Danthammadhavi/climate_fever_fixed huggingface dataset:
Category: Jupiter
Claim: Jupiter's climate change is due to shifts in internal turbulence fueled from an internal heat source - the planet radiates twice as much energy as it receives from the sun.
Evidence: Convection within the interior of the planet transports more energy to the poles, balancing out the temperatures at the cloud layer.
Evidence: As with Uranus, the source of this heating is unknown, but the discrepancy is larger: Uranus only radiates 1.1 times as much energy as it receives from the Sun; whereas Neptune radiates about 2.61 times as much energy as it receives from the Sun.
Evidence: The water clouds are assumed to generate thunderstorms in the same way as terrestrial thunderstorms, driven by the heat rising from the interior.
Category: Glacier
Claim: Glaciers are retreating almost everywhere around the world — including in the Alps, Himalayas, Andes, Rockies, Alaska and Africa.
Evidence: Between 35°N and 35°S, glaciers occur only in the Himalayas, Andes, Rocky Mountains, a few high mountains in East Africa, Mexico, New Guinea and on Zard Kuh in Iran.
Category: Earth
Claim: The effect of this disparity is that thermal radiation escaping to space comes mostly from the cold upper atmosphere, while the surface is maintained at a substantially warmer temperature.
Evidence: The climate is colder at high altitudes than at sea level because of the decreased air density.
Evidence: Although the temperature may be −60 °C (−76 °F; 210 K) at the tropopause, the top of the stratosphere is much warmer, and may be near 0 °C.
Category: Greenhouse gas
Claim: Carbon dioxide is not "a primary contributor to the global warming that we see."
Evidence: Cumulative anthropogenic (i.e., human-emitted) emissions of CO 2 from fossil fuel use are a major cause of global warming, and give some indication of which countries have contributed most to human-induced climate change.
Category: Sarah Palin
Claim: Top Scientist Hal Lewis Resigns Over Climate Change Corruption
Evidence: He was forced to resign in November 2003.
Category: Medieval Warm Period
Claim: While the Medieval Warm Period saw unusually warm temperatures in some regions, globally the planet was cooler than current conditions.
Evidence: Their reconstruction of the pattern is characterised by warmth over large part of North Atlantic, Southern Greenland, the Eurasian Arctic, and parts of North America which appears to substantially exceed that of the late 20th century (1961–1990) baseline and is comparable or exceeds that of the past decade or two in some regions.
Evidence: They also found that the warming during the 10–14th centuries in some regions might be comparable in magnitude to the warming of the last few decades of the 20th century, which was unprecedented within the past 500 years.
Category: Botany
Claim: whenever in the past there was an explosion of plant life, the carbon dioxide content was far higher than at present.
Evidence: The concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere today is much lower than it was when plants emerged onto land during the Ordovician and Silurian periods.
Category: Sea level rise
Claim: Sea level rise is not going to happen.
Evidence: Since the last glacial maximum about 20,000 years ago, the sea level has risen by more than 125 metres (410 ft), with rates varying from less than a mm/year to 40+ mm/year, as a result of melting ice sheets over Canada and Eurasia.
Evidence: If emissions remain very high, the IPCC projects sea level will rise by 52–98 cm (20–39 in).
Category: Sea level rise
Claim: The trend has been measured by a network of tidal gauges, many of which have been collecting data for over a century.
Evidence: Data collected by the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) in Australia show the current global mean sea level trend to be 3.2 mm (0.13 in) per year, a doubling of the rate during the 20th century.
Category: Nuclear power debate
Claim: […]until we develop a practical, cost-competitive alternative to fossil fuels, it is unlikely that renewable energy will ever make up more than 15-20% of global energy requirements.
Evidence: The World Nuclear Association argues that: "Obviously sun, wind, tides and waves cannot be controlled to provide directly either continuous base-load power, or peak-load power when it is needed,..." "In practical terms non-hydro renewables are therefore able to supply up to some 15–20% of the capacity of an electricity grid, though they cannot directly be applied as economic substitutes for most coal or nuclear power, however significant they become in particular areas with favourable conditions."
Evidence: National renewable energy markets are projected to continue to grow strongly in the coming decade and beyond, and some 120 countries have various policy targets for longer-term shares of renewable energy, including a 20% target of all electricity generated for the European Union by 2020.
Category: Mount Kilimanjaro
Claim: Mount Kilimanjaro's shrinking glacier is complicated and not due to just global warming.
Evidence: Because of its shrinking glaciers and disappearing ice fields, the mountain has been the subject of many scientific studies.
Category: Anoxic event
Claim: The warming causes the oceans to release CO2.
Evidence: The effect of this warm water propagates through the ocean, and reduces the amount of CO 2 that the oceans can hold in solution, which makes the oceans release large quantities of CO 2 into the atmosphere in a geologically short time (tens or thousands of years).
Category: New York City
Claim: Since 1965, more parts of the U.S. have seen a decrease in flooding than have seen an increase.
Evidence: The driest year on record is 1965, with 26.09 inches (663 mm) of rainfall.
