Danthammadhavi/climate_fever_fixed huggingface dataset:
Category: Sustainable development
Claim: “So the bottom line of all this is that climate change is natural, not man-made.
Evidence: Environmental sustainability concerns the natural environment and how it endures and remains diverse and productive.
Evidence: "Penetration of human-induced warming into the world's oceans".
Evidence: The clear message from fingerprint studies is that the observed warming over the last half-century cannot be explained by natural factors, and is instead caused primarily by human factors.
Category: 2012 in science
Claim: "A July 6, 2007 study published in the journal Science about Greenland by an international team of scientists found DNA “evidence that suggests the frozen shield covering the immense island survived the Earth’s last period of global warming,” according to a Boston Globe Article.  ...
Evidence: (MSNBC) (New York Times) (Nature) 28 June – An international team of astronomers discovers evidence that our Milky Way had an encounter with a small galaxy or massive dark matter structure perhaps as recently as 100 million years ago, and as a result of that encounter it is still ringing like a bell.
Category: Clean Power Plan
Claim: Obama administration's Clean Power Plan would have little or no effect on carbon dioxide emissions.
Evidence: By switching this coal generation to a cleaner source such as wind power, CO 2 emissions could be significantly reduced.
Category: Global warming
Claim: The warming trend is the same in rural and urban areas, measured by thermometers and satellites, and by natural thermometers.
Evidence: In areas with high soot production, such as rural India, as much as 50% of surface warming due to greenhouse gases may be masked by atmospheric brown clouds.
Category: Global warming
Claim: world temperatures, because they have gone up only very slowly, less than half as fast as the scientific consensus predicted in 1990
Evidence: Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.
Category: Global warming
Claim: There is no statistical evidence that global warming is intensifying[…] droughts
Evidence: Since the 1950s, droughts and heat waves have appeared simultaneously with increasing frequency.
Category: Greenland ice sheet
Claim: The melting Greenland ice sheet is already a major contributor to rising sea level and if it was eventually lost entirely, the oceans would rise by six metres around the world, flooding many of the world’s largest cities.
Evidence: If the entire 2,850,000 cubic kilometres (684,000 cu mi) of ice were to melt, it would lead to a global sea level rise of 7.2 m (24 ft).
Category: Ice shelf
Claim: “Right now, the shelf works like a giant bottle-stopper that slows down ice trying to flow from the land into the sea.
Evidence: An ice shelf is a large floating platform of ice that forms where a glacier or ice sheet flows down to a coastline and onto the ocean surface.
Evidence: However, it is the outflow of the ice from the land to form the ice shelf which causes a rise in global sea level.
Category: Mercury (planet)
Claim: In fact, in recent years when cosmic rays should have been having their largest cooling effect on record, temperatures have been at their highest on record.
Evidence: Having almost no atmosphere to retain heat, it has surface temperatures that vary diurnally more than on any other planet in the Solar System, ranging from 100 K (−173 °C; −280 °F) at night to 700 K (427 °C; 800 °F) during the day across the equatorial regions.
Category: Global warming
Claim: They changed the name from 'global warming' to 'climate change'
Evidence: "Reduction in surface climate change achieved by the 1987 Montreal Protocol".
Category: 2006 North American heat wave
Claim: Heat Waves are increasing at an alarming rate and heat kills.
Evidence: The Summer 2006 North American heat wave was a severe heat wave that affected most of the United States and Canada, killing at least 225 people and bringing extreme heat to many locations.
Evidence: Also more than 2,000 people died in Karachi, Pakistan in June 2015 due to a severe heat wave with temperatures as high as 49 °C (120 °F).
Category: Hurricane Donna
Claim: many of south Florida’s drainage systems and seawalls are no longer enough
Evidence: Heavy rains and poor drainage in some areas flooded basements, lawns, and streets.
Category: Sahara
Claim: The extreme cycles of dry and wet weather appear to have been intensifying over the last three decades.
Evidence: The climate of the Sahara has undergone enormous variations between wet and dry over the last few hundred thousand years, believed to be caused by long-term changes in the North African climate cycle that alters the path of the North African Monsoon – usually southward.
Category: IPCC Second Assessment Report
Claim: "However, a single scientist, Dr. Ben Santer of Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, rewrote the draft at the IPCC’s request, deleting all five statements, replacing them with a single statement to the effect that a human influence on global climate was now discernible, and making some 200 consequential amendments.
Evidence: An introductory preface to the SAR written by IPCC chairman Bolin and his co-chairs John T. Houghton and L. Gylvan Meira Filho highlighted "that observations suggest 'a discernible human influence on global climate', one of the key findings of this report, adds an important new dimension to discussion of the climate issue."
Evidence: Prior to the publication of the Second Assessment Report, the industry group Global Climate Coalition distributed a report entitled "The IPCC: Institutionalized Scientific Cleansing" to reporters, US Congressmen, and scientists, which said that Santer had altered the text, after acceptance by the Working Group, and without approval of the authors, to strike content characterizing the uncertainty of the science.
Category: Sustainability
Claim: More than 500 scientists and professionals in climate and related fields have sent a 'European Climate Declaration' to the Secretary-General of the United Nations.
