Danthammadhavi/climate_fever_fixed huggingface dataset:
Category: Global warming
Claim: "In fact global warming has stopped and a cooling is beginning.
Evidence: According to basic physical principles, the greenhouse effect produces warming of the lower atmosphere (the troposphere), but cooling of the upper atmosphere (the stratosphere).
Evidence: 1883 eruption of Krakatoa, which caused approximately 1 kelvin of global cooling for 2 years due to sulfate emissions.
Category: Global warming controversy
Claim: "Global warming data apparently cooked by U.S. government-funded body  shows astounding temperature fraud with increases averaging 10 to 15  degrees Fahrenheit.
Evidence: According to a 2006 paper from Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, "the earth would warm by 8 degrees Celsius (14.4 degrees Fahrenheit) if humans use the entire planet's available fossil fuels by the year 2300."
Category: Ice age
Claim: First, they concur with the believers that the Earth has been warming since the end of a Little Ice Age around 1850.
Evidence: The consensus theory of the scientific community is that the resulting greenhouse effect is a principal cause of the increase in global warming which has occurred over the same period, and a chief contributor to the accelerated melting of the remaining glaciers and polar ice.
Evidence: An ice age is a long period of reduction in the temperature of the Earth's surface and atmosphere, resulting in the presence or expansion of continental and polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers.
Category: Climate change mitigation
Claim: Greg Hunt CSIRO research shows carbon emissions can be reduced by 20 per cent over 40 years using nature, soils and trees.
Evidence: Almost 20 percent (8 GtCO2/year) of total greenhouse-gas emissions were from deforestation in 2007.
Category: Greenhouse gas
Claim: Individual carbon dioxide molecules have a short life time of around 5 years in the atmosphere.
Evidence: The atmospheric lifetime of a species therefore measures the time required to restore equilibrium following a sudden increase or decrease in its concentration in the atmosphere.
Category: Sea level rise
Claim: In its 5th assessment report in 2013, the IPCC estimated that human emissions are probably responsible for more than half of the observed increase in global average temperature from 1951 to 2010.
Evidence: In its fifth assessment report (2013) the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) estimated how much sea level is likely to rise in the 21st century based on different levels of greenhouse gas emissions.
Category: Scientific consensus on climate change
Claim: The minute increase of anthropogenic CO2 in the atmosphere (0.008%) was not the cause of the warming—it was a continuation of natural cycles that occurred over the past 500 years."
Evidence: The introduction includes this statement: There is strong evidence that the warming of the Earth over the last half-century has been caused largely by human activity, such as the burning of fossil fuels and changes in land use, including agriculture and deforestation.
Evidence: Human-caused increases in greenhouse gases are responsible for most of the observed global average surface warming of roughly 0.8 °C (1.5 °F) over the past 140 years.
Category: Greenhouse gas
Claim: when 3 per cent of total annual global emissions of carbon dioxide are from humans and Australia prod­uces 1.3 per cent of this 3 per cent, then no amount of emissions reductio­n here will have any effect on global climate.
Evidence: In the modern era, emissions to the atmosphere from volcanoes are approximately 0.645 billion tonnes of CO 2 per year, whereas humans contribute 29 billion tonnes of CO 2 each year.
Category: Water vapor
Claim: Water vapor is the most powerful greenhouse gas
Evidence: Water vapor is the most potent greenhouse gas owing to the presence of the hydroxyl bond which strongly absorbs in the infra-red region of the light spectrum.
Evidence: Natural gas is thus a more potent greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide due to the greater global-warming potential of methane.
Evidence: Atmospheric methane concentrations are of interest because it is one of the most potent greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere.
Evidence: The oxidation of methane can produce both ozone and water; and is a major source of water vapor in the normally dry stratosphere.
Category: Captain America: The First Avenger
Claim: We're coming out of the Little Ice Age.
Evidence: ... We have to deal with much the same way that Captain America, when thawed from the Arctic ice, entered a world that he didn't recognize," similar to the way Stan Lee and Jack Kirby reintroduced the character in the 1960s.
Category: Doctor of Philosophy
Claim: But then, just over a year ago, Mike Wallace, a hydrologist with 30 years’ experience, noticed while researching his PhD that they had omitted some key information[…] his results were surprising: there has been no reduction in oceanic pH
Evidence: Upon completion of at least two years' research and coursework as a graduate student, a candidate must demonstrate truthful and original contributions to their specific field of knowledge within a frame of academic excellence.
Evidence: A Master's degree is required, and the doctorate combines approximately 4–5 years of research (amounting to 3–5 scientific articles, some of which must be first-author) and 60 ECTS points of studies.
Category: Sea level
Claim: Local and regional sea levels continue to exhibit typical natural variability—in some places rising and in others falling.
Evidence: The term "steric" refers to global changes in sea level due to thermal expansion and salinity variations.
Evidence: Tides, the generally twice-daily rise and fall of sea levels, are caused by Earth's rotation and the gravitational effects of the orbiting Moon and, to a lesser extent, of the Sun.
Category: Global warming
Claim: While there are minor errors in An Inconvenient Truth, the main truths presented - evidence to show mankind is causing global warming and its various impacts is consistent with peer reviewed science.
