Danthammadhavi/climate_fever_fixed huggingface dataset:
Category: Barack Obama
Claim: The Obama administration "has been constrained by the Oil Pollution Act of 1990, which basically gives the responsible party the lead role in trying to not only fix the problem, but contain the problem."
Evidence: Obama's approach of selectively combining regulation and incentive to various issues in the domestic energy policy, such as coal mining and oil fracking, has received mixed commentary for not being as responsive to the needs of the domestic manufacturing sector as needed, following claims that the domestic manufacturing sector utilizes as much as a third of the nation's available energy resources.
Category: Climate change and agriculture
Claim: Although it has some very important and beneficial effects, CO2 meets the legal and encyclopedic definitions of a "pollutant", and human CO2 emissions pose a threat to public health and welfare.
Evidence: More favourable effects on yield tend to depend to a large extent on realization of the potentially beneficial effects of carbon dioxide on crop growth and increase of efficiency in water use.
Category: Global warming
Claim: Arctic sea ice loss is three times greater than Antarctic sea ice gain, and the amount of solar energy absorbed by the Earth is increasing as a result.
Evidence: More of the Sun's energy is now absorbed in these regions, contributing to Arctic amplification, which has caused Arctic temperatures to increase at more than twice the rate of the rest of the world.
Evidence: The amount of solar energy reaching Earth's surface decreases with increasing latitude.
Category: Temperature record of the past 1000 years
Claim: For instance, in the original hockey stick (ending 1980) the last 30-40 years of data points slightly downwards.
Evidence: The curve shown in graphs of these reconstructions is widely known as the hockey stick graph because of the sharp increase in temperatures during the last century.
Category: West Side Highway
Claim: Hansen predicted in 1988 the West Side Highway would be underwater in 20 years.
Evidence: Construction began in early 1996 on the West Side Highway project.
Category: Climatic Research Unit email controversy
Claim: “[T]he 1079 emails and 72 documents seem indeed evidence of a scandal  involving most of the most prominent scientists pushing the man-made  warming theory - a scandal that is one of the greatest in modern  science.
Evidence: Writing for Newsweek, journalist Sharon Begley called the controversy a "highly orchestrated, manufactured scandal", noting that the public was unlikely to change their mind.
Category: Scientific consensus on climate change
Claim: As a result, half of the people surveyed around the world last year said they thought climate change would make humanity extinct.
Evidence: Catastrophic effects in 50–100 years would likely be observed according to 41%, while 44% thought the effects would be moderate and about 13 percent saw relatively little danger.
Category: Global cooling
Claim: If Houlton’s finding about these vast, previously unknown nitrogen stores holds true, then it would have an enormous impact on global warming predictions.
Evidence: By the 1970s, scientists were becoming increasingly aware that estimates of global temperatures showed cooling since 1945, as well as the possibility of large scale warming due to emissions of greenhouse gases.
Category: Solar water heating
Claim: If every house in Florida had a solar-heated water tank, that would eliminate consumption by 17 percent.
Evidence: When combined with storage, large scale solar heating can provide 50-97% of annual heat consumption for district heating.
Category: United States Department of Homeland Security
Claim: More money is dedicated within the Department of Homeland Security to climate change than what's spent combating "Islamist terrorists radicalizing over the Internet in the United States of America."
Evidence: The center works on the Internet's routing infrastructure (the SPRI program) and Domain Name System (DNSSEC), identity theft and other online criminal activity (ITTC), Internet traffic and networks research (PREDICT datasets and the DETER testbed), Department of Defense and HSARPA exercises (Livewire and Determined Promise), and wireless security in cooperation with Canada.
Category: Climate change mitigation
Claim: There is no way for us to prevent the world’s CO2 emissions    from doubling by 2100"
Evidence: For example, the emissions reductions proposed by Nordhaus (2010) might lead to global warming (in the year 2100) of around 3 °C, relative to pre-industrial levels.
Category: Skepticism
Claim: There's no empirical evidence for climate change.
Evidence: A scientific or empirical skeptic is one who questions beliefs on the basis of scientific understanding and empirical evidence.
Category: Silurian
Claim: "The killer proof that CO2 does not drive climate is to be found during the Ordovician- Silurian and the Jurassic-Cretaceous periods when CO2 levels were greater than 4000 ppmv (parts per million by volume) and about 2000 ppmv respectively.
Evidence: The Silurian (/sɪˈljʊər.i.ən, saɪ-/ sih-LYOOR-ee-ən, sy-) is a geologic period and system spanning 24.6 million years from the end of the Ordovician Period, at 443.8 million years ago (Mya), to the beginning of the Devonian Period, 419.2 Mya.
Category: Great Salt Lake
Claim: But there is also good data showing sea levels
Evidence: Water levels have been recorded since 1875, averaging about 4,200 feet (1,280 m) above sea level.
Category: Environmental threats to the Great Barrier Reef
Claim: If water temperatures stay moderate, the damaged sections of the Great Barrier Reef may be covered with corals again in as few as 10 or 15 years
Evidence: When the 2019 Townsville flood waters reached the Great Barrier Reef, the flood plumes covered a large area of corals, even reaching 60 km out to sea.
