Danthammadhavi/climate_fever_fixed huggingface dataset:
Category: University of Massachusetts Amherst
Claim: ‘We could be decades too fast, or decades too slow,’said one of them, Robert M. DeConto of the University of Massachusetts, Amherst.
Evidence: August 28, 2012.
Category: Catalan pseudoprime
Claim: The two most cited composites are PMOD and ACRIM.
Evidence: In mathematics, a Catalan pseudoprime is an odd composite number n satisfying the congruence ( − 1 ) n − 1 2 ⋅ C n − 1 2 ≡ 2 ( mod n ) , {\displaystyle (-1)^{\frac {n-1}{2}}\cdot C_{\frac {n-1}{2}}\equiv 2{\pmod {n}},} where Cm denotes the m-th Catalan number.
Category: Carbon dioxide
Claim: CO2 levels are measured by hundreds of stations across the globe, all reporting the same trend.
Evidence: Concentrations also vary on a regional basis, most strongly near the ground with much smaller variations aloft.
Category: Global warming
Claim: Recent studies agree that recent global temperatures are unprecedented in the last 1000 years.
Evidence: The period from 1983 to 2012 was likely the warmest 30-year period of the last 1400 years in the Northern Hemisphere, where such assessment is possible (medium confidence).
Evidence: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.
Category: Global warming
Claim: Global warming' is a myth — so say 80 graphs from 58 peer-reviewed scientific papers published in 2017.
Evidence: Müller 2010; The New York Times, 25 May 2015; UNFCCC: Copenhagen 2009. openDemocracy, 12 January 2010; EUobserver, 20 December 2009.
Category: Attribution of recent climate change
Claim: While members of the media may nod along to such claims [about changes in weather extremes], the evidence paints a different story
Evidence: One of the subjects discussed in the literature is whether or not extreme weather events can be attributed to human activities.
Category: Mark Begich
Claim: Alaska Sen. Mark Begich "is on record supporting a carbon tax, even pushing Harry Reid to make it a priority."
Evidence: In 2010, he signed a letter advocating the establishment of a 'price' for greenhouse gas emissions as part of national energy policy.
Evidence: "AK Dem Sen. Begich Won't Say If He Wants Obama To Campaign For Him".
Category: Global warming
Claim: To make matters worse, the water temperatures in the Arctic Ocean are several degrees above average, which is an expected result of having less sea ice.
Evidence: Surface temperature increases are greatest in the Arctic, which has contributed to the retreat of glaciers, permafrost, and sea ice.
Category: Koko (gorilla)
Claim: A video shows Koko the gorilla spontaneously using sign language to issue a warning about climate change.
Evidence: Patterson reported that Koko's use of signs indicated that she mastered the use of sign language.
Category: Jacksonville, Florida
Claim: Migration patterns show people heading for warm states like Texas and Florida, not snowy Minnesota and Michigan.”
Evidence: LaVilla Brooklyn Northbank Southbank Springfield San Marco Southside Eastside and Arlington Ortega Riverside and Avondale According to the Köppen climate classification, Jacksonville has a humid subtropical climate, with hot humid summers, and warm to mild and drier winters.
Evidence: Because the winter season is dry and freezing temperatures usually occur only after cold fronts (and their accompanying precipitation) have passed, snow is exceptionally rare.
Evidence: The southern and central parts of the Lower Peninsula (south of Saginaw Bay and from the Grand Rapids area southward) have a warmer climate (Köppen climate classification Dfa) with hot summers and cold winters.
Category: Global dimming
Claim: The global dimming trend reversed around 1990 - 15 years after the global warming trend began in the mid 1970's.
Evidence: In China there is some indication for a renewed dimming, after the stabilization in the 1990s.
Category: Ice age
Claim: Over the past one million years climate cycles ranging from Ice Ages to warmer periods have been caused by changing levels of energy from the sun, planetary alignments and ocean currents.
Evidence: The Milankovitch cycles are a set of cyclic variations in characteristics of the Earth's orbit around the Sun.
Evidence: Alterations in the quantity of atmospheric greenhouse gases determines the amount of solar energy retained by the planet, leading to global warming or global cooling.
Evidence: Earth's climate alternates between ice ages and greenhouse periods, during which there are no glaciers on the planet.
Category: Global warming
Claim: They do not make a definitive attribution statement, but the data are consistent with and strongly suggestive of human-driven warming as a root cause of the oxygen decline.’”
Evidence: He said, "Global warming has reached a level such that we can ascribe with a high degree of confidence a cause and effect relationship between the greenhouse effect and the observed warming."
Evidence: The scientific consensus as of 2013[update], as stated in the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report, is that it "is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century".
Category: Statistical hypothesis testing
Claim: “The notion that world-wide weather is becoming more extreme is just that: a notion, or a testable hypothesis.
Evidence: Hypothesis tests are used when determining what outcomes of a study would lead to a rejection of the null hypothesis for a pre-specified level of significance.
Category: Coral bleaching
Claim: Scientists confirm a mass bleaching event on the Great Barrier Reef this year has killed more corals than ever before, with more than two thirds destroyed across large swathes of the biodiverse site.