Evidence: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.
Category: Kiribati
Claim: “suggest that residents are fleeing atolls swiftly sinking into the sea.
Evidence: Since land height has not changed the vulnerability of the greater part of the land area of each island to submergence due to sea level rise is also unchanged and these low-lying atolls remain immediately and extremely vulnerable to inundation or sea water flooding."
Category: Megadrought
Claim: Drought in the western U.S. pales in comparison to the mega-droughts tree rings tell us existed in centuries past.
Evidence: Based on annual tree rings, NOAA has recorded patterns of drought covering most of the U.S. for every year since 1700.
Evidence: During a 200-year mega drought in the Sierra Nevada that lasted from the 9th to the 12th centuries, trees would grow on newly exposed shoreline at Fallen Leaf Lake, then as the lake grew once again, the trees were preserved under cold water.
Category: Carbon cycle
Claim: CO2 is increasing rapidly, and is reaching levels not seen on the earth for millions of years.
Evidence: On 12 November 2015, NASA scientists reported that carbon dioxide in the atmosphere from human sources continues to increase, reaching levels not seen in hundreds of thousands of years.
Category: Greenland
Claim: Greenland's ice loss is accelerating & will add metres of sea level rise in upcoming centuries.
Evidence: If the Greenland ice sheet were to melt away completely, the world's sea level would rise by more than 7 m (23 ft).
Category: 1938 New England hurricane
Claim: While such a storm does not happen in New England anymore, it happened again there in 1675, with elderly eyewitnesses comparing it to the 1635 storm.
Evidence: The 1938 New England Hurricane (also referred to as the Great New England Hurricane, Long Island Express, and Yankee Clipper) was one of the deadliest and most destructive tropical cyclones to strike Long Island, New York, and New England.
Category: Global warming
Claim: Multiple lines of evidence make it very clear that the rise in atmospheric CO2 is due to human emissions.
Evidence: CO2 emissions are continuing to rise due to the burning of fossil fuels and land-use change.
Category: Carbon dioxide
Claim: In fact, human emit 26 gigatonnes of CO2 per year while CO2 in the atmosphere is rising by only 15 gigatonnes per year - much of human CO2 emissions is being absorbed by natural sinks.
Evidence: Human activities emit about 29 billion tons of carbon dioxide per year, while volcanoes emit between 0.2 and 0.3 billion tons.
Evidence: The oceans act as an enormous carbon sink, and have taken up about a third of CO 2 emitted by human activity.
Evidence: In the modern era, emissions to the atmosphere from volcanoes are approximately 0.645 billion tonnes of CO 2 per year, whereas humans contribute 29 billion tonnes of CO 2 each year.
Evidence: Presently, oceans are CO2 sinks, and represent the largest active carbon sink on Earth, absorbing more than a quarter of the carbon dioxide that humans put into the air.
Category: Global warming
Claim: Global warming is causing more hurricanes and stronger hurricanes.
Evidence: The effects of global warming include rising sea levels, regional changes in precipitation, more frequent extreme weather events such as heat waves, and expansion of deserts.
Category: Bushfires in Australia
Claim: The bushfires in Australia were caused by arsonists and a series of lightning strikes, not 'climate change'.
Evidence: Many fires are as a result of either deliberate arson or carelessness, however these fires normally happen in readily accessible areas and are rapidly brought under control.
Evidence: The 2007 Kangaroo Island bushfires were a series of bushfires caused by lightning strikes on 6 December 2007 on Kangaroo Island, South Australia, resulting in the destruction of 95,000 hectares (230,000 acres) of national park and wilderness protection area.
Category: Climate change (general concept)
Claim: The idea that climate change is producing heat records across the Earth is among the most egregious manipulations of data in the absurd global warming debate.
Evidence: This is the case for the conclusions that the Earth system is warming and that much of this warming is very likely due to human activities.
Evidence: Using the long-term temperature trends for the earth scientists and statisticians conclude that it continues to warm through time.
Category: Instrumental temperature record
Claim: The strong El Niño has continued into 2016, raising the possibility that this year will, yet again, set a global temperature record
Evidence: Consistent with Schmidt's comment, the NASA / NOAA announcement stated that "globally-averaged temperatures in 2016 were 1.78 degrees Fahrenheit (0.99 degrees Celsius) warmer than the mid-20th century mean" and that the impact of El Niño warming was estimated to have "increased the annual global temperature anomaly for 2016 by 0.2 degrees Fahrenheit (0.12 degrees Celsius)."
Evidence: The event subsequently started to weaken with sea surface temperature anomalies across the equatorial pacific decreasing, while predictions about a possible La Niña event taking place during 2016 started to be made.
Category: Global warming
Claim: It is unclear whether global warming is increasing hurricane frequency but there is increasing evidence that warming increases hurricane intensity.
Evidence: The maximum rainfall and wind speed from hurricanes and typhoons are likely increasing.
Category: Jet stream
Claim: “The jet stream forms a boundary between the cold north and the warmer south, but the lower temperature difference means the winds are now weaker.
Evidence: Therefore, the strong eastward moving jet streams are in part a simple consequence of the fact that the Equator is warmer than the North and South poles.