Evidence: According the Vermont state government, rainfall has significantly increased in the last 50 years, storms and flooding have increased, and winters have become warmer and shorter.
Category: Great Barrier Reef
Claim: Great Barrier Reef is in good shape.
Evidence: In the northern part of the Great Barrier Reef, ribbon reefs and deltaic reefs have formed; these structures are not found in the rest of the reef system.
Category: Usage share of operating systems
Claim: In fact, the trend, while not statistically significant, is downward.”
Evidence: Gartner's own press release said, "Apple continued its downward trend with a decline of 7.7 percent in the second quarter of 2016", which is their decline, based on absolute number of units, that underestimates the relative decline (with the market increasing), along with the misleading "1.7 percent [point]" decline.
Evidence: "Hysterectomy Procedures Pacing A Downward Trend".
Category: Retreat of glaciers since 1850
Claim: Statistical analysis of the rate of warming over different periods find that warming from 1970 to 2001 is greater than the warming from both 1860 to 1880 and 1910 to 1940.
Evidence: The Little Ice Age was a period from about 1550 to 1850 when the world experienced relatively cooler temperatures compared to the time before and after.
Evidence: It is a major aspect of climate change, and has been demonstrated by the instrumental temperature record which shows global warming of around 1 °C since the pre-industrial period, although the bulk of this (0.9°C) has occurred since 1970.
Evidence: Over the past five decades there has been a global warming of approximately 0.65 °C (1.17 °F) at the Earth's surface (see historical temperature record).
Category: Carbon dioxide
Claim: water vapour has been the main greenhouse gas and carbon dioxide has had a minuscule effect on global climate
Evidence: Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.
Evidence: Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.
Category: Mauna Loa Observatory
Claim: 'Mauna Loa has been producing a readout which supports Manning's predetermined goal by showing steady growth in atmospheric CO2 concentrations since 1959.
Evidence: Since 1958, initially under the direction of Charles Keeling, followed by his son Ralph and later Elmer Robinson, Mauna Loa Observatory (MLO) has been monitoring and collecting data relating to atmospheric change, and is known especially for the continuous monitoring of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2), which is sometimes referred to as the Keeling Curve.
Evidence: The measurements collected at Mauna Loa Observatory show a steady increase in mean atmospheric CO 2 concentration from 313 parts per million by volume (ppmv) in March 1958 to 406 ppmv in November 2018, with an increase of ~2 ppmv CO 2 per year.
Category: Instrumental temperature record
Claim: “ NASA concurred with NOAA, also declaring 2016 the warmest year on record in its own data set that tracks the temperatures at the surface of the planet’s land and oceans, and expressing ‘greater than 95 percent certainty’ in that conclusion.
Evidence: "U.S. Report Confirms 2016 Was The Hottest Year On Record".
Category: Climate change (general concept)
Claim: Also, it's not yet clear whether changes in stratospheric water vapor are caused by a climate feedback or internal variability
Evidence: Natural changes in the climate system result in internal "climate variability".
Category: Sweden
Claim: Sea level rise has been slow and a constant, pre-dating industrialization
Evidence: Between 1870 and 1914, Sweden began developing the industrialised economy that exists today.
Category: Colorado River
Claim: Last year, though, was a wet one on the Rio Grande, with a strong snowpack in the winter of 2016-17 that allowed the conservancy district to store water in upstream reservoirs.
Evidence: In November 2012, the U.S. and Mexico reached an agreement, known as Minute 319, permitting Mexico storage of its water allotment in U.S. reservoirs during wet years, thus increasing the efficiency with which the water can be used.
Category: Global warming
Claim: 'Global warming' and 'climate change' mean different things and have both been used for decades.
Evidence: Global warming and climate change are often used interchangeably.
Evidence: Research in the 1950s suggested that temperatures were increasing, and a 1952 newspaper used the term "climate change".
Category: Clean Air Act (United States)
Claim: The United States has been restricting soot emissions  in Draconian fashion since the Clean Air Act of 1963.
Evidence: The Clean Air Act of 1970 (1970 CAA) authorized the development of comprehensive federal and state regulations to limit emissions from both stationary (industrial) sources and mobile sources.
Category: An Inconvenient Truth
Claim: Al Gore's film was "broadly accurate" according to an expert witness called when an attempt was made through the courts to prevent the film being shown in schools.
Evidence: The judge ruled that An Inconvenient Truth contained nine scientific errors and thus must be accompanied by an explanation of those errors before being shown to school children.
Evidence: Gore climate documentary to be shown in schools.
Category: Carbon capture and storage
Claim: ‘Clean coal’ is an approach in which the emissions from coal-burning power plants would be captured and pumped underground.
Evidence: Also known as geo-sequestration, this method involves injecting carbon dioxide, generally in supercritical form, directly into underground geological formations.
Category: Global warming controversy
Claim: But it is part of a long list of studies from independent teams (as this interactive graphic shows), using a variety of methods that take account of critical challenges, all of which conclude that climate models exhibit too much sensitivity to greenhouse gases.