Category: Human impact on the environment
Claim: Through its impacts on the climate, CO2 presents a danger to public health and welfare, and thus qualifies as an air pollutant
Evidence: This creates air pollution, including nitrous oxides and particulates, and is a significant contributor to global warming through emission of carbon dioxide, for which transport is the fastest-growing emission sector.
Category: Concentrated solar power
Claim: For example, geothermal energy is available at all times, concentrated solar thermal energy has storage capability, and wind energy can be stored in compressed air.
Evidence: A CSP plant can incorporate thermal energy storage, which stores energy either in the form of sensible heat, or as latent heat (for example, using molten salt), which enables these plants to continue to generate electricity whenever it is needed, day or night.
Evidence: Presently, this is a commercially used technology to store the heat collected by concentrated solar power (e.g., from a solar tower or solar trough).
Evidence: CSP with thermal storage systems are also available using Brayton cycle with air instead of steam for generating electricity and/or steam round the clock.
Category: Nepal
Claim: A number of independent investigations from different countries, universities and government bodies have investigated the stolen emails and found no evidence of wrong doing.
Evidence: The Commission for the Investigation of Abuse of Authority is an independent investigative agency that investigates and prosecutes cases related to corruption and bribery, in addition to the abuse of authority by government officials and officeholders.
Category: Climate change denial
Claim: Around 97% of climate experts agree that humans are causing global warming.
Evidence: Several researchers have concluded that around 97% of climate scientists agree with this consensus.
Evidence: 97% of the scientists surveyed agreed that global temperatures had increased during the past 100 years; 84% said they personally believed human-induced warming was occurring, and 74% agreed that "currently available scientific evidence" substantiated its occurrence.
Category: Medieval Warm Period
Claim: The MWP lasted from about 950 to 1250AD, and temperature records appear to show it was even hotter than today
Evidence: study found warmth exceeding 1961–1990 levels in Southern Greenland and parts of North America during the Medieval Climate Anomaly (defined in the study from 950 to 1250) with warmth in some regions exceeding temperatures of the 1990–2010 period.
Evidence: The Medieval Warm Period (MWP) also known as the Medieval Climate Optimum, or Medieval Climatic Anomaly was a time of warm climate in the North Atlantic region lasting from c. 950 to c. 1250.
Category: Global warming
Claim: There is no statistical evidence that global warming is intensifying[…] floods
Evidence: But, more accurately, global warming is the mainly human-caused increase in global surface temperatures and its projected continuation, while climate change includes both global warming and its effects, such as changes in precipitation.
Category: Arctic Circle
Claim: “Ice-free means the central basin of the Arctic will be ice-free
Evidence: The climate inside the Arctic Circle is generally cold, but the coastal areas of Norway have a generally mild climate as a result of the Gulf Stream, which makes the ports of northern Norway and northwest Russia ice-free all year long.
Category: Global warming
Claim: Phil Jones says no global warming since 1995.
Evidence: 10–14 Tyndall 1861.
Category: Moscow
Claim: "Of the rise in temperature during the 20th century, the bulk occurred from 1900 to 1940.
Evidence: The average July temperature from 1981 to 2010 is 19.2 °C (66.6 °F).
Category: Global warming
Claim: Some scientists believe that solar activity is more likely to influence today’s climate than carbon dioxide, and Dr Soon has compiled data showing temperature in America, Canada and Mexico rises and falls in line with solar activity.
Evidence: Another line of evidence for the warming not being due to the Sun is how temperature changes differ at different levels in the Earth's atmosphere.
Category: Antarctica
Claim: Satellites measure Antarctica losing land ice at an accelerating rate.
Evidence: "A 40-y record reveals gradual Antarctic sea ice increases followed by decreases at rates far exceeding the rates seen in the Arctic".
Category: Solar activity and climate
Claim: Various independent measurements of solar activity all confirm the sun has shown a slight cooling trend since 1978.
Evidence: In the three decades following 1978, the combination of solar and volcanic activity is estimated to have had a slight cooling influence.
Category: Eocene
Claim: Temperatures in 1999 were nearly three-tenths of a degree lower than in 1998, and a similar change should occur this time around, though it might not fit so neatly into a calendar year.
Evidence: These isotope changes occurred due to the release of carbon from the ocean into the atmosphere that led to a temperature increase of 4-8 °C (7-14 °F) at the surface of the ocean.
Evidence: This means that a temperature difference of one degree Celsius and that of one kelvin are exactly the same.
Category: Climate change feedback
Claim: Unlike the simple example of positive feedback we learned in high school, the increase from every round of feedback gets smaller and smaller, in the case of the enhanced greenhouse effect.
Evidence: This releases more stored carbon into the atmosphere than the carbon cycle can naturally re-absorb, as well as reducing the overall forest area on the planet, creating a positive feedback loop.
Category: Montreal Protocol
Claim: HFCs (hydrofluorocarbons) are tens of thousands of times more polluting than carbon dioxide.
Evidence: On a molecule-for-molecule basis, these compounds are up to 10,000 times more potent greenhouse gases than carbon dioxide.