Category: Science
Claim: policies based on previous climate model output and predictions might need to be reconsidered
Evidence: For example, it is used in quantitative scientific modeling, which can generate new hypotheses and predictions to be tested.
Category: Climate
Claim: the climate models have overestimated the amount of global warming and failed to predict what climatologists call the warming ‘hiatus’
Evidence: These models predict an upward trend in the global mean surface temperature, with the most rapid increase in temperature being projected for the higher latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere.
Evidence: Additional disputes concern estimates of climate sensitivity, predictions of additional warming, what the consequences of global warming will be, and what to do about it.
Category: Climate change denial
Claim: The United States is the leading nation in the world "with the highest amount of doubt about the conventional wisdom of climate change."
Evidence: Newsweek reports that the majority of Europe and Japan accept the consensus on scientific climate change, but only one third of Americans considered human activity to play a major role in climate change in 2006; 64% believed that scientists disagreed about it "a lot."
Evidence: Today, climate change skepticism is most prominently seen in the United States, where the media disproportionately features views of the climate change denial community.
Category: Base load
Claim: Renewables can't provide baseload power.
Evidence: "Supplying Baseload Power and Reducing Transmission Requirements by Interconnecting Wind Farms".
Evidence: "Supplying Baseload Power and Reducing Transmission Requirements by Interconnecting Wind Farms" (PDF).
Category: Global warming
Claim: A cold day in Chicago in winter has nothing to do with the trend of global warming.
Evidence: "What caused the recent "Warm Arctic, Cold Continents" trend pattern in winter temperatures?".
Evidence: Global warming is the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.
Evidence: The lake also provides another positive effect: moderating Chicago's climate, making waterfront neighborhoods slightly warmer in winter and cooler in summer.
Category: Sea level
Claim: In the 11,400 years since the end of the last Ice Age, sea  level has risen at an average of 4 feet/century, though it is now rising  much more slowly because very nearly all of the land-based ice that is  at low enough latitudes and altitudes to melt has long since gone."
Evidence: For at least the last 100 years, sea level has been rising at an average rate of about 1.8 mm (0.07 in) per year.
Category: Gulf Coast of the United States
Claim: “Federal scientists have documented a sharp jump in this nuisance flooding — often called ‘sunny-day flooding’ — along both the East Coast and the Gulf Coast in recent years.
Evidence: In August 2017, Hurricane Harvey made landfall along the central Texas coast, then migrated to and stalled over the greater Houston area for several days, producing extreme, unprecedented rainfall totals of over 40 inches (1,000 mm) in many areas, unleashing widespread flooding.
Category: Climate change feedback
Claim: So CO2 causes warming AND rising temperature causes CO2 rise.
Evidence: The higher CO2 levels led to an additional climate warming ranging between 0.1° and 1.5 °C.
Category: John Christy
Claim: “‘Those eruptions happened relatively early in our study period, which pushed down temperatures in the first part of the dataset, which caused the overall record to show an exaggerated warming trend,’ Christy said.
Evidence: From November 1978 through March 2011, Earth's atmosphere has warmed at an average rate of about 0.14 C per decade, according to the UAHuntsville satellite record.
Evidence: A study released in 2009, combined historical weather station data with satellite measurements to deduce past temperatures over large regions of the continent, and these temperatures indicate an overall warming trend.
Category: Global warming
Claim: "An article in Science magazine illustrated that a rise in carbon dioxide did not precede a rise in temperatures, but actually lagged behind temperature rises by 200 to 1000 years.
Evidence: Temperatures rose by 0.0 °C–0.2 °C from 1720–1800 to 1850–1900 (Hawkins et al., 2017).
Evidence: In 2019 a paper published in the journal Science found the oceans are heating 40% faster than the IPCC predicted just five years before.
Category: Particulates
Claim: If there were [carbon emissions], we could not see because most carbon is black.
Evidence: This causes reduced visibility and yellow color.
Category: Ocean acidification
Claim: The oceans are warming and moreover are becoming more acidic, threatening the food chain.
Evidence: With the production of CO2 from the burning of fossil fuels, oceans are becoming more acidic since CO2 dissolves in water and forms the acidic bicarbonate ion.
Evidence: Ocean acidification is the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's oceans, caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide (CO 2) from the atmosphere.
Evidence: "Rising Acidity Is Threatening Food Web of Oceans, Science Panel Says".
Category: Tipping points in the climate system
Claim: The sea level was 20 to 30 feet higher than it is today, implying that the ice sheets in both Greenland and Antarctica must have partly disintegrated, a warning of what could occur in the relatively near future if the heating of the planet continues unchecked.”
Evidence: Runaway climate change of 4–5 °C can make swathes of the planet around the equator uninhabitable, with sea levels up to 60 metres (197 ft) higher than they are today.
Category: NASA Deep Space Network
Claim: Yet, according to NASA, only one temperature sensing station is necessary for the two cities and the vast area between them to be adequately represented in their network.”
Evidence: Three were located at Goldstone, and one each at Canberra and Madrid.
Evidence: The temperature in New York City exceeds nearby rural temperatures by an average of 2–3 °C and at times 5–10 °C differences have been recorded.
