Danthammadhavi/climate_fever_fixed huggingface dataset:
Category: Peak oil
Claim: If Houlton’s finding about these vast, previously unknown nitrogen stores holds true, then it would have an enormous impact on global warming predictions.
Evidence: A consensus was emerging that parties to an international agreement would introduce measures to constrain the combustion of hydrocarbons in an effort to limit global temperature rise to the nominal 2 °C that scientists predicted would limit environmental harm to tolerable levels.
Evidence: When the model included estimated changes in solar intensity, it gave a reasonable match to temperatures over the previous thousand years and its prediction was that "CO 2 warming dominates the surface temperature patterns soon after 1980."
Category: Temperature
Claim: Temperatures cooled from about 1940 to 1975, and then they rose from about ’75 to about 2005 or so, and since then they’ve been flat or cooling.
Evidence: A temperature of 450 ±80 pK in a Bose–Einstein condensate (BEC) of sodium atoms was achieved in 2003 by researchers at MIT.
Evidence: September 16, 1972.
Evidence: September 14, 1972.
Evidence: June 23, 2011.
Category: 2014–15 North American winter
Claim: Snowfall is increasing in the fall and winter in the Northern Hemisphere and North America with many records being set.
Evidence: Snowflakes fell on 19 out of 28 days in the Boston, Massachusetts area, setting records in numerous locations with depths up to over 36.0 inches (91 cm) deep in certain places.
Evidence: Snowfall records were confirmed all over the Midwest and the Northeast, especially around the Great Lakes.
Evidence: The following are world records regarding snowfall and snowflakes: Highest seasonal total snowfall – The world record for the highest seasonal total snowfall was measured in the United States at Mt.
Category: Captain America: The First Avenger
Claim: We're coming out of the Little Ice Age.
Evidence: Producer Avi Arad said, "The biggest opportunity with Captain America is as a man 'out of time', coming back today, looking at our world through the eyes of someone who thought the perfect world was small-town United States.
Evidence: The Summit Series, or Super Series (in Russian Суперсерия СССР — Канада; Superseriya SSSR — Canada), known at the time simply as the Canada–USSR Series, was an eight-game series of ice hockey between the Soviet Union and Canada, held in September 1972.
Category: Scientific consensus on climate change
Claim: world temperatures, because they have gone up only very slowly, less than half as fast as the scientific consensus predicted in 1990
Evidence: On the basis of available data, climate scientists are now projecting an average global temperature rise over this century of 2.0 to 4.5°C.
Evidence: Global warming in this case was indicated by an increase of 0.75 degrees in average global temperatures over the last 100 years.
Evidence: Since the start of the 20th century, the global mean surface temperature of the Earth has increased by more than 0.7°C and the rate of warming has been largest in the last 30 years.
Evidence: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.
Category: Retreat of glaciers since 1850
Claim: Beginning in 2005, however, polar ice modestly receded for several years.
Evidence: The net loss in volume and hence sea level contribution of the Greenland Ice Sheet (GIS) has doubled in recent years from 90 km3 (22 cu mi) per year in 1996 to 220 km3 (53 cu mi) per year in 2005.
Evidence: Polar Discovery "Continued Sea Ice Decline in 2005".
Evidence: The Trift Glacier had the greatest recorded retreat, losing 350 m (1,150 ft) of its length between the years 2003 and 2005.
Category: Global temperature record
Claim: Tree-rings diverge from temperature after 1960
Evidence: Recent evidence suggests that a sudden and short-lived climatic shift between 2200 and 2100 BCE occurred in the region between Tibet and Iceland, with some evidence suggesting a global change.
Evidence: A microthermal climate is one of low annual mean temperatures, generally between 0 °C (32 °F) and 14 °C (57 °F) which experiences short summers and has a potential evaporation between 14 centimetres (5.5 in) and 43 centimetres (17 in).
Category: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
Claim: The IPCC 95% confidence that humans are responsible for most of the current global warming is simply a summary of the peer-reviewed scientific research.
Evidence: Most of the global average warming over the past 50 years is "very likely" (greater than 90% probability, based on expert judgement) due to human activities.
Evidence: Most of the global warming since the mid-20th century is very likely due to human activities.
Evidence: "The IPCC Third Assessment Report'] conclusion that most of the observed warming of the last 50 years is likely to have been due to the increase in greenhouse gas concentrations accurately reflects the current thinking of the scientific community on this issue".
Category: Arctic sea ice decline
Claim: ‘Arctic ice conditions have been tracking at record low conditions since October, persisting for six consecutive months’
Evidence: Scientists recently measured sixteen-foot (five-meter) wave heights during a storm in the Beaufort Sea in mid-August until late October 2012.
Evidence: The previous record of the lowest area of the Arctic Ocean covered by ice in 2012 saw a low of 1.58 million square miles (4.09 million square kilometers).
Evidence: "Arctic sea ice reaches lowest extent for the year and the satellite record" (Press release).
