Danthammadhavi/climate_fever_fixed huggingface dataset:
Category: Biodiversity
Claim: There's no empirical evidence for climate change.
Evidence: Climate change has proven to affect biodiversity and evidence supporting the altering effects is widespread.
Evidence: Natural science is concerned with the description, prediction, and understanding of natural phenomena based on empirical evidence from observation and experimentation.
Evidence: ... there is a strong, credible body of evidence, based on multiple lines of research, documenting that climate is changing and that these changes are in large part caused by human activities.
Category: Beach nourishment
Claim: many of south Florida’s drainage systems and seawalls are no longer enough
Evidence: The structural alternative involves constructing a seawall, revetment, groyne or breakwater.
Evidence: The restoration was complicated by the presence of old seawalls, groins, piles of rocks and other structures.
Evidence: As in the flatwoods, these soils are poorly drained for many purposes unless drainage systems are installed.
Category: Paris Agreement
Claim: “Even if we meet the Paris goals of two degrees warming, cities like Karachi and Kolkata will become close to uninhabitable, annually encountering deadly heat waves like those that crippled them in 2015.
Evidence: The Paris Agreement's long-term temperature goal is to keep the increase in global average temperature to well below 2 °C above pre-industrial levels; and to pursue efforts to limit the increase to 1.5 °C, recognizing that this would substantially reduce the risks and impacts of climate change.
Evidence: While the summers are hot and humid, cool sea breezes typically provide relief during hot summer months, though Karachi is prone to deadly heat waves, though a text-message based early warning system is now in place that helped prevent any fatalities during an unusually strong heatwave in October 2017.
Evidence: In 2015 all UN countries negotiated the Paris Agreement, which aims to keep climate change well below 2 °C.
Category: Orbital ring
Claim: CO2 is not powerful in that sense, the only thing it does in the system is make the planet greener.
Evidence: This ring effectively provides near unlimited power to earth.
Evidence: Big cities were created as power images of a competitive society, conscious of its achievement potential.
Evidence: But it is not a socialized collectivity of labor and it lacks significant power to disrupt or seize the means of production.
Evidence: Captain Pollution is weakened when he is in contact with pure elements such as clean water or sunlight, while he gains power from contact with pollutants, being able to absorb pollutant and emit radioactive rays (and is later shown to gain limitless power when in contact with pollutants after his resurrection).
Category: Effects of global warming on human health
Claim: [Riebesell] is a world authority on the topic and has typically communicated cautiously about the effects of acidification.
Evidence: Perhaps one of the most recent adverse effects of climate change to be explored is that of ocean acidification.
Evidence: The direction and magnitude of the effects of ocean acidification, warming and deoxygenation on the ocean has been quantified by meta-analyses, and has been further tested by mesocosm studies.
Evidence: Climate change is more accurate scientifically to describe the various effects of greenhouse gases on the world because it includes extreme weather, storms and changes in rainfall patterns, ocean acidification and sea level.".
Evidence: Both are informed by chemical oceanography, which studies the behavior of elements and molecules within the oceans: particularly, at the moment, the ocean's role in the carbon cycle and carbon dioxide's role in the increasing acidification of seawater.
Category: Climate change (general concept)
Claim: “[Sea ice] also helps regulate the planet’s temperature by influencing the circulation of the atmosphere and ocean.
Evidence: These variations can affect global average surface temperature by redistributing heat between the deep ocean and the atmosphere and/or by altering the cloud/water vapor/sea ice distribution which can affect the total energy budget of the earth.
Evidence: Furthermore, the sea ice itself functions to help keep polar climates cool, since the ice exists in expansive enough amounts to maintain a cold environment.
Evidence: Furthermore, sea ice affects the movement of ocean waters.
Evidence: It plays an important role in supplying heat to the polar regions, and thus in sea ice regulation.
Category: Scientific consensus on climate change
Claim: As a result, half of the people surveyed around the world last year said they thought climate change would make humanity extinct.
Evidence: Among all respondents, 90% agreed that temperatures have risen compared to pre-1800 levels, and 82% agreed that humans significantly influence the global temperature.
Evidence: "Biologists think 50% of species will be facing extinction by the end of the century".
Category: Marine mammal
Claim: many scientists were surprised when other researchers subsequently found that ringed and bearded seals (the primary prey of polar bears) north of the Bering Strait especially thrived with a longer open-water season, which is particularly conducive to fishing
Evidence: The polar bear is the most carnivorous species of bear, and its diet primarily consists of ringed (Pusa hispida) and bearded (Erignathus barbatus) seals.
Evidence: The polar bear tends to frequent areas where sea ice meets water, such as polynyas and leads (temporary stretches of open water in Arctic ice), to hunt the seals that make up most of its diet.
Evidence: Natural predators of the bearded seal include polar bears, who rely on these seals as a major food source.
Evidence: The polar bear is the most carnivorous member of the bear family, and throughout most of its range, its diet primarily consists of ringed (Pusa hispida) and bearded seals (Erignathus barbatus).