Category: United Kingdom
Claim: Yet the cost of doing something will likely be higher than 6 per cent of GDP" (Bjorn Lomborg)
Evidence: The UK service sector makes up around 79 per cent of GDP.
Category: Microwave Sounding Unit temperature measurements
Claim: UAH atmospheric temperatures prove climate models and/or surface temperature data sets are wrong
Evidence: Globally, most climate models used by the IPCC in preparation of their third assessment in 2007 show a slightly greater warming at the TLT level than at the surface (0.03 °C/decade difference) for 1979–1999 while the GISS trend is +0.161 °C/decade for 1979 to 2012, the lower troposphere trends calculated from satellite data by UAH and RSS are +0.130 °C/decade and +0.206 °C/decade.
Evidence: We have found that climate models and popular surface temperature data sets overstate the changes in the real atmosphere and that actual changes are not alarming."
Evidence: The results are thus not precisely comparable to surface temperature models.
Category: Soil respiration
Claim: An exponential increase in CO2 will result in a linear increase in temperature
Evidence: As stated earlier, the CO2 released by soil respiration is a greenhouse gas that will continue to trap energy and increase the global mean temperature if concentrations continue to rise.
Evidence: Coble creep is still temperature dependent, as the temperature increases so does the grain boundary diffusion.
Evidence: Due to the increase in temperature of the soil, CO2 levels in our atmosphere increase, and as such the mean average temperature of the Earth is rising.
Category: Sea level rise
Claim: Sea level rise of 65 centimeters, or roughly 2 feet would cause significant problems for coastal cities around the world.
Evidence: Future sea level rise could lead to potentially catastrophic difficulties for shore-based communities in the next centuries: for example, millions of people will be affected in cities such as Miami, Rio de Janeiro, Osaka and Shanghai if following the current trajectory of 3 °C (5.4 °F).
Category: Heat wave
Claim: ‘Heatwaves are far more intense than when my parents were growing up in the 1950s.
Evidence: "More Intense, More Frequent, and Longer Lasting Heat Waves in the 21st Century".
Category: Scientific consensus on climate change
Claim: Less than half of published scientists endorse global warming
Evidence: Of these, 97% agree, explicitly or implicitly, that global warming is happening and is human-caused.
Evidence: Various surveys have been conducted to evaluate scientific opinion on global warming.
Evidence: Over 99.99% of climate scientists did not reject AGW in their peer-reviewed research.
Evidence: Scientists Reach 100% Consensus on Anthropogenic Global Warming.
Category: Global warming
Claim: The models predicted about three times the amount of warming in the world we’ve seen since 1988.
Evidence: Models not only project different future temperature with different emissions of greenhouse gases, but also do not fully agree on the strength of different feedbacks on climate sensitivity and the amount of inertia of the system.
Evidence: Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7 °C (0.5 to 3.1 °F) in a moderate scenario, or as much as 2.6 to 4.8 °C (4.7 to 8.6 °F) in an extreme scenario, depending on the rate of future greenhouse gas emissions and on climate feedback effects.
Evidence: The 10th Emissions Gap Report issued by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) predicts that if emissions continue to increase at the same rate as they have in 2010–2020, global temperatures would rise by as much as 4° by 2100.
Category: Climate change policy of the United States
Claim: The EPA director under Obama said the Clean Power Initiative would have no effect on man-made CO2 emissions.
Evidence: In 2014, President Barack Obama proposed a series of Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regulations, known as the Clean Power Plan that would reduce carbon pollution from coal-fired power plants.
Category: Cloud
Claim: Clouds provide negative feedback.
Evidence: But if low clouds decrease, or if high clouds increase, the feedback is positive.
Evidence: A basic and common example of a negative feedback system in the environment is the interaction among cloud cover, plant growth, solar radiation, and planet temperature.
Category: Climate change feedback
Claim: "a [cloudcover] change in the Tropics could lead to a negative feedback in the global climate, with a feedback factor of about –1.1, which if correct, would more than cancel all the positive feedbacks in the more sensitive current climate models" (Lindzen et al.
Evidence: The impact of this negative feedback effect is included in global climate models summarized by the IPCC.
Evidence: The main reinforcing feedbacks are the water vapour feedback, the ice–albedo feedback, and probably the net effect of clouds.
Category: Sport utility vehicle
Claim: Despite attention on global warming, "fewer Americans carpool today to work than carpooled in 1980" and "SUVs have never been a larger proportion of the vehicles being sold in this country."
Evidence: "SUVs Become the Largest and Fastest-Growing Automotive Segment in 2015".
Category: Eocene
Claim: "...there is the contention by Wolfgang Knorr of the Department of Earth Sciences at the University of Bristol in England that carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere are about where they were 160 years ago." (as quoted by Ken Ward Jr.)
Evidence: "Paleobotanical Evidence for Near Present-Day Levels of Atmospheric CO2 During Part of the Tertiary".
Evidence: At a meeting of the American Geophysical Union (December 17, 2008), scientists detailed evidence in support of the controversial idea that the introduction of large-scale rice agriculture in Asia, coupled with extensive deforestation in Europe began to alter world climate by pumping significant amounts of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere over the last 1,000 years.