Category: Arctic sea ice decline
Claim: Melting ice leads to more sunlight being absorbed by water, thus heating the Arctic.
Evidence: Arctic Sea ice melts in the summer, and more of the sun is being absorbed by the ocean.
Evidence: The primary cause of this phenomenon is ice-albedo feedback, where by melting ice uncovers darker land or ocean beneath, which then absorbs more sunlight, causing more heating.
Category: Cold wave
Claim: cold kills many more people than heat.
Evidence: Both cold waves and heat waves cause deaths, though different groups of people may be susceptible to different weather events.
Evidence: Globally, more people die during hot weather than cold weather.
Evidence: After the elder Snart insults him and his mother, calling them weak, Cold punches him, but finds himself unable to kill him, instead getting Heat Wave to do it.
Category: Greenhouse gas
Claim: It’s not carbon dioxide, it’s not methane… Scientists estimate that somewhere between 75% and 90% of Earth greenhouse effect is caused by water vapor in clouds.”
Evidence: Water vapor accounts for the largest percentage of the greenhouse effect, between 36% and 66% for clear sky conditions and between 66% and 85% when including clouds.
Evidence: The largest human influence has been the emission of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide.
Evidence: Excluding water vapor, about half of landfill gas is methane and most of the rest is carbon dioxide, with small amounts of nitrogen, oxygen, and hydrogen, and variable trace amounts of hydrogen sulfide and siloxanes.
Category: Global warming
Claim: The geological history of the planet shows major planetary climate changes have never been driven by a trace gas
Evidence: Scientists have determined that the major factors causing the current climate change are greenhouse gases, land use changes, and aerosols and soot.
Evidence: Rennie 2009: "Claim 1: Anthropogenic CO2 can't be changing climate, because CO2 is only a trace gas in the atmosphere and the amount produced by humans is dwarfed by the amount from volcanoes and other natural sources.
Evidence: The remaining gases are often referred to as trace gases, among which are the greenhouse gases such as water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone.
Category: Global cooling
Claim: Global warming' is a myth — so say 80 graphs from 58 peer-reviewed scientific papers published in 2017.
Evidence: Academic analysis of the peer-reviewed studies published at that time shows that most papers examining aspects of climate during the 1970s were either neutral or showed a warming trend.
Evidence: The Independent Climate Change Email Review report was published on 7 July 2010.
Evidence: His 1861 paper proposed changing concentrations of these gases could have caused "all the mutations of climate which the researches of geologists reveal" and would explain ice age changes.
Evidence: The highly publicised figures came from work still undergoing peer review, and CICERO would wait until they had been published in a journal before disseminating the results.
Category: Sea level rise
Claim: Sea level rise due to global warming is exaggerated.
Evidence: Under the influence of global warming, melt at the base of the ice sheet increases.
Evidence: This is an important confirmation of climate change simulations which predicted that sea level rise would accelerate in response to global warming.
Category: Climatic Research Unit email controversy
Claim: A number of independent investigations from different countries, universities and government bodies have investigated the stolen emails and found no evidence of wrong doing.
Evidence: The Office of the Inspector General (OIG) of the National Science Foundation closed an investigation on 15 August 2011 that exonerated Michael Mann of Pennsylvania State University of charges of scientific misconduct.
Evidence: By January 2017, a multi-agency investigation, conducted by the FBI, the CIA, the NSA, the Justice Department, the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network and representatives of the DNI, was underway looking into how the Russian government may have secretly financed efforts to help Trump win the election had been conducted over several months by six federal agencies.
Evidence: The OIP findings confirmed the university panel's conclusions which cleared Mann of any wrongdoing, and it stated "Lacking any evidence of research misconduct, as defined under the NSF Research Misconduct Regulation, we are closing the investigation with no further action."
Evidence: Eight committees investigated the allegations and published reports, finding no evidence of fraud or scientific misconduct.
Category: Sea level rise
Claim: A large amount of warming is delayed, and if we don’t act now we could pass tipping points.
Evidence: Quantifying the exact temperature change for which this tipping point is crossed remains controversial.
Evidence: Climate change may cross tipping points where elements of the climate system may 'tip' from one stable state to another stable state, much like a glass tipping over.
Category: Human
Claim: Through decades of research, it has become clear that human civilization, roughly 6,000 years old, developed during an unusually stable period for global sea levels.
Evidence: Agriculture and sedentary lifestyle led to the emergence of early civilizations (the development of urban development, complex society, social stratification and writing) from about 5,000 years ago (the Bronze Age), first beginning in Mesopotamia.
Evidence: Over the years, more and more evidence has advanced the idea of "pre-Clovis" cultures including tools dating back about 15,550 years ago.
Category: United Nations Development Programme
Claim: "A United Nations report has identified the world's  rapidly growing herds of cattle as the greatest threat to the climate,  forests and wildlife. ...