Category: Abbott Government
Claim: During the 2013 election campaign the Coalition said its first legislative priority in government would be to scrap the carbon tax.
Evidence: He committed to abolishing the carbon tax, to bring down power and gas prices, and to abolishing the mining tax to increase investment and employment.
Evidence: 2013 Election Launching his campaign for the 2013 Election, Tony Abbott outlined the economic priorities of the Coalition, promising to tackle government debt, eliminate "waste" in government expenditure, and decrease taxes which place a burden on industry and business: We'll build a stronger economy so everyone can get ahead.
Category: Google Scholar
Claim: The error was incorrect citation, failing to mention the peer-reviewed papers where the data came from.
Evidence: Released in beta in November 2004, the Google Scholar index includes most peer-reviewed online academic journals and books, conference papers, theses and dissertations, preprints, abstracts, technical reports, and other scholarly literature, including court opinions and patents.
Evidence: Authors may refer to non-peer-reviewed sources (the "grey literature"), provided that they are of sufficient quality.
Category: Global warming
Claim: “It seems self-evident that rising sea levels will reduce land area.
Evidence: rising sea levels, shrinking Arctic sea ice).
Evidence: "The rate of sea-level rise".
Category: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
Claim: The IPCC’s predicted equilibrium warming path bears no relation to the far lesser rate of “global warming” that has been observed in the 21st century to date.
Evidence: They predict that under a "business as usual" (BAU) scenario, global mean temperature will increase by about 0.3 °C per decade during the [21st] century.
Category: Pearson correlation coefficient
Claim: Soares finds lack of correlation between CO2 and temperature
Evidence: According to the Cauchy–Schwarz inequality it has a value between +1 and −1, where 1 is total positive linear correlation, 0 is no linear correlation, and −1 is total negative linear correlation.
Evidence: In statistics, the Pearson correlation coefficient (PCC, pronounced /ˈpɪərsən/), also referred to as Pearson's r, the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient (PPMCC) or the bivariate correlation, is a measure of the linear correlation between two variables X and Y.
Evidence: The two variables aren't related at all, but correlate by chance.
Category: Global warming controversy
Claim: In the last 35 years of global warming, sun and climate have been going in opposite directions.
Evidence: "Recent oppositely directed trends in solar climate forcings and the global mean surface air temperature" (PDF).
Category: Ocean
Claim: More than half of the 44 studies selected for publication found that raised levels of CO2 had little or no impact on marine life, including crabs, limpets, sea urchins and sponges
Evidence: Plants : including sea grasses, or mangroves Fungi : many marine fungi with diverse roles are found in oceanic environments Animals : most animal phyla have species that inhabit the ocean, including many that are only found in marine environments such as sponges, Cnidaria (such as corals and jellyfish), comb jellies, Brachiopods, and Echinoderms (such as sea urchins and sea stars).
Evidence: This increase in acidity inhibits all marine life – having a greater impact on smaller organisms as well as shelled organisms (see scallops).
Category: Global warming
Claim: Eleven percent of the world’s population is currently vulnerable to climate change impacts such as droughts, floods, heat waves, extreme weather events and sea-level rise.
Evidence: Impacts include the direct effects of extreme weather, leading to injury and loss of life; and indirect effects, such as undernutrition brought on by crop failures.
Category: Climatic Research Unit documents
Claim: The decline in tree-ring growth is openly discussed in papers and IPCC reports.
Evidence: The implications of the decline are discussed in Chapter 2 of the IPCC Third Assessment Report, and in Chapter 6 of the 2007 IPCC Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) which describes discussion of various possible reasons for the divergence which does not affect all the trees, and says that there is no consensus about the cause.
Category: Retreat of glaciers since 1850
Claim: The report suggests significantly smaller overall  ice-mass losses than previous estimates.
Evidence: There has been significant and ongoing ice volume losses on the largest New Zealand glaciers, including the Tasman, Ivory, Classen, Mueller, Maud, Hooker, Grey, Godley, Ramsay, Murchison, Therma, Volta and Douglas Glaciers.
Evidence: As with glaciers worldwide, those of the greater Himalayan region are experiencing a decline in mass, and researchers claim that between the early 1970s and early 2000s, there had been a 9 percent reduction in ice mass.
Evidence: "Sharply increased mass loss from glaciers and ice caps in theCanadian Arctic Archipelago".
Category: Climatic Research Unit documents
Claim: Scientists tried to 'hide the decline' in global temperature
Evidence: The email was widely misquoted as a "trick" to "hide the decline" as though it referred to a decline in measured global temperatures, but this was obviously untrue as when the email was written temperatures were far from declining: 1998 had been the warmest year recorded.
Category: Soldering
Claim: ...there [is] anecdotal and other evidence suggesting similar melts from 1938-43 and on other occasions.
Evidence: Hot-bar reflow is a selective soldering process where two pre-fluxed, solder coated parts are heated with heating element (called a thermode) to a sufficient temperature to melt the solder.
Evidence: If too high a current flows, the element rises to a higher temperature and either directly melts, or else melts a soldered joint within the fuse, opening the circuit.