Evidence: A 2007 study by David Douglass and coworkers, concluded that the 22 most commonly used global climate models used by the IPCC were unable to accurately predict accelerated warming in the troposphere although they did match actual surface warming, concluding "projections of future climate based on these models should be viewed with much caution".
Category: Global warming
Claim: Sea level rise due to global warming is exaggerated.
Evidence: Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.
Evidence: This acceleration is due mostly to human-caused global warming, which is driving thermal expansion of seawater and the melting of land-based ice sheets and glaciers.
Category: Effects of global warming
Claim: the total area burned in the western United States over the past 33 years was double the size it would have been without any human-caused warming.
Evidence: After about a thousand years, 20% to 30% of human-emitted CO 2 will remain in the atmosphere, not taken up by the ocean or the land, committing the climate to warming long after emissions have stopped.
Evidence: Since the 1970s, the size of the area burned has increased fivefold while fifteen of the 20 largest fires in California have occurred since 2000.
Category: Global warming hiatus
Claim: Internal variability can only account for small amounts of warming and cooling over periods of decades, and scientific studies have consistently shown that it cannot account for the global warming over the past century.
Evidence: Climate is the statistics (usually, mean or variability) of weather: the classical period for averaging weather variables is 30 years in accordance with the definition set by the World Meteorological Organization.Instrumental temperature records have shown a robust multi-decadal long-term trend of global warming since the end of the 19th century, reversing longer term cooling in previous centuries as seen in paleoclimate records.
Category: Venus
Claim: Venus very likely underwent a runaway or ‘moist’ greenhouse phase earlier in its history, and today is kept hot by a dense CO2 atmosphere.
Evidence: The CO 2-rich atmosphere generates the strongest greenhouse effect in the Solar System, creating surface temperatures of at least 735 K (462 °C; 864 °F).
Category: Global warming
Claim: A drop in volcanic activity caused warming.
Evidence: increased concentrations of greenhouse gases), solar luminosity, volcanic eruptions, and variations in the Earth's orbit around the Sun.
Evidence: Sea surface temperatures too decreased by 0.3–2.2 °C (0.54–3.96 °F), triggering changes in the ocean circulations.
Category: Effects of global warming on humans
Claim: Severe storms, floods and agricultural losses may cost a great deal of money, but such extreme weather events—and their resulting costs—are dramatically declining as the Earth modestly warms.
Evidence: Increased extreme weather means more water falls on hardened ground unable to absorb it, leading to flash floods instead of a replenishment of soil moisture or groundwater levels.
Category: Albedo
Claim: The long term trend from albedo is that of cooling.
Evidence: The water vapor causes cooling on the land surface, causes heating where it condenses, acts a strong greenhouse gas, and can increase albedo when it condenses into clouds.
Evidence: The scattering of radiation causes atmospheric cooling, whereas absorption can cause atmospheric warming.
Category: General circulation model
Claim: While there are uncertainties with climate models, they successfully reproduce the past and have made predictions that have been subsequently confirmed by observations.
Evidence: These models are the basis for model predictions of future climate, such as are discussed by the IPCC.
Evidence: Nevertheless, within three years most of the basic assumptions made by Rowland and Molina were confirmed by laboratory measurements and by direct observation in the stratosphere.
Category: Kilowatt hour
Claim: When South Australians buy electricity at $14,200/MWh, they are paying the equivalent of $400 a litre for petrol.
Evidence: The kilowatt-hour (kWh, also kW⋅h or kW h) is a unit of energy equal to 3600 kilojoules (3.6 megajoules).
Category: Global warming
Claim: Early 20th century warming was in large part due to rising solar activity and relatively quiet volcanic activity.
Evidence: increased concentrations of greenhouse gases), solar luminosity, volcanic eruptions, and variations in the Earth's orbit around the Sun.
Evidence: The slower pace of warming can be attributed to a combination of natural fluctuations, reduced solar activity, and increased volcanic activity.
Evidence: "Impact of powerful volcanic eruptions and solar activity on the climate above the Arctic Circle".
Category: Hurricane Sandy
Claim: When the Emergency Leaders for Climate Action approached the Federal Government in April they were drawing on decades of data showing that fire conditions are getting worse.
Evidence: On January 30, 2015, days after the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers released a post-Sandy report examining flood risks for 31,200 miles (50,210 km) of the North Atlantic coast, President Obama issued an executive order directing federal agencies, state and local governments drawing federal funds to adopt stricter building and siting standards to reflect scientific projections that future flooding will be more frequent and intense due to climate change.
Evidence: The administration released the Fourth National Climate Assessment (NCA4) in November 2018, a long-awaited study conducted by numerous federal agencies that found "the evidence of human-caused climate change is overwhelming and continues to strengthen, that the impacts of climate change are intensifying across the country, and that climate-related threats to Americans' physical, social, and economic well-being are rising."
Evidence: Bush's administration presided over the largest tax cuts since the presidency of Ronald Reagan, and his homeland security reforms proved to be the most significant expansion of the federal government since the Great Society.
Category: Climate change (general concept)
Claim: Gov. Palin ... is somebody who actually doesn't believe that climate change is man-made.
