Danthammadhavi/climate_fever_fixed huggingface dataset:
Category: Global warming
Claim: Global warming is increasing the magnitude and frequency of droughts and floods.
Evidence: The maximum rainfall and wind speed from hurricanes and typhoons are likely increasing.
Evidence: Since the 1950s, droughts and heat waves have appeared simultaneously with increasing frequency.
Evidence: Climate change also increases droughts and heat waves that inhibit plant growth, which makes it uncertain whether this balancing feedback will persist in the future.
Evidence: Overall, higher temperatures bring more rain and snowfall, but for some regions droughts and wildfires increase instead.
Category: Emissions trading
Claim: Julia Gillard her decision not to argue against a fixed carbon price being labelled a "carbon tax" hurt her terribly politically.
Evidence: The fixed price lent itself to characterisation as a carbon tax and when the government proposed the Clean Energy Bill in February 2011, the opposition claimed it to be a broken election promise.
Evidence: During the 2010 election campaign, Gillard also said that no carbon tax would be introduced under a government she led.
Category: Nordland
Claim: Fifty-five thousand years ago the whole world was 2°C warmer than it is today[...]
Evidence: Research using sediment in lakes near the Okstind Glacier has shown that the summer climate in Nordland was up to 2.5 °C warmer 9,000 to 6,000 years ago, and then slowly cooled—it was 0.5 °C warmer 2,000 years before present (see Holocene climatic optimum.).
Evidence: Consequently, summers are 2.3 °C (4 °F) warmer in the Northern Hemisphere than in the Southern Hemisphere under similar conditions.
Evidence: This period of warmth ended about 5,500 years ago with the descent into the Neoglacial and concomitant Neopluvial.
Category: Climate change denial
Claim: Human kind has little or nothing to do with the recent temperature changes.
Evidence: There is no convincing scientific evidence that human release of carbon dioxide, methane, or other greenhouse gases is causing or will, in the foreseeable future, cause catastrophic heating of the Earth's atmosphere and disruption of the Earth's climate.
Evidence: According to these groups, there is natural variability that will abate over time, and human influences have little to do with it.
Category: Water heating
Claim: If every house in Florida had a solar-heated water tank, that would eliminate consumption by 17 percent.
Evidence: These may use electricity, natural gas, propane, heating oil, solar, or other energy sources.
Evidence: In the temperate scenario this is sufficient to heat 200 litres of water by some 17 °C.
Category: Global warming
Claim: The rate of warming according to the data is much slower than the models used by the IPCC
Evidence: Physical climate models are also unable to reproduce the rapid warming observed in recent decades when taking into account only variations in solar output and volcanic activity.
Evidence: The observed increase in hurricane intensity is larger than climate models predict for the sea surface temperature changes we have experienced.
Evidence: On the basis of available data, climate scientists are now projecting an average global temperature rise over this century of 2.0 to 4.5°C.
Evidence: Since the start of the 20th century, the global mean surface temperature of the Earth has increased by more than 0.7°C and the rate of warming has been largest in the last 30 years.
Category: Global warming
Claim: Once the atmosphere reaches a saturation point, additional input of CO2 will not really have any major impact.
Evidence: Other scientists were initially sceptical and believed the greenhouse effect to be saturated so that adding more CO 2 would make no difference.
Evidence: Increased concentrations of gases such as CO 2 (~20%), ozone and N 2O are external forcing on the other hand.
Category: Arctic Ocean
Claim: Arctic sea ice extent was lower in the past.
Evidence: The mean extent of the ice has been decreasing since 1980 from the average winter value of 15,600,000 km2 (6,023,200 sq mi) at a rate of 3% per decade.
Evidence: In comparison to the extended record, the sea-ice extent in the polar region by September 2007 was only half the recorded mass that had been estimated to exist within the 1950–1970 period.
Evidence: The Arctic sea ice September minimum extent (i.e., area with at least 15% sea ice coverage) reached new record lows in 2002, 2005, 2007, and 2012.
Category: International Energy Agency
Claim: International Energy Agency, a global analysis organization, “continue to see a role for coal for the foreseeable future.”
Evidence: "Fatih Birol ushers in new era for IEA—Takes office as Executive Director of global energy authority".
Evidence: He further said that the IEA is overstating the role of shale in a global market, and how the core job of the IEA, is not to take things out of context.
Category: Global warming
Claim: They changed the name from 'global warming' to 'climate change'
Evidence: "Assessing dangerous climate change through an update of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 'reasons for concern'".
Evidence: In technical sources, the term climate change is also used to refer to past and future climate changes that persist for and extended period of time, and includes regional changes as well as global change.
Evidence: "UK Parliament declares climate change emergency".
Evidence: Research in the 1950s suggested that temperatures were increasing, and a 1952 newspaper used the term "climate change".
Category: Effects of global warming
Claim: A few degrees of global warming has a huge impact on ice sheets, sea levels and other aspects of climate.
Evidence: An example of this is the melting of ice sheets, which contributes to sea level rise.
Evidence: rising sea levels, shrinking Arctic sea ice).
Evidence: Under the influence of global warming, melt at the base of the ice sheet increases.
Evidence: The rate of ice loss from glaciers and ice sheets in the Antarctic is a key area of uncertainty since this source could account for 90% of the potential sea level rise: increased ocean warmth is undermining and threatening to unplug Antarctic glacier outlets, potentially resulting in more rapid sea level rise.
Category: Fahrenheit
Claim: It projects that temperatures are likely to be anything from 1.5 to 4.