Category: Climate change in Australia
Claim: the kind of extreme heat we saw this past summer will be the norm
Evidence: Summer 2013–14 was warmer than average for the entirety of Australia.
Evidence: Under the Köppen–Geiger classification, Sydney has a humid subtropical climate (Cfa) with warm summers, cool winters and uniform rainfall throughout the year.
Category: Carbon dioxide
Claim: This growth stimulation occurs because CO2 is one of the two raw materials (the other being water) that are required for photosynthesis.
Evidence: Plants require carbon dioxide to conduct photosynthesis.
Category: Lake Erie
Claim: Satellite error inflated Great Lakes temperatures
Evidence: Because it is the shallowest, it is also the warmest of the Great Lakes, and in 1999 this almost became a problem for two nuclear power plants which require cool lake water to keep their reactors cool.
Category: Global warming
Claim: We didn't have global warming during the Industrial Revolution
Evidence: Human activity since the Industrial Revolution has increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to increased radiative forcing from CO2, methane, tropospheric ozone, CFCs, and nitrous oxide.
Category: Ensemble forecasting
Claim: At present, climate forecasts even as little as six weeks ahead can be diametrically the opposite of what actually occurs, even if the forecasts are limited to a small region of the planet.'
Evidence: These uncertainties limit forecast model accuracy to about six days into the future.
Category: Vegetarianism
Claim: “Which is to say that these beans will be eaten by cows, and the cows will convert the beans to meat, and the humans will eat the meat.
Evidence: are vehemently against the consumption of meat and eggs (though they do consume and encourage the consumption of milk, butter and cheese).
Evidence: Carnivores require meat in their diet for survival, but carnists choose to eat meat based on their beliefs.
Category: Greenhouse gas
Claim: Excess CO2 from human emissions has a long residence time of over 100 years
Evidence: Aside from water vapor, which has a residence time of about nine days, major greenhouse gases are well mixed and take many years to leave the atmosphere.
Category: Climatic Research Unit email controversy
Claim: The 'decline' refers to a decline in northern tree-rings, not global temperature, and is openly discussed in papers and the IPCC reports.
Evidence: This "decline" referred to the well-discussed tree-ring divergence problem, but these two phrases were taken out of context by global warming sceptics, including US Senator Jim Inhofe and former Governor of Alaska Sarah Palin, as though they referred to some decline in measured global temperatures, even though they were written when temperatures were at a record high.
Evidence: The issues with tree rings had not been hidden, but were extensively discussed in scientific literature and in IPCC reports.
Category: Ocean acidification
Claim: The ocean is absorbing massive amounts of CO2, and is becoming more acidic as a result.
Evidence: The ocean would not become acidic even if it were to absorb the CO2 produced from the combustion of all fossil fuel resources.
Evidence: Although the natural absorption of CO 2 by the world's oceans helps mitigate the climatic effects of anthropogenic emissions of CO 2, it is believed that the resulting decrease in pH will have negative consequences, primarily for oceanic calcifying organisms.
Category: United Nations Ocean Conference
Claim: “The oceans will never become acid because there is such a huge buffering capacity in the oceans.
Evidence: For instance as oceans are warming and becoming more acidic, biodiversity is becoming reduced and changing currents will cause more frequent storms and droughts.
Category: Global warming
Claim: The late 1970s marked the end of a 30-year cooling trend.
Evidence: The period from 1983 to 2012 was likely the warmest 30-year period of the last 1400 years in the Northern Hemisphere, where such assessment is possible (medium confidence).
Category: Energy subsidy
Claim: [subsidies for wind and solar] add to emissions because coal-fired elec­tricity needs to be on standby for when there is no wind or sunshine.
Evidence: Though in 2007 some suggested that a subsidy shift would help to level the playing field and support growing energy sectors, namely solar power, wind power, and bio-fuels., by 2017 those sources combined had yet to provide 10% of U.S. electricity, and intermittency forced utilities to remain reliant on oil, natural gas, and coal to meet baseload demand.
Category: Early 2014 North American cold wave
Claim: “During the sunless winter, a heatwave raised concerns that the polar vortex may be eroding.
Evidence: The polar vortex Beginning on January 2, 2014, sudden stratospheric warming (SSW)[dubious – discuss] led to the breakdown of the semi-permanent feature across the Arctic known as the polar vortex.
Category: Earth
Claim: “[Sea ice] also helps regulate the planet’s temperature by influencing the circulation of the atmosphere and ocean.
Evidence: Ocean currents are also important factors in determining climate, particularly the thermohaline circulation that distributes thermal energy from the equatorial oceans to the polar regions.
Category: Global warming
Claim: As a result, the planet as a whole is becoming less reflective and absorbing more sunlight, which is accelerating global warming.
Evidence: If cloud cover increases, more sunlight will be reflected back into space, cooling the planet.
Category: Human
Claim: Through decades of research, it has become clear that human civilization, roughly 6,000 years old, developed during an unusually stable period for global sea levels.
Evidence: [citation needed] By the beginning of the Upper Paleolithic period (50,000 BP), and likely significantly earlier by 100-70,000 years ago or possibly by about 300,000 years ago behavioral modernity, including language, music and other cultural universals had developed.
