Danthammadhavi/climate_fever_fixed huggingface dataset:
Category: Climate change, industry and society
Claim: And in January, one out of five British children told pollsters they were having nightmares about climate change.
Evidence: Disasters, violence and disease are expected to be more frequent and intense, making the future of the world's poorest children more bleak.
Evidence: Conservative environmental estimates of the impact of climate changes that are already in process indicate that they will result in numerous health effects to children.
Category: Ice age
Claim: About 120,000 years ago, before the last ice age, the planet went through a natural warm period, with temperatures similar to those expected in coming decades.
Evidence: The last cold episode of the last glacial period ended about 10,000 years ago.
Category: Greenhouse gas
Claim: That human CO2 is causing global warming is known with high certainty & confirmed by observations.
Evidence: During the late 20th century, a scientific consensus evolved that increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere cause a substantial rise in global temperatures and changes to other parts of the climate system, with consequences for the environment and for human health.
Evidence: Attribution of recent climate change is the effort to scientifically ascertain mechanisms responsible for recent global warming and related climate changes on Earth.
Category: Australia
Claim: unadjusted data suggests that temperatures in Australia have only increased by 0.3 degrees over the past century, not the 1 degree usually claimed.
Evidence: According to the Bureau of Meteorology's 2011 Australian Climate Statement, Australia had lower than average temperatures in 2011 as a consequence of a La Niña weather pattern; however, "the country's 10-year average continues to demonstrate the rising trend in temperatures, with 2002–2011 likely to rank in the top two warmest 10-year periods on record for Australia, at 0.52 °C (0.94 °F) above the long-term average".
Category: Polar ice cap
Claim: Melting of Arctic sea ice and polar icecaps is not occurring at unnatural rates and does not constitute evidence of a human impact on the climate.
Evidence: The current rate of decline of the ice caps has caused many investigations and discoveries on glacier dynamics and their influence on the world's climate.
Category: Climate change mitigation
Claim: Our children and grandchildren will look back on the climate deniers and ask how they could have sacrificed the planet for the sake of cheap fossil fuel energy, when the cost of inaction exceeds the cost of a transition to a low-carbon economy,’ Watson said.
Evidence: At the core of most proposals is the reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions through reducing energy waste and switching to low-carbon power sources of energy.
Category: Climate change (general concept)
Claim: "Rapid loss of ice-mass from the glaciers of Greenland and Antarctica are  cited as proof positive of global warming's onslaught.
Evidence: Land ice sheets in both Antarctica and Greenland have been losing mass since 2002 and have seen an acceleration of ice mass loss since 2009.
Category: Paris Agreement
Claim: U.S. Pays $1 Billion into Green Climate Fund, Top Polluters Pay Nothing
Evidence: "United States delivers first payment to global climate fund".
Evidence: U.S. President Obama committed the US to contributing US$3 billion to the fund.
Category: Urban heat island
Claim: Dropped stations introduce warming bias
Evidence: While the "heat island" warming is an important local effect, there is no evidence that it biases trends in the homogenized historical temperature record.
Category: Copenhagen Airport
Claim: During "the recent global warming summit in Copenhagen, Nancy Pelosi and others stayed at a five-star hotel on a trip costing nearly $10,000 per person."
Evidence: In 2001 the five-star Hilton hotel opened with 382 rooms.
Category: Pacific decadal oscillation
Claim: "The Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) is a temperature pattern in the Pacific Ocean that spends roughly 20-30 years in the cool phase or the warm phase.
Evidence: During a "warm", or "positive", phase, the west Pacific becomes cooler and part of the eastern ocean warms; during a "cool" or "negative" phase, the opposite pattern occurs.
Evidence: The PDO is detected as warm or cool surface waters in the Pacific Ocean, north of 20°N.
Category: Scientific consensus on climate change
Claim: Human-produced carbon might be one of the factors [of climate change], but there’s simply no evidence that it is a significant one.
Evidence: 7–10 "There is now convincing evidence that since the industrial revolution, human activities, resulting in increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases have become a major agent of climate change.
Category: Cold wave
Claim: Snowfall is increasing in the fall and winter in the Northern Hemisphere and North America with many records being set.
Evidence: Seattle recorded its snowiest winter on record with 67.5 inches (171 cm) for the season at Sea-Tac Airport.
Evidence: Many records for snowfall and temperature were broken, many for the month of February, with every state east of the Mississippi River being colder than average, some for the entire winter.
Category: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
Claim: While natural forcings can account for much of the early 20th Century warming, humans played a role as well.
Evidence: Most of the global average warming over the past 50 years is "very likely" (greater than 90% probability, based on expert judgement) due to human activities.
Category: Climate change in the Arctic
Claim: [T]he study indicates “Greenland’s ice may be less susceptible to the massive meltdown predicted by computer models of climate change, the main author ... said in an interview. ...
Evidence: It is also predicted that Greenland will become warm enough by 2100 to begin an almost complete melt during the next 1,000 years or more.
Category: Global warming
Claim: That humans are causing the rise in atmospheric CO2 is confirmed by multiple isotopic analyses.
