Danthammadhavi/climate_fever_fixed huggingface dataset:
Category: Global warming
Claim: In addition, [climate models] ignore the fact that enriching the atmosphere with CO2 is beneficial
Evidence: Human activity since the Industrial Revolution has increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to increased radiative forcing from CO2, methane, tropospheric ozone, CFCs, and nitrous oxide.
Evidence: These include carbon dioxide (chemical formula: CO 2), methane (CH 4), nitrous oxide (N 2O), and a group of gases referred to as halocarbons.
Category: Air pollution
Claim: According to the WHO, exposure to particulate matter increases the risk of acute lower respiratory infection, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, heart disease, stroke and lung cancer.
Evidence: Air pollution is a significant risk factor for a number of pollution-related diseases, including respiratory infections, heart disease, COPD, stroke and lung cancer.
Evidence: Bronchial asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and interstitial pneumonia were the most common ailments treated by area hospitals.
Category: Art Robinson
Claim: Over 31,000 scientists signed the OISM Petition Project
Evidence: Robinson asserted in 2008 that the petition has over 31,000 signatories, with 9,000 of these holding a PhD degree.
Category: Water vapor
Claim: Water vapor helps trap heat, and is a far the strongest of the major greenhouse gases, contributing 36–72 percent of the greenhouse effect.
Evidence: Water vapor is the most potent greenhouse gas owing to the presence of the hydroxyl bond which strongly absorbs in the infra-red region of the light spectrum.
Evidence: From 1859 onwards, he showed that the effect was due to a very small proportion of the atmosphere, with the main gases having no effect, and was largely due to water vapour, though small percentages of hydrocarbons and carbon dioxide had a significant effect.
Category: Global warming controversy
Claim: Claims have recently surfaced in the blogosphere that an increasing number of scientists are warning of an imminent global cooling, some even going so far as to call it a "growing consensus".
Evidence: Despite increasing consensus on the science underpinning predictions of global climate change, doubts have been expressed recently about the need to mitigate the risks posed by global climate change.
Evidence: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.
Evidence: In the scientific literature, there is a strong consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.
Category: Under the Volcano
Claim: The influence of the volcano is easily spotted and removed, together with other even more important spurious influences.
Evidence: The influence of Christopher Marlowe's Doctor Faustus runs throughout the novel, and references to Charles Baudelaire's Les Fleurs du mal, William Shakespeare's tragedies, and Dante's Divine Comedy enrich the novel's meaning.
Evidence: Kīlauea's bulk affects local climate conditions through the influence of trade winds coming predominantly from the northeast, which, when squeezed upwards by the volcano's height, result in a moister windward side and a comparatively arid leeward flank.
Category: Atlantic hurricane
Claim: Lake-bottom sediments in Florida tell us that recent major hurricane activity in the Gulf of Mexico has been less frequent than in centuries past.
Evidence: Few major hurricanes struck the Gulf coast during 3000–1400 BC and again during the most recent millennium.
Category: Fossil fuel power station
Claim: The Alaskan tundra is warming so quickly it has become a net emitter of carbon dioxide ahead of schedule, a new study finds
Evidence: Fossil fueled power stations are major emitters of carbon dioxide (CO2), a greenhouse gas which is a major contributor to global warming.
Evidence: The current Arctic warming is leading to ancient carbon being released from thawing permafrost, leading to methane and carbon dioxide production by micro-organisms.
Evidence: The largest and most long term effect of coal use is the release of carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas that causes climate change and global warming.
Category: Nuclear holocaust
Claim: Some experts think we’re on track to hit 550 ppm by the end of the century, which would cause average global temperatures to rise by 6 degrees Celsius
Evidence: In one model, the average temperature of Earth following a full thermonuclear war falls for several years by 7 to 8 degrees Celsius (13 to 15 degrees Fahrenheit) on average.
Evidence: The average global temperature on Earth has increased by about 0.8° Celsius (1.4° Fahrenheit) since 1880; Two-thirds of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15-0.20 °C per decade.
Evidence: The oft-cited Mauna Loa average for 2012 is 393.8 ppm, which is a good approximation although typically about 1 ppm higher than the spatial average given above.
Category: Global warming
Claim: Eleven percent of all global greenhouse gas emissions caused by humans are caused by deforestation — comparable to the emissions from all of the cars and trucks on the planet.
Evidence: Of these emissions, 65% was carbon dioxide from fossil fuel burning and industry, 11% was carbon dioxide from land use change, which is primarily due to deforestation, 16% was from methane, 6.2% was from nitrous oxide, and 2.0% was from fluorinated gases.
Evidence: The vast majority of anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions come from combustion of fossil fuels, principally coal, oil, and natural gas, with additional contributions coming from deforestation, changes in land use, soil erosion and agriculture (including livestock).
Category: BP
Claim: Renewable energy investment kills jobs
Evidence: It established an alternative and low carbon energy business in 2005, with plans to invest $8 billion over a 10-year period into renewable energy sources including solar, wind, and biofuels, and non-renewable sources including natural gas and hydrogen power.