Evidence: Major programmes underway are: ART Global Initiative World Alliance of Cities Against Poverty Territorial Approach to Climate Change Africa–Kazakhstan Partnership for the SDGs Since 1991, the UNDP has annually published the Human Development Report, which includes topics on Human Development and the annual Human Development Index.
Evidence: The island's diverse ecosystems and unique wildlife are threatened by the encroachment of the rapidly growing human population and other environmental threats.
Evidence: Destroying the nesting habitats of these birds would cause a decrease in the cattle population because of the spread of insect-borne diseases.
Evidence: Also in 2005, the Human Security Report documented a decline in the number of wars, genocides, and human rights abuses since the end of the Cold War, and presented evidence, albeit circumstantial, that international activism—mostly spearheaded by the UN—has been the main cause of the decline in armed conflict in that period.
Category: Scientific consensus on climate change
Claim: The Petition Project features over 31,000 scientists signing the petition stating "There is no convincing scientific evidence that human release of carbon dioxide will, in the forseeable future, cause catastrophic heating of the Earth's atmosphere ...".
Evidence: Human activities, primarily the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas), and secondarily the clearing of land, have increased the concentration of carbon dioxide, methane, and other heat-trapping ("greenhouse") gases in the atmosphere...There is international scientific consensus that most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities.
Evidence: Evidence from the geological record is consistent with the physics that shows that adding large amounts of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere warms the world and may lead to: higher sea levels and flooding of low-lying coasts; greatly changed patterns of rainfall; increased acidity of the oceans; and decreased oxygen levels in seawater.
Category: Global warming
Claim: Phil Jones says no global warming since 1995
Evidence: Crucifix 2016 Jull & McKenzie 1996.
Evidence: Multiple independently produced instrumental datasets confirm that the 2009–2018 decade was 0.93 ± 0.07 °C warmer than the pre-industrial baseline (1850–1900).
Evidence: He said there had probably been no global warming since the 1940s, and "Satellite data show no appreciable warming of the global atmosphere since 1979.
Evidence: The Framework Convention was agreed on in 1992, but global emissions have risen since then.
Category: Scientific consensus on climate change
Claim: 97% consensus on human-caused global warming has been disproven
Evidence: It is extremely likely (95–100% probability) that human influence was the dominant cause of global warming between 1951–2010.
Evidence: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.
Evidence: It is extremely likely (95-100% probability) that human influence was the dominant cause of global warming between 1951-2010.
Evidence: Of these, 97% agree, explicitly or implicitly, that global warming is happening and is human-caused.
Category: Global warming
Claim: “Global warming and climate change, even if it is 100% caused by humans, is so slow that it cannot be observed by anyone in their lifetime.
Evidence: The effects of climate change on human systems, mostly due to warming and shifts in precipitation, have been detected worldwide.
Evidence: But, more accurately, global warming is the mainly human-caused increase in global surface temperatures and its projected continuation, while climate change includes both global warming and its effects, such as changes in precipitation.
Category: PH
Claim: Nor is there any evidence that levels as high as 7,000 ppm of CO2 did or could cause ocean acidity.
Evidence: It plays an important role in the ocean's carbon cycle, and there is evidence of ongoing ocean acidification caused by carbon dioxide emissions.
Evidence: This has caused an increase in hydrogen ion (acidity) of about 30% since the start of the industrial age through a process known as "ocean acidification."
Evidence: It has been estimated that the extra dissolved carbon dioxide has caused the ocean's average surface pH to shift by about −0.1 unit from pre-industrial levels.
Category: Coral
Claim: Reef material is calcium carbonate, which contains 44 per cent carbon dioxide.
Evidence: Scleractinian skeletons are composed of a form of calcium carbonate known as aragonite.
Evidence: Cyanobacteria can encourage the precipitation or accumulation of calcium carbonate to produce distinct sediment bodies in composition that have relief on the seafloor.
Evidence: The calcium carbonate from which coral skeletons are made is just over 60% carbon dioxide.
Evidence: Its major materials are the minerals calcite and aragonite, which are different crystal forms of calcium carbonate (CaCO3).
Category: The New York Times
Claim: in a letter to The Times from Lord Krebs and company, essentially telling the newspaper to stop reporting less-than-negative climate stories.
Evidence: Former The New York Times executive editor Bill Keller decided not to report the piece after being pressured by the Bush administration and being advised not to do so by The New York Times Washington bureau chief Philip Taubman.
Evidence: During the Iranian nuclear crisis the newspaper minimized the "negative processes" of the United States while overemphasizing similar processes of Iran.
Evidence: During the Climatic Research Unit email controversy (also known as "Climategate") in 2009 in the lead-up to the UN Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen, the Times wrote in an editorial "these revelations of fudged science should have a cooling effect on global-warming hysteria and the panicked policies that are being pushed forward to address the unproven theory."
Evidence: It has also published many columns which reject the scientific consensuses on climate change, on ozone depletion, and on the harmful effects of second-hand smoke.
Evidence: In 1993, the Times published articles purporting to debunk climate change.
