Danthammadhavi/climate_fever_fixed huggingface dataset:
Category: Temperature record of the past 1000 years
Claim: in 1995 one scientist at the IPCC – Jonathan Overpeck – wrote an email to a colleague claiming ‘we have to get rid of the Medieval Warm Period.’
Evidence: When the IPCC TAR was still in draft, Fred Singer held a press event saying "We don't accept this" with Wibjörn Karlén who alleged that MBH99 showed neither a Medieval Warm Period nor a Little Ice Age, an inaccurate claim echoed soon afterwards by John Lawrence Daly.
Evidence: The IPCC Second Assessment Report (SAR) of 1996 featured a graph of an early northern hemisphere reconstruction by Raymond S. Bradley and Phil Jones, and noted the 1994 reconstruction by Hughes and Henry F. Diaz questioning how widespread the Medieval Warm Period had been at any one time.
Evidence: However, that view was questioned by other researchers; the IPCC First Assessment Report of 1990 discussed the "Medieval Warm Period around 1000 AD (which may not have been global) and the Little Ice Age which ended only in the middle to late nineteenth century."
Category: Global warming
Claim: The broader term covers changes beyond warmer temperatures, such as shifting rainfall patterns.”
Evidence: But, more accurately, global warming is the mainly human-caused increase in global surface temperatures and its projected continuation, while climate change includes both global warming and its effects, such as changes in precipitation.
Category: Miami
Claim: In South Florida, "we've had nine inches of sea-level rise since the 1920s."
Evidence: The sea level rose quickly after that, stabilizing at the current level about 4,000 years ago, leaving the mainland of South Florida just above sea level.
Evidence: Between 1900 and 2016, the sea level rose by 16–21 cm (6.3–8.3 in).
Evidence: "Sea-Level Rise from the Late 19th to the Early 21st Century".
Category: Greenhouse gas
Claim: Eleven percent of all global greenhouse gas emissions caused by humans are caused by deforestation — comparable to the emissions from all of the cars and trucks on the planet.
Evidence: The estimate of total CO 2 emissions includes biotic carbon emissions, mainly from deforestation.
Category: Arctic sea ice decline
Claim: Last year, scientists published evidence that the conditions leading up to “stuck jet streams” are becoming more common, with warming in the Arctic seen as a likely culprit.
Evidence: Based on effects of Arctic amplification (warming) and ice loss, a study in 2015 concluded that highly amplified jet-stream patterns are occurring more frequently in the past two decades, and that such patterns can not be tied to certain seasons.
Evidence: Various mechanisms have been identified that might explain extreme weather in mid-latitudes from the rapidly warming Arctic, such as the jet stream becoming more erratic.
Category: Greenland ice sheet
Claim: Global warming is driving major melting on the surface of Greenland’s glaciers and is speeding up their travel into the sea.”
Evidence: When the meltwater seeps down through cracks in the sheet, it accelerates the melting and, in some areas, allows the ice to slide more easily over the bedrock below, speeding its movement to the sea.
Evidence: Global warming could lead to an increase in freshwater in the northern oceans, by melting glaciers in Greenland, and by increasing precipitation, especially through Siberian rivers.
Evidence: Not only does this increase the absorption of sunlight, it also increases melting and sea level rise.
Category: Ozone depletion
Claim: The warmer the planet gets, the more ozone forms, and by mid-century, Americans will likely suffer a 70 percent increase in unhealthy ozone smog, the National Center for Atmospheric Research has projected.
Evidence: So far, ozone depletion in most locations has been typically a few percent and, as noted above, no direct evidence of health damage is available in most latitudes.
Evidence: Reductions of up to 70 percent in the ozone column observed in the austral (southern hemispheric) spring over Antarctica and first reported in 1985 (Farman et al.)
Evidence: Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7 °C (0.5 to 3.1 °F) in a moderate scenario, or as much as 2.6 to 4.8 °C (4.7 to 8.6 °F) in an extreme scenario, depending on the rate of future greenhouse gas emissions and on climate feedback effects.
Category: Climate change feedback
Claim: The Schmittner et al. study finds low probability of both very low and very high climate sensitivities, and its lower estimate (as compared to the IPCC) is based on a new temperature reconstruction of the Last Glacial Maximum that may or may not withstand the test of time.