Evidence: The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment is an international synthesis by over 1000 of the world's leading biological scientists that analyzes the state of the Earth's ecosystems and provides summaries and guidelines for decision-makers.
Evidence: Dennis Bray and Hans von Storch conducted a survey in August 2008 of 2058 climate scientists from 34 different countries.
Category: Sea level rise
Claim: The global trend is calculated from hundreds of CO2 measuring stations and confirmed by satellites.
Evidence: This network was used, in combination with satellite altimeter data, to establish that global mean sea-level rose 19.5 cm (7.7 in) between 1870 and 2004 at an average rate of about 1.44 mm/yr (1.7 mm/yr during the 20th century).
Evidence: More recent satellites have significantly improved the data density and precision of global measurements.
Evidence: More precise data gathered from satellite radar measurements reveal an accelerating rise of 7.5 cm (3.0 in) from 1993 to 2017, which is a trend of roughly 30 cm (12 in) per century.
Category: Antarctic ice sheet
Claim: Brooks added that Antarctic ice is growing.
Evidence: A 2006 paper derived from satellite data, measuring changes in the gravity of the ice mass, suggests that the total amount of ice in Antarctica has begun decreasing in the past few years.
Category: United States
Claim: Despite recent attempts to paint the United States as a major global polluter, according to the World Health Organization (WHO), the U.S. is among the cleanest nations on the planet.
Evidence: Since 2007, the total greenhouse gas emissions by the United States are the second highest by country, exceeded only by China.
Evidence: The United States has historically been the world's largest producer of greenhouse gases and greenhouse gas emissions per capita remain high.
Category: Scientific consensus on climate change
Claim: But the central message of the IPCC AR4, is confirmed by the peer reviewed literature.
Evidence: Synthesis reports are assessments of scientific literature that compile the results of a range of stand-alone studies in order to achieve a broad level of understanding, or to describe the state of knowledge of a given subject.
Category: Earth
Claim: Climate projections also assume that planet Earth is not dynamic
Evidence: The angle of Earth's axial tilt is relatively stable over long periods of time.
Category: Clean Power Plan
Claim: The Obama administration's "own Environmental Protection Agency" has said its Clean Power Plan "will have a marginal impact on climate change."
Evidence: Janet McCabe, an Obama Administration EPA department head, stated that the decision completely disregards the impacts of climate and the cost and benefits associated with the started programs.
Evidence: The Clean Power Plan was an Obama administration policy aimed at combating anthropogenic climate change (global warming) that was first proposed by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in June 2014.
Category: Climate change in the Arctic
Claim: The Greenland ice sheet is at least 400,000 years old and warming was not global when Europeans settled in Greeland 1,000 years ago
Evidence: The effects of global warming in the Arctic, or climate change in the Arctic include rising air and water temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet with a related cold temperature anomaly, observed since the 1970s.
Evidence: Between 2001 and 2005: Sermeq Kujalleq broke up, losing 93 square kilometres (36 sq mi) and raised awareness worldwide of glacial response to global climate change.
Category: 2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference
Claim: President Obama's proposal calls for serious cuts in our own long-term carbon emissions, but China and India will still be allowed to increase their emissions.
Evidence: The country submitted a proposed protocol which would have imposed deeper, legally binding emissions cuts, including on developing nations.
Evidence: To cut carbon emissions by 5% below 2000 levels by 2020 unconditionally.
Category: Hurricane Katrina
Claim: As president, Obama will immediately close the Mississippi River Gulf Outlet, which experts say funneled floodwater into New Orleans.
Evidence: The Mississippi River Gulf Outlet (MR-GO) breached its levees in approximately 20 places, flooding much of eastern New Orleans, most of St. Bernard Parish and the East Bank of Plaquemines Parish.
Category: Sea level rise
Claim: “Our analyses do not indicate  acceleration in sea level in U.S. tide gauge records during the 20th  century,” the study’s authors concluded.
Evidence: More importantly, the GMSL curve shows a net acceleration, estimated to be at 0.08mm/yr2.
Evidence: Since at least the start of the 20th century, the average global sea level has been rising.
Category: Low-carbon economy
Claim: It is expected the report will focus on required changes to the energy system, rather than forests.
Evidence: Low emission development strategies for the land use sector can prioritize the protection of carbon-rich ecosystems to not only reduce emissions, but also to protect biodiversity and safeguard local livelihoods to reduce rural poverty - all of which can lead to more climate resilient systems, according to a report by the Low Emission Development Strategies Global Partnership (LEDS GP).
Category: California
Claim: In the early 20th century, state and federal governments began aggressively fighting wildfires and trying to keep them as small as possible.
Evidence: As part of the Ring of Fire, California is subject to tsunamis, floods, droughts, Santa Ana winds, wildfires, landslides on steep terrain, and has several volcanoes.
Category: Scientific consensus on climate change
Claim: Research has found a human influence on the climate of the past several decades ...
Evidence: The available evidence suggests very strongly that human activities have already begun to make significant changes to the earth's climate, and that the long-term risk of delaying action is greater than the cost of avoiding/minimising the risk."