Evidence: Global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions in 2010 were equivalent to 49 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide (using the most recent global warming potentials over 100 years from the AR5 report).
Category: James Hansen
Claim: 'On June 23, 1988, NASA scientist James Hansen testified before the House of Representatives that there was a strong "cause and effect relationship" between observed temperatures and human emissions into the atmosphere.
Evidence: Hansen was invited by Rafe Pomerance to testify before the United States Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources on June 23, 1988.
Evidence: Hansen said that NASA was 99% confident that the warming was caused by the accumulation of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and not a random fluctuation.
Category: Antarctica
Claim: The news of expanding Antarctic sea ice stole headlines from global warming alarmists who asserted Arctic sea ice had reached its lowest extent since 1979.'
Evidence: "A 40-y record reveals gradual Antarctic sea ice increases followed by decreases at rates far exceeding the rates seen in the Arctic".
Evidence: Sea ice coverage in the Arctic has shrunk at a much faster rate than it has expanded in the Southern Ocean.
Category: Particulates
Claim: According to the WHO, exposure to particulate matter increases the risk of acute lower respiratory infection, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, heart disease, stroke and lung cancer.
Evidence: Worldwide exposure to PM2.5 contributed to 4.1 million deaths from heart disease and stroke, lung cancer, chronic lung disease, and respiratory infections in 2016.
Evidence: The effects of inhaling particulate matter that has been widely studied in humans and animals include asthma, lung cancer, respiratory diseases, cardiovascular disease, premature delivery, birth defects, low birth weight, and premature death.
Category: Arctic
Claim: Melting ice isn't warming the Arctic.
Evidence: The effects of global warming in the Arctic include rising temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet.
Evidence: Release of methane and carbon dioxide stored in permafrost could cause abrupt and severe global warming, as they are potent greenhouse gases.
Category: Ocean acidification
Claim: ‘But even if an organism isn’t directly harmed by acidification it may be affected indirectly through changes in its habitat or changes in the food web.’
Evidence: Changes in ocean chemistry can have extensive direct and indirect effects on organisms and their habitats.
Category: Global warming
Claim: Climate Models Have Overestimated Global Warming
Evidence: Past models have underestimated the rate of Arctic shrinkage and underestimated the rate of precipitation increase.
Category: Carbon dioxide
Claim: And some plants – like algae which use carbon for photosynthesis – may even benefit.
Evidence: Carbon fixation is a biochemical process by which atmospheric carbon dioxide is incorporated by plants, algae and (cyanobacteria) into energy-rich organic molecules such as glucose, thus creating their own food by photosynthesis.
Evidence: Plants, algae and cyanobacteria are the major groups of organisms that carry out photosynthesis, a process that uses the energy of sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into sugars that can be used both as a source of chemical energy and of organic molecules that are used in the structural components of cells.
Category: Global warming
Claim: In truth, the overwhelming majority of climate-research funding comes from the federal government and left-wing foundations.
Evidence: Organizations such as the libertarian Competitive Enterprise Institute, as well as conservative commentators, have challenged IPCC climate change scenarios, funded scientists who disagree with the scientific consensus, and provided their own projections of the economic cost of stricter controls.
Evidence: Over the last 14 years Willie Soon, a researcher at the Harvard-Smithsonian Centre for Astrophysics, received a total of $1.25m from Exxon Mobil, Southern Company, the American Petroleum Institute (API) and a foundation run by the ultra-conservative Koch brothers… the biggest single funder was Southern Company, one of the country's biggest electricity providers that relies heavily on coal.
Category: Chernobyl disaster
Claim: Every year air pollution protections are delayed, another 34,000 people will die prematurely.
Evidence: Chernobyl: Consequences of the Catastrophe for People and the Environment is a 2007 Russian publication that concludes that there were 985,000 premature deaths as a consequence of the radioactivity released.
Category: Green-collar worker
Claim: Renewable energy investment kills jobs.
Evidence: In the context of the current world economic crisis, many experts now argue that a massive push to develop renewable sources of energy could create millions of new jobs and help the economy recover while simultaneously improving the environment, increasing labour conditions in poor economies, and strengthening energy and food security.
Evidence: Globally there are an estimated 7.7 million jobs associated with the renewable energy industries, with solar photovoltaics being the largest renewable employer.
Category: Nature
Claim: Because current climate change is so rapid, the way species typically adapt (eg - migration) is, in most cases, simply not be possible.
Evidence: The combination of a high mutation rate and a horizontal gene transfer ability makes them highly adaptable, and able to survive in new environments, including outer space.
Category: Global warming
Claim: A few degrees of global warming has a huge impact on ice sheets, sea levels and other aspects of climate.
Evidence: The effects of global warming include rising sea levels, regional changes in precipitation, more frequent extreme weather events such as heat waves, and expansion of deserts.
Category: Global catastrophic risk
Claim: the warming is not nearly as great as the climate change computer models have predicted.
Evidence: Projections of future climate change suggest further global warming, sea level rise, and an increase in the frequency and severity of some extreme weather events and weather-related disasters.
