Danthammadhavi/climate_fever_fixed huggingface dataset:
Category: Wind
Claim: Wind is a finite resource and harnessing it would slow the winds down, which would cause the temperature to go up.
Evidence: The stream of particles varies in temperature and speed with the passage of time.
Category: Tuvalu
Claim: But the heads of small island nations, fearful of rising sea levels, had also asked scientists to examine the effects of 2.7 degrees of warming.
Evidence: Tuvaluan leaders have been concerned about the effects of rising sea levels.
Category: Global cooling
Claim: 'Global warming' is a myth — so say 80 graphs from 58 peer-reviewed scientific papers published in 2017.
Evidence: Academic analysis of the peer-reviewed studies published at that time shows that most papers examining aspects of climate during the 1970s were either neutral or showed a warming trend.
Evidence: Delingpole has engaged in climate change denialism; in 2009 he wrote of "The conspiracy behind the Anthropogenic Global Warming myth".
Evidence: A 2013 study, published in the peer-reviewed journal Environmental Research Letters analyzed 11,944 abstracts from papers published in the peer-reviewed scientific literature between 1991 and 2011, identified by searching the ISI Web of Science citation index engine for the text strings "global climate change" or "global warming".
Category: Greenhouse gas
Claim: CO2 constitutes 80% of the non-condensing greenhouse gas forcing.
Evidence: Overall, developed countries accounted for 83.8% of industrial CO 2 emissions over this time period, and 67.8% of total CO 2 emissions.
Evidence: Oxidation of CO to CO 2 directly produces an unambiguous increase in radiative forcing although the reason is subtle.
Evidence: The trucking and haulage industry plays a part in production of CO 2, contributing around 20% of the UK's total carbon emissions a year, with only the energy industry having a larger impact at around 39%.
Evidence: These emissions include CO 2 from fossil fuel use and from land use, as well as emissions of methane, nitrous oxide and other greenhouse gases covered by the Kyoto Protocol.
Category: Climate change (general concept)
Claim: This provides a direct, empirical causal link between CO2 and global warming.
Evidence: During the glacial cycles, there was a high correlation between CO 2 concentrations and temperatures.
Evidence: Although there are a few areas of linkage, the relationship between the two is weak.
Evidence: To establish a correlation as causal within physics, it is normally understood that the cause and the effect must connect through a local mechanism (cf.
Category: Ice age
Claim: “During ice ages, caused by wobbles in the Earth’s orbit, sea levels dropped more than 400 feet as ice piled up on land.
Evidence: Sea levels drop due to the removal of large volumes of water above sea level in the icecaps.
Evidence: The ice shields of Antarctica and Greenland are counted as land, even though much of the rock that supports them lies below sea level.
Category: Scientific consensus on climate change
Claim: But that conclusion holds true only if there are no other sources of c12 increases which are not human caused.
Evidence: The statement concludes with a call for "reduction in anthropogenic (human-caused) sources of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gas emissions contributing to global climate change and the conservation of CO 2- consuming photosynthesizers (i.e., plants)."
Category: Antarctica
Claim: but Antarctica is losing land ice at an accelerating rate, which has implications for sea level rise.
Evidence: However, it is the outflow of the ice from the land to form the ice shelf which causes a rise in global sea level.
Category: Precipitation
Claim: Temperature errors in the Great Lakes region are not used in any global temperature records.
Evidence: As a result, the modern global record of precipitation largely depends on satellite observations.
Evidence: This is evident from temperature measurements in boreholes in North America and Europe.
Evidence: This trend could be extrapolated to continue into the future, possibly leading to a full ice age, but the twentieth-century instrumental temperature record shows a sudden reversal of this trend, with a rise in global temperatures attributed to greenhouse gas emissions.
Category: Climate change denial
Claim: it’s virtually impossible to get funded for work that disputes climate change through other channels [other than oil companies]
Evidence: The coalition was financed by large corporations and trade groups from the oil, coal and auto industries.
Evidence: "Dirty Money, Oil Companies and Special Interests Spend Millions to Oppose Climate Legislation".
Category: Global warming
Claim: precipitation from global warming will make the world much greener
Evidence: Changing the type of vegetation in a region impacts the local temperature by changing how much sunlight gets reflected back into space, called albedo, and how much heat is lost by evaporation.
Category: Earth
Claim: Empirical measurements of the Earth's heat content show the planet is still accumulating heat and global warming is still happening.
Evidence: This is predicted to produce changes such as the melting of glaciers and ice sheets, more extreme temperature ranges, significant changes in weather and a global rise in average sea levels.
Category: Global warming
Claim: In their worst-case scenario, the sea level could rise by six feet by the end of this century, and the pace could pick up drastically in the 22nd century.
Evidence: Over the 21st century, the IPCC projects that in a very high emissions scenario the sea level could rise by 61–110 cm.
Category: Tony Abbott
Claim: Tony Abbott the Opposition must respect the Government's mandate to overturn the carbon tax.