Category: They
Claim: The interesting point is that it also seems each time they come across a new  dataset it is simply replaced.
Evidence: It was gradually replaced by an Old Norse borrowing, þeir (nominative plural masculine of the demonstrative, which acted in Old Norse as a plural pronoun), until it was entirely replaced in around the 15th century in Middle English.
Category: Roger A. Pielke Jr.
Claim: "Disasters Cost More Than Ever — But Not Because of Climate Change" (Roger Pielke Jr.)
Evidence: He also states that, "Any conceivable emissions reductions policies, even if successful, cannot have a perceptible impact on the climate for many decades", and from this he concludes that, "In coming decades the only policies that can effectively be used to manage the immediate effects of climate variability and change will be adaptive."
Category: Global warming hiatus
Claim: that likewise determined that the actual increases in warming post-2000 was ‘generally smaller than trends estimated’ from the models.”
Evidence: A March 2014 study found that climate models assuming natural variability which matched subsequent observations of ENSO phasing had produced realistic estimates of 15-year trends.
Evidence: Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7 °C (0.5 to 3.1 °F) in a moderate scenario, or as much as 2.6 to 4.8 °C (4.7 to 8.6 °F) in an extreme scenario, depending on the rate of future greenhouse gas emissions and on climate feedback effects.
Category: Lyme disease
Claim: “Lyme Disease is much more common in northern, cooler regions of the United States than in southern, warmer regions.
Evidence: In the U.S., Lyme is most common in the New England and Mid-Atlantic states and parts of Wisconsin and Minnesota, but it is expanding into other areas.
Category: Developing country
Claim: The report […] found that the United States was one of the most pollution-free nations in the world.”
Evidence: For example, with regards to health risks, they commonly have: low levels of access to safe drinking water, sanitation and hygiene; energy poverty; high levels of pollution (e.g.
Evidence: "How polluted is U.S. drinking water?".
Evidence: Tropical and infectious diseases (neglected tropical diseases) Unsafe drinking water, poor sanitation and hygiene Indoor air pollution in developing nations Pollution (e.g.
Category: Ice age
Claim: When the Earth comes out of an ice age, the warming is not initiated by CO2 but by changes in the Earth's orbit.
Evidence: In particular, during the last 800,000 years, the dominant period of glacial–interglacial oscillation has been 100,000 years, which corresponds to changes in Earth's orbital eccentricity and orbital inclination.
Category: Taiga
Claim: “In an old climate, … extremely warm years were less common and snowpack was more reliable …
Evidence: The taiga or boreal forest has a subarctic climate with very large temperature range between seasons, but the long and cold winter is the dominant feature.
Evidence: Durban has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification Cfa), with hot and humid summers and pleasantly warm and dry winters, which are snow and frost-free.
Category: Scientific consensus on climate change
Claim: Only very few peer-reviewed papers even go so far as to say that recent warming is chiefly anthropogenic.
Evidence: A 2012 analysis of published research on global warming and climate change between 1991 and 2012 found that of the 13,950 articles in peer-reviewed journals, only 24 rejected anthropogenic global warming.
Category: Climate change in the United States
Claim: As a result, "The warmest  year on US record is now 1934.
Evidence: In 2012, the United States experienced its warmest year on record.
Category: Earth
Claim: [data] show only slight warming, mostly at night and in winter
Evidence: Consequently, summers are 2.3 °C (4 °F) warmer in the Northern Hemisphere than in the Southern Hemisphere under similar conditions.
Evidence: The water reacts by radiating, also in the infrared, both upward and downward, and the downward longwave radiation results in increased warming at the surface.
Category: Alcoa
Claim: The carbon tax is partly to blame for the closure of Alcoa's Point Henry aluminium smelter.
Evidence: "Alcoa announces closure of Port Henry aluminium smelter".
Evidence: Two aluminium smelters are also operated in the state of Victoria at Portland and Point Henry; the Point Henry smelter was scheduled to be closed in August 2014.
Category: Global warming
Claim: IPCC overestimate temperature rise
Evidence: Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.
Category: Effects of global warming
Claim: Small increases in average temperature translate to big increases in the number of extremely hot days, and those hot days have a big impact.
Evidence: The area in which extremely hot summers are observed has increased 50-100 fold.
Category: Carbon dioxide
Claim: CO2 increase is natural, not human-caused.
Evidence: Human activities have caused CO 2 to increase above levels not seen in hundreds of thousands of years.
Evidence: While CO 2 absorption and release is always happening as a result of natural processes, the recent rise in CO 2 levels in the atmosphere is known to be mainly due to human (anthropogenic) activity.
Category: Ice age
Claim: For the past 4567 million years, the sun and the Earth’s orbit have driven climate change cycles.
Evidence: The Milankovitch cycles are a set of cyclic variations in characteristics of the Earth's orbit around the Sun.
Evidence: When combined with the Earth–Moon system's common orbit around the Sun, the period of the synodic month, from new moon to new moon, is 29.53 days.
Evidence: increased concentrations of greenhouse gases), solar luminosity, volcanic eruptions, and variations in the Earth's orbit around the Sun.