Evidence: Globally there are an estimated 7.7 million jobs associated with the renewable energy industries, with solar photovoltaics being the largest renewable employer.
Category: Carbon dioxide
Claim: CO2 limits won't cool the planet
Evidence: Occupational CO 2 exposure limits have been set in the United States at 0.5% (5000 ppm) for an eight-hour period.
Evidence: If cloud cover increases, more sunlight will be reflected back into space, cooling the planet.
Category: Scientific consensus on climate change
Claim: Over 97 percent of the scientific community â¦ believe that humans are contributing to climate change.
Evidence: Seventy-five of 77 believed that human activity is a significant factor in changing mean global temperatures.
Evidence: Of these, 97% agree, explicitly or implicitly, that global warming is happening and is human-caused.
Category: Scientific consensus on climate change
Claim: The science is clear, climate change is making extreme weather events, including tornadoes, worse.
Evidence: Documented long-term climate changes include changes in Arctic temperatures and ice, widespread changes in precipitation amounts, ocean salinity, wind patterns and extreme weather including droughts, heavy precipitation, heat waves and the intensity of tropical cyclones.
Category: Atlantic Ocean
Claim: Scientists have long known about the anomalous ‘warming hole‘ in the North Atlantic Ocean, an area immune to warming of Earth’s oceans.
Evidence: The NADW is fed by a flow of warm shallow water into the northern North Atlantic which is responsible for the anomalous warm climate in Europe.
Evidence: Meanwhile, deep ocean temperatures were as much as 15 to 20 °C (27 to 36 °F) warmer than today's.
Evidence: Other climate determinants are more dynamic: the thermohaline circulation of the ocean leads to a 5 °C (9 °F) warming of the northern Atlantic Ocean compared to other ocean basins.
Category: Renewable energy
Claim: The rate of renewable energy installations in the EU in 2018 was less than half the maximum level achieved in 2010.
Evidence: Several other countries have achieved relatively high levels of wind power penetration, such as 21% of stationary electricity production in Denmark, 18% in Portugal, 16% in Spain, and 14% in Ireland in 2010 and have since continued to expand their installed capacity.
Category: Earth's energy budget
Claim: The long term warming trend indicates the total energy in the Earth's climate system is increasing due to an energy imbalance.
Evidence: Earth is very close to being in radiative equilibrium, the situation where the incoming solar energy is balanced by an equal flow of heat to space; under that condition, global temperatures will be relatively stable.
Category: Anoxic event
Claim: While geologists have studied events in the past similar to what appears to be happening today, scientists are largely unsure of what lies ahead.
Evidence: Although anoxic events have not happened for millions of years, the geological record shows that they happened many times in the past.
Evidence: Geochronology: the study of isotope geology specifically toward determining the date within the past of rock formation, metamorphism, mineralization and geological events (notably, meteorite impacts).
Category: Carbon dioxide
Claim: If we double atmospheric carbon dioxide[…] we’d only raise global surface temperatures by about a degree Celsius.
Evidence: Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.
Evidence: At current emission rates, temperatures could increase by 2 °C, which the United Nations' Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) designated as the upper limit to avoid "dangerous" levels, by 2036.
Category: North Pole
Claim: The North Pole is melting "a bit" but the South Pole is getting bigger.
Evidence: Arctic sea ice "faces rapid melt", BBC.
Evidence: The highest temperature yet recorded is 13 °C (55 °F), much warmer than the South Pole's record high of only −12.3 °C (9.9 °F).
Evidence: "Freak storm pushes North Pole 50 degrees above normal to melting point" – via washingtonpost.com.
Category: Waterplace Park
Claim: If sea levels rise six feet due to climate change, Waterplace Park in Providence and Wickford village would be swamped
Evidence: Waterplace Park is an urban park situated along the Woonasquatucket River in downtown Providence, Rhode Island.
Evidence: Instead of a global 5-meter sea level rise, western Antarctica would experience approximately 25 centimeters of sea level fall, while the United States, parts of Canada, and the Indian Ocean, would experience up to 6.5 meters of sea level rise.
Category: Pacific Ocean
Claim: La Niñas, on the other hand, feature cooler than average waters in the Pacific
Evidence: Surface water temperatures in the Pacific can vary from −1.4 °C (29.5 °F), the freezing point of sea water, in the poleward areas to about 30 °C (86 °F) near the equator.
Evidence: At its southeast edge, the circulation around the feature forces a salinity gradient in the ocean, with fresher and warmer waters of the western Pacific lying to its west.
Category: El Niño
Claim: The record warm years of 2015 and 2016 were primarily caused by the super El Nino.’”
Evidence: An El Niño is associated with warm and very wet weather months in April–October along the coasts of northern Peru and Ecuador, causing major flooding whenever the event is strong or extreme.
Category: Renewable energy commercialization
Claim: [subsidies for wind and solar] add to emissions because coal-fired elec­tricity needs to be on standby for when there is no wind or sunshine.
Evidence: The Solar updraft tower (SUT) is a renewable-energy power plant for generating electricity from low temperature solar heat.
Evidence: Shifting these subsidies to the development of climate-benign energy sources such as wind, solar, biomass, and geothermal power is the key to stabilizing the earth's climate."