Evidence: Over two thirds of the Great Barrier Reef have been reported to be bleached or dead.
Evidence: According to a 2012 study by the National Academy of Science, since 1985, the Great Barrier Reef has lost more than half of its corals with two-thirds of the loss occurring from 1998 due to the factors listed before.
Category: Global storm activity of 2010
Claim: “With a record El Niño, we should have experienced record high temperatures.
Evidence: [citation needed] The east coast had records various record low temperatures in southern states such as Georgia Alabama and Florida in the US.The eastern seaboard, had like the Western Seaboard also suffered one of the worst winters on record.
Category: Snowball Earth
Claim: Nor is there any evidence that levels as high as 7,000 ppm of CO2 did or could cause ocean acidity.
Evidence: Firstly, the high carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere would cause the oceans to become acidic, and dissolve any carbonates contained within—starkly at odds with the deposition of cap carbonates.
Category: United States
Claim: The monetary cost of damages has increased dramatically in recent decades, but that is due to increasing population, wealth and the amount of vulnerable infrastructure.
Evidence: Despite income and wealth disparities, the United States continues to rank very high in measures of socioeconomic performance, including average wage, median income, median wealth, human development, per capita GDP, and worker productivity.
Category: Little Ice Age
Claim: Global Ocean Circulation Appears To Be Collapsing Due To A Warming Planet
Evidence: There is some concern that a shutdown of thermohaline circulation could happen again as a result of the present warming period.
Evidence: Alterations in the quantity of atmospheric greenhouse gases determines the amount of solar energy retained by the planet, leading to global warming or global cooling.
Evidence: that the Eocene hothouse world was caused by runaway global warming from released methane clathrates deep in the oceans.
Evidence: Additional fresh water flowing into the North Atlantic during a warming cycle may also reduce the global ocean water circulation.
Category: Retreat of glaciers since 1850
Claim: Thick arctic sea ice is in rapid retreat.
Evidence: "Fast-flow advance and parallel rapid retreat of non-surging tidewater glaciers in Icy Bay and Yakutat Bay, Alaska 1888–2003".
Category: Global warming
Claim: While there are many drivers of climate, CO2 is the most dominant radiative forcing and is increasing faster than any other forcing.
Evidence: Human activity since the Industrial Revolution has increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to increased radiative forcing from CO2, methane, tropospheric ozone, CFCs, and nitrous oxide.
Evidence: Positive radiative forcing leads to warming by increasing the net incoming energy, whereas negative radiative forcing leads to cooling.
Category: Polar bear
Claim: “A leading Canadian authority on polar bears, Mitch Taylor, said: ‘We’re  seeing an increase in bears that’s really unprecedented, and in places  where we’re seeing a decrease in the population
Evidence: "Ask the experts: Are polar bear populations increasing?".
Category: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere
Claim: When stomata-derived CO2 (red) is compared to ice core-derived CO2 (blue), the stomata generally show much more variability in the atmospheric CO2 level and often show levels much higher than the ice cores.
Evidence: Relevant to this dispute is the observation that Greenland ice cores often report higher and more variable CO 2 values than similar measurements in Antarctica.
Category: Attribution of recent climate change
Claim: Modellers assume carbon dioxide drives climate change
Evidence: Computer-based climate models are unable to replicate the observed warming unless human greenhouse gas emissions are included.
Category: Mathematics
Claim: Note that computer models are just concatenations of calculations you could do on a hand-held calculator, so they are theoretical and cannot be part of any evidence."
Evidence: When reconsidering data from experiments and samples or when analyzing data from observational studies, statisticians "make sense of the data" using the art of modelling and the theory of inference – with model selection and estimation; the estimated models and consequential predictions should be tested on new data.
Evidence: Peter Denning's working group argued that they are theory, abstraction (modeling), and design.
Category: Global warming
Claim: “The most recent prediction of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is that seas will rise by 60 to 90 centimetres this century.
Evidence: Over the 21st century, the IPCC projects that in a very high emissions scenario the sea level could rise by 61–110 cm.
Category: Flying Spaghetti Monster
Claim: 'Another global warming myth comes crashing down.
Evidence: Henderson asserts that a decline in the number of pirates over the years is the cause of global warming.
Evidence: The conspiracy behind the Anthropogenic Global Warming myth (aka AGW; aka ManBearPig) has been suddenly, brutally and quite deliciously exposed", and "A contretemps with a Climate Bully who wonders whether I have a science degree.
Category: Roswell UFO incident
Claim: What you were not told was that the data that triggered this record is only available back to the late 1970s.
Evidence: Podesta stated, "It is time for the government to declassify records that are more than 25 years old and to provide scientists with data that will assist in determining the true nature of the phenomena."
Evidence: In late 2007, the FBI announced that a partial DNA profile had been obtained from three organic samples found on Cooper's clip-on tie in 2001, though they later acknowledged that there is no evidence that the hijacker was the source of the sample material.
Category: List of topics characterized as pseudoscience
Claim: The claim that 2.2 conventional jobs are destroyed   for  every new job created in the alternative energy industry is based on a study which relies on incorrect numbers, cherrypicked dates, faulty theory, flawed methodology, and is disproven by real-world examples.