Category: Global warming hiatus
Claim: Satellite temperature readings going back to 1979 show 1998 was by far the warmest year in the satellite era
Evidence: In January 2013 James Hansen and colleagues published their updated analysis that temperatures had continued at a high level despite strong La Niña conditions, and said the "5-year mean global temperature has been flat for a decade, which we interpret as a combination of natural variability and a slowdown in the growth rate of the net climate forcing", noting "that the 10 warmest years in the record all occurred since 1998."
Evidence: Under the heading "Global Warming Standstill" they "noted that the 'standstill' temperature is at a much higher level than existed at any year in the prior decade except for the single year 1998, which had the strongest El Nino of the century.
Category: A Scientific Dissent from Darwinism
Claim: Over 31,000 scientists signed the OISM Petition Project
Evidence: According to the National Science Foundation, there were approximately 955,300 biological scientists in the United States in 1999.
Evidence: Critics have noted that of the 105 "scientists" listed on the original 2001 petition, fewer than 20% were biologists, with few of the remainder having the necessary expertise to contribute meaningfully to a discussion of the role of natural selection in evolution.
Category: Köppen climate classification
Claim: The Rio Grande is a classic “feast or famine” river, with a dry year or two typically followed by a couple of wet years that allow for recovery.
Evidence: Winters are noticeable and dry, and summers can be very rainy.
Category: Carbon dioxide
Claim: Rising CO2 increases atmospheric water vapor, which makes global warming much worse.
Evidence: Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.
Category: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
Claim: the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change is misleading humanity about climate change and sea levels, and that in fact a new solar-driven cooling period is not far off.
Evidence: "Anthropogenic warming and sea level rise would continue for centuries even if GHG emissions were to be reduced sufficiently for GHG concentrations to stabilise, due to the time scales associated with climate processes and feedbacks".
Evidence: "Robust findings" of the Synthesis report include: "Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, as is now evident from observations of increases in global average air and ocean temperatures, widespread melting of snow and ice and rising global average sea level".
Category: Tropical year
Claim: For the year-to-date, the Earth is seeing its 5th-warmest start to the year.
Evidence: A tropical year (also known as a solar year) is the time that the Sun takes to return to the same position in the cycle of seasons, as seen from Earth; for example, the time from vernal equinox to vernal equinox, or from summer solstice to summer solstice.
Evidence: Its average duration is 365.256363004 days (365 d 6 h 9 min 9.76 s) (at the epoch J2000.0 = January 1, 2000, 12:00:00 TT).
Category: Cosmic ray
Claim: "The observed data show that CFCs conspiring with cosmic rays most likely caused both the Antarctic ozone hole and global warming...
Evidence: "Sun's Shifts May Cause Global Warming".
Category: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere
Claim: Without carbon dioxide, all life on Earth would die
Evidence: The life and death of planet Earth.
Category: Scientific consensus on climate change
Claim: The Petition Project features over 31,000 scientists signing the petition stating "There is no convincing scientific evidence that human release of carbon dioxide will, in the forseeable future, cause catastrophic heating of the Earth's atmosphere ...".
Evidence: 7–10 "There is now convincing evidence that since the industrial revolution, human activities, resulting in increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases have become a major agent of climate change.
Category: Solar energy
Claim: If we got solar energy from "an area of the Southwestern desert 100 miles on a side, that would be enough, in and of itself, to provide 100 percent of all the electricity needs for the United States of America in a full year."
Evidence: In 2002, this was more energy in one hour than the world used in one year.
Evidence: His plant used parabolic troughs to power a 45–52 kilowatts (60–70 hp) engine that pumped more than 22,000 litres (4,800 imp gal; 5,800 US gal) of water per minute from the Nile River to adjacent cotton fields.
Evidence: The remainder was supplied by nuclear power and renewable energy sources.
Category: Carbon dioxide
Claim: There are many lines of evidence which clearly show that the atmospheric CO2 increase is caused by humans.
Evidence: Human activities have caused CO 2 to increase above levels not seen in hundreds of thousands of years.
Evidence: The first line of evidence is based on a physical understanding of how greenhouse gases trap heat, how the climate system responds to increases in greenhouse gases, and how other human and natural factors influence climate.
Category: Ocean acidification
Claim: Ocean acidification is the terrifying threat whereby all that man-made CO2 we’ve been pumping into the atmosphere may react with the sea to form a sort of giant acid bath.
Evidence: For example, the elevated oceanic levels of CO 2 may produce CO 2-induced acidification of body fluids, known as hypercapnia.
Category: Climatic Research Unit documents
Claim: it later emerged that its creator Dr Michael Mann had spliced too [sic] datasets together – tree-rings showing temperatures going back hundreds of years, then recent thermometer readings for the more recent decades.
Evidence: He said that there was nothing "hidden or inappropriate" about it, and that his method of combining proxy data had been corroborated by numerous statistical tests and matched thermometer readings taken over the past 150 years.
Evidence: published on 10 February 2005 used a wavelet transform technique to reconstruct Northern Hemisphere temperatures over the last 2,000 years, combining low-resolution proxy data such as lake and ocean sediments for century-scale or longer changes, with tree ring proxies only used for annual to decadal resolution.