Category: Global warming
Claim: Heatwaves occur in any climate, but we know that heatwaves are becoming much more likely due to climate change.
Evidence: Just as on land, heat waves in the ocean occur more due to climate change, with harmful effects found on a wide range of organisms such as corals, kelp, and seabirds.
Category: Ice age
Claim: ‘Next year or the year after, the Arctic will be free of ice’
Evidence: (Current projected consequences of global warming include a largely ice-free Arctic Ocean within 5–20 years, see Arctic shrinkage.)
Evidence: Research shows that the Arctic may become ice-free in the summer for the first time in human history by 2040.
Category: Global warming
Claim: In fact, the global melt rate has been accelerating since the mid-1970s.
Evidence: This effect results in the increased absorption of radiation that accelerates melting."
Evidence: A 2018 systematic review study estimated that ice loss across the entire continent was 43 gigatons (Gt) per year on average during the period from 1992 to 2002, but has accelerated to an average of 220 Gt per year during the five years from 2012 to 2017.
Category: Sea level rise
Claim: Far from contradicting global warming, record snowfall is predicted by climate models and consistent with our expectation of more extreme precipitation events.
Evidence: Simultaneously, the capacity of the atmosphere to carry precipitation increases with temperature so that precipitation, in the form of snowfall, increases in global and regional models.
Evidence: Snow science often leads to predictive models that include snow deposition, snow melt, and snow hydrology—elements of the Earth's water cycle—which help describe global climate change.
Evidence: These models predict an upward trend in the global mean surface temperature, with the most rapid increase in temperature being projected for the higher latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere.
Category: Global warming
Claim: Multiple lines of independent evidence indicate humidity is rising and provides positive feedback.
Evidence: The main reinforcing feedbacks are the water vapour feedback, the ice–albedo feedback, and probably the net effect of clouds.
Evidence: The warming evident in the instrumental temperature record is consistent with a wide range of observations, documented by many independent scientific groups; for example, in most continental regions the frequency and intensity of heavy precipitation has increased.
Evidence: Self-verification is the drive to reinforce the existing self-image and self-enhancement is the drive to seek positive feedback.
Category: Greenhouse effect
Claim: 'Mauna Loa has been producing a readout which supports Manning's predetermined goal by showing steady growth in atmospheric CO2 concentrations since 1959.
Evidence: Measurements of CO 2 from the Mauna Loa observatory show that concentrations have increased from about 313 parts per million (ppm) in 1960, passing the 400 ppm milestone on May 9, 2013.
Evidence: In 2013, CO2 readings taken at the world's primary benchmark site in Mauna Loa surpassing 400 ppm for the first time.
Category: Scientific consensus on climate change
Claim: Many lines of evidence, including simple accounting, demonstrate beyond a shadow of a doubt that the increase in atmospheric CO2 is due to human fossil fuel burning.
Evidence: The spatial and temporal fingerprint of warming can be traced to increasing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, which are a direct result of burning fossil fuels, broad-scale deforestation and other human activity."
Evidence: The sharp acceleration in CO 2 emissions since 2000 to more than a 3% increase per year (more than 2 ppm per year) from 1.1% per year during the 1990s is attributable to the lapse of formerly declining trends in carbon intensity of both developing and developed nations.
Category: Climate
Claim: Underground temperatures control climate.
Evidence: Alterations in the quantity of atmospheric greenhouse gases determines the amount of solar energy retained by the planet, leading to global warming or global cooling.
Evidence: Any imbalance results in a change in the average temperature of the earth.
Category: Medieval Warm Period
Claim: It also concludes that current northern hemisphere surface air temperatures are significantly higher than during the peak of the Medieval Warm Period (MWP).
Evidence: It was only in the 20th and 21st centuries that the Northern Hemisphere experienced higher temperatures.
Category: Greenhouse effect
Claim: When CO2 was higher in the past, the sun was cooler.
Evidence: Because the Earth's surface is colder than the Sun, it radiates at wavelengths that are much longer than the wavelengths that were absorbed.
Evidence: If this energy balance is shifted, Earth's surface becomes warmer or cooler, leading to a variety of changes in global climate.
Category: Year
Claim: "January 2008 capped a 12 month period of global temperature drops on all of the major well respected indicators.
Evidence: All of these events can have wide variations of more than a month from year to year.
Evidence: It has a duration of approximately 354.37 days.
Evidence: The Iranian / Persian calendar, currently used in Iran and Afghanistan, also has 12 months.
Category: 20th century
Claim: "the temperature increase in the second half of the 20th century could have taken place in steps driven by major ENSO events" (Jens Raunsø Jensen)
Evidence: The average global temperature on Earth has increased by about 0.8° Celsius (1.4° Fahrenheit) since 1880; Two-thirds of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15-0.20 °C per decade.
Evidence: But, more accurately, global warming is the mainly human-caused increase in global surface temperatures and its projected continuation, while climate change includes both global warming and its effects, such as changes in precipitation.
Category: Retreat of glaciers since 1850
Claim: The research also revealed how large areas of the polar ice caps could collapse and significant changes to ecosystems could see the Sahara Desert become green and the edges of tropical forests turn into fire-dominated savanna.