Evidence: "Vitalists claim to be scientific, but in fact they reject the scientific method with its basic postulates of cause and effect and of provability.
Category: Greenhouse gas
Claim: Recent research also indicates that the quantity of fossil fuels staying in the atmosphere is much less than previously thought.
Evidence: (2007) concluded that unless energy policies changed substantially, the world would continue to depend on fossil fuels until 2025–2030.
Evidence: Recent research (primarily since the Montreal Protocol) shows that many humans have less than optimal vitamin D levels.
Category: Global warming
Claim: Also found was that the correlation between solar activity and global temperatures ended around 1975, hence recent warming must have some other cause than solar variations.
Evidence: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.
Category: Climate change denial
Claim: California legislators have made it illegal for anyone to deny climate change, under threat of jail time.
Evidence: In the 1990s, the Marshall Institute began campaigning against increased regulations on environmental issues such as acid rain, ozone depletion, second-hand smoke, and the dangers of DDT.
Category: UAH satellite temperature dataset
Claim: UAH atmospheric temperatures prove climate models and/or surface temperature data sets are wrong.
Evidence: In comparing these measurements to surface temperature models, it is important to note that values for the lower troposphere measurements taken by the MSU are a weighted average of temperatures over multiple altitudes (roughly 0 to 12 km), and not a surface temperature (as seen in figure above).
Category: Effects of global warming on human health
Claim: Global warming leads to much quicker spread of the Zika virus because the increased temperature, "makes mosquitoes mature faster, . . .
Evidence: When temperature rises, the larvae take a shorter time to mature and, consequently, there is a greater capacity to produce more offspring.
Category: Bushfires in Australia
Claim: the bushfires [in Australia] were caused by arsonists and a series of lightning strikes, not 'climate change'
Evidence: The fires would have been caused by both natural phenomenon and human hands.
Category: Energy in South Australia
Claim: [South Australia] has the most expensive electricity in the world.
Evidence: It was claimed in 2017 that South Australia had the most expensive electricity in the world Another analysis claimed that South Australia has the second cheapest electricity in Australia.
Category: Second law of thermodynamics
Claim: 2nd law of thermodynamics contradicts greenhouse theory
Evidence: The theory of classical or equilibrium thermodynamics is idealized.
Evidence: Loschmidt's paradox, also known as the reversibility paradox, is the objection that it should not be possible to deduce an irreversible process from the time-symmetric dynamics that describe the microscopic evolution of a macroscopic system.
Category: Climate sensitivity
Claim: His best estimate is that the  warming in response to a doubling of CO2 concentration, which may happen  this century unless the usual suspects get away with shutting down the  economies of the West, will be a harmless 1 Fahrenheit degree, not the 6  F predicted by the IPCC."
Evidence: The 1990 IPCC First Assessment Report estimated that equilibrium climate sensitivity to a doubling of CO 2 lay between 1.5 and 4.5 °C (2.7 and 8.1 °F), with a "best guess in the light of current knowledge" of 2.5 °C (4.5 °F).
Category: Ice age
Claim: While evidence that the earth’s orbital variations impact radiation levels and thus global temperatures does not of course mean that man is not in some way impacting the climate, studies like these highlight that the role man plays on the planet is dwarfed by natural phenomena utterly out of our control.
Evidence: The consensus is that several factors are important: atmospheric composition, such as the concentrations of carbon dioxide and methane (the specific levels of the previously mentioned gases are now able to be seen with the new ice core samples from EPICA Dome C in Antarctica over the past 800,000 years); changes in the earth's orbit around the Sun known as Milankovitch cycles; the motion of tectonic plates resulting in changes in the relative location and amount of continental and oceanic crust on the earth's surface, which affect wind and ocean currents; variations in solar output; the orbital dynamics of the Earth–Moon system; the impact of relatively large meteorites and volcanism including eruptions of supervolcanoes.
Category: Mother goddess
Claim: Mother Earth has clearly ruled that CO2 is not a pollutant.'
Evidence: This made the debate a political one.
Category: Effects of global warming
Claim: a new study by a leading climate economist, Richard Tol of the University of Sussex, concludes that warming may well bring gains, because carbon dioxide causes crops and wild ecosystems to grow greener and more drought-resistant.
Evidence: If GHG emissions grow a lot (IPCC scenario RCP8.5), already dry regions may have more droughts and less soil moisture.
Category: Natural gas
Claim: Water vapor is the most powerful greenhouse gas.
Evidence: Natural gas is thus a more potent greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide due to the greater global-warming potential of methane.
Category: Sea level rise
Claim: If those emissions continue unchecked and the world is allowed to heat up enough, scientists have no doubt that large parts of Antarctica will melt into the sea.
Evidence: Also, a report by the Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research stated that around three million years ago, levels of carbon dioxide in the Earth’s atmosphere were similar to today’s levels which increased temperature by two to three degrees Celsius and melted one third of Antarctica’s ice sheets.
Category: Global warming controversy
Claim: Nine years into that 11-year hurricane drought, a NASA scientist computed it as a 1-in-177-year event.
Evidence: In a NASA report published in January 2013, Hansen and Sato noted "the 5-year mean global temperature has been flat for a decade, which we interpret as a combination of natural variability and a slowdown in the growth rate of the net climate forcing."
