Danthammadhavi/climate_fever_fixed huggingface dataset:
Category: Parinacota (volcano)
Claim: Volcanoes Melting West Antarctic Glaciers, Not Global Warming
Evidence: The postulated period coincides with a global clustering of volcano collapse events; perhaps global warming occurring during this time when the last glacial maximum approached its end predisposed volcanoes to collapse.
Evidence: The amount of surface warming in West Antarctica, while large, has not led to appreciable melting at the surface, and is not directly affecting the West Antarctic Ice Sheet's contribution to sea level.
Evidence: Global warming associated with large accumulations of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere over millions of years, emitted primarily by volcanic activity, is the proposed trigger for melting a snowball Earth.
Category: Climate sensitivity
Claim: Recent modelling data suggests the climate is considerably more sensitive to carbon emissions than previously believed
Evidence: Climate sensitivity is an emergent property of these models.
Evidence: The IPCC has pointed out that many long-term climate scenario models require large-scale manmade negative emissions to avoid serious climate change.
Category: Global catastrophic risk
Claim: Worry about global warming impacts in the next 100 years, not an ice age in over 10,000 years.
Evidence: [citation needed] The amount of heat trapping gases emitted into Earth's Oceans and atmosphere will prevent the next ice age, which otherwise would begin in around 50,000 years, and likely more glacial cycles.
Evidence: These global climatic changes occurred slowly, prior to the rise of human civilization about 10 thousand years ago near the end of the last Major Ice Age when the climate became more stable.
Category: Greenhouse effect
Claim: “[Carbon dioxide] just crossed 400 parts per million, and high-end estimates extrapolating from current trends suggest it will hit 1,000 ppm by 2100.
Evidence: Measurements of CO 2 from the Mauna Loa observatory show that concentrations have increased from about 313 parts per million (ppm) in 1960, passing the 400 ppm milestone on May 9, 2013.
Evidence: The oft-cited Mauna Loa average for 2012 is 393.8 ppm, which is a good approximation although typically about 1 ppm higher than the spatial average given above.
Evidence: Carbon dioxide mole fractions in the atmosphere have gone up by approximately 35 percent since the 1900s, rising from 280 parts per million by volume to 387 parts per million in 2009.
Category: Global warming
Claim: In recent decades this warming has been accompanied by a constant rise in the sea level and, it would appear, by an increase of extreme weather events, even if a scientifically determinable cause cannot be assigned to each particular phenomenon.
Evidence: Not only does this increase the absorption of sunlight, it also increases melting and sea level rise.
Evidence: The effects of global warming include rising sea levels, regional changes in precipitation, more frequent extreme weather events such as heat waves, and expansion of deserts.
Category: Met Office
Claim: Weather and climate are different; climate predictions do not need weather detail.
Evidence: The Met Office makes meteorological predictions across all timescales from weather forecasts to climate change.
Category: Hockey stick controversy
Claim: Until last June, most scientists acknowledged that warming reached a peak in the late 1990s
Evidence: The reconstruction found significant variability around a long-term cooling trend of −0.02 °C per century, as expected from orbital forcing, interrupted in the 20th century by rapid warming which stood out from the whole period, with the 1990s "the warmest decade, and 1998 the warmest year, at moderately high levels of confidence".
Evidence: The use of proxy indicators to get quantitative estimates of the temperature record of past centuries was developed from the 1990s onwards, and found indications that recent warming was exceptional.
Evidence: The SPM statement in the IPCC TAR of 2001 had been that it was "likely that, in the Northern Hemisphere, the 1990s was the warmest decade and 1998 the warmest year" in the past 1,000 years.
Category: Global warming
Claim: according, again, to the official figures—during this past 10 years, if anything, mean global temperature, average world temperature, has slightly declined.
Evidence: Global warming is the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.
Category: Criticism of the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report
Claim: "In 1999 New Scientist reported a comment by the leading Indian glaciologist Syed Hasnain, who said in an email interview with this author that all the glaciers in the central and eastern Himalayas could disappear by 2035.
Evidence: — WWF p. 29 On page 2, the WWF report cited an article in the 5 June 1999 issue of New Scientist which quoted Syed Hasnain, Chairman of the International Commission for Snow and Ice (ICSI), saying that most of the glaciers in the Himalayan region "will vanish within 40 years as a result of global warming".
Evidence: They, in turn, drew their information from an interview conducted by New Scientist with Dr. Hasnain, an Indian glaciologist, who admitted that the view was speculative.
Evidence: New Scientist has drawn attention to Hasnain's claim about the timing of glaciers disappearing: "Glaciers in the Himalaya are receding faster than in any other part of the world and, if the present rate continues, the likelihood of them disappearing by the year 2035 is very high," says the International Commission for Snow and Ice (ICSI) in its recent study on Asian glaciers.
Category: Hazard
Claim: Carbon pollution is a health hazard.
Evidence: Health hazards Hazards affecting the health of exposed persons, usually having an acute or chronic illness as the consequence.
Evidence: Increased levels of fine particles in the air are linked to health hazards such as heart disease, altered lung function and lung cancer.