Evidence: The potential for major sea level rise depends mostly on a significant melting of the polar ice caps of Greenland and Antarctica, as this is where the vast majority of glacial ice is located.
Evidence: Dryland degradation occurs when the loss of vegetation transforms an ecosystem from being vegetated to being dominated by bare soils.
Category: Antarctica
Claim: but Antarctica is losing land ice at an accelerating rate, which has implications for sea level rise.
Evidence: If all of this ice were melted, sea levels would rise about 60 m (200 ft).
Evidence: It is important to understand the various types of Antarctic ice to understand possible effects on sea levels and the implications of global cooling.
Category: Volcano
Claim: ‘While volcanic eruptions are natural events, it was the timing of these that had such a noticeable effect on the trend.
Evidence: The 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora created global climate anomalies that became known as the "Year Without a Summer" because of the effect on North American and European weather.
Evidence: Small eruptions, with injections of less than 0.1 Mt of sulfur dioxide into the stratosphere, affect the atmosphere only subtly, as temperature changes are comparable with natural variability.
Category: Carbon dioxide
Claim: the concentration of carbon dioxide in Earth’s atmosphere has climbed to a level last seen more than 3 million years ago — before humans even appeared on the rocky ball we call home.
Evidence: Combustion of fossil fuels and deforestation have caused the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide to increase by about 43% since the beginning of the age of industrialization.
Evidence: The current concentration may be the highest in the last 20 million years.
Category: Carbon tax
Claim: Australian households will benefit to the tune of $550 a year if the carbon tax is axed.
Evidence: Officials estimated that the tax would generate income of 37 billion yen a year for the government and result in a payment of 2,100 yen per year for an average household.
Evidence: As of the year 2002, the standard carbon tax rate since 1996 amounts to 100 DKK per tonne of CO 2, equivalent to approximately €13 or US$18.
Evidence: The total estimated income from the carbon tax would have been between €3-4.5 billion annually, with 55 percent of profit coming from households and 45 percent coming from businesses.
Evidence: The average household pays US$21 towards the tax each year, while the average business pays $94 per year.
Category: University of Massachusetts Amherst
Claim: ‘We could be decades too fast, or decades too slow,’said one of them, Robert M. DeConto of the University of Massachusetts, Amherst.
Evidence: Last of the ‘Big Four’ was President Henry H. Goodell—classicist, modern thinker, lover of literature and the arts, disciplinarian, sympathizer, self-forgetter.
Evidence: October 31, 2013.
Category: Climate change and ecosystems
Claim: “It’s horrifying that we’d lose our biodiversity to avert climate change.
Evidence: Researchers expect that over time, climate change will affect mountain and lowland ecosystems, the frequency and intensity of forest fires, the diversity of wildlife, and the distribution of fresh water.
Evidence: Studying the association between Earth climate and extinctions over the past 520 million years, scientists from the University of York write, "The global temperatures predicted for the coming centuries may trigger a new ‘mass extinction event’, where over 50 percent of animal and plant species would be wiped out."
Evidence: The integrity of essential natural systems is already at risk from climate change caused by the atmospheric emissions of greenhouse gases.
Category: Last Glacial Period
Claim: the last sea-level high point, … occurred between the last two ice ages, about 125,000 years ago.
Evidence: The Last Glacial Period (LGP) occurred from the end of the Eemian to the end of the Younger Dryas, encompassing the period c. 115,000 – c. 11,700 years ago.
Evidence: The Ice Age reached its peak during the Last Glacial Maximum, when ice sheets began advancing from 33,000 YBP and reached their maximum limits 26,500 YBP.
Evidence: The last cold period began about 115,000 years ago and ended 11,700 years ago.
Category: Criticism of the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report
Claim: "In 1999 New Scientist reported a comment by the leading Indian glaciologist Syed Hasnain, who said in an email interview with this author that all the glaciers in the central and eastern Himalayas could disappear by 2035.
Evidence: This was a March 2005 World Wildlife Fund Nepal Program report, page 29: In 1999, a report by the Working Group on Himalayan Glaciology (WGHG) of the International Commission for Snow and Ice (ICSI) stated: “glaciers in the Himalayas are receding faster than in any other part of the world and, if the present rate continues, the livelihood [sic] of them disappearing by the year 2035 is very high”.
Category: Global warming
Claim: Contemporary Global Warming placed in geological context.
Evidence: Multiple independently produced instrumental datasets confirm that the 2009–2018 decade was 0.93 ± 0.07 °C warmer than the pre-industrial baseline (1850–1900).
Evidence: "Global warming in the context of the Little Ice Age".
Category: Climate variability
Claim: When the PDO last switched to a cool phase, global temperatures were about 0.4C cooler than currently.
Evidence: The temperature changes occurred somewhat suddenly, at carbon dioxide concentrations of about 600–760 ppm and temperatures approximately 4 °C warmer than today.
Evidence: The 2014 flip from the cool PDO phase to the warm phase, which vaguely resembles a long and drawn out El Niño event, contributed to record-breaking surface temperatures across the planet in 2014.
