Danthammadhavi/climate_fever_fixed huggingface dataset:
Category: Climate variability
Claim: The motions of the massive oceans where heat is moved between deep layers and the surface provides variability on time scales from years to centuries.
Evidence: These fluctuations in atmospheric temperature, sea surface temperature, precipitation or other parameters can be quasi-periodic, often occurring on inter-annual, multi-annual, decadal, multidecadal, century-wide, millennial or longer timescales.
Evidence: El Niño and La Niña are important temperature fluctuations in surface waters of the tropical Eastern Pacific Ocean.
Category: Coral bleaching
Claim: Over the last 30-40 years 80% of coral in the Caribbean have been destroyed and 50% in Indonesia and the Pacific.
Evidence: The Indian Ocean in 1998 reported 20% of its coral had died and 80% was bleached.
Evidence: In 1998, 16% of the world's reefs died as a result of increased water temperature.
Category: Antarctica
Claim: there were no ice sheets covering either Greenland or West Antarctica, and much of the East Antarctic ice sheet was gone.
Evidence: West Antarctica is covered by the West Antarctic Ice Sheet.
Evidence: It is separated from East Antarctica by the Transantarctic Mountains and is covered by the West Antarctic Ice Sheet.
Category: Paleocene
Claim: The geologic record provides us with abundant evidence for such perpetual natural climate variability, from icecaps reaching almost to the equator to none at all, even at the poles.
Evidence: Based on this and estimated plant-gas exchange rates and global surface temperatures, the climate sensitivity was calculated to be +3 °C when CO2 levels doubled, compared to 7° following the formation of ice at the poles.
Evidence: About 60.5 mya at the Danian/Selandian boundary, there is evidence of anoxia spreading out into coastal waters, and a drop in sea levels which is most likely explained as an increase in temperature and evaporation, as there was no ice at the poles to lock up water.
Category: Richard Lindzen
Claim: But his results are evidence that the actual climate sensitivity is about 3°C for a doubling of atmospheric CO2.
Evidence: Lindzen has given estimates of the Earth's climate sensitivity to be 0.5 °C based on ERBE data.
Evidence: Lindzen has stated that due to the non-linear effects of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, CO2 levels are now around 30% higher than pre-industrial levels but temperatures have responded by about 75% 0.6 °C (1.08 °F) of the expected value for a doubling of CO2.
Category: Human impact on marine life
Claim: [Riebesell] is a world authority on the topic and has typically communicated cautiously about the effects of acidification.
Evidence: (2013) "Meta‐analysis reveals complex marine biological responses to the interactive effects of ocean acidification and warming".
Category: GRACE and GRACE-FO
Claim: The latest  measurements involve the use of satellite gravimetry, estimating  the mass of terrain beneath by detecting slight changes in gravity as a  satellite passes overhead.
Evidence: As the twin GRACE satellites circle the globe 15 times a day, they sense minute variations in Earth's gravitational pull.
Category: Global warming
Claim: "the temperature increase in the second half of the 20th century could have taken place in steps driven by major ENSO events" (Jens Raunsø Jensen)
Evidence: IPCC AR5 SYR Glossary 2014, p. 124: Global warming refers to the gradual increase, observed or projected, in global surface temperature, as one of the consequences of radiative forcing caused by anthropogenic emissions.
Category: Global warming
Claim: The actual data show high northern latitudes are warmer today than in 1940.
Evidence: The period from 1983 to 2012 was likely the warmest 30-year period of the last 1400 years in the Northern Hemisphere, where such assessment is possible (medium confidence).
Category: Climate change denial
Claim: The latest NOAA report is “a reminder that climate change has not, despite the insistence of climate contrarians ‘paused’ or even slowed down,” Mann said..
Evidence: Such disagreements are not new but the emails provided climate sceptics, in the sense of deniers or contrarians, with a golden opportunity to mount a sustained effort aimed at demonstrating the legitimacy of their views.
Category: Fossil fuel
Claim: CO2 is a greenhouse gas but is clearly subordinate to water vapour and other more significant factors determining global climate.
Evidence: Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas that increases radiative forcing and contributes to global warming along with ocean acidification.
Category: Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory
Claim: “The arc of global warming will be variously steep and less steep,’ said Richard Seager, a climate scientist at the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University.
Evidence: The Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory (LDEO) is a research unit of Columbia University located on a 157-acre (64 ha) campus in Palisades, N.Y., 18 miles (29 km) north of Manhattan on the Hudson River.
Evidence: Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University.
Evidence: Sean Carl Solomon (born October 24,1945) is the director of the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, where he is also the William B. Ransford Professor of Earth and Planetary Science.
Category: Mineral industry of Africa
Claim: The cement, iron and steel, and petroleum refining industries could see their production cut by 21% 19%, and 11% respectively.”
Evidence: Crude steel production was expected to rise by an average of about 5% per year from 2005 to 2011.
Category: Nicola Scafetta
Claim: Loehle and Scafetta find a 60 year cycle causing global warming
Evidence: "Hotter sun may affect global warming".