Category: Presidency of Barack Obama
Claim: Barack Obama told the U.S. Coast Guard Academy "that the number one threat to the military and the world today is global warming."
Evidence: During his presidency, Obama described global warming as the greatest long-term threat facing the world.
Category: International Energy Agency
Claim: International Energy Agency, a global analysis organization, “continue to see a role for coal for the foreseeable future.”
Evidence: Environmental groups have become critical of the IEA's 450 Scenario (created to align with the 2009 Copenhagen Accord), contending that it does not align with up-to-date climate science, nor is it consistent with the Paris climate agreement that aspires to limit global warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius.
Category: Sadovo
Claim: It projects that temperatures are likely to be anything from 1.5 to 4.5 degrees Celsius (2.7 to 8.1 degrees Fahrenheit) warmer by the latter part of the century
Evidence: During 1916, the highest absolute temperature (45.2 degrees Celsius or 113.36 degrees Fahrenheit) was recorded from the Sadovo weather station.
Category: Nuclear winter
Claim: A recent study led by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory climate scientist Ben Santer found that while the models ran hot, the ‘overestimation’ was ‘partly due to systematic deficiencies in some of the post-2000 external forcings used in the model simulations.’
Evidence: While the highly popularized initial 1983 TTAPS 1-dimensional model forecasts were widely reported and criticized in the media, in part because every later model predicts far less of its "apocalyptic" level of cooling, most models continue to suggest that some deleterious global cooling would still result, under the assumption that a large number of fires occurred in the spring or summer.
Evidence: In 2007, a nuclear winter study, noted that modern computer models have been applied to the Kuwait oil fires, finding that individual smoke plumes are not able to loft smoke into the stratosphere, but that smoke from fires covering a large area[quantify] like some forest fires can lift smoke[quantify] into the stratosphere, and recent evidence suggests that this occurs far more often than previously thought.
Category: Respiratory system
Claim: If Senator Wong was really serious about her  science she would stop breathing because you inhale air that's got 385  parts per million carbon dioxide in it
Evidence: Similarly, since the blood arriving in the alveolar capillaries has a partial pressure of CO2 of also about 6 kPa (45 mmHg), whereas that of the alveolar air is 5.3 kPa (40 mmHg), there is a net movement of carbon dioxide out of the capillaries into the alveoli.
Evidence: Excluding water vapor, about half of landfill gas is methane and most of the rest is carbon dioxide, with small amounts of nitrogen, oxygen, and hydrogen, and variable trace amounts of hydrogen sulfide and siloxanes.
Category: Earth
Claim: The planet’s average ground temperature has risen by around 1.62F (0.9C)
Evidence: About a billion years from now, all surface water will have disappeared and the mean global temperature will reach 70 °C (158 °F).
Evidence: At the center, the temperature may be up to 6,000 °C (10,830 °F), and the pressure could reach 360 GPa (52 million psi).
Category: Global warming
Claim: When we do the calculations and include all radiative forcings and the amount of heat being absorbed by the oceans, it shows that the Earth has warmed almost exactly as much as we would expect.
Evidence: Although the most common measure of global warming is the increase in the near-surface atmospheric temperature, over 90% of the additional energy stored in the climate system over the last 50 years has warmed ocean water.
Category: Natural gas
Claim: Carbon dioxide is a non-condensable atmospheric gas like nitrogen and oxygen
Evidence: Natural gas (also called fossil gas) is a naturally occurring hydrocarbon gas mixture consisting primarily of methane, but commonly including varying amounts of other higher alkanes, and sometimes a small percentage of carbon dioxide, nitrogen, hydrogen sulfide, or helium.
Category: Climatic Research Unit documents
Claim: "So  recently the media picked up on the fact that CRU deleted the raw data for this  important global temperature set long ago.
Evidence: On 27 July 2011 CRU announced release of the raw instrumental data not already in the public domain, with the exception of Poland which was outside the area covered by the FOIA request.
Category: NASA
Claim: NASA has been adjusting temperatures from the past[...]
Evidence: On January 14, 1958, NACA Director Hugh Dryden published "A National Research Program for Space Technology" stating: Play media It is of great urgency and importance to our country both from consideration of our prestige as a nation as well as military necessity that this challenge [Sputnik] be met by an energetic program of research and development for the conquest of space ...
Category: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
Claim: 195 countries signed the 2015 Paris Agreement, agreeing to limit global warming and adapt to climate change, partly by protecting nature.
Evidence: In 2015, all (then) 196 parties to the convention came together for the UN Climate Change Conference in Paris 30 November - 12 December and adopted by consensus the Paris Agreement, aimed at limiting global warming to less than two degrees Celsius, and pursue efforts to limit the rise to 1.5 degrees Celsius.
Category: Climate change mitigation
Claim: As the temperature has increased, so has the ability of scientists to determine whether specific events are linked to climate change.
Evidence: Although proving that particular weather events are due specifically to global warming may never be possible, methodologies have been developed to show the increased risk of such events caused by global warming.
Category: Nature
Claim: “Every day, nature puts twenty times as much carbon dioxide into the atmosphere as all of Earth industries.