Evidence: Climate change means a change of climate which is attributed directly or indirectly to human activity that alters the composition of the global atmosphere and which is in addition to natural climate variability observed over comparable time periods.
Category: 2010 Northern Hemisphere heat waves
Claim: cold deaths actually occur during moderate temperatures
Evidence: The Southwestern United States had near high temperatures from September 26 to October 2, and even hotter than that in some regions.
Evidence: The first phase lasted only from April 2010 to June 2010, and caused only moderate above average temperatures in the areas affected.
Evidence: It involves cooling the body to temperatures between 20 °C (68 °F) to 25 °C (77 °F), and stopping blood circulation and brain function for up to one hour.
Evidence: Both the American East Coast and parts of the American Midwest had record high temperatures, killing two people on the 8th.
Category: Hurricane Sandy
Claim: But Trenberth’s "lack of warming at the moment" has been going on at least a decade.
Evidence: Global climate change has contributed to the higher sea surface and ocean temperatures, and a warmer and moister atmosphere, and its effects are in the range of 5 to 10%.
Evidence: In January 2013 James Hansen and colleagues published their updated analysis that temperatures had continued at a high level despite strong La Niña conditions, and said the "5-year mean global temperature has been flat for a decade, which we interpret as a combination of natural variability and a slowdown in the growth rate of the net climate forcing", noting "that the 10 warmest years in the record all occurred since 1998."
Category: Scientific method
Claim: In looking at Earth’s past, scientists can predict what the future will look like
Evidence: Scientific inquiry generally aims to obtain knowledge in the form of testable explanations that scientists can use to predict the results of future experiments.
Category: New York City
Claim: Not only was 2016 the warmest year on record, but eight of the 12 months that make up the year — from January through September, with the exception of June — were the warmest on record for those respective months.
Evidence: The warmest year on record is 2012, with a mean temperature of 57.4 °F (14.1 °C).
Evidence: It is, on average, the coldest month of the year within most of the Northern Hemisphere (where it is the second month of winter) and the warmest month of the year within most of the Southern Hemisphere (where it is the second month of summer).
Category: Climate change denial
Claim: If the public were aware that man-made CO2 is so incredibly small there would be very little belief in a climate disaster ..."
Evidence: Gelbspan 1998 p. 3 "But some individuals do not want the public to know about the immediacy and extent of the climate threat.
Evidence: In Britain, only 43% believe man-made global warming is a fact, down from… 55% in July.
Category: Greenland ice sheet
Claim: Greenland on the whole is losing ice, as confirmed by multiple satellite and on the ground field measurements.
Evidence: Play media Satellite measurements of Greenland's ice cover from 1979 to 2009 reveals a trend of increased melting.
Category: Global warming hiatus
Claim: Global surface temperatures have continued to rise steadily beneath short-term natural cooling effects, and the rise in global heat content has not slowed at all.
Evidence: Natural climate variability can appear to slow down surface warming over short periods, but does not refute long-term climate change trends.
Evidence: Globally, these effects are estimated to have led to a slight cooling, dominated by an increase in surface albedo.
Category: Sea level rise
Claim: I note particularly that sea-level rise is not affected by the warming; it continues at the same rate, 1.8 millimeters a year, according to a 1990 review by Andrew S. Trupin and John Wahr.
Evidence: For instance, Mercer published a study in 1978 predicting that anthropogenic carbon dioxide warming and its potential effects on climate in the 21st century could cause a sea level rise of around 5 metres (16 ft) from melting of the West Antarctic ice-sheet alone.
Category: Greenhouse gas
Claim: CFCs contribute to global waerming at a small level.
Evidence: Although CFCs are greenhouse gases, they are regulated by the Montreal Protocol, which was motivated by CFCs' contribution to ozone depletion rather than by their contribution to global warming.
Evidence: However, the hydrochlorofluorocarbons, or HCFCs, and hydrofluorocarbons, or HFCs, are now thought to contribute to anthropogenic global warming.
Evidence: For example, nitrogen trifluoride has a high global warming potential (GWP) but is only present in very small quantities.
Category: Carbon dioxide
Claim: In no way, shape, or form are humans warming or cooling the planet.
Evidence: Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.
Evidence: The current scientific consensus on climate change is that the Earth underwent global warming throughout the 20th century and continues to warm.
Category: Ocean
Claim: Heat is continuing to build up in the subsurface ocean.
Evidence: Surface heat and freshwater fluxes create global density gradients that drive the thermohaline circulation part of large-scale ocean circulation.
Category: Climate change (general concept)
Claim: There is long-term correlation between CO2 and global temperature; other effects are short-term.
Evidence: During the glacial cycles, there was a high correlation between CO 2 concentrations and temperatures.
Category: Global warming
Claim: In the last 35 years of global warming, the sun has shown a slight cooling trend.
Evidence: Globally, these effects are estimated to have led to a slight cooling, dominated by an increase in surface albedo.
Category: Carbon dioxide
Claim: CO2 is colorless, odorless and completely non-toxic.
Evidence: Carbon dioxide (chemical formula CO 2) is a colorless gas with a density about 60% higher than that of dry air.