Evidence: Upon becoming Leader of the Opposition, Abbott put the question of support for the Government's Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme (CPRS) to a secret ballot and the Liberal Party voted to reject the policy – overturning an undertaking by Turnbull to support an amended version of the government's scheme.
Evidence: On the first day of the new Parliament, Abbott introduced legislation into Parliament to repeal the Carbon Tax, and commenced Operation Sovereign Borders, the Coalition's policy to stop illegal maritime arrivals, which received strong public support.
Category: Global warming
Claim: “The IPCC reports also don’t fully account for the albedo effect (less ice means less reflected and more absorbed sunlight, hence more warming); more cloud cover (which traps heat); or the dieback of forests and other flora (which extract carbon from the atmosphere).
Evidence: Changing the type of vegetation in a region impacts the local temperature by changing how much sunlight gets reflected back into space, called albedo, and how much heat is lost by evaporation.
Category: Hurricane Irma
Claim: The U.S. has also witnessed increasing numbers of intense rainfall events.
Evidence: Lee County was lashed by strong winds and heavy rainfall, which caused prolonged flooding in some areas.
Category: Earth's energy budget
Claim: There are a myriad of other radiative forcings that affect the planet's energy imbalance.
Evidence: Climate forcings are changes that cause temperatures to rise or fall, disrupting the energy balance.
Category: Art Robinson
Claim: The 30,000 scientists and science graduates listed on the OISM petition represent a tiny fraction (0.3%) of all science graduates.
Evidence: Robinson asserted in 2008 that the petition has over 31,000 signatories, with 9,000 of these holding a PhD degree.
Evidence: As of 2013, the petition's website states, "The current list of 31,487 petition signers includes 9,029 PhD; 7,157 MS; 2,586 MD and DVM; and 12,715 BS or equivalent academic degrees.
Evidence: The number of PhD graduates has grown substantially in many countries since 2000, PhD Graduates still represent a relatively small, elite group within most countries — around 1.1% of adults among OECD countries.
Category: Global warming
Claim: The main reason behind this mid-century cooling was global dimming due to anthropogenic sulfate aerosol emissions.
Evidence: From 1961 to 1990, a gradual reduction in the amount of sunlight reaching the Earth's surface was observed, a phenomenon popularly known as global dimming, typically attributed to aerosols from biofuel and fossil fuel burning.
Category: Arctic sea ice decline
Claim: ‘This study goes beyond statistical correlations and explores a specific process that can plausibly explain how enhanced high-latitude warming trends may trigger remote weather impacts,’ he said.
Evidence: This relationship has been documented through observation evidence and model responses to sea ice loss according to the 2017 Wiley Periodicals Article, Amplified Arctic warming and mid latitude weather: new perspectives on emerging connections.
Category: Development communication
Claim: Policy makers who want to help the residents of the Marshall Islands today should look at improving the islands’ resilience
Evidence: Submission of reports provides specific interventions that will guide policy makers in decisions.
Category: Earth
Claim: Our evolving dynamic planet has survived sea level changes of hundreds of metres
Evidence: Earth's hydrosphere consists chiefly of the oceans, but technically includes all water surfaces in the world, including inland seas, lakes, rivers, and underground waters down to a depth of 2,000 m (6,600 ft).
Evidence: Run up is measured in metres above a reference sea level.
Category: Climate change mitigation
Claim: The natural cycle adds and removes CO2 to keep a balance; humans add extra CO2 without removing any.
Evidence: The reason for this is that human activities are adding CO2 to the atmosphere faster than natural processes can remove it (see carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere for a complete explanation).
Category: Global warming
Claim: until temperature increases began to slow down after 1998 and remained relatively stable for a period of 15 years
Evidence: An example of such an episode is the slower rate of surface temperature increase from 1998 to 2012, which was dubbed the global warming hiatus.
Evidence: An ice age is a long period of reduction in the temperature of the Earth's surface and atmosphere, resulting in the presence or expansion of continental and polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers.
Category: Orlando, Florida
Claim: A World Heritage site, it is currently under assault from unusually hot ocean temperatures,”
Evidence: The area's warm and humid climate is caused primarily by its low elevation, its position relatively close to the Tropic of Cancer, and its location in the center of a peninsula.
Category: Year
Claim: "January 2008 capped a 12 month period of global temperature drops on all of the major well respected indicators.
Evidence: Its average duration is 365.256363004 days (365 d 6 h 9 min 9.76 s) (at the epoch J2000.0 = January 1, 2000, 12:00:00 TT).
Category: Earth
Claim: Ocean and surface temperature measurements find the planet continues to accumulate heat.
Evidence: Energy from the Sun heats this layer, and the surface below, causing expansion of the air.
Category: Humidity
Claim: To claim that humidity is decreasing requires you ignore a multitude of independent reanalyses that all show increasing humidity.
Evidence: Under conditions of high humidity, the rate of evaporation of sweat from the skin decreases.
Category: Florida
Claim: (2012 is now the hottest by a wide margin), but the USA only comprises 2% of the globe.
