Danthammadhavi/climate_fever_fixed huggingface dataset:
Category: Paleolithic
Claim: Humans survived past climate changes
Evidence: This epoch experienced important geographic and climatic changes that affected human societies.
Category: List of climate scientists
Claim: Yet a study published just this week, by the Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research in Bergen, Norway, found that the natural climate system can change abruptly, without the need for any external forces.
Evidence: He has provided evidence that large, abrupt global climate changes have occurred repeatedly in the Earth’s history and has contributed to our understanding of the driving mechanisms of these changes.
Category: Global warming
Claim: Over the last decade, heatwaves are five times more likely than if there had been no global warming.
Evidence: Many regions have probably already seen increases in warm spells and heat waves, and it is virtually certain that these changes will continue over the 21st century.
Category: Climate
Claim: climate models have overestimated the amount of global warming and failed to predict what climatologists call the warming ‘hiatus’.
Evidence: These models predict an upward trend in the global mean surface temperature, with the most rapid increase in temperature being projected for the higher latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere.
Category: Pacific decadal oscillation
Claim: In 1905, PDO switched to a warm phase.
Evidence: During a "warm", or "positive", phase, the west Pacific becomes cooler and part of the eastern ocean warms; during a "cool" or "negative" phase, the opposite pattern occurs.
Category: Coal
Claim: A 14 August 1912 article from a New Zealand newspaper contained a brief story about how burning coal might produce future warming by adding carbon dioxide to the atmosphere.
Evidence: Coal liquefaction emits more carbon dioxide than liquid fuel production from crude oil.
Category: Human
Claim: Over 97 percent of the scientific community â¦ believe that humans are contributing to climate change.
Evidence: Currently, through land development, combustion of fossil fuels, and pollution, humans are thought to be the main contributor to global climate change.
Category: North Report
Claim: Ljungqvist's millennial temperature reconstruction was very similar to Moberg et al.
Evidence: Its main findings were; 20th century instrumentally measured warming showed in observational evidence, and can be simulated with climate models, large-scale surface temperature reconstructions "yield a generally consistent picture of temperature trends during the preceding millennium", including the Medieval Warm Period and the Little Ice Age, "but the exact timing and duration of warm periods may have varied from region to region, and the magnitude and geographic extent of the warmth are uncertain."
Category: Global warming
Claim: Surface measurements find more downward infrared radiation warming the planet's surface.
Evidence: The warmed surface emits infrared radiation, but the atmosphere is relatively opaque to infrared and slows the emission of energy, warming the planet.
Category: Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station
Claim: temperature under the ice is fixed at -2C.  Thus elevated winter   air temperatures
Evidence: During this six-month "night", air temperatures can drop below −73 °C (−99 °F).
Category: Second law of thermodynamics
Claim: 2nd law of thermodynamics contradicts greenhouse theory.
Evidence: Loschmidt's paradox, also known as the reversibility paradox, is the objection that it should not be possible to deduce an irreversible process from the time-symmetric dynamics that describe the microscopic evolution of a macroscopic system.
Category: Climate variability
Claim: It’s also a sufficiently long period to include several cycles of climate variability.
Evidence: Another longer-term near-millennial oscillation involves the Dansgaard-Oeschger cycles, occurring on roughly 1,500-year cycles during the last glacial maximum.
Category: Great Barrier Reef
Claim: Great Barrier Reef may perish by 2030s
Evidence: "Great Barrier Reef has 'lost half its coral since 1985'".
Category: Greenhouse gas
Claim: Current CO2 levels are the highest in 15 million years.
Evidence: Carbon dioxide mole fractions in the atmosphere have gone up by approximately 35 percent since the 1900s, rising from 280 parts per million by volume to 387 parts per million in 2009.
Category: Daylight saving time in the United States
Claim: The 2007's early start to Daylight Saving Time contributed to global warming.
Evidence: Daylight saving time in the United States is the practice of setting the clock forward by one hour during the warmer part of the year, so that evenings have more daylight and mornings have less.
Category: IPCC Fourth Assessment Report
Claim: The team of climate scientists notes that in failing to predict the warming ‘hiatus’ in the beginning of the 21st century, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) models overestimated temperature increases…
Evidence: The observed increase in hurricane intensity is larger than climate models predict for the sea surface temperature changes we have experienced.
Category: Arctic
Claim: the media created the term "polar vortex" and the cold air proves "the ice isn't melting."
Evidence: "Ice melting across globe at accelerating rate, NASA says."
Category: Attribution of recent climate change
Claim: "There are other possible causes for climate change which could be associated with solar activity or related to variations in the temperature of the liquid core of the Earth, which is about 5,400 degrees Celsius.
Evidence: Henrik Svensmark has suggested that the magnetic activity of the sun deflects cosmic rays, and that this may influence the generation of cloud condensation nuclei, and thereby have an effect on the climate.
Category: Malaysia
Claim: And from 1940 to today, flood damage as a percentage of GDP has fallen to less than 0.05 per cent per year from about 0.2 per cent.
Evidence: Malaysia has had one of the best economic records in Asia, with GDP growing an average 6.5 per cent annually from 1957 to 2005.
