Danthammadhavi/climate_fever_fixed huggingface dataset:
Category: Eocene
Claim: The lower temperatures at this "coldest point" have caused global water vapor levels to drop, even as carbon levels rise.
Evidence: These isotope changes occurred due to the release of carbon from the ocean into the atmosphere that led to a temperature increase of 4-8 °C (7-14 °F) at the surface of the ocean.
Evidence: At this location, the highest temperature never reached the freezing point of water (0 °C (32 °F; 273 K)), too cold for pure liquid water to exist on the surface.
Evidence: "High levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide necessary for the termination of global glaciation".
Evidence: In contrast, the nightside Venusian thermosphere is the coldest place on Venus with temperature as low as 100 K (−173 °C).
Evidence: At the equator, tropospheric temperatures decrease from an average of 20 °C (68-degree Fahrenheit) at sea level to about −70 to −75 °C (-94 to -103-degree Fahrenheit) at the tropopause.
Category: Climate change feedback
Claim: Unlike the simple example of positive feedback we learned in high school, the increase from every round of feedback gets smaller and smaller, in the case of the enhanced greenhouse effect.
Evidence: Positive feedback amplifies the change in the first quantity while negative feedback reduces it.
Evidence: That is, the effects of a perturbation on a system include an increase in the magnitude of the perturbation.
Evidence: Since water vapor is a greenhouse gas, the increase in water vapor content makes the atmosphere warm further; this warming causes the atmosphere to hold still more water vapor (a positive feedback), and so on until other processes stop the feedback loop.
Evidence: In contrast, positive feedback is feedback in which the system responds so as to increase the magnitude of any particular perturbation, resulting in amplification of the original signal instead of stabilization.
Category: 1906 San Francisco earthquake
Claim: Duffy pointed out that his chart was from a single tide gauge station, near San Francisco, and that sea levels rise at different rates around the world
Evidence: An offshore epicenter is supported by the occurrence of a local tsunami recorded by a tide gauge at the San Francisco Presidio; the wave had an amplitude of approximately 3 in (8 cm) and an approximate period of 40–45 minutes.
Evidence: As the great ice sheets began to melt, around 11,000 years ago, the sea level started to rise.
Category: Atlantic hurricane
Claim: Hurricanes aren't linked to global warming
Evidence: "1.3: A Global Climatology".
Evidence: "African Dust Linked To Hurricane Strength".
Evidence: Global warming contributes 0.6°C to this.
Evidence: Health concerns around the world can be linked to floods.
Category: Climate change mitigation
Claim: Our children and grandchildren will look back on the climate deniers and ask how they could have sacrificed the planet for the sake of cheap fossil fuel energy, when the cost of inaction exceeds the cost of a transition to a low-carbon economy,’ Watson said.
Evidence: Examples of mitigation include reducing energy demand by increasing energy efficiency, phasing out fossil fuels by switching to low-carbon energy sources, and removing carbon dioxide from Earth's atmosphere.
Evidence: This would make the technologies more affordable and competitive in the global market, particularly when combined with a phasing out of fossil fuel subsidies.
Evidence: Recent advances in technology and policy will allow renewable energy and energy efficiency to play major roles in displacing fossil fuels, meeting global energy demand while reducing carbon dioxide emissions.
Evidence: Robert Watson found this "very disappointing" and said "We need the public to understand that climate change is serious so they will change their habits and help us move towards a low carbon economy."
Category: London
Claim: The climate debate is, in reality, about a 1.6 watts per square metre or 0.5 per cent discrepancy in the poorly known planetary energy balance."
Evidence: On average the price per square metre in central London is €24,252 (April 2014).
Category: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
Claim: Under the most ambitious scenarios, they found a strong likelihood that Antarctica would remain fairly stable.”
Evidence: (2007) stated that the SRES represented "a substantial advance from prior scenarios".
Evidence: Projections based on the Special Report on Emissions Scenarios suggest warming over the 21st century at a more rapid rate than that experienced for at least the last 10,000 years.
Evidence: The sheet has been of recent concern because of the small possibility of its collapse.
Category: Stern Review
Claim: Yet the cost of doing something will likely be higher than 6 per cent of GDP" (Bjorn Lomborg)
Evidence: 'Central estimates of the annual costs of achieving stabilisation between 500 and 550ppm CO2e are around 1% of global GDP, if we start to take strong action now.
Evidence: This would take us to 9.4 per cent of GDP spent on health ie around EU average.
Evidence: He argues that "... the cost and benefits of the proposed measures against global warming.
Category: Climate change (general concept)
Claim: Most likely the primary control knob on climate change is the ocean waters and this environment that we live in.
Evidence: "Episodic fresh surface waters in the Eocene Arctic Ocean".
Evidence: Alterations to the ocean currents, due to increased freshwater inputs from glacier melt, and the potential alterations to thermohaline circulation of the worlds oceans, may affect existing fisheries upon which humans depend as well.
Evidence: Because of the short residence time of waters, the Mediterranean Sea is considered a hot-spot for climate change effects.