Category: Michael E. Mann
Claim: "Mike's Nature trick" has nothing to do with "hide the decline", instead refering to a technique by Michael Mann to plot instrumental temperature along with past reconstructions.
Evidence: The same procedure was also used to represent key information in the instrumental temperature record for comparison with the proxy series, enabling validation of the reconstruction.
Evidence: Many commentators quoted one email in which Phil Jones said that he had used "Mike's Nature trick" in a 1999 graph for the World Meteorological Organization "to hide the decline" in proxy temperatures derived from tree-ring analyses when measured temperatures were actually rising.
Evidence: As part of his Phd research, Michael E. Mann worked with seismologist Jeffrey Park on developing statistical techniques for find long term oscillations of natural variability in the instrumental temperature record of global surface temperatures over the last 140 years; Mann & Park 1993 showed patterns relating to the El Niño–Southern Oscillation, and Mann & Park 1994 found what was later termed the Atlantic multidecadal oscillation.
Category: Global warming
Claim: The warming trend is the same in rural and urban areas, measured by thermometers and satellites.
Evidence: In areas with high soot production, such as rural India, as much as 50% of surface warming due to greenhouse gases may be masked by atmospheric brown clouds.
Category: Geologic temperature record
Claim: Each of the six major past ice ages began when the atmospheric carbon dioxide content was far higher than at present.
Evidence: The gradual intensification of this ice age over the last 3 million years has been associated with declining concentrations of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide, though it remains unclear if this change is sufficiently large to have caused the changes in temperatures.
Category: Mercury (planet)
Claim: The sun was so intense, it took the mercury up to in excess of 120°F as it topped out at 122.4 °F (50.2°C).
Evidence: The surface temperature of Mercury ranges from 100 to 700 K (−173 to 427 °C; −280 to 800 °F) at the most extreme places: 0°N, 0°W, or 180°W.
Evidence: The Sun is a G2V star, with G2 indicating its surface temperature of approximately 5,778 K (5,505 °C, 9,941 °F), and V that it, like most stars, is a main-sequence star.
Category: El Niño
Claim: Once natural influences, in particular the impact of El Niño and La Niña, are removed from the recent termperature record, there is no evidence of a significant change in the human contribution to climate change.
Evidence: The ENSO cycle, including both El Niño and La Niña, causes global changes in temperature and rainfall.
Category: Atmospheric methane
Claim: Methane plays a minor role in global warming but could get much worse if permafrost starts to melt.
Evidence: With rising global temperatures, the amount of permafrost melting and releasing methane continues to increase.
Category: Water
Claim: If there is  a cloud cover, the heat is trapped by water vapour as a greenhouse gas  and the temperature stays quite warm.
Evidence: Water vapor and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere provide a temperature buffer (greenhouse effect) which helps maintain a relatively steady surface temperature.
Evidence: As water is a potent greenhouse gas, this further heats the climate: the water vapour feedback.
Category: Sea level rise
Claim: Unprecedented climate change has caused sea level at Sydney Harbour to rise approximately 0.0 cm over the past 140 years.
Evidence: Between 1900 and 2016, the sea level rose by 16–21 cm (6.3–8.3 in).
Evidence: Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.
Category: Instrumental temperature record
Claim: On Feb. 7, several major newspapers carried stories of the declaration by NASA and NOAA that the past five years have been the warmest on record.
Evidence: Even accounting for the presence of internal climate variability, recent years rank among the warmest on record.
Evidence: Consistent with Schmidt's comment, the NASA / NOAA announcement stated that "globally-averaged temperatures in 2016 were 1.78 degrees Fahrenheit (0.99 degrees Celsius) warmer than the mid-20th century mean" and that the impact of El Niño warming was estimated to have "increased the annual global temperature anomaly for 2016 by 0.2 degrees Fahrenheit (0.12 degrees Celsius)."
Category: Planetary boundaries
Claim: Natural cycles superimposed on a linear warming trend can be mistaken for step changes, but the underlying warming is caused by the external radiative forcing.
Evidence: Positive radiative forcing results in warming.
Category: Sea level rise
Claim: Global sea level data shows that sea level rise has been increasing since 1880 while future sea level rise predictions are based on  physics, not statistics.
Evidence: For instance, Mercer published a study in 1978 predicting that anthropogenic carbon dioxide warming and its potential effects on climate in the 21st century could cause a sea level rise of around 5 metres (16 ft) from melting of the West Antarctic ice-sheet alone.
Evidence: This network was used, in combination with satellite altimeter data, to establish that global mean sea-level rose 19.5 cm (7.7 in) between 1870 and 2004 at an average rate of about 1.44 mm/yr (1.7 mm/yr during the 20th century).
Evidence: As climate research into past and present sea levels leads to improved computer models, projections have consistently increased.
Category: Ozone depletion
Claim: Because oxygen in the global ocean is not evenly distributed, the 2 percent overall decline means there is a much larger decline in some areas of the ocean than others.
Evidence: The greatest Arctic declines are in the winter and spring, reaching up to 30 percent when the stratosphere is coldest.
Evidence: The decline in income is not evenly distributed, with tropical regions hardest hit.
Category: Instrumental temperature record
Claim: The first adjustment changed how the temperature of the ocean surface is calculated, by replacing satellite data with drifting buoys and temperatures in ships’ water intake.