Category: Climate sensitivity
Claim: Climate sensitivity can be calculated empirically by comparing past temperature change to natural forcings at the time.
Evidence: Ignoring these factors causes lower estimates of climate sensitivity when using radiative forcing and temperature records from the historical period.
Category: Effects of global warming
Claim: […] Killing 30 million bats every year in response to dubious claims that global warming might once in a great while kill 100,000 bats makes no sense.”
Evidence: Even so, climate change was projected to cause an additional 250 000 additional deaths per year between 2030 and 2050.
Category: Earth
Claim: The temperatures are expected to change by as much as 10 Fahrenheit degrees at different places of the globe.
Evidence: At the center, the temperature may be up to 6,000 °C (10,830 °F), and the pressure could reach 360 GPa (52 million psi).
Category: Mediterranean Sea
Claim: By 2100 the seas will rise another 6 inches or so—a far cry from Al Gore’s alarming numbers
Evidence: A 30 cm (12 in) rise in sea level would flood 200 square kilometres (77 sq mi) of the Nile Delta, displacing over 500,000 Egyptians.
Category: Carbon dioxide
Claim: The CO2 that nature emits (from the ocean and vegetation) is balanced by natural absorptions (again by the ocean and vegetation).
Evidence: Currently, about half of the carbon dioxide released from the burning of fossil fuels remains in the atmosphere and is not absorbed by vegetation and the oceans.
Category: Greenland
Claim: Prof Adam Scaife, a climate modelling expert at the UK’s Met Office, said the evidence for a link to shrinking Arctic ice was now good: ‘The consensus points towards that being a real effect.’”
Evidence: Ben Keene, the atlas's editor, commented: "In the last two or three decades, global warming has reduced the size of glaciers throughout the Arctic and earlier this year, news sources confirmed what climate scientists already knew: water, not rock, lay beneath this ice bridge on the east coast of Greenland.
Category: Human overpopulation
Claim: Preventing future pandemics requires more not less “industrial” agriculture
Evidence: Food production further increased with the industrial revolution as machinery, fertilizers, herbicides, and pesticides were used to increase land under cultivation as well as crop yields.
Category: Bushfires in Australia
Claim: Past Australian droughts occurred when global temperatures were lower than now and wetter years occurred when such temperatures were rising.
Evidence: Australia's climate has warmed by more than one degree Celsius over the past century, causing an increase in the frequency and intensity of heatwaves and droughts.
Category: Scientific consensus on climate change
Claim: 97% consensus on human-caused global warming has been disproven.
Evidence: It is extremely likely (95–100% probability) that human influence was the dominant cause of global warming between 1951–2010.
Category: Carbon tax
Claim: However, studies have determined that current technology is sufficient to reduce greenhouse gas emissions the necessary amount, and that we can do so without significant impact on the economy.
Evidence: A 2015 study of carbon taxes in British Columbia found that the taxes reduced greenhouse gas emissions by 5–15% while having negligible overall economic effects.
Category: An Inconvenient Truth
Claim: Al Gore's book is quite accurate, and far more accurate than contrarian books.
Evidence: The story is scientifically accurate and yet should be understandable to the public, a public that is less and less drawn to science."
Category: Global dimming
Claim: "Britain's big freeze is the start of a worldwide trend towards colder weather that seriously challenges global warming theories, eminent scientists claimed yesterday.
Evidence: His findings appeared to contradict global warming — the global temperature had been generally rising since the 70s.
Category: Hockey stick controversy
Claim: The IPCC simply updated their temperature history graphs to show the best data available at the time.
Evidence: This decadal summer temperature reconstruction, together with a separate curve plotting instrumental thermometer data from the 1850s onwards, was featured as Figure 3.20 in the IPCC Second Assessment Report (SAR) of 1996.
Category: Criticism of the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report
Claim: The panel was forced to retract a statement in its 2007 report saying all Himalayan glaciers could melt entirely by 2035.
Evidence: A paragraph in the 938-page 2007 Working Group II report (WGII) included a projection that Himalayan glaciers could disappear by 2035.
Category: Runaway greenhouse effect
Claim: Thus rather than a "doomsday" cycle of runaway warming, Mother Earth appears surprisingly tolerant of carbon, decreasing atmospheric levels of water vapor -- a more effective greenhouse gas -- to compensate.
Evidence: A planet's outgoing longwave radiation is limited by this evaporated water, which is an effective greenhouse gas and blocks additional infrared radiation as it accumulates in the atmosphere.
Category: Greenhouse effect
Claim: Water vapor helps trap heat, and is a far the strongest of the major greenhouse gases, contributing 36–72 percent of the greenhouse effect.
Evidence: However radiative energy losses become increasingly important higher in the atmosphere, largely because of the decreasing concentration of water vapor, an important greenhouse gas.
Category: Sea level rise
Claim: Whether Antarctic mass loss keeps worsening depends on choices made today
Evidence: Sometimes these adaptation strategies go hand in hand, but at other times choices have to be made among different strategies.
Category: Devonian
Claim: The last time the planet was even four degrees warmer, Peter Brannen points out in The Ends of the World, his new history of the planet’s major extinction events, the oceans were hundreds of feet higher.