Evidence: Mann said, "Ten years ago, the availability of data became quite sparse by the time you got back to 1,000 AD, and what we had then was weighted towards tree-ring data; but now you can go back 1,300 years without using tree-ring data at all and still get a verifiable conclusion."
Category: Ozone depletion
Claim: The particular signature of warming in 2016 was also revealing in another way, Overpeck said, noting that the stratosphere… saw record cold temperatures last year
Evidence: The change was attributed to increasingly cold winters in the Arctic stratosphere at an altitude of approximately 20 km (12 mi), a change associated with global warming in a relationship that is still under investigation.
Evidence: One of the strongest predictions of the greenhouse effect is that the stratosphere will cool.
Evidence: Global Warming theory suggests that the stratosphere should cool while the troposphere warms.
Category: Antarctic ice sheet
Claim: A new article in Nature Geoscience  describes an innovative approach employed to derive ice-mass changes  from GRACE data.
Evidence: A 2006 paper derived from satellite data, measuring changes in the gravity of the ice mass, suggests that the total amount of ice in Antarctica has begun decreasing in the past few years.
Category: Effects of global warming
Claim: But [climate scientists] say that aspects of the case of Hurricane Harvey—and the recent history of tropical cyclones worldwide—suggest global warming is making a bad situation worse.
Evidence: Global warming not only causes changes in tropical cyclones, it may also make some impacts from them worse via sea level rise.
Evidence: "It's a fact: climate change made Hurricane Harvey more deadly".
Category: Scientific consensus on climate change
Claim: Cosmic rays show no trend over the last 30 years & have had little impact on recent global warming.
Evidence: Human-caused increases in greenhouse gases are responsible for most of the observed global average surface warming of roughly 0.8 °C (1.5 °F) over the past 140 years.
Category: Global warming controversy
Claim: The temperature is not rising nearly as fast as the alarmist computer models predicted.
Evidence: Ed Hawkins, of the University of Reading, stated that the "surface temperatures since 2005 are already at the low end of the range of projections derived from 20 climate models.
Category: Post-glacial rebound
Claim: No warming since at least 1995, no melting glaciers and now no rising sea levels.
Evidence: Recent global warming has caused mountain glaciers and the ice sheets in Greenland and Antarctica to melt and global sea level to rise.
Category: Climate change adaptation
Claim: Adapting to global warming is cheaper than preventing it
Evidence: "Geoengineering: How to Cool Earth--At a Price".
Category: Global warming controversy
Claim: Even if the warming were as big as the IPCC imagines, it would not be as dangerous as Mr. Brown suggests.
Evidence: Orrell says that the range of future increase in temperature suggested by the IPCC rather represents a social consensus in the climate community, but adds "we are having a dangerous effect on the climate".
Category: Jill Stein
Claim: There is not a single candidate in the Republican primary that thinks we should do anything about climate change.
Evidence: Referring to President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal approach to the Great Depression, Stein advocated a Green New Deal in her 2012 and 2016 campaigns, in which renewable energy jobs would be created to address climate change and environmental issues; the objective would be to employ "every American willing and able to work".
Category: Rob Portman
Claim: Rob Portman voted for the bipartisan bill to affirm climate change is real, humans significantly contribute to it and it needs to be addressed.
Evidence: Portman became known for his ability to work in a bipartisan fashion when working to pass a repeal of the excise tax on telephone service.
Evidence: In 2011, Portman voted to limit the government's ability to regulate greenhouse gas emissions, and in 2015, he voted against the Clean Power Plan.
Category: Global warming
Claim: Cosmic ray counts have increased over the past 50 years, so if they do influence global temperatures, they are having a cooling effect.
Evidence: Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.
Category: Georgia (U.S. state)
Claim: Florida ranks "45th out of 50 states'' for its regulatory climate for business.
Evidence: For the five years through November 2017, Georgia has been ranked the top state (number 1) in the nation to do business, and has been recognized as number 1 for business and labor climate in the nation, number 1 in business climate in the nation, number 1 in the nation in workforce training and as having a "Best in Class" state economic development agency.
Category: Greenhouse gas
Claim: The ­atmospheric residency time of carbon dioxide is five years
Evidence: N2O has a mean atmospheric lifetime of 121 years.
Category: Global warming
Claim: By 2080, without dramatic reductions in emissions, southern Europe will be in permanent extreme drought, much worse than the American dust bowl ever was.
Evidence: Since the 1950s, droughts and heat waves have appeared simultaneously with increasing frequency.
Category: Rain
Claim: Severe ‘snowmageddon’ winters are now strongly linked to soaring polar temperatures, say researchers, with deadly summer heatwaves and torrential floods also probably linked.
Evidence: The climate is characterized by hot, dry summers and cool, wet winters.
Category: Temperate climate
Claim: […] in fact this pattern is already emerging, with the conditions that create extremely warm dry years and extremely wet years both becoming more frequent.
Evidence: In these regions winters are quite dry and summers have very heavy rainfall.