Evidence: Drought is the unusual dryness of soil caused by levels of rainfall significantly below average over a prolonged period.
Category: American Civil War
Claim: Societies do fall apart from war, disease or chaos.
Evidence: It proved to be the death struggle of a society, which went down in ruins.
Evidence: Following the coup, chaos ensued.
Evidence: Diseases flourished in the chaotic wartime conditions.
Category: Sea level rise
Claim: Together, these two unaltered [sea level] datasets indicate that global mean sea level trend has remained stable over the entire period 1992-2007, altogether eliminating the apparent 3.2 mm/year rate of sea-level rise arising from the “adjusted” data.
Evidence: Data collected by the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) in Australia show the current global mean sea level trend to be 3.2 mm (0.13 in) per year, a doubling of the rate during the 20th century.
Evidence: Measurements by Jason-1 indicate that mean sea level has been rising at an average rate of 2.28 millimeters (.09 inches) per year since 2001.
Evidence: Since 1900, the sea level has risen at an average of 1.7 mm (0.067 in) per year; since 1993, satellite altimetry from TOPEX/Poseidon indicates a rate of about 3 mm (0.12 in) per year.
Category: Global warming controversy
Claim: Two American researchers allege that U.S. government scientists have  skewed global temperature trends by ignoring readings from thousands of  local weather stations around the world, particularly those in colder  altitudes and more northerly latitudes, such as Canada.
Evidence: A study released in 2009, combined historical weather station data with satellite measurements to deduce past temperatures over large regions of the continent, and these temperatures indicate an overall warming trend.
Category: Climate change in the Arctic
Claim: And there is a lot of evidence that climate change is diminishing biodiversity, which can be seen in these alpine meadows as well.
Evidence: "Dominance hierarchies, diversity and species richness of vascular plants in an alpine meadow: contrasting short and medium term responses to simulated global change".
Evidence: As development of the country's caused a decline in forest cover, a reduction in biodiversity was seen in those areas.
Category: Global warming
Claim: Contemporary Global Warming placed in geological context.
Evidence: The 1850–1900 period is a reasonable pragmatic surrogate for preindustrial global mean temperature."
Category: Scientific consensus on climate change
Claim: Comparisons to the most recent data consistently finds that climate change is occurring more rapidly and intensely than indicated by IPCC predictions.
Evidence: The statement references the IPCC's Fourth Assessment of 2007, and asserts that "climate change is happening even faster than previously estimated; global CO 2 emissions since 2000 have been higher than even the highest predictions, Arctic sea ice has been melting at rates much faster than predicted, and the rise in the sea level has become more rapid".
Evidence: Projections based on the Special Report on Emissions Scenarios suggest warming over the 21st century at a more rapid rate than that experienced for at least the last 10,000 years.
Category: Supercell
Claim: The heaviest precipitation events will become more frequent and more extreme.
Evidence: This is generally the area of heaviest and most widespread precipitation.
Category: Global warming
Claim: Peer-reviewed research, physics, and math all tell us that a grand solar minimum would have no more than a 0.3°C cooling effect, barely enough to put a dent in human-caused global warming.
Evidence: Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7 °C (0.5 to 3.1 °F) in a moderate scenario, or as much as 2.6 to 4.8 °C (4.7 to 8.6 °F) in an extreme scenario, depending on the rate of future greenhouse gas emissions and on climate feedback effects.
Evidence: The spatial and temporal fingerprint of warming can be traced to increasing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, which are a direct result of burning fossil fuels, broad-scale deforestation and other human activity.
Category: Global cooling
Claim: During the period 1940 to 1976 there was a cooling of the climate despite increasing CO2 levels.
Evidence: By the 1970s, scientists were becoming increasingly aware that estimates of global temperatures showed cooling since 1945, as well as the possibility of large scale warming due to emissions of greenhouse gases.
Category: Hurricane Harvey
Claim: Hurricane Harvey gave Houston and the surrounding region a $125 billion lesson about the costs of misjudging the potential for floods
Evidence: The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration estimated total damage at $125 billion, with a 90% confidence interval of $90–160 billion.
Evidence: The damage for the Houston area is estimated at up to $125 billion U.S. dollars, and it is considered to be one of the worst natural disasters in the history of the United States, with the death toll exceeding 70 people.
Evidence: Preliminary reporting from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration set a more concrete total at $125 billion, making Harvey the 2nd costliest tropical cyclone on record, behind Hurricane Katrina with 2017 costs of $161 billion (after adjusting for inflation).
Category: Wisconsin
Claim: Wisconsin employers have repeatedly said in surveys that our anti-business litigation climate is one of the most important factors affecting their expansion decisions.
Evidence: Walker enacted other bills promoting conservative governance, such as a right-to-work law, abortion restrictions, and legislation removing certain gun controls.
Category: Global warming
Claim: They changed the name from “global warming” to “climate change” after the term global warming just wasn’t working (it was too cold)!
Evidence: Oxford Dictionary chose climate emergency as the word of the year 2019 and defines the term as "a situation in which urgent action is required to reduce or halt climate change and avoid potentially irreversible environmental damage resulting from it".