Category: Fossil fuel
Claim: When you account for the effects which are not reflected in the market price of fossil fuels, like air pollution and health impacts, the true cost of coal and other fossil fuels is higher than the cost of most renewable energy technologies.
Evidence: Oil refineries also have negative environmental impacts, including air and water pollution.
Evidence: Moreover, these environmental pollutions impacts on the human beings because its particles of the fossil fuel on the air cause negative health effects when inhaled by people.
Evidence: The large-scale use of renewable energy technologies would "greatly mitigate or eliminate a wide range of environmental and human health impacts of energy use".
Evidence: The health impact of transport emissions is also of concern.
Category: Sea level rise
Claim: When accelerating ice loss from Greenland and Antarctica are factored into sea level projections, the estimated sea level rise by 2100 is between 75cm to 2 metres.
Evidence: Estimates on future contribution to sea level rise from Greenland range from 0.3 to 3 metres (1 to 10 ft), for the year 2100.
Evidence: In 2019, a study projected that in low emission scenario, sea level will rise 30 centimeters by 2050 and 69 centimetres by 2100, relatively to the level in 2000.
Category: Hockey stick controversy
Claim: [T]he raw data, the actual thermometer data[...] shows that the US has been cooling for 80 to 90 years.
Evidence: That's the data we've had for the past 150 years, which is quite consistent with the expectation that the climate is continuing to warm."
Evidence: He said there had probably been no global warming since the 1940s, and "Satellite data show no appreciable warming of the global atmosphere since 1979.
Category: Sea level rise
Claim: A variety of different measurements find steadily rising sea levels over the past century.
Evidence: More precise data gathered from satellite radar measurements reveal an accelerating rise of 7.5 cm (3.0 in) from 1993 to 2017, which is a trend of roughly 30 cm (12 in) per century.
Evidence: Since the last glacial maximum about 20,000 years ago, the sea level has risen by more than 125 metres (410 ft), with rates varying from less than a mm/year to 40+ mm/year, as a result of melting ice sheets over Canada and Eurasia.
Evidence: Since at least the start of the 20th century, the average global sea level has been rising.
Category: South Australia
Claim: [South Australia] has the most expensive electricity in the world.
Evidence: Renewable energy is a growing source of electricity in South Australia, and there is potential for growth from this particular industry of the state's economy.
Evidence: At the time of construction in late 2017, it was billed as the largest lithium-ion battery in the world.
Evidence: "South Australia has the highest power prices in the world".
Evidence: [citation needed] South Australia has the highest retail price for electricity in the country.
Category: Climate change mitigation
Claim: Scientists say halting deforestation ‘just as urgent’ as reducing emissions
Evidence: Reducing energy use is seen as a key solution to the problem of reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
Evidence: Leading scientists and economists say that ending deforestation is the most cost effective and scalable method of reducing greenhouse gases.
Evidence: In 2008, climate scientist Kevin Anderson raised concern about the growing effect of rapidly increasing global air transport on the climate in a paper, and a presentation, suggesting that reversing this trend is necessary to reduce emissions.
Evidence: The general term for these sorts of programs is Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD).
Evidence: One attempt towards fighting climate change globally is the Reducing Emissions for Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) efforts, and a few countries are already starting to implement and analyse ways to protect standing trees.
Category: Global warming
Claim: Multiple lines of evidence make it very clear that the rise in atmospheric CO2 is due to human emissions.
Evidence: Global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions in 2010 were equivalent to 49 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide (using the most recent global warming potentials over 100 years from the AR5 report).
Category: Arctic Ocean
Claim: To make matters worse, the water temperatures in the Arctic Ocean are several degrees above average, which is an expected result of having less sea ice.
Evidence: The Arctic Ocean's surface temperature and salinity vary seasonally as the ice cover melts and freezes; its salinity is the lowest on average of the five major oceans, due to low evaporation, heavy fresh water inflow from rivers and streams, and limited connection and outflow to surrounding oceanic waters with higher salinities.
Evidence: Reduction of the area of Arctic sea ice reduces the planet's average albedo, possibly resulting in global warming in a positive feedback mechanism.
Evidence: Much of the Arctic Ocean is covered by sea ice that varies in extent and thickness seasonally.
Category: Global warming controversy
Claim: "An article in Science magazine illustrated that a rise in carbon dioxide did not precede a rise in temperatures, but actually lagged behind temperature rises by 200 to 1000 years.
Evidence: Recent warming is followed by carbon dioxide levels with only a 5 months delay.
Evidence: Studies of the Vostok ice core show that at the "beginning of the deglaciations, the CO 2 increase either was in phase or lagged by less than ~1000 years with respect to the Antarctic temperature, whereas it clearly lagged behind the temperature at the onset of the glaciations".
Category: Cloud
Claim: Also, it's not yet clear whether changes in stratospheric water vapor are caused by a climate feedback or internal variability
Evidence: Broadly speaking, if clouds, especially low clouds, increase in a warmer climate, the resultant cooling effect leads to a negative feedback in climate response to increased greenhouse gases.
Evidence: Attributing detected temperature changes and extreme events to human-caused increases in greenhouse gases requires scientists to rule out known internal climate variability and natural external forcings.