Evidence: The model predicted <0.2 °C warming for upper air at 700 mb and 500 mb.
Category: Spanish flu
Claim: In Alaska, already, researchers have discovered remnants of the 1918 flu that infected as many as 500 million and killed as many as 100 million”
Evidence: It infected 500 million people around the world, or about 27% of the then world population of about 1.8 billion, including people on remote Pacific islands and in the Arctic.
Evidence: Older estimates say it killed 40–50 million people, while current estimates put the death toll at probably 50 million (less than 3% of the global population), and possibly as high as 100 million (more than 5%).
Category: Carbon dioxide
Claim: Not only is there no scientific evidence that CO2 is a pollutant, higher CO2 concentrations actually help ecosystems support more plant and animal life.
Evidence: At very high concentrations (100 times atmospheric concentration, or greater), carbon dioxide can be toxic to animal life, so raising the concentration to 10,000 ppm (1%) or higher for several hours will eliminate pests such as whiteflies and spider mites in a greenhouse.
Evidence: Higher carbon dioxide concentrations will favourably affect plant growth and demand for water.
Category: Global warming
Claim: Scientists retracted claim that sea levels are rising.
Evidence: The effects of global warming include rising sea levels, regional changes in precipitation, more frequent extreme weather events such as heat waves, and expansion of deserts.
Category: Hockey stick controversy
Claim: Since the hockey stick paper in 1998, there have been a number of proxy studies analysing a variety of different sources including corals, stalagmites, tree rings, boreholes and ice cores.
Evidence: The Mann, Bradley & Hughes 1998 (MBH98) multiproxy study on "Global-scale temperature patterns and climate forcing over the past six centuries" was submitted to the journal Nature on 9 May 1997, accepted on 27 February 1998 and published on 23 April 1998.
Category: Global warming
Claim: A natural cycle requires a forcing, and no known forcing exists that fits the fingerprints of observed warming - except anthropogenic greenhouse gases.
Evidence: Human activity since the Industrial Revolution has increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to increased radiative forcing from CO2, methane, tropospheric ozone, CFCs, and nitrous oxide.
Category: Carbon dioxide
Claim: at the end of recent ice ages, the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere started to rise only after temperatures began to climb.
Evidence: Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.
Category: Climatic Research Unit email controversy
Claim: It found the scientists' rigour and honesty are not in doubt, and their behaviour did not prejudice the IPCC's conclusions, though they did fail to display the proper degree of openness.
Evidence: The report, issued on 18 February 2011, cleared the researchers and "did not find any evidence that NOAA inappropriately manipulated data or failed to adhere to appropriate peer review procedures".
Category: Malnutrition
Claim: there has been no systematic increase in the frequency of extreme weather events,
Evidence: Even small changes in temperatures can lead to increased frequency of extreme weather conditions.
Category: Global issue
Claim: Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, and since the 1950s, many of the observed changes are unprecedented over decades to millennia.
Evidence: Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, and since the 1950s, many of the observed changes are unprecedented over decades to millennia.
Category: Little Ice Age
Claim: Scientists have long known about the anomalous ‘warming hole‘ in the North Atlantic Ocean, an area immune to warming of Earth’s oceans.
Evidence: In the North Atlantic, sediments accumulated since the end of the last ice age, nearly 12,000 years ago, show regular increases in the amount of coarse sediment grains deposited from icebergs melting in the now open ocean, indicating a series of 1–2 °C (2–4 °F) cooling events recurring every 1,500 years or so.
Evidence: The Cretaceous was a period with a relatively warm climate, resulting in high eustatic sea levels that created numerous shallow inland seas.
Category: 2013 New South Wales bushfires
Claim: There is a link between climate change and the NSW bushfires.
Evidence: "'Absolutely' a link between climate change and wildfires, U.N. climate chief Figueres tells Amanpour".
Evidence: Climate and fire experts agree that climate change is a factor known to result in increased fire frequency and intensity in south east Australia, and although it should not be considered as the sole cause of the 2019-20 Australian fires, climate change is considered very likely to have contributed to the unprecedented extent and severity of the fires.
Category: Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C
Claim: IPCC report warning last week the world is “nowhere near on track” to meet its Paris commitments
Evidence: Based on present knowledge, climate geoengineering techniques cannot be relied on to significantly contribute to meeting the Paris Agreement temperature goals".
Category: Sustainability
Claim: A global network of 500 scientists and professionals has prepared this urgent message.
Evidence: The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment is an international synthesis by over 1000 of the world's leading biological scientists that analyzes the state of the Earth's ecosystems and provides summaries and guidelines for decision-makers.
Evidence: The scientists declared "climate emergency" and called to stop Overconsumption, move from fossil fuels, eat less meat, stabilize population and more The philosophical and analytic framework of sustainability draws on and connects with many different disciplines and fields; in recent years an area that has come to be called sustainability science has emerged.
Category: Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event
Claim: A large number of ancient mass extinction events have been strongly linked to global climate change.