Category: Carbon dioxide
Claim: Currently, humans are emitting around 29 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere per year.
Evidence: Human activities emit about 29 billion tons of carbon dioxide per year, while volcanoes emit between 0.2 and 0.3 billion tons.
Evidence: In current trend, annual emissions will grow to 1.34 billion tonnes by 2030.
Evidence: The burning of fossil fuels produces around 21.3 billion tonnes (21.3 gigatonnes) of carbon dioxide (CO2) per year.
Evidence: Global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions in 2010 were equivalent to 49 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide (using the most recent global warming potentials over 100 years from the AR5 report).
Category: Coral reef
Claim: 90 per cent of the world's coral reefs will disappear in the next 35 years due to coral bleaching induced by global warming, pollution and over-development.
Evidence: Every 4–7 years, an El Niño event causes some reefs with heat-sensitive corals to bleach, with especially widespread bleachings in 1998 and 2010.
Evidence: In late November 2016 surveys of 62 reefs showed that long term heat stress from climate change caused a 29% loss of shallow water coral.
Category: Extreme weather
Claim: It is unclear whether global warming is increasing hurricane frequency but there is increasing evidence that warming increases hurricane intensity.
Evidence: In recent years, growing evidence suggests that human-induced global warming is increasing the periodicity and intensity of some extreme weather events.
Evidence: more intense droughts and tropical cyclones) are more uncertain.
Evidence: The warming evident in the instrumental temperature record is consistent with a wide range of observations, documented by many independent scientific groups; for example, in most continental regions the frequency and intensity of heavy precipitation has increased.
Evidence: The effects of global warming include rising sea levels, regional changes in precipitation, more frequent extreme weather events such as heat waves, and expansion of deserts.
Category: Artificial intelligence
Claim: The authors seem to have jumped right  into statistical  analysis without proposing a physical mechanism that  works.
Evidence: Newell and Simon's physical symbol system hypothesis "A physical symbol system has the necessary and sufficient means of general intelligent action."
Evidence: In fact, according to the generalized interpretation of the psycho-physical parallelism, the freedom of the will must be considered a feature of conscious life that corresponds to functions of the organism that not only evade a causal mechanical description, but resist even a physical analysis carried to the extent required for an unambiguous application of the statistical laws of atomic mechanics.
Evidence: One key point was that they realized that the quickest way to reach a result was not to continue a mathematical analysis, but to build a physical model.
Category: Second law of thermodynamics
Claim: 2nd law of thermodynamics contradicts greenhouse theory
Evidence: This does not conflict with notions that have been observed of the fundamental laws of physics, namely CPT symmetry, since the second law applies statistically, it is hypothesized, on time-asymmetric boundary conditions.
Category: University of Oxford
Claim: ‘Summers keep getting hotter,’ said Friederike Otto of the University of Oxford, who conducted extensive research into data from the heatwave that spread Europe in June, July and August 2017.
Evidence: Students taking maths and computer science examinations in the summer of 2017 were given an extra 15 minutes to complete their papers, after dons ruled that "female candidates might be more likely to be adversely affected by time pressure" "Archived copy".
Evidence: H. Rashdall, Universities of Europe, iii, 55–60.
Evidence: The highest temperature ever recorded in Oxford is 37.2 °C (99 °F) in July 2019 during the 2019 European heat wave.
Evidence: That, in turn, renders most of Sweden's southern areas having warmer summers than almost everywhere in the nearby British Isles, even matching temperatures found along the continental Atlantic coast as far south as in northern Spain.
Category: September 11 attacks
Claim: After the 9/11 terrorist attacks grounded commercial air traffic, "there was a temperature drop while the airplanes weren't flying, for the week afterwards."
Evidence: The terrorist aircraft didn't bring the buildings down; it was the fire which followed.
Evidence: North American air space was closed for several days after the attacks and air travel decreased upon its reopening, leading to a nearly 20% cutback in air travel capacity, and exacerbating financial problems in the struggling U.S. airline industry.
Evidence: Play media At 9:42 a.m., the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) grounded all civilian aircraft within the continental U.S., and civilian aircraft already in flight were told to land immediately.
Evidence: The action begins at "9 am., Tuesday, 9/11/2001" and continues for a harrowing week as her uncle attempts to silence her, applying precepts of Sharia law.
Evidence: As the airplane approached the Pentagon, its wings knocked down light poles and its right engine hit a power generator before crashing into the western side of the building.
Category: Climate of Argentina
Claim: there has been no systematic increase in the frequency of extreme weather events,
Evidence: These changes have impacted river flow, increased the frequency of extreme weather events, and led to the retreat of glaciers.
Evidence: This causes a variety of secondary effects, namely, changes in patterns of precipitation, rising sea levels, altered patterns of agriculture, increased extreme weather events, the expansion of the range of tropical diseases, and the opening of new marine trade routes.
Evidence: This was associated with a 1.5 °C fall in temperature (determined from oxygen-isotope analysis) and an observed increase in El Niño frequency.