Evidence: With a population of more than 18 million, according to the 2010 census, Florida is the most populous state in the southeastern United States and the third-most populous in the United States.
Evidence: This is down from a peak of 17.1% in 2012.
Category: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
Claim: "Unquestionably, the U.N. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) was formed to build the scientific case for humanity being the primary cause of global warming.
Evidence: The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is an intergovernmental body of the United Nations that is dedicated to providing the world with objective, scientific information relevant to understanding the scientific basis of the risk of human-induced climate change, its natural, political, and economic impacts and risks, and possible response options.
Evidence: In it, the IUGG concurs with the "comprehensive and widely accepted and endorsed scientific assessments carried out by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and regional and national bodies, which have firmly established, on the basis of scientific evidence, that human activities are the primary cause of recent climate change".
Category: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
Claim: In other words, there is as yet no incontrovertible  proof either of the greenhouse effect, or its connection with alleged  global warming.
Evidence: "Robust findings" of the Synthesis report include: "Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, as is now evident from observations of increases in global average air and ocean temperatures, widespread melting of snow and ice and rising global average sea level".
Evidence: There is no convincing scientific evidence that human release of carbon dioxide, methane, or other greenhouse gases is causing or will, in the foreseeable future, cause catastrophic heating of the Earth's atmosphere and disruption of the Earth's climate.
Evidence: He argued that if the temperature rose 0.4 °C above the 1950–1980 mean for a few years, it would be the "smoking gun" pointing to human-caused global warming.
Category: Earth
Claim: The most recent satellite data show that the earth as a whole is warming.
Evidence: "Evidence is now 'unequivocal' that humans are causing global warming – UN report".
Evidence: The temperature data was updated in 2006 to report that temperatures are now 0.8 °C warmer than a century ago, and concluded that the recent global warming is a real climate change and not an artifact from the urban heat island effect.
Category: Instrumental temperature record
Claim: Since the mid 1970s, global temperatures have been warming at around 0.2 degrees Celsius per decade.
Evidence: For 1979 to 2012, the linear warming trend for combined land and sea temperatures has been 0.155 °C (0.122 to 0.188 °C) per decade, according to AR5.
Category: Atmosphere of Earth
Claim: Plants need almost three times today’s carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere to thrive.
Evidence: By volume, dry air contains 78.09% nitrogen, 20.95% oxygen, 0.93% argon, 0.04% carbon dioxide, and small amounts of other gases.
Evidence: A dry atmosphere is composed of 78.084% nitrogen, 20.946% oxygen, 0.934% argon, and trace amounts of carbon dioxide and other gaseous molecules.
Category: Greenhouse gas
Claim: Over the three years from 1979 to 1982 when CO2 emissions were decreasing due to the rapid increase in the price of oil that drastically reduced consumption, there was no change in the rate of increase in atmospheric concentration of CO2 proving that humans were not the primary source for the increase in concentration.'
Evidence: Between the period 1970 to 2004, greenhouse gas emissions (measured in CO 2-equivalent) increased at an average rate of 1.6% per year, with CO 2 emissions from the use of fossil fuels growing at a rate of 1.9% per year.
Evidence: After the oil shocks of 1973 and 1979, during which the price of oil increased from 5 to 45 US dollars per barrel, there was a shift away from oil.
Category: Energy policy of the United States
Claim: Electricity rates are 40 percent higher in states that have required utility companies to use a certain amount of renewable energy such as solar power.
Evidence: A Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS) is a mandate that requires electricity providers to supply to their customers a minimum amount of power from renewable sources, usually as a percentage of total energy use.
Category: Sea level rise
Claim: [The 1990 IPCC report said] that the Antarctic ice sheets were stable
Evidence: "Reassessment of the Potential Sea-Level Rise from a Collapse of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet".
Evidence: "Stability of the West Antarctic ice sheet in a warming world".
Category: Greenhouse gas
Claim: Over the past 250 years, humans have added just one part of CO2 in 10,000 to the atmosphere.
Evidence: Carbon dioxide mole fractions in the atmosphere have gone up by approximately 35 percent since the 1900s, rising from 280 parts per million by volume to 387 parts per million in 2009.
Evidence: Since the time of the Industrial Revolution about 200 years ago, the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has increased from about 280 parts per million to 370 parts per million, an increase of around 30%.
Evidence: As a result of this balance, the atmospheric mole fraction of carbon dioxide remained between 260 and 280 parts per million for the 10,000 years between the end of the last glacial maximum and the start of the industrial era.
Category: Neanderthal
Claim: Humans have been through climate changes before- but mostly cold ones and
Evidence: Their ultimate extinction coincides with Heinrich event 4, a period of intense cold and dry climate causing their preferred forest landscape to give way to steppeland, and future Heinrich events are also associated with massive cultural turnovers where European human populations collapsed.
Evidence: Climates during the Pliocene became cooler and drier, and seasonal, similar to modern climates.
Category: Sea level rise
Claim: A variety of different measurements find steadily rising sea levels over the past century.
Evidence: Between 1900 and 2016, the sea level rose by 16–21 cm (6.3–8.3 in).