Evidence: Sea levels were high worldwide, and much of the land lay under shallow seas, where tropical reef organisms lived.
Evidence: In the early and middle Ordovician, temperatures were mild, but at the beginning of the Late Ordovician, from 460 to 450 Ma, volcanoes along the margin of the Iapetus Ocean spewed massive amounts of carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, into the atmosphere, turning the planet into a hothouse.
Category: Human impact on marine life
Claim: Since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, the acidity of surface ocean waters has increased by about 30 percent.13,14
Evidence: Ocean acidification has increased 26% since the beginning of the industrial era.
Category: Carbon dioxide
Claim: Goklany has argued that the rising level of carbon dioxide in the earth’s atmosphere ‘is currently net beneficial for both humanity and the biosphere generally.”
Evidence: Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.
Category: BP
Claim: Sen. George LeMieux voted to let oil companies off the hook and overturn pollution rules.
Evidence: "Big Oil Let Off Hook Days After EU Drops Wall Street Probe".
Category: Sea level rise
Claim: The claim sea level isn’t rising is based on blatantly doctored graphs contradicted by observations.
Evidence: Semi-empirical sea level models rely on statistical techniques, using relationships between observed (contributions to) global mean sea level and global mean temperature.
Evidence: For instance, Mercer published a study in 1978 predicting that anthropogenic carbon dioxide warming and its potential effects on climate in the 21st century could cause a sea level rise of around 5 metres (16 ft) from melting of the West Antarctic ice-sheet alone.
Category: Global warming controversy
Claim: When you read Phil Jones' actual words, you see he's saying there is a warming trend
Evidence: A study released in 2009, combined historical weather station data with satellite measurements to deduce past temperatures over large regions of the continent, and these temperatures indicate an overall warming trend.
Category: Greenland ice sheet
Claim: (2005), where satellite altimetry  established that the mean thickness of the entire Greenland ice sheet  had increased at 2 inches per year – a total of almost 2 feet – in the  11 years 1993-2003.”
Evidence: Until 2007, rate of decrease in ice sheet height in cm per year.
Category: Second law of thermodynamics
Claim: According to the second law of  thermodynamics such a planetary machine can never exist."
Evidence: It refers to a cycle of a Carnot heat engine, fictively operated in the limiting mode of extreme slowness known as quasi-static, so that the heat and work transfers are between subsystems that are always in their own internal states of thermodynamic equilibrium.
Category: Global warming
Claim: Domino-effect of climate events could move Earth into a ‘hothouse’ state
Evidence: A concern is that self-reinforcing feedbacks will lead to a tipping point, where global temperatures transition to a hothouse climate state even if greenhouse gas emissions are reduced or eliminated.
Category: Science
Claim: A subsequent study by Dessler (2011) found that Spencer's paper was not a test of climate sensitivity or feedbacks, and his assumptions do not match empirical observational data.
Evidence: Natural science is concerned with the description, prediction, and understanding of natural phenomena based on empirical evidence from observation and experimentation.
Category: Urban heat island
Claim: Urban and rural regions show the same warming trend.
Evidence: Not all cities show a warming relative to their rural surroundings.
Category: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
Claim: “It’s horrifying that we’d lose our biodiversity to avert climate change.
Evidence: "Ecosystems and species are vulnerable to climate change and other stresses (as illustrated by observed impacts of recent regional temperature changes) and some will be irreversibly damaged or lost."
Category: Global warming
Claim: Global temperature is still rising and 2010 was the hottest recorded.
Evidence: Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.
Category: 20th century
Claim: It was the post war  industrialization that caused the rapid rise in global CO2 emissions,  but by 1945 when this began, the Earth was already in a cooling phase  that started around 1942 and continued until 1975.
Evidence: The average global temperature on Earth has increased by about 0.8° Celsius (1.4° Fahrenheit) since 1880; Two-thirds of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15-0.20 °C per decade.
Category: Heat wave
Claim: Heat waves have been decreasing since the 1930s in the U.S. and globally.
Evidence: June 2019 was the hottest month on record worldwide, the effects of this were especially prominent in Europe.
Category: Greenhouse gas
Claim: There is no empirical evidence that increasing greenhouse gases are the primary cause of Global Warming
Evidence: Cumulative anthropogenic (i.e., human-emitted) emissions of CO 2 from fossil fuel use are a major cause of global warming, and give some indication of which countries have contributed most to human-induced climate change.
Evidence: Scientists have determined that the major factors causing the current climate change are greenhouse gases, land use changes, and aerosols and soot.
Category: Future of Earth
Claim: Our evolving dynamic planet has survived[…] mass extinctions
Evidence: This has resulted in a widespread, ongoing mass extinction of other species during the present geological epoch, now known as the Holocene extinction.
Category: Post-glacial rebound
Claim: But gravity measurements of ice-mass loss are  complicated by glacial isostatic adjustments—compensation for the rise or fall of the underlying crustal material.
Evidence: The enormous weight of this ice caused the surface of the Earth's crust to deform and warp downward, forcing the viscoelastic mantle material to flow away from the loaded region.