Category: United States withdrawal from the Paris Agreement
Claim: Donald Trump claims Global Warming is a hoax
Evidence: "Fact: Trump claimed climate change is a hoax created by China".
Evidence: Donald Trump, the 45th and current President of the United States, has said that "climate change is a hoax invented by and for Chinese."
Category: Greenhouse gas
Claim: Greenhouse gases have been the main contributor of warming since 1970.
Evidence: The seven sources of CO 2 from fossil fuel combustion are (with percentage contributions for 2000–2004): Carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide (N 2O) and three groups of fluorinated gases (sulfur hexafluoride (SF 6), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), and perfluorocarbons (PFCs)) are the major anthropogenic greenhouse gases, and are regulated under the Kyoto Protocol international treaty, which came into force in 2005.
Category: Isis
Claim: "the cascading effects" of climate change contributed to the rise of ISIS.
Evidence: Sirius's heliacal rising, just before the start of the Nile flood, gave Sopdet a close connection with the flood and the resulting growth of plants.
Evidence: Self-reinforcing feedbacks in the carbon cycle and planetary reflectivity could trigger a cascading set of tipping points that lead the world into a hothouse climate state.
Category: Carbon dioxide
Claim: 'Our harmless emissions of trifling quantities of carbon dioxide cannot possibly acidify the oceans.
Evidence: Carbon dioxide also causes ocean acidification because it dissolves in water to form carbonic acid.
Evidence: These rising levels of carbon dioxide are acidifying the oceans.
Category: Polar bear
Claim: Polar bear numbers are increasing.
Evidence: Warnings about the future of the polar bear are often contrasted with the fact that worldwide population estimates have increased over the past 50 years and are relatively stable today.
Category: Renewable energy in Kenya
Claim: Numerous case studies on both regional and global scales have determined that renewable energy, if properly implemented, can provide baseload power.
Evidence: Geothermal power has the potential to provide reliable, cost-competitive, baseload power with a small carbon footprint, and reduces vulnerability to climate by diversifying power supply away from hydropower, which currently provides the majority of Kenya’s electricity.
Evidence: Low temperature Geothermal (generally referred to as "GHP") is an increasingly important renewable technology because it both reduces total annual energy loads associated with heating and cooling, and it also flattens the electric demand curve eliminating the extreme summer and winter peak electric supply requirements.
Category: Polar bear
Claim: “Although the extent of the summer sea ice after 2006 dropped abruptly to levels not expected until 2050, the predicted 67-per-cent decline in polar bear numbers simply didn’t happen.
Evidence: The proportion of maternity dens on sea ice has changed from 62% between the years 1985 through 1994, to 37% over the years 1998 through 2004.
Evidence: Rising temperatures cause the sea ice to melt earlier in the year, driving the bears to shore before they have built sufficient fat reserves to survive the period of scarce food in the late summer and early fall.
Category: Supercontinent
Claim: But we do have other reliable indicators of temperatures before the late 1800s, and the evidence shows temperatures have been warmer than today for most of the past several thousand years, including warmer-than-present temperatures for most of the human civilization time period
Evidence: The Jurassic is thought to have been approximately 10 degrees Celsius warmer along 90 degrees East paleolongitude compared to the present temperature of today's central Eurasia.
Category: South Pole
Claim: This is the South Pole ice, 90% of Earth’s ice, and it’s getting thicker.
Evidence: The ice is estimated to be about 2,700 metres (9,000 ft) thick at the Pole, so the land surface under the ice sheet is actually near sea level.
Evidence: It is estimated there is at least 600 million tons of ice at the north pole in sheets of relatively pure ice at least a couple of meters thick.
Category: Climate sensitivity
Claim: Study finds low probability of both very low and very high climate sensitivities, and its lower estimate (as compared to the IPCC) is based on a new temperature reconstruction of the Last Glacial Maximum that may or may not withstand the test of time.
Evidence: "A lower and more constrained estimate of climate sensitivity using updated observations and detailed radiative forcing time series".
Evidence: The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC, 2007) have produced a range of projections of what the future increase in global mean temperature might be.
Category: Coral reef
Claim: Coral atolls grow as sea levels rise.
Evidence: Healthy tropical coral reefs grow horizontally from 1 to 3 cm (0.39 to 1.18 in) per year, and grow vertically anywhere from 1 to 25 cm (0.39 to 9.84 in) per year; however, they grow only at depths shallower than 150 m (490 ft) because of their need for sunlight, and cannot grow above sea level.
Evidence: Atolls may also be formed by the sinking of the seabed or rising of the sea level.
Evidence: As communities established themselves, the reefs grew upwards, pacing rising sea levels.
Category: Greenhouse gas
Claim: "While major green house gas  H2O substantially warms the Earth, minor green house gases such as CO2  have little effect....
Evidence: "Rapid atmospheric CO 2 changes associated with the 8,200-years-B.P.
Category: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
Claim: The IPCC lead authors are experts in their field, instructed to fairly represent the full range of the up-to-date, peer-reviewed literature.
Evidence: Lead authors of IPCC reports assess the available information about climate change based on published sources.