Category: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere
Claim: In its 5th assessment report in 2013, the IPCC estimated that human emissions are probably responsible for more than half of the observed increase in global average temperature from 1951 to 2010.
Evidence: In the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report the increase in CO2 was estimated to be responsible for 1.82 W·m2 of the 2.63 W·m2 change in radiative forcing on Earth (about 70%).
Evidence: Human-caused increases in greenhouse gases are responsible for most of the observed global average surface warming of roughly 0.8 °C (1.5 °F) over the past 140 years.
Evidence: This ocean warming accounts, with high confidence, for 90% of the energy accumulation between 1971 and 2010.
Category: Sydney
Claim: the kind of extreme heat we saw this past summer will be the norm
Evidence: The summer of 2007–08, however, proved to be the coolest since 1996–97 and is the only summer this century to be at or below average in temperatures.
Evidence: Summers are generally hot and dry, lasting from December to March, with February generally the hottest month.
Category: Ice sheet
Claim: Because the collapse of vulnerable parts of the ice sheet could raise the sea level dramatically, the continued existence of the world’s great coastal cities — Miami, New York, Shanghai and many more — is tied to Antarctica’s fate.
Evidence: Around 90% of the Earth's ice mass is in Antarctica, which, if melted, would cause sea levels to rise by 58 meters.
Evidence: The world's largest potential source of sea level rise is the East Antarctic Ice Sheet, which holds enough ice to raise global sea levels by 53.3 m (175 ft).
Category: Effects of global warming on humans
Claim: there has been no increase in frequency or intensity of storms, floods or droughts, while deaths attributed to such natural disasters have never been fewer
Evidence: Gross increases are mostly attributed to increased population and property values in vulnerable coastal areas; though there was also an increase in frequency of weather-related events like heavy rainfalls since the 1950s.
Category: Urban heat island
Claim: Numerous studies into the effect of urban heat island effect and microsite influences find they have negligible effect on long-term trends, particularly when averaged over large regions.
Evidence: While the "heat island" warming is an important local effect, there is no evidence that it biases trends in the homogenized historical temperature record.
Evidence: Studies that have looked at hemispheric and global scales conclude that any urban-related trend is an order of magnitude smaller than decadal and longer time-scale trends evident in the series (e.g., Jones et al., 1990; Peterson et al., 1999).
Evidence: While some lines of research did not detect a significant impact, other studies have concluded that heat islands can have measurable effects on climate phenomena at the global scale.
Category: Month
Claim: Not only was 2016 the warmest year on record, but eight of the 12 months that make up the year — from January through September, with the exception of June — were the warmest on record for those respective months.
Evidence: It has 12 months, broken down into two groups of six often termed "winter months" and "summer months".
Evidence: The months of June, July, August and September account for a combined 4.49 inches (114 mm) of total rainfall – only 12% of the 36.03 in (915 mm) of the precipitation that falls throughout the year.
Evidence: The coldest month of the year is January, with an average temperature of 31 °F (−0.6 °C).
Category: East Antarctica
Claim: Some of the regions in which  GRACE claims ice loss in East Antarctica average colder than -30°C  during the summer, and never, ever get above freezing.
Evidence: East Antarctica is generally higher than West Antarctica, and is considered the coldest place on Earth.
Category: Global warming controversy
Claim: In 1990 the United Nation’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) predicted that temperatures would rise by 0.54F (0.3C) per decade.
Evidence: Models referenced by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) predict that global temperatures are likely to increase by 1.1 to 6.4 °C (2.0 to 11.5 °F) between 1990 and 2100.
Category: Greenland ice sheet
Claim: The melting of the Greenland ice sheet is already contributing significantly to sea level rise, and new research is highlighting that the melting of Arctic sea ice can alter weather conditions across Europe, Asia and North America.’”
Evidence: Besides contributing to global sea level rise, the process adds freshwater to the ocean, which may disturb ocean circulation and thus regional climate.
Evidence: There is a threshold in surface warming beyond which a partial or near-complete melting of the Greenland ice sheet occurs.
Evidence: The Greenland Ice Sheet has experienced record melting in recent years since detailed records have been kept and is likely to contribute substantially to sea level rise as well as to possible changes in ocean circulation in the future if this is sustained.
Category: Antarctica
Claim: Even as sea ice in the Arctic has seen a rapid and consistent decline over the past decade, its counterpart in the Southern Hemisphere has seen its extent increasing.”
Evidence: A satellite record revealed that the overall increase in Antarctic sea ice extents reversed in 2014, with rapid rates of decrease in 2014–2017 reducing the Antarctic sea ice extents to their lowest values in the 40-y record.
Evidence: Sea ice is currently in decline in area, extent, and volume and summertime sea ice may cease to exist sometime during the 21st century.
Category: Climate sensitivity
Claim: Models are too sensitive to increases in carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere, he said.
Evidence: The equilibrium climate sensitivity (ECS) is the temperature increase that would result from sustained doubling of the concentration of carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere, after the Earth's energy budget and the climate system reach radiative equilibrium.
Evidence: Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.