Category: Temperature record of the past 1000 years
Claim: Tree-rings diverge from temperature after 1960
Evidence: One such method, based on principles of dendroclimatology, uses the width and other characteristics of tree rings to infer temperature.
Category: United Nations Environment Programme
Claim: "A United Nations report has identified the world's  rapidly growing herds of cattle as the greatest threat to the climate,  forests and wildlife. ...
Evidence: UNEP in 2005, 15 years ago, predicted "50 million people could become environmental refugees by 2010, fleeing the effects of climate change."'
Category: Snow
Claim: The data is being reported by the University of Illinois's Arctic Climate Research Center, and is derived from satellite observations of the Northern and Southern hemisphere polar regions (Daily Tech).
Evidence: These models typically derive snow water equivalent (SWE) in some manner from satellite observations of snow cover.
Category: Global warming
Claim: In many other cases, though — hurricanes, for example — the linkage to global warming for particular trends is uncertain or disputed.
Evidence: In terrestrial ecosystems, the earlier timing of spring events, as well as poleward and upward shifts in plant and animal ranges, have been linked with high confidence to recent warming.
Category: Carbon tax
Claim: The Business Council, the Minerals Council, the Australian Industry Group, the Australian Chamber of Commerce and Industry, have all called for the [carbon] tax to be repealed.
Evidence: On 17 July 2014, the Abbott Government passed repeal legislation through the Senate, and Australia became the first nation to abolish a carbon tax.
Category: Iceberg
Claim: Or the news from Antarctica this past May, when a crack in an ice shelf grew 11 miles in six days, then kept going; the break now has just three miles to go — by the time you read this, it may already have met the open water, where it will drop into the sea one of the biggest icebergs ever, a process known poetically as ‘calving.’
Evidence: "An Iceberg 30 Times the Size of Manhattan Is About to Break Off Antarctica".
Category: Scientific consensus on climate change
Claim: Human-produced carbon might be one of the factors of climate change, but there’s simply no evidence that it is a significant one.
Evidence: 7–10 "There is now convincing evidence that since the industrial revolution, human activities, resulting in increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases have become a major agent of climate change.
Category: Effects of global warming
Claim: A recent Nature study expecting more severe hurricanes from global warming still found that damages would halve from 0.04 per cent to 0.02 per cent of global GDP, because the increased ferocity would be more than made up by increased prosperity and resilience.
Evidence: In 2019 the National Bureau of Economic Research found that increase in average global temperature by 0.04 °C per year, in absence of mitigation policies, will reduce world real GDP per capita by 7.22% by 2100.
Category: Global warming
Claim: Climate scientists are telling us it’s likely we’re going to be in for a period of cooling.
Evidence: Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7 °C (0.5 to 3.1 °F) in a moderate scenario, or as much as 2.6 to 4.8 °C (4.7 to 8.6 °F) in an extreme scenario, depending on the rate of future greenhouse gas emissions and on climate feedback effects.
Category: Global warming
Claim: Global warming is an increasingly urgent problem.
Evidence: Public reactions to global warming and concern about its effects have been increasing, with many perceiving it as the worst global threat.
Category: Retreat of glaciers since 1850
Claim: The acceleration is making some scientists fear that Antarctica’s ice sheet may have entered the early stages of an unstoppable disintegration.
Evidence: The acceleration of the rate of retreat since 1995 of key outlet glaciers of the Greenland and West Antarctic ice sheets may foreshadow a rise in sea level, which would affect coastal regions.
Category: Global warming controversy
Claim: Let’s find out by comparing the actual temperatures since 1979 with what the 32 families of climate models used in the latest U.N. report on climate science predicted they would be.
Evidence: Models referenced by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) predict that global temperatures are likely to increase by 1.1 to 6.4 °C (2.0 to 11.5 °F) between 1990 and 2100.
Evidence: Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7 °C (0.5 to 3.1 °F) in a moderate scenario, or as much as 2.6 to 4.8 °C (4.7 to 8.6 °F) in an extreme scenario, depending on the rate of future greenhouse gas emissions and on climate feedback effects.
Category: Abrupt climate change
Claim: But experts say the energy transition needs to speed up drastically to head off the worst effects of climate change.
Evidence: An abrupt climate change occurs when the climate system is forced to transition to a new climate state at a rate that is determined by the climate system energy-balance, and which is more rapid than the rate of change of the external forcing.
Evidence: Further global climate changes are predicted, with impacts expected to become more costly as time progresses.
Category: IPCC Fourth Assessment Report
Claim: Models and direct observations find that CFCs only contribute a fraction of the warming supplied by other greenhouse gases.
Evidence: The report shows in detail the individual warming contributions (positive forcing) of carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, halocarbons, other human warming factors, and the warming effects of changes in solar activity.
Category: Carbon tax
Claim: Trudeau's carbon tax will raise gas prices by 11 cents/litre.
Evidence: The tax will increase each year after until 2012, reaching a final price of $30 per tonne (7.2 cents per litre at the pumps).
Category: Scientific consensus on climate change
Claim: The amount of summer sea ice in the Arctic has steadily declined over the past few decades because of man-made global warming, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
Evidence: The global warming observed over the past 50 years is due primarily to human-induced emissions of heat-trapping gases.