Category: 20th century
Claim: global warming ceased around the end of the twentieth century and was followed (since 1997) by 19 years of stable temperature
Evidence: The average global temperature on Earth has increased by about 0.8° Celsius (1.4° Fahrenheit) since 1880; Two-thirds of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15-0.20 °C per decade.
Evidence: The period from 1983 to 2012 was likely the warmest 30-year period of the last 1400 years in the Northern Hemisphere, where such assessment is possible (medium confidence).
Category: Global warming
Claim: global temperatures have risen between 0.23F (0.13C) and 0.34F (0.19C) per decade
Evidence: Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7 °C (0.5 to 3.1 °F) in a moderate scenario, or as much as 2.6 to 4.8 °C (4.7 to 8.6 °F) in an extreme scenario, depending on the rate of future greenhouse gas emissions and on climate feedback effects.
Evidence: Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.
Category: MetLife Stadium
Claim: Every four minutes, another American home or business goes solar.
Evidence: "MetLife Stadium Solar Ring lighted with a programmable, customizable multi-color LED array".
Category: Paleocene
Claim: Global average temperatures over land have plummeted by more than 1C since the middle of this year – their biggest and steepest fall on record.
Evidence: The Paleocene–Eocene thermal maximum was an approximate 200,000 year long event where the global average temperature rose by some 5 to 8 °C (9 to 14 °F), and mid-latitude and polar areas may have exceeded modern tropical temperatures of 24–29 °C (75–84 °F).
Evidence: The highest air temperature ever measured on Earth was 56.7 °C (134.1 °F) in Furnace Creek, California, in Death Valley, in 1913.
Evidence: Global warming is the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.
Category: Climate sensitivity
Claim: Some global warming 'skeptics' argue that the Earth's climate sensitivity is so low that a doubling of atmospheric CO2 will result in a surface temperature change on the order of 1°C or less, and that therefore global warming is nothing to worry about.
Evidence: In his first paper on the matter, he estimated that global temperature would rise by around 5 to 6 °C (9.0 to 10.8 °F) if the quantity of CO 2 was doubled.
Evidence: The equilibrium climate sensitivity (ECS) refers to the equilibrium change in global mean near-surface air temperature that would result from a sustained doubling of the atmospheric equivalent CO 2 concentration (ΔT2×).
Evidence: The 1990 IPCC First Assessment Report estimated that equilibrium climate sensitivity to a doubling of CO 2 lay between 1.5 and 4.5 °C (2.7 and 8.1 °F), with a "best guess in the light of current knowledge" of 2.5 °C (4.5 °F).
Category: Climate change feedback
Claim: “Arctic land stores about twice as much carbon as the atmosphere.
Evidence: The carbon currently stored in peatlands (390–455 gigatonnes, one-third of the total land-based carbon store) is over half the amount of carbon already in the atmosphere.
Evidence: The atmosphere of Mars consists of about 96% carbon dioxide, 1.93% argon and 1.89% nitrogen along with traces of oxygen and water.
Evidence: The amount of carbon sequestered in permafrost is four times the carbon that has been released to the atmosphere due to human activities in modern time.
Category: Climate change mitigation
Claim: Natural climate solutions like ending deforestation and restoring degraded forests could, at the global level, create 80 million jobs, bring 1 billion people out of poverty and add US$ 2.3 trillion in productive growth.
Evidence: Globally, there are an estimated 3 million direct jobs in renewable energy industries, with about half of them in the biofuels industry.
Evidence: This included the following seventeen goals: Poverty – End poverty in all its forms everywhere Food – End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture Health – Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages Education – Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all Women – Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls Water – Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all Energy – Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all Economy – Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all Infrastructure – Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation Inequality – Reduce inequality within and among countries Habitation – Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable Consumption – Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns Climate – Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts, ensuring that both mitigation and adaptation strategies are in place Marine-ecosystems – Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development Ecosystems – Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss Institutions – Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels Sustainability – Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the global partnership for sustainable development As of August 2015[update], there were 169 proposed targets for these goals and 304 proposed indicators to show compliance.
Category: Volcanism
Claim: ‘While volcanic eruptions are natural events, it was the timing of these that had such a noticeable effect on the trend.
Evidence: The amount of gas and ash emitted by volcanic eruptions has a significant effect on the Earth's climate.
Evidence: The deposits showed that climate disturbances reported at that time were due to a volcanic event, the global spread indicating a tropical volcano as the cause.
Category: Retreat of glaciers since 1850
Claim: The melting in the polar ice caps and in high altitude plains can lead to the dangerous release of methane gas
Evidence: The potential for major sea level rise depends mostly on a significant melting of the polar ice caps of Greenland and Antarctica, as this is where the vast majority of glacial ice is located.
Evidence: Within high-altitude and Antarctic environments, the seasonal temperature difference is often not sufficient to release meltwater.
Category: Global warming
Claim: ‘We don’t expect record years every year, but the ongoing long-term warming trend is clear.’”
Evidence: While record-breaking years attract considerable public interest, individual years are less significant than the overall trend.