Evidence: Air is mostly nitrogen, oxygen, water vapor, with much smaller amounts of carbon dioxide, argon, etc.
Evidence: Pollutants emitted into the atmosphere by human activity include: Carbon dioxide (CO 2) – Because of its role as a greenhouse gas it has been described as "the leading pollutant" and "the worst climate pollutant".
Evidence: Human activity since the Industrial Revolution has increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to increased radiative forcing from CO2, methane, tropospheric ozone, CFCs, and nitrous oxide.
Category: Sea level rise
Claim: When accelerating ice loss from Greenland and Antarctica are factored into sea level projections, the estimated sea level rise by 2100 is between 75cm to 2 metres.
Evidence: According to the Fourth (2017) National Climate Assessment (NCA) of the United States it is very likely sea level will rise between 30 and 130 cm (1.0–4.3 feet) in 2100 compared to the year 2000.
Evidence: In high emission scenario, it will be 34 cm by 2050 and 111 cm by 2100.
Category: Global warming
Claim: But the observed warming as monitored by satellites (our only truly global monitoring system) has been only about half of what computerized climate models say should be happening.
Evidence: Solar irradiance has been measured directly by satellites, and indirect measurements are available beginning in the early 1600s.
Category: Attribution of recent climate change
Claim: Global warming responsible for record 2019 July warmth in Alaska.
Evidence: (2012) stated that a combination of natural weather variability and human-induced global warming was responsible for the Moscow and Texas heat waves.
Evidence: "What caused the recent "Warm Arctic, Cold Continents" trend pattern in winter temperatures?".
Category: Permafrost
Claim: Previous studies have shown that weakening carbon sinks will add 0.25°C, forest dieback will add 0.11°C, permafrost thaw will add 0.9°C and increased bacterial respiration will add 0.02°C.
Evidence: "1.5C rise in temperature enough to start permafrost melt, scientists warn".
Evidence: The Woods Hole Research Center, citing two 2015 studies on permafrost carbon says there may be a self-reinforcing tipping point where an estimated equivalent of 205 gigatons of carbon dioxide in the form of methane could cause up to 0.5 °C (up to 0.9 °F) warming by the end of the century, which would trigger more warming.
Category: Atlantic Ocean
Claim: On the other side of the Atlantic ocean, climates are typically milder as a result of the cooling from the Gulf Stream.
Evidence: The Gulf Stream also keeps extreme temperatures from occurring on the Florida Peninsula.
Evidence: The coastal climate of Norway is exceptionally mild compared with areas on similar latitudes elsewhere in the world, with the Gulf Stream passing directly offshore the northern areas of the Atlantic coast, continuously warming the region in the winter.
Category: Stoma
Claim: Plant stomata show higher and more variable CO2 levels
Evidence: These studies imply the plants response to changing CO2 levels is largely controlled by genetics.
Evidence: Rates of leaf photosynthesis were shown to increase by 30–50% in C3 plants, and 10–25% in C4 under doubled CO2 levels.
Evidence: These scientific instruments are commonly used by plant physiologists to measure CO2 uptake and thus measure photosynthetic rate.
Evidence: New approaches retrieve data such as CO 2 content of past atmospheres from fossil leaf stomata and isotope composition, measuring cellular CO2 concentrations.
Category: Wind farm
Claim: A windmill could spin until it falls apart and never generate as much energy as was invested in building it.
Evidence: The energy consumed to manufacture and transport the materials used to build a wind power plant is equal to the new energy produced by the plant within a few months.
Evidence: A wind turbine is a windmill-like structure specifically developed to generate electricity.
Category: List of cognitive biases
Claim: This “blocking” effect means extreme events can unfold.”
Evidence: "Interoceptive cues predicting exteroceptive events".
Evidence: The world watched the events of the Arab Spring unfold, "gripped by the narrative of a young generation peacefully rising up against oppressive authoritarianism to secure a more democratic political system and a brighter economic future."
Category: Ice age
Claim: no one really knows if last year 2016 was a global temperature record.
Evidence: This allows a temperature record to be constructed.
Evidence: Global warming is the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.
Category: Star
Claim: [S]unspot activity on the surface of our star has dropped to a new low.
Evidence: During the Maunder Minimum, for example, the Sun underwent a 70-year period with almost no sunspot activity.
Evidence: This surface activity produces starspots, which are regions of strong magnetic fields and lower than normal surface temperatures.
Category: Sea level rise
Claim: With marine ice cliff instability, sea-level rise for the next century is potentially much larger than we thought it might be five or 10 years ago
Evidence: According to the Fourth (2017) National Climate Assessment (NCA) of the United States it is very likely sea level will rise between 30 and 130 cm (1.0–4.3 feet) in 2100 compared to the year 2000.
Evidence: A number of later studies have concluded that a global sea level rise of 200 to 270 cm (6.6 to 8.9 ft) this century is "physically plausible".
Category: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere
Claim: Given that a doubling of carbon dioxide would change the surface heat flux by only two watts per square meter, it is evident that a small change in cloud cover can strongly affect the response to carbon dioxide."