Evidence: This is the "likely" range (greater than 66% probability), based on the expert judgement of the IPCC's authors.
Category: Pale Blue Dot
Claim: (Kerr 2007) points out that the sunlight-reflecting haze that cools much of the planet seems to have thinned over the past decade or so.
Evidence: Pale Blue Dot is a photograph of planet Earth taken on February 14, 1990, by the Voyager 1 space probe from a record distance of about 6 billion kilometers (3.7 billion miles, 40.5 AU), as part of that day's Family Portrait series of images of the Solar System.
Evidence: Before the arrival of Voyager 1 in 1980, Titan was thought to be slightly larger than Ganymede (diameter 5,262 kilometers (3,270 mi)) and thus the largest moon in the Solar System; this was an overestimation caused by Titan's dense, opaque atmosphere, with a haze layer 100-200 kilometres above its surface.
Category: Little Ice Age
Claim: He said: ‘We have had five warming cycles since about 900AD, each followed by a dramatic cooling cycle.’
Evidence: In the North Atlantic, sediments accumulated since the end of the last ice age, nearly 12,000 years ago, show regular increases in the amount of coarse sediment grains deposited from icebergs melting in the now open ocean, indicating a series of 1–2 °C (2–4 °F) cooling events recurring every 1,500 years or so.
Category: Permafrost
Claim: “Underneath the permafrost there are sediments full of methane hydrates.
Evidence: It also contains gas hydrates in places, which are a "potential abundant source of energy" but may also destabilize as subsea permafrost warms and thaws, producing large amounts of methane gas, which is a potent greenhouse gas.
Evidence: "The potential volume of oceanic methane hydrates with variable external conditions".
Evidence: Methane clathrate, or hydrates, occur within and below permafrost soils.
Evidence: (2008) estimate that not less than 1,400 gigatonnes of carbon is presently locked up as methane and methane hydrates under the Arctic submarine permafrost, and 5–10% of that area is subject to puncturing by open taliks.
Category: Habitat destruction
Claim: Climate policy must compete with other long-term threats for always-scarce resources.”
Evidence: Any efforts to protect the world's remaining natural habitat and biodiversity will compete directly with humans’ growing demand for natural resources, especially new agricultural lands.
Evidence: Therefore, as species that thrive in the lower areas of the region are expanding into a greater space, they are beginning to compete for resources and nutrients with pre-existing native species.
Category: Global warming
Claim: The report confidently claims that when temperatures rise, “the reduction in premature deaths from cold are expected to be smaller than the increase in deaths from heat in the United States.
Evidence: The 10th Emissions Gap Report issued by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) predicts that if emissions continue to increase at the same rate as they have in 2010–2020, global temperatures would rise by as much as 4° by 2100.
Evidence: Some of the greatest increases in average temperatures in the U.S. are expected in the region over the coming decades.
Evidence: Heat is more likely to increase the risk of mortality in cities in the northern part of the country than in the southern regions of the country.
Category: Post-glacial rebound
Claim: Thanks to a rapid rebound in recent months, global sea ice levels now equal those seen 29 years ago, when the year 1979 also drew to a close.
Evidence: Recent global warming has caused mountain glaciers and the ice sheets in Greenland and Antarctica to melt and global sea level to rise.
Category: Climate sensitivity
Claim: Doubling the concentration of atmospheric CO2 from its pre-industrial level, in the absence of other forcings and feedbacks, would likely cause a warming of ~0.3°C to 1.1°C.
Evidence: Neglecting other forcings and considering the temperature increase to be an equilibrium increase would lead to a sensitivity of about 1.1 °C (2.0 °F).
Evidence: Further evidence for environmental change around the P–Tr boundary suggests an 8 °C (14 °F) rise in temperature, and an increase in CO 2 levels by 2000 ppm (for comparison, the concentration immediately before the industrial revolution was 280 ppm, and the amount today is about 410 ppm).
Category: Philosophical skepticism
Claim: Royal Society embraces skepticism
Evidence: Philosophical skepticism (UK spelling: scepticism; from Greek σκέψις skepsis, "inquiry") is a philosophical school of thought that questions the possibility of certainty in knowledge.