Evidence: The sea record consists of surface ships taking sea temperature measurements from engine inlets or buckets.
Evidence: The first automated technique for determining SST was accomplished by measuring the temperature of water in the intake port of large ships, which was underway by 1963.
Evidence: Weather conditions out at sea are taken by ships and buoys, which measure slightly different meteorological quantities such as sea surface temperature (SST), wave height, and wave period.
Category: 2010s
Claim: So far this month, there have been nearly 5,000 daily record highs set or tied, compared to just 42 daily record lows.
Evidence: As a result, for example, US stock prices reached record highs.
Evidence: Winters are cool and wet with December, the coolest month, averaging 40.6 °F (4.8 °C), with 28 annual days with lows that reach the freezing mark, and 2.0 days where the temperature stays at or below freezing all day; the temperature rarely lowers to 20 °F (−7 °C).
Evidence: The hottest officially recorded temperature was 103 °F (39 °C) on July 29, 2009; the coldest recorded temperature was 0 °F (−18 °C) on January 31, 1950; the record cold daily maximum is 16 °F (−9 °C) on January 14, 1950, while, conversely, the record warm daily minimum is 71 °F (22 °C) the day the official record high was set.
Category: Greenhouse gas
Claim: In addition, [climate models] ignore the fact that enriching the atmosphere with CO2 is beneficial
Evidence: However, this excludes the balancing fluxes of CO 2 into the atmosphere from the geological reservoirs, which have slower characteristic rates.
Evidence: As the planet warms, it has been predicted that soils will add carbon dioxide to the atmosphere due to increased biological activity at higher temperatures, a positive feedback (amplification).
Evidence: The reason for this is that human activities are adding CO2 to the atmosphere faster than natural processes can remove it (see carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere for a complete explanation).
Category: Solar cycle
Claim: A new peer-reviewed study on Surface Warming and the Solar Cycle found that times of high solar activity are on average 0.2°C warmer than times of low solar activity, and that there is a polar amplification of the warming.
Evidence: Also, average solar activity in the 2010s was no higher than in the 1950s (see above), whereas average global temperatures had risen markedly over that period.
Evidence: Warming in the last 100 years has caused about a 0.74 °C increase in global average temperature.
Evidence: This is much colder than the conditions that actually exist at the Earth's surface (the global mean surface temperature is about 14 °C).
Evidence: According to a 2015 study, reductions in black carbon emissions and other minor greenhouse gases, by roughly 60 percent, could cool the Arctic up to 0.2 °C by 2050.
Category: Permian
Claim: Temperatures in the Southwest increased by nearly two degrees Fahrenheit (one degree Celsius) from 1901 to 2010, and some climate models forecast a total rise of six degrees or more by the end of this century.
Evidence: Based on the amount of lava estimated to have been produced during this period, the worst-case scenario is the release of enough carbon dioxide from the eruptions to raise world temperatures five degrees Celsius.
Evidence: "A projected increase of 4.05 degrees Fahrenheit in average temperature is expected by 2065, and a projected increase of 9.37 degrees Fahrenheit in average temperature can be expected by the turn of the century if nothing is done to curb emissions.
Category: Earth's energy budget
Claim: The long term warming trend indicates the total energy in the Earth's climate system is increasing due to an energy imbalance.
Evidence: An imbalance in the Earth radiation budget requires components of the climate system to change temperature over time.
Evidence: "Earth's Energy Imbalance".
Evidence: Climate forcings are changes that cause temperatures to rise or fall, disrupting the energy balance.
Category: Global warming
Claim: But as the change gets larger or more persistent … it appears they underestimate climate change
Evidence: Models not only project different future temperature with different emissions of greenhouse gases, but also do not fully agree on the strength of different feedbacks on climate sensitivity and the amount of inertia of the system.
Category: Angstrom
Claim: This argument originates from Angstrom's work in 1901.
Evidence: In 1852, Ångström formulated in Optiska undersökningar (Optical researches), a law of absorption, later modified somewhat and known as Kirchhoff's law of thermal radiation.
Evidence: Anders Jonas Ångström (Swedish: [ˈânːdɛʂ ˈjûːnas ˈɔ̂ŋːstrœm]; 13 August 1814 – 21 June 1874) was a Swedish physicist and one of the founders of the science of spectroscopy.
Category: Global warming
Claim: They changed the name from 'global warming' to 'climate change'.
Evidence: "Reduction in surface climate change achieved by the 1987 Montreal Protocol".
Evidence: Climate change adaptation (CCA) is a response to global warming (also known as "climate change" or "anthropogenic climate change").
Category: Global warming
Claim: Global warming is increasing the risk of heatwaves.
Evidence: Climate change also increases droughts and heat waves that inhibit plant growth, which makes it uncertain whether this balancing feedback will persist in the future.
Category: Market failure
Claim: The costs of emissions regulations, which will be paid by everyone, will be punishingly high and will provide no benefits to most people anywhere in the world.
Evidence: Because there is very low cost but high benefit to individual drivers in using the roads, the roads become congested, decreasing their usefulness to society.
Evidence: Increasing the costs of polluting will discourage polluting, and will provide a "dynamic incentive," that is, the disincentive continues to operate even as pollution levels fall.