Category: Tuvalu
Claim: Thousands of coral atolls have "drowned" when unable to grow fast enough to survive at sea level.
Evidence: The atolls have shown resilience to gradual sea-level rise, with atolls and reef islands being able to grow under current climate conditions by generating sufficient sand and coral debris that accumulates and gets dumped on the islands during cyclones.
Category: General circulation model
Claim: That model predicted that global temperature between 1988 and 1997 would rise by 0.45°C (Figure 1).
Evidence: In a projection designed to simulate a future where no efforts are made to reduce global emissions, the likely rise in global average temperature was predicted to be 5.5 °C by 2100.
Category: Arctic Ocean
Claim: Even as sea ice in the Arctic has seen a rapid and consistent decline over the past decade, its counterpart in the Southern Hemisphere has seen its extent increasing.”
Evidence: Polar Discovery "Continued Sea Ice Decline in 2005".
Category: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere
Claim: Many lines of evidence, including simple accounting, demonstrate beyond a shadow of a doubt that the increase in atmospheric CO2 is due to human fossil fuel burning.
Evidence: While CO 2 absorption and release is always happening as a result of natural processes, the recent rise in CO 2 levels in the atmosphere is known to be mainly due to human (anthropogenic) activity.
Evidence: Human activities, primarily the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas), and secondarily the clearing of land, have increased the concentration of carbon dioxide, methane, and other heat-trapping ("greenhouse") gases in the atmosphere...There is international scientific consensus that most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities.
Category: Sun
Claim: [Those who signed the Paris Accord] cannot change Earth’s orbit and radiation released from the sun that drive climate
Evidence: The energy of this sunlight supports almost all life on Earth by photosynthesis, and drives Earth's climate and weather.
Category: Northwest Passage
Claim: "In 2007, the Northern Hemisphere reached a record low in ice coverage and the Northwest Passage was opened.
Evidence: On August 21, 2007, the Northwest Passage became open to ships without the need of an icebreaker.
Category: Operant conditioning
Claim: It fails to explain how we can have short-term positive feedback and long-term negative feedback.
Evidence: This provided immediate feedback and acted as positive reinforcement for a soldier's behavior.
Category: Financial crisis of 2007–08
Claim: In fact, the rate of increase from September onward is the fastest rate of change on record, either upwards or downwards.
Evidence: The US unemployment rate increased to 10.1% by October 2009, the highest rate since 1983 and roughly twice the pre-crisis rate.
Category: Climate change feedback
Claim: The observed behavior of radiation fluxes implies negative feedback processes associated with relatively low climate sensitivity.
Evidence: Climate change feedback is important in the understanding of global warming because feedback processes may amplify or diminish the effect of each climate forcing, and so play an important part in determining the climate sensitivity and future climate state.
Category: Carbon dioxide
Claim: The CO2 amplifies the warming and mixes through the atmosphere, spreading warming throughout the planet.
Evidence: Absorption of infrared light at the vibrational frequencies of atmospheric carbon dioxide traps energy near the surface, warming the surface and the lower atmosphere.
Category: Global warming
Claim: "...the largest of all the positive or temperature-amplifying feedbacks in  the UN’s arsenal is the water-vapor feedback.
Evidence: The main reinforcing feedbacks are the water vapour feedback, the ice–albedo feedback, and probably the net effect of clouds.
Category: World Bank
Claim: This means that the world is now 1C warmer than it was in pre-industrial times
Evidence: The planet is now 0.8 °C warmer than in pre-industrial times.
Category: Sea level rise
Claim: Currently, sea-level rise does not seem to depend on ocean temperature, and certainly not on CO2.
Evidence: This acceleration is due mostly to human-caused global warming, which is driving thermal expansion of seawater and the melting of land-based ice sheets and glaciers.
Evidence: This depth depends on (among other things) temperature and the amount of CO 2 dissolved in the ocean.
Evidence: The heat needed to raise an average temperature increase of the entire world ocean by 0.01 °C would increase the atmospheric temperature by approximately 10 °C.
Category: Greenland
Claim: Greenland on the whole is losing ice, as confirmed by satellite measurement.
Evidence: This glacier was discovered in 2002 to be shrinking rapidly, and by 2007 had completely melted away, leaving the exposed island.
Category: Antarctica
Claim: You're going to have an increase in the amount of ice in Antarctica because of global warming.
Evidence: According to NASA, the most widespread Antarctic surface melting of the past 30 years occurred in 2005, when an area of ice comparable in size to California briefly melted and refroze; this may have resulted from temperatures rising to as high as 5 °C (41 °F).
Category: History of the world
Claim: Droughts and floods have not changed since weve been using fossil fuels
Evidence: The increased demands are contributing to increased environmental degradation and to global warming, with resultant intensification of tropical cyclones, floods, droughts, forest fires, and incidence of hyperthermia deaths.
Category: Greenhouse gas
Claim: Without human intervention, the concentration of CO2 has climbed as high as 7,000 parts per million (ppm) in prior eras, whereas at present the concentration is just over 400 ppm.