Category: Greenhouse gas
Claim: Human CO2 is a tiny fraction of CO2 emissions.
Evidence: The estimate of total CO 2 emissions includes biotic carbon emissions, mainly from deforestation.
Evidence: Land use change (mainly deforestation in the tropics) account for up to one third of total anthropogenic CO 2 emissions.
Category: Global warming controversy
Claim: 'The UN’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change misled the press and public into believing that thousands of scientists backed its claims on manmade global warming, according to Mike Hulme, a prominent climate scientist and IPCC insider.
Evidence: The work of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) represents the consensus of the international scientific community on climate change science.
Evidence: The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is an intergovernmental body of the United Nations that is dedicated to providing the world with objective, scientific information relevant to understanding the scientific basis of the risk of human-induced climate change, its natural, political, and economic impacts and risks, and possible response options.
Category: Arctic Ocean
Claim: In April the extent of Arctic sea ice was back to where it was in April 13 years ago
Evidence: Estimates vary for when the last time the Arctic was ice-free: 65 million years ago when fossils indicate that plants existed there to as recently as 5,500 years ago; ice and ocean cores going back 8,000 years to the last warm period or 125,000 during the last intraglacial period.
Evidence: Increased melting of Arctic ice since 2007 enables ships to travel the Northwest Passage for some weeks in summertime, avoiding the longer routes via the Suez Canal or the Panama Canal.
Category: Greenland
Claim: Greenland has only lost a tiny fraction of its ice mass.
Evidence: The rate of ice loss has increased from an average of 33 billion tonnes a year in the 1990s, to 254 billion tonnes a year in the last decade.
Category: United States withdrawal from the Paris Agreement
Claim: While France and other G7 countries lamented the U.S. exit from the Paris climate accord, America’s air is already cleaner than that of any other country in the G7, except Canada with its scant population.
Evidence: "French PM blasts Trump's decision to pull US out of Paris climate accord as 'calamitous'".
Category: Florida
Claim: Lake-bottom sediments in Florida tell us that recent major hurricane activity in the Gulf of Mexico has been less frequent than in centuries past.
Evidence: From 1851 to 2006, Florida was struck by 114 hurricanes, 37 of them major—category 3 and above.
Category: Greenland ice sheet
Claim: There may have been regions of Greenland that were 'greener' than today
Evidence: It has been observed that there is more precipitation where it is warmer, up to 1.5 meters per year on the southeast flank, and less precipitation or none on the 25–80 percent (depending on the time of year) of the island that is cooler.
Evidence: When the North African monsoon is at its strongest annual precipitation and subsequent vegetation in the Sahara region increase, resulting in conditions commonly referred to as the "green Sahara".
Evidence: Interpretation of ice core and clam shell data suggests that between 800 and 1300, the regions around the fjords of southern Greenland experienced a relatively mild climate several degrees Celsius higher than usual in the North Atlantic, with trees and herbaceous plants growing, and livestock being farmed.
Evidence: "Is Iceland Really Green and Greenland Really Icy?"
Category: Sea level rise
Claim: So it’s clear now we’re not seeing dangerous global warming, and the climate models are wrong.
Evidence: This is an important confirmation of climate change simulations which predicted that sea level rise would accelerate in response to global warming.
Evidence: Climate Change: Vital Signs of the Planet prevent dangerous anthropogenic climate change.
Category: Global warming
Claim: "Twentieth century global warming did not start until  1910.
Evidence: In 1896, he published the first climate model of its kind, showing that halving of CO 2 could have produced the drop in temperature initiating the ice age.
Evidence: Temperatures rose by 0.0 °C–0.2 °C from 1720–1800 to 1850–1900 (Hawkins et al., 2017).
Category: Global warming
Claim: “We’ve known about [the greenhouse effect] for more than a century.
Evidence: This phrase next appeared in a November 1957 report in The Hammond Times which described Roger Revelle's research into the effects of increasing human-caused CO 2 emissions on the greenhouse effect: "a large scale global warming, with radical climate changes may result".
Evidence: The "greenhouse effect", substantially responsible for Earth's global warming, was first described in 1824 by the French mathematician Joseph Fourier.
Category: MIT Technology Review
Claim: There was, he said, an ‘inherent bias’ in scientific journals which predisposed them to publish ‘doom and gloom stories’.
Evidence: The historical Technology Review often published articles that were controversial, or critical of certain technologies.
Category: El Niño–Southern Oscillation
Claim: The El Nino Southern Oscillation shows close correlation to global temperatures over the short term.
Evidence: Changes in the Walker circulation with time occur in conjunction with changes in surface temperature.
Evidence: The studies of historical data show the recent El Niño variation is most likely linked to global warming.
Category: Net metering
Claim: Big rooftop solar's plan forces Nevada families who don't have solar panels to pay higher power bills to subsidize rooftop solar.
Evidence: In a state that is presently faced with various renewable energy issues, the idea of terminating personal property taxes on solar panels was widely supported.
Evidence: Customers who use a small amount of electricity because they produce some of their own via solar panels do not pay enough to cover their portion of transmission and distribution systems, according to the utility companies.