Evidence: "End-Cretaceous extinction in Antarctica linked to both Deccan volcanism and meteorite impact via climate change".
Evidence: Other causal or contributing factors to the extinction may have been the Deccan Traps and other volcanic eruptions, climate change, and sea level change.
Category: Global warming
Claim: Trenberth's views are clarified in the paper "An imperative for climate change planning: tracking Earth's global energy".
Evidence: Climate change is more accurate scientifically to describe the various effects of greenhouse gases on the world because it includes extreme weather, storms and changes in rainfall patterns, ocean acidification and sea level.".
Category: Water
Claim: [CO2] is also a greenhouse gas which helps maintain earth at a habitable temperature.
Evidence: Water vapor and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere provide a temperature buffer (greenhouse effect) which helps maintain a relatively steady surface temperature.
Evidence: Water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone are the primary greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
Category: Environmental impact of wind power
Claim: “Global warming alarmists’ preferred electricity source – wind power – kills nearly 1 million bats every year (to say nothing of the more than 500,000 birds killed every year) in the United States alone.
Evidence: 600,000 bats killed at wind energy facilities in 2012, study says, LA Times, November 8, 2013.
Category: Sustainable energy
Claim: Germany managed to increase its use of renewables and its output of carbon dioxide at the same time -- because it resorted to cheap coal to keep the lights on at a price its people could afford.
Evidence: As a result, despite energy efficiency gains, total energy use and related carbon emissions have continued to increase.
Evidence: Both solar power and wind power are variable renewable energy, meaning that all available output must be taken whenever it is available by moving through transmission lines to where it can be used now.
Category: Climate change in the Arctic
Claim: Measurements indicating that 2017 had relatively more sea ice in the Arctic and less melting of glacial ice in Greenland casts scientific doubt on the reality of global warming.
Evidence: The effects of global warming in the Arctic, or climate change in the Arctic include rising air and water temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet with a related cold temperature anomaly, observed since the 1970s.
Category: Physical impacts of climate change
Claim: Actual weather records over the past 100 years show no correlation between rising carbon dioxide levels and local temperatures.
Evidence: (2013) estimated that global warming had increased the probability of local record-breaking monthly temperatures worldwide by a factor of 5.
Evidence: The general public had little awareness of carbon dioxide's effects on climate, but Science News in May 1959 forecast a 25% increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide in the 150 years from 1850 to 2000, with a consequent warming trend.
Category: Global warming
Claim: A generous estimate of the energy generated by satellites is around 1 million times too small to cause global warming.
Evidence: More of the Sun's energy is now absorbed in these regions, contributing to Arctic amplification, which has caused Arctic temperatures to increase at more than twice the rate of the rest of the world.
Evidence: Warming of the ocean accounts for about 93% of the increase in the Earth's energy inventory between 1971 and 2010 (high confidence), with warming of the upper (0 to 700 m) ocean accounting for about 64% of the total.
Category: Sinking of MV Sewol
Claim: Around 1990 it became obvious the local tide-gauge did not agree - there was no evidence of 'sinking.'
Evidence: As of 17 April 2014, the ROK Coast Guard concluded that an "unreasonably sudden turn" to starboard, made between 8:48 and 8:49 a.m. (KST), caused the cargo to shift to port, which in turn caused the ship to list and to eventually become unmanageable for the crew.
Evidence: Now, without warning she seemed to start forward, moving forward and into the water at an angle of about fifteen degrees.
Evidence: He also stated that "I believe it must have been in places, not a continuous rip", but that the different openings must have extended along an area of around 300 feet, to account for the flooding in several compartments.
Category: Hockey stick controversy
Claim: 18 proxies tell us the world was the same or warmer 1,000 years ago.
Evidence: Regarding the draft conclusion that the 20th Century was the warmest in the last 1000 years, he said "We don't accept this.
Evidence: However, the annual mean temperature of the current interglacial period for the last 10,000 years is no higher than that of previous interglacial periods, yet some of the same megafauna survived similar temperature increases.
Category: Greenhouse effect
Claim: The amount of warming caused by the anthropogenic increase in atmospheric CO2 may be one of the most misunderstood subjects in climate science.
Evidence: Their effects, together with those of other anthropogenic drivers, have been detected throughout the climate system and are extremely likely to have been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century'".
Evidence: "How do we know more CO2 is causing warming?".
Category: Greenhouse gas
Claim: Increased CO2 makes more water vapor, a greenhouse gas which amplifies warming
Evidence: Water vapor responds to and amplifies effects of the other greenhouse gases.
Category: Earth
Claim: The connection between the vanishing Arctic ice and extreme summer weather in the northern hemisphere is probable, according to scientists, but not yet as certain as the winter link.
Evidence: Consequently, summers are 2.3 °C (4 °F) warmer in the Northern Hemisphere than in the Southern Hemisphere under similar conditions.
Category: Kyoto Protocol
Claim: Any action by Australia to reduce emissions of fossil fuels would not help to protect the reef unless there is an effective international agreement by major emitters.