Evidence: Human activities since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution (around 1750) have produced a 45% increase in the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide, from 280 ppm in 1750 to 415 ppm in 2019.
Evidence: The current concentration is about 0.04% (410 ppm) by volume, having risen from pre-industrial levels of 280 ppm.
Evidence: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere is a trace gas, currently (mid 2018) having a global average concentration of 409 parts per million by volume (or 622 parts per million by mass).
Category: Climate change in the Arctic
Claim: Arctic, Antarctic and Greenland ice loss is accelerating due to global warming.
Evidence: The effects of global warming in the Arctic, or climate change in the Arctic include rising air and water temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet with a related cold temperature anomaly, observed since the 1970s.
Category: Fred Singer
Claim: contrary to the hypothesis that rising temperature is caused by increasing CO2.
Evidence: Singer argues, contrary to the scientific consensus on climate change, that there is no evidence that global warming is attributable to human-caused increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide, and that humanity would benefit if temperatures do rise.
Category: Climate sensitivity
Claim: "a paper...in Science magazine concludes that the climate sensitivity—how much the earth’s average temperature will rise as a result of a doubling of the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide—likely (that is, with a 66% probability) lies in the range 1.7°C to 2.6°C, with a median value of 2.3°C.
Evidence: In his first paper on the matter, he estimated that global temperature would rise by around 5 to 6 °C (9.0 to 10.8 °F) if the quantity of CO 2 was doubled.
Category: Tipping points in the climate system
Claim: By 2050 there’s a scientific consensus that we reached the tipping point for ice sheets in Greenland and the West Antarctic
Evidence: For example, at some level of temperature rise the melt of a large part of the Greenland ice sheet and/or West Antarctic Ice Sheet will become inevitable; but the ice sheet itself may persist for many centuries.
Category: Attribution of recent climate change
Claim: The warming effect from more CO2 greatly outstrips the influence from changes in the Earth's orbit or solar activity, even if solar levels were to drop to Maunder Minimum levels.
Evidence: If the Sun was responsible for observed warming, warming of the troposphere at the surface and warming at the top of the stratosphere would be expected as increase solar activity would replenish ozone and oxides of nitrogen.
Category: Global warming
Claim: Those who contribute the least greenhouse gases will be most impacted by climate change.
Evidence: Many of the countries that have contributed least to global greenhouse gas emissions are among the most vulnerable to climate change, which raises questions about justice and fairness with regard to mitigation and adaptation.
Category: Sea level rise
Claim: Arctic sea ice is also falling at an accelerated rate.
Evidence: "Antarctica ice melt has accelerated by 280% in the last 4 decades".
Category: 2015 South Indian floods
Claim: there has been no increase in frequency or intensity of storms, floods or droughts, while deaths attributed to such natural disasters have never been fewer
Evidence: So [the] frequency, [the] ferocity of untimely rains increases, [along with] erratic monsoons, droughts and floods; all these are caused [by climate change]."
Category: New Deal
Claim: One more decade of business as usual will make this impossible.
Evidence: In Roosevelt's 12 years in office, the economy had an 8.5% compound annual growth of GDP, the highest growth rate in the history of any industrial country, but recovery was slow and by 1939 the gross domestic product (GDP) per adult was still 27% below trend.
Category: Carbon dioxide
Claim: If CO2 was so terrible for the planet, then installing a CO2 generator in a greenhouse would kill the plants.
Evidence: Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.
Evidence: At very high concentrations (100 times atmospheric concentration, or greater), carbon dioxide can be toxic to animal life, so raising the concentration to 10,000 ppm (1%) or higher for several hours will eliminate pests such as whiteflies and spider mites in a greenhouse.
Category: Global warming
Claim: Postma disproved the greenhouse effect.
Evidence: Simultaneously, the clouds enhance the greenhouse effect, warming the planet.
Evidence: One reason for the difference between the two values is due to the greenhouse effect, which increases the average temperature of the Earth's surface.
Category: Scientific consensus on climate change
Claim: Over the coming 25 or 30 years, scientists say, the climate is likely to gradually warm
Evidence: Over the past 30 years, temperatures have risen faster in winter than in any other season, with average winter temperatures in the Midwest and northern Great Plains increasing more than 7 °F (3.9 °C).
Category: Satellite television
Claim: Satellite transmissions are extremely small and irrelevant.
Evidence: The relatively strong transmissions allowed the use of smaller (90 cm) dishes.
Category: Pago Pago
Claim: The April low temperatures here are now about 6 degrees Fahrenheit warmer than they used to be.
Evidence: A temperature range of about three degrees Fahrenheit separates the average monthly temperatures of the coolest and hottest months.
Category: James Lovelock
Claim: In the past, warming has never been a threat to life on Earth.
Evidence: Lovelock has become concerned about the threat of global warming from the greenhouse effect.
Evidence: Global warming is a major threat to global biodiversity.
Category: Climatic Research Unit email controversy
Claim: The Independent Climate Change Email Review found the CRU scientists were unhelpful and unsympathetic to information requesters and at times broke FoI laws.