Category: Australia
Claim: unadjusted data suggests that temperatures in Australia have only increased by 0.3 degrees over the past century, not the 1 degree usually claimed
Evidence: January 2019 was the hottest month ever in Australia with average temperatures exceeding 30 °C (86 °F).
Category: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere
Claim: If the CO2 effect was saturated, adding more CO2 should add no additional greenhouse effect.
Evidence: The greenhouse effect is a process by which thermal radiation from a planetary atmosphere warms the planet's surface beyond the temperature it would have in the absence of its atmosphere.
Evidence: This increase of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere has produced the current episode of global warming.
Evidence: Other scientists were initially sceptical and believed the greenhouse effect to be saturated so that adding more CO 2 would make no difference.
Category: Greenhouse gas
Claim: Etna has already put more than 10,000 times the CO2 into the atmosphere than mankind has in our entire time on the Earth.
Evidence: In the modern era, emissions to the atmosphere from volcanoes are approximately 0.645 billion tonnes of CO 2 per year, whereas humans contribute 29 billion tonnes of CO 2 each year.
Category: Anoxic event
Claim: But as that upper layer warms up, the oxygen-rich waters are less likely to mix down into cooler layers of the ocean because the warm waters are less dense and do not sink as readily.
Evidence: If high latitude waters are warmer than 5 °C (41 °F), their density is too low for them to sink below the cooler deep waters.
Category: Sea level rise
Claim: Sea level rise is decelerating.
Evidence: Climate scientists expect the rate to further accelerate during the 21st century.
Category: Regime shift
Claim: The research also revealed how large areas of the polar ice caps could collapse and significant changes to ecosystems could see the Sahara Desert become green and the edges of tropical forests turn into fire-dominated savanna.
Evidence: Bush encroachment refers to small changes in herbivory rates that can shift drylands from grassy dominated regimes towards woody dominated savannas.
Category: Global warming
Claim: Global warming is causing snow to disappear.
Evidence: Surface temperature increases are greatest in the Arctic, which has contributed to the retreat of glaciers, permafrost, and sea ice.
Evidence: Global warming has led to decades of shrinking and thinning of the Arctic sea ice, making it vulnerable to atmospheric anomalies.
Category: Tide
Claim: Duffy pointed out that his chart was from a single tide gauge station, near San Francisco, and that sea levels rise at different rates around the world
Evidence: To make accurate records, tide gauges at fixed stations measure water level over time.
Evidence: By 5000 BC the sea level rose 300 feet (90 m), filling the valley with water from the Pacific.
Category: Antarctica
Claim: Some of the regions in which  GRACE claims ice loss in East Antarctica average colder than -30°C  during the summer, and never, ever get above freezing.
Evidence: East Antarctica is colder than its western counterpart because of its higher elevation.
Evidence: The temperature in Antarctica has reached −89.2 °C (−128.6 °F) (or even −94.7 °C (−135.8 °F) as measured from space), though the average for the third quarter (the coldest part of the year) is −63 °C (−81 °F).
Category: Climate change in the Arctic
Claim: Since the end of 2012, moreover, total polar ice extent has largely remained above the post-1979 average.
Evidence: It continued to fall, bottoming out on 16 September 2012 at 3.41 million square kilometers (1.32 million square miles), or 760,000 square kilometers (293,000 square miles) below the previous low set on 18 September 2007 and 50% below the 1979–2000 average.
Evidence: "Arctic sea ice volume now one-fifth its 1979 level".
Category: Global warming
Claim: The atmosphere and ocean have warmed, the amounts of snow and ice have diminished, and sea level has risen.
Evidence: The atmosphere and ocean have warmed, the amounts of snow and ice have diminished, sea level has risen, and the concentrations of greenhouse gases have increased "Myths vs. Facts: Denial of Petitions for Reconsideration of the Endangerment and Cause or Contribute Findings for Greenhouse Gases under Section 202(a) of the Clean Air Act".
Category: Extratropical cyclone
Claim: The jet stream controls broad weather patterns, such as high-pressure and low-pressure systems.
Evidence: Extratropical cyclones, sometimes called mid-latitude cyclones or wave cyclones, are low-pressure areas which, along with the anticyclones of high-pressure areas, drive the weather over much of the Earth.
Category: Scientific consensus on climate change
Claim: IPCC overestimate temperature rise.
Evidence: On the basis of available data, climate scientists are now projecting an average global temperature rise over this century of 2.0 to 4.5°C.
Evidence: "Sea level rise 'under-estimated'".
Category: Network effect
Claim: The modelers confused cause and effect, thereby getting the feedback in the wrong direction."
Evidence: [citation needed] Because of the positive feedback often associated with the network effect, system dynamics can be used as a modelling method to describe the phenomena.
Evidence: Example 2 In other cases it may simply be unclear which is the cause and which is the effect.
Evidence: [vague] Possible explanations for the Hawthorne effect include the impact of feedback and motivation towards the experimenter.
Evidence: Just as positive network externalities (network effects) cause positive feedback and exponential growth, negative network externalities create negative feedback and exponential decay.