Category: Scientific consensus on climate change
Claim: The statement that so-called greenhouse gases,  especially CO2, contribute to near-surface atmospheric warming is in  glaring contradiction to well-known physical laws relating to gas and  vapour, as well as to general caloric theory.'
Evidence: The spatial and temporal fingerprint of warming can be traced to increasing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, which are a direct result of burning fossil fuels, broad-scale deforestation and other human activity."
Evidence: The changes in temperature have been associated with increasing concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO 2) and other GHGs in the atmosphere."
Category: Methane
Claim: Methane is the only cause of climate change.
Evidence: "Tackling Climate Change Through Livestock".
Evidence: A number of natural and man-made mechanisms can affect the global energy balance and force changes in Earth's climate.
Evidence: If this energy balance is shifted, Earth's surface becomes warmer or cooler, leading to a variety of changes in global climate.
Category: Antarctica
Claim: [Ice] is expanding in much of Antarctica, contrary to the widespread public belief that global warming is melting the continental ice cap.
Evidence: As a result of continued warming, the polar ice caps melted and much of Gondwana became a desert.
Category: Hockey stick graph
Claim: The peer-reviewed study by two scientists and a veteran statistician looked at the global average temperature datasets[…]
Evidence: The report was not properly peer reviewed.
Evidence: Scientific discussion takes place in journal articles that are peer-reviewed, which scientists subject to assessment every couple of years in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change reports.
Category: Sea level rise
Claim: The thermal expansion of the oceans, compounded by melting glaciers, resulted in the highest global sea level on record in 2015.
Evidence: Between 1993 and 2018, thermal expansion of the oceans contributed 42% to sea level rise; the melting of temperate glaciers, 21%; Greenland, 15%; and Antarctica, 8%.
Category: Global warming
Claim: Warming trends agree well with surface temperatures and model predictions except near the Poles.
Evidence: In the tropics the net effect is to produce a significant warming, while at latitudes closer to the poles a loss of albedo leads to an overall cooling effect.
Evidence: These models predict an upward trend in the global mean surface temperature, with the most rapid increase in temperature being projected for the higher latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere.
Category: Coral bleaching
Claim: 90 per cent of the world's coral reefs will disappear in the next 35 years due to coral bleaching induced by global warming, pollution and over-development.
Evidence: During this time, over 70 percent of the coral reefs around the world have become damaged.
Category: Melbourne
Claim: None of these places, which today supply much of the world’s food, will be reliable sources of any.
Evidence: It was an important meeting place for the clans of the Kulin nation alliance and a vital source of food and water.
Evidence: With few natural lakes and rivers, high population density, inaccessible groundwater sources, and extremely seasonal rainfall, the territory does not have a reliable source of fresh water.
Category: Cloud feedback
Claim: Previous IPCC reports tended to assume that clouds would have a neutral impact because the warming and cooling feedbacks would cancel each other out.
Evidence: This feedback would partially cancel the increased surface warming due to the cloudiness.
Category: Carbon dioxide
Claim: carbon dioxide has had a minuscule effect on global climate.
Evidence: Carbon dioxide is of greatest concern because it exerts a larger overall warming influence than all of these other gases combined and because it has a long atmospheric lifetime (hundreds to thousands of years).
Category: Sea level rise
Claim: Because the collapse of vulnerable parts of the ice sheet could raise the sea level dramatically, the continued existence of the world’s great coastal cities — Miami, New York, Shanghai and many more — is tied to Antarctica’s fate.
Evidence: A rapid collapse of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet could raise sea level by 3.3 metres (11 ft).
Evidence: The lead scientist Eric Rignot told CNN: "melting is taking place in the most vulnerable parts of Antarctica ... parts that hold the potential for multiple meters of sea level rise in the coming century or two."
Category: Ocean acidification
Claim: When life is considered, ocean acidification is often found to be a non-problem, or even a benefit.
Evidence: Increasing acidity is thought to have a range of potentially harmful consequences for marine organisms such as depressing metabolic rates and immune responses in some organisms and causing coral bleaching.
Category: Scientific consensus on climate change
Claim: "Many people think the science of climate change is settled.
Evidence: A question that frequently arises in popular discussion is whether there is a scientific consensus on climate change.
Category: Global warming
Claim: CO2 levels are rising so fast that unless we decrease emissions, global warming will accelerate this century.
Evidence: In some scenarios emissions continue to rise over the century, while others have reduced emissions.
Evidence: CO2 emissions are continuing to rise due to the burning of fossil fuels and land-use change.
Category: Neptune
Claim: Pluto's climate change over the last 14 years is likely a seasonal event.
Evidence: The long orbital period of Neptune results in seasons lasting forty years.
Category: Sea level rise
Claim: “But there are plenty of studies that have come that show with respect to Antarctica that the total ice sheet, particularly that above land, is increasing, not decreasing.
Evidence: All datasets generally show an acceleration of mass loss from the Antarctic ice-sheet, but with year-to-year variations.
Evidence: A satellite record revealed that the overall increase in Antarctic sea ice extents reversed in 2014, with rapid rates of decrease in 2014–2017 reducing the Antarctic sea ice extents to their lowest values in the 40-y record.