Category: Earth
Claim: “Earlier this month, NASA scientists provided a visualization of a startling climate change trend — the Earth is getting greener, as viewed from space, especially in its rapidly warming northern regions.
Evidence: The perception of Earth shifted again in the 20th century when humans first viewed it from orbit, and especially with photographs of Earth returned by the Apollo program.
Category: Albedo
Claim: The long term trend from albedo is of cooling.
Evidence: [citation needed] Arctic regions notably release more heat back into space than what they absorb, effectively cooling the Earth.
Evidence: An ice age is a long period of reduction in the temperature of the Earth's surface and atmosphere, resulting in the presence or expansion of continental and polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers.
Category: Anaerobic digestion
Claim: We found 68 stations located  at wastewater treatment plants, where the process of waste digestion  causes temperatures to be higher than in surrounding areas.
Evidence: Some European countries require a degree of elevated heat treatment to kill harmful bacteria in the input waste.
Evidence: Today, anaerobic digesters are commonly found alongside farms to reduce nitrogen run-off from manure, or wastewater treatment facilities to reduce the costs of sludge disposal.
Evidence: Many larger sites utilize the biogas for combined heat and power, using the cooling water from the generators to maintain the temperature of the digestion plant at the required 35 ± 3 °C.
Category: Sea level rise
Claim: Sea level rise predictions are exaggerated.
Evidence: For example, in 2007 the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) projected a high end estimate of 60 cm (2 ft) through 2099, but their 2014 report raised the high-end estimate to about 90 cm (3 ft).
Category: Scientific consensus on climate change
Claim: Climate change need not endanger anyone”
Evidence: The threats are serious and action is urgently needed to mitigate the risks of climate change.
Category: Human overpopulation
Claim: Which means that if the planet is five degrees warmer at the end of the century, we may have as many as 50 percent more people to feed and 50 percent less grain to give them.”
Evidence: In 2019, a warning on climate change signed by 11,000 scientists from 153 nations said that human population growth adds 80 million humans annually, and "the world population must be stabilized—and, ideally, gradually reduced—within a framework that ensures social integrity" to reduce the impact of "population growth on GHG emissions and biodiversity loss."
Evidence: Although plants produce 54 billion metric tons of carbohydrates per year, when the population is expected to grow to 9 billion by 2050, the plants may not be able to keep up (Biello).
Category: Little Ice Age
Claim: The Little Ice Age ended as recently as 1850.
Evidence: (2012) state that cold summers and ice growth began abruptly between 1275 and 1300, followed by "a substantial intensification" from 1430 to 1455.
Evidence: The Little Ice Age ended in the latter half of the 19th century or early in the 20th century.
Evidence: Greenland was largely cut off by ice from 1410 to the 1720s.
Evidence: It has been conventionally defined as a period extending from the 16th to the 19th centuries, but some experts prefer an alternative timespan from about 1300 to about 1850.
Category: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
Claim: The IPCC no longer includes the ‘Hockey stick’ chart in its reports.
Evidence: The third assessment report (TAR) prominently featured a graph labeled "Millennial Northern Hemisphere temperature reconstruction" based on a 1999 paper by Michael E. Mann, Raymond S. Bradley and Malcolm K. Hughes (MBH99), which has been referred to as the "hockey stick graph".
Category: Greenhouse gas
Claim: However, since 1998, little warming has occurred while carbon dioxide emissions continue to increase.
Evidence: The sharp acceleration in CO 2 emissions since 2000 to more than a 3% increase per year (more than 2 ppm per year) from 1.1% per year during the 1990s is attributable to the lapse of formerly declining trends in carbon intensity of both developing and developed nations.
Evidence: Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.
Category: Bachelor's degree
Claim: It shows that ECS is probably between two and 4.5 degrees, possibly as low as 1.5 but not lower, and possibly as high as nine degrees.
Evidence: Ordinary degrees are at level 9 and require 360 credits with a minimum of 90 at level 9.
Category: Nuclear winter
Claim: No climate model has predicted a cooling of the Earth – quite the  contrary.
Evidence: The smoke resulting would be largely opaque to solar radiation but transparent to infrared, thus cooling the Earth by blocking sunlight, but not creating warming by enhancing the greenhouse effect.