Evidence: According to IPCC guidelines, authors should give priority to peer-reviewed sources.
Category: Space and survival
Claim: parts of the Earth will likely become close to uninhabitable
Evidence: Eventually the Earth will be uninhabitable, at the latest when the Sun becomes a red giant in about 5 billion years.
Evidence: At current rates, sea level would be high enough to make the Maldives uninhabitable by 2100.
Category: Effects of global warming
Claim: We don't need a high heat flow - just a high temperature for the core to affect the surface climate.
Evidence: Global warming refers to the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.
Category: 21st century
Claim: 97% of climate experts agree humans are causing global warming.
Evidence: Climate scientists have reached a consensus that the earth is undergoing significant anthropogenic (human-induced) global warming.
Category: Environmental impact of aviation in the United Kingdom
Claim: The top five countries for passenger aviation-related carbon emissions were rounded out by China, the United Kingdom, Japan, and Germany.
Evidence: Air transport in the UK accounted for 6.3 per cent of all UK carbon emissions in 2006.
Category: Scientific consensus on climate change
Claim: The fact that so many studies on climate change don't bother to endorse the consensus position is significant because scientists have largely moved from what's causing global warming onto discussing details of the problem (eg - how fast, how soon, impacts, etc).
Evidence: International Council of Academies of Engineering and Technological Sciences (CAETS) in 2007, issued a Statement on Environment and Sustainable Growth: As reported by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), most of the observed global warming since the mid-20th century is very likely due to human-produced emission of greenhouse gases and this warming will continue unabated if present anthropogenic emissions continue or, worse, expand without control.
Evidence: The scientific consensus on climate change is "that climate is changing and that these changes are in large part caused by human activities", and it "is largely irreversible".
Evidence: There is an extensive discussion in the scientific literature on what policies might be effective in responding to climate change.
Category: Environmental impact of wind power
Claim: Renew­ables such as wind turbines are environmentally disastrous because they pollute a huge land area, slice and dice birds and bats, kill insects that are bird food, create health problems for humans who live within kilometres of them, leave toxins around the turbine site and despoil the landscape.
Evidence: Fossil-fueled power plants, which wind turbines generally require to make up for their weather dependent intermittency, kill almost 20 times as many birds per gigawatt hour (GWh) of electricity according to Sovacool.
Category: Greenland ice sheet
Claim: Every part of the Earth's climate system has continued warming since 1998, with 2015 shattering temperature records.
Evidence: "NASA, NOAA Analyses Reveal Record-Shattering Global Warm Temperatures in 2015".
Category: 2015 Indian heat wave
Claim: cold kills many more people than heat.
Evidence: In 2013, 1,216 people died due to the heat.
Category: Stephen Harper
Claim: The Conservatives' recent budget made no mention of climate change.
Evidence: In 2006, Canada's Clean Air and Climate Change Act was introduced to address air pollution as well as greenhouse gas emissions; it never became law.
Category: Antarctica
Claim: Other parts of the earth got colder when Greenland got warmer.
Evidence: As a result of continued warming, the polar ice caps melted and much of Gondwana became a desert.
Evidence: "Coldest temperature ever recorded on Earth in Antarctica".
Category: Philosophy of geography
Claim: Benny Peiser conducted a search of peer-reviewed literature on the ISI Web of Science database between 1993 and 2003.
Evidence: In 2005 the society sponsoring these annual meetings became the International Association for the Study of Environment, Space, and Place, and in 2009 the book series gave way to a peer-reviewed journal, Environment, Space, Place, published semiannually and currently edited by C. Patrick Heidkamp, Troy Paddock, and Christine Petto of Southern Connecticut State University.
Evidence: Google Scholar is a freely accessible web search engine that indexes the full text or metadata of scholarly literature across an array of publishing formats and disciplines.
Evidence: Released in beta in November 2004, the Google Scholar index includes most peer-reviewed online academic journals and books, conference papers, theses and dissertations, preprints, abstracts, technical reports, and other scholarly literature, including court opinions and patents.
Category: John Coleman (meteorologist)
Claim: Weather Channel Co-Founder John Coleman Calls Global Warming a Hoax
Evidence: "'Global warming the greatest scam in history' claims founder of Weather Channel".
Category: Climate
Claim: The data suggests solar activity is influencing the global climate causing the world to get warmer."
Evidence: Alterations in the quantity of atmospheric greenhouse gases determines the amount of solar energy retained by the planet, leading to global warming or global cooling.
Category: Ice shelf
Claim: Antarctica is gaining land-based ice, according to a new study by NASA scientists published in the Journal of Glaciology
Evidence: A study by NASA and university researchers, published in the June 14, 2013 issue of Science, found however that ocean waters melting the undersides of Antarctic ice shelves are responsible for most of the continent's ice shelf mass loss.
Evidence: Glaciologists in Antarctica are concerned with the study of the history and dynamics of floating ice, seasonal snow, glaciers, and ice sheets.
Evidence: Glaciology (from Latin: glacies, "frost, ice", and Ancient Greek: λόγος, logos, "subject matter"; literally "study of ice") is the scientific study of glaciers, or more generally ice and natural phenomena that involve ice.