Evidence: This long-term trend is the main cause for the record warmth of 2015 and 2016, surpassing all previous years—even ones with strong El Niño events."
Category: Antarctica
Claim: Antarctica is too cold to lose ice.
Evidence: The continent has about 90% of the world's ice (and thus about 70% of the world's fresh water).
Category: Carbon credit
Claim: (In technical lingo, the so-called social cost of carbon would be negative.)”
Evidence: The social cost of carbon is the additional damage caused by an additional ton of carbon emissions.
Evidence: So again we have the right outcome — provided the carbon price equals the social cost.
Category: Hekla
Claim: Volcanoes emit around 0.3 billion tonnes of CO2 per year.
Evidence: In total 24,000 tonnes of CO2 was emitted.
Evidence: In the modern era, emissions to the atmosphere from volcanoes are approximately 0.645 billion tonnes of CO 2 per year, whereas humans contribute 29 billion tonnes of CO 2 each year.
Category: Patrick Michaels
Claim: A paper by Ross McKitrick, an economics professor at the  University of Guelph, and Patrick Michaels, an environmental studies  professor at the University of Virginia, concludes that half of the  global warming trend from 1980 to 2002 is caused by Urban Heat Island.
Evidence: A 2002 article published in the journal Climate Research by Michaels and three other scholars has predicted "a warming range of 1.3–3.0°C, with a central value of 1.9°C" over the 1990 to 2100 period, although he remarked that the "temperature range and central values determined in our study may be too great."
Evidence: McIntyre agreed, and made contact with University of Guelph economics professor Ross McKitrick, a senior fellow of the Fraser Institute which opposed the Kyoto treaty, and co-author of Taken By Storm: The Troubled Science, Policy and Politics of Global Warming.
Evidence: Until 2007 he was research professor of environmental sciences at the University of Virginia, where he had worked from 1980.
Category: Phenotype
Claim: Soares looks at short-term trends which are swamped by natural variations.
Evidence: Without phenotypic variation, there would be no evolution by natural selection.
Category: Effects of global warming
Claim: The consequences of climate change become increasingly bad after each additional degree of warming, with the consequences of 2°C being quite damaging and the consequences of 4°C being potentially catastrophic.
Evidence: For increases in global average temperature exceeding 1.5 to 2.5 °C (relative to global temperatures over the years 1980–1999) and in concomitant atmospheric CO 2 concentrations, projected changes in ecosystems will have predominantly negative consequences for biodiversity and ecosystems goods and services, e.g., water and food supply.
Evidence: The effects of global warming or climate damage include far-reaching and long-lasting changes to the natural environment, to ecosystems and human societies caused directly or indirectly by human emissions of greenhouse gases.
Category: Sea level rise
Claim: The melting ice has led to global sea level rise of around eight inches since reliable record keeping began in 1880.
Evidence: This acceleration is due mostly to human-caused global warming, which is driving thermal expansion of seawater and the melting of land-based ice sheets and glaciers.
Evidence: The Greenland Ice Sheet has experienced record melting in recent years since detailed records have been kept and is likely to contribute substantially to sea level rise as well as to possible changes in ocean circulation in the future if this is sustained.
Evidence: "The melting of floating ice raises the ocean level".
Category: Australia
Claim: Australia accounts for 1.5 per cent of global carbon emissions.
Evidence: "Australia's carbon dioxide emissions twice world rate".
Evidence: In 2008, countries with a Kyoto cap made up less than one-third of annual global carbon dioxide emissions from fuel combustion.
Evidence: Australia's carbon dioxide emissions per capita are among the highest in the world, lower than those of only a few other industrialised nations.
Category: Global catastrophic risk
Claim: it’s not a pollutant that threatens human civilization.
Evidence: A global catastrophic risk is a hypothetical future event which could damage human well-being on a global scale, even endangering or destroying modern civilization.
Evidence: The present, unprecedented scale and speed of human movement make it more difficult than ever to contain an epidemic through local quarantines, and other sources of uncertainty and the evolving nature of the risk means natural pandemics may pose a realistic threat to human civilization.
Category: Earth
Claim: The amount of heat energy coming out of the Earth is too small to even be worth considering.
Evidence: This last phenomenon is known as the greenhouse effect: trace molecules within the atmosphere serve to capture thermal energy emitted from the ground, thereby raising the average temperature.
Evidence: Geothermal power is considered to be renewable because any projected heat extraction is small compared to the Earth's heat content.
Category: Planetary boundaries
Claim: Just 1.25 per cent of the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere-ocean system has been released by ­humans in the past 250 years.
Evidence: About one quarter of the additional carbon dioxide generated by humans is dissolved in the oceans, where it forms carbonic acid.
Category: Fred Singer
Claim: Mr. Singer is a professor emeritus of environmental science at the University of Virginia.
Evidence: Singer accepted a professorship in Environmental Sciences at the University of Virginia in 1971, a position he held until 1994, where he taught classes on environmental issues such as ozone depletion, acid rain, climate change, population growth, and public policy issues related to oil and energy.