Evidence: This led to a massive contraction of their heavy industry-based economies, with associated reductions in their fossil fuel consumption and emissions.
Category: Effects of global warming on human health
Claim: The past shows that climate change is normal, that warmer times and more atmospheric carbon dioxide have driven biodiversity and that cold times kill.”
Evidence: Historically, cold temperatures at night and in the winter months would kill off insects, bacteria and fungi.
Evidence: Studies of past changes in the environment and biodiversity often reflect on the current situation, specifically the impact of climate on mass extinctions and biotic recovery and current global warming.
Category: Scientific consensus on climate change
Claim: This means the global temperature trend has now shown no further warming for 19 years
Evidence: Human-caused increases in greenhouse gases are responsible for most of the observed global average surface warming of roughly 0.8 °C (1.5 °F) over the past 140 years.
Category: Retreat of glaciers since 1850
Claim: Glaciers are in rapid retreat worldwide, despite 1 error in 1 paragraph in a 3000 page IPCC report.
Evidence: "Widespread, rapid grounding line retreat of Pine Island, Thwaites, Smith, and Kohler glaciers, West Antarctica, from 1992 to 2011".
Evidence: "Widespread, rapid grounding line retreat of Pine Island, Thwaites, Smith and Kohler glaciers, West Antarctica from 1992 to 2011".
Category: Global warming
Claim: Back in the late 1980s, the UN claimed that if global warming were not checked by 2000, rising sea levels would wash entire counties away.
Evidence: Climate change threatens to diminish crop yields, harming food security, and rising sea levels may flood coastal infrastructure and force the abandonment of many coastal cities.
Evidence: Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.
Category: Global warming
Claim: CO2 emissions were much smaller 100 years ago.
Evidence: Global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions in 2010 were equivalent to 49 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide (using the most recent global warming potentials over 100 years from the AR5 report).
Category: Global warming
Claim: Trenberth is talking about the details of energy flow, not whether global warming is happening.
Evidence: There has been no upward trend in the amount of the Sun's energy reaching the Earth, so it cannot be responsible for the current warming.
Category: Daniel Bryan
Claim: […] Constant 24-7  media coverage of every significant storm worldwide just makes it seem  that way.”
Evidence: "Radican's ROH Respect Is Earned Report 7/20: ongoing "virtual time" coverage of PPV".
Evidence: As coverage continued, several media outlets began eschewing this term in favor of "superstorm".
Category: Arctic sea ice decline
Claim: Scientists project that the Arctic will be ice-free in the summer of 2013.
Evidence: The Third U.S. National Climate Assessment (NCA), released May 6, 2014, reports that the Arctic Ocean is expected to be ice free in summer before mid-century.
Category: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere
Claim: Less energy is escaping to space: Carbon dioxide (CO2) acts like a blanket; adding more CO2 makes the 'blanket' thicker, and humans are adding more CO2 all the time.
Evidence: The increased radiative forcing due to increased CO2 in the Earth's atmosphere is based on the physical properties of CO2 and the non-saturated absorption windows where CO2 absorbs outgoing long-wave energy.
Category: Ringed seal
Claim: many scientists were surprised when other researchers subsequently found that ringed and bearded seals (the primary prey of polar bears) north of the Bering Strait especially thrived with a longer open-water season, which is particularly conducive to fishing
Evidence: Ringed seals are one of the primary prey of polar bears and killer whales, and have long been a component of the diet of indigenous people of the Arctic.
Category: Seville
Claim: temperatures were 6-10C above normal over most of France, Germany and northern Spain during the final days of the month, according to C3S.
Evidence: Winters are mild: January is the coolest month, with average maximum temperatures of 16.0 °C (61 °F) and minimum of 5.7 °C (42 °F).
Evidence: Temperatures can be 4 °C (7 °F) higher in the city than in the surrounding areas.
Category: Ocean acidification
Claim: [ocean acidification was ] First referenced in a peer-reviewed study in Nature in 2003
Evidence: A study in 2008 examining a sediment core from the North Atlantic found that while the species composition of coccolithophorids has remained unchanged for the industrial period 1780 to 2004, the calcification of coccoliths has increased by up to 40% during the same time.
Evidence: A 2013 study claimed acidity was increasing at a rate 10 times faster than in any of the evolutionary crises in Earth's history.
Category: Global warming
Claim: Human activities (mainly greenhouse-gas emissions) are the dominant cause of the rapid warming since the middle 1900s (IPCC, 2013).
Evidence: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.
Category: Supercontinent
Claim: Consequently, CO2 levels at around 1,000 to 2,300 ppm were actually low enough to promote glaciation in the southern continent of Gondwana.
Evidence: During the late Ordovician (~458.4 Ma), the particular configuration of Gondwana may have allowed for glaciation and high CO2 levels to occur at the same time.
Category: Early 2014 North American cold wave
Claim: This means the jet stream meanders more, with big loops bringing warm air to the frozen north and cold air into warmer southern climes.”
Evidence: According to the UK Met Office, the jet stream deviated[clarification needed] to the south (bringing cold air with it) as a result of unusual contrast between cold air in Canada and mild winter temperatures in the United States.