Category: Medieval Warm Period
Claim: The original global temperature schematic which appeared in the IPCC First Assessment Report and seemed to show the Medieval Warm Period (MWP) hotter than Present was based on the central England temperature record, and ended in the 1950s.
Evidence: However, that view was questioned by other researchers; the IPCC First Assessment Report of 1990 discussed the "Medieval Warm Period around 1000 AD (which may not have been global) and the Little Ice Age which ended only in the middle to late nineteenth century."
Category: Myocardial infarction
Claim: “The Lancet researchers found that about 0.5%—half a percent—of all deaths are associated with heat, not only from acute problems like heat stroke, but also increased mortality from cardiac events and dehydration.
Evidence: The World Health Organization estimated in 2004, that 12.2% of worldwide deaths were from ischemic heart disease; with it being the leading cause of death in high- or middle-income countries and second only to lower respiratory infections in lower-income countries.
Category: 2014–16 El Niño event
Claim: This means it is possible that by some yardsticks, 2016 will be declared as hot as 2015 or even slightly hotter – because El Nino did not vanish until the middle of the year.
Evidence: The El Niño event also contributed to the Earth's warming trend, with 2014 and 2015 being two of the warmest years on record.
Evidence: As a result of this the BoM, NOAA's CPC, IRI, and the JMA, all declared that the record-tying El Niño event had ended in late May/early June.
Category: Radiative forcing
Claim: Monckton used the IPCC equation in an inappropriate manner.
Evidence: While recently a suggests a significant revision of methane IPCC formula.
Evidence: The 2001 IPCC Third Assessment Report F igure 9.3 shows the global mean response of 19 different coupled models to an idealised experiment in which emissions increased at 1% per year.
Category: Global warming
Claim: When the heat buildup in the ocean is taken into account, global temperatures are rising relentlessly.
Evidence: Further examples include sea level rise, widespread melting of snow and land ice, increased heat content of the oceans, increased humidity, and the earlier timing of spring events, such as the flowering of plants.
Category: Global warming
Claim: While there has been a mean rise of a little more than 3mm per year worldwide since the 1990s, in the last decade, the NOAA Virginia Key tide gauge just south of Miami Beach has measured a 9mm rise annually.”
Evidence: Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.
Evidence: This could mean rapid sea level rise of up to 19 mm (0.75 in) per year by the end of the century.
Evidence: This network was used, in combination with satellite altimeter data, to establish that global mean sea-level rose 19.5 cm (7.7 in) between 1870 and 2004 at an average rate of about 1.44 mm/yr (1.7 mm/yr during the 20th century).
Category: Sun
Claim: By regulating the Earth’s cloud cover, the Sun  can turn the temperature up and down. ...
Evidence: The temperature of the photosphere is approximately 6,000 K, whereas the temperature of the corona reaches 1,000,000–2,000,000 K. The high temperature of the corona shows that it is heated by something other than direct heat conduction from the photosphere.
Category: Medieval Warm Period
Claim: Medieval Warm Period was warmer than the climate warming today.
Evidence: Much of the Northern Hemisphere showed significant cooling during the Little Ice Age (defined in the study from 1400 to 1700), but Labrador and isolated parts of the United States appeared to be approximately as warm as during the 1961–1990 period.
Category: Scientific consensus on climate change
Claim: Scientists are "questioning the original idea that man-made global warming is what is causing the climate to change. "
Evidence: The New York Times reported that "the leading international network of climate scientists has concluded for the first time that global warming is 'unequivocal' and that human activity is the main driver, 'very likely' causing most of the rise in temperatures since 1950".
Evidence: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.
Category: Greenhouse gas
Claim: Humans are emitting 26 gigatonnes of CO2 into the atmosphere.
Evidence: The pharmaceutical industry emitted 52 megatonnes of Carbon dioxide into the atmosphere in 2015.
Evidence: In the modern era, emissions to the atmosphere from volcanoes are approximately 0.645 billion tonnes of CO 2 per year, whereas humans contribute 29 billion tonnes of CO 2 each year.
Category: Climate change in the Arctic
Claim: “‘The Arctic may be remote, but changes that occur there directly affect us.
Evidence: Climate change is having a direct impact on the people that live in the Arctic, as well as other societies around the world.
Evidence: As a result of this change, Micronesia is more likely to be affected by tropical cyclones, while China has a decreased risk of being affected by tropical cyclones.
Evidence: Climate change is also predicted to have a large impact on Tundra vegetation, causing an increase of shrubs, and having a negative impact on bryophytes and lichens.
Category: John Coleman (meteorologist)
Claim: Weather Channel co-founder John Coleman provided evidence that convincingly refutes the concept of anthropogenic global warming.
Evidence: He has called global warming the "greatest scam in history" and made numerous false or misleading claims about climate science.
Category: Retreat of glaciers since 1850
Claim: While the Greenland interior is in mass balance, the coastlines are losing ice.
Evidence: Inland glaciers have had a generally negative mass balance, whereby during the 1990s, maritime glaciers showed a positive mass balance and advanced.
Category: Pacific decadal oscillation
Claim: In 1977, PDO switched to a warm phase.