Category: Holocene
Claim: The record warm years of 2015 and 2016 were primarily caused by the super El Nino.’”
Evidence: The Holocene has been identified with the current warm period, known as MIS 1.
Evidence: It is thought that there have been at least 30 El Niño events since 1900, with the 1982–83, 1997–98 and 2014–16 events among the strongest on record.
Evidence: The Huronian ice age was caused by the elimination of atmospheric methane, a greenhouse gas, during the Great Oxygenation Event.
Category: The Great Global Warming Swindle
Claim: climate models predict too much warming in the troposphere
Evidence: The programme states that all models of greenhouse effect-derived temperature increase predict that the warming will be at its greatest for a given location in the troposphere and at its lowest near the surface of the earth.
Evidence: Climate models predict that as the surface warms, so should the global troposphere.
Category: Planetary boundaries
Claim: CO2 limits won't cool the planet, but they can make the difference between continued accelerating global warming to catastrophic levels vs. slowing and eventually stopping the warming at hopefully safe levels.
Evidence: The scientists raise the possibility that even if greenhouse gas emissions are substantially reduced to limit warming to 2 degrees, that might be the "threshold" at which self-reinforcing climate feedbacks add additional warming until the climate system stabilizes in a hothouse climate state.
Evidence: The current trajectory of global greenhouse gas emissions is not consistent with limiting global warming to below 1.5 or 2 °C, relative to pre-industrial levels.
Evidence: Humans cannot survive if the air is too moist and hot, which would happen for the majority of human populations if global temperatures rise by 11–12 °C, as land masses warm faster than the global average.
Category: Sea level rise
Claim: What they find is sea level rise has been steadily accelerating over the past century.
Evidence: More precise data gathered from satellite radar measurements reveal an accelerating rise of 7.5 cm (3.0 in) from 1993 to 2017, which is a trend of roughly 30 cm (12 in) per century.
Category: Vertical farming
Claim: Growers regularly pump CO2 into greenhouses, raising levels to three times that of the natural environment, to produce stronger, greener, healthier plants.”
Evidence: Greenhouses commonly supplement carbon dioxide levels to 3–4 times the atmospheric rate.
Category: Global warming
Claim: A recent study in Nature Geoscience, for instance, called into question whether the Arctic’s melting, and in particular its sea ice loss, has been causing winter cooling over Eurasia, another idea that has been swept up in the debate over the jet stream and weather extremes.”
Evidence: Various mechanisms have been identified that might explain extreme weather in mid-latitudes from the rapidly warming Arctic, such as the jet stream becoming more erratic.
Evidence: In a 2017 study conducted by climatologist Dr. Judah Cohen and several of his research associates, Cohen wrote that "[the] shift in polar vortex states can account for most of the recent winter cooling trends over Eurasian midlatitudes".
Category: Year
Claim: "The solar system oscillates with a 60-year cycle due to the Jupiter/Saturn three-synodic cycle and to a Jupiter/Saturn beat tidal cycle...
Evidence: The Galactic year is the time it takes Earth's Solar System to revolve once around the galactic center.
Evidence: This occurred when the period of the trojans' libration about their Lagrangian point had a 3:1 ratio to the period at which the position where Jupiter passes Saturn circulated relative to its perihelion.
Category: Sea level rise
Claim: “Sea level rise, which was occurring long before humans could be blamed, has not accelerated and still amounts to only 1 inch every ten years.
Evidence: More precise data gathered from satellite radar measurements reveal an accelerating rise of 7.5 cm (3.0 in) from 1993 to 2017, which is a trend of roughly 30 cm (12 in) per century.
Evidence: A 2018 systematic review study estimated that ice loss across the entire continent was 43 gigatons (Gt) per year on average during the period from 1992 to 2002, but has accelerated to an average of 220 Gt per year during the five years from 2012 to 2017.
Category: Global warming
Claim: Heatwaves occur in any climate, but we know that heatwaves are becoming much more likely due to climate change.
Evidence: Many regions have probably already seen increases in warm spells and heat waves, and it is virtually certain that these changes will continue over the 21st century.
Evidence: As the Earth's climate warms, we are seeing many changes: stronger, more destructive hurricanes; heavier rainfall; more disastrous flooding; more areas of the world experiencing severe drought; and more heat waves."