Category: Scientific consensus on climate change
Claim: Less than half of published scientists endorse global warming.
Evidence: 76 out of 79 climatologists who "listed climate science as their area of expertise and who also have published more than 50% of their recent peer-reviewed papers on the subject of climate change" believed that mean global temperatures had risen compared to pre-1800s levels.
Evidence: Scientists Reach 100% Consensus on Anthropogenic Global Warming.
Category: John D. Hamaker
Claim: He said: ‘We have had five warming cycles since about 900AD, each followed by a dramatic cooling cycle.’
Evidence: In Paul Kelbie's article Remineralization Might Save Us From Global Warming, in The Independent, he wrote that since the last ice age, three million years ago, the Earth has gone through 25 glaciations, each lasting about 90,000 years, and that we are now 10,800 years into an interglacial – a hiatus between ice–ages.
Evidence: The Spörer Minimum has also been identified with a significant cooling period between 1460 and 1550.
Evidence: The reflection of energy into space resulted in a global cooling, triggering the Pleistocene Ice Age.
Evidence: This may have caused the initial cooling, and the 1452–53 eruption of Kuwae in Vanuatu triggered a second pulse of cooling.
Category: Peer review
Claim: Peer review process was corrupted
Evidence: If anything, the current peer review process and academic system could penalize, or at least fail to incentivize, such integrity.
Evidence: At times, peer review has been exposed as a process that was orchestrated for a preconceived outcome.
Evidence: Richard Smith, MD, former editor of the British Medical Journal, has claimed that peer review is "ineffective, largely a lottery, anti-innovatory, slow, expensive, wasteful of scientific time, inefficient, easily abused, prone to bias, unable to detect fraud and irrelevant; Several studies have shown that peer review is biased against the provincial and those from low- and middle-income countries; Many journals take months and even years to publish and the process wastes researchers' time.
Evidence: In 2010, the US Senate Finance Committee released a report that found this practice was widespread, that it corrupted the scientific literature and increased prescription rates.
Evidence: Multiple examples across several areas of science find that scientists elevated the importance of peer review for research that was questionable or corrupted.
Category: Cryosphere
Claim: [The 1990 IPCC report said] that the Antarctic ice sheets were stable
Evidence: The West Antarctic Ice Sheet is stable so long as the Ross Ice Shelf is constrained by drag along its lateral boundaries and pinned by local grounding.
Evidence: The ice sheet has historically been considered to be relatively stable and has therefore attracted less scientific attention and observations compared to West Antarctica.
Evidence: He further stated that a lower limit on "dangerous anthropogenic interference" was set by the stability of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets.
Category: Climate change mitigation
Claim: The consequences of climate change become increasingly bad after each additional degree of warming, with the consequences of 2°C being quite damaging and the consequences of 4°C being potentially catastrophic.
Evidence: For example, limiting global warming to 1.5 °C relative to pre-industrial levels reduces climate change damages more than a 2 °C limit.
Evidence: It is a major aspect of climate change, and has been demonstrated by the instrumental temperature record which shows global warming of around 1 °C since the pre-industrial period, although the bulk of this (0.9°C) has occurred since 1970.
Evidence: Researchers have warned that current economic modeling may seriously underestimate the impact of potentially catastrophic climate change and point to the need for new models that give a more accurate picture of potential damages.
Category: Solar activity and climate
Claim: “Several of the papers note that the primary influence on warming appears to be solar activity.
Evidence: Patterns of solar irradiance and solar variation has been a main driver of climate change over the millennia to gigayears of the geologic time scale, but its role in the recent warming has been found to be insignificant.
Evidence: The scientific consensus as of 2013[update], as stated in the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report, is that it "is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century".
Evidence: Natural forces alone (such as solar and volcanic activity) cannot explain the observed warming.
Evidence: (2009) found that the evidence showed that connections between solar variation and climate were more likely to be mediated by direct variation of insolation rather than cosmic rays, and concluded: "Hence within our assumptions, the effect of varying solar activity, either by direct solar irradiance or by varying cosmic ray rates, must be less than 0.07 °C since 1956, i.e.
Category: Greenhouse gas
Claim: While the greenhouse effect is a natural occurence, too much warming has severe negative impacts on agriculture, health and environment.
Evidence: Future warming is projected to have a range of impacts, including sea level rise, increased frequencies and severities of some extreme weather events, loss of biodiversity, and regional changes in agricultural productivity.
Evidence: Impacts include the direct effects of extreme weather, leading to injury and loss of life; and indirect effects, such as undernutrition brought on by crop failures.
Category: Global warming
Claim: "NASA satellite data from the years 2000 through 2011 show the Earth's atmosphere is allowing far more heat to be released into space than alarmist computer models have predicted, reports a new study in the peer-reviewed science journal Remote Sensing.
Evidence: Another line of evidence for the warming not being due to the Sun is how temperature changes differ at different levels in the Earth's atmosphere.