Category: Global warming
Claim: "[T]he influence of  so-called greenhouse gases on near-surface temperature - is not yet  absolutely proven.
Evidence: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.
Category: Carbon dioxide
Claim: If we halve the carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere, all life dies.
Evidence: Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.
Evidence: By volume, dry air contains 78.09% nitrogen, 20.95% oxygen, 0.93% argon, 0.04% carbon dioxide, and small amounts of other gases.
Category: Carbon dioxide
Claim: It has never been shown that human emissions of carbon dioxide drive global warming.
Evidence: Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.
Evidence: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.
Evidence: The largest human influence has been the emission of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide.
Category: Eocene
Claim: The most notorious was 252 million years ago; it began when carbon warmed the planet by five degrees, accelerated when that warming triggered the release of methane in the Arctic, and ended with 97 percent of all life on Earth dead.”
Evidence: that the Eocene hothouse world was caused by runaway global warming from released methane clathrates deep in the oceans.
Evidence: Global warming accelerates its release due to release of methane from both existing stores and methanogenesis in rotting biomass.
Category: 1257 Samalas eruption
Claim: A drop of volcanic activity in the early 20th century may have had a warming effect.
Evidence: Sea surface temperatures too decreased by 0.3–2.2 °C (0.54–3.96 °F), triggering changes in the ocean circulations.
Evidence: Notable eruptions in the historical records are the 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo which lowered global temperatures by about 0.5 °C (0.9 °F) for up to three years, and the 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora causing the Year Without a Summer.
Category: Ice age
Claim: A South African paper has found a 21 year cycle synchronous with the solar cycle (Alexander 2007).
Evidence: The Milankovitch cycles are a set of cyclic variations in characteristics of the Earth's orbit around the Sun.
Category: Sustainability
Claim: “Healthy societies do not fall apart over slow, widely predicted, relatively small economic adjustments of the sort painted by climate analysis.
Evidence: Several key areas have been targeted for economic analysis and reform: the environmental effects of unconstrained economic growth; the consequences of nature being treated as an economic externality; and the possibility of an economics that takes greater account of the social and environmental consequences of market behavior.
Evidence: GHG emissions due to anthropogenic (human) activity are the dominant cause of observed global warming (climate change) since the mid-20th century.
Evidence: Estimates from the International Labour Organization’s Global Economic Linkages model suggest that unmitigated climate change, with associated negative impacts on enterprises and workers, will have negative effects on output in many industries, with drops in output of 2.4% by 2030 and 7.2% by 2050.
Category: Permafrost
Claim: In other words, we have, trapped in Arctic permafrost, twice as much carbon as is currently wrecking the atmosphere of the planet, all of it scheduled to be released at a date that keeps getting moved up, partially in the form of a gas that multiplies its warming power 86 times over.
Evidence: The amount of carbon sequestered in permafrost is four times the carbon that has been released to the atmosphere due to human activities in modern time.
Evidence: (2008) estimate that not less than 1,400 gigatonnes (Gt) of carbon is presently locked up as methane and methane hydrates under the Arctic submarine permafrost, and 5–10% of that area is subject to puncturing by open taliks.
Category: Global warming
Claim: Mars, Triton, Pluto and Jupiter all show global warming, pointing to the Sun as the dominating influence in determining climate throughout the solar system."
Evidence: Another line of evidence for the warming not being due to the Sun is how temperature changes differ at different levels in the Earth's atmosphere.
Category: Carbon dioxide
Claim: If we double atmospheric carbon dioxide[…] we’d only raise global surface temperatures by about a degree Celsius.
Evidence: Not only do increasing carbon dioxide concentrations lead to increases in global surface temperature, but increasing global temperatures also cause increasing concentrations of carbon dioxide.
Evidence: Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.
Category: Arctic sea ice decline
Claim: ‘Arctic ice conditions have been tracking at record low conditions since October, persisting for six consecutive months’
Evidence: Given the estimated trend and the volume estimate for October–November of 2007 at less than 9,000 km3, one can project that at this rate it would take only 9 more years or until 2016 ± 3 years to reach a nearly ice-free Arctic Ocean in summer.
Category: Hitler Diaries
Claim: Klaus-Martin Schulte examined all papers published from 2004 to February 2007.
Evidence: More importantly, according to Harris, it was decided that they should not have the material examined by a forensic scientist or historian until every diary had been obtained.
Evidence: While the discussions between Murdoch and Sorge were taking place, the diaries were examined by Broyle and his Newsweek team.
Category: Global warming
Claim: Adapting to global warming is cheaper than preventing it.
Evidence: Successful adaptation is easier if there are substantial emission reductions.
Category: Effects of global warming
Claim: "The 30 major droughts of the 20th century were likely natural in all respects; and, hence, they are "indicative of what could also happen in the future," as Narisma
Evidence: Some evidence suggests that droughts have been occurring more frequently because of global warming and they are expected to become more frequent and intense in Africa, southern Europe, the Middle East, most of the Americas, Australia, and Southeast Asia.