Category: Volcano
Claim: While volcanic eruptions are natural events, it was the timing of these that had such a noticeable effect on the trend
Evidence: The 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora created global climate anomalies that became known as the "Year Without a Summer" because of the effect on North American and European weather.
Category: Kiribati
Claim: “The most famous of these studies, published in 2010 by Paul Kench and Arthur Webb of the South Pacific Applied Geoscience Commission in Fiji, showed that of 27 Pacific islands, 14% lost area.
Evidence: Kiribati was mentioned in the study, and Webb and Kench found that the three major urbanised islands in Kiribati—Betio, Bairiki and Nanikai—increased by 30% (36 hectares), 16.3% (5.8 hectares) and 12.5% (0.8 hectares), respectively.
Category: Ocean acidification
Claim: The current debate on the connection between CO2 emissions and climate change has largely overlooked an independent and equally serious problem, the increasing acidity of our oceans.
Evidence: Ocean acidification is the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's oceans, caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide (CO 2) from the atmosphere.
Evidence: They state further that the "continuing reliance on combustion of fossil fuels as the world's primary source of energy will lead to much higher atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases, which will, in turn, cause significant increases in surface temperature, sea level, ocean acidification, and their related consequences to the environment and society".
Evidence: This will cause an elevation of ocean alkalinity, leading to the enhancement of the ocean as a reservoir for CO 2 with implications for climate change as more CO 2 leaves the atmosphere for the ocean.
Category: Shutdown of thermohaline circulation
Claim: This small warming is  likely a result of the natural alterations in global ocean currents  which are driven by ocean salinity variations.
Evidence: However, the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) is driven by ocean temperature and salinity differences.
Evidence: In the deep ocean, the predominant driving force is differences in density, caused by salinity and temperature variations (increasing salinity and lowering the temperature of a fluid both increase its density).
Category: Ganges
Claim: IPCC were wrong about Himalayan glaciers
Evidence: In 2007, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), in its Fourth Report, stated that the Himalayan glaciers which feed the river, were at risk of melting by 2035.
Evidence: Former IPCC chairman Robert Watson said, regarding the Himalayan glaciers estimation, "The mistakes all appear to have gone in the direction of making it seem like climate change is more serious by overstating the impact.
Category: Smog
Claim: “Carbon dioxide hurts nobody’s health.
Evidence: Smog is a serious problem in many cities and continues to harm human health.
Evidence: Concentrations of 7% to 10% (70,000 to 100,000 ppm) may cause suffocation, even in the presence of sufficient oxygen, manifesting as dizziness, headache, visual and hearing dysfunction, and unconsciousness within a few minutes to an hour.
Category: Scientific consensus on climate change
Claim: more than 100 per cent of the warming over the past century is due to human actions
Evidence: The dominant cause of the warming since the 1950s is human activities.
Evidence: The view that human activities are likely responsible for most of the observed increase in global mean temperature ("global warming") since the mid-20th century is an accurate reflection of current scientific thinking.
Category: Walter Munk
Claim: The noted oceanographer Walter Munk referred to sea-level rise as an “enigma”
Evidence: This work described what came to be known as "Munk's enigma", a large discrepancy between observed rate of sea level rise and its expected effects on the earth's rotation.
Category: Arctic Ocean
Claim: Whatever is driving increases in winter Arctic temperatures   is not heat coming out of the Arctic Ocean, which is covered with   insulating ice.'
Evidence: This insulation keeps the warm Atlantic Water from melting the surface ice.
Category: Earth
Claim: Surface temperatures on Earth "have stabilized."
Evidence: Paleontological evidence and computer simulations show that Earth's axial tilt is stabilized by tidal interactions with the Moon.
Evidence: As stated in the Convention, this requires that greenhouse gas concentrations are stabilized in the atmosphere at a level where ecosystems can adapt naturally to climate change, food production is not threatened, and economic development can be sustained.
Category: Carbon dioxide
Claim: Geologists say that humans are now pumping the gas into the air much faster than nature has ever done.
Evidence: CO 2 is produced by all aerobic organisms when they metabolize carbohydrates and lipids to produce energy by respiration.
Evidence: Carbon dioxide can be obtained by distillation from air, but the method is inefficient.
Category: Percentage
Claim: The climate debate is, in reality, about a 1.6 watts per square metre or 0.5 per cent discrepancy in the poorly known planetary energy balance."
Evidence: In mathematics, a percentage (from Latin per centum "by a hundred") is a number or ratio expressed as a fraction of 100.
Evidence: ", as opposed to "per cent".
Category: Greenhouse gas
Claim: But by far the largest greenhouse gas is water vapour, which makes 95 per cent of the total.
Evidence: Water vapor accounts for the largest percentage of the greenhouse effect, between 36% and 66% for clear sky conditions and between 66% and 85% when including clouds.
Evidence: The burning of coal, natural gas, and oil for electricity and heat is the largest single source of global greenhouse gas emissions.
Category: Tuvalu
Claim: Tuvalu sea level isn't rising
Evidence: Tuvalu is also affected by perigean spring tide events which raise the sea level higher than a normal high tide.