Category: 2000s (decade)
Claim: Most of the warming occurred in the past 35 years, with the five warmest years on record taking place since 2010.
Evidence: In December 2009, the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) announced that the 2000s may have been the warmest decade since records began in 1850, with four of the five warmest years since 1850 having occurred in this decade.
Category: El Niño
Claim: So it’s been a surprise to climate scientists that 2017 has been so remarkably warm — because the last El Niño ended a year ago.
Evidence: However, over time the term has evolved and now refers to the warm and negative phase of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation and is the warming of the ocean surface or above-average sea surface temperatures in either the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean.
Evidence: The 2014–16 El Niño was a warming of the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean that resulted in unusually warm waters developing between the coast of South America and the International Date Line.
Category: La Niña
Claim: Climate change is because of El Niño.
Evidence: "El Niño in a changing climate".
Category: Global warming
Claim: there is no relationship between temperature and carbon dioxide emissions by Â­humans[...]
Evidence: IPCC AR4 WG1 Ch1 2007, FAQ1.1: "To emit 240 W m−2, a surface would have to have a temperature of around −19 °C.
Category: Rise of the Olympian
Claim: But it means a chunk of the rise is coming from elsewhere.
Evidence: She also pointed out that Themyscira plays a role, and from after what happened in Amazons Attack!, the Amazons themselves are going to return.
Evidence: Peter Travers of Rolling Stone noted that the film has mixed "twists lifted from 1972's Conquest of the Planet of the Apes and 1999's Deep Blue Sea".
Category: Solar cycle
Claim: Solar cycles cause global warming.
Evidence: "Cosmic Rays and Global Warming".
Evidence: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.
Category: Subantarctic
Claim: While there are isolated cases of growing glaciers, the overwhelming trend in glaciers worldwide is retreat.
Evidence: Glaciers are currently retreating at significant rates throughout the southern hemisphere.
Category: Overdeepening
Claim: as continents rise after the overlying ice has melted
Evidence: As the water passes through the bottom, it continues to drop in temperature; since it is highly pressurized at this point, the melting temperature is suppressed and the water becomes supercooled as it melts surrounding ice.
Category: Scientific consensus on climate change
Claim: So that means that probably about half, maybe half of that nine-tenths of the degree of total warming might be caused by greenhouse gases.
Evidence: The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change said the likelihood was 90 percent to 99 percent that emissions of heat-trapping greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, spewed from tailpipes and smokestacks, were the dominant cause of the observed warming of the last 50 years.
Category: Wikipedia
Claim: ‘Getting hung up on the exact nature of the records is interesting, and there’s lots of technical work that can be done there, but the main take-home response there is that the trends we’ve been seeing since the 1970s are continuing and have not paused in any way,’ he said.”
Evidence: On January 20, 2014, Subodh Varma reporting for The Economic Times indicated that not only had Wikipedia's growth stalled, it "had lost nearly ten percent of its page views last year.
Category: The Great Global Warming Swindle
Claim: Claims that the IPCC does not accurately represent the views and findings of the scientists, on whose work the IPCC reports are based, are not supported by the facts.
Evidence: The film argues that IPCC reports misrepresent the views of scientists who contribute to them through selective editorialising.
Evidence: This report explicitly endorses the IPCC view of attribution of recent climate change as representing the view of the scientific community: The changes observed over the last several decades are likely mostly due to human activities, but we cannot rule out that some significant part of these changes is also a reflection of natural variability.
Category: Ice age
Claim: When CO2 was higher in the past, the sun was cooler.
Evidence: The reflection of energy into space resulted in a global cooling, triggering the Pleistocene Ice Age.
Category: Global warming
Claim: This is called the "atmospheric greenhouse effect", and without it the Earth's surface would be much colder.
Evidence: Without the Earth's atmosphere, the Earth's average temperature would be well below the freezing temperature of water.
Category: Scientific consensus on climate change
Claim: The most recent survey of climate scientists said about 57 percent don't agree with the idea that 95 percent of the change in the climate is caused by CO2.
Evidence: It is extremely likely (95–100% probability) that human influence was the dominant cause of global warming between 1951–2010.
Category: Effects of global warming
Claim: While the greenhouse effect is a natural occurence, too much warming has severe negative impacts on agriculture, health and environment.
Evidence: The effects of global warming or climate damage include far-reaching and long-lasting changes to the natural environment, to ecosystems and human societies caused directly or indirectly by human emissions of greenhouse gases.
Category: Climate change in Australia
Claim: a new study by scientists at the Australian Research Council finds that the ongoing bleaching event is mainly due to human-caused global warming, and that if global warming proceeds as currently expected, “large parts” of the Great Barrier Reef could die by the mid-2030s.
Evidence: A UNESCO World Heritage Site, the reef has experienced unprecedented rates of bleaching over the past two decades, and additional warming of only 1 °C is anticipated to cause considerable losses or contractions of species associated with coral communities.