Evidence: Though most of human existence has been sustained by hunting and gathering in band societies, many human societies transitioned to sedentary agriculture approximately 10,000 years ago, domesticating plants and animals, thus enabling the growth of civilization.
Category: El Niño
Claim: An additional kick was supplied by an El Niño weather pattern that peaked in 2016 and temporarily warmed much of the surface of the planet, causing the hottest year in a historical record dating to 1880.
Evidence: However, over time the term has evolved and now refers to the warm and negative phase of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation and is the warming of the ocean surface or above-average sea surface temperatures in either the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean.
Evidence: Scientists have also found the chemical signatures of warmer sea surface temperatures and increased rainfall caused by El Niño in coral specimens that are around 13,000 years old.
Category: Sea level rise
Claim: Sea-level rise does not seem to depend on ocean temperature, and certainly not on CO2
Evidence: Because different climate models have slightly different patterns of ocean heating, they do not agree fully on the predictions for the contribution of ocean heating on sea level rise.
Category: Carbon dioxide
Claim: The grasslands, crops, forests and territorial waters of Australia absorb more carbon dioxide than Australia emits.
Evidence: During active photosynthesis, plants can absorb more carbon dioxide from the atmosphere than they release in respiration.
Category: Retreat of glaciers since 1850
Claim: Beginning in 2005, however, polar ice modestly receded for several years.
Evidence: Ice cover decreased to 297 km2 (115 sq mi) by 1987–1988 and to 245 km2 (95 sq mi) by 2005, 50% of the 1850 area.
Evidence: This long-term average was markedly surpassed in recent years with the glacier receding 30 m (98 ft) per year during the period between 1999–2005.
Category: Global warming
Claim: While an isolated heatwave can be put down as an anomaly, the scale of this phenomenon points to global warming as the culprit, scientists said.
Evidence: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.
Category: Kyoto Protocol
Claim: "Each unit of CO2 you put into the atmosphere has less and less of a warming impact.
Evidence: The Kyoto Protocol is an international treaty which extends the 1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) that commits state parties to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, based on the scientific consensus that (part one) global warming is occurring and (part two) it is extremely likely that human-made CO2 emissions have predominantly caused it.
Evidence: Still the global warming potential of the landfill gas emitted to atmosphere is significant.
Category: Puerto Rico
Claim: The human contribution can be up to 30 percent or so of the total rainfall coming out of the storm
Evidence: On average, a quarter of its annual rainfall is contributed from tropical cyclones, which are more prevalent during periods of La Niña than El Niño.
Category: Atmosphere of Jupiter
Claim: "A new storm and a new red spot on Jupiter hints at climate change, USA TODAY and dozens of other sources explained yesterday.
Evidence: The Great Red Spot (GRS) is a persistent anticyclonic storm, 22° south of Jupiter's equator; observations from Earth establish a minimum storm lifetime of 350 years.
Category: Coral in non-tropical regions
Claim: The corals may save themselves, as many other creatures are attempting to do, by moving toward the poles as the Earth warms, establishing new reefs in cooler water.”
Evidence: The poleward migration of coral species refers to the phenomenon brought on by rising sea temperatures, wherein corals are colonising cooler climates in an attempt to circumvent coral bleaching, rising sea levels and ocean acidification.
Evidence: In the PETM, it is possible deep water formation occurred in saltier tropical waters and moved polewards, which would increase global surface temperatures by warming the poles.
Category: Hockey stick controversy
Claim: 'Phil Jones said that for the past 15 years there has been no "statistically significant" warming.
Evidence: From this, he concluded that "The post-1980 global warming trend from surface thermometers is not credible.
Evidence: He said there had probably been no global warming since the 1940s, and "Satellite data show no appreciable warming of the global atmosphere since 1979.
Evidence: The reconstruction found significant variability around a long-term cooling trend of –0.02 °C per century, as expected from orbital forcing, interrupted in the 20th century by rapid warming which stood out from the whole period, with the 1990s "the warmest decade, and 1998 the warmest year, at moderately high levels of confidence."
Category: Air pollution
Claim: In those days you couldn’t have seen across the street for all the carbon emissions and the crap coming out of the chimneys.'
Evidence: "The Worst Climate Pollution Is Carbon Dioxide".
Category: Eocene
Claim: But the period has caused a headache for climate scientists because clearly there was no upswell in carbon dioxide that could account for such swift warming.
Evidence: The cause of the warming is considered to be primarily due to carbon dioxide increases, because carbon isotope signatures rule out major methane release during this short term warming.
Category: Greenland ice sheet
Claim: Greenland has only lost a tiny fraction of its ice mass
Evidence: If iceberg calving has happened as an average, Greenland lost 294 Gt of its mass during 2007 (one km3 of ice weighs about 0.9 Gt).
Category: Scientific consensus on climate change
Claim: The warming will slow to a potentially manageable pace only when human emissions are reduced to zero.
Evidence: Avoiding this future warming will require a large and rapid reduction in global greenhouse gas emissions.