Category: Arctic Ocean
Claim: Sea ice continued its declining trend, both in the Arctic and Antarctic.
Evidence: Polar Discovery "Continued Sea Ice Decline in 2005".
Evidence: As well as the regular seasonal cycle there has been an underlying trend of declining sea ice in the Arctic in recent decades.
Category: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
Claim: Ben Santer could not have and did not single-handedly alter the 1995 IPCC report.
Evidence: The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is an intergovernmental body of the United Nations that is dedicated to providing the world with objective, scientific information relevant to understanding the scientific basis of the risk of human-induced climate change, its natural, political, and economic impacts and risks, and possible response options.
Category: San Joaquin Valley
Claim: While the north-east, midwest and upper great plains have experienced a 30% increase in heavy rainfall episodes – considered once-in-every-five year downpours – parts of the west, particularly California, have been parched by drought.
Evidence: By August 2014, a three-year drought was prompting changes to the agriculture industry in the valley.
Evidence: Drought is much more common in the West than the rest of the United States.
Evidence: The valley experienced a severe drought from 2011 to 2017.
Category: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere
Claim: CO2 levels are measured by hundreds of stations scattered across 66 countries which all report the same rising trend.
Evidence: There are several surface measurement (including flasks and continuous in situ) networks including NOAA/ERSL, WDCGG, and RAMCES.
Category: New Jersey
Claim: New Jersey is "losing 50 football fields of open space to development every day and the more we develop upstream the more flooding we have downstream."
Evidence: "Jersey City has gained nearly 15,000 residents since 2010, making it the fastest growing municipality in the state and a symbol of the Garden State's reinvigorated urban core."
Evidence: During winter and early spring, New Jersey can experience "nor'easters," which are capable of causing blizzards or flooding throughout the northeastern United States.
Category: James Hansen
Claim: However the warming trend is slower than most climate models have forecast
Evidence: They showed that the climate system may be responding faster than the models indicate.
Evidence: The general public had little awareness of carbon dioxide's effects on climate, but Science News in May 1959 forecast a 25% increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide in the 150 years from 1850 to 2000, with a consequent warming trend.
Evidence: When the model included estimated changes in solar intensity, it gave a reasonable match to temperatures over the previous thousand years and its prediction was that "CO 2 warming dominates the surface temperature patterns soon after 1980."
Evidence: Scientists can then run these scenarios through physical climate models to generate climate change projections.
Category: Cold wave
Claim: Days of near-100-degree-Fahrenheit temperatures cooked the Mountain West in early July, and a scorching heat wave lingered over the Pacific Northwest in early August.”
Evidence: The cold wave was followed by one of the hottest summers on record, the 1936 North American heat wave.
Evidence: A two-day-long heat wave hit the more rural parts of Texas on July 1.
Evidence: From July 4 to July 9, 2010, the majority of the American East Coast, from the Carolinas to Maine, was gripped in a severe heat wave.
Category: Hurricane Harvey
Claim: [climate scientists] say that aspects of the case of Hurricane Harvey suggest global warming is making a bad situation worse.
Evidence: "It's a fact: climate change made Hurricane Harvey more deadly".
Category: Ionosphere
Claim: We now know that the planetary energy balance is determined by the upper levels of the troposphere and that the saturation of the absorption at the central frequency does not preclude the possibility to absorb more energy.
Evidence: This is the main reason for absorption of HF radio waves, particularly at 10 MHz and below, with progressively less absorption at higher frequencies.
Evidence: Its fundamental principle is that of balance – the energy that the Earth absorbs from the sun each year is equal to that which it loses to space by radiation.
Evidence: The reason for this temperature difference is that the ground absorbs most of the sun's energy, which then heats the lower levels of the atmosphere with which it is in contact.
Category: Hockey stick controversy
Claim: In one particularly damning email, CRU director Phil Jones said he had used ‘Mike’s Nature trick’ to ‘hide the decline’ in temperatures in the second half of the 20th century.
Evidence: The AR4 SPM statement was that "Average Northern Hemisphere temperatures during the second half of the 20th century were very likely higher than during any other 50-year period in the last 500 years and likely the highest in at least the past 1,300 years.
Evidence: Many commentators quoted one email in which Phil Jones said that he had used "Mike's Nature trick" in a 1999 graph for the World Meteorological Organization "to hide the decline" in proxy temperatures derived from tree-ring analyses when measured temperatures were actually rising.
Evidence: Despite this and the fact that 1999 had just seen record breaking global temperatures, the email was widely misquoted as a "trick" to "hide the decline" as though it referred to a decline in measured global temperatures, an accusation made publicly by the politicians Sarah Palin and Jim Inhofe.
Category: Tincture (heraldry)
Claim: A second coat of paint has much less of an effect, while adding a third or fourth coat has almost no impact at all.”
Evidence: At one point, aluminum paint was used for argent, as it was more resistant to oxidation; but its effect also faded with age.
Category: Carbon dioxide
Claim: CO2 does not cause climate change, it RESPONDS to it [...]
