho-histidine peptides of which only a handful have been characterized. Finally, humans are now exposed to increasing amounts of artificially nano-metals applied via consumer products, food packages, and cosmetics. I will investigate this problem using advanced mass spectrometry, confocal microscopy, and biochemical assays of the response of human neural cells to nano-metal particles. The particular focus area will be to elucidate whether the action of nanoparticles in human neural cells may shed new light on understanding of diseases like Parkinson´s disease.

Mots-clés : mass spectrometry,nano particles,proteomics,proteome research,phosphoproteome analysis,bio nano interactions
Projet ERC : CrUCCial (Horizon 2020, appel 2015, Advanced grants)
Domaine scientifique : Life Science
Panel : Prevention, Diagnosis and Treatment of Human Diseases
Entité participante : KU Leuven — Pays : Belgique — Rôle : PI
Acronyme de l'entité : KUL
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 2494500.0 €

The clinical phenotype and the outcome of Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), the opposite ends of chronic inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), are heterogeneous and represent the result of a complex interplay of the gut microbiome with the immune system in genetically predisposed individuals. Disease management is much less heterogeneous as all patients are treated using non-specific anti-inflammatory agents, and only 30-50% achieve clinical and mucosal remission -the goal of therapy nowadays- therefore leaving large margins for improvement. The advances in knowledge about the factors triggering disease onset should be translated to approach the disease from a molecular angle. Key cellular pathways have emerged including bacterial recognition, autophagy, endoplasmic reticulum stress and intestinal barrier function. Functional/molecular characterization of these pathways in a given patient, correlation with meaningful clinical outcomes, and tailoring an individual therapeutic approach has never been attempted and will represent a breakthrough in the current paradigm of treating multifactorial inflammatory conditions. This project aims to functionally characterize patients with CD/UC for the major pathways by using integrated (epi)genetic, transcriptomic, immunologic, barrier integrity and metagenomic studies. From these readouts we will construct an index [the Crohn’s and Ulcerative Colitis Characterization and Intervention trial (CrUCCial) index], reflecting the proportional contribution of each of the pathogenic mechanisms in a given patient. We will next study the correlation of this index and its components to meaningful clinical outcomes and finally, the index will be tested in a pilot study of newly diagnosed patients in whom the disease will be targeted individually based on the components of the CrUCCial index. Our approach, from diagnosis over prognosis to therapy, will revolutionize the paradigm of disease management.

Mots-clés : inflammatory bowel diseases,crohn s disease,ulcerative colitis,immune mediated inflammatory disorders,dysbiosis,intestinal barrier
Projet ERC : TRUSTPATH (Horizon 2020, appel 2019, Consolidator grants)
Domaine scientifique : Social Sciences and Humanities
Panel : The Social World and Its Diversity
Entité participante : University of Amsterdam — Pays : Pays-Bas — Rôle : PI
Acronyme de l'entité : UvA
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 2000000.0 €

The collaborative economy is estimated to add €160-€572 billion to the EU economy. Faced with blurry definitions in this emerging market, regulators use a top-down approach and introduce regulations that often fail to consider users’ behaviour. Although considerable knowledge on top-down regulatory solutions for the collaborative economy is accumulating, little is known about the bottom-up psychological factors driving the collaborative economy users’ behaviour. Online platforms rely and promote trust between users and service providers. For responsible sharing, however, trust is necessary but not sufficient. Only when trust is encouraged transparently can users share responsibly. TRUSTPATH will assess, if: (1) users are aware of, or motivated to learn about, the side effects of trade; (2) platforms’ promotion of trust increases users’ information neglect; and (3) transparent environments reduce information neglect and increase responsible sharing. Building on my expertise on trust and cooperation, and using insights from psychology, management, and economics, I will develop and test a novel psychological theory of how people use the collaborative economy: Transparency Based Trust theory (TBT). TBT’s novel hypothesis suggests trust encouraged without transparency leads users to neglect the negative side effects trade has on others. TRUSTPATH innovates by developing a novel methodology (the collaborative economy game) and using cutting-edge technologies (large-scale experiments). Support for TBT implies a major step forward in the systematic understanding of the collaborative economy in the social sciences, and the psychological mechanisms underlying users’ behaviour on platforms like Airbnb, Uber, and others. TRUSTPATH will contribute to establish a new field of study: the psychology of the collaborative economy; inform policymakers seeking to regulate the collaborative economy; and inform companies seeking to promote responsible sharing among users.