Evidence: CO 2 absorbs and emits infrared radiation at wavelengths of 4.26 µm (asymmetric stretching vibrational mode) and 14.99 µm (bending vibrational mode) and consequently is a greenhouse gas that plays a significant role in influencing Earth's surface temperature through the greenhouse effect.
Evidence: If cloud cover increases, more sunlight will be reflected back into space, cooling the planet.
Evidence: While water vapour (~50%) and clouds (~25%) are the biggest contributors to the greenhouse effect, they increase as a function of temperature and are therefore considered feedbacks.
Category: Science
Claim: Different areas of science are understood with varying degrees of certainty.
Evidence: Aristotle maintained that man knows a thing scientifically "when he possesses a conviction arrived at in a certain way, and when the first principles on which that conviction rests are known to him with certainty".
Evidence: For example, knowing the details of only a person's genetics, or their history and upbringing, or the current situation may not explain a behavior, but a deep understanding of all these variables combined can be very predictive.
Category: Climate system
Claim: Water vapour is the most dominant greenhouse gas.
Evidence: Some trace gases in the atmosphere, such as water vapour and carbon dioxide, are the gases most important for the workings of the climate system, as they are greenhouse gases which allow visible light from the Sun to penetrate to the surface, but block some of the infra-red radiation the Earth's surface emits to balance the Sun's radiation.
Evidence: While water vapour (~50%) and clouds (~25%) are the biggest contributors to the greenhouse effect, they increase as a function of temperature and are therefore considered feedbacks.
Category: Global warming hiatus
Claim: The report, published in the journal Nature Geoscience on September 18, acknowledges that most of the models of warming trends failed to predict the ‘slowdown’ in warming post-2000, resulting in less pronounced warming than predicted and thus more room in the CO2 ‘emissions budget’ for the coming decades.
Evidence: They used the IPCC definition of the supposed hiatus as a slowdown in rate of temperature increase from 1998 to 2012, compared to the rate from 1951 to 2012, and again found no support for the idea of a "hiatus" or slowdown.
Evidence: The 2017 United States-published National Climate Assessment notes that "climate models may still be underestimating or missing relevant feedback processes".
Category: Scientific consensus on climate change
Claim: The global surface mean temperature-change data no longer have any scientific value and are nothing more than a propaganda tool to the public.
Evidence: The target is to show the extent of danger to humanity, create awareness in public that will lead to solutions.
Evidence: These data have iconic status in climate change science as evidence of the effect of human activities on the chemical composition of the global atmosphere.
Category: Global warming
Claim: "Earth’s Albedo has risen in the past few years, and by doing reconstructions of the past albedo, it appears that there was a significant reduction in Earth’s albedo leading up to a lull in 1997.
Evidence: The reduction of snow cover and sea ice in the Arctic reduces the albedo of the Earth's surface.
Category: Antarctica
Claim: 'Antarctic sea ice set a new record in October 2007, as photographs distributed by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration showed penguins and other cold-weather creatures able to stand farther north on Southern Hemisphere sea ice than has ever been recorded.
Evidence: The extent of sea ice around Antarctica (in terms of square kilometers of coverage) has remained roughly constant in recent decades, although the amount of variation it has experienced in its thickness is unclear.
Evidence: B. C. "Antarctica appears to have broken a heat record".
Evidence: The overall trend indicated in the passive microwave record from 1978 through mid-1995 shows that the extent of Arctic sea ice is decreasing 2.7% per decade.
Category: Scientific consensus on climate change
Claim: More specifically, around 95% of active climate researchers actively publishing climate papers endorse the consensus position.
Evidence: 76 out of 79 climatologists who "listed climate science as their area of expertise and who also have published more than 50% of their recent peer-reviewed papers on the subject of climate change" believed that mean global temperatures had risen compared to pre-1800s levels.
Evidence: (i) 97–98% of the climate researchers most actively publishing in the field support the tenets of ACC (Anthropogenic Climate Change) outlined by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, and (ii) the relative climate expertise and scientific prominence of the researchers unconvinced of ACC are substantially below that of the convinced researchers.
Evidence: Nearly all publishing climate scientists (97–98%) support the consensus on anthropogenic climate change, and the remaining 3% of contrarian studies either cannot be replicated or contain errors.
Category: Global warming
Claim: The IPCC 95% confidence that humans are responsible for most of the current global warming is simply a summary of the peer-reviewed scientific research.
Evidence: The scientific consensus as of 2013[update], as stated in the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report, is that it "is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century".
Evidence: The IPCC was tasked with reviewing peer-reviewed scientific literature and other relevant publications to provide information on the state of knowledge about climate change.
Category: Antarctica
Claim: “‘If you remove the ice shelf, there’s a potential that not just ice-cliff instabilities will start occurring, but a process called marine ice-sheet instabilities,’ says Matthew Wise, a polar scientist at the University of Cambridge.
Evidence: Melting of floating ice shelves (ice that originated on the land) does not in itself contribute much to sea-level rise (since the ice displaces only its own mass of water).
Evidence: The WAIS is classified as a marine-based ice sheet, meaning that its bed lies well below sea level and its edges flow into floating ice shelves.