Evidence: Climate change may be due to natural internal processes or external forcings such as modulations of the solar cycles, volcanic eruptions and persistent anthropogenic changes in the composition of the atmosphere or in land use."
Category: Future of Earth
Claim: Their analysis calculates the existential climate-related security risk to Earth through a scenario set 30 years into the future.
Evidence: Christopher Scotese and his colleagues have mapped out the predicted motions several hundred million years into the future as part of the Paleomap Project.
Evidence: A global catastrophic risk is a hypothetical future event which could damage human well-being on a global scale, even crippling or destroying modern civilization.
Evidence: They analyze the past 30 years of environmentalism and the different outcomes that the green movement has taken in different state contexts and cultures.
Evidence: The authors of this study believe that the mentioned agricultural crisis will begin to have an effect on the world after 2020, and will become critical after 2050.
Category: California
Claim: While the north-east, midwest and upper great plains have experienced a 30% increase in heavy rainfall episodes – considered once-in-every-five year downpours – parts of the west, particularly California, have been parched by drought.
Evidence: Water use and conservation in California is a politically divisive issue, as the state experiences periodic droughts and has to balance the demands of its large agricultural and urban sectors, especially in the arid southern portion of the state.
Evidence: However, parts of the West get extremely high amounts of rain or snow, and still other parts are true desert and get less than 5 inches (130 mm) of rain per year.
Category: Climate variability
Claim: "The Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) is a temperature pattern in the Pacific Ocean that spends roughly 20-30 years in the cool phase or the warm phase.
Evidence: The PDO is a pattern of Pacific climate variability that shifts phases on at least inter-decadal time scale, usually about 20 to 30 years.
Category: Lucas pseudoprime
Claim: The two most cited composites are PMOD and ACRIM.
Evidence: A Pell pseudoprime may be defined as a composite number n for which equation (1) above is true with P = 2 and Q = −1; the sequence Un then being the Pell sequence.
Evidence: A Fibonacci pseudoprime is often defined as a composite number n not divisible by 5 for which congruence (1) holds with P = 1 and Q = −1 (but n is ).
Evidence: Examples include the issue of the irradiance increase between cycle minima in 1986 and 1996, evident only in the ACRIM composite (and not the model) and the low irradiance levels in the PMOD composite during the 2008 minimum.
Evidence: In 2014 a new ACRIM composite was developed using the updated ACRIM3 record.
Category: River Thames
Claim: The earth is 15 years from a “mini ice-age” that will cause bitterly cold winters during which rivers such as the Thames freeze over, scientists have predicted.
Evidence: After temperatures began to rise again, starting in 1814, the river stopped freezing over.
Evidence: The Thames remained frozen over for about 8 weeks.
Evidence: Canals and rivers in Great Britain and the Netherlands were frequently frozen deeply enough to support ice skating and winter festivals.
Evidence: During a series of cold winters the Thames froze over above London Bridge: in the first Frost Fair in 1607, a tent city was set up on the river, along with a number of amusements, including ice bowling.
Category: Global warming
Claim: CO2 levels are rising so fast that unless we decrease emissions, global warming will accelerate this century.
Evidence: Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.
Evidence: To keep warming below 2 °C, more stringent emission reductions in the near-term would allow for less rapid reductions after 2030.
Evidence: Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.
Category: Habitat destruction
Claim: Global warming is driving polar bears toward extinction
Evidence: Rising global temperatures, caused by the greenhouse effect, contribute to habitat destruction, endangering various species, such as the polar bear.
Evidence: "Recent Research Shows Human Activity Driving Earth Towards Global Extinction Event".
Evidence: Environmental impacts include the extinction or relocation of many species as their ecosystems change, most immediately the environments of coral reefs, mountains, and the Arctic.
Evidence: Rising temperatures push bees to their physiological limits, and could cause the extinction of bee populations.
Category: Scientific consensus on climate change
Claim: More specifically, around 95% of active climate researchers actively publishing climate papers endorse the consensus position.
Evidence: Over 99.99% of climate scientists did not reject AGW in their peer-reviewed research.
Evidence: A 2010 paper in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States (PNAS) reviewed publication and citation data for 1,372 climate researchers and drew the following two conclusions: (i) 97–98% of the climate researchers most actively publishing in the field support the tenets of ACC (Anthropogenic Climate Change) outlined by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, and (ii) the relative climate expertise and scientific prominence of the researchers unconvinced of ACC are substantially below that of the convinced researchers.
Category: James Hansen
Claim: 'On June 23, 1988, NASA scientist James Hansen testified before the House of Representatives that there was a strong "cause and effect relationship" between observed temperatures and human emissions into the atmosphere.
Evidence: ...Dr. James E. Hansen of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration told a Congressional committee that it was 99 percent certain that the warming trend was not a natural variation but was caused by a buildup of carbon dioxide and other artificial gases in the atmosphere.
Evidence: During a senate meeting on June 23, 1988, Hansen reported that he was ninety-nine percent certain the earth was warmer then than it had ever been measured to be, there was a clear cause and effect relationship with the greenhouse effect and lastly that due to global warming, the likelihood of freak weather was steadily increasing.
Evidence: Hansen testified that "Global warming has reached a level such that we can ascribe with a high degree of confidence a cause and effect relationship between the greenhouse effect and observed warming...It is already happening now" and "The greenhouse effect has been detected and it is changing our climate now...We already reached the point where the greenhouse effect is important."
Category: Coal
Claim: A 14 August 1912 article from a New Zealand newspaper contained a brief story about how burning coal might produce future warming by adding carbon dioxide to the atmosphere.
Evidence: Then over millions of years the heat and pressure of deep burial causes the loss of water, methane and carbon dioxide and an increase in the proportion of carbon.
Evidence: Coal production is a major contributor to global warming: burning coal generates large quantities of carbon dioxide and mining operations can release methane, a known greenhouse gas, into the atmosphere.
Evidence: The largest and most long term effect of coal use is the release of carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas that causes climate change and global warming.
Category: 2015 in science
Claim: Last month was the hottest June ever recorded, European satellite agency announces
Evidence: 20 August July 2015 was the hottest month on Earth since records began in 1880, according to data from NOAA.
Evidence: "June was hottest ever recorded on Earth, European satellite agency announces".
Evidence: According to the World Meteorological Organization, the reported temperature is the highest recorded in Asia.
Category: Global warming
Claim: The Earth’s climate is changing in response to increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases (GHGs) and particulate matter in the atmosphere, largely as the result of human activities.
Evidence: increased concentrations of greenhouse gases), solar luminosity, volcanic eruptions, and variations in the Earth's orbit around the Sun.
Evidence: Scientists have determined that the major factors causing the current climate change are greenhouse gases, land use changes, and aerosols and soot.
Evidence: The most talked-about applications of these models in recent years have been their use to infer the consequences of increasing greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, primarily carbon dioxide (see greenhouse gas).
Evidence: Human activity since the Industrial Revolution has increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to increased radiative forcing from CO2, methane, tropospheric ozone, CFCs, and nitrous oxide.
Category: Global warming controversy
Claim: “But the differences between NOAA and NASA aren’t that significant, Schmidt further argued, in the context of the bigger picture.
Evidence: Such statements suggest that there might be substantive disagreement in the scientific community about the reality of anthropogenic climate change.
Evidence: In addition, there are important differences in the onboard and ground equipment needed to support the two types of missions.
Evidence: Consistent with Schmidt's comment, the NASA / NOAA announcement stated that "globally-averaged temperatures in 2016 were 1.78 degrees Fahrenheit (0.99 degrees Celsius) warmer than the mid-20th century mean" and that the impact of El Niño warming was estimated to have "increased the annual global temperature anomaly for 2016 by 0.2 degrees Fahrenheit (0.12 degrees Celsius)."
Category: Net metering
Claim: The costs of emissions regulations, which will be paid by everyone, will be punishingly high and will provide no benefits to most people anywhere in the world.
Evidence: point out that while distributed solar and other energy efficiency measures do pose a challenge to electric utilities' existing business model, the benefits of distributed generation outweigh the costs, and those benefits are shared by all ratepayers.
Evidence: A pollution tax that reduces pollution to the socially "optimal" level would be set at such a level that pollution occurs only if the benefits to society (for example, in form of greater production) exceeds the costs.
Category: Dead zone (ecology)
Claim: “Moreover, the ocean already contains so-called oxygen minimum zones, generally found in the middle depths.
Evidence: These areas are also known as oxygen minimum zones (OMZ).
Evidence: Dead zones are hypoxic (low-oxygen) areas in the world's oceans and large lakes, caused by "excessive nutrient pollution from human activities coupled with other factors that deplete the oxygen required to support most marine life in bottom and near-bottom water.
Evidence: The deeper layer becomes oxygen starved and can become saturated with carbon dioxide, or other gases such as sulfur dioxide if there is even a trace of volcanic activity.
Evidence: The oxygen minimum layer exists somewhere between a depth of 700m and 1000m deep depending on the place in the ocean.
Evidence: The oxygen consumption due to respiration of most of the sinking organic matter and lack of gas exchange, often creates an oxygen minimum zone (OMZ) in the mesopelagic.
Category: Antarctica
Claim: there were no ice sheets covering either Greenland or West Antarctica, and much of the East Antarctic ice sheet was gone.
Evidence: The mass balance of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet as a whole is thought to be slightly positive (lowering sea level) or near to balance.
Evidence: Play media The Western Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) is the segment of the continental ice sheet that covers West (or Lesser) Antarctica, the portion of Antarctica on the side of the Transantarctic Mountains which lies in the Western Hemisphere.
Category: Coal
Claim: If there were [carbon emissions], we could not see because most carbon is black.
Evidence: Bituminous coal, a dense sedimentary rock, usually black, but sometimes dark brown, often with well-defined bands of bright and dull material.
Evidence: As shown in the seventh image on this page, an optical thickness of less than 0.1 (palest yellow) indicates a crystal clear sky with maximum visibility, whereas a value of 1 (reddish-brown) indicates very hazy conditions.
Evidence: Global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions in 2010 were equivalent to 49 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide (using the most recent global warming potentials over 100 years from the AR5 report).
Category: Global warming in Antarctica
Claim: Antarctica is gaining land-based ice, according to a new study by NASA scientists published in the Journal of Glaciology
Evidence: [1] In their latest study (September 20, 2007) NASA researchers have confirmed that Antarctic snow is melting farther inland from the coast over time, melting at higher altitudes than ever and increasingly melting on Antarctica's largest ice shelf.
Evidence: In January 2008 British Antarctic Survey (BAS) scientists, led by Hugh Corr and David Vaughan, reported (in the journal Nature Geoscience) that 2,200 years ago, a volcano erupted under Antarctica's ice sheet (based on airborne survey with radar images).
Category: Global warming
Claim: Cosmic ray counts have increased over the past 50 years, so if they do influence global temperatures, they are having a cooling effect.
Evidence: Globally, these effects are estimated to have led to a slight cooling, dominated by an increase in surface albedo.
Evidence: IPCC AR5 SYR Glossary 2014, p. 124: Global warming refers to the gradual increase, observed or projected, in global surface temperature, as one of the consequences of radiative forcing caused by anthropogenic emissions.
Evidence: Oxygen isotope analysis showed a large negative change in the proportion of heavier oxygen isotopes to lighter oxygen isotopes, which indicates an increase in global temperatures.
Evidence: The main balancing feedback to global temperature change is radiative cooling to space as infrared radiation, which increases strongly with increasing temperature.
Category: Scarlet fever
Claim: He claimed "the planet is running a ’fever’ and the prognosis is that it is apt to get much worse."
Evidence: The improvement in prognosis can be attributed to the use of penicillin in the treatment of this disease.
Evidence: If the disease is left untreated, the prognosis varies with the immune status of the individual patient and the severity of disease.
Evidence: "The current and future global distribution and population at risk of dengue".
Category: Scientific consensus on climate change
Claim: Earth’s climate is now changing faster than at any point in the history of modern civilization, primarily as a result of human activities.
Evidence: The introduction includes this statement: There is strong evidence that the warming of the Earth over the last half-century has been caused largely by human activity, such as the burning of fossil fuels and changes in land use, including agriculture and deforestation.
Evidence: In order to constitute the Holocene as an extinction event, scientists must determine exactly when anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions began to measurably alter natural atmospheric levels on a global scale, and when these alterations caused changes to global climate.
Evidence: American Physical Society Climate Change Policy Statement, November 2007 "Emissions of greenhouse gases from human activities are changing the atmosphere in ways that affect the Earth's climate.
Evidence: Most of the global warming since the mid-20th century is very likely due to human activities.
Category: Livestock
Claim: ...Livestock are responsible for 18 per cent of the  greenhouse gases that cause global warming, more than cars, planes and  all other forms of transport put together.
Evidence: The IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) has estimated that agriculture (including not only livestock, but also food crop, biofuel and other production) accounted for about 10 to 12 percent of global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions (expressed as 100-year carbon dioxide equivalents) in 2005 and in 2010.Cows produce some 570 million cubic metres of methane per day, that accounts for from 35 to 40% of the overall methane emissions of the planet.
Evidence: Cumulative anthropogenic (i.e., human-emitted) emissions of CO 2 from fossil fuel use are a major cause of global warming, and give some indication of which countries have contributed most to human-induced climate change.
Evidence: It is one of the largest sources of greenhouse gases, responsible for 18% of the world's greenhouse gas emissions as measured in CO2 equivalents.
Evidence: Animal husbandry is also responsible for greenhouse gas production of CO 2 and a percentage of the world's methane, and future land infertility, and the displacement of wildlife.
Category: Scientific journal
Claim: The error was incorrect citation, failing to mention the peer-reviewed papers where the data came from.
Evidence: Scientific journals contain articles that have been peer reviewed, in an attempt to ensure that articles meet the journal's standards of quality, and scientific validity.
Evidence: He stated that MBH had given out their full data and descriptions of methods, and were not the only evidence in the IPCC TAR that recent temperatures were likely the warmest in 1,000 years; "a variety of independent lines of evidence, summarized in a number of peer-reviewed publications, were cited in support".
Category: Global warming
Claim: The oceans have absorbed much of this increased heat, with the top 700 meters (about 2,300 feet) of ocean showing warming of more than 0.4 degrees Fahrenheit since 1969.
Evidence: Warming of the ocean accounts for about 93% of the increase in the Earth's energy inventory between 1971 and 2010 (high confidence), with warming of the upper (0 to 700 m) ocean accounting for about 64% of the total.
Evidence: These isotope changes occurred due to the release of carbon from the ocean into the atmosphere that led to a temperature increase of 4-8 °C (7-14 °F) at the surface of the ocean.
Evidence: Long-term ocean temperature records show a rapid, continuous warming in the Indian Ocean, at about 1.2 °C (34.2 °F) (compared to 0.7 °C (33.3 °F) for the warm pool region) during 1901–2012.
Category: Global warming
Claim: I note particularly that sea-level rise is not affected by the warming; it continues at the same rate, 1.8 millimeters a year, according to a 1990 review by Andrew S. Trupin and John Wahr.
Evidence: Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.
Evidence: Data collected by the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) in Australia show the current global mean sea level trend to be 3.2 mm (0.13 in) per year, a doubling of the rate during the 20th century.
Evidence: The last time the Earth was 2 °C (3.6 °F) warmer than pre-industrial temperatures, sea levels were at least 5 metres (16 ft) higher than now: this was when warming because of changes in the amount of sunlight due to slow changes in the Earth's orbit caused the last interglacial.
Evidence: The sea-level rise due to Antarctica has been estimated to be 0.25 mm per year from 1993–2005, and 0.42 mm per year from 2005 to 2015.
Category: Tony Abbott
Claim: Tony Abbott the Opposition must respect the Government's mandate to overturn the carbon tax.
Evidence: With Abbott as Opposition Leader, the Liberal party opposed a carbon emissions tax and an Emissions Trading Scheme.
Evidence: Following the first Gillard Government budget in May 2011, Abbott used his budget-reply speech to reiterate his critiques of government policy and call for an early election over the issue of a carbon tax.
Evidence: As Opposition Leader, Abbott declared that he accepted that climate change was real and that humans were having an impact on it, but rejected carbon pricing as a means to address the issue, proposing instead to match the Labor government's 5% emissions reduction target through implementation of a plan involving financial incentives for emissions reductions by industry, and support for carbon storage in soils and expanded forests.
Category: Geology of Scotland
Claim: as continents rise after the overlying ice has melted
Evidence: Sea levels rose as the Ordovician ice sheets melted, and tectonic movements created major faults which assembled the outline of Scotland from previously scattered fragments.
Evidence: Water flowing down the headwall gains energy, which melts the surrounding ice, creating channels.
Evidence: As Gondwana drifted away from the South Pole, the glaciers melted, leaving a vast inland sea, extending across South Africa, and neighboring regions of Gondwana.
Category: Troposphere
Claim: According to the study, as carbon levels have risen, the cold air at high altitudes over the tropics has actually grown colder.
Evidence: The tropopause is an inversion layer, where the air temperature ceases to decrease with height and remains constant through its thickness.
Evidence: 1950s military research found less saturation of the greenhouse effect at high altitudes.
Category: GRACE and GRACE-FO
Claim: The latest  measurements involve the use of satellite gravimetry, estimating  the mass of terrain beneath by detecting slight changes in gravity as a  satellite passes overhead.
Evidence: Twin satellites took detailed measurements of Earth's gravity field anomalies from its launch in March 2002 to the end of its science mission in October 2017.
Evidence: Their first uses were to measure the changes in gravity from the varying densities and distribution of masses inside the earth, from temporal "tidal" variations in the shape and distribution of mass in the oceans, atmosphere and earth.
Evidence: This was to be accomplished by measuring, very precisely, tiny changes in the direction of spin of four gyroscopes contained in an Earth satellite orbiting at 650 km (400 mi) altitude, crossing directly over the poles.
Category: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
Claim: With 32 years of  rapidly increasing global temperatures and only a minor increase in  global CO2 emissions, followed by 33 years of slowly cooling global  temperatures with rapid increases in global CO2 emissions, it was  deceitful for the IPCC to make any claim that CO2 emissions were  primarily responsible for observed 20th century global warming."
Evidence: "The IPCC Third Assessment Report'] conclusion that most of the observed warming of the last 50 years is likely to have been due to the increase in greenhouse gas concentrations accurately reflects the current thinking of the scientific community on this issue".
Evidence: The global warming observed over the past 50 years is due primarily to human-induced emissions of heat-trapping gases.
Evidence: Since the mid-20th century, most of the observed warming is "likely" (greater than 66% probability, based on expert judgement) due to human activities.
Category: Global warming controversy
Claim: The temperature is not rising nearly as fast as the alarmist computer models predicted.
Evidence: Confidence in model estimates is higher for some climate variables (e.g., temperature) than for others (e.g., precipitation).
Evidence: Our results show that the observed rapid rise in global mean temperatures seen after 1985 cannot be ascribed to solar variability, whichever of the mechanisms is invoked and no matter how much the solar variation is amplified.
Evidence: Satellite temperature measurements show that tropospheric temperatures are increasing with "rates similar to those of the surface temperature", leading the IPCC to conclude that this discrepancy is reconciled.
Evidence: Conventional projections of future temperature rises depend on estimates of future anthropogenic GHG emissions (see SRES), those positive and negative climate change feedbacks that have so far been incorporated into the models, and the climate sensitivity.
Category: Caffeine
Claim: Small amounts of very active substances can cause large effects.
Evidence: Doses as low as 100 mg/day, such as a 6 oz cup of coffee or two to three 12 oz servings of caffeinated soft-drink, may continue to cause sleep disruption, among other intolerances.
Evidence: In the upper range of recreational ethanol concentrations of 20 to 50 mM, depression of the central nervous system is more marked, with effects including complete drunkenness, profound sedation, amnesia, emesis, hypnosis, and eventually unconsciousness.
Evidence: Slightly higher levels of 5 to 10 mM, which are associated with light social drinking, produce measurable effects including changes in visual acuity, decreased anxiety, and modest behavioral disinhibition.
Evidence: Specifically, ethanol is a very low molecular weight compound and is of exceptionally low potency in its actions, causing effects only at very high (millimolar (mM)) concentrations.
Category: Global warming
Claim: Since the mid 1970s, global temperatures have been warming at around 0.2 degrees Celsius per decade.
Evidence: Global Warming of 1.5 °C.
Evidence: Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.
Evidence: Multiple independently produced instrumental datasets confirm that the 2009–2018 decade was 0.93 ± 0.07 °C warmer than the pre-industrial baseline (1850–1900).
Category: Pleistocene
Claim: The new research showed that [oxygen isotopes in foraminifera] can change
Evidence: Such a pattern seems to fit the information on climate change found in oxygen isotope cores.
Evidence: Stable isotopes of oxygen (δ18O) and carbon (δ13C) are recorded well in speleothems, giving high-resolution data that can show annual variation in temperature (oxygen isotopes primarily reflect rainfall temperature) and precipitation (carbon isotopes primarily reflect C3/C4 plant composition and plant productivity, but the interpretation is often complicated).
Evidence: "Cryogenic cave calcite from several Central European caves: age, carbon and oxygen isotopes and a genetic model".
Evidence: In 1939, Martin Kamen and Samuel Ruben of the Radiation Laboratory at Berkeley began experiments to determine if any of the elements common in organic matter had isotopes with half-lives long enough to be of value in biomedical research.
Evidence: As of 2018[update], there is a decade of research demonstrating that in mineral soils the degree of methylation of bacteria (brGDGTs), helps to calculate mean annual air temperatures.
Category: Arctic Ocean
Claim: Arctic sea ice has been steadily thinning, even in the last few years while the surface ice (eg - sea ice extent) increased slightly.
Evidence: The mean extent of the ice has been decreasing since 1980 from the average winter value of 15,600,000 km2 (6,023,200 sq mi) at a rate of 3% per decade.
Evidence: The Arctic ice pack is thinning, and a seasonal hole in the ozone layer frequently occurs.
Evidence: A 2018 study of the thickness of sea ice found a decrease of 66% or 2.0 m over the last six decades and a shift from permanent ice to largely seasonal ice cover.
Evidence: Nevertheless, as all the explorers who travelled closer and closer to the pole reported, the polar ice cap is quite thick, and persists year-round.
Category: Tropical monsoon climate
Claim: The contrast in precipitation between wet and dry regions and between wet and dry seasons will increase, although there may be regional exceptions.
Evidence: In essence, a tropical monsoon climate tends to either see more rainfall than a tropical savanna climate or have less pronounced dry seasons.
Category: Season creep
Claim: A longer and warmer growing season also has an effect, Dr. Overpeck said, as plants take up more water, further reducing stream flows.
Evidence: While summer growing seasons are expanding, winters are getting warmer and shorter, resulting in reduced winter ice cover on bodies of water, earlier ice-out, earlier melt water flows, and earlier spring lake level peaks.
Evidence: A reduction in runoff will affect the ability to irrigate crops and will reduce summer stream flows necessary to keep dams and reservoirs replenished.
Evidence: While warmer temperatures create longer growing seasons, and faster growth rates for plants, it also increases the metabolic rate and number of breeding cycles of insect populations.
Evidence: As climate change more rapidly progresses, temperature increases will affect the length of the growing season.
Category: Scientific consensus on climate change
Claim: But that conclusion holds true only if there are no other sources of c12 increases which are not human caused.
Evidence: While ‘climate change’ can be due to natural forces or human activity, there is now substantial evidence to indicate that human activity – and specifically increased greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions – is a key factor in the pace and extent of global temperature increases.
Evidence: According to this summary, the Fourth Assessment Report found that human actions are "very likely" the cause of global warming, meaning a 90% or greater probability.
Evidence: The reasoning in this argument is valid, because there is no way in which the premises, 1 and 2, could be true and the conclusion, 3, be false.
Evidence: "It is likely that increases in GHG concentrations alone would have caused more warming than observed because volcanic and anthropogenic aerosols have offset some warming that would otherwise have taken place."
Category: Climate of the United Kingdom
Claim: However, this is exactly what climate scientists have predicted for California since at least the 1980s: protracted periods of warm, dry conditions punctuated by intense wet spells, with more rain and less snow, causing both drought and floods.
Evidence: The summer of 1976 or 2019, for example, experienced temperatures as high as 35 °C (95 °F), and it was so dry the country suffered drought and water shortages.
Evidence: Between 2011 and 2014, California experienced the driest period in its recorded history and more than 100 million trees died in the drought, creating areas of dead, dry wood.
Evidence: hot and dry); as a result, these communities are well suited to recover from droughts, floods, and fires.
Category: Hockey stick controversy
Claim: The peer-reviewed study by two scientists and a veteran statistician looked at the global average temperature datasets[…]
Evidence: In a paper published by PNAS on 9 September 2008, Mann and colleagues produced updated reconstructions of Earth surface temperature for the past two millennia.
Evidence: In 2017, The Daily Caller published a story falsely claiming that a "peer-reviewed study" by "two scientists and a veteran statistician" found that recent years have not been the warmest ever.
Category: Little Ice Age
Claim: A South African paper has found a 21 year cycle synchronous with the solar cycle (Alexander 2007).
Evidence: Orbital forcing from cycles in the earth's orbit around the sun has, for the past 2,000 years, caused a long-term northern hemisphere cooling trend that continued through the Middle Ages and the Little Ice Age.
Evidence: A leap year (also known as an intercalary year or bissextile year) is a calendar year containing an additional day (or, in the case of lunisolar calendars, a month) added to keep the calendar year synchronized with the astronomical or seasonal year.
Category: Scientific consensus on climate change
Claim: The IPCC’s predicted equilibrium warming path bears no relation to the far lesser rate of “global warming” that has been observed in the 21st century to date.
Evidence: Since the start of the 20th century, the global mean surface temperature of the Earth has increased by more than 0.7°C and the rate of warming has been largest in the last 30 years.
Evidence: Projections based on the Special Report on Emissions Scenarios suggest warming over the 21st century at a more rapid rate than that experienced for at least the last 10,000 years.
Evidence: The current trajectory of global greenhouse gas emissions is not consistent with limiting global warming to below 1.5 or 2 °C, relative to pre-industrial levels.
Category: Scientific consensus on climate change
Claim: But experts say the energy transition needs to speed up drastically to head off the worst effects of climate change.
Evidence: Continuing emissions will increase the likelihood and severity of global effects.
Evidence: It is clear that major efforts are necessary to quickly and strongly reduce CO 2 emissions.
Category: Medieval Warm Period
Claim: Medieval Warm Period was warmer than the climate warming today.
Evidence: The Medieval Warm Period (MWP) also known as the Medieval Climate Optimum, or Medieval Climatic Anomaly was a time of warm climate in the North Atlantic region lasting from c. 950 to c. 1250.
Evidence: study found warmth exceeding 1961–1990 levels in Southern Greenland and parts of North America during the Medieval Climate Anomaly (defined in the study from 950 to 1250) with warmth in some regions exceeding temperatures of the 1990–2010 period.
Category: El Niño
Claim: Climate change is because of El Niño.
Evidence: El Nino affects the global climate and disrupts normal weather patterns, which as a result can lead to intense storms in some places and droughts in others.
Evidence: "The impact of global warming on the tropical Pacific Ocean and El Niño".
Evidence: The ENSO cycle, including both El Niño and La Niña, causes global changes in temperature and rainfall.
Category: Coral
Claim: On a world scale coral reefs are in decline.
Evidence: In 1998, 16% of the world's reefs died as a result of increased water temperature.
Evidence: According to the Caribbean Coral Reefs - Status Report 19702-2012, states that; stop overfishing especially fishes key to coral reef like parrotfish, coastal zone management that reduce human pressure on reef, (for example restricting coastal settlement, development and tourism) and control pollution specially sewage, may reduce coral decline or even reverse it.
Evidence: "From despair to repair: Dramatic decline of Caribbean corals can be reversed".
Evidence: Coral reef systems have been in decline worldwide.
Evidence: Global assessments of coral reefs of the world continue to report drastic and rapid rates of decline.
Category: Philadelphia
Claim: The warmer the planet gets, the more ozone forms, and by mid-century, Americans will likely suffer a 70 percent increase in unhealthy ozone smog, the National Center for Atmospheric Research has projected.
Evidence: According to the same report, the city experienced a significant reduction in high ozone days since 2001—from nearly 50 days per year to fewer than 10—along with fewer days of high particle pollution since 2000—from about 19 days per year to about 3—and an approximate 30% reduction in annual levels of particle pollution since 2000.
Evidence: Some stratospheric cooling is also predicted from increases in greenhouse gases such as CO 2 and CFCs themselves; however, the ozone-induced cooling appears to be dominant.
Category: Ethiopia
Claim: The rapid changes in the climate may have profound consequences for humans and other species… Severe drought caused food shortages for millions of people in Ethiopia, with a lack of rainfall resulting in “intense and widespread” forest fires in Indonesia that belched out a vast quantity of greenhouse gas
Evidence: The ensuing government suffered several coups, uprisings, wide-scale drought, and a huge refugee problem.
Evidence: Recurring droughts leading to desertification in East Africa have created grave ecological catastrophes, prompting food shortages in 1984–85, 2006 and 2011.
Evidence: According to the WWF, the combination of climate change and deforestation increases the drying effect of dead trees that fuels forest fires.
Evidence: A primary cause of the famine (one of the largest seen in the country) is that Ethiopia (and the surrounding Horn) was still recovering from the droughts which occurred in the mid-late 1970s.
Evidence: A 17-year-long civil war, along with severe drought, negatively impacted Ethiopia's environmental conditions, leading to even greater habitat degradation.