Evidence: Over 95% of the CRU climate data set had been available to the public for several years before July 2009, when the university received numerous FOI requests for raw data or details of the confidentiality agreements from Stephen McIntyre and readers of his Climate Audit blog.
Evidence: In addition, the investigation would review CRU's compliance with Freedom of Information Act requests and also "make recommendations about the management, governance and security structures for CRU and the security, integrity and release of the data it holds".
Category: Earth
Claim: The Earth’s climate is changing in response to increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases (GHGs) and particulate matter in the atmosphere, largely as the result of human activities.
Evidence: Water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone are the primary greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
Category: Pacific decadal oscillation
Claim: When the PDO last switched to a cool phase, global temperatures were about 0.4C cooler than currently.
Evidence: 1945/1946: The PDO changed to a "cool" phase, the pattern of this regime shift is similar to the 1970s episode with maximum amplitude in the subarctic and subtropical front but with a greater signature near the Japan while the 1970s shift was stronger near the American west coast.
Category: Scientific consensus on climate change
Claim: The sea was much colder than previously thought, the study suggests, indicating that climate change is advancing at an unprecedented rate”
Evidence: The report's Summary for Policymakers stated that warming of the climate system is 'unequivocal' with changes unprecedented over decades to millennia, including warming of the atmosphere and oceans, loss of snow and ice, and sea level rise.
Evidence: This is much colder than the conditions that actually exist at the Earth's surface (the global mean surface temperature is about 14 °C).
Category: Amazon basin
Claim: IPCC were wrong about Amazon rainforests
Evidence: Most of the basin is covered by the Amazon Rainforest, also known as Amazonia.
Category: Hockey stick controversy
Claim: Actual reconstructions "diverge" from the instrumental series in the last part of 20th century.
Evidence: They were followed in April by a third reconstruction led by Gabriele C. Hegerl.
Category: Sustainable energy
Claim: A fast transition away from fossil fuels in the next few decades could be enough to put off rapid sea-level rise for centuries.
Evidence: The pathways that are consistent with limiting warning to approximately 1.5 °C describe a rapid transition towards producing electricity through lower-emission methods, and increasing use of electricity instead of other fuels in sectors such as transportation.
Category: Earth
Claim: the mild warming of around 0.8 degrees Celsius that the planet has experienced since the middle of the 19th century
Evidence: As a result, the mean annual air temperature at sea level decreases by about 0.4 °C (0.7 °F) per degree of latitude from the equator.
Category: Hockey stick controversy
Claim: In particular, satellite data demonstrate for the last 17 years, there's been zero warming.
Evidence: That's the data we've had for the past 150 years, which is quite consistent with the expectation that the climate is continuing to warm."
Category: Climate change (general concept)
Claim: Climate change is because of Pacific Decadal Oscillation.
Evidence: Examples include variability in ocean basins such as the Pacific decadal oscillation and Atlantic multidecadal oscillation.
Category: Arctic sea ice decline
Claim: Melting ice leads to more sunlight being absorbed by water, thus heating the Arctic.
Evidence: The fast rate of the sea ice melting is resulting in the oceans absorbing and heating up the Arctic.
Category: European Southern Observatory
Claim: Satellite measurements of infrared spectra over the past 40 years observe less energy escaping to space at the wavelengths associated with CO2.
Evidence: Cosmic-temperature measurements The VLT has detected, for the first time, carbon-monoxide molecules in a galaxy located almost 11 billion light-years away.
Category: Carbon dioxide
Claim: The trend in CO2 at Mauna Loa is practically identical to the global trend because CO2 mixes well throughout the atmosphere.
Evidence: Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.
Category: Forest
Claim: Just 0.7% of the world’s forests are coastal mangroves, y​​​​​​et they store up to 10 times as much carbon per hectare as tropical forests.
Evidence: Net primary production is estimated at 21.9 gigatonnes carbon per year for tropical forests, 8.1 for temperate forests, and 2.6 for boreal forests.
Category: Carbon dioxide
Claim: This increase is the result of humans emitting more carbon dioxide into the atmosphere and hence more being absorbed into the oceans.
Evidence: As the concentration of carbon dioxide increases in the atmosphere, the increased uptake of carbon dioxide into the oceans is causing a measurable decrease in the pH of the oceans, which is referred to as ocean acidification.
Category: Global warming
Claim: “In 2009, then-British Prime Minister Gordon Brown predicted that the world had only 50 days to save the planet from global warming.
Evidence: In 2009 several UNFCCC Parties produced the Copenhagen Accord, which has been widely portrayed as disappointing because of its low goals, leading poor nations to reject it.
Evidence: Appearances and news coverage leading up to the handover were interpreted as preparing the ground for Brown to become Prime Minister, in part by creating the impression of a statesman with a vision for leadership and global change.
Category: Attribution of recent climate change
Claim: “The worldwide temperature record has been changed.
Evidence: This has led to increases in mean global temperature, or global warming.
Category: Gambler's fallacy
Claim: Your odds of correctly guessing the outcome of a flipped coin are 1 in 2, but your odds of guessing correctly twice in a row are only 1 in 4 —
Evidence: Since the first four tosses turn up heads, the probability that the next toss is a head is: Pr ( A 5 | A 1 ∩ A 2 ∩ A 3 ∩ A 4 ) = Pr ( A 5 ) = 1 2 {\displaystyle \Pr \left(A_{5}|A_{1}\cap A_{2}\cap A_{3}\cap A_{4}\right)=\Pr \left(A_{5}\right)={\frac {1}{2}}} .