Evidence: In March 2017, the journal Nature published a paper showing that huge sections of an 800-kilometre (500 mi) stretch in the northern part of the reef had died in the course of 2016 due to high water temperatures, an event that the authors put down to the effects of global climate change.
Category: Beringia
Claim: the last sea-level high point, … occurred between the last two ice ages, about 125,000 years ago.
Evidence: The last glacial period, commonly referred to as the "Ice Age", spanned 125,000–14,500 YBP and was the most recent glacial period within the current ice age, which occurred during the last years of the Pleistocene era.
Category: City
Claim: “Even if you could calculate some sort of meaningful global temperature statistic, the figure would be unimportant.
Evidence: Cities are responsible for a substantial portion of the emissions responsible for global warming.
Category: Greenland
Claim: Greenland ice sheet … would balloon sea levels by around 7m should it disintegrate
Evidence: If the Greenland ice sheet were to melt away completely, the world's sea level would rise by more than 7 m (23 ft).
Category: Scientific consensus on climate change
Claim: The IPCC, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, which is sort of the voice of the consensus, concedes that there has been no increase in extreme weather events.
Evidence: The letter goes on to warn of predicted impacts on the United States such as sea level rise and increases in extreme weather events, water scarcity, heat waves, wildfires, and the disturbance of biological systems.
Category: United States federal budget
Claim: …obsessing about climate change is avoiding a frank discussion about the here-and-now problems of budget deficits, the federal debt, school choice, entitlement reform, and so on.
Evidence: Prior to the 2008-2009 U.S. recession, experts argued for steps to be put in place immediately to address an unsustainable trajectory of federal deficits.
Category: River Thames
Claim: These tidal floods are often just a foot or two deep, but they can stop traffic, swamp basements, damage cars, kill lawns and forests, and poison wells with salt.
Evidence: Wells with water tables that mixed with tributaries (or the non-tidal Thames) faced such pollution with the widespread installation of the flush toilet in the 1850s.
Category: Climate of Mars
Claim: Martian climate is primarily driven by dust and albedo and there is little empirical evidence that Mars is showing long term warming.
Evidence: Precession in the alignment of the obliquity and eccentricity lead to global warming and cooling ('great' summers and winters) with a period of 170,000 years.
Category: Global warming
Claim: says Sweet, who has authored several sea-level rise studies.
Evidence: Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.
Category: Atmospheric methane
Claim: While methane is a more potent greenhouse gas than CO2, there is over 200 times more CO2 in the atmosphere.
Evidence: That is, over a 20-year period, it traps 84 times more heat per mass unit than carbon dioxide (CO2) and 32 times the effect when accounting for aerosol interactions.
Evidence: Natural gas is thus a more potent greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide due to the greater global-warming potential of methane.
Evidence: Methane in the Earth's atmosphere is a strong greenhouse gas with a global warming potential (GWP) 104 times greater than CO2 in a 20-year time frame; methane is not as persistent a gas as CO2 (assuming no change in carbon sequestration rates) and tails off to about GWP of 28 for a 100-year time frame.
Evidence: Since methane gas is twenty-five times stronger (for a given weight, averaged over 100 years) than CO 2 as a greenhouse gas; this would immensely magnify the greenhouse effect.
Category: Arctic oscillation
Claim: Arctic icemelt is a natural cycle
Evidence: The Arctic oscillation (AO) or Northern Annular Mode/Northern Hemisphere Annular Mode (NAM) is a weather phenomenon at the Arctic poles north of 20 degrees latitude.
Evidence: The Arctic ice pack undergoes a regular seasonal cycle in which ice melts in spring and summer, reaches a minimum around mid-September, then increases during fall and winter.
Category: Climate change adaptation
Claim: The Millennium Drought starting in 1997 and ending in 2010 was misinterpreted as a long term trend as a consequence of Climate Change.
Evidence: Much adaptation takes place in relation to short-term climate variability, however this may cause maladaptation to longer-term climatic trends.
Category: Uranus
Claim: (2009) have demonstrated recently  – the upper troposphere (the only place where adding CO2 to the  atmosphere could make any difference to temperature) is considerably  drier than the models are tuned to expect."
Evidence: The temperatures in the coldest upper region of the troposphere (the tropopause) actually vary in the range between 49 and 57 K (−224 and −216 °C; −371 and −357 °F) depending on planetary latitude.
Evidence: If, on the contrary, the upper air is cooler than predicted by the adiabatic lapse rate, then when the air parcel rises to its new height it will have a higher temperature and a lower density than its surroundings, and will continue to accelerate upward.
Category: Carbon dioxide
Claim: For decades horticulturalists have pumped carbon dioxide into glasshouses to increase yields.
Evidence: Elevated CO 2 levels cause increased growth reflected in the harvestable yield of crops, with wheat, rice and soybean all showing increases in yield of 12–14% under elevated CO 2 in FACE experiments.
Evidence: Elevated CO2 increases crop yields and growth through an increase in photosynthetic rate, and it also decreases water loss as a result of stomatal closing.
Category: Climate change in Australia
Claim: We’ll still be facing extreme heat, but at a far more manageable level than if we’d done nothing to halt climate change.