Evidence: Mean sea-level rise is projected to continue (very high confidence).
Category: Fossil fuel power station
Claim: Never mind that the emissions of carbon dioxide to make and maintain a wind or solar industrial complex are far greater than they will ever save.
Evidence: Electricity generation using carbon-based fuels is responsible for a large fraction of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions worldwide and for 34% of U.S. man-made carbon dioxide emissions in 2010.
Evidence: Also, resulting greenhouse gas emissions, chiefly carbon dioxide, from the widespread use of engines in the modern industrialized world is contributing to the global greenhouse effect – a primary concern regarding global warming.
Category: Santa Ana winds
Claim: But abnormal temperature spikes in February and earlier this month have left it vulnerable to winds, which have pushed the ice further away from the coast than at any time since satellite records began in the 1970s.”
Evidence: During Santa Ana conditions it is typically hotter along the coast than in the deserts, with the Southern California coastal region reaching some of its highest annual temperatures in autumn rather than summer.
Category: Tide gauge
Claim: Using satellite data rather than tide-gauge data that is normally used to measure sea levels allows for more precise estimates of global sea level, since it provides measurements of the open ocean.
Evidence: A tide gauge is a device for measuring the change in sea level relative to a vertical datum.
Category: Palo Alto, California
Claim: "We found [U.S. weather] stations located next to  the exhaust fans of air conditioning units, surrounded by asphalt  parking lots and roads, on blistering-hot rooftops, and near sidewalks  and buildings that absorb and radiate heat.
Evidence: A third, the Stanford station, located beside Alma Street at Embarcadero Road, is used for occasional sports events (generally football) at Stanford Stadium.
Category: Science and the Catholic Church
Claim: Skeptics who oppose scientific findings that threaten their world view are far closer to Galileo's belief-based critics in the Catholic Church.
Evidence: An alternative criticism is that the Church opposed particular scientific discoveries that it felt challenged its authority and power – particularly through the Reformation and on through the Enlightenment.
Evidence: Galileo's contributions caused difficulties for theologians and natural philosophers of the time, as they contradicted scientific and philosophical ideas based on those of Aristotle and Ptolemy and closely associated with the Catholic Church.
Evidence: Galileo's discoveries were met with opposition within the Catholic Church, and in 1616 the Inquisition declared heliocentrism to be "formally heretical."
Category: Global warming
Claim: [T]he overwhelming majority of peer-reviewed studies  [find] that CO2 in the atmosphere remained there a short time.
Evidence: In 2013, CO2 readings taken at the world's primary benchmark site in Mauna Loa surpassing 400 ppm for the first time.
Evidence: Some climate change denial groups say that because CO 2 is only a trace gas in the atmosphere (roughly 400ppm, or 0.04%, 4 parts per 10,000) it can only have a minor effect on the climate.
Evidence: A peer-reviewed research article by Dr. Steven Wing found a significant increase in cancers from 1979–1985 among people who lived within ten miles of TMI; in 2009 Dr. Wing stated that radiation releases during the accident were probably "thousands of times greater" than the NRC's estimates.
Category: Carbon price
Claim: The benefits of a price on carbon outweigh the costs several times over.
Evidence: Suppose the benefits from that ton range from $1 for the user with the least need for carbon to $100 (in $1 increments) for the user who would benefit most.
Category: Agriculture
Claim: Global human emissions are only 3 per cent of total annual emissions.
Evidence: It is one of the largest sources of greenhouse gases, responsible for 18% of the world's greenhouse gas emissions as measured in CO2 equivalents.
Evidence: Agriculture, forestry and land-use change contributed around 20 to 25% of global annual emissions in 2010.
Evidence: The Kyoto second commitment period applies to about 11% of annual global emissions of greenhouse gases.
Category: North Pole
Claim: ‘Next year or the year after, the Arctic will be free of ice’
Evidence: Reports have also predicted that within a few decades the Arctic Ocean will be entirely free of ice in the summer.
Evidence: "Expert predicts ice-free Arctic by 2020 as UN releases climate report".
Category: Climate change (general concept)
Claim: […]You can think of global warming as one type of climate change.
Evidence: In this sense, especially in the context of environmental policy, the term climate change has become synonymous with anthropogenic global warming.
Evidence: Climate change refers to a broad range of global phenomena ...[which] include the increased temperature trends described by global warming."
Category: Global warming in Antarctica
Claim: Antarctic ice fluctuates wildly year to year, and the link to man-made global warming there is not clear, NASA ice expert Walt Meier said.
Evidence: Research published in 2009 found that overall the continent had become warmer since the 1950s, a finding consistent with the influence of man-made climate change: "We can't pin it down, but it certainly is consistent with the influence of greenhouse gases from fossil fuels", said NASA scientist Drew Shindell, another study co-author.
Evidence: The change was attributed to increasingly cold winters in the Arctic stratosphere at an altitude of approximately 20 km (12 mi), a change associated with global warming in a relationship that is still under investigation.
Category: Adelaide
Claim: South Australia is winning: it has the most unreliable grid in the world outside Africa and the most expensive electricity.
Evidence: [citation needed] South Australia has the highest retail price for electricity in the country.
Evidence: It is now the leading producer of wind power in Australia.