Category: Sea level rise
Claim: In fact, the global melt rate has been accelerating since the mid-1970s.
Evidence: This acceleration is due mostly to human-caused global warming, which is driving thermal expansion of seawater and the melting of land-based ice sheets and glaciers.
Category: Paris Agreement
Claim: Scientists say the recent climate agreement negotiated in Paris is not remotely ambitious enough to forestall a significant melting of Greenland and Antarctica, though if fully implemented, it may slow the pace somewhat.”
Evidence: A pair of studies in Nature have said that, as of 2017, none of the major industrialized nations were implementing the policies they had envisioned and have not met their pledged emission reduction targets, and even if they had, the sum of all member pledges (as of 2016) would not keep global temperature rise "well below 2 °C".
Category: Scotland
Claim: Scotland's climate targets are toughest in the world
Evidence: The climate of most of Scotland is temperate and oceanic, and tends to be very changeable., As it is warmed by the Gulf Stream from the Atlantic, it has much milder winters (but cooler, wetter summers) than areas on similar latitudes, such as Labrador, southern Scandinavia, the Moscow region in Russia, and the Kamchatka Peninsula on the opposite side of Eurasia.
Category: Climate change denial
Claim: Climate change is a hoax invented by the Chinese.
Evidence: Donald Trump tweeted in 2012 that the Chinese invented "the concept of global warming" because they believed it would somehow hurt U.S. manufacturing.
Category: Hurricane Irma
Claim: The 30 most costly hurricanes in U.S. history (according to federal data from January) show no increase in intensity over time.
Evidence: The extremely powerful hurricane continued to intensify, with maximum sustained winds peaking at 180 mph (285 km/h) near 18:00 UTC on September 5.
Category: Effects of global warming
Claim: alarmists here are taking overwhelmingly good news about global warming improving plant health and making it seem like this good news is actually bad news because healthier plants mean more pollen.
Evidence: This in combination with extreme weather events, leads to negative effects on human health.
Category: Climate change feedback
Claim: The Arctic’s carbon bomb might be even more potent than we thought […] methane, a shorter-lived but far harder-hitting gas that could cause faster bursts of warming
Evidence: Warming is also the triggering variable for the release of carbon (potentially as methane) in the arctic.
Category: Solar activity and climate
Claim: Based on the increase of solar activity during the twentieth century, it should account for between half to two-thirds of all climate change.
Evidence: In 2000, Lassen and Thejll updated their 1991 research and concluded that while the solar cycle accounted for about half the temperature rise since 1900, it failed to explain a rise of 0.4 °C since 1980.
Category: Energy policy of the United States
Claim: The Clean Power Plan, a major component of fulfilling the agreement, would spike energy costs for working and middle-class Texans by 16% by 2030, according to the Economic Reliability Council of Texas
Evidence: On August 31, 2006, the California Legislature reached an agreement with Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger to reduce the state's greenhouse-gas emissions, which rank at 12th-largest carbon emitter in the world, by 25 percent by the year 2020.
Category: Global warming
Claim: “But the differences between NOAA and NASA aren’t that significant, Schmidt further argued, in the context of the bigger picture.
Evidence: Significant regional differences exist in how concerned people are about climate change and how much they understand the issue.
Evidence: There are differences between the opinion of scientists and that of the general public.
Category: Oceanic carbon cycle
Claim: The amount of carbon dioxide absorbed by the upper layer of the oceans is increasing by about 2 billion tons per year.
Evidence: Carbon dioxide is absorbed from the atmosphere at the ocean's surface at an exchange rate which varies locally but on average, the oceans have a net absorption of CO2 2.2 Pg C per year.
Category: Coral bleaching
Claim: describes a world of worsening food shortages and wildfires, and a mass die-off of coral reefs as soon as 2040
Evidence: During this period, 19 percent of coral reefs worldwide were lost, and 60 percent of the remaining reefs are at immediate risk of being lost.
Evidence: Battle for the Reef – Four Corners – ABC.au Great Barrier Reef scientists confirm largest die-off of corals recorded.
Category: Retreat of glaciers since 1850
Claim: temperatures rise and they fall, and they rise and they fall… and for the last 400 years we’ve had a gentle warming as we’ve been coming out of the little ice age.
Evidence: The Little Ice Age was a period from about 1550 to 1850 when the world experienced relatively cooler temperatures compared to the time before and after.
Category: Severe weather
Claim: Hurricanes, tornadoes, floods, droughts and other natural disasters have yet to show any obvious long-term change.”
Evidence: Another form of severe weather is drought, which is a prolonged period of persistently dry weather (that is, absence of precipitation).
Category: Arctic Ocean
Claim: Arctic summer sea ice has shrunk by an area equal to Western Australia, and might be all gone in a decade.
Evidence: Research shows that the Arctic may become ice-free in the summer for the first time in human history by 2040.