Mots-clés : behavioral ethics,cooperation,trust,collaborative economy
Projet ERC : MYCOREV (Horizon 2020, appel 2019, Consolidator grants)
Domaine scientifique : Life Science
Panel : Environmental Biology, Ecology and Evolution
Entité participante : University of Leeds — Pays : Royaume-Uni — Rôle : Partner
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 0.0 €

The colonisation of the landmasses by plants >500 Mya was a major turning point in Earth’s history, drastically altering the development of the biosphere and providing the basis for all terrestrial life ever since. The hypothesis that early plants were facilitated in their invasion of the land environment by forming symbioses with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) is widely supported by fossil and molecular evidence. My previous findings in physiology identified the role of AMF as a driving force in evolution by supporting growing nutrient demands of increasingly large plants, against a background of declining atmospheric CO2. Recently, it was revealed that the earliest groups of extant plants form symbioses with a different group of fungi - Mucoromycotina “fine root endophytes” (MFRE) and I have since shown that MFRE symbioses are nutritionally mutualistic. These findings support a new hypothesis: the earliest land plants had a wider range of symbiotic options than was previously thought with MFRE also playing an important role in their supply of nutrients. I have now discovered that MFRE symbioses are not limited to early divergent plants, but instead span the entire land plant phylogeny. Coupled with my most recent findings that MFRE symbionts are distinct from AMF in terms of function and responses to changing atmospheric CO2 concentrations, these discoveries call into question much of what we thought we knew about plant-fungal symbioses. Much of the fundamental biology of MFRE remains unknown, preventing us from understanding the true complexity of plant-fungal symbioses, how they might respond to environmental change and their potential exploitation. This project will address the fundamental knowledge gaps surrounding the diversity, structure and functional significance of plant-MFRE symbioses, paving the way for a revolution in mycorrhizal research in the 21st century.

Mots-clés : symbiosis,fungi,mycorrhiza,carbon for nutrient exchange,phosphorus,nitrogen,carbon,endophytes
Projet ERC : MYCOREV (Horizon 2020, appel 2019, Consolidator grants)
Domaine scientifique : Life Science
Panel : Environmental Biology, Ecology and Evolution
Entité participante : Natural History Museum — Pays : Royaume-Uni — Rôle : Partner
Type d'entité : Organismes publics (hors enseignement & recherche)
Financement ERC de l'entité : 283121.25 €

The colonisation of the landmasses by plants >500 Mya was a major turning point in Earth’s history, drastically altering the development of the biosphere and providing the basis for all terrestrial life ever since. The hypothesis that early plants were facilitated in their invasion of the land environment by forming symbioses with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) is widely supported by fossil and molecular evidence. My previous findings in physiology identified the role of AMF as a driving force in evolution by supporting growing nutrient demands of increasingly large plants, against a background of declining atmospheric CO2. Recently, it was revealed that the earliest groups of extant plants form symbioses with a different group of fungi - Mucoromycotina “fine root endophytes” (MFRE) and I have since shown that MFRE symbioses are nutritionally mutualistic. These findings support a new hypothesis: the earliest land plants had a wider range of symbiotic options than was previously thought with MFRE also playing an important role in their supply of nutrients. I have now discovered that MFRE symbioses are not limited to early divergent plants, but instead span the entire land plant phylogeny. Coupled with my most recent findings that MFRE symbionts are distinct from AMF in terms of function and responses to changing atmospheric CO2 concentrations, these discoveries call into question much of what we thought we knew about plant-fungal symbioses. Much of the fundamental biology of MFRE remains unknown, preventing us from understanding the true complexity of plant-fungal symbioses, how they might respond to environmental change and their potential exploitation. This project will address the fundamental knowledge gaps surrounding the diversity, structure and functional significance of plant-MFRE symbioses, paving the way for a revolution in mycorrhizal research in the 21st century.

Mots-clés : symbiosis,fungi,mycorrhiza,carbon for nutrient exchange,phosphorus,nitrogen,carbon,endophytes
Projet ERC : Struct. vs. Individ (Horizon 2020, appel 2016, Consolidator grants)
Domaine scientifique : Social Sciences and Humanities
Panel : The Social World and Its Diversity
Entité participante : Tel Aviv University — Pays : Israël — Rôle : PI
Acronyme de l'entité : TAU
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 1395000.0 €