Category: Carbon dioxide
Claim: The planet's average surface temperature has risen about 1.62 degrees Fahrenheit (0.9 degrees Celsius) since the late 19th century, a change driven largely by increased carbon dioxide and other human-made emissions into the atmosphere.
Evidence: Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.
Category: Micronesia
Claim: Thousands of coral atolls have "drowned" in the past when they were unable to grow fast enough to maintain a presence at sea level
Evidence: When the volcano sinks back down into the sea, the coral continues to grow, keeping the reef at or above water level.
Category: Tuvalu
Claim: Tuvalu sea level isn't rising.
Evidence: Gradual sea-level rise also allows for coral polyp activity to increase the reefs.
Category: Global warming hiatus
Claim: The PDO shows no trend, and therefore the PDO is not responsible for the trend of global warming.
Evidence: "Recently amplified arctic warming has contributed to a continual global warming trend".
Category: Donald Trump
Claim: Donald Trump signed an executive order naming climate change as a threat "both to the economy and national security."
Evidence: "LGBTQ Advocates Say Trump's New Executive Order Makes Them Vulnerable to Discrimination".
Evidence: An executive order was issued by President Trump on January 24, 2017 that removed barriers from the Keystone XL and Dakota Access Pipelines, making it easier for the companies sponsoring them to continue with production.
Category: Climate change (general concept)
Claim: For decades, most scientists saw climate change as a distant prospect.
Evidence: Scientists have identified many episodes of climate change during Earth's geological history; more recently since the industrial revolution the climate has increasingly been affected by human activities driving global warming, and the terms are commonly used interchangeably in that context.
Category: Arctic sea ice decline
Claim: The heat extremes were especially pervasive in the Arctic, with temperatures in the fall running 20 to 30 degrees Fahrenheit above normal across large stretches of the Arctic Ocean.
Evidence: It has been established that the region is at its warmest for at least 4,000 years and the Arctic-wide melt season has lengthened at a rate of 5 days per decade (from 1979 to 2013), dominated by a later autumn freeze-up.
Evidence: Play media Under the influence of the Quaternary glaciation, the Arctic Ocean is contained in a polar climate characterized by persistent cold and relatively narrow annual temperature ranges.
Category: Cherry blossom
Claim: Hundreds of flowers across the UK are flowering earlier now than any time in 250 years.
Evidence: 23 March 2015.
Category: 2014 in science
Claim: Last month was the hottest June ever recorded, European satellite agency announces
Evidence: Globally, June 2014 was the hottest June since records began in 1880, according to latest data from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA).
Category: Global warming
Claim: Skeptics have long pointed to ice gain in the Southern Hemisphere as evidence climate change wasn’t occurring, but scientists warned that it was caused by natural variations and circulations in the atmosphere.
Evidence: In November 2017, a second warning to humanity signed by 15,364 scientists from 184 countries stated that "the current trajectory of potentially catastrophic climate change due to rising greenhouse gases from burning fossil fuels, deforestation, and agricultural production – particularly from farming ruminants for meat consumption" is "especially troubling".
Evidence: In a NASA report published in January 2013, Hansen and Sato noted "the 5-year mean global temperature has been flat for a decade, which we interpret as a combination of natural variability and a slowdown in the growth rate of the net climate forcing."
Category: Sea level
Claim: The rate of global sea level rise on average has fallen by 40% the last century.
Evidence: For at least the last 100 years, sea level has been rising at an average rate of about 1.8 mm (0.07 in) per year.
Evidence: rising sea levels, shrinking Arctic sea ice).
Category: Media coverage of global warming
Claim: A recent essay in Scientific American argued that scientists “tend to underestimate the severity of threats and the rapidity with which they might unfold” and said one of the reasons was “the perceived need for consensus.”
Evidence: But recently scientists and scholars have challenged the legitimacy of this journalistic core value with regard to matters of great importance on which the overwhelming majority of the scientific community has reached a well-substantiated consensus view.
Category: CLOUD experiment
Claim: The CERN CLOUD experiment only tested one-third of one out of four requirements necessary to blame global warming on cosmic rays, and two of the other requirements have already failed.
Evidence: Although its design is optimised to address the cosmic ray question, (as posed by Henrik Svensmark and colleagues in 1997) CLOUD allows as well to measure aerosol nucleation and growth under controlled laboratory conditions.
Category: Pluto
Claim: Neptune's orbit is 164 years so observations (1950 to present day) span less than a third of a Neptunian year.
Evidence: Pluto has yet to complete a full orbit of the Sun since its discovery, as one Plutonian year is 247.68 years long.
Category: Global warming
Claim: About 60% of the warming observed from 1970 to 2000 was very likely caused by this natural 60-year climatic cycle during its warming phase...
Evidence: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.
Category: Non-renewable resource
Claim: [Jonathan Overpeck:] ‘No doubt about it anymore — humans, mainly by burning fossil fuels, are cooking the planet,’ Overpeck said.
Evidence: At present, the main energy source used by humans is non-renewable fossil fuels.
Category: Tundra
Claim: Melting permafrost can release not just CO2, but also methane, a much stronger heat-trapping gas.
Evidence: When the permafrost melts, it releases carbon in the form of carbon dioxide and methane, both of which are greenhouse gases.