Category: Carbon sink
Claim: The clearest of these is simple accounting - humans are emitting CO2 at a rate twice as fast as the atmospheric increase (natural sinks are absorbing the other half).
Evidence: Presently, oceans are CO2 sinks, and represent the largest active carbon sink on Earth, absorbing more than a quarter of the carbon dioxide that humans put into the air.
Category: Global warming
Claim: Scientists have determined that the factors which caused the Little Ice Age cooling are not currently causing global warming.
Evidence: Scientists have determined that the major factors causing the current climate change are greenhouse gases, land use changes, and aerosols and soot.
Category: Air pollution
Claim: Meeting the 2025 emissions reduction target alone could subtract $250 billion from our GDP and eliminate 2.7 million jobs.
Evidence: This would save about $600 billion in health costs a year due to reduced air pollution in 2050, or about 3.6% of the 2014 U.S. gross domestic product.
Category: Sea level rise
Claim: “Recent computer forecasts suggest that if greenhouse gas emissions continue at a high level, parts of Antarctica could break up rapidly, causing the ocean to rise six feet or more by the end of this century.
Evidence: Continued carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuel sources could cause additional tens of metres of sea level rise, over the next millennia, and the available fossil fuel on Earth is even enough to ultimately melt the entire Antarctic ice sheet, causing about 58 m (190 ft) of sea level rise.
Evidence: Over the 21st century, the IPCC projects that in a very high emissions scenario the sea level could rise by 61–110 cm.
Evidence: If emissions remain very high, the IPCC projects sea level will rise by 52–98 cm (20–39 in).
Evidence: A rapid collapse of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet could raise sea level by 3.3 metres (11 ft).
Evidence: If the sheet were to break down, ocean levels would rise by several metres in a relatively geologically short period of time, perhaps a matter of centuries.
Category: Mike Hulme
Claim: Ironically, it's those who are mispresenting Hulme's paper that are the ones being misleading.
Evidence: In 2008, Hulme made a personal statement on what he called the "5 lessons of climate change", as: "climate change is a relative risk, not an absolute one" "climate risks are serious, and we should seek to minimise them" "our world has huge unmet development needs" "our current energy portfolio is not sustainable" "massive and deliberate geo-engineering of the planet is a dubious practice" After the Climatic Research Unit email controversy, he wrote an article for the BBC in which he said: At the very least, the publication of private CRU e-mail correspondence should be seen as a wake-up call for scientists – and especially for climate scientists.
Evidence: Imagism refers to the manner of presentation, not to the subject."
Evidence: He is best known as the author of Why We Disagree About Climate Change published in 2009 by Cambridge University Press and which was named by The Economist in December 2009 as one of their four Books of Year for science and technology.
Category: Sea level rise
Claim: The worsening of tidal flooding in American coastal communities is largely a consequence of greenhouse gases from human activity, and the problem will grow far worse in coming decades, scientists reported Monday.
Evidence: The main idea in the report according to one of his authors Michael Oppenheimer is that if humanity will drastically reduce Greenhouse gas emission in the next decades the problem will be tough but manageable.
Evidence: Among other findings, the report concluded that sea level rises could be up to two feet higher by the year 2100, even if efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to limit global warming are successful; coastal cities across the world could see so-called "storm[s] of the century" at least once a year.
Evidence: The introduction includes this statement: There is strong evidence that the warming of the Earth over the last half-century has been caused largely by human activity, such as the burning of fossil fuels and changes in land use, including agriculture and deforestation.
Category: Scientific consensus on climate change
Claim: Bill Gates claims pandemic's 'misery' will 'happen regularly' if climate change is not stopped
Evidence: It said that Continued emission of greenhouse gases will cause further warming and long-lasting changes in all components of the climate system, increasing the likelihood of severe, pervasive and irreversible impacts for people and ecosystems.
Category: La Niña
Claim: The temporary drop in sea level in 2010 was due to intense land flooding caused by a strong La Nina.
Evidence: This La Niña, combined with record-high ocean temperatures in the north-eastern Indian Ocean, was a large factor in the 2010–2011 Queensland floods, and the quartet of recent heavy snowstorms in North America starting with the December 2010 North American blizzard.
Evidence: An especially strong Walker circulation causes a La Niña, resulting in cooler ocean temperatures due to increased upwelling.
Category: Energy policy of the European Union
Claim: The rate of renewable energy installations in the EU in 2018 was less than half the maximum level achieved in 2010.
Evidence: The European Commission has proposed in its Renewable Energy Roadmap21 a binding target of increasing the level of renewable energy in the EU's overall mix from less than 7% today to 20% by 2020.
Evidence: In January 2014, the EU agreed to a 40% emissions reduction by 2030, compared to 1990 levels, and a 27% renewable energy target, which is expected to provide 70,000 full-time jobs and cut €33bn in fossil fuel imports.
Evidence: Although there is significant variation in national targets, the average is that 22% of electricity should be generated by renewables by 2010 (compared to 13,9% in 1997).
Category: Mauna Loa
Claim: The measurements of the amount of CO2 made at the Mauna Loa Observatory are accurate and uncontaminated by any emissions from the volcano.