Category: Greenhouse gas
Claim: Excess CO2 from human emissions has a long residence time of over 100 years
Evidence: The average residence time of a water molecule in the atmosphere is only about nine days, compared to years or centuries for other greenhouse gases such as CH 4 and CO 2.
Evidence: Carbon dioxide has a variable atmospheric lifetime, and cannot be specified precisely.
Evidence: The atmospheric lifetime of CO 2 is estimated of the order of 30–95 years.
Category: Effects of global warming
Claim: Through its impacts on the climate, CO2 presents a danger to public health and welfare, and thus qualifies as an air pollutant
Evidence: Climate change will impact agriculture and food production around the world due to the effects of elevated CO2 in the atmosphere, higher temperatures, altered precipitation and transpiration regimes, increased frequency of extreme events, and modified weed, pest, and pathogen pressure.
Evidence: An air pollutant is a material in the air that can have adverse effects on humans and the ecosystem.
Evidence: Tipping points are "perhaps the most ‘dangerous’ aspect of future climate changes", leading to irreversible impacts on society.
Category: Kyoto Protocol
Claim: But observations, such as those on our CO2 Coalition website, show that increased CO2 levels over the next century will cause modest and beneficial warming—perhaps as much as one degree Celsius (1.8 degrees Fahrenheit)
Evidence: The Kyoto Protocol is an international treaty which extends the 1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) that commits state parties to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, based on the scientific consensus that (part one) global warming is occurring and (part two) it is extremely likely that human-made CO2 emissions have predominantly caused it.
Evidence: Future warming is projected to have a range of impacts, including sea level rise, increased frequencies and severities of some extreme weather events, loss of biodiversity, and regional changes in agricultural productivity.
Category: Sea level rise
Claim: “It seems self-evident that rising sea levels will reduce land area.
Evidence: Humans impact how much water is stored on land.
Evidence: The effects of global warming include rising sea levels, regional changes in precipitation, more frequent extreme weather events such as heat waves, and expansion of deserts.
Category: Global warming
Claim: Scientists have determined that the factors which caused the Little Ice Age cooling are not currently causing global warming.
Evidence: Historical patterns of warming and cooling, like the Medieval Climate Anomaly and the Little Ice Age, were not as synchronous as current warming, but may have reached temperatures as high as those of the late-20th century in a limited set of regions.
Category: Hockey stick graph
Claim: Until last June, most scientists acknowledged that warming reached a peak in the late 1990s
Evidence: The reconstruction found significant variability around a long-term cooling trend of –0.02 °C per century, as expected from orbital forcing, interrupted in the 20th century by rapid warming which stood out from the whole period, with the 1990s "the warmest decade, and 1998 the warmest year, at moderately high levels of confidence."
Category: Lava
Claim: ...there [is] anecdotal and other evidence suggesting similar melts from 1938-43 and on other occasions.
Evidence: They were formed by the melting of sulfur deposits at temperatures as low as 113 °C (235 °F).
Evidence: SnPb 63/37 Eutectic solder melts at 183 °C.
Category: Climate change and agriculture
Claim: Climate scientists have predicted global temperatures would increase more than one degree Celsius by 2020," but observed temperatures have been only half as high.
Evidence: The Earth's average surface temperature has increased by 1.5 °F (0.83 °C) since 1880.
Category: Species
Claim: Soares looks at short-term trends which are swamped by natural variations.
Evidence: He established the idea of a taxonomic hierarchy of classification based upon observable characteristics and intended to reflect natural relationships.
Evidence: It has been argued that this definition is a natural consequence of the effect of sexual reproduction on the dynamics of natural selection.
Evidence: Phenotypic variation (due to underlying heritable genetic variation) is a fundamental prerequisite for evolution by natural selection.
Category: Scientific consensus on climate change
Claim: a study that totally debunks the whole concept of man-made Global Warming
Evidence: "U.N. Report: Global Warming Man-Made, Basically Unstoppable".
Evidence: (2012) concluded that human activities had likely led to a warming of extreme daily minimum and maximum temperatures at the global scale.
Evidence: Global Change Research Program concluded that "[global] warming is unequivocal and primarily human-induced."
Category: Sea level rise
Claim: The trend has been measured by a network of tidal gauges, many of which have been collecting data for over a century.
Evidence: More precise data gathered from satellite radar measurements reveal an accelerating rise of 7.5 cm (3.0 in) from 1993 to 2017, which is a trend of roughly 30 cm (12 in) per century.
Evidence: Earlier satellite measurements were previously slightly at odds with tide gauge measurements.
Category: Paris Agreement
Claim: If every nation agrees to limit CO2 emissions, we can achieve significant cuts on a global scale.
Evidence: To limit global temperature rise to 1.5 °C, the global annual emission reduction needed is 7.6% emissions reduction every year between 2020 and 2030.
Category: Global warming
Claim: This increase is the result of humans emitting more carbon dioxide into the atmosphere and hence more being absorbed into the oceans.
Evidence: Roughly half of each year's CO2 emissions have been absorbed by plants on land and in oceans.
Evidence: The oceans act as an enormous carbon sink, and have taken up about a third of CO 2 emitted by human activity.