Category: Global warming
Claim: ‘If we do nothing to reduce our greenhouse gas emissions, the kind of extreme heat we saw this past summer will be the norm when my young son is a grown man.’
Evidence: For example, bicycling reduces greenhouse gas emissions while reducing the effects of a sedentary lifestyle at the same time.
Category: Cloud forest
Claim: Without the forests' humidity, previously moisture-laden winds blew dry.
Evidence: An important feature of cloud forests is the tree crowns can intercept the wind-driven cloud moisture, part of which drips to the ground.
Evidence: Throughout the year, wind speed, temperature and humidity are fairly consistent, with humidity usually greater than 90%.
Evidence: This causes east winds bringing moisture from the Gulf of Mexico.
Category: Arctic Ocean
Claim: The winds around the continent seem to be strengthening, stirring the ocean and bringing up a layer of warmer water that has most likely been there for centuries.
Evidence: In fact, this water mass is actually warmer than the surface water, and remains submerged only due to the role of salinity in density.
Category: Keeling Curve
Claim: "The Keeling curve, which is widely used to show the increase in CO2 emissions, is based on data from the top of Mount Mauna Loa in Hawaii.
Evidence: Carbon dioxide measurements at the Mauna Loa Observatory in Hawaii are made with a type of infrared spectrophotometer, now known as a nondispersive infrared sensor, that is calibrated using World Meteorological Organization standards.
Category: Global warming
Claim: Climate scientists use the 20th-century average as a benchmark for global temperature measurements.
Evidence: The IPCC has adopted the baseline reference period 1850–1900 as an approximation of pre-industrial global mean surface temperature.
Evidence: On the basis of available data, climate scientists are now projecting an average global temperature rise over this century of 2.0 to 4.5°C.
Category: Science
Claim: Fundamental physics and global climate models both make testable predictions as to how the global climate should change in response to anthropogenic warming.
Evidence: This new explanation is used to make falsifiable predictions that are testable by experiment or observation.
Evidence: This may be as simple as observing that the theory makes accurate predictions, which is evidence that any assumptions made at the outset are correct or approximately correct under the conditions tested.
Category: Farleigh Hungerford Castle
Claim: “Houlton has been exploring this possibility for years.
Evidence: Edward later fell out with the king over the proposal that the Roman Catholic James II should succeed to the throne on Charles's death, and after the discovery of the Rye House Plot in 1683 the castle was searched by royal officials looking for stocks of weapons that might be used in a possible revolt.
Evidence: Both fighters are former boxers and had discussed a potential fight in their futures since early 2008.
Category: Scientific consensus on climate change
Claim: Rapid assessment of average temperatures in France between 26-28 June showed a “substantial” increase in the likelihood of the heatwave happening as a result of human-caused global warming, experts at the World Weather Attribution group said.
Evidence: International Council of Academies of Engineering and Technological Sciences (CAETS) in 2007, issued a Statement on Environment and Sustainable Growth: As reported by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), most of the observed global warming since the mid-20th century is very likely due to human-produced emission of greenhouse gases and this warming will continue unabated if present anthropogenic emissions continue or, worse, expand without control.
Evidence: (2012) concluded that human activities had likely led to a warming of extreme daily minimum and maximum temperatures at the global scale.
Category: Scientific consensus on climate change
Claim: Global warming theory holds that one of the fingerprints of human-induced global warming is more rapid warming in the lower troposphere than at the surface (James Taylor)
Evidence: The spatial and temporal fingerprint of warming can be traced to increasing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, which are a direct result of burning fossil fuels, broad-scale deforestation and other human activity.
Evidence: Therefore, a key approach is to use physically or statistically based computer modelling of the climate system to determine unique fingerprints for all potential causes.
Category: Natural disaster
Claim: Globally there’s no clear evidence of trends and patterns in extreme events such as droughts, hurricanes and floods.
Evidence: A natural disaster is a major adverse event resulting from natural processes of the Earth; examples are floods, hurricanes, tornadoes, volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, tsunamis, storms, and other geologic processes.
Evidence: As the Earth's climate warms, we are seeing many changes: stronger, more destructive hurricanes; heavier rainfall; more disastrous flooding; more areas of the world experiencing severe drought; and more heat waves."
Category: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
Claim: Ben Santer rewrote the 1995 IPCC report
Evidence: Climate Change 1995, the IPCC Second Assessment Report (SAR), was finished in 1996.
Category: Paris Agreement
Claim: This could mean the landmark Paris Climate Agreement – which seeks to limit global warming to 2 degrees Celsius (3.6 degrees Fahrenheit) above pre-industrial levels – may not be enough to ward off catastrophe.
Evidence: A 2018 published study points at a threshold at which temperatures could rise to 4 or 5 degrees compared to the pre-industrial levels, through self-reinforcing feedbacks in the climate system, suggesting this threshold is below the 2-degree temperature target, agreed upon by the Paris climate deal.
Evidence: The Paris Agreement's long-term temperature goal is to keep the increase in global average temperature to well below 2 °C above pre-industrial levels; and to pursue efforts to limit the increase to 1.5 °C, recognizing that this would substantially reduce the risks and impacts of climate change.