The comparative research of long-term trends largely neglects structural mechanisms of gender inequality, i.e. the gender bias in which jobs and activities are evaluated and rewarded. I argue that as more women become integrated in positions of power, the stronger the role of structural elements is likely to become. However, because these are less visible and amenable to empirical assessment, they are under-researched compared to individual aspects, and are commonly assumed to be gender-neutral. The implication is that the importance of gender as a determinant of economic inequality in the labour market becomes insufficiently acknowledged, and thus difficult to track and eradicate. My empirical objective is to track structural vs. individual processes of gender inequality over a period of 40 years, using the case of occupations. My aim is to uncover the countervailing processes of women’s (individual) upward occupational mobility versus women’s (collective) effect on occupational pay. I argue that the effects of structural aspects of gender inequality increase over time, but are concealed by women’s (individual) upward mobility. I expect the dynamic of the two processes to vary between countries and also by class. I thus seek to examine the processes in four representative countries – Sweden, Germany, Spain and the United States – that differ in many of the institutional aspects that affect gender inequality, including the provision of welfare, gender ideology, wage structure, and political economy factors. Therefore, gender in/equality processes in these countries are expected to take different forms in both structural and individual appearances. That said, in all countries I expect gender equality processes to be more pronounced and rapid for advantaged women. At the structural level, however, the rapid upward occupational mobility of skilled and educated women may expose highly rewarded occupations to devaluation and pay reduction more than others.

Mots-clés : gender inequality,gender discrimination,occupational devaluation,cross country comparison,family policies
Projet ERC : TOGETHER (Horizon 2020, appel 2020, Advanced grants)
Domaine scientifique : Life Science
Panel : Neuroscience and Disorders of the Nervous System
Entité participante : Stockholm University — Pays : Suède — Rôle : PI
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 2222161.0 €

The complex network activity patterns of the CNS result from an interplay between intrinsic neuronal properties and the connections formed by component cells. Connectivity is most commonly considered in terms of the classical chemical synapse. It is now clear, however, that electrical synapses formed by intercellular connexin channels in gap junctions (GJs) are widespread in the mammalian CNS and critically influence circuit activity. But exactly how GJs shape brain output, and how electrical coupling is regulated over different time-scales remains elusive. In the proposed project, we will take advantage of a recently discovered species difference between hypothalamic tuberoinfundibular dopamine (TIDA) neurons in the rat and mouse, to address these issues. In the rat, TIDA neurons are connected by strong GJs and exhibit a slow network oscillation; in the mouse the same cells completely lack electrical synapses and oscillate faster, a difference that ultimately leads to different male parenting phenotypes. Using the TIDA system as a platform, we will examine: I) What happens to TIDA neuronal properties and the male paternal circuit when GJs are removed from the coupled circuit, or when uncoupled cells are joined by electrical synapses? II) Does the pregnant dam prepare for motherhood by decoupling the TIDA network? III) Does electrical coupling fluctuate across neuronal oscillations? What are the mechanisms and consequences for circuit output? IV) Which organizing principles are conferred onto a network by the presence of GJs? These issues will be addressed by a combination of in vitro electrophysiology, imaging, voltammetry, behavioural paradigms and molecular analysis for a comprehensive investigation of GJ function and modulation. By leveraging the unique “experiment of nature” offered by the rodent TIDA system, the proposed project will address core issues of electrical coupling that have long remained out of reach for experimental scrutiny.

Mots-clés : dopamine,electrical synapse,gap junction,neuroendocrinology,neuronal network,oscillation,parental behaviour
Projet ERC : CSP-Infinity (Horizon 2020, appel 2015, Consolidator grants)
Domaine scientifique : Physical Sciences and Engineering
Panel : Computer science and informatics
Entité participante : TU Dresden — Pays : Allemagne — Rôle : PI
Acronyme de l'entité : TUD
Type d'entité : Enseignement supérieur ou secondaire
Financement ERC de l'entité : 1416250.0 €

The complexity of constraint satisfaction problems (CSPs) is a field in rapid development, and involves central questions in graph homomorphisms, finite model theory, reasoning in artificial intelligence, and, last but not least, universal algebra. In previous work, it was shown that a substantial part of the results and tools for the study of the computational complexity of CSPs can be generalised to infinite domains when the constraints are definable over a homogeneous structure. There are many computational problems, in particular in temporal and spatial reasoning, that can be modelled in this way, but not over finite domains. Also in finite model theory and descriptive complexity, CSPs over infinite domains arise systematically as problems in monotone fragments of existential second-order logic. In this project, we will advance in three directions: (a) Further develop the universal-algebraic approach for CSPs over homogeneous structures. E.g., provide evidence for a universal-algebraic tractability conjecture for such CSPs. (b) Apply the universal-algebraic approach. In particular, classify the complexity of all problems in guarded monotone SNP, a logic discovered independently in finite model theory and ontology-based data-access. (c) Investigate the complexity of CSPs over those infinite domains that are most relevant in computer science, namely the integers, the rationals, and the reals. Can we adapt the universal-algebraic approach to this setting?

Mots-clés : constraint satisfaction,complexity theory,universal algebra,model theory,homogeneous structures,ramsey theory,infinite permutation groups