Evidence: In a NASA report published in January 2013, Hansen and Sato noted "the 5-year mean global temperature has been flat for a decade, which we interpret as a combination of natural variability and a slowdown in the growth rate of the net climate forcing."
Evidence: Visible and Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (VIMS) The VIMS was a remote sensing instrument that captured images using visible and infrared light to learn more about the composition of moon surfaces, the rings, and the atmospheres of Saturn and Titan.
Evidence: A study released in 2009, combined historical weather station data with satellite measurements to deduce past temperatures over large regions of the continent, and these temperatures indicate an overall warming trend.
Category: Effects of global warming on human health
Claim: Severe storms, floods and agricultural losses may cost a great deal of money, but such extreme weather events—and their resulting costs—are dramatically declining as the Earth modestly warms.
Evidence: For example, the heat wave that passed through Europe in 2003 cost 13 billion euros in uninsured agriculture losses.
Evidence: In economic terms, they can cost many billions of dollars: a drought in the United States in 1988 caused over $40 billion in losses, exceeding the economic totals of Hurricane Andrew, the Great Flood of 1993, and the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake.
Evidence: Economic hardship due to a temporary decline in tourism, rebuilding costs, or food shortages leading to price increases is a common after-effect of severe flooding.
Category: Little Ice Age
Claim: The long term trend from albedo is of cooling.
Evidence: Orbital forcing from cycles in the earth's orbit around the sun has, for the past 2,000 years, caused a long-term northern hemisphere cooling trend that continued through the Middle Ages and the Little Ice Age.
Evidence: A layer of snowfall increases local albedo, reflecting away sunlight, leading to local cooling.
Category: Climate
Claim: "The climate of this planet oscillates between periods of approximately  30 years of warming followed by approximately 30 years of cooling.
Evidence: Climate is the long-term average of weather, typically averaged over a period of 30 years.
Evidence: temperature) over a 30-year period.
Evidence: The transition from a warming climate into a cooling climate began at ~49 million years ago.
Category: Computer
Claim: Note that computer models are just concatenations of calculations you could do on a hand-held calculator, so they are theoretical and cannot be part of any evidence."
Evidence: This usage of the term referred to a human computer, a person who carried out calculations or computations.
Evidence: In an effort to answer the first question, computability theory examines which computational problems are solvable on various theoretical models of computation.
Category: Emissions trading
Claim: U.S. Sen. Ron Johnson voted to let oil and gas companies emit "unlimited carbon pollution into our air"
Evidence: For emissions trading where greenhouse gases are regulated, one emissions permit is considered equivalent to one metric ton of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions.
Evidence: According to the Environmental Defense Fund, cap-and-trade is the most environmentally and economically sensible approach to controlling greenhouse gas emissions, the primary cause of global warming, because it sets a limit on emissions, and the trading encourages companies to innovate in order to emit less.
Evidence: Under a cap-and-trade system, permits are issued to various entities for the right to emit GHG emissions that meet emission reduction requirement caps.
Evidence: The program caps the amount of carbon dioxide that can be emitted from large installations with a net heat supply in excess of 20 MW, such as power plants and carbon intensive factories and covers almost half (46%) of the EU's Carbon Dioxide emissions.
Evidence: If every participant complies, the total pollution emitted will be at most equal to the sum of individual limits.
Category: Neptune
Claim: Pluto's climate change over the last 14 years is likely a seasonal event.
Evidence: "Evidence for methane escape and strong seasonal and dynamical perturbations of Neptune's atmospheric temperatures".
Evidence: Each planet therefore has seasons, changes to the climate over the course of its year.
Category: Sea level rise
Claim: Sea level rise due to climate change is not going to happen.
Evidence: This acceleration is due mostly to human-caused global warming, which is driving thermal expansion of seawater and the melting of land-based ice sheets and glaciers.
Evidence: Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.
Evidence: In September 2019 the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change published a report about the impact of climate change on the oceans including sea level rise.
Evidence: The United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change predicts that sea levels will rise by about 50 cm (20 in) by 2100 due to global warming and a further rise would be inevitable.
Evidence: "The Oceans We Know Won't Survive Climate Change".
Category: IPCC Fifth Assessment Report
Claim: Study finds low probability of both very low and very high climate sensitivities, and its lower estimate (as compared to the IPCC) is based on a new temperature reconstruction of the Last Glacial Maximum that may or may not withstand the test of time.
Evidence: Compared to the previous report, the lower bounds for the sensitivity of the climate system to emissions were slightly lowered, though the projections for global mean temperature rise (compared to pre-industrial levels) by 2100 exceeded 1.5 °C in all scenarios.
Evidence: The TAR estimate for the climate sensitivity is 1.5 to 4.5 °C; and the average surface temperature is projected to increase by 1.4 to 5.8 Celsius degrees over the period 1990 to 2100, and the sea level is projected to rise by 0.1 to 0.9 metres over the same period.