Evidence: Patrick Michaels – Research Professor, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Virginia Patrick Moore – Early member of Greenpeace and former president, Greenpeace Canada Paul Reiter – Professor, Department of Medical Entomology, Pasteur Institute, Paris Nir Shaviv – Professor, Institute of Physics, Hebrew University of Jerusalem James Shikwati – Economist, Author, and CEO of The African Executive Frederick Singer – Professor Emeritus, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Virginia (Misidentified in the film as Former Director, U.S. National Weather Service.
Category: Global warming
Claim: "Satellite measurements indicate an absence of significant global warming since 1979, the very period that human carbon dioxide emissions have been increasing rapidly.
Evidence: Human activity since the Industrial Revolution has increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to increased radiative forcing from CO2, methane, tropospheric ozone, CFCs, and nitrous oxide.
Category: Climate change denial
Claim: Most likely the primary control knob on climate change is the ocean waters and this environment that we live in.
Evidence: United States Secretary of Energy Rick Perry, in a 19 June 2017 interview with CNBC, acknowledged the existence of climate change and impact from humans, but said that he did not agree with the idea that carbon dioxide was the primary driver of global warming pointing instead to "the ocean waters and this environment that we live in".
Evidence: These include processes such as variations in solar radiation, variations in the Earth's orbit, variations in the albedo or reflectivity of the continents, atmosphere, and oceans, mountain-building and continental drift and changes in greenhouse gas concentrations.
Category: Global warming
Claim: Over time, climate becomes a net problem: by the 2070s, the UN Climate Panel finds that global warming will likely cause damage equivalent to 0.2 per cent to 2 per cent of global GDP.
Evidence: "Large potential reduction in economic damages under UN mitigation targets".
Evidence: In 2019 the National Bureau of Economic Research found that increase in average global temperature by 0.04 °C per year, in absence of mitigation policies, will reduce world real GDP per capita by 7.22% by 2100.
Category: Scientific consensus on climate change
Claim: “Catherine Senior, head of understanding climate change at the Met Office Hadley Centre, said more studies and more data were needed to fully understand the role of clouds and aerosols.
Evidence: To inform decisions on adaptation and mitigation, it is critical that we improve our understanding of the global climate system and our ability to project future climate through continued and improved monitoring and research.
Evidence: IPCC reports cover the "scientific, technical and socio-economic information relevant to understanding the scientific basis of risk of human-induced climate change, its potential impacts and options for adaptation and mitigation."
Category: Mitigation (law)
Claim: The costs of inaction far outweigh the costs of mitigation.
Evidence: Mitigation in law is the principle that a party who has suffered loss (from a tort or breach of contract) has to take reasonable action to minimize the amount of the loss suffered.
Evidence: According to the Stern Review, inaction can be as high as the equivalent of losing at least 5% of global gross domestic product (GDP) each year, now and forever (upto 20% of the GDP or more when including a wider range of risks and impacts), whereas mitigating climate change will only cost about 2% of the GDP.
Evidence: Implementation follows all of the planned methods for mitigating the effect of the risks.
Category: Greenhouse gas
Claim: Data from NOAA’s Barrow Alaska station ‘indicate that October through December emissions of CO2 from surrounding tundra increased by 73 percent since 1975, supporting the view that rising temperatures have made Arctic ecosystems a net source of CO2.’”
Evidence: The sharp acceleration in CO 2 emissions since 2000 to more than a 3% increase per year (more than 2 ppm per year) from 1.1% per year during the 1990s is attributable to the lapse of formerly declining trends in carbon intensity of both developing and developed nations.
Category: Atmospheric methane
Claim: The increase in atmospheric methane, a greenhouse gas, in the latter part of the 20th century was explained as coming from expansion of grazing and rice cultivation, but the cause was found to be leaking gas pipelines in the Soviet Union which are now being properly managed and maintained.
Evidence: In accordance with the IPCC and other natural gas emissions control groups, measurements had to be taken throughout the pipeline to measure methane emissions from technological discharges and leaks at the pipeline fittings and vents.
Evidence: Although the majority of the natural gas leaks were carbon dioxide, a significant amount of methane was also being consistently released from the pipeline as a result of leaks and breakdowns.
Category: List of ecoregions in North America (CEC)
Claim: the world is barely half a degree Celsius (0.9 degrees Fahrenheit) warmer than it was about 35 years ago
Evidence: Over the last 100 years the Earth's temperature has increased 0.6 degrees Celsius and it is predicted to increase an additional 3.5 degrees over the next century.
Category: Global warming
Claim: Warming causes more moisture in the air which leads to more extreme precipitation events.
Evidence: The effects of global warming include rising sea levels, regional changes in precipitation, more frequent extreme weather events such as heat waves, and expansion of deserts.
Category: 2019 United Kingdom general election
Claim: Any reasonable person can recognize both positives and negatives among the policy proposals of both Tories and Labour.