Evidence: Measurements are adjusted to account for local outgassing of CO2 from the volcano.
Evidence: According to the NOAA, Mauna Loa is the world's oldest continuous CO2 monitoring station, and the world's primary benchmark site for measurement of the gas.
Category: Sea level rise
Claim: This increases confidence in other peer-reviewed research predicting sea level rise of 80cm to 2 metres by 2100.
Evidence: According to the Fourth (2017) National Climate Assessment (NCA) of the United States it is very likely sea level will rise between 30 and 130 cm (1.0–4.3 feet) in 2100 compared to the year 2000.
Evidence: There is the probability that the rise will be beyond 2 metres by 2100 in the high emission scenario, which will cause displacement of 187 million people.
Category: Theoretical physics
Claim: "Skeptics hope that Postma’s alternative thermal model will lead  to the birth of a new climatology, one that actually follows the laws of  physics and properly physical modeling techniques...
Evidence: Theoretical advances may consist in setting aside old, incorrect paradigms (e.g., aether theory of light propagation, caloric theory of heat, burning consisting of evolving phlogiston, or astronomical bodies revolving around the Earth) or may be an alternative model that provides answers that are more accurate or that can be more widely applied.
Category: Arctic ice pack
Claim: Arctic icemelt is a natural cycle.
Evidence: As well as the regular seasonal cycle there has been an underlying trend of declining sea ice in the Arctic in recent decades.
Evidence: The Arctic oscillation (AO) or Northern Annular Mode/Northern Hemisphere Annular Mode (NAM) is a weather phenomenon at the Arctic poles north of 20 degrees latitude.
Evidence: The current Arctic warming is leading to ancient carbon being released from thawing permafrost, leading to methane and carbon dioxide production by micro-organisms.
Category: Retreat of glaciers since 1850
Claim: Ice Sheet losses are overestimated.
Evidence: The net loss in volume and hence sea level contribution of the Greenland Ice Sheet (GIS) has doubled in recent years from 90 km3 (22 cu mi) per year in 1996 to 220 km3 (53 cu mi) per year in 2005.
Category: Electric vehicle
Claim: New Study Confirms EVs Considerably Worse For Climate Than Diesel Cars.
Evidence: The lifecycle analysis of EVs shows that even when powered by the most carbon intensive electricity in Europe, they emit less greenhouse gases than a conventional diesel vehicle.
Category: Carbon dioxide
Claim: The strong CO2 effect has been observed by many different measurements.
Evidence: There are few studies of the health effects of long-term continuous CO 2 exposure on humans and animals at levels below 1%.
Category: Weather
Claim: Gone are the days when scientists drew a bright line dividing weather and climate.
Evidence: Aside from climatic changes that have caused the gradual drift of populations (for example the desertification of the Middle East, and the formation of land bridges during glacial periods), extreme weather events have caused smaller scale population movements and intruded directly in historical events.
Evidence: If the air mass is colder than the ground below it, it is labeled k. If the air mass is warmer than the ground below it, it is labeled w. While air mass identification was originally used in weather forecasting during the 1950s, climatologists began to establish synoptic climatologies based on this idea in 1973.
Category: Greenland ice sheet
Claim: The Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets have decreased in mass.
Evidence: Analysis of gravity data from GRACE satellites indicates that the Greenland ice sheet lost approximately 2900 Gt (0.1% of its total mass) between March 2002 and September 2012.
Evidence: "Increasing rates of ice mass loss from the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets revealed by GRACE".
Category: Earth
Claim: It also concludes that current northern hemisphere surface air temperatures are significantly higher than during the peak of the Medieval Warm Period (MWP).
Evidence: Consequently, summers are 2.3 °C (4 °F) warmer in the Northern Hemisphere than in the Southern Hemisphere under similar conditions.
Category: Prognosis
Claim: He claimed "the planet is running a ’fever’ and the prognosis is that it is apt to get much worse."
Evidence: Prognosis (Greek: πρόγνωσις "fore-knowing, foreseeing") is a medical term for predicting the likely or expected development of a disease, including whether the signs and symptoms will improve or worsen (and how quickly) or remain stable over time; expectations of quality of life, such as the ability to carry out daily activities; the potential for complications and associated health issues; and the likelihood of survival (including life expectancy).
Evidence: "Scarlet fever, a disease of yore, is making a comeback in parts of the world".
Category: Global cooling
Claim: Claims have recently surfaced in the blogosphere that an increasing number of scientists are warning of an imminent global cooling, some even going so far as to call it a "growing consensus".
Evidence: Scientists said that "abrupt climate change initiated by Greenland ice sheet melting is not a realistic scenario for the 21st century".
Evidence: The current scientific consensus on climate change is that the Earth underwent global warming throughout the 20th century and continues to warm.
Category: NASA
Claim: [NASA] has been adjusting temperatures from the past[...]
Evidence: On January 14, 1958, NACA Director Hugh Dryden published "A National Research Program for Space Technology" stating: Play media It is of great urgency and importance to our country both from consideration of our prestige as a nation as well as military necessity that this challenge [Sputnik] be met by an energetic program of research and development for the conquest of space ...