Evidence: The effects of climate change on human systems, mostly due to warming and shifts in precipitation, have been detected worldwide.
Evidence: Heatwaves Hot days, hot nights and heatwaves have become more frequent.
Category: Earth
Claim: We have also been told the problem is DEFINITELY NOT a billions-year-old planet running through cycles where the temperature might fluctuate a bit.
Evidence: Each layer has a different lapse rate, defining the rate of change in temperature with height.
Category: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere
Claim: By that time CO2 emissions had already risen from the expanded use  of coal that had powered the industrial revolution, and emissions only  increased slowly from 3.5gigatonnes in 1910 to under 4gigatonnes by the  end of the Second World War.
Evidence: In 2010, 9.14 gigatonnes of carbon (GtC, equivalent to 33.5 gigatonnes of CO 2 or about 4.3 ppm in Earth's atmosphere) were released from fossil fuels and cement production worldwide, compared to 6.15 GtC in 1990.
Evidence: Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.
Category: Shutdown of thermohaline circulation
Claim: Evidence is growing that the comparatively cold zone within the Northern Atlantic could be due to a slowdown of this global ocean water circulation.
Evidence: A shutdown or slowdown of the thermohaline circulation is a hypothesized effect of global warming on a major ocean circulation.
Evidence: Additional fresh water flowing into the North Atlantic during a warming cycle may also reduce the global ocean water circulation.
Category: 2006 European heat wave
Claim: It has occurred during the warmest year on record, which occurred in 2015, and the two most unusually mild months on Earth, which took place in January and February, respectively.”
Evidence: Every winter month (December, January, February) had a CET above 5 °C (41 °F), only the second time this has happened since 1900 (after 1988/89, although November 1988 was colder than any month of 2006/07) and only the sixth since 1659 (1685–86, 1833–34, 1833–34, and 1868/69 also).
Evidence: December 2006 and January 2007 were the warmest months in Moscow, Saint Petersburg, Kazan and other cities of European Russia.
Category: Climate change adaptation
Claim: cutting speed limits could slow climate change
Evidence: According to the study, the safest and most predictable method of moderating climate change is early action to reduce GHG emissions.
Category: Pluto
Claim: Pluto experiences drastic season changes due to an elliptical orbit (that takes 250 Earth years).
Evidence: Pluto has yet to complete a full orbit of the Sun since its discovery, as one Plutonian year is 247.68 years long.
Evidence: Pluto's orbital period is currently about 248 years.
Category: Global warming
Claim: Worst-case global heating scenarios may need to be revised upwards in light of a better understanding of the role of clouds, scientists have said.
Evidence: Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7 °C (0.5 to 3.1 °F) in a moderate scenario, or as much as 2.6 to 4.8 °C (4.7 to 8.6 °F) in an extreme scenario, depending on the rate of future greenhouse gas emissions and on climate feedback effects.
Category: Ice age
Claim: "The climate of this planet oscillates between periods of approximately  30 years of warming followed by approximately 30 years of cooling.
Evidence: An ice age is a long period of reduction in the temperature of the Earth's surface and atmosphere, resulting in the presence or expansion of continental and polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers.
Category: Arctic ice pack
Claim: Most people expect this year will see a record low in the Arctic’s summer sea-ice cover.
Evidence: "Nonetheless, the extreme loss of this summer’s sea ice cover and the slow onset of freeze-up portends lower than normal ice extent throughout autumn and winter, and the ice that grows back is likely to be fairly thin".
Category: Global warming
Claim: Humans are small but powerful, and human CO2 emissions are causing global warming.
Evidence: Human activity since the Industrial Revolution has increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to increased radiative forcing from CO2, methane, tropospheric ozone, CFCs, and nitrous oxide.
Category: Occam's razor
Claim: Postma's model contains many simple errors; in no way does Postma undermine the existence or necessity of the greenhouse effect.
Evidence: Thus, complex hypotheses must predict data much better than do simple hypotheses before researchers reject the simple hypotheses.
Evidence: Population genetics must either model this complexity in detail, or capture it by some simpler average rule.
Category: Global warming
Claim: The human contribution to global warming was about 0.01°C.