Evidence: There is evidence of reversals in the prevailing polarity (meaning changes in cool surface waters versus warm surface waters within the region) of the oscillation occurring around 1925, 1947, and 1977; the last two reversals corresponded with dramatic shifts in salmon production regimes in the North Pacific Ocean.
Evidence: 1976/1977: PDO changed to a "warm" phase.
Evidence: 1924/1925: PDO changed to a "warm" phase.
Category: Greenhouse effect
Claim: that atmospheric CO2 increase that we observe is a product of temperature  increase, and not the other way around, meaning it is a product of  natural variation...
Evidence: The result, however, is an increase in temperature in both cases.
Evidence: These isotope changes occurred due to the release of carbon from the ocean into the atmosphere that led to a temperature increase of 4-8 °C (7-14 °F) at the surface of the ocean.
Category: Climate sensitivity
Claim: In fact, the authors go on to estimate climate sensitivity from their findings, calculate a value between 2.3 to 4.1°C.
Evidence: IPCC authors concluded ECS is very likely to be greater than 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) and likely to lie in the range 2 to 4.5 °C (4 to 8.1 °F), with a most likely value of about 3 °C (5 °F).
Category: Coral bleaching
Claim: an individual heatwave triggering coral bleaching cannot be linked to global warming as the process triggering an individual heatwave is fundamentally different from that triggering global warming
Evidence: "Diversity of Corals, Algae in Warm Indian Ocean Suggests Resilience to Future Global Warming".
Evidence: A global mass coral bleaching has been occurring since 2014 because of the highest recorded temperatures plaguing oceans.
Category: Gas exchange
Claim: Reefs need carbon dioxide; it’s their basic food.
Evidence: In aerobic organisms, gas exchange is particularly important for respiration, which involves the uptake of oxygen (O 2) and release of carbon dioxide (CO 2).
Category: Arctic
Claim: The full data for latitudes 64-90°N reveal the Arctic is warmer today than in 1940.
Evidence: Average winter temperatures can go as low as −40 °C (−40 °F), and the coldest recorded temperature is approximately −68 °C (−90 °F).
Category: Sea ice
Claim: There will still be about a million square kilometres of ice in the Arctic in summer
Evidence: In the Arctic, the area of ocean covered by sea ice increases over winter from a minimum in September to a maximum in March or sometimes February, before melting over the summer.
Evidence: It covers almost 14 million km2 and some 30 million km3 of ice.
Category: Scientific consensus on climate change
Claim: Higher temperatures, we’re told, will be deadly—killing “thousands to tens of thousands” of Americans
Evidence: Each year, about 800,000 people die from causes attributable to urban air pollution, 1.8 million from diarrhoea resulting from lack of access to clean water supply, sanitation, and poor hygiene, 3.5 million from malnutrition and approximately 60,000 in natural disasters.
Evidence: This military aerial spraying killed tens of thousands of people with bubonic plague epidemics.
Evidence: A heat wave began across much of the midwestern United States, killing hundreds of people over a six-day period where temperatures remained above 100 degrees Fahrenheit.
Category: Global catastrophic risk
Claim: an airplane is contributing to the emissions that put the frozen continent at risk.
Evidence: In November 2017, a statement by 15,364 scientists from 184 countries indicated that increasing levels of greenhouse gases from use of fossil fuels, human population growth, deforestation, and overuse of land for agricultural production, particularly by farming ruminants for meat consumption, are trending in ways that forecast an increase in human misery over coming decades.
Evidence: Boeing estimates that biofuels could reduce flight-related greenhouse-gas emissions by 60 to 80%.
Category: Austria
Claim: "Austria is today seeing its earliest snowfall in history with 30 to 40 centimetres already predicted in the mountains.
Evidence: From 1925 to 1929, the economy enjoyed a short high before nearly crashing[clarification needed] after Black Tuesday.
Category: Sea level rise
Claim: That’s because as Antarctica’s mass shrinks, the ice sheet’s gravitational pull on the ocean relaxes somewhat, and the seas travel back across the globe to pile up far away — with U.S. coasts being one prime destination.”
Evidence: With the loss of mass, the gravitational pull becomes less and local water levels might drop.
Evidence: The additional snowfall causes increased ice flow of the ice sheet into the ocean, so that the mass gain due to snowfall is partially compensated.
Evidence: During deglaciation, the melted ice water returns to the oceans, thus sea level in the ocean increases again.
Category: Paleoclimatology
Claim: The changes in the amount of oxygen in the shells isn’t a reflection of changing temperatures – just a consequence of the fact that the amount of oxygen seen changes over time anyway.
Evidence: The exact cause of the variation of the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere is not known.
Category: Sea level rise
Claim: An area of coastal ecosystems larger than New York City is destroyed every year, removing an important buffer from extreme weather for coastal communities and releasing carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.
Evidence: Such impacts include increased coastal erosion, higher storm-surge flooding, inhibition of primary production processes, more extensive coastal inundation, changes in surface water quality and groundwater characteristics, increased loss of property and coastal habitats, increased flood risk and potential loss of life, loss of non-monetary cultural resources and values, impacts on agriculture and aquaculture through decline in soil and water quality, and loss of tourism, recreation, and transportation functions.