Category: Greenhouse gas
Claim: With more CO2 in the atmosphere, the challenge [feeding 2.5 billion more people] can and will be met.
Evidence: In the modern era, emissions to the atmosphere from volcanoes are approximately 0.645 billion tonnes of CO 2 per year, whereas humans contribute 29 billion tonnes of CO 2 each year.
Evidence: The amount of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) will rise, and both of these will influence water resources; evaporation depends strongly on temperature and moisture availability which can ultimately affect the amount of water available to replenish groundwater supplies.
Category: Greenhouse gas
Claim: Increases in atmospheric CO2 followed increases in temperature.
Evidence: During the late 20th century, a scientific consensus evolved that increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere cause a substantial rise in global temperatures and changes to other parts of the climate system, with consequences for the environment and for human health.
Evidence: When CO2 levels rise in the atmosphere the temperature increases and plants grow.
Category: Arctic sea ice decline
Claim: Sea ice has diminished much faster than scientists and climate models anticipated.
Evidence: However, these models do tend to underestimate the rate of sea ice loss since 2007.
Evidence: However scientists have found that ice is being lost, and at an accelerating rate.
Category: Scientific consensus on climate change
Claim: “Global warming and climate change, even if it is 100% caused by humans, is so slow that it cannot be observed by anyone in their lifetime.
Evidence: The global warming observed over the past 50 years is due primarily to human-induced emissions of heat-trapping gases.
Category: 2010 Northern Hemisphere heat waves
Claim: Extreme high temperatures were seen from India — where the city of Phalodi recorded temperatures of 51 degrees Celsius (123.8 Fahrenheit) in May, a new national record — to Iran, where a temperature of 53 degrees Celsius (127.4 F) was recorded in Delhoran on July 22.
Evidence: Temperatures of 53.7C (128.66 F) have been recorded in Pakistan.
Evidence: On 2 June 2019, the city of Churu recorded a temperature of 50.8 °C (123.4 °F), only one-fifth of a degree Celsius short of the country's highest-ever temperature, 51 °C (124 °F) during the 2016 heat wave.
Category: Donald Trump 2016 presidential campaign
Claim: President-elect Trump has selected a climate change skeptic to head the team in charge of the transition between Obama and Trump's Environmental Protection Agencies.
Evidence: President-elect Donald J. Trump today announced the formation of the White House National Trade Council (NTC) and his selection of Dr. Peter Navarro to serve as Assistant to the President and Director of Trade and Industrial Policy.
Evidence: On May 9, Trump named New Jersey Governor Chris Christie to head a team to plan the transition of the presidency in the event of a Trump victory.
Evidence: Head Stacks Agency With Climate Change Skeptics".
Category: Ocean acidification
Claim: Last December, the respected  journal “Oceanography” published projections (see graphic below) for this rising acidity, measured by falling pH
Evidence: It is expected to drop by a further 0.3 to 0.5 pH units (an additional doubling to tripling of today's post-industrial acid concentrations) by 2100 as the oceans absorb more anthropogenic CO 2, the impacts being most severe for coral reefs and the Southern Ocean.
Category: Carbon dioxide
Claim: Therefore, CO2 levels could not have forced temperatures to rise.
Evidence: Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.
Evidence: Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.
Evidence: Not only do increasing carbon dioxide concentrations lead to increases in global surface temperature, but increasing global temperatures also cause increasing concentrations of carbon dioxide.
Category: Highway
Claim: “climate economists see a positive externality, not a negative one, from the human influence on climate.
Evidence: The contribution of transport systems to potentially hazardous climate change is a significant negative externality which is difficult to evaluate quantitatively, making it difficult (but not impossible) to include in transport economics-based research and analysis.
Category: Weather
Claim: Extreme weather events are being made more frequent and worse by global warming.
Evidence: Climate change caused by human activities that emit greenhouse gases into the air is expected to affect the frequency of extreme weather events such as drought, extreme temperatures, flooding, high winds, and severe storms.
Category: Geologist
Claim: While geologists have studied events in the past similar to what appears to be happening today, scientists are largely unsure of what lies ahead.
Evidence: Their studies are used to warn the general public of the occurrence of these events.
Evidence: In Hutton's words: "the past history of our globe must be explained by what can be seen to be happening now."
Category: Carbon dioxide
Claim: According to the study, as carbon levels have risen, the cold air at high altitudes over the tropics has actually grown colder.
Evidence: Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.
Evidence: The models, while accurately predicting the tropics, tend to produce significantly cooler temperatures of up to 20 °C (36 °F) colder than the actual determined temperature at the poles.
Category: Climate
Claim: Underground temperatures control climate.
Evidence: Ice caps form because high-latitude regions receive less energy as solar radiation from the sun than equatorial regions, resulting in lower surface temperatures.
Evidence: Some of the meteorological variables that are commonly measured are temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, wind, and precipitation.
Evidence: Increases in greenhouse gases, such as by volcanic activity, can increase the global temperature and produce an interglacial period.