Evidence: It also contains gas hydrates in places, which are a "potential abundant source of energy" but may also destabilize as subsea permafrost warms and thaws, producing large amounts of methane gas, which is a potent greenhouse gas.
Category: Ice age
Claim: There seems to be evidence for a link between solar activity and water levels.
Evidence: In 2009, further evidence was provided that changes in solar insolation provide the initial trigger for the earth to warm after an Ice Age, with secondary factors like increases in greenhouse gases accounting for the magnitude of the change.
Category: Great Barrier Reef
Claim: Coral bleaching has devastated 93% of the Great Barrier Reef
Evidence: Five Great Barrier Reef species of large benthic corals were found bleached under elevated temperatures, affirming that benthic corals are vulnerable to thermal stress.
Category: Climatic Research Unit email controversy
Claim: In an interview with the BBC after the scandal broke, Dr Jones admitted there had been no statistically significant global warming since 1995
Evidence: The American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) reaffirmed its position on global warming and "expressed grave concerns that the illegal release of private emails stolen from the University of East Anglia should not cause policy-makers and the public to become confused about the scientific basis of global climate change.
Evidence: Rajendra Pachauri, as chairman of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, told the BBC in December 2009 that he considered the affair to be "a serious issue" and that they "will look into it in detail".
Category: Scientific consensus on climate change
Claim: “CO2 is certainly a heat-trapping greenhouse gas, but hardly the primary one: Water vapor accounts for about 95 percent of greenhouse gases.
Evidence: The world's most important greenhouse gas is carbon dioxide, a by-product of the burning of fossil fuels.
Category: Carbon dioxide
Claim: Increasing CO2 in the atmosphere has little to no effect.
Evidence: Conversely, a rise in the partial pressure of CO 2 or a lower pH will cause offloading of oxygen from hemoglobin, which is known as the Bohr effect.
Evidence: Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.
Category: Water vapor
Claim: “as surface temperatures of the oceans warm up, the immediate response is more water vapor in the atmosphere.
Evidence: The upper temperature level is given by the soil or water surface of the earth, which absorbs the incoming sun radiation and warms up, evaporating water.
Category: Global warming
Claim: The models predicted about three times the amount of warming in the world we’ve seen since [1988].
Evidence: Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.
Category: Global warming
Claim: We note that the Earth has never in its history had a quasi-stable state that is around 2C warmer than the preindustrial and suggest that there is substantial risk that the system, itself, will ‘want’ to continue warming because of all of these other processes – even if we stop emissions,” she said.
Evidence: A 2018 study tried to identify such a planetary threshold for self-reinforcing feedbacks and found that even a 2 °C (3.6 °F) increase in temperature over pre-industrial levels may be enough to trigger such a hothouse Earth scenario.
Category: Global warming
Claim: About 60% of the warming observed from 1970 to 2000 was very likely caused by the above natural 60-year climatic cycle during its warming phase" (Loehle and Scafetta)
Evidence: Before the Industrial Revolution, naturally occurring amounts of greenhouse gases caused the air near the surface to be warmer by about 33 °C (59 °F) than it would be in their absence.
Category: Cloud
Claim: The extent of climate change’s influence on the jet stream is an intense subject of research.
Evidence: As a consequence, much research has focused on the response of low and vertical clouds to a changing climate.
Category: Greenhouse gas
Claim: “Today climate scientists are obsessed with the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, a very very small part of the overall picture.
Evidence: Measured atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide are currently 100 ppm higher than pre-industrial levels.
Category: Little Ice Age
Claim: Furthermore, it is physically incorrect to state that the planet is simply "recovering" from the Little Ice Age.
Evidence: Thus current evidence does not support globally synchronous periods of anomalous cold or warmth over this interval, and the conventional terms of "Little Ice Age" and "Medieval Warm Period" appear to have limited utility in describing trends in hemispheric or global mean temperature changes in past centuries.... [Viewed] hemispherically, the "Little Ice Age" can only be considered as a modest cooling of the Northern Hemisphere during this period of less than 1°C relative to late twentieth century levels.
Category: Global warming controversy
Claim: While many scientists have acknowledged the mismatch between model predictions and actual temperature observations, few have really challenged the validity of the models themselves.
Evidence: This result went against a similar study of 19 models which found that discrepancies between model predictions and actual temperature were likely due to measurement errors.
Category: Temperature
Claim: Temperatures cooled from about 1940 to 1975, and then they rose from about ’75 to about 2005 or so, and since then they’ve been flat or cooling.
Evidence: In fact the lowest temperature ever obtained in a macroscopic system was 20 nK, which was achieved in 1995 at NIST.
Category: Global warming controversy
Claim: “We indicated 23 years ago — in our 1994 Nature article — that climate models had the atmosphere’s sensitivity to CO2 much too high,” Christy said in a statement.
Evidence: As defined by the IPCC, climate sensitivity is the "equilibrium temperature rise that would occur for a doubling of CO 2 concentration above pre-industrial levels".
Category: Waste heat
Claim: The contribution of waste heat to the global climate is 0.028 W/m2.