Category: Scientific consensus on climate change
Claim: In the past, warming has never been a threat to life on Earth.
Evidence: The ongoing warming will increase risks and stresses to human societies, economies, ecosystems, and wildlife through the 21st century and beyond, making it imperative that society respond to a changing climate.
Evidence: Given the potential threat to marine ecosystems and its ensuing impact on human society and economy, especially as it acts in conjunction with anthropogenic global warming, there is an urgent need for immediate action."
Evidence: If such an event were to occur oriented towards the Earth, the massive amounts of gamma radiation could significantly affect the Earth's atmosphere and pose an existential threat to all life.
Category: Temperature record of the past 1000 years
Claim: For instance, in the original hockey stick (ending 1980) the last 30-40 years of data points slightly downwards.
Evidence: The 2007 IPCC Fourth Assessment Report cited 14 reconstructions, 10 of which covered 1,000 years or longer, to support its conclusion that "Average Northern Hemisphere temperatures during the second half of the 20th century were very likely higher than during any other 50-year period in the last 500 years and likely the highest in at least the past 1,300 years".
Evidence: Since the direct temperature record is more accurate than the proxies (indeed, it is needed to calibrate them) it is used when available: i.e., from 1850 onwards.
Evidence: Each player carries a "stick" that normally measures between 80–95 cm (31–38"); shorter or longer sticks are available.
Category: Climatic Research Unit email controversy
Claim: "So  recently the media picked up on the fact that CRU deleted the raw data for this  important global temperature set long ago.
Evidence: Over 95% of the CRU climate data set had been available to the public for several years before July 2009, when the university received numerous FOI requests for raw data or details of the confidentiality agreements from Stephen McIntyre and readers of his Climate Audit blog.
Evidence: The mainstream media picked up the story, as negotiations over climate change mitigation began in Copenhagen on 7 December 2009.
Category: La Niña
Claim: Global methane levels published by CSIRO are now relatively stable showing fluctuations during El Nino events.
Evidence: "Linear trends in sea surface temperature of the tropical Pacific Ocean and implications for the El Niño-Southern Oscillation".
Evidence: The Curiosity rover has documented seasonal fluctuations of atmospheric methane levels on Mars.
Evidence: "Contrasting the termination of moderate and extreme El Niño events in coupled general circulation models".
Evidence: These fluctuations peaked at the end of the Martian summer at 0.6 parts per billion.
Category: Scientific consensus on climate change
Claim: Globally there’s no clear evidence of trends and patterns in extreme events such as droughts, hurricanes and floods.
Evidence: Documented long-term climate changes include changes in Arctic temperatures and ice, widespread changes in precipitation amounts, ocean salinity, wind patterns and extreme weather including droughts, heavy precipitation, heat waves and the intensity of tropical cyclones.
Evidence: The extremes of this climate pattern's oscillations cause extreme weather (such as floods and droughts) in many regions of the world.
Evidence: Health impacts of climate change include the direct impacts of extreme events such as storms, floods, heatwaves and fires and the indirect effects of longer-term changes, such as drought, changes to the food and water supply, resource conflicts and population shifts.
Category: Conservative Party (UK)
Claim: Any reasonable person can recognize both positives and negatives among the policy proposals of both Tories and Labour.
Evidence: Both Cameron and Theresa May have aimed at helping families achieve a work-home balance and have previously proposed to offer all parents 12 months parental leave, to be shared by parents as they choose.
Evidence: Less attention was given to policy areas that might have been problematic for the Conservatives, like the NHS or housing (policy topics favoured by Labour) or immigration (favoured by UKIP).
Evidence: In a speech in Tynemouth the next day, May said Labour had "deserted" working-class voters, criticised Labour's policy proposals and said Britain's future depended on making a success of Brexit.
Category: Sea level rise
Claim: Sea level rise has been slow and a constant, pre-dating industrialization
Evidence: Data collected by the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) in Australia show the current global mean sea level trend to be 3.2 mm (0.13 in) per year, a doubling of the rate during the 20th century.
Evidence: Under Stalin's leadership, the government launched a command economy, industrialization of the largely rural country, and collectivization of its agriculture.
Category: Hockey stick graph
Claim: 'Phil Jones said that for the past 15 years there has been no "statistically significant" warming.
Evidence: He said that "Our conclusion was that the warming of the past few decades appears to be closely tied to emission of greenhouse gases by humans and not any of the natural factors".
Category: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere
Claim: The past shows that climate change is normal, that warmer times and more atmospheric carbon dioxide have driven biodiversity and that cold times kill.”
Evidence: The greenhouse effect is a process by which thermal radiation from a planetary atmosphere warms the planet's surface beyond the temperature it would have in the absence of its atmosphere.
Evidence: Increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide certainly affects plant morphology and is acidifying oceans, and temperature affects species ranges, phenology, and weather, but, mercifully, the major impacts that have been predicted are still potential futures.