Category: Anoxic event
Claim: When CO2 levels were higher in the past, solar levels were also lower.
Evidence: These anoxic periods occurred at a time of low global temperatures (although CO 2 levels were high), in the midst of a glaciation.
Evidence: For example, the mole fraction of carbon dioxide has increased from 280 ppm to 415 ppm, or 120 ppm over modern pre-industrial levels.
Evidence: Less direct geological evidence indicates that CO2 values have not been this high for millions of years.
Evidence: At times during the paleoclimate, carbon dioxide levels were two or three times greater than today.
Category: Global warming
Claim: Scientists retracted claim that sea levels are rising.
Evidence: Sea level rise will continue over many centuries.
Evidence: rising sea levels, shrinking Arctic sea ice).
Evidence: "Scientists keep upping their projections for how much the oceans will rise this century".
Evidence: Since at least the start of the 20th century, the average global sea level has been rising.
Category: 2003 invasion of Iraq
Claim: […] Constant 24-7  media coverage of every significant storm worldwide just makes it seem  that way.”
Evidence: This attracted considerable media coverage at the time.
Evidence: The severe and widespread damage the storm caused in the United States, as well as its unusual merger with a frontal system, resulted in the nicknaming of the hurricane "Superstorm Sandy" by the media, public officials, and several organizations, including U.S. government agencies.
Category: Climate of the Arctic
Claim: While summer maximums have showed little trend, the annual average Arctic temperature has risen sharply in recent decades.
Evidence: The IPCC also indicate that, over the last 100 years, the annually averaged temperature in the Arctic has increased by almost twice as much as the global mean temperature has.
Evidence: The rate of Arctic cooling is roughly 0.02 °C per century.
Evidence: Another definition of the Arctic is the region where the average temperature for the warmest month (July) is below 10 °C (50 °F); the northernmost tree line roughly follows the isotherm at the boundary of this region.
Evidence: As recently as 55 million years ago, during the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum, the region reached an average annual temperature of 10–20 °C (50–68 °F).
Evidence: Summer temperatures (June, July, and August) average around the freezing point (0 °C (32 °F)).
Category: Cryosphere
Claim: Maximum warming occurs over the surface during winter while less surface warming is found in summer when heat is being used to melt sea ice.
Evidence: While snow and ice act to insulate the surface from large energy losses in winter, they also act to retard warming in the spring and summer because of the large amount of energy required to melt ice (the latent heat of fusion, 3.34 x 105 J/kg at 0 °C).
Evidence: In the Arctic, the area of ocean covered by sea ice increases over winter from a minimum in September to a maximum in March or sometimes February, before melting over the summer.
Evidence: As the sea ice melts, its surface area shrinks, diminishing the size of the reflective surface and therefore causing the earth to absorb more of the sun's heat.
Evidence: In summer, the sea ice keeps the surface from warming above freezing.
Evidence: This low precipitation allows high-latitude snowfalls to melt during the summer.
Category: Climatic Research Unit email controversy
Claim: “[T]he 1079 emails and 72 documents seem indeed evidence of a scandal  involving most of the most prominent scientists pushing the man-made  warming theory - a scandal that is one of the greatest in modern  science.
Evidence: In blogs, talk radio and other new media, we are told that the warnings about future global warming issued by the national science academies, scientific societies, and governments of all the leading nations are not only mistaken, but based on a hoax, indeed a conspiracy that must involve thousands of respected researchers.
Evidence: An editorial in Nature said that many in the media "were led by the nose, by those with a clear agenda, to a sizzling scandal that steadily defused as the true facts and context were made clear".
Evidence: He said that it was not a single scandal, but "a sustained and coordinated campaign" aimed at undermining the credibility of the science.
Evidence: In this context, John Tierney of The New York Times wrote: "these researchers, some of the most prominent climate experts in Britain and America, seem so focused on winning the public-relations war that they exaggerate their certitude – and ultimately undermine their own cause".
Category: Global warming
Claim: Recent record-low water levels in Lake Michigan are evidence that global warming is leading to "the evaporation of our Great Lakes."
Evidence: This is due to the larger heat capacity of oceans and because oceans lose more heat by evaporation.
Evidence: "More recently, evaporation over lakes has steadily been increasing, largely due to increases in water surface temperature," Gronewold said.
Evidence: In 2013, record low water levels in the Great Lakes were attributed to climate change.
Category: Global warming controversy
Claim: The figure traditionally cited that suggests 97 per cent of climate scientists agree that global warming is man-made was also found to be flawed.
Evidence: A 2010 paper in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences analysed "1,372 climate researchers and their publication and citation data to show that (i) 97–98% of the climate researchers most actively publishing in the field support the tenets of ACC [anthropogenic climate change] outlined by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, and (ii) the relative climate expertise and scientific prominence of the researchers unconvinced of ACC are substantially below that of the convinced researchers".
Evidence: Several researchers have concluded that around 97% of climate scientists agree with this consensus.