Evidence: Global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions in 2010 were equivalent to 49 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide (using the most recent global warming potentials over 100 years from the AR5 report).
Evidence: Human-caused increases in greenhouse gases are responsible for most of the observed global average surface warming of roughly 0.8 °C (1.5 °F) over the past 140 years.
Category: Physical impacts of climate change
Claim: Another consequence of the fast melting Arctic raises the possibility that there may be even worse extreme weather to come, according to a few scientists: titanic Atlantic superstorms and hurricanes barreling across Europe.
Evidence: Scientists have found evidence that increased evaporation could result in more extreme weather as global warming progresses.
Evidence: In particular, there are concerns that Arctic shrinkage, a consequence of melting glaciers and other ice in Greenland, could soon contribute to a substantial rise in sea levels worldwide.
Category: La Niña
Claim: NOAA has adjusted past temperatures to look colder than they were and recent temperatures to look warmer than they were.
Evidence: La Niña is the positive and cold phase of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation, and is associated with cooler-than-average sea surface temperatures in the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean.
Evidence: 'Our corrected data set says things have warmed up about 1.65 degrees Fahrenheit.
Category: Effects of global warming
Claim: Latest IPCC Reports (AR5) have shown global mean temperature forecasts from the 2005 IPCC report exceeded actual readings.
Evidence: The IPCC's Fifth Report, released in 2014, states that relative to the average from year 1850 to 1900, global surface temperature change by the end of the 21st century is likely to exceed 1.5 °C and may well exceed 2 °C for all RCP scenarios except RCP2.6.
Evidence: The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC, 2007) have produced a range of projections of what the future increase in global mean temperature might be.
Evidence: Compared to the previous report, the lower bounds for the sensitivity of the climate system to emissions were slightly lowered, though the projections for global mean temperature rise (compared to pre-industrial levels) by 2100 exceeded 1.5 °C in all scenarios.
Evidence: They judge that global mean surface air temperature has increased by 0.3 to 0.6 °C over the last 100 years, broadly consistent with prediction of climate models, but also of the same magnitude as natural climate variability.
Category: Tuvalu
Claim: Everybody knows that the Pacific island of Tuvalu is sinking. ...
Evidence: "'Sinking' Pacific nation is getting bigger, showing islands are geologically dynamic: study | The Japan Times".
Evidence: Spanish discoveries in the Central Pacific.
Evidence: Coordinates: 8°31′15″S 179°11′55″E﻿ / ﻿8.52083°S 179.19861°E﻿ / -8.52083; 179.19861 Tuvalu (/tuːˈvɑːluː/ too-VAH-loo) (formerly known as the Ellice Islands), is a country in Polynesia, located in the Pacific Ocean, situated in Oceania and about midway between Hawaii and Australia.
Category: Global warming
Claim: CO2 limits won't cool the planet.
Evidence: If cloud cover increases, more sunlight will be reflected back into space, cooling the planet.
Evidence: Global warming is the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.
Evidence: Occupational CO 2 exposure limits have been set in the United States at 0.5% (5000 ppm) for an eight-hour period.
Category: Climate change denial
Claim: Some, however, bristle at the belief that because floods and storms have always occurred, they should not be linked to climate change”
Evidence: Public attention was renewed amidst summer droughts and heat waves when James Hansen testified to a Congressional hearing on 23 June 1988, stating with high confidence that long term warming was underway with severe warming likely within the next 50 years, and warning of likely storms and floods.
Category: Sea surface temperature
Claim: The world has entered a 'cold mode' which is likely to bring a global dip in temperatures which will last for 20 to 30 years, they say.
Evidence: At heights near the tropopause, the 30-year average temperature (as measured in the period encompassing 1961 through 1990) was −77 °C (−132 °F).
Evidence: One of the targets that has been suggested is to limit the future increase in global mean temperature (global warming) to below 2 °C, relative to the pre-industrial level.
Category: Scientific consensus on climate change
Claim: a study that totally debunks the whole concept of man-made Global Warming
Evidence: Scientists Reach 100% Consensus on Anthropogenic Global Warming.
Evidence: "Warming 'very likely' human-made".