Evidence: In 2013, the CSIRO released a report stating that Australia is becoming hotter, and that it will experience more extreme heat and longer fire seasons because of climate change.
Evidence: Climate change is predicted to increase frequency and magnitude of natural hazards such as extreme heat.
Category: Instrumental temperature record
Claim: When the internal variability is removed from the temperature record, what we find is nearly monotonic, accelerating warming throughout the 20th Century.
Evidence: This view ignores the presence of internal climate variability.
Category: Volcano
Claim: Volcanoes have been relatively frequent and if anything, have exerted a cooling effect.
Evidence: Such volcanoes are able to severely cool global temperatures for many years after the eruption due to the huge volumes of sulfur and ash released into the atmosphere.
Evidence: Large injections may cause visual effects such as unusually colorful sunsets and affect global climate mainly by cooling it.
Evidence: The aerosols increase the Earth's albedo—its reflection of radiation from the Sun back into space—and thus cool the Earth's lower atmosphere or troposphere; however, they also absorb heat radiated up from the Earth, thereby warming the stratosphere.
Category: Solar System
Claim: It seems scientists have noticed recently that quite a few planets in our solar system seem to be heating up a bit, including Pluto."
Evidence: It is the hottest planet, with surface temperatures over 400 °C (752 °F), most likely due to the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
Category: Global dimming
Claim: satellites confirmed measurements from ground stations show a considerable, and naturally-occurring, global brightening from 1983-2001 (Pinker et al., 2005).
Evidence: Wild et al., using measurements over land, report brightening since 1990, and Pinker et al.
Category: Atmosphere of Earth
Claim: The atmosphere of the Earth is less able to absorb shortwave radiation from the Sun than thermal radiation coming from the surface.
Evidence: For example, O2 and O3 absorb almost all wavelengths shorter than 300 nanometers.
Evidence: This last phenomenon is known as the greenhouse effect: trace molecules within the atmosphere serve to capture thermal energy emitted from the ground, thereby raising the average temperature.
Category: Carbon cycle
Claim: Clearly, other factors besides atmospheric carbon influence earth temperatures and global warming."
Evidence: It is one of the most important determinants of the amount of carbon in the atmosphere, and thus of global temperatures.
Category: Sea level rise
Claim: warmer oceans have also begun to destabilize glaciers in Greenland and Antarctica
Evidence: "A tipping point in refreezing accelerates mass loss of Greenland's glaciers and ice caps".
Evidence: In Greenland, glacier retreat has been observed in outlet glaciers, resulting in an increase of the ice flow rate and destabilization of the mass balance of the ice sheet that is their source.
Category: Sea level rise
Claim: Overall Greenland is losing ice mass at an accelerating rate.
Evidence: A 2018 systematic review study estimated that ice loss across the entire continent was 43 gigatons (Gt) per year on average during the period from 1992 to 2002, but has accelerated to an average of 220 Gt per year during the five years from 2012 to 2017.
Evidence: Average annual ice loss in Greenland more than doubled in the early 21st century compared to the 20th century.
Category: Peak oil
Claim: as time progresses and fossil fuel emissions increase, the number of record highs should increase and record lows should decrease.
Evidence: "Oil Production Is at Record Levels.
Evidence: These levels are much higher than at any time during the last 800,000 years, the period for which reliable data have been collected from ice cores.
Evidence: Peak oil is the theorized point in time when the maximum rate of extraction of petroleum is reached, after which it is expected to enter terminal decline.
Category: New York Harbor Storm-Surge Barrier
Claim: Famine, economic collapse, a sun that cooks us: What climate change could wreak — sooner than you think.
Evidence: David Wallace-Wells, "The Uninhabitable Earth: Famine, economic collapse, a sun that cooks us: What climate change could wreak — sooner than you think," New York Magazine, July 9, 2017.
Category: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
Claim: If sea levels rise six feet due to climate change, Waterplace Park in Providence and Wickford village would be swamped
Evidence: Among other findings, the report concluded that sea level rises could be up to two feet higher by the year 2100, even if efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to limit global warming are successful; coastal cities across the world could see so-called "storm[s] of the century" at least once a year.
Category: Physical impacts of climate change
Claim: “Yet, a new study of 60 climate models and scenarios shows this warning fails to take into account the fact that global warming will mean precipitation increases.
Evidence: This large-scale pattern of change is a robust feature present in nearly all of the simulations conducted by the world's climate modeling groups for the 4th Assessment of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), and is also evident in observed 20th century precipitation trends.
Evidence: Although increased rainful will not occur everywhere, models suggest most of the world will have a 16-24% increase in heavy precipitation intensity by 2100.
Category: Julia Gillard
Claim: Julia Gillard her decision not to argue against a fixed carbon price being labelled a "carbon tax" hurt her terribly politically.
Evidence: Following the 2010 hung parliament election result, the Labor Party elected to adopt the Australian Greens preference for a carbon tax to transition to an emissions trading scheme, establishing a carbon price via the Clean Energy Act 2011.