Evidence: Increasing atmospheric CO 2 concentrations lead to further acidification ...
Category: Jet stream
Claim: But when the Arctic warms up faster than the equator does […] the jet stream’s flow can become weakened and elongated.
Evidence: With a weaker jet stream, the Polar vortex has a higher probability to leak out of the polar area and bring extremely cold weather to the middle latitude regions.
Evidence: Therefore, the strong eastward moving jet streams are in part a simple consequence of the fact that the Equator is warmer than the North and South poles.
Evidence: This in turn reduces the temperature gradient that drives jet stream winds, which may eventually cause the jet stream to become weaker and more variable in its course.
Category: Global warming
Claim: This makes it clear that this time around humans are the cause, mainly by our CO2 emissions.
Evidence: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.
Category: Medieval Warm Period
Claim: One of the main areas of contention is the existence of two strange climate episodes known as The Medieval Warm Period (MWP) and the Little Ice Age.
Evidence: The Medieval Warm Period (MWP) also known as the Medieval Climate Optimum, or Medieval Climatic Anomaly was a time of warm climate in the North Atlantic region lasting from c. 950 to c. 1250.
Evidence: "The Medieval Climate Anomaly and the Little Ice Age in the eastern Ecuadorian Andes".
Category: Greenhouse gas
Claim: When CO2 levels were higher in the past, solar levels were also lower.
Evidence: Measured atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide are currently 100 ppm higher than pre-industrial levels.
Category: United States Forest Service
Claim: Barack Obama supports proposals "to devote billions of dollars annually to state game and fish agencies and federal land management agencies to help them ensure that fish and wildlife survive the impacts of climate change."
Evidence: The budget includes $2.4 billion for Wildland Fire Management, a decrease of $530 million from the 2019 Annualized Continuing Resolution because the “fire fix” cap adjustment becomes available in FY 2020, while the FY 2019 Annualized Continuing Resolution includes $500 million above the base as bridge to the first year of the fire fix.
Evidence: Through implementation of land and resource management plans, the agency ensures sustainable ecosystems by restoring and maintaining species diversity and ecological productivity that helps provide recreation, water, timber, minerals, fish, wildlife, wilderness, and aesthetic values for current and future generations of people.
Category: Renewable energy in the United States
Claim: There are about 120,000 solar energy jobs in the United States, but only 1,700 of them are in Georgia.
Evidence: There were 90,000 wind operations jobs in the United States in 2015.
Evidence: In 2013, $189 million was invested in Georgia to install solar for home, business and utility use representing a 795% increase over the previous year.
Category: Global warming
Claim: Before human burning of fossil fuels triggered global warming, the continent’s ice was in relative balance
Evidence: But, more accurately, global warming is the mainly human-caused increase in global surface temperatures and its projected continuation, while climate change includes both global warming and its effects, such as changes in precipitation.
Category: Global warming
Claim: At least close to the new spot and to the equator, nothing less than global warming is expected"
Evidence: Surface temperature increases are greatest in the Arctic, which has contributed to the retreat of glaciers, permafrost, and sea ice.
Evidence: "A novel probabilistic forecast system predicting anomalously warm 2018–2022 reinforcing the long-term global warming trend".
Category: Greenhouse gas
Claim: There is no question whatsoever that the CO2 increase is human-caused.
Evidence: Cumulative anthropogenic (i.e., human-emitted) emissions of CO 2 from fossil fuel use are a major cause of global warming, and give some indication of which countries have contributed most to human-induced climate change.
Category: The Great Global Warming Swindle
Claim: Human kind has little or nothing to do with the recent temperature changes.
Evidence: Atmospheric carbon dioxide levels and temperature change since 1940.
Evidence: Human-driven modifications to the planet's ecosystems (e.g., disturbance, biodiversity loss, agriculture) contributes to rising atmospheric greenhouse gas levels.
Category: Paris Agreement
Claim: Australia’s signed a suicide note [with the Paris Accord] yet didn’t seem to notice that China, India, Indonesia and the US did not commit to reducing their large carbon dioxide emissions.
Evidence: Institutional asset owners associations and think-tanks have also observed that the stated objectives of the Paris Agreement are implicitly "predicated upon an assumption – that member states of the United Nations, including high polluters such as China, the US, India, Russia, Japan, Germany, South Korea, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Canada, Indonesia and Mexico, which generate more than half the world's greenhouse gas emissions, will somehow drive down their carbon pollution voluntarily and assiduously without any binding enforcement mechanism to measure and control CO 2 emissions at any level from factory to state, and without any specific penalty gradation or fiscal pressure (for example a carbon tax) to discourage bad behaviour."
Evidence: The plan did not include targets for carbon dioxide emission reductions, but it has been estimated that, if fully implemented, China's annual emissions of greenhouse gases would be reduced by 1.5 billion tons of carbon dioxide equivalent by 2010.
Category: Weather
Claim: The science is clear, climate change is making extreme weather events, including tornadoes, worse.
Evidence: Climate change caused by human activities that emit greenhouse gases into the air is expected to affect the frequency of extreme weather events such as drought, extreme temperatures, flooding, high winds, and severe storms.