Evidence: The trigger for these mass extinctions appears to be a warming of the ocean caused by a rise of carbon dioxide levels to about 1000 parts per million.
Category: Little Ice Age
Claim: First, they concur with the believers that the Earth has been warming since the end of a Little Ice Age around 1850.
Evidence: In the North Atlantic, sediments accumulated since the end of the last ice age, nearly 12,000 years ago, show regular increases in the amount of coarse sediment grains deposited from icebergs melting in the now open ocean, indicating a series of 1–2 °C (2–4 °F) cooling events recurring every 1,500 years or so.
Evidence: The result is a picture of relatively cool conditions in the seventeenth and early nineteenth centuries and warmth in the eleventh and early fifteenth centuries, but the warmest conditions are apparent in the twentieth century.
Evidence: Consequently, summers are 2.3 °C (4 °F) warmer in the Northern Hemisphere than in the Southern Hemisphere under similar conditions.
Category: Physical impacts of climate change
Claim: The human contribution can be up to 30 percent or so of the total rainfall coming out of the storm
Evidence: For 2 °C of warming the fraction of precipitation extremes attributable to human influence rises to about 40%.
Evidence: An average of 300 mm (12 in) of rainfall occurs during this period, which is about 60 percent of the annual precipitation.
Evidence: Some cities show a total precipitation increase of 51%.
Category: Hurricane Andrew
Claim: The 30 most costly hurricanes in U.S. history (according to federal data from January) show no increase in intensity over time.
Evidence: After spending a week without significantly strengthening itself in the central Atlantic, it rapidly intensified into a powerful Category 5 hurricane while moving westward towards the Bahamas on August 23.
Evidence: On September 4, Irma resumed intensifying, becoming a Category 5 hurricane by early on the next day.
Evidence: Hurricane wind speeds, rainfall intensity, and storm surge levels are likely to increase.
Evidence: It is tied with 2005's Hurricane Katrina as the costliest tropical cyclone on record, inflicting $125 billion (2017 USD) in damage, primarily from catastrophic rainfall-triggered flooding in the Houston metropolitan area and Southeast Texas.
Category: Stern Review
Claim: The costs of inaction far outweigh the costs of mitigation.
Evidence: Cline noted that the Review's large cost-benefit ratio for mitigation policy allows room for these long-term costs to be reduced substantially but still support aggressive action to reduce emissions.
Category: Effects of global warming
Claim: "the cascading effects" of climate change contributed to the rise of ISIS.
Evidence: Global warming refers to the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.
Evidence: "Field evidence for a rapidly cascading underground food web".
Evidence: This has had cascading effects, especially on grizzly bear populations as pine nuts are an important source of winter time food in periods of large snowpack.
Category: Ocean acidification
Claim: “Dr Browman, a marine scientist for 35 years, said he was not saying that ocean acidification posed no threat, but that he believed that “a higher level of academic scepticism” should be applied to the topic.
Evidence: It's yet another reason to be very seriously concerned about the amount of carbon dioxide that is in the atmosphere now and the additional amount we continue to put out."
Evidence: Skepticism (American English) or scepticism (British English, Australian English, and Canadian English) is generally a questioning attitude or doubt towards one or more items of putative knowledge or belief or dogma.
Category: Climate change mitigation
Claim: Bill Gates claims pandemic's 'misery' will 'happen regularly' if climate change is not stopped
Evidence: According to the IPCC's 2014 assessment report, "Mitigation is a public good; climate change is a case of the 'tragedy of the commons'.
Evidence: The climatic conditions that cause this warning became more frequent because of climate change, and will worsen if temperatures continue to increase.
Evidence: "Peat bog gases 'accelerate global warming'".
Evidence: "Loss of soil carbon 'will speed global warming'".
Category: Florida
Claim: None of these places, which today supply much of the world’s food, will be reliable sources of any.
Evidence: The state produces about 75% of the phosphate required by farmers in the United States and 25% of the world supply, with about 95% used for agriculture (90% for fertilizer and 5% for livestock feed supplements) and 5% used for other products.
Evidence: Biodiversity is also important to the security of resources such as water, timber, paper, fiber, and food.
Evidence: Human nutrition deals with the provision of essential nutrients in food that are necessary to support human life and health.
Category: 20th century
Claim: Early 20th century warming is due to several causes, including rising CO2.
Evidence: One argument is that of global warming occurring due to human-caused emission of greenhouse gases, particularly carbon dioxide produced by the burning of fossil fuels.
Evidence: Decades ago, they correctly predicted how much Earth's temperature would rise due to increasing atmospheric CO2.
Evidence: CO2 emissions are continuing to rise due to the burning of fossil fuels and land-use change.
Evidence: The average global temperature on Earth has increased by about 0.8° Celsius (1.4° Fahrenheit) since 1880; Two-thirds of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15-0.20 °C per decade.
Evidence: The largest contribution to total radiative forcing is caused by the increase in the atmospheric concentration of CO2 since 1750."
Category: Great Barrier Reef
Claim: the Great Barrier Reef is in fine fettle
Evidence: The Queensland "shark control" program uses shark nets and drum lines with baited hooks to kill sharks in the Great Barrier Reef – there are 173 lethal drum lines in the Great Barrier Reef.
Evidence: Seabirds will land on the platforms and defecate which will eventually be washed into the sea.
Evidence: When Queensland edged into tropical waters 24 million years ago, some coral grew, but a sedimentation regime quickly developed with erosion of the Great Dividing Range; creating river deltas, oozes and turbidites, unsuitable conditions for coral growth.
Evidence: The percentage of baby corals being born on the Great Barrier Reef dropped drastically in 2018 and scientists are describing it as the early stage of a "huge natural selection event unfolding".
Category: Global warming
Claim: Scientists have known for some time, from multiple lines of evidence, that humans are changing Earth’s climate, primarily through greenhouse gas emissions.
Evidence: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.
Evidence: The global warming observed over the past 50 years is due primarily to human-induced emissions of heat-trapping gases.
Evidence: Human activities, primarily the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas), and secondarily the clearing of land, have increased the concentration of carbon dioxide, methane, and other heat-trapping ("greenhouse") gases in the atmosphere...There is international scientific consensus that most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities.
Evidence: The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change said the likelihood was 90 percent to 99 percent that emissions of heat-trapping greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, spewed from tailpipes and smokestacks, were the dominant cause of the observed warming of the last 50 years.
Category: Alaska
Claim: The amount of land we use for meat — humankind’s biggest use of land — has declined by an area nearly as large as Alaska
Evidence: Alaska is the largest state in the United States by total area at 663,268 square miles (1,717,856 km2), over twice the size of Texas, the next largest state.
Evidence: The report asserts that expanding human land use for agriculture and overfishing are the main causes of this decline.
Evidence: Despite estimated losses of agricultural land, the amount of arable land used in crop production globally increased by about 9% from 1961 to 2012, and is estimated to have been 1.396 billion hectares in 2012.
Evidence: It is by far the biggest cause of land use, as it accounts for nearly 40% of the global land surface.
Category: Venus
Claim: Venus very likely underwent a runaway or ‘moist’ greenhouse phase earlier in its history, and today is kept hot by a dense CO2 atmosphere.
Evidence: Conditions on the Venusian surface differ radically from those on Earth because its dense atmosphere is 96.5% carbon dioxide, with most of the remaining 3.5% being nitrogen.
Evidence: The planet Venus experienced runaway greenhouse effect, resulting in an atmosphere which is 96% carbon dioxide, with surface atmospheric pressure roughly the same as found 900 m (3,000 ft) underwater on Earth.
Category: Scientific consensus on climate change
Claim: For decades, most scientists saw climate change as a distant prospect.
Evidence: US National Academy of Sciences: "In the judgment of most climate scientists, Earth's warming in recent decades has been caused primarily by human activities that have increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
Evidence: Decades of scientific research have shown that climate can change from both natural and anthropogenic causes.
Category: Effects of global warming
Claim: The increase in damage in recent years is due to population growth in vulnerable areas and poor forest management.
Evidence: Socio-economic factors have contributed to the observed trend of global losses, e.g., population growth, increased wealth.
Evidence: India defines forest management as one where the economic needs of local communities are not ignored, rather forests are sustained while meeting nation's economic needs and local issues through scientific forestry.
Evidence: The average growth rate of the urban population has recently increased which is attributed mainly to migration and rapid urbanisation.
Category: Chlorofluorocarbon
Claim: CFCs contribute to global waerming at a small level.
Evidence: Hydrofluorocarbons are included in the Kyoto Protocol because of their very high Global Warming Potential and are facing calls to be regulated under the Montreal Protocol[dubious – discuss] due to the recognition of halocarbon contributions to climate change.
Evidence: They are, however, greenhouse gases, with a high global warming potential (GWP), comparable to that of CFCs and HCFCs.
Category: Global warming controversy
Claim: Ben Santer could not have and did not single-handedly alter the 1995 IPCC report.
Evidence: In fact, one site said that it was proven in 1996 that Santer had fraudulently altered the IPCC report.
Evidence: Climate Change 1995, the IPCC Second Assessment Report (SAR), was finished in 1996.
Evidence: The Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES) is a report by the IPCC which was published in 2000.
Category: Cloud
Claim: Clouds provide negative feedback.
Evidence: Broadly speaking, if clouds, especially low clouds, increase in a warmer climate, the resultant cooling effect leads to a negative feedback in climate response to increased greenhouse gases.
Evidence: One such feedback system is the interaction between solar radiation, cloud cover, and planet temperature.
Evidence: This effect results in a negative feedback process that can inhibit further development or lead to weakening.
Category: 20th century
Claim: Globally averaged thermometers show two periods of warming since 1900: a half-degree from natural causes in the first half of the 20th century, before there was an increase in industrial carbon dioxide that was enough to produce it, and another half-degree in the last quarter of the century.
Evidence: One argument is that of global warming occurring due to human-caused emission of greenhouse gases, particularly carbon dioxide produced by the burning of fossil fuels.
Evidence: Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.
Evidence: Before the Industrial Revolution, naturally occurring amounts of greenhouse gases caused the air near the surface to be warmer by about 33 °C (59 °F) than it would be in their absence.
Evidence: Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.
Evidence: The average global temperature on Earth has increased by about 0.8° Celsius (1.4° Fahrenheit) since 1880; Two-thirds of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15-0.20 °C per decade.
Category: Global dimming
Claim: The main reason behind this mid-century cooling was global dimming due to anthropogenic sulfate aerosol emissions.
Evidence: "Changes in mid-latitude variability due to increasing greenhouse gases and sulphate aerosols".
Evidence: Global dimming is thought to have been caused by an increase in particulates or aerosols, such as sulfate aerosols in the atmosphere due to human action.
Evidence: While most of the earth has warmed, the regions that are downwind from major sources of air pollution (specifically sulfur dioxide emissions) have generally cooled.
Evidence: Although the temperature drops foreseen by this mechanism have now been discarded in light of better theory and the observed warming, aerosols are thought to have contributed a cooling tendency (outweighed by increases in greenhouse gases) and also have contributed to "Global Dimming."
Category: Hurricane Harvey
Claim: [climate scientists] say that aspects of the case of Hurricane Harvey suggest global warming is making a bad situation worse.
Evidence: "Storm Harvey: impacts likely worsened due to global warming".
Evidence: Global warming not only causes changes in tropical cyclones, it may also make some impacts from them worse via sea level rise.
Evidence: The Gulf of Mexico is known for hurricanes in August, so their incidence alone cannot be attributed to global warming, but the warming climate does influence certain attributes of storms.
Category: Houston
Claim: Hurricane Harvey gave Houston and the surrounding region a $125 billion lesson about the costs of misjudging the potential for floods
Evidence: "Hurricane Harvey was year's costliest U.S. disaster at $125 billion in damages".
Evidence: It is tied with 2005's Hurricane Katrina as the costliest tropical cyclone on record, inflicting $125 billion (2017 USD) in damage, primarily from catastrophic rainfall-triggered flooding in the Houston metropolitan area and Southeast Texas.
Category: Carbon dioxide
Claim: Despite the logarithmic relationship between CO2 and surface temperatures, atmospheric CO2 levels are rising so fast that unless we dramatically decrease our emissions, global warming will accelerate over the 21st Century.
Evidence: Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.
Evidence: Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.
Evidence: Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.
Evidence: To keep warming below 2 °C, more stringent emission reductions in the near-term would allow for less rapid reductions after 2030.
Evidence: Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.
Category: Sea level rise
Claim: IPCC graph showing accelerating trends is misleading
Evidence: More precise data gathered from satellite radar measurements reveal an accelerating rise of 7.5 cm (3.0 in) from 1993 to 2017, which is a trend of roughly 30 cm (12 in) per century.
Evidence: A potentially important area for consideration is also the detection of trends in extreme events and the attribution of these trends to human influence.
Evidence: The IPCC needs to look at this trend in the errors and ask why it happened".
Category: Carbon dioxide
Claim: Rising CO2 increases atmospheric water vapor, which makes global warming much worse.
Evidence: Not only do increasing carbon dioxide concentrations lead to increases in global surface temperature, but increasing global temperatures also cause increasing concentrations of carbon dioxide.
Evidence: Indirectly, human activity that increases global temperatures will increase water vapor concentrations, a process known as water vapor feedback.
Evidence: Higher atmospheric CO2 concentrations have led to an increase in dissolved CO2, which causes ocean acidification.
Category: Global warming
Claim: Extreme weather events are being made more frequent and worse by global warming.
Evidence: The effects of global warming include rising sea levels, regional changes in precipitation, more frequent extreme weather events such as heat waves, and expansion of deserts.
Evidence: Impacts include the direct effects of extreme weather, leading to injury and loss of life; and indirect effects, such as undernutrition brought on by crop failures.
Evidence: Other likely changes include more frequent extreme weather events such as heat waves, droughts, wildfires, heavy rainfall with floods, and heavy snowfall; ocean acidification; and massive extinctions of species due to shifting temperature regimes.
Evidence: Global warming boosts the probability of extreme weather events, like heat waves, far more than it boosts more moderate events.
Category: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere
Claim: Current CO2 levels are the highest in 15 million years.
Evidence: The present concentration is the highest for 14 million years.
Evidence: However, various proxies and modeling suggests larger variations in past epochs; 500 million years ago CO 2 levels were likely 10 times higher than now.
Evidence: The current concentration may be the highest in the last 20 million years.
Evidence: Measured atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide are currently 100 ppm higher than pre-industrial levels.