Category: Scientific consensus on climate change
Claim: Also, it is increasingly clear that the planet was significantly warmer than today several times during the past 10,000 years.
Evidence: The current scientific consensus is that: Earth's climate has warmed significantly since the late 1800s.
Evidence: The result is a picture of relatively cool conditions in the seventeenth and early nineteenth centuries and warmth in the eleventh and early fifteenth centuries, but the warmest conditions are apparent in the twentieth century.
Category: Global warming
Claim: Since rock weathering reduces atmospheric CO2, this again reinforces the scientific fact that CO2 is a strong driver of climate.
Evidence: It is a major aspect of climate change and has been demonstrated by direct temperature measurements and by measurements of various effects of the warming.
Evidence: There is no convincing scientific evidence that human release of carbon dioxide, methane, or other greenhouse gases is causing or will, in the foreseeable future, cause catastrophic heating of the Earth's atmosphere and disruption of the Earth's climate.
Category: We Are the World
Claim: We’ve contacted them to ask more details about the size of the Sif.
Evidence: Several musicians were contacted by the pair, before Jackson and Lionel Richie were assigned the task of writing the song.
Evidence: In the opening lines, Flo Rida introduces himself and raps tongue twisters about Rihanna and The Bahamas, "You know I got love for you/ See what happened was we in Bahams/ I remember it was the ox summer, oh so pretty I/ ..Girl nice to meet you what's the honour/ Yeah she tap me told me she Rihanna.".
Evidence: Since the 2013 Pew survey, which assessed that only 18 per cent of American Jews identify with it, Conservative leadership is engaged in attempting to solve Conservative Judaism's demographic crisis.
Category: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
Claim: Rather than 100 years of unprecedented global warming as predicted by  IPCC, the global temperatures have leveled off and we seem to be heading  for cooler weather."
Evidence: "Robust findings" of the Synthesis report include: "Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, as is now evident from observations of increases in global average air and ocean temperatures, widespread melting of snow and ice and rising global average sea level".
Category: Instrumental temperature record
Claim: According to NASA, the globally averaged temperature of the land and ocean was 0.9˚C (1.62˚F) above the 20th century average.
Evidence: The global average and combined land and ocean surface temperature, show a warming of 0.85 [0.65 to 1.06] °C, in the period 1880 to 2012, based on multiple independently produced datasets.
Evidence: The average global temperature on Earth has increased by about 0.8° Celsius (1.4° Fahrenheit) since 1880; Two-thirds of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15-0.20 °C per decade.
Evidence: Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.
Category: Global warming
Claim: Some experts think we’re on track to hit 550 ppm by the end of the century, which would cause average global temperatures to rise by 6 degrees Celsius
Evidence: Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7 °C (0.5 to 3.1 °F) in a moderate scenario, or as much as 2.6 to 4.8 °C (4.7 to 8.6 °F) in an extreme scenario, depending on the rate of future greenhouse gas emissions and on climate feedback effects.
Category: North Pole
Claim: The North Pole is melting "a bit" but the South Pole is getting bigger.
Evidence: New warning on Arctic sea ice melt.
Evidence: The polar ice sheet is moving at a rate of roughly 10 metres per year in a direction between 37° and 40° west of grid north, down towards the Weddell Sea.
Category: Climate change mitigation
Claim: If every nation agrees to limit CO2 emissions, we can achieve significant cuts on a global scale.
Evidence: Cost-effective 2 °C scenarios project annual global greenhouse gas emissions to peak before the year 2020, with deep cuts in emissions thereafter, leading to a reduction in 2050 of 41% compared to 1990 levels.
Category: Greenhouse gas
Claim: Satellite and surface measurements find less energy is escaping to space at CO2 absorption wavelengths.
Evidence: On the other hand, the single CO vibrational band only absorbs IR at much shorter wavelengths (4.7 microns, or 2145 cm−1), where the emission of radiant energy from Earth's surface is at least a factor of ten lower.
Evidence: Greenhouse gases are those that absorb and emit infrared radiation in the wavelength range emitted by Earth.
Evidence: CO 2 absorbs and emits infrared radiation at wavelengths of 4.26 µm (asymmetric stretching vibrational mode) and 14.99 µm (bending vibrational mode) and consequently is a greenhouse gas that plays a significant role in influencing Earth's surface temperature through the greenhouse effect.
Category: Wind power
Claim: [Wind energy] is a more expensive way of producing energy than the alternative.
Evidence: Costs of production from coal fired plants built in "the 1970s and 1980s" are cheaper than renewable energy sources because of depreciation.
Evidence: "Renewable energy now cheaper than new fossil fuels in Australia".
Category: Georgia (U.S. state)
Claim: the U.S. is shattering high temperature records far more frequently than it is shattering low temperature records.
Evidence: The highest temperature ever recorded is 112 °F (44.4 °C) in Louisville on July 24, 1952, while the lowest is −17 °F (−27.2 °C) in northern Floyd County on January 27, 1940.
Evidence: record low of 40°F in 1911 in Aibonito and 1966 in San Sebastian in Puerto Rico), only the most recent date is shown.