Category: 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami
Claim: roughly three-quarters of the tidal flood days now occurring in towns along the East Coast would not be happening in the absence of the rise in the sea level caused by human emissions.
Evidence: The raising of the sea floor significantly reduced the capacity of the Indian Ocean, producing a permanent rise in the global sea level by an estimated 0.1 millimeters (0.004 in).
Evidence: This has consequences for Europe and the U.S. East Coast, which received a sea level rise 3–4 times the global average.
Evidence: "The rate of sea-level rise".
Category: Nitrogen fixation
Claim: Scientists just discovered a massive, heretofore unknown, source of nitrogen
Evidence: Biological nitrogen fixation was discovered by German agronomist Hermann Hellriegel and Dutch microbiologist Martinus Beijerinck.
Evidence: Dinitrogen difluoride (N2F2) exists as thermally interconvertible cis and trans isomers, and was first found as a product of the thermal decomposition of FN3.
Category: Solar minimum
Claim: Cold weather to grip world as solar minimum to deepen, NASA says
Evidence: "NOAA Space Weather Scales Page Has Changed".
Category: Carbon dioxide
Claim: While there are direct ways in which CO2 is a pollutant (acidification of the ocean), its primary impact is its greenhouse warming effect.
Evidence: Carbon dioxide is of greatest concern because it exerts a larger overall warming influence than all of these other gases combined and because it has a long atmospheric lifetime (hundreds to thousands of years).
Evidence: Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.
Category: Sea level rise
Claim: Global sea level rose about 8 inches in the last century.
Evidence: Between 1900 and 2016, the sea level rose by 16–21 cm (6.3–8.3 in).
Category: Atmospheric methane
Claim: Water vapor in the stratosphere stopped global warming.
Evidence: This process is enhanced by global warming, because warmer air holds more water vapor than colder air, so the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere increases as it is warmed by the greenhouse effect.
Evidence: According to basic physical principles, the greenhouse effect produces warming of the lower atmosphere (the troposphere), but cooling of the upper atmosphere (the stratosphere).
Category: Tropical cyclone
Claim: “In their award winning book, ‘Taken By Storm’ (2007), Canadian researchers Christopher Essex and Ross McKitrick explain: ‘Temperature is not an amount of something [like height or weight].
Evidence: This upper bound is called the "maximum potential intensity", v p {\displaystyle v_{p}} , and is given by v p 2 = C k C d T s − T o T o Δ k {\displaystyle v_{p}^{2}={\frac {C_{k}}{C_{d}}}{\frac {T_{s}-T_{o}}{T_{o}}}\Delta k} where T s {\displaystyle T_{s}} is the temperature of the sea surface, T o {\displaystyle T_{o}} is the temperature of the outflow ([K]), Δ k {\displaystyle \Delta k} is the enthalpy difference between the surface and the overlying air ([J/kg]), and C k {\displaystyle C_{k}} and C d {\displaystyle C_{d}} are the surface exchange coefficients (dimensionless) of enthalpy and momentum, respectively.
Category: Ocean acidification
Claim: Human additions of CO2 are in the margin of error of current measurements and the gradual increase in CO2 is mainly from oceans degassing as the planet slowly emerges from the last ice age.
Evidence: Ocean acidification is the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's oceans, caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide (CO 2) from the atmosphere.
Evidence: The burning of long-buried fossil fuels releases CO 2 containing carbon of different isotopic ratios to those of living plants, enabling distinction between natural and human-caused contributions to CO 2 concentration.
Evidence: The beginning of human agriculture during the current Holocene epoch may have been strongly connected to the atmospheric CO 2 increase after the last ice age ended, a fertilization effect raising plant biomass growth and reducing stomatal conductance requirements for CO 2 intake, consequently reducing transpiration water losses and increasing water usage efficiency.
Evidence: While CO 2 absorption and release is always happening as a result of natural processes, the recent rise in CO 2 levels in the atmosphere is known to be mainly due to human (anthropogenic) activity.
Category: Henry's law
Claim: "The solubility of carbon dioxide in water is listed in the Handbook of Chemistry and Physics as a declining function of temperature. ...
Evidence: Often, the smaller the gas molecule (and the lower the gas solubility in water), the lower the temperature of the maximum of the Henry's law constant.
Evidence: The following table lists some temperature dependencies: Solubility of permanent gases usually decreases with increasing temperature at around room temperature.
Category: Ice age
Claim: nothing we can do to stop the Earth’s naturally occurring climate cycles.
Evidence: Earth's climate alternates between ice ages and greenhouse periods, during which there are no glaciers on the planet.
Category: El Niño
Claim: Short term cooling over the last few years is largely due to a strong La Nina phase in the Pacific Ocean and a prolonged solar minimum.
Evidence: The ENSO is the cycle of warm and cold sea surface temperature (SST) of the tropical central and eastern Pacific Ocean.
Category: Tropical monsoon climate
Claim: The contrast in precipitation between wet and dry regions and between wet and dry seasons will increase, although there may be regional exceptions.
Evidence: Regions with this variation of the tropical monsoon climate typically see copious amounts of rain during the wet season(s), usually in the form of frequent thunderstorms.