Evidence: The authors found that 3974 of the abstracts expressed a position on anthropogenic global warming, and that 97.1% of those endorsed the consensus that humans are causing global warming.
Evidence: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.
Category: Sea
Claim: Marine life has nothing whatsoever to fear from ocean acidification.”
Evidence: Calcium carbonate also becomes more soluble at lower pH, so ocean acidification is likely to have profound effects on marine organisms with calcareous shells, such as oysters, clams, sea urchins, and corals, because their ability to form shells will be reduced, and the carbonate compensation depth will rise closer to the sea surface.
Evidence: Human activities affect marine life and marine habitats through overfishing, pollution, acidification and the introduction of invasive species.
Evidence: Increasing acidity is thought to have a range of potentially harmful consequences for marine organisms such as depressing metabolic rates and immune responses in some organisms and causing coral bleaching.
Category: Sustainability
Claim: The effects of enhanced CO2 on terrestrial plants are variable and complex and dependent on numerous factors.
Evidence: The environmental effects of different dietary patterns depend on many factors, including the proportion of animal and plant foods consumed and the method of food production.
Evidence: Elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide affects plants in a variety of ways.
Evidence: The concentration of secondary metabolites such as phenylpropanoids and flavonoids can also be altered in plants exposed to high concentrations of CO 2.
Evidence: Carbon fixation is a biochemical process by which atmospheric carbon dioxide is incorporated by plants, algae and (cyanobacteria) into energy-rich organic molecules such as glucose, thus creating their own food by photosynthesis.
Category: Global warming
Claim: From 1970 until 1998 there was a warming period that raised temperatures by about 0.7 F that helped spawn the global warming alarmist movement.
Evidence: Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.
Evidence: These isotope changes occurred due to the release of carbon from the ocean into the atmosphere that led to a temperature increase of 4-8 °C (7-14 °F) at the surface of the ocean.
Evidence: The Paleocene–Eocene thermal maximum was an approximate 200,000 year long event where the global average temperature rose by some 5 to 8 °C (9 to 14 °F), and mid-latitude and polar areas may have exceeded modern tropical temperatures of 24–29 °C (75–84 °F).
Evidence: An example of such an episode is the slower rate of surface temperature increase from 1998 to 2012, which was dubbed the global warming hiatus.
Category: Barack Obama
Claim: Barack Obama told the U.S. Coast Guard Academy "that the number one threat to the military and the world today is global warming."
Evidence: Expressing puzzlement over questions about whether he is "black enough," Obama told an August 2007 meeting of the National Association of Black Journalists that "we're still locked in this notion that if you appeal to white folks then there must be something wrong."
Evidence: Some climate researchers and activists have characterized it as an existential threat to civilization.
Category: Antarctica
Claim: Antarctic ice fluctuates wildly year to year, and the link to man-made global warming there is not clear, NASA ice expert Walt Meier said.
Evidence: There is evidence from one study that Antarctica is warming as a result of human carbon dioxide emissions, but this remains ambiguous.
Evidence: There is a scientific consensus linking human activities to global warming due to industrial carbon dioxide emissions.
Category: Climate change adaptation
Claim: Climate change is not making natural disasters worse
Evidence: attribute these events to sudden environmental changes, like natural disasters.
Evidence: Gradual but pervasive environmental change and sudden natural disasters both influence the nature and extent of human migration but in different ways.
Evidence: It assesses the effect that climate change has on the threat of natural disasters and how nations can better manage an expected change in the frequency of occurrence and intensity of severe weather patterns.
Category: Retreat of glaciers since 1850
Claim: There is ample evidence that Earth's average temperature has increased in the past 100 years and the decline of mid- and high-latitude glaciers is a major piece of evidence.
Evidence: The Altai region has also experienced an overall temperature increase of 1.2 degrees Celsius in the last 120 years according to a report from 2006, with most of that increase occurring since the late 20th century.
Evidence: An ice age is a long period of reduction in the temperature of the Earth's surface and atmosphere, resulting in the presence or expansion of continental and polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers.
Evidence: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.
Evidence: The history of the Himalayas broadly fits the long-term decrease in Earth's average temperature since the mid-Eocene, 40 million years ago.
Category: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere
Claim: CO2 levels are measured by hundreds of stations scattered across 66 countries which all report the same rising trend.
Evidence: Now measurements are made at many sites globally.
Evidence: Measured atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide are currently 100 ppm higher than pre-industrial levels.
Evidence: The Integrated Carbon Observation System (ICOS) continuously releases data about CO 2 emissions, budget and concentration at individual observation stations.
Evidence: Carbon dioxide mole fractions in the atmosphere have gone up by approximately 35 percent since the 1900s, rising from 280 parts per million by volume to 387 parts per million in 2009.
Category: Australia
Claim: unadjusted data suggests that temperatures in Australia have only increased by 0.3 degrees over the past century, not the 1 degree usually claimed
Evidence: "Australia's extreme heat is sign of things to come, scientists warn".
Evidence: According to the Bureau of Meteorology's 2011 Australian Climate Statement, Australia had lower than average temperatures in 2011 as a consequence of a La Niña weather pattern; however, "the country's 10-year average continues to demonstrate the rising trend in temperatures, with 2002–2011 likely to rank in the top two warmest 10-year periods on record for Australia, at 0.52 °C (0.94 °F) above the long-term average".
Evidence: ], inflation has typically been 2–3% and the base interest rate 5–6%.
Category: Pacific decadal oscillation
Claim: In 1977, PDO switched to a warm phase.
Evidence: During the positive phase the wintertime Aleutian low is deepened and shifted southward, warm/humid air is advected along the North American west coast and temperatures are higher than usual from the Pacific Northwest to Alaska but below normal in Mexico and the Southeastern United States.
Evidence: During a "warm", or "positive", phase, the west Pacific becomes cooler and part of the eastern ocean warms; during a "cool" or "negative" phase, the opposite pattern occurs.
Category: Global warming
Claim: Only very few peer-reviewed papers even go so far as to say that recent warming is chiefly anthropogenic.
Evidence: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.
Evidence: The introduction includes this statement: There is strong evidence that the warming of the Earth over the last half-century has been caused largely by human activity, such as the burning of fossil fuels and changes in land use, including agriculture and deforestation.
Evidence: Institute of Biology policy page 'Climate Change' "there is scientific agreement that the rapid global warming that has occurred in recent years is mostly anthropogenic, ie due to human activity."
Evidence: The global warming observed over the past 50 years is due primarily to human-induced emissions of heat-trapping gases.
Category: Carbon dioxide
Claim: after a natural orbitally driven warming, atmospheric carbon dioxide content increases 800 years later
Evidence: Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.
Evidence: The associated period of massive carbon release into the atmosphere has been estimated to have lasted from 20,000 to 50,000 years.
Evidence: Earth's increasing surface temperature will accelerate the inorganic carbon cycle, reducing CO 2 concentration to levels lethally low for plants (10 ppm for C4 photosynthesis) in approximately 100–900 million years.
Evidence: The current warming period is expected to last another 50,000 years due to a minimum in the eccentricity of the Earth's orbit.
Evidence: Along with the decrease of atmospheric carbon dioxide reducing the global temperature, orbital factors in ice creation can be seen with 100,000-year and 400,000-year fluctuations in benthic oxygen isotope records.
Category: Scientific consensus on climate change
Claim: And there is a lot of evidence that climate change is diminishing biodiversity, which can be seen in these alpine meadows as well.
Evidence: The statement goes on to assert that "evidence is accumulating that wildlife and wildlife habitats have been and will continue to be significantly affected by ongoing large-scale rapid climate change."
Evidence: Increased temperatures may allow herbivores to expand further into alpine regions, significant impacting the composition of alpine herbfields.
Evidence: Climate change has proven to affect biodiversity and evidence supporting the altering effects is widespread.
Category: Climatic Research Unit email controversy
Claim: It found the scientists' rigour and honesty are not in doubt, and their behaviour did not prejudice the IPCC's conclusions, though they did fail to display the proper degree of openness.
Evidence: Scientific integrity demands robust, independent peer review, however, and AAAS therefore emphasised that investigations are appropriate whenever significant questions are raised regarding the transparency and rigour of the scientific method, the peer-review process, or the responsibility of individual scientists.
Evidence: The committee criticised a "culture of non-disclosure at CRU" and a general lack of transparency in climate science where scientific papers had usually not included all the data and code used in reconstructions.
Evidence: This document also states that IPCC will do this work by assessing "on a comprehensive, objective, open and transparent basis the scientific, technical and socio-economic information relevant to understanding the scientific basis" of these topics.
Evidence: The Muir Russell report stated that the scientists' "rigor and honesty as scientists are not in doubt," that the investigators "did not find any evidence of behavior that might undermine the conclusions of the IPCC assessments," but that there had been "a consistent pattern of failing to display the proper degree of openness."
Category: Climatic Research Unit email controversy
Claim: Though CRU neglected to provide an exact list of temperature stations, it could not have hid or tampered with data.
Evidence: On 27 July 2011 CRU announced that the raw instrumental data not already in the public domain had been released and was available for download, with the exception of Poland which was outside the area covered by the FOIA request.
Evidence: The difference between data analysis and data mining is that data analysis is used to test models and hypotheses on the dataset, e.g., analyzing the effectiveness of a marketing campaign, regardless of the amount of data; in contrast, data mining uses machine learning and statistical models to uncover clandestine or hidden patterns in a large volume of data.
Category: Greenhouse
Claim: For decades horticulturalists have pumped carbon dioxide into glasshouses to increase yields.
Evidence: The possibility of using carbon dioxide enrichment in greenhouse cultivation to enhance plant growth has been known for nearly 100 years.
Evidence: The refinery reduces its carbon emissions, whilst the nursery enjoys boosted tomato yields and does not need to provide its own greenhouse heating.
Evidence: Many commercial glass greenhouses or hothouses are high tech production facilities for vegetables, flowers or fruits.
Category: Zika fever
Claim: “As it happens, Zika may also be a good model of the second worrying effect — disease mutation.
Evidence: In addition, research was needed to determine the mechanism by which Zika produced these effects.
Evidence: Zika also appears to have an equal tropism for cells of the developing eye, leading to high rates of eye abnormalities as well.
Evidence: This is especially useful studying diseases in adults by allowing expression after a certain period of growth, thus eliminating the deleterious effect of gene expression seen during stages of development in model organisms.
Evidence: These errors, called mutations, can affect the phenotype of an organism, especially if they occur within the protein coding sequence of a gene.
Evidence: Genetic disorders are the result of deleterious mutations and can be due to spontaneous mutation in the affected individual, or can be inherited.
Category: Joe Barton
Claim: Wind is a finite resource and harnessing it would slow the winds down, which would cause the temperature to go up.
Evidence: Texas Rep. Joe Barton supposedly once said that 'wind is a finite resource and harnessing it would slow the winds down, which would cause the temperature to go up.
Evidence: The westerlies can be particularly strong, especially in the southern hemisphere, where there is less land in the middle latitudes to cause the flow pattern to amplify, which slows the winds down.
Evidence: The furnaces were constructed on the path of the monsoon winds to exploit the wind power, to bring the temperatures inside up to 1,200 °C (2,190 °F).
Category: IPCC Fourth Assessment Report
Claim: "The IPCC’s Fourth Assessment Report, 2007, carries in three places a graph in which the Hadley Center’s global mean surface temperature anomaly dataset from 1850-2005 is displayed with four arbitrarily-chosen trend-lines overlaid upon it.
Evidence: This section of the report, Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis, assessed current scientific knowledge of "the natural and human drivers of climate change" as well as observed changes in climate.
Evidence: The IPCC Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) published in 2007 featured a graph showing 12 proxy based temperature reconstructions, including the three highlighted in the 2001 Third Assessment Report (TAR); Mann, Bradley & Hughes 1999 as before, Jones et al.
Evidence: The Synthesis Report also brings in relevant parts some material contained in the full Working Group Reports over and above what is included in the Summary for Policymakers in these three Reports.
Evidence: Table SPM-2 lists recent trends along with certainty levels for the trend having actually occurred, for a human contribution to the trend, and for the trend occurring in the future.
Category: Maldives
Claim: Thousands of coral atolls have "drowned" when unable to grow fast enough to survive at sea level.
Evidence: The Maldives consists of 1,192 coral islands grouped in a double chain of 26 atolls, along the north-south direction, spread over roughly 90,000 square kilometres (35,000 sq mi), making this one of the world's most dispersed countries.
Evidence: More than 80 per cent of the country's land is composed of coral islands which rise less than one metre above sea level.
Evidence: When the volcano sinks back down into the sea, the coral continues to grow, keeping the reef at or above water level.
Category: Runaway greenhouse effect
Claim: Water vapor in the stratosphere stopped global warming.
Evidence: An increase in temperature from greenhouse gases leading to increased water vapor (which is itself a greenhouse gas) causing further warming is a positive feedback, but not a runaway effect, on Earth.
Evidence: When water vapour condenses onto a surface, a net warming occurs on that surface.
Evidence: After an initial warming due to emissions of greenhouse gases, the atmosphere will hold more water.
Category: Remote sensing
Claim: Using satellite data rather than tide-gauge data that is normally used to measure sea levels allows for more precise estimates of global sea level, since it provides measurements of the open ocean.
Evidence: Ultrasound (acoustic) and radar tide gauges measure sea level, tides and wave direction in coastal and offshore tide gauges.
Evidence: These very accurate observations of variations in sea surface height—also known as ocean topography—provide information about global sea level, the speed and direction of ocean currents, and heat stored in the ocean.
Evidence: Tide gauges can only measure relative sea level, whilst satellites can also measure absolute sea level changes.
Category: Seville
Claim: temperatures were 6-10C above normal over most of France, Germany and northern Spain during the final days of the month, according to C3S.
Evidence: The annual average temperature is 25.4 °C (78 °F) during the day and 13 °C (55 °F) at night.
Evidence: March is transitional, the temperature often exceeds 20 °C (68 °F), with an average temperature of 19.3 °C (66.7 °F) during the day and 10.0 °C (50.0 °F) at night.
Category: Scientific consensus on climate change
Claim: Although it has some very important and beneficial effects, CO2 meets the legal and encyclopedic definitions of a "pollutant", and human CO2 emissions pose a threat to public health and welfare.
Evidence: It is anticipated that continuing changes to the climate will have serious negative impacts on public, animal and ecosystem health due to extreme weather events, changing disease transmission dynamics, emerging and re-emerging diseases, and alterations to habitat and ecological systems that are essential to wildlife conservation.