Category: Sun
Claim: However, more direct comparisons between solar activity and global temperature finds that  as the sun grew hotter or cooler, Earth's climate followed it with a 10 year lag - presumably due to the dampening effect of the ocean.
Evidence: However, the geological record demonstrates that Earth has remained at a fairly constant temperature throughout its history, and that the young Earth was somewhat warmer than it is today.
Category: Effects of global warming
Claim: Climate change is not making natural disasters worse
Evidence: Slow-onset disasters and gradual environmental erosion such as desertification, reduction of soil fertility, coastal erosion and sea-level rise are likely to induce long term migration.
Evidence: Habitat destruction vastly increases an area's vulnerability to natural disasters like flood and drought, crop failure, spread of disease, and water contamination.
Category: Season creep
Claim: The effect of long-term warming is to make it harder to count on snowmelt runoff in wet times
Evidence: Modeling of snowmelt predicted that warming of 3 to 5 °C in the Western United States could cause snowmelt-driven runoff to occur as much as two months earlier, with profound effects on hydroelectricity, land use, agriculture, and water management.
Category: Northwest Passage
Claim: We know the Northwest Passage had been open before."
Evidence: In 1602, George Weymouth became the first European to explore what would later be called Hudson Strait when he sailed Discovery 300 nautical miles (560 km) into the Strait.
Category: Carbon tax
Claim: Climate economics research shows that in reality, we are harming the economy by failing to implement CO2 limits.
Evidence: Economists generally argue that carbon taxes are the most efficient and effective way to curb climate change, with the least adverse effects on the economy.
Evidence: Therefore, solutions need to be found so that the economies of the world can continue to grow, but not at the expense of the public good.
Category: Global warming
Claim: A key study published in the Journal of Climate this year by Bjorn Stevens of the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology in Hamburg, Germany, found that the cooling impact of sulfate emissions has held back global warming less than thought till now
Evidence: Research in the 1950s suggested that temperatures were increasing, and a 1952 newspaper used the term "climate change".
Category: Effects of global warming on human health
Claim: receding polar ice caps have little if any negative impact on human health and welfare, and likely a positive benefit
Evidence: Floods have short and long term negative implications to peoples' health and well being.
Evidence: These melting glaciers have many social and ecological consequences that directly or indirectly impact the health and well-being of humans.
Category: Climatic Research Unit email controversy
Claim: Climategate CRU emails suggest conspiracy
Evidence: An editorial in Nature stated that "A fair reading of the e-mails reveals nothing to support the denialists' conspiracy theories."
Category: Sea level rise
Claim: Sea-level rise does not seem to depend on ocean temperature, and certainly not on CO2.
Evidence: This acceleration is due mostly to human-caused global warming, which is driving thermal expansion of seawater and the melting of land-based ice sheets and glaciers.
Category: Colonization of Mars
Claim: “At the bottom of the world, sea ice is also at all-time record low levels around Antarctica, the data center said.
Evidence: The lowest temperature ever recorded on Earth was 180 K (−89.2 °C, −128.6 °F) in Antarctica.
Category: Season
Claim: In Albany, New York, the high temperature of 74 degrees on Thursday was the warmest temperature on record for any day during the months of December, January and February.
Evidence: However, due to seasonal lag, June, July, and August are the warmest months in the Northern Hemisphere while December, January, and February are the warmest months in the Southern Hemisphere.
Evidence: Temperatures are very warm to hot but are not excessive: the average maximum in February is usually around 29 °C (84 °F) and in July around 21 °C (70 °F).
Evidence: January February March April May June July August September October November December December is the twelfth and final month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian Calendars and is the seventh and last of seven months to have a length of 31 days.
Category: Hockey stick controversy
Claim: [T]he raw data, the actual thermometer data[...] shows that the US has been cooling for 80 to 90 years.
Evidence: It said that "by 1300 it began to cool, and by 1400 we were well into the Little Ice Age.
Evidence: In fact, if one ignores the unusual El Nino year of 1998, one sees a cooling trend."
Category: James Hansen
Claim: At that time, Hansen also produced a model of the future behavior of the globe’s temperature, which he had turned into a video movie that was heavily shopped in Congress.
Evidence: The second generation of the GISS model was used to estimate the change in mean surface temperature based on a variety of scenarios of future greenhouse gas emissions.
Evidence: Hansen compared the corrected troposphere temperatures with the results of the published GISS model, and concluded that the model is in good agreement with the observations, noting that the satellite temperature data had been the last holdout of global warming denialists, and that the correction of the data would result in a change from discussing whether global warming is occurring to what is the rate of global warming, and what should be done about it.
Category: James Hansen
Claim: Observed sea levels are actually tracking at the upper range of the IPCC projections.
Evidence: Rahmstorf and coauthors showed concern that sea levels are rising at the high range of the IPCC projections, and that this was due to thermal expansion and not from melting of the Greenland or Antarctic ice sheets.
Evidence: Over the 21st century, the IPCC projects that in a very high emissions scenario the sea level could rise by 61–110 cm.
Evidence: In its fifth assessment report (2013) the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) estimated how much sea level is likely to rise in the 21st century based on different levels of greenhouse gas emissions.