Category: Greenhouse gas
Claim: Carbon emissions are declining in most rich nations and have been declining in Britain, Germany, and France since the mid-1970s
Evidence: Emissions in Russia and Ukraine have decreased fastest since 1990 due to economic restructuring in these countries.
Evidence: On the other hand, annual per capita emissions of the EU-15 and the US are gradually decreasing over time.
Category: Global warming
Claim: The warm and cool regions roughly balance each other out with little impact on global temperature.
Evidence: Globally, these effects are estimated to have led to a slight cooling, dominated by an increase in surface albedo.
Evidence: This could trigger cooling in the North Atlantic, Europe, and North America.
Evidence: In the tropics the net effect is to produce a significant warming, while at latitudes closer to the poles a loss of albedo leads to an overall cooling effect.
Category: Global warming
Claim: The warming is extremely rapid on the geologic time scale, and no other factor can explain it as well as human emissions of greenhouse gases.
Evidence: Human activity since the Industrial Revolution has increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to increased radiative forcing from CO2, methane, tropospheric ozone, CFCs, and nitrous oxide.
Category: Holocene
Claim: Fifty-five thousand years ago the whole world was 2°C warmer than it is today[...]
Evidence: "Centennial-scale climate cooling with a sudden event around 8,200 years ago".
Category: IPCC Third Assessment Report
Claim: The IPCC confirms that computer modeling predicts the existence of a tropical, mid-troposphere “hot spot” about 10km above the Earth’s surface.
Evidence: Such models cannot yet simulate all aspects of climate (e.g., they still cannot account fully for the observed trend in the surface-troposphere temperature difference since 1979) and there are particular uncertainties associated with clouds and their interaction with radiation and aerosols.
Evidence: They judge that global mean surface air temperature has increased by 0.3 to 0.6 °C over the last 100 years, broadly consistent with prediction of climate models, but also of the same magnitude as natural climate variability.
Evidence: These models are the basis for model predictions of future climate, such as are discussed by the IPCC.
Category: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
Claim: In a paper published online this week in the Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmosphere, economics professor Ross McKitrick says the resulting discrepancies may be leading to an overstatement of the role of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
Evidence: The executive summary of the WG I Summary for Policymakers report says they are certain that emissions resulting from human activities are substantially increasing the atmospheric concentrations of the greenhouse gases, resulting on average in an additional warming of the Earth's surface.
Evidence: The 2007 Fourth Assessment Report compiled by the IPCC (AR4) noted that "changes in atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases and aerosols, land cover and solar radiation alter the energy balance of the climate system", and concluded that "increases in anthropogenic greenhouse gas concentrations is very likely to have caused most of the increases in global average temperatures since the mid-20th century".
Category: Global warming
Claim: But each serial adjustment has tended to make the early years colder, which increases the warming trend.
Evidence: Climate change adaptation is "the adjustment in natural or human systems in response to actual or expected climatic stimuli or their effects, which moderates harm or exploits beneficial opportunities".
Evidence: Globally, these effects are estimated to have led to a slight cooling, dominated by an increase in surface albedo.
Category: Carbon dioxide
Claim: It’s usually taken to be the fact that as carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere increase, the 1 per cent of CO2 that’s the heavier carbon isotope ratio c13 declines in proportion.
Evidence: As the concentration of carbon dioxide increases in the atmosphere, the increased uptake of carbon dioxide into the oceans is causing a measurable decrease in the pH of the oceans, which is referred to as ocean acidification.
Evidence: Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.
Evidence: The start of the Eocene is marked by a brief period in which the concentration of the carbon isotope 13C in the atmosphere was exceptionally low in comparison with the more common isotope 12C.
Category: Global warming
Claim: Scientific analysis of past climates shows that greenhouse gasses, principally CO2, have controlled most ancient climate changes.
Evidence: Scientists have determined that the major factors causing the current climate change are greenhouse gases, land use changes, and aerosols and soot.
Evidence: Greenhouse gases, in particular carbon dioxide and methane, played a significant role during the Eocene in controlling the surface temperature.
Evidence: The opposite effect is volcanism, responsible for the natural greenhouse effect, by emitting CO2 into the atmosphere, thus affecting glaciation (Ice Age) cycles.
Evidence: Most climate models include the radiative effects of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide.