Danthammadhavi/climate_fever_fixed huggingface dataset:
Category: Earth
Claim: Trump's action could push the Earth over the brink, to become like Venus, with a temperature of two hundred and fifty degrees, and raining sulphuric acid.
Evidence: About a billion years from now, all surface water will have disappeared and the mean global temperature will reach 70 °C (158 °F).
Evidence: At the center, the temperature may be up to 6,000 °C (10,830 °F), and the pressure could reach 360 GPa (52 million psi).
Evidence: This makes Venus's surface hotter than Mercury's, which has a minimum surface temperature of 53 K (−220 °C; −364 °F) and maximum surface temperature of 700 K (427 °C; 801 °F), even though Venus is nearly twice Mercury's distance from the Sun and thus receives only 25% of Mercury's solar irradiance.
Evidence: The CO 2-rich atmosphere generates the strongest greenhouse effect in the Solar System, creating surface temperatures of at least 735 K (462 °C; 864 °F).
Evidence: Venus is by far the hottest planet in the Solar System, with a mean surface temperature of 735 K (462 °C; 863 °F), even though Mercury is closer to the Sun.
Category: Ice age
Claim: "Earth’s Albedo has risen in the past few years, and by doing reconstructions of the past albedo, it appears that there was a significant reduction in Earth’s albedo leading up to a lull in 1997.
Evidence: Ice and snow increase Earth's albedo, i.e.
Evidence: An ice age is a long period of reduction in the temperature of the Earth's surface and atmosphere, resulting in the presence or expansion of continental and polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers.
Evidence: The ice sheets themselves, by raising the albedo (the extent to which the radiant energy of the Sun is reflected from Earth) created significant feedback to further cool the climate.
Evidence: Climate sensitivity can be estimated by using reconstructions of Earth's past temperatures and CO 2 levels.
Category: Cherry blossom
Claim: Hundreds of flowers across the UK are flowering earlier now than any time in 250 years.
Evidence: 26 April 2008.
Evidence: Peak bloom time at Royal Botanical Gardens is normally around the last week of April or the first week of May.
Evidence: 22 January 2008.
Category: Kodiak bear
Claim: In Alaska, brown bears are changing their feeding habits to eat elderberries that ripen earlier.
Evidence: As climate change causes elderberries to ripen earlier, berry season is now overlapping with salmon season and some bears are abandoning salmon runs to focus on the berries.
Evidence: Fruits, including berries, become increasingly important during summer and early autumn.
Evidence: They often feed on a variety of plant life, including berries, grasses, flowers, acorns and pine cones, as well as fungi such as mushrooms.
Evidence: Grizzlies in Alaska supplement their diet of salmon and clams with sedge grass and berries.
Category: Northwest Passage
Claim: "In 2007, the Northern Hemisphere reached a record low in ice coverage and the Northwest Passage was opened.
Evidence: The extreme loss in 2007 rendered the passage "fully navigable".
Evidence: On September 14, 2007, the European Space Agency stated that ice loss that year had opened up the historically impassable passage, setting a new low of ice cover as seen in satellite measurements which went back to 1978.
Category: Heat wave
Claim: Heat Waves are increasing at an alarming rate and heat kills.
Evidence: In every society, crime rates go up when temperatures go up, particularly violent crimes such as assault, murder, and rape.
Evidence: Severe heat waves have caused catastrophic crop failures, thousands of deaths from hyperthermia, and widespread power outages due to increased use of air conditioning.
Category: Coriolis force
Claim: Climate projections also assume that planet Earth is not dynamic
Evidence: In meteorology and oceanography, it is convenient to postulate a rotating frame of reference wherein the Earth is stationary.
Evidence: These models predict an upward trend in the global mean surface temperature, with the most rapid increase in temperature being projected for the higher latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere.
Evidence: Despite such interactions, highly accurate simulations show that overall, Earth's orbit is likely to remain dynamically stable for billions of years into the future.
Evidence: This model has the advantage of allowing a rational dependence of local albedo and emissivity on temperature – the poles can be allowed to be icy and the equator warm – but the lack of true dynamics means that horizontal transports have to be specified.
Category: Carbon dioxide
Claim: carbon dioxide has had a minuscule effect on global climate.
Evidence: Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.
Evidence: The effect of combustion-produced carbon dioxide on the global climate, a special case of the greenhouse effect first described in 1896 by Svante Arrhenius, has also been called the Callendar effect.
Evidence: Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.
Category: Cosmic ray
Claim: "The observed data show that CFCs conspiring with cosmic rays most likely caused both the Antarctic ozone hole and global warming...
Evidence: "No, a new study does not show cosmic-rays are connected to global warming".
Evidence: The posited mechanism involves cosmic rays as well as heat from the sun aiding cloud formation.
Evidence: "Ozone hole-forming chemical emissions increasing and mysterious source in East Asia may be responsible".
Evidence: There is evidence from one study that Antarctica is warming as a result of human carbon dioxide emissions, but this remains ambiguous.
Category: Scientific consensus on climate change
Claim: Poorly understood aspects of climate change do not change the fact that a great deal of climate science is well understood.
Evidence: To inform decisions on adaptation and mitigation, it is critical that we improve our understanding of the global climate system and our ability to project future climate through continued and improved monitoring and research.
Evidence: The statement stresses that the scientific understanding of climate change is now sufficiently clear to justify nations taking prompt action, and explicitly endorsed the IPCC consensus.
Evidence: They provide an analysis of what is known and not known, the degree of consensus, and some indication of the degree of confidence that can be placed on the various statements and conclusions."
Category: 2010 Northern Hemisphere heat waves
Claim: Most of the warming occurred in the past 35 years, with the five warmest years on record taking place since 2010.
Evidence: The temperature was the hottest measured in 68 years.
Evidence: Multiple independently produced instrumental datasets confirm that the 2009–2018 decade was 0.93 ± 0.07 °C warmer than the pre-industrial baseline (1850–1900).
Evidence: This decade is on track to become the warmest since records began in 1850, and 2009 could rank among the top-five warmest years, the U.N. weather agency reported Tuesday on the second day of a pivotal 192-nation climate conference.
Evidence: The period from 1983 to 2012 was likely the warmest 30-year period of the last 1400 years in the Northern Hemisphere, where such assessment is possible (medium confidence).
Category: General circulation model
Claim: the models predicted seven times as much warming as has been observed
Evidence: However, the report also observed that the rate of warming over the period 1998–2012 was lower than that predicted by 111 out of 114 Coupled Model Intercomparison Project climate models.
Evidence: Human-caused increases in greenhouse gases are responsible for most of the observed global average surface warming of roughly 0.8 °C (1.5 °F) over the past 140 years.
Evidence: They found that the observed warming was similar to two of the three scenarios.
Evidence: The model predicted <0.2 °C warming for upper air at 700 mb and 500 mb.
Category: Hitler Diaries
Claim: Klaus-Martin Schulte examined all papers published from 2004 to February 2007.
Evidence: The Hitler Diaries (German: Hitler-Tagebücher) were a series of sixty volumes of journals purportedly written by Adolf Hitler, but forged by Konrad Kujau between 1981 and 1983.
Evidence: Hippocrates and Medical Education: Selected Papers Presented at the XIIth International Hippocrates Colloquium, Universiteit Leiden, 24-26 August 2005.
Evidence: 29 July 2002.
Category: Physical impacts of climate change
Claim: The actual data show high northern latitudes are warmer today than in 1940.
Evidence: Changes in regional climate are expected to include greater warming over land, with most warming at high northern latitudes, and least warming over the Southern Ocean and parts of the North Atlantic Ocean.
Evidence: It is, however, expected that future warming will follow a similar geographical pattern to that seen already, with greatest warming over land and high northern latitudes, and least over the Southern Ocean and parts of the North Atlantic Ocean.
Category: Wallace Smith Broecker
Claim: “The arc of global warming will be variously steep and less steep,’ said Richard Seager, a climate scientist at the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University.
Evidence: He was the Newberry Professor in the Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences at Columbia University, a scientist at Columbia's Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory and a sustainability fellow at Arizona State University.
Evidence: The Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory at Columbia University is one of the world's leading research centers developing fundamental knowledge about the origin, evolution and future of the natural world.
Category: Global warming
Claim: A fast transition away from fossil fuels in the next few decades could be enough to put off rapid sea-level rise for centuries.
Evidence: Over the 21st century, the IPCC projects that in a very high emissions scenario the sea level could rise by 61–110 cm.
Category: Hurricane Sandy
Claim: Meanwhile, it will likely to continue to snow in Chicago in the coming days.
Evidence: On October 29, snow was falling in parts of the state.
Evidence: Up to 2 to 3 feet (0.6–0.9 m) of snow was forecast for mountainous areas of the state.
Evidence: Northeast winds from wintertime cyclones departing south of the region sometimes bring the city lake-effect snow.
Evidence: Snow was reported in some parts of eastern Ohio and south of Cleveland.
Category: Arctic
Claim: The amount of summer sea ice in the Arctic has steadily declined over the past few decades because of man-made global warming, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
Evidence: The Arctic is affected by current global warming, leading to Arctic sea ice shrinkage, diminished ice in the Greenland ice sheet, and Arctic methane release as the permafrost thaws.
Evidence: Global warming has led to decades of shrinking and thinning of the Arctic sea ice, making it vulnerable to atmospheric anomalies.
Evidence: Surface temperature increases are greatest in the Arctic, which has contributed to the retreat of glaciers, permafrost, and sea ice.
Category: Sea level rise
Claim: What they find is sea level rise has been steadily accelerating over the past century.
Evidence: Climate scientists expect the rate to further accelerate during the 21st century.
Evidence: "Antarctica ice melt has accelerated by 280% in the last 4 decades".
Evidence: A 2018 systematic review study estimated that ice loss across the entire continent was 43 gigatons (Gt) per year on average during the period from 1992 to 2002, but has accelerated to an average of 220 Gt per year during the five years from 2012 to 2017.
Evidence: However scientists have found that ice is being lost, and at an accelerating rate.
Category: Global warming
Claim: The strong CO2 effect has been observed by many different measurements.
Evidence: The warming evident in the instrumental temperature record is consistent with a wide range of observations, documented by many independent scientific groups; for example, in most continental regions the frequency and intensity of heavy precipitation has increased.
Evidence: The large amount of CO2 in the atmosphere together with water vapour and sulfur dioxide create a strong greenhouse effect, trapping solar energy and raising the surface temperature to around 740 K (467 °C), hotter than any other planet in the Solar System, even that of Mercury despite being located farther out from the Sun and receiving only 25% of the solar energy (per unit area) Mercury does.
Category: Carbon dioxide
Claim: The CO2 that nature emits (from the ocean and vegetation) is balanced by natural absorptions (again by the ocean and vegetation).
Evidence: Most of the CO 2 taken up by the ocean, which is about 30% of the total released into the atmosphere, forms carbonic acid in equilibrium with bicarbonate.
Evidence: During active photosynthesis, plants can absorb more carbon dioxide from the atmosphere than they release in respiration.
Evidence: Most sources of CO 2 emissions are natural, and are balanced to various degrees by natural CO 2 sinks.
Category: Global warming
Claim: Mars, Triton, Pluto and Jupiter all show global warming, pointing to the Sun as the dominating influence in determining climate throughout the solar system."
Evidence: The largest human influence has been the emission of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide.
Evidence: As Neptune orbits the Sun, Triton's polar regions take turns facing the Sun, resulting in seasonal changes as one pole, then the other, moves into the sunlight.
Evidence: It is a major aspect of climate change and has been demonstrated by direct temperature measurements and by measurements of various effects of the warming.
Evidence: As the Sun is the Earth's primary energy source, changes in incoming sunlight directly affect the climate system.
Category: Attribution of recent climate change
Claim: However, more direct comparisons between solar activity and global temperature finds that  as the sun grew hotter or cooler, Earth's climate followed it with a 10 year lag - presumably due to the dampening effect of the ocean.
Evidence: (2009) found that the evidence showed that connections between solar variation and climate were more likely to be mediated by direct variation of insolation rather than cosmic rays, and concluded: "Hence within our assumptions, the effect of varying solar activity, either by direct solar irradiance or by varying cosmic ray rates, must be less than 0.07 °C since 1956, i.e.
Evidence: This heat uptake provides a time-lag for climate change but it also results in a thermal expansion of the oceans which contribute to sea-level rise.
Category: Attribution of recent climate change
Claim: “Typically, in such an attribution study, scientists will use sets of climate models — one set including the factors that drive human global warming and the other including purely “natural” factors — and see if an event like the one in question is more likely to occur in the first set of models.
Evidence: The clear message from fingerprint studies is that the observed warming over the last half-century cannot be explained by natural factors, and is instead caused primarily by human factors.
Evidence: Climate models forced by natural factors and increased greenhouse gases and aerosols reproduce the observed global temperature changes; those forced by natural factors alone do not.
Evidence: For example, when climate model simulations of the last century include all of the major influences on climate, both human-induced and natural, they can reproduce many important features of observed climate change patterns.
Evidence: Therefore, climate models are used to study how individual factors affect climate.
Evidence: Models are, however, able to simulate the observed 20th century changes in temperature when they include all of the most important external forcings, including human influences and natural forcings.
Category: Geology
Claim: For that, we have to work on other types of marine organisms so that we clearly understand what took place in the sediment over geological time”
Evidence: These fossils help scientists to date the core and to understand the depositional environment in which the rock units formed.
Evidence: Observation of modern marine and non-marine sediments in a wide variety of environments supports this generalization (although cross-bedding is inclined, the overall orientation of cross-bedded units is horizontal).
Evidence: It includes the study of fossils to determine organisms' evolution and interactions with each other and their environments (their paleoecology).
Evidence: While there are many aspects of studying past and present interactions between life and Earth that are unclear, several important ideas and concepts provide a basis of knowledge in geobiology that serve as a platform for posing researchable questions, including the evolution of life and planet and the co-evolution of the two, genetics - from both a historical and functional standpoint, the metabolic diversity of all life, the sedimentological preservation of past life, and the origin of life.
Evidence: Biostratigraphy, the use of fossils to work out the chronological order in which rocks were formed, is useful to both paleontologists and geologists.
Category: Sea level rise
Claim: Final data for 2016 sea level rise have yet to be published.
Evidence: Between 1900 and 2016, the sea level rose by 16–21 cm (6.3–8.3 in).
Evidence: Global sea level rise is accelerating, rising 2.5 times faster between 2006 and 2016 than it did during the 20th century.
Category: Eocene
Claim: as the pathbreaking work by Rosamond Naylor and David Battisti has shown, the tropics are already too hot to efficiently grow grain, and those places where grain is produced today are already at optimal growing temperature — which means even a small warming will push them down the slope of declining productivity.
Evidence: The models, while accurately predicting the tropics, tend to produce significantly cooler temperatures of up to 20 °C (36 °F) colder than the actual determined temperature at the poles.
Evidence: In Africa and Latin America many rainfed crops are near their maximum temperature tolerance, so that yields are likely to fall sharply for even small climate changes; falls in agricultural productivity of up to 30% over the 21st century are projected.
Evidence: The polar stratospheric clouds had a warming effect on the poles, increasing temperatures by up to 20 °C in the winter months.
Evidence: In terms of climate, the tropics receive sunlight that is more direct than the rest of Earth and are generally hotter and wetter.
Evidence: Rice becomes sterile if exposed to temperatures above 35 degrees for more than one hour during flowering and consequently produces no grain.
Category: Urban heat island
Claim: Dropped stations show more warming than kept stations.
Evidence: Throughout the daytime, particularly when the skies are cloudless, urban surfaces are warmed by the absorption of solar radiation.
Evidence: Another peer-reviewed study suggested that using wind turbines to meet 10 percent of global energy demand in 2100 could actually have a warming effect, causing temperatures to rise by 1 °C (1.8 °F) in the regions on land where the wind farms are installed, including a smaller increase in areas beyond those regions.
Evidence: Overall, wind farms lead to a slight warming at night and a slight cooling during the day time.
Evidence: In fact, the lower-tropospheric temperatures warm at a slightly greater rate over North America (about 0.28°C/decade using satellite data) than do the surface temperatures (0.27°C/decade), although again the difference is not statistically significant.
Evidence: Compared with other low-carbon power sources, wind turbines have one of the lowest global warming potentials per unit of electrical energy generated out of any power source.
Category: Paleoclimatology
Claim: When the internal variability is removed from the temperature record, what we find is nearly monotonic, accelerating warming throughout the 20th Century.
Evidence: The geological record, however, shows a continually relatively warm surface during the complete early temperature record of Earth with the exception of one cold glacial phase about 2.4 billion years ago.
Evidence: For a body that is not in its own state of internal thermodynamic equilibrium, different thermometers can record different temperatures, depending respectively on the mechanisms of operation of the thermometers.
Category: Cardiovascular disease
Claim: But more than 7% of deaths are related to cold—counting hypothermia, as well as increased blood pressure and risk of heart attack that results when the body restricts blood flow in response to frigid temperatures.”
Evidence: High blood pressure is estimated to account for approximately 13% of CVD deaths, while tobacco accounts for 9%, diabetes 6%, lack of exercise 6% and obesity 5%.
Evidence: The cold water can also cause heart attack due to vasoconstriction; the heart has to work harder to pump the same volume of blood throughout the body, and for people with heart disease, this additional workload can cause the heart to go into arrest.
Evidence: For example, plunged into freezing seas, around 20% of victims die within two minutes from cold shock (uncontrolled rapid breathing, and gasping, causing water inhalation, massive increase in blood pressure and cardiac strain leading to cardiac arrest, and panic); another 50% die within 15–30 minutes from cold incapacitation (inability to use or control limbs and hands for swimming or gripping, as the body "protectively" shuts down the peripheral muscles of the limbs to protect its core).
Evidence: This increased pressure reduced blood flow back to the heart, thereby reducing blood flow to the body and resultign in signs and symptoms of shock.
Category: Climatic Research Unit documents
Claim: The Independent Climate Change Email Review found the CRU scientists were unhelpful and unsympathetic to information requesters and at times broke FoI laws.
Evidence: The Science and Technology Select Committee report blamed the university for mishandling Freedom of Information requests and said it had "found ways to support the culture at CRU of resisting disclosure of information to climate change sceptics".
Evidence: The e-mail theft highlighted "the harassment that denialists inflict on some climate-change researchers, often in the form of endless, time-consuming demands for information under the US and UK Freedom of Information Acts.
Category: Greenpeace
Claim: Greenpeace didn’t save the whales, switching from whale oil to petroleum and palm oil did
Evidence: Brands cannot let this deception pass unchallenged and have no choice but to suspend all business with Wilmar until it can prove it only trades clean palm oil from responsible producers."
Evidence: Greenpeace is also calling Wilmar out for breaking the commitment to end deforestation policy signed by Wilmar in December 2013 where they promise to incorporate organic and sustainable ways to collect palm oil.
Evidence: Another Greenpeace movement concerning the rain forests is discouraging palm oil industries.
Category: National Park Service
Claim: Barack Obama supports proposals "to devote billions of dollars annually to state game and fish agencies and federal land management agencies to help them ensure that fish and wildlife survive the impacts of climate change."
Evidence: They include: stewardship and education; professional excellence; youth programs; climate change impacts; and budget restructure and realignment.
Evidence: His proposal was to spend $900 billion over 10 years and include a government insurance plan, also known as the public option, to compete with the corporate insurance sector as a main component to lowering costs and improving quality of health care.
Category: Carbon sequestration
Claim: The natural cycle adds and removes CO2 to keep a balance; humans add extra CO2 without removing any.
Evidence: Various carbon dioxide scrubbing processes have been proposed to remove CO 2 from the air, usually using a variant of the Kraft process.
Evidence: Another direct human impact on the carbon cycle is the chemical process of calcination of limestone for clinker production, which releases CO 2.
Category: Germany
Claim: Germany managed to increase its use of renewables and its output of carbon dioxide at the same time -- because it resorted to cheap coal to keep the lights on at a price its people could afford.
Evidence: It also enforces energy conservation, green technologies, emission reduction activities, and aims to meet the country's electricity demands using 40% renewable sources by 2020.
Evidence: In particular, the use of renewable energy for production of fuels from CO 2 (such as methanol) is attractive as this could result in fuels that could be easily transported and used within conventional combustion technologies but have no net CO 2 emissions.
Evidence: Many governments around the world provide subsidies to offset the higher cost of any new power production, and to make the installation of renewable energy systems economically feasible.
Category: Koko (gorilla)
Claim: A video shows Koko the gorilla spontaneously using sign language to issue a warning about climate change.
Evidence: Her instructor and caregiver, Francine Patterson, reported that Koko had an active vocabulary of more than 1,000 signs of what Patterson calls "Gorilla Sign Language" (GSL).
Evidence: The letter goes on to warn of predicted impacts on the United States such as sea level rise and increases in extreme weather events, water scarcity, heat waves, wildfires, and the disturbance of biological systems.
Evidence: Koko was reported to use meta-language, being able to use language reflexively to speak about language itself, signing "good sign" to another gorilla who successfully used signing.
Evidence: Another concern that has been raised about Koko's ability to express coherent thoughts through signs is that interpretation of the gorilla's conversation was left to the handler, who may have seen improbable concatenations of signs as meaningful.
Category: Carbon tax
Claim: Trudeau's carbon tax will raise gas prices by 11 cents/litre.
Evidence: As of 2016, the tax rate has been increased to 1,02 NOK per liter or standard cubic meter of oil and natural gas.
Evidence: The tax rate for gasoline is $CDN0.008 per liter, or about $3.50 per tonne of CO 2 equivalent.
Category: Carbon tax
Claim: Environment Minister Greg Hunt the Coalition's emissions reduction fund, at $13.95 per tonne of carbon, is around 1 per cent of the cost of reducing carbon under the former Labor government's carbon pricing scheme, which he cost $1,300 a tonne.
Evidence: The tax that was to be implemented would be 2,400 yen ($20.85 in 2005 dollars) per tonne of carbon dioxide emitted from fuels.
Evidence: The proposal would have set an emissions price of NZ$15 per tonne of CO2-equivalent.
Evidence: The Australian government's Emissions Reduction Fund provides for purchasing carbon offsets from Australian carbon emissions reduction projects.
Category: Instrumental temperature record
Claim: Dropped stations introduce warming bias
Evidence: Greenhouse gases trap outgoing radiation warming the atmosphere which in turn warms the land.
Evidence: Secondly, the satellite cannot look through clouds, creating a cool bias in satellite-derived SSTs within cloudy areas.
Evidence: Second, as ocean temperatures rise, the warmer water expands.
Category: Global warming
Claim: Rather than 100 years of unprecedented global warming as predicted by  IPCC, the global temperatures have leveled off and we seem to be heading  for cooler weather."
Evidence: Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.
Evidence: Human-caused increases in greenhouse gases are responsible for most of the observed global average surface warming of roughly 0.8 °C (1.5 °F) over the past 140 years.
Evidence: They judge that global mean surface air temperature has increased by 0.3 to 0.6 °C over the last 100 years, broadly consistent with prediction of climate models, but also of the same magnitude as natural climate variability.
Category: Physical impacts of climate change
Claim: Glaciers are in rapid retreat worldwide, despite 1 error in 1 paragraph in a 3000 page IPCC report.
Evidence: Glaciers have been retreating worldwide for at least the last century; the rate of retreat has increased in the past decade.
Evidence: Surface temperature increases are greatest in the Arctic, which has contributed to the retreat of glaciers, permafrost, and sea ice.
Category: Sea level
Claim: Local and regional sea levels continue to exhibit typical natural variability—in some places rising and in others falling.
Evidence: Local mean sea level (LMSL) is defined as the height of the sea with respect to a land benchmark, averaged over a period of time (such as a month or a year) long enough that fluctuations caused by waves and tides are smoothed out.
Evidence: Tides are the regular rise and fall in water level experienced by seas and oceans in response to the gravitational influences of the Moon and the Sun, and the effects of the Earth's rotation.
Category: Global warming
Claim: Natural temperature measurements also confirm the general accuracy of the instrumental temperature record.
Evidence: The warming evident in the instrumental temperature record is consistent with a wide range of observations, documented by many independent scientific groups; for example, in most continental regions the frequency and intensity of heavy precipitation has increased.
Evidence: Individual proxy records, such as tree ring widths and densities used in dendroclimatology, are calibrated against the instrumental record for the period of overlap.
Category: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere
Claim: Consequently, CO2 levels at around 1,000 to 2,300 ppm were actually low enough to promote glaciation in the southern continent of Gondwana.
Evidence: Concentrations of CO 2 in the atmosphere were as high as 4,000 parts per million (ppm, on a molar basis) during the Cambrian period about 500 million years ago to as low as 180 ppm during the Quaternary glaciation of the last two million years.
Evidence: Decreasing CO 2 concentration, with a tipping point of 600 ppm, was the primary agent forcing Antarctic glaciation.
Evidence: However, strong evidence exists of glaciation during the Carboniferous to Permian time, especially in South Africa.
Evidence: Carbon dioxide content in fresh air (averaged between sea-level and 10 kPa level, i.e., about 30 km (19 mi) altitude) varies between 0.036% (360 ppm) and 0.041% (410 ppm), depending on the location.
Category: Effects of global warming
Claim: So it’s clear now we’re not seeing dangerous global warming, and the climate models are wrong.
Evidence: Tipping points are "perhaps the most ‘dangerous’ aspect of future climate changes", leading to irreversible impacts on society.
Evidence: The IPCC has pointed out that many long-term climate scenario models require large-scale manmade negative emissions to avoid serious climate change.
Category: Global warming
Claim: Surface measurements find more downward infrared radiation warming the planet's surface.
Evidence: This heat, in the form of infrared radiation, gets absorbed and emitted by these gases in the atmosphere, thus warming the lower atmosphere and the surface.
Evidence: The water reacts by radiating, also in the infrared, both upward and downward, and the downward longwave radiation results in increased warming at the surface.
Evidence: Most of the sunlight that reaches the ground is absorbed, warming the surface, which emits radiation upward at longer, infrared, wavelengths.
Category: Common octopus
Claim: The changes in the amount of oxygen in the shells isn’t a reflection of changing temperatures – just a consequence of the fact that the amount of oxygen seen changes over time anyway.
Evidence: Variations in temperature can also induce a change in hemolymph protein levels along oxygen consumption.
Evidence: This means the density of ocean water changes as its temperature and salinity changes.
Evidence: In moving vertically throughout the water, the octopus is subjected to various pressures and temperatures, which affect the concentration of oxygen available in the water.
Category: Scientific consensus on climate change
Claim: This means the global temperature trend has now shown no further warming for 19 years
Evidence: Global warming in this case was indicated by an increase of 0.75 degrees in average global temperatures over the last 100 years.
Evidence: Multiple independently produced instrumental datasets confirm that the 2009–2018 decade was 0.93 ± 0.07 °C warmer than the pre-industrial baseline (1850–1900).
Category: Global warming
Claim: "Twentieth century global warming did not start until  1910.
Evidence: From 1938 Guy Stewart Callendar published evidence that climate was warming and CO 2 levels increasing, but his calculations met the same objections.
Evidence: The average global temperature on Earth has increased by about 0.8° Celsius (1.4° Fahrenheit) since 1880; Two-thirds of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15-0.20 °C per decade.
Evidence: Increasing awareness of global warming began in the 1980s, commencing decades of social and political debate.
Category: Polar bear
Claim: The polar bear population has been growing.
Evidence: The growth of the human population in the Eurasian Arctic in the 16th and 17th century, together with the advent of firearms and increasing trade, dramatically increased the harvest of polar bears.
Evidence: "Ask the experts: Are polar bear populations increasing?".
Evidence: In two areas where harvest levels have been increased based on increased sightings, science-based studies have indicated declining populations, and a third area is considered data-deficient.
Category: Coral bleaching
Claim: an individual heatwave triggering coral bleaching cannot be linked to global warming as the process triggering an individual heatwave is fundamentally different from that triggering global warming
Evidence: While localized triggers lead to localized bleaching, the large scale coral bleaching events of the recent years have been triggered by global warming.
Evidence: Similar rapid adaption may protect coral reefs from global warming.
Evidence: The Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority considers the greatest threat to the Great Barrier Reef to be climate change, causing ocean warming which increases coral bleaching.
Category: Attribution of recent climate change
Claim:  The discrepancy between model-predicted warming and (lower) real-world observations has inspired new respect for natural climate variability relative to greenhouse-gas forcing.
Evidence: Models indicate that solar and volcanic forcings can explain periods of relative warmth and cold between AD 1000 and 1900, but human-induced forcings are needed to reproduce the late-20th century warming.
Evidence: When the model included estimated changes in solar intensity, it gave a reasonable match to temperatures over the previous thousand years and its prediction was that "CO 2 warming dominates the surface temperature patterns soon after 1980."
Evidence: Barnett and colleagues (2005) say that the observed warming of the oceans "cannot be explained by natural internal climate variability or solar and volcanic forcing, but is well simulated by two anthropogenically forced climate models," concluding that "it is of human origin, a conclusion robust to observational sampling and model differences".
Category: Respiratory system
Claim: If Senator Wong was really serious about her  science she would stop breathing because you inhale air that's got 385  parts per million carbon dioxide in it
Evidence: Thus at sea level, where the ambient atmospheric pressure is about 100 kPa, the moistened air that flows into the lungs from the trachea consists of water vapor (6.3 kPa), nitrogen (74.0 kPa), oxygen (19.7 kPa) and trace amounts of carbon dioxide and other gases (a total of 100 kPa).
Evidence: European standards limit carbon dioxide to 3,500 ppm.
Evidence: CO 2 currently forms about 410 parts per million (ppm) of earth's atmosphere, compared to about 280 ppm in pre-industrial times, and billions of metric tons of CO 2 are emitted annually by burning of fossil fuels.
Category: Greenhouse gas
Claim: Carbon emissions are declining in most rich nations and have been declining in Britain, Germany, and France since the mid-1970s
Evidence: Within the G8 group of countries, it is most significant for the UK, France and Germany.
Evidence: As of 2009[update], French carbon dioxide emissions per capita were lower than that of China's.
Evidence: Average carbon emissions within the haulage industry are falling—in the thirty-year period from 1977 to 2007, the carbon emissions associated with a 200-mile journey fell by 21 percent; NOx emissions are also down 87 percent, whereas journey times have fallen by around a third.
Category: Climate change denial
Claim: The United States is the leading nation in the world "with the highest amount of doubt about the conventional wisdom of climate change."
Evidence: The number of these climate skeptics is greater in the US than in any other country.
Evidence: The United States leads the world in scientific research papers and impact factor.
Category: Greenhouse gas
Claim: Satellite and surface measurements find less energy is escaping to space at CO2 absorption wavelengths.
Evidence: The peak of the thermal IR emission from Earth's surface is very close to a strong vibrational absorption band of CO 2 (wavelength 15 microns, or wavenumber 667 cm−1).
Category: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere
Claim: CO2 increase is natural, not human-caused
Evidence: While CO 2 absorption and release is always happening as a result of natural processes, the recent rise in CO 2 levels in the atmosphere is known to be mainly due to human (anthropogenic) activity.
Evidence: Human activities have caused CO 2 to increase above levels not seen in hundreds of thousands of years.
Evidence: In 2007 climate scientists of the IPCC concluded that there was at least a 90% probability that atmospheric increase in CO2 was human-induced, mostly as a result of fossil fuel emissions but, to a lesser extent from changes in land use.
Evidence: Human activity since the Industrial Revolution has increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to increased radiative forcing from CO2, methane, tropospheric ozone, CFCs, and nitrous oxide.
Evidence: It is likely that anthropogenic (i.e., human-induced) warming, such as that due to elevated greenhouse gas levels, has had a discernible influence on many physical and biological systems.
Category: Jet stream
Claim: “The Northern Hemisphere jet stream […] flow is stronger when that temperature difference is large.
Evidence: If two air masses of different temperatures or densities meet, the resulting pressure difference caused by the density difference (which ultimately causes wind) is highest within the transition zone.
Evidence: This in turn reduces the temperature gradient that drives jet stream winds, which may eventually cause the jet stream to become weaker and more variable in its course.
Evidence: The Westerlies and associated jet stream within the Mid-Latitudes can be particularly strong, especially in the Southern Hemisphere, due to the temperature difference between the tropics and Antarctica, which records the coldest temperature readings on the planet.
Evidence: Therefore, the strong eastward moving jet streams are in part a simple consequence of the fact that the Equator is warmer than the North and South poles.
Category: Earth
Claim: for thousands of millions of years the Earth has been changing, with cycles­ and one-off events such as an asteroid impact, super-volcano or a supernova explosion.
Evidence: Between approximately 4.1 and 3.8 Bya, numerous asteroid impacts during the Late Heavy Bombardment caused significant changes to the greater surface environment of the Moon and, by inference, to that of Earth.
Evidence: This is predicted to produce changes such as the melting of glaciers and ice sheets, more extreme temperature ranges, significant changes in weather and a global rise in average sea levels.
Evidence: Tectonics and erosion, volcanic eruptions, flooding, weathering, glaciation, the growth of coral reefs, and meteorite impacts are among the processes that constantly reshape Earth's surface over geological time.
Evidence: These dates change over time due to precession and other orbital factors, which follow cyclical patterns known as Milankovitch cycles.
Category: Sea level rise
Claim: El Niño drove record highs in global temperatures suggesting rise may not be down to man-made emissions.
Evidence: This acceleration is due mostly to human-caused global warming, which is driving thermal expansion of seawater and the melting of land-based ice sheets and glaciers.
Category: Explosive
Claim: Carbon dioxide is a non-condensable atmospheric gas like nitrogen and oxygen
Evidence: The gaseous products of complete reaction are typically carbon dioxide, steam, and nitrogen.
Evidence: Carbon dioxide (chemical formula CO 2) is a colorless gas with a density about 60% higher than that of dry air.
Evidence: The most common gases in Earth's atmosphere are nitrogen (78%), oxygen (21%), and argon (0.9%).
Category: Global warming
Claim: When the heat buildup in the ocean is taken into account, global temperatures are rising relentlessly.
Evidence: Since the pre-industrial period, global average land temperatures have increased almost twice as fast as global average temperatures.
Evidence: Although the most common measure of global warming is the increase in the near-surface atmospheric temperature, over 90% of the additional energy stored in the climate system over the last 50 years has warmed ocean water.
Evidence: Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.
Category: 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami
Claim: Over the last 30-40 years 80% of coral in the Caribbean have been destroyed and 50% in Indonesia and the Pacific.
Evidence: The tsunami devastated the northwestern coastlines of Sumatra, especially in Aceh Province, Indonesia, about 20 minutes after the initial earthquake.
Evidence: Over 50% of the world's coral reefs may be destroyed by 2030; as a result, most nations protect them through environmental laws.
Category: Carbon price
Claim: The benefits of a price on carbon outweigh the costs several times over.
Evidence: How much does that cost the US (excluding the benefit of the reduced externality)?
Evidence: The optimal carbon price, or optimal carbon tax, is the market price (or carbon tax) on carbon emissions that balances the incremental costs of reducing carbon emissions with the incremental benefits of reducing climate damages.
Category: Scientific consensus on climate change
Claim: So that means that probably about half, maybe half of that nine-tenths of the degree [of total warming] might be caused by greenhouse gases
Evidence: Most of the climatic warming over the last 50 years is likely to have been caused by increased concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
Evidence: Before the Industrial Revolution, naturally occurring amounts of greenhouse gases caused the air near the surface to be warmer by about 33 °C (59 °F) than it would be in their absence.
Evidence: Human-caused increases in greenhouse gases are responsible for most of the observed global average surface warming of roughly 0.8 °C (1.5 °F) over the past 140 years.
Evidence: In 2018, Michaels asserted on Fox News, "probably about half, maybe half of that nine-tenths of the degree [of total warming] might be caused by greenhouse gases."
Category: Clean Power Plan
Claim: Obama administration's Clean Power Plan would have little or no effect on carbon dioxide emissions.
Evidence: In his announcement, Obama stated that the plan includes the first standards on carbon dioxide emissions from power plants ever proposed by the Environmental Protection Agency.
Evidence: The final version of the plan aims to reduce carbon dioxide emissions from electrical power generation by 32 percent by 2030, relative to 2005 levels.
Evidence: The Clean Power Plan was an Obama administration policy aimed at combating anthropogenic climate change (global warming) that was first proposed by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in June 2014.
Evidence: The Obama administration designed the plan to lower the carbon dioxide emitted by power generators.
Category: Hilda Heine
Claim: President Hilda Heine has told reporters that longtime residents are leaving the Marshall Islands because climate change is threatening the nation’s existence.”
Evidence: "Hilda Heine elected first female Pacific leader as president of Marshall Islands".
Evidence: "First female President Hilda Hine elected in the Marshall Islands".
Evidence: "A sinking feeling: why is the president of the tiny Pacific island nation of Nauru so concerned about climate change?".
Evidence: According to the president of Nauru, the Marshall Islands are the most endangered nation in the world due to flooding from climate change.
Category: Climatic Research Unit documents
Claim: Trenberth's views are clarified in the paper "An imperative for climate change planning: tracking Earth's global energy".
Evidence: "An imperative for climate change planning: tracking Earth's global energy".
Evidence: The Declaration on the Human Environment also known as the Stockholm Declaration set out the principles for various international environmental issues, including human rights, natural resource management, pollution prevention and the relationship between the environment and development.
Evidence: In a 2009 paper, "An imperative for climate change planning: tracking Earth's global energy", Trenberth discussed the distribution of heat and how it was affected by climate forcing, including greenhouse gas changes.
Category: Population density
Claim: “Temperature, like viscosity and density, and of course phone numbers, is not something that can be meaningfully averaged. ‘
Evidence: Population density (in agriculture: standing stock and standing crop) is a measurement of population per unit area, or exceptionally unit volume; it is a quantity of type number density.
Evidence: An elementary calculation for a dilute gas at temperature T {\displaystyle T} and density ρ {\displaystyle \rho } gives μ = α ρ λ 2 k B T π m , {\displaystyle \mu =\alpha \rho \lambda {\sqrt {\frac {2k_{\text{B}}T}{\pi m}}},} where k B {\displaystyle k_{\text{B}}} is the Boltzmann constant, m {\displaystyle m} the molecular mass, and α {\displaystyle \alpha } a numerical constant on the order of 1 {\displaystyle 1} .
Evidence: The density of a material varies with temperature and pressure.
Evidence: The density of an ideal gas is ρ = M P R T , {\displaystyle \rho ={\frac {MP}{RT}},} where M is the molar mass, P is the pressure, R is the universal gas constant, and T is the absolute temperature.
Category: Global dimming
Claim: Infrared Iris will reduce global warming
Evidence: However some research shows that black carbon will increase global warming, being second only to CO2.
Evidence: The main balancing feedback to global temperature change is radiative cooling to space as infrared radiation, which increases strongly with increasing temperature.
Evidence: Limiting new black carbon deposits in the Arctic could reduce global warming by 0.2 °C by 2050.
Evidence: "Reduction in surface climate change achieved by the 1987 Montreal Protocol".