Evidence: "Estimating Changes in Global Temperature since the Preindustrial Period".
Category: Al Gore
Claim: Newt Gingrich "teamed with Nancy Pelosi and Al Gore on global warming."
Evidence: Gore was initially hesitant to be Bill Clinton's running mate for the 1992 United States presidential election, but after clashing with the George H. W. Bush administration over global warming issues, he decided to accept the offer.
Category: Greenhouse gas
Claim: 94 percent of the carbon emissions which you so want to get rid of are caused by nature.
Evidence: The trucking and haulage industry plays a part in production of CO 2, contributing around 20% of the UK's total carbon emissions a year, with only the energy industry having a larger impact at around 39%.
Evidence: Land use change (mainly deforestation in the tropics) account for up to one third of total anthropogenic CO 2 emissions.
Evidence: Total anthropogenic emissions at the end of 2009 were estimated at 49.5 gigatonnes CO 2-equivalent.
Category: Venus
Claim: Venus is not hot because of a runaway greenhouse.
Evidence: It may have had water oceans in the past, but these would have vaporized as the temperature rose due to a runaway greenhouse effect.
Evidence: Venus is sufficiently strongly heated by the Sun that water vapor can rise much higher in the atmosphere and be split into hydrogen and oxygen by ultraviolet light.
Evidence: He also perceived global warming as a growing, man-made danger and likened it to the natural development of Venus into a hot, life-hostile planet through a kind of runaway greenhouse effect.
Category: Scientific consensus on climate change
Claim: Science entitled The Scientific Consensus on Climate Change (Oreskes 2004).
Evidence: In 2004, the geologist and historian of science Naomi Oreskes summarized a study of the scientific literature on climate change.
Category: Environmental impact of aviation
Claim: Flights departing airports in the United States and its territories emitted about one-quarter (24%) of global passenger transport-related CO2, two-thirds of which came from domestic flights.
Evidence: In 2018, the US airlines had a fuel consumption of 58 mpg‑US (4.06 L/100 km) per revenue passenger for domestic flights, or 32.5 g of fuel per km, generating 102 g CO₂ / RPK of emissions.
Category: Climate change (general concept)
Claim: The long-term correlation between CO2 and temperature is well established.
Evidence: During the glacial cycles, there was a high correlation between CO 2 concentrations and temperatures.
Evidence: Correlation of CO 2 and temperature is not part of this evidence.
Category: Ocean acidification
Claim: Rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations are causing ocean acidification, which is catastrophically harming marine life.
Evidence: Ocean acidification is the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's oceans, caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide (CO 2) from the atmosphere.
Category: Sea ice
Claim: Arctic sea ice extent was lower in the past.
Evidence: Arctic sea ice extent ice hit an all-time low in September 2012, when the ice was determined to cover only 24% of the Arctic Ocean, offsetting the previous low of 29% in 2007.
Category: Henrik Svensmark
Claim: While the link between cosmic rays and cloud cover is yet to be confirmed, more importantly, there has been no correlation between cosmic rays and global temperatures over the last 30 years of global warming.
Evidence: In 2013, a laboratory study by Svensmark, Pepke and Pedersen published in Physics Letters A showed, that there is in fact a correlation between cosmic rays and the formation of aerosols of the type that seed clouds.
Category: Marvel Universe
Claim: CO2 is not powerful in that sense, the only thing it does in the system is make the planet greener.
Evidence: The Phoenix Force is a force of incredible power.
Category: Global warming
Claim: Phil Jones says no global warming since 1995
Evidence: "Reduction in surface climate change achieved by the 1987 Montreal Protocol".
Category: Global warming
Claim: It’s not carbon dioxide, it’s not methane… Scientists estimate that somewhere between 75% and 90% of Earth greenhouse effect is caused by water vapor in clouds.”
Evidence: Of these emissions, 65% was carbon dioxide from fossil fuel burning and industry, 11% was carbon dioxide from land use change, which is primarily due to deforestation, 16% was from methane, 6.2% was from nitrous oxide, and 2.0% was from fluorinated gases.
Evidence: By their percentage contribution to the greenhouse effect on Earth the four major gases are: water vapor, 36–70% carbon dioxide, 9–26% methane, 4–9% ozone, 3–7% It is not possible to assign a specific percentage to each gas because the absorption and emission bands of the gases overlap (hence the ranges given above).
Category: Global warming controversy
Claim: If anyone claims to be part of the 97 percent, it means they disagree with the contrarian argument that humans are having a minimal impact on global warming.
Evidence: The authors found that 3974 of the abstracts expressed a position on anthropogenic global warming, and that 97.1% of those endorsed the consensus that humans are causing global warming.
Evidence: Although the figure is less than in earlier polls, 39 percent of those asked say there is "a lot of disagreement among climate scientists" on the basic question of whether the planet is warming; 42 percent say there is a lot of disagreement that human activities are a major cause of global warming.
Category: Holocene extinction
Claim: Polar bears are in danger of extinction as well as many other species.
Evidence: "Global habitat loss and extinction risk of terrestrial vertebrates under future land-use-change scenarios".