Category: An Inconvenient Truth
Claim: While there are minor errors in An Inconvenient Truth, the main truths presented - evidence to show mankind is causing global warming and its various impacts is consistent with peer reviewed science.
Evidence: All 19 climate scientists who had seen the movie or had read the homonymous book said that Gore accurately conveyed the science, with few errors.
Category: Climate sensitivity
Claim: Elementary radiative-transfer calculations demonstrate that a natural surface global brightening amounting to ~1.9 Wm–2 over the 18-year period of study would be expected – using the IPCC’s own methodology – to have caused a transient warming of 1 K (1.8 F°).
Evidence: Taking planetary heat uptake rate as the rate of ocean heat uptake estimated by the IPCC AR4 as 0.2 W/m2, yields a value for S of 2.1 °C (3.8 °F).
Category: Global warming
Claim: […] in fact this pattern is already emerging, with the conditions that create extremely warm dry years and extremely wet years both becoming more frequent.
Evidence: Since the 1950s, droughts and heat waves have appeared simultaneously with increasing frequency.
Evidence: In other words, regions which are dry at present will generally become even drier, while regions that are currently wet will generally become even wetter.
Evidence: The climate of the region is typically warm and dry for a large part of the year, with summer temperatures occasionally reaching up to 40 °C (104 °F), while winters are relatively mild and wet.
Category: Aralam Wildlife Sanctuary
Claim: Without the forests' humidity, previously moisture-laden winds blew dry.
Evidence: Strong winds of dry nature blow from September to April, causing dryness in the locality with the result there is a fire hazard, especially in the deciduous forests.
Category: Post-glacial rebound
Claim: But gravity measurements of ice-mass loss are  complicated by glacial isostatic adjustments—compensation for the rise or fall of the underlying crustal material.
Evidence: Post-glacial rebound and isostatic depression are phases of glacial isostasy (glacial isostatic adjustment, glacioisostasy), the deformation of the Earth's crust in response to changes in ice mass distribution.
Evidence: However, glacial isostatic adjustment of the ice sheets affect ground deformation and the gravity field today.
Category: Ice age
Claim: When the Earth comes out of an ice age, the warming is not initiated by CO2 but by changes in the Earth's orbit.
Evidence: The consensus is that several factors are important: atmospheric composition, such as the concentrations of carbon dioxide and methane (the specific levels of the previously mentioned gases are now able to be seen with the new ice core samples from EPICA Dome C in Antarctica over the past 800,000 years); changes in the earth's orbit around the Sun known as Milankovitch cycles; the motion of tectonic plates resulting in changes in the relative location and amount of continental and oceanic crust on the earth's surface, which affect wind and ocean currents; variations in solar output; the orbital dynamics of the Earth–Moon system; the impact of relatively large meteorites and volcanism including eruptions of supervolcanoes.
Evidence: Orbital forcing refers to the slow, cyclical changes in the tilt of Earth's axis and shape of its orbit.
Evidence: The Milankovitch cycles are a set of cyclic variations in characteristics of the Earth's orbit around the Sun.
Category: Runaway greenhouse effect
Claim: Domino-effect of climate events could move Earth into a ‘hothouse’ state
Evidence: "Domino-effect of climate events could move Earth into a 'hothouse' state".
Evidence: "Domino-effect of climate events could push Earth into a 'hothouse' state".
Category: Milwaukee
Claim: So far this month, there have been nearly 5,000 daily record highs set or tied, compared to just 42 daily record lows.
Evidence: Milwaukee tends to experience highs that are 90 °F (32 °C) on or above seven days per year, and lows at or below 0 °F (−18 °C) on six to seven nights.
Evidence: On average, there are 77 days of 90 °F (32 °C)+ highs, 8.1 days per winter where the high does not exceed 50 °F (10 °C), and 8.0 nights with freezing lows annually.
Category: Global warming
Claim: "A July 6, 2007 study published in the journal Science about Greenland by an international team of scientists found DNA “evidence that suggests the frozen shield covering the immense island survived the Earth’s last period of global warming,” according to a Boston Globe Article.  ...
Evidence: Scientific discussion takes place in journal articles that are peer-reviewed, which scientists subject to assessment every couple of years in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change reports.
Category: Sea level rise
Claim: Sea level rise is decelerating.
Evidence: More importantly, the GMSL curve shows a net acceleration, estimated to be at 0.08mm/yr2.
Evidence: Over the 21st century, this is expected to rise, with glaciers contributing 7 to 24 cm (3 to 9 in) to global sea levels.
Evidence: More precise data gathered from satellite radar measurements reveal an accelerating rise of 7.5 cm (3.0 in) from 1993 to 2017, which is a trend of roughly 30 cm (12 in) per century.
Category: Atmospheric methane
Claim: While methane is a more potent greenhouse gas than CO2, there is over 200 times more CO2 in the atmosphere.
Evidence: Methane is a strong GHG with a global warming potential 84 times greater than CO2 in a 20-year time frame.
Category: Global warming
Claim: Humans are too insignificant to affect global climate.
Evidence: The largest human influence has been the emission of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide.