Evidence: The main impact of global warming on the weather is an increase in extreme weather events such as heat waves, droughts, cyclones, blizzards and rainstorms.
Category: Global warming
Claim: El Niño drove record highs in global temperatures suggesting rise may not be down to man-made emissions.
Evidence: CO2 emissions are continuing to rise due to the burning of fossil fuels and land-use change.
Evidence: Global warming is the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.
Evidence: (2012) concluded that human activities had likely led to a warming of extreme daily minimum and maximum temperatures at the global scale.
Category: Global warming
Claim: Global warming' and 'climate change' mean different things and have both been used for decades.
Evidence: Both the terms global warming and climate change were used only occasionally until 1975, when Wallace Smith Broecker published a scientific paper on the topic, "Climatic Change: Are We on the Brink of a Pronounced Global Warming?".
Evidence: NOAA, 17 June 2015; IPCC AR5 SYR Glossary 2014, p. 120: "Climate change refers to a change in the state of the climate that can be identified (e.g., by using statistical tests) by changes in the mean and/or the variability of its properties and that persists for an extended period, typically decades or longer.
Category: Global warming
Claim: Discovery Of Massive Volcanic CO2 Emissions Discredits Global Warming Theory.
Evidence: Global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions in 2010 were equivalent to 49 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide (using the most recent global warming potentials over 100 years from the AR5 report).
Evidence: The eruptions would also have emitted carbon dioxide, causing global warming.
Evidence: "Global Warming Led To Atmospheric Hydrogen Sulfide And Permian Extinction".
Category: Poverty in the United Kingdom
Claim: So this is a government which is proposing to put at risk our manufacturing industry, to penalise struggling families, to make a tough situation worse for millions of households right around Australia.
Evidence: The upcoming minimum wage rise will help, but many low-income working families will still find themselves worse off due to tax-credit changes.
Evidence: Families are forced into increasing poverty, some facing a daily struggle to pay their rent and put food on their table.
Category: Australia
Claim: The unusual heat was most noteworthy in Europe, which had its warmest April on record, and Australia, which had its second-warmest.
Evidence: Furthermore, 2014 was Australia's third warmest year since national temperature observations commenced in 1910.
Evidence: "Australia's extreme heat is sign of things to come, scientists warn".
Evidence: According to the Bureau of Meteorology's 2011 Australian Climate Statement, Australia had lower than average temperatures in 2011 as a consequence of a La Niña weather pattern; however, "the country's 10-year average continues to demonstrate the rising trend in temperatures, with 2002–2011 likely to rank in the top two warmest 10-year periods on record for Australia, at 0.52 °C (0.94 °F) above the long-term average".
Category: Effects of global warming
Claim: If warming temperatures brought on by greenhouse gas emissions make wet years less wet and dry years even drier, as scientists anticipate, year-to-year recovery will become more difficult.
Evidence: If GHG emissions grow a lot (IPCC scenario RCP8.5), already dry regions may have more droughts and less soil moisture.
Evidence: Overall, higher temperatures bring more rain and snowfall, but for some regions droughts and wildfires increase instead.
Evidence: Prolonged periods of warmer temperatures typically cause soil and underbrush to be drier for longer periods, increasing the risk of wildfires.
Category: Global warming
Claim: A large amount of warming is delayed, and if we don’t act now we could pass tipping points.
Evidence: A concern is that self-reinforcing feedbacks will lead to a tipping point, where global temperatures transition to a hothouse climate state even if greenhouse gas emissions are reduced or eliminated.
Evidence: "A tipping point in refreezing accelerates mass loss of Greenland's glaciers and ice caps".
Evidence: Both the Greenland ice sheet and Antarctica have tipping points for warming levels that could be reached before the end of the 21st century.
Category: Brown bear
Claim: In Alaska, brown bears are changing their feeding habits to eat elderberries that ripen earlier.
Evidence: In the Kamchatka peninsula and several parts of coastal Alaska, brown bears feed mostly on spawning salmon, whose nutrition and abundance explain the enormous size of the bears in these areas.
Category: Richard Lindzen
Claim: The study indicates far less future global warming will occur than United Nations computer models have predicted, and supports prior studies indicating increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide trap far less heat than alarmists have claimed.
Evidence: The feedback due to water vapor is a major factor in determining how much warming would be expected to occur with increased atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide, and all existing computer models assume positive feedback — that is, that as the climate warms, the amount of water vapour held in the atmosphere will increase, leading to further warming.
Evidence: The 10th Emissions Gap Report issued by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) predicts that if emissions continue to increase at the same rate as they have in 2010–2020, global temperatures would rise by as much as 4° by 2100.
Evidence: The authors conclude that "anthropogenic increases in greenhouse gases have led to unprecedented regional warmth."