Evidence: Anthropogenic heat is a much smaller contributor to global warming than are greenhouse gases.
Evidence: In cities this source typically contributes 15–50 W/m2 to the local heat balance, and several hundred W/m2 in the center of large cities in cold climates and industrial areas."
Category: Effigy Mounds National Monument
Claim: The gas builds up in the soil, forming mounds called ‘pingoes.’
Evidence: However, mounds in the shape of mammals, birds, or reptiles, known as effigies, apparently were constructed primarily by peoples in what is now known as southern Wisconsin, northeast Iowa, and small parts of Minnesota and Illinois.
Evidence: At the same time, root hairs and fungal hyphae create microscopic tunnels that break up peds.
Category: Scientific consensus on climate change
Claim: Ever since 2012, scientists have been debating a complex and frankly explosive idea about how a warming planet will alter our weather — one that, if it’s correct, would have profound implications across the Northern Hemisphere and especially in its middle latitudes
Evidence: It said that Continued emission of greenhouse gases will cause further warming and long-lasting changes in all components of the climate system, increasing the likelihood of severe, pervasive and irreversible impacts for people and ecosystems.
Evidence: Whether this be due directly to the health, disposition or constitution of our globe itself, or to the weather from without, as the new glacial cosmogony would teach us, must remain a question for experts to debate, if not settle.
Evidence: Public disputes that also reflect scientific debate include estimates of how responsive the climate system might be to any given level of greenhouse gases (climate sensitivity), how the climate will change at local and regional scales, and what the consequences of global warming will be.
Category: Sunspot
Claim: Water levels correlate with sunspots.
Evidence: On longer time scales, such as the solar cycle, other magnetic phenomena (faculae and the chromospheric network) correlate with sunspot occurrence.
Evidence: Sunspots number is correlated with the intensity of solar radiation over the period since 1979, when satellite measurements became available.
Category: Extinction
Claim: Each year sees the disappearance of thousands of plant and animal species which we will never know, which our children will never see, because they have been lost for ever.
Evidence: Twenty-five percent of plant and animal species are threatened with extinction.
Category: Homelessness
Claim: Shelters in poorer countries are not repainted as often, and darker stations absorb more of the sun’s energy.
Evidence: The built environment in urban areas also contributes to the "heat island effect", the phenomenon whereby cities experience higher temperatures due to the predominance of dark, paved surfaces and lack of vegetation.
Evidence: Acute conditions such as sunburn, dehydration, heat stroke and allergic reactions are also common.
Category: Jupiter
Claim: Mars and Jupiter are not warming, and anyway the sun has recently been cooling slightly.
Evidence: Infrared observation showed a bright spot where the impact took place, meaning the impact warmed up the lower atmosphere in the area near Jupiter's south pole.
Category: Polar bear
Claim: Global warming is driving polar bears toward extinction
Evidence: "Bear hunting caught in global warming debate".
Category: Global warming
Claim: The Alaskan tundra is warming so quickly it has become a net emitter of carbon dioxide ahead of schedule, a new study finds
Evidence: One potential source of abrupt climate change would be the rapid release of methane and carbon dioxide from permafrost, which would amplify global warming.
Category: Physical impacts of climate change
Claim: “…climate change will also reduce the number of cold days and cold spells.
Evidence: Effects on weather encompass increased heavy precipitation, reduced amounts of cold days, increase in heat waves and various effects on tropical cyclones.
Category: Chemistry
Claim: The authors seem to have jumped right  into statistical  analysis without proposing a physical mechanism that  works.
Evidence: Many physical chemists specialize in exploring and proposing the mechanisms of various chemical reactions.
Evidence: The washability analysis is widely known in bulk material analysis, where the specific density is the physical property describing the liberation and the separation results, which is then in the form of the partition curve.
Category: Earth
Claim: The Ozone Layer stops UV radiation from entering our atmosphere.
Evidence: The ozone layer blocks ultraviolet solar radiation, permitting life on land.
Evidence: The breakdown of ozone in the stratosphere results in reduced absorption of ultraviolet radiation.
Category: Socompa
Claim: The influence of the volcano is easily spotted and removed, together with other even more important spurious influences.
Evidence: Groundwater is warmer and richer in CO 2 the closer to Socompa it is pumped, also suggesting that volcanic gas fluxes still occur at the volcano and that the volcano influences groundwater systems.
Evidence: In his treatment of elegy, scholars have traced the influence of rhetorical education in his enumeration, in his effects of surprise, and in his transitional devices.
Category: Climate change mitigation
Claim: Burping cows are more damaging to the climate than all the cars on this planet.
Evidence: For richer people, emissions tend to be associated with things such as eating beef, cars, frequent flying, and home heating.
Category: Europa (moon)
Claim: But the new research shows that the amount of oxygen in those shells doesn’t actually remain constant over time.
Evidence: Observations with the Goddard High Resolution Spectrograph of the Hubble Space Telescope, first described in 1995, revealed that Europa has a thin atmosphere composed mostly of molecular oxygen (O2), and some water vapor.
Category: Sea level rise
Claim: Ice berg melts, ocean level remains the same.
Evidence: "The melting of floating ice raises the ocean level".