Evidence: The Liberal Democrats, the Greens, the SNP and Labour all support a ban on fracking, whilst the Conservatives propose approving fracking on a case-by-case basis.
Evidence: The Labour Party proposed a renegotiation of the withdrawal agreement (towards a closer post-withdrawal relationship with the EU) and would then put this forward as an option in a referendum alongside the option of remaining in the EU.
Category: Humid subtropical climate
Claim: Monsoons in China fail, the great rivers of Asia virtually dry up, and rainfall in central America falls by half.
Evidence: Summer rainfall comes from the East Asian Monsoon and from frequent typhoons.
Category: Climate sensitivity
Claim: Elementary radiative-transfer calculations demonstrate that a natural surface global brightening amounting to ~1.9 Wm–2 over the 18-year period of study would be expected – using the IPCC’s own methodology – to have caused a transient warming of 1 K (1.8 F°).
Evidence: The global temperature increase since the beginning of the industrial period (taken as 1750) is about 0.8 °C (1.4 °F), and the radiative forcing due to CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases – mainly methane, nitrous oxide, and chlorofluorocarbons – emitted since that time is about 2.6 W/m2.
Evidence: The Paleocene–Eocene thermal maximum was an approximate 200,000 year long event where the global average temperature rose by some 5 to 8 °C (9 to 14 °F), and mid-latitude and polar areas may have exceeded modern tropical temperatures of 24–29 °C (75–84 °F).
Category: Mesoamerican nephropathy
Claim: In the sugarcane region of El Salvador, as much as one-fifth of the population has chronic kidney disease, including over a quarter of the men, the presumed result of dehydration from working the fields they were able to comfortably harvest as recently as two decades ago.
Evidence: In El Salvador, the disease has become the second leading cause of death among adult men, and according to a recent editorial, it has been estimated that this largely unknown epidemic has caused the premature death of at least 20,000 men in the region.
Evidence: Only when the amount of functioning kidney tissue is greatly diminished does one develop chronic kidney disease.
Category: Attribution of recent climate change
Claim: “Several of the papers note that the primary influence on warming appears to be solar activity.
Evidence: "From new estimates of the combined anthropogenic forcing due to greenhouse gases, aerosols, and land surface changes, it is extremely likely (>95%) that human activities have exerted a substantial net warming influence on climate since 1750."
Category: Gaia hypothesis
Claim: CO2 limits won't cool the planet
Evidence: As the temperature rises closer to the value the white daisies like, the white daisies outreproduce the black daisies, leading to a larger percentage of white surface, and more sunlight is reflected, reducing the heat input and eventually cooling the planet.
Evidence: Globally, these effects are estimated to have led to a slight cooling, dominated by an increase in surface albedo.
Evidence: Less energy reaches the upper atmosphere, which is therefore cooler because of this absorption.
Category: Climatic Research Unit email controversy
Claim: The Review concluded that CRU's actions were normal and did not threaten the integrity of peer review.
Evidence: Describing its report as "hugely positive", he stated that "it is especially important that, despite a deluge of allegations and smears against the CRU, this independent group of utterly reputable scientists have concluded that there was no evidence of any scientific malpractice."
Evidence: The review would also scrutinise the CRU's policies and practices for "acquiring, assembling, subjecting to peer review, and disseminating data and research findings" and "their compliance or otherwise with best scientific practice".
Evidence: It found that the CRU's work had been "carried out with integrity" and had used "fair and satisfactory" methods.
Category: Argo (oceanography)
Claim: Early estimates of ocean heat from the Argo showed a cooling bias due to pressure sensor issues.
Evidence: Such measurements are important for developing a comprehensive understanding of the ocean, such as trends in heat content.
Evidence: In most cases probes drift at a depth of 1000 metres (the so-called parking depth) and, every 10 days, by changing their buoyancy, dive to a depth of 2000 metres and then move to the sea-surface, measuring conductivity and temperature profiles as well as pressure.
Evidence: Based on coupled Atmosphere-Ocean General Circulation Models from 2001, the THC tends to weaken somewhat rather than stop, and the warming effects outweigh the cooling, even over Europe.
Category: Global catastrophic risk
Claim: Their analysis calculates the existential climate-related security risk to Earth through a scenario set 30 years into the future.
Evidence: Those that are at least "trans-generational" (affecting all future generations) in scope and "terminal"[clarification needed] in intensity are classified as existential risks.
Category: Effects of global warming
Claim: Final data for 2016 sea level rise have yet to be published.
Evidence: The IPCC's Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere concluded that global mean sea level rose by 0.16 metres between 1901 and 2016.
Category: Wide-body aircraft
Claim: 43% of CO2 from commercial aviation was linked to passenger movement in narrowbody aircraft, followed by widebody jets (33%), and regional aircraft (5%).
Evidence: A wide-body aircraft, also known as a twin-aisle aircraft, is a jet airliner with a fuselage wide enough to accommodate two passenger aisles with seven or more seats abreast.
Evidence: At the end of July 2015, the top 50 aircraft lessors managed 8,184 aircraft: 511 turboprop regional airliners, 792 regional jets, 5,612 narrowbody and 1,253 widebody airliners.