Category: Rick Perry 2012 presidential campaign
Claim: "I mean, it - I mean - and I tell somebody, I said, just because you have a group of scientists that have stood up and said here is the fact, Galileo got outvoted for a spell" (Texas Governor Rick Perry)
Evidence: Further, during a Republican gubernatorial debate in January 2010, when asked if he would commit to serving out his term if re-elected, he replied that "the place hasn't been made yet" where he would rather serve than the governor of Texas.
Evidence: Jeff L. Blackburn, chief counsel of the Innocence Project of Texas, said of Perry that "He has done more good than any other governor we've ever had [...] unless, of course, it involves the death penalty.
Category: California
Claim: No state generates as much solar power as California, or has as many people whose jobs depend on it.
Evidence: Due to the high electricity demand, California imports more electricity than any other state, primarily hydroelectric power from states in the Pacific Northwest (via Path 15 and Path 66) and coal- and natural gas-fired production from the desert Southwest via Path 46.
Evidence: As a result of the state's strong environmental movement, California has some of the most aggressive renewable energy goals in the United States, with a target for California to obtain a third of its electricity from renewables by 2020.
Category: Global warming
Claim: No one ever says it, but in many ways global warming will be a good thing
Evidence: One potential source of abrupt climate change would be the rapid release of methane and carbon dioxide from permafrost, which would amplify global warming.
Evidence: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.
Category: Shale gas
Claim: In reality, gas produced by fracking is worse for the climate than coal.
Evidence: Shale gas worse than coal for three impacts and better than renewables for four.
Category: La Niña
Claim: Often the compensatory cooling, known as La Niña, is larger than the El Niño warming.”
Evidence: La Niña (/lɑːˈniːnjə/, Spanish pronunciation: [la ˈniɲa]) is a coupled ocean-atmosphere phenomenon that is the colder counterpart of El Niño, as part of the broader El Niño–Southern Oscillation climate pattern.
Category: 20th century
Claim: “So now we’re able to explain from natural factors how we’ve had the 20th Century warming.
Evidence: One argument is that of global warming occurring due to human-caused emission of greenhouse gases, particularly carbon dioxide produced by the burning of fossil fuels.
Evidence: The introduction includes this statement: There is strong evidence that the warming of the Earth over the last half-century has been caused largely by human activity, such as the burning of fossil fuels and changes in land use, including agriculture and deforestation.
Category: Deforestation
Claim: Losing tropical forests is not somehow cheaper than putting up wind farms in the US or Sahara.”
Evidence: The degradation of forest ecosystems has also been traced to economic incentives that make forest conversion appear more profitable than forest conservation.
Evidence: No longer do we have to justify the existence of humid tropical forests on the feeble grounds that they might carry plants with drugs that cure human disease.
Category: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
Claim: In 1990 the United Nation’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) predicted that temperatures would rise by 0.54F (0.3C) per decade.
Evidence: The projections apply to the end of the 21st century (2090–99), relative to temperatures at the end of the 20th century (1980–99).
Evidence: They judge that global mean surface air temperature has increased by 0.3 to 0.6 °C over the last 100 years, broadly consistent with prediction of climate models, but also of the same magnitude as natural climate variability.
Evidence: Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.
Category: Precipitation
Claim: The public understand it, in that if  you get a fall evening or spring evening and the sky is clear the heat  will escape and the temperature will drop and you get frost.
Evidence: Those bands bring strong localized snowfall which can be understood as follows: Large water bodies such as lakes efficiently store heat that results in significant temperature differences (larger than 13 °C or 23 °F) between the water surface and the air above.
Category: Cold wave
Claim: May 2018 marked the 401st straight month of global temperatures exceeding the 20th century average.
Evidence: 1956 1956 European cold wave – February 1956 was the coldest month of the twentieth century over large areas of Western Europe, with mean temperatures below 0 °C (32 °F) as far south as Marseilles being utterly unprecedented in records dating back into the eighteenth century.
Category: Mind Meld
Claim: With that in mind, they propose a plausible and terrifying “2050 scenario” whereby humanity could face irreversible collapse in just three decades.
Evidence: Mind Meld: Secrets Behind the Voyage of a Lifetime is a 2001 American documentary film in which actors William Shatner and Leonard Nimoy discuss the Star Trek science fiction franchise and its effects on their lives.
Evidence: The quantum mind or quantum consciousness is a group of hypotheses which proposes that classical mechanics cannot explain consciousness.
Category: Earth
Claim: Concentrated in the atmosphere, these gases do not allow the warmth of the sun’s rays reflected by the earth to be dispersed in space.
Evidence: This last phenomenon is known as the greenhouse effect: trace molecules within the atmosphere serve to capture thermal energy emitted from the ground, thereby raising the average temperature.
Evidence: There, it condenses to form clouds, and is a key component of chemical reactions in the planet's atmosphere and contributes to global warming.
Evidence: The resultant molecular oxygen (O 2) accumulated in the atmosphere and due to interaction with ultraviolet solar radiation, formed a protective ozone layer (O 3) in the upper atmosphere.
Category: Confirmation bias
Claim: Multiple lines of independent evidence indicate humidity is rising and provides positive feedback.
Evidence: Similar experiments have found a preference for positive feedback, and the people who give it, over negative feedback.