Evidence: Environmental impacts include the extinction or relocation of many species as their ecosystems change, most immediately the environments of coral reefs, mountains, and the Arctic.
Category: Sun
Claim: Solar Cycle Length proves its the sun.
Evidence: At this speed, it takes around 1,190 years for the Solar System to travel a distance of 1 light-year, or 7 days to travel 1 AU.
Category: Paris Agreement
Claim: “Even if we meet the Paris goals of two degrees warming, cities like Karachi and Kolkata will become close to uninhabitable, annually encountering deadly heat waves like those that crippled them in 2015.
Evidence: The aim of the agreement is to decrease global warming described in its Article 2, "enhancing the implementation" of the UNFCCC through: (a) Holding the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2 °C above pre-industrial levels and to pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels, recognizing that this would significantly reduce the risks and impacts of climate change; (b) Increasing the ability to adapt to the adverse impacts of climate change and foster climate resilience and low greenhouse gas emissions development, in a manner that does not threaten food production; (c) Making finance flows consistent with a pathway towards low greenhouse gas emissions and climate-resilient development.
Evidence: The Paris Agreement's long-term temperature goal is to keep the increase in global average temperature to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels; and to pursue efforts to limit the increase to 1.5°C.
Category: Global warming
Claim: In pushing too hard for the case that global warming is universally bad for everything, the administration’s report undermines the reasonable case for climate action.
Evidence: While the ozone layer and climate change are considered separate problems, the solution to the former has significantly mitigated global warming.
Evidence: Public concern over global warming and support for climate policy-making in the US is low relative to other nations (see Chapter 10, this volume), contributing to inaction by the US government.
Category: General circulation model
Claim: Hocker is claiming that his model shows that the long-term upward trend in CO2 is explained by temperature, when his methods actually removed the long-term trend.
Evidence: These models project an upward trend in the surface temperature record, as well as a more rapid increase in temperature at higher altitudes.
Category: Carbon dioxide
Claim: Murry Salby finds CO2 rise is natural.
Evidence: Human activities have caused CO 2 to increase above levels not seen in hundreds of thousands of years.
Evidence: Martian geysers (or CO 2 jets) are putative sites of small gas and dust eruptions that occur in the south polar region of Mars during the spring thaw.
Category: Polar bear
Claim: while it’s true that studies in some regions show polar bears are lighter in weight than they were in the 1980s, there is no evidence that more individuals are starving to death or becoming too thin to reproduce because of less summer ice.
Evidence: Steven Amstrup and other U.S. Geological Survey scientists have predicted two-thirds of the world's polar bears may disappear by 2050, based on moderate projections for the shrinking of summer sea ice caused by climate change, though the validity of this study has been debated.
Category: Scientific consensus on climate change
Claim: The bottom line is there’s no solid connection between climate change and the major indicators of extreme weather
Evidence: The letter goes on to warn of predicted impacts on the United States such as sea level rise and increases in extreme weather events, water scarcity, heat waves, wildfires, and the disturbance of biological systems.
Category: Climate change (general concept)
Claim: Most likely the primary control knob [on climate change] is the ocean waters and this environment that we live in.
Evidence: These include processes such as variations in solar radiation, variations in the Earth's orbit, variations in the albedo or reflectivity of the continents, atmosphere, and oceans, mountain-building and continental drift and changes in greenhouse gas concentrations.
Evidence: Eventually the planet will warm to such a degree that the ocean's ability to dissolve water will no longer exist, resulting in a worldwide dead zone.
Category: Photovoltaics
Claim: Dropped weather stations actually show a slightly warmer trend compared to kept stations.
Evidence: Another benefit of a floating solar system is that the panels are kept at a lower temperature than they would be on land, leading to a higher efficiency of solar energy conversion.
Evidence: The Newswatch branding was dropped after 28 years to coincide with the switch.
Evidence: Winters are chilly and damp, and prevailing wind patterns that blow sea breezes offshore temper the moderating effects of the Atlantic Ocean; yet the Atlantic and the partial shielding from colder air by the Appalachian Mountains keep the city warmer in the winter than inland North American cities at similar or lesser latitudes such as Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, and Indianapolis.
Category: Sea surface temperature
Claim: The human fingerprint in global warming is evident in multiple lines of empirical evidence - in satellite measurements of outgoing infrared radiation, in surface measurements of downward infrared radiation, in the cooling stratosphere and other metrics.
Evidence: The satellite measurement is made by sensing the ocean radiation in two or more wavelengths within the infrared part of the electromagnetic spectrum or other parts of the spectrum which can then be empirically related to SST.
Evidence: The spatial and temporal fingerprint of warming can be traced to increasing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, which are a direct result of burning fossil fuels, broad-scale deforestation and other human activity.
Category: Carbon monoxide
Claim: Carbon dioxide is a trace gas.”
Evidence: It is now the most commonly used tracer of molecular gas in general in the interstellar medium of galaxies, as molecular hydrogen can only be detected using ultraviolet light, which requires space telescopes.
Evidence: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere is a trace gas, currently (mid 2018) having a global average concentration of 409 parts per million by volume (or 622 parts per million by mass).