Evidence: In 2018, global commercial operations emitted 918 million tonnes (Mt) of CO₂, 2.4% of all CO₂ emissions: 747 Mt for passenger transport and 171 Mt for freight operations.
Category: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere
Claim: the concentration of carbon dioxide in Earth’s atmosphere has climbed to a level last seen more than 3 million years ago — before humans even appeared on the rocky ball we call home.
Evidence: About 34 million years ago, the time of the Eocene–Oligocene extinction event and when the Antarctic ice sheet started to take its current form, CO 2 was about 760 ppm, and there is geochemical evidence that concentrations were less than 300 ppm by about 20 million years ago.
Evidence: The National Geographic wrote that the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is this high "for the first time in 55 years of measurement—and probably more than 3 million years of Earth history."
Category: Climate sensitivity
Claim: Hansen's 1988 results are evidence that the actual climate sensitivity is about 3°C for a doubling of atmospheric CO2.
Evidence: In his first paper on the matter, he estimated that global temperature would rise by around 5 to 6 °C (9.0 to 10.8 °F) if the quantity of CO 2 was doubled.
Evidence: An alternate scenario would keep the warming to below this if climate sensitivity were below 3 °C for doubled CO 2.
Category: Coral reef
Claim: However, there is a process of accretion, where coral broken up by the waves washes up on these low-lying islands as sand, counteracting the reduction in land mass.
Evidence: Waves, grazing fish (such as parrotfish), sea urchins, sponges and other forces and organisms act as bioeroders, breaking down coral skeletons into fragments that settle into spaces in the reef structure or form sandy bottoms in associated reef lagoons.
Category: Tropical cyclone
Claim: La Niñas, on the other hand, feature cooler than average waters in the Pacific
Evidence: latent heat) at the temperature of the warm ocean surface (during evaporation, the ocean cools and the air warms).
Evidence: Cooler and saltier waters lie to its east.
Category: Christopher Monckton, 3rd Viscount Monckton of Brenchley
Claim: Monckton appears to have cherry-picked temperature data from a few stations.
Evidence: He says a greenhouse effect exists, and that carbon dioxide contributes to it, but claims there is no "causative link" from CO2-concentration to global average temperature.
Evidence: The meteorological data collected was the longest unbroken weather record in the early twentieth century, providing baselines for current assessments of climate change.
Category: Renewable energy
Claim: Converting to these cleaner sources [of energy] may be somewhat costlier in the short term, but they could ultimately pay for themselves by heading off climate damages and reducing health problems associated with dirty air.
Evidence: The results of a recent review of the literature concluded that as greenhouse gas (GHG) emitters begin to be held liable for damages resulting from GHG emissions resulting in climate change, a high value for liability mitigation would provide powerful incentives for deployment of renewable energy technologies.
Evidence: Other renewable sources such as wind power, photovoltaics, and hydroelectricity have the advantage of being able to conserve water, lower pollution and reduce CO 2 emissions.
Category: Arctic ice pack
Claim: Both the extent and thickness of Arctic sea ice has declined rapidly over the last several decades.
Evidence: The September minimum ice extent trend for 1979–2011 declined by 12.0% per decade during 32 years.
Evidence: The mean extent of the ice has been decreasing since 1980 from the average winter value of 15,600,000 km2 (6,023,200 sq mi) at a rate of 3% per decade.
Category: Scientific consensus on climate change
Claim: more than 100 per cent of the warming over the past century is due to human actions.
Evidence: The global warming observed over the past 50 years is due primarily to human-induced emissions of heat-trapping gases.
Category: Cloud
Claim: Clouds provide negative feedback
Evidence: Broadly speaking, if clouds, especially low clouds, increase in a warmer climate, the resultant cooling effect leads to a negative feedback in climate response to increased greenhouse gases.
Evidence: This effect results in a negative feedback process that can inhibit further development or lead to weakening.
Category: Carbon tax
Claim: Australian households will benefit to the tune of $550 a year if the carbon tax is axed.
Evidence: The carbon tax expects to raise 25 billion rupees ($535 million) for the financial year 2010–2011.
Category: Effects of global warming on human health
Claim: Most glaciers are retreating, posing a serious problem for millions who rely on glaciers for water.
Evidence: Earth's glaciers are expected to melt within the next forty years, greatly decreasing fresh water flow in the hotter times of the year, causing everyone to depend on rainwater, resulting in large shortages and fluctuations in fresh water availability which largely effects agriculture, power supply, and human health and well-being.
Category: Scientific consensus on climate change
Claim: Less than half of published scientists endorse global warming.
Evidence: 97% of the scientists surveyed agreed that global temperatures had increased during the past 100 years; 84% said they personally believed human-induced warming was occurring, and 74% agreed that "currently available scientific evidence" substantiated its occurrence.
Evidence: Nearly all publishing climate scientists (97–98%) support the consensus on anthropogenic climate change, and the remaining 3% of contrarian studies either cannot be replicated or contain errors.