Evidence: Most regions have distinct seasons where summer is usually not spoiled by rain and winter turns wet, snowy and humid with mild, cool to cold temperatures, while spring and fall see warm to mild weather characterised by flowers blooming in spring and falling leaves in autumn.
Category: Atmosphere of Mars
Claim: Ironic' study finds more CO2 has slightly cooled the planet
Evidence: CO2 in the mesosphere acts as a cooling agent by efficiently radiating heat into space.
Category: Little Ice Age
Claim: Since then, the planet has been cooling on a millennial scale
Evidence: Orbital forcing from cycles in the earth's orbit around the sun has, for the past 2,000 years, caused a long-term northern hemisphere cooling trend that continued through the Middle Ages and the Little Ice Age.
Category: 2006 North American heat wave
Claim: At four degrees, the deadly European heat wave of 2003, which killed as many as 2,000 people a day, will be a normal summer.
Evidence: The Summer 2006 North American heat wave was a severe heat wave that affected most of the United States and Canada, killing at least 225 people and bringing extreme heat to many locations.
Category: Carbon dioxide
Claim: “The oceans, which absorb more than 90% of the extra CO2 pumped into the atmosphere“
Evidence: Currently, about half of the carbon dioxide released from the burning of fossil fuels remains in the atmosphere and is not absorbed by vegetation and the oceans.
Evidence: The oceans act as an enormous carbon sink, and have taken up about a third of CO 2 emitted by human activity.
Category: Climate change in the Arctic
Claim: For what appears to be the first time since scientists began keeping track, sea ice in the Arctic and the Antarctic are at record lows this time of year.
Evidence: The Arctic sea ice September minimum extent (i.e., area with at least 15% sea ice coverage) reached new record lows in 2002, 2005, 2007, and 2012.
Evidence: The previous record of the lowest area of the Arctic Ocean covered by ice in 2012 saw a low of 1.58 million square miles (4.09 million square kilometers).
Evidence: A satellite record revealed that the overall increase in Antarctic sea ice extents reversed in 2014, with rapid rates of decrease in 2014–2017 reducing the Antarctic sea ice extents to their lowest values in the 40-y record.
Category: Greenhouse gas
Claim: Tallahassee reduced its carbon intensity by roughly 40 percent.
Evidence: Carbon dioxide mole fractions in the atmosphere have gone up by approximately 35 percent since the 1900s, rising from 280 parts per million by volume to 387 parts per million in 2009.
Evidence: For example, the mole fraction of carbon dioxide has increased from 280 ppm to 415 ppm, or 120 ppm over modern pre-industrial levels.
Category: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
Claim: Under the most ambitious scenarios, they found a strong likelihood that Antarctica would remain fairly stable.”
Evidence: Pledges made as part of the Cancún Agreements are broadly consistent with cost-effective scenarios that give a "likely" chance (66-100% probability) of limiting global warming (in 2100) to below 3 °C, relative to pre-industrial levels.
Category: Climate change in the United States
Claim: But observations, such as those on our CO2 Coalition website, show that increased CO2 levels over the next century will cause modest and beneficial warming—perhaps as much as one degree Celsius (1.8 degrees Fahrenheit)
Evidence: In it was the prediction that on our current course the planet will warm a disastrous seven degrees Fahrenheit (or about 3.9 degrees Celsius) by the end of this century.
Evidence: Also, a report by the Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research stated that around three million years ago, levels of carbon dioxide in the Earth’s atmosphere were similar to today’s levels which increased temperature by two to three degrees Celsius and melted one third of Antarctica’s ice sheets.
Category: Arctic Ocean
Claim: Arctic sea ice has shrunk by an area equal to Western Australia, and summer or multi-year sea ice might be all gone within a decade.
Evidence: The summer shrinking of the ice has been quoted at 50%.
Evidence: Sometime during the 21st century, sea ice may effectively cease to exist during the summer.
Evidence: "Some of the models suggest that there is a 75 percent chance that the entire north polar ice cap during some of the summer months will be completely ice-free within the next five to seven years," Gore said.
Category: Scientific consensus on climate change
Claim: Not everyone is convinced that the evidence is in that climate change is responsible for extreme swings between drought and deluge.
Evidence: Health impacts of climate change include the direct impacts of extreme events such as storms, floods, heatwaves and fires and the indirect effects of longer-term changes, such as drought, changes to the food and water supply, resource conflicts and population shifts.
Evidence: Rises in temperature will have complex and frequently localised effects on weather, but an overall increase in extreme weather conditions and changes in precipitation patterns are probable, resulting in flooding and drought.
Evidence: Network of African Science Academies: "A consensus, based on current evidence, now exists within the global scientific community that human activities are the main source of climate change and that the burning of fossil fuels is largely responsible for driving this change."
Category: Retreat of glaciers since 1850
Claim: Ice mass loss is occuring at an accelerated rate in Greenland, Antarctica and globally from inland glaciers.
Evidence: "Sharply increased mass loss from glaciers and ice caps in theCanadian Arctic Archipelago".