Evidence: Currently, through land development, combustion of fossil fuels, and pollution, humans are thought to be the main contributor to global climate change.
Category: Carbon footprint
Claim: With more CO2 in the atmosphere, the challenge [feeding 2.5 billion more people] can and will be met.
Evidence: To set these numbers into context, assuming a global population around 9–10 billion by 2050 a carbon footprint of about 2–2.5 tons CO2e per capita is needed to stay within a 2 °C target.
Evidence: "CO2 in the atmosphere just exceeded 415 parts per million for the first time in human history".
Evidence: the stock of carbon in the atmosphere increases by more than 3 million tonnes per annum (0.04%) compared with the existing stock.
Category: Michael E. Mann
Claim: "Mike's Nature trick" has nothing to do with "hide the decline", instead refering to a technique by Michael Mann to plot instrumental temperature along with past reconstructions.
Evidence: In it, "Spatially resolved global reconstructions of annual surface temperature patterns" were related to "changes in greenhouse-gas concentrations, solar irradiance, and volcanic aerosols" leading to the conclusion that "each of these factors has contributed to the climate variability of the past 400 years, with greenhouse gases emerging as the dominant forcing during the twentieth century.
Evidence: "Mike's Nature trick" referred to Michael E. Mann's paper on temperature trends published by Michael Mann in Nature in 1998, which combined various proxy records and related them to actual temperature records: it included a figure later dubbed the ""hockey stick" graph, which clearly distinguished between the proxy and instrumental data.
Category: Global warming
Claim: A recent Nature study expecting more severe hurricanes from global warming still found that damages would halve from 0.04 per cent to 0.02 per cent of global GDP, because the increased ferocity would be more than made up by increased prosperity and resilience.
Evidence: "Large potential reduction in economic damages under UN mitigation targets".
Evidence: (2001) projected losses in world GDP for a medium increase in global mean temperature (above 2–3 °C relative to the 1990 temperature level), with increasing losses for greater temperature increases.
Category: Climate sensitivity
Claim: In fact, the authors go on to estimate climate sensitivity from their findings, calculate a value between 2.3 to 4.1°C.
Evidence: For constant humidity they computed a climate sensitivity of 2.3 °C per doubling of CO2 (which they rounded to 2, the value most often quoted from their work, in the abstract of the paper).
Evidence: The IPCC literature assessment estimates that TCR likely lies between 1 °C and 2.5 °C.
Evidence: The 1990 IPCC First Assessment Report estimated that equilibrium climate sensitivity to a doubling of CO 2 lay between 1.5 and 4.5 °C (2.7 and 8.1 °F), with a "best guess in the light of current knowledge" of 2.5 °C (4.5 °F).
Category: Benny Peiser
Claim: Benny Peiser, the Oreskes critic, retracted his criticism.
Evidence: One of his main points of criticism is that the vast majority of the abstracts referred to in the study do not mention anthropogenic climate change, and only 13 of the 928 abstracts explicitly endorse what Oreskes called the "consensus view".
Evidence: Peiser later admitted that it was a mistake to include one of the papers in his survey and said that his main criticism of Oreskes' essay its "claim of a unanimous consensus on anthropogenic global warming (APG) (as opposed to a majority consensus) is tenuous" and that it still was valid.
Evidence: Well when we first contacted him two weeks ago he told us..." "Only [a] few abstracts explicitly reject or doubt the AGW (anthropogenic global warming) consensus which is why I have publicly withdrawn this point of my critique."
Category: Cellulosic ethanol
Claim: […]until we develop a practical, cost-competitive alternative to fossil fuels, it is unlikely that renewable energy will ever make up more than 15-20% of global energy requirements.
Evidence: "The production of cellulosic ethanol represents not only a step toward true energy diversity for the country, but a very cost-effective alternative to fossil fuels.
Category: Phil Jones (climatologist)
Claim: Climategate CRU emails suggest conspiracy
Evidence: "'Conspiracy theories finally laid to rest' by report on leaked climate change emails".
Evidence: "Analysis of the appeal of conspiracy theories with suggestions for more accurate ad hoc internet reporting of them".
Evidence: The CRU emails do not show either that the science is flawed or that the scientific process has been compromised.
Evidence: In blogs, talk radio and other new media, we are told that the warnings about future global warming issued by the national science academies, scientific societies, and governments of all the leading nations are not only mistaken, but based on a hoax, indeed a conspiracy that must involve thousands of respected researchers.
Category: Passive solar building design
Claim: The public understand it, in that if  you get a fall evening or spring evening and the sky is clear the heat  will escape and the temperature will drop and you get frost.
Evidence: This will then radiate heat into the building in the evening.
Evidence: A design with too much equator-facing glass can result in excessive winter, spring, or fall day heating, uncomfortably bright living spaces at certain times of the year, and excessive heat transfer on winter nights and summer days.
Category: El Niño–Southern Oscillation
Claim: The El Nino Southern Oscillation shows close correlation to global temperatures over the short term.
Evidence: El Niño events cause short-term (approximately 1 year in length) spikes in global average surface temperature while La Niña events cause short term cooling.