Evidence: Although the natural absorption of CO 2 by the world's oceans helps mitigate the climatic effects of anthropogenic emissions of CO 2, it is believed that the resulting decrease in pH will have negative consequences, primarily for oceanic calcifying organisms.
Evidence: American Public Health Association Policy Statement Addressing the Urgent Threat of Global Climate Change to Public Health and the Environment, 2007, archived from the original on 2009-12-31 "The long-term threat of global climate change to global health is extremely serious and the fourth IPCC report and other scientific literature demonstrate convincingly that anthropogenic GHG emissions are primarily responsible for this threat….US policy makers should immediately take necessary steps to reduce US emissions of GHGs, including carbon dioxide, to avert dangerous climate change."
Evidence: On April 17, 2009, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) formally announced that it had found that greenhouse gas (GHG) poses a threat to public health and the environment (EPA 2009a).
Category: Stephen Harper
Claim: The Conservatives' recent budget made no mention of climate change.
Evidence: "Bill C-30: Canada's Clean Air and Climate Change Act".
Evidence: The opposition Conservative Party supported the concept of a bill, and proposed their own variation ahead of the Government's.
Evidence: However, there has been much criticism and protest about the 2010 government's actions on the NHS, focussing on budget cuts and privatisation of services.
Evidence: Cuts were also made to many essential programs, some so deep that they had to shut down entirely, including the monitoring of smoke stack emissions, food inspections, oil spills, water quality, and climate change.
Category: Natural gas
Claim: ” ‘You see, gas in America is incredibly cheap, because of fracking,’ he says.
Evidence: In April 2008, the wholesale price was $10 per 1000 cubic feet ($10/million BTU).
Evidence: Natural gas for industrial use has become cheaper by around 30% compared to the rest of the US.
Evidence: The high pressure water breaks up or "fracks" the rock, which releases gas from the rock formation.
Category: Science
Claim: Different areas of science are understood with varying degrees of certainty.
Evidence: Theories vary in the extent to which they have been tested and verified, as well as their acceptance in the scientific community.
Evidence: Natural science is concerned with the description, prediction, and understanding of natural phenomena based on empirical evidence from observation and experimentation.
Evidence: This realization is the topic of intersubjective verifiability, as recounted, for example, by Max Born (1949, 1965) Natural Philosophy of Cause and Chance, who points out that all knowledge, including natural or social science, is also subjective.
Category: Microphone
Claim: When the measuring equipment gets old and needs replacing, it often requires re-calibration.
Evidence: Since this may change over the lifetime of the device, it is necessary to regularly calibrate measurement microphones.
Evidence: Common in the oil and gas industry to replace old or damaged pipes on a like-for-like basis, the advantage of dimensional control survey is that the instrument used to conduct the survey does not need to be level.
Evidence: While heat flux sensors are typically supplied with a sensitivity by the manufacturer, there are times and situations that call for a re-calibration of the sensor.
Evidence: This tool is usually used by piping pink noise into the system and measuring the result with a special calibrated microphone connected to the RTA.
Evidence: ISO9000 and most other standards specify a maximum period of around 18 months to 2 years between re-calibration procedures, dependent on the level of load cell deterioration.
Category: Salt pannes and pools
Claim: These tidal floods are often just a foot or two deep, but they can stop traffic, swamp basements, damage cars, kill lawns and forests, and poison wells with salt.
Evidence: High salt marsh Arrow-grass (forb) panne Briefly flooded, very shallow with a moderate amount of vegetation usually dominated by Arrow grass (Triglochin maritimum), with the deeper sections possibly remaining unvegetated.
Evidence: Coastal salt marshes can be distinguished from terrestrial habitats by the daily tidal flow that occurs and continuously floods the area.
Category: Air pollution
Claim: In those days you couldn’t have seen across the street for all the carbon emissions and the crap coming out of the chimneys.'
Evidence: Carbon monoxide poisoning and fatalities are often caused by faulty vents and chimneys, or by the burning of charcoal indoors or in a confined space, such as a tent.
Evidence: Average carbon emissions within the haulage industry are falling—in the thirty-year period from 1977 to 2007, the carbon emissions associated with a 200-mile journey fell by 21 percent; NOx emissions are also down 87 percent, whereas journey times have fallen by around a third.
Evidence: Global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions in 2010 were equivalent to 49 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide (using the most recent global warming potentials over 100 years from the AR5 report).
Evidence: Smoke and carbon monoxide from wildfires.
Category: Occam's razor
Claim: Postma's model contains many simple errors; in no way does Postma undermine the existence or necessity of the greenhouse effect.
Evidence: Minimum description length Minimum message length – Formal information theory restatement of Occam's Razor Newton's flaming laser sword Philosophical razor – Principle or rule of thumb that allows one to eliminate unlikely explanations for a phenomenon Philosophy of science – The philosophical study of the assumptions, foundations, and implications of science Simplicity "Ockham's razor does not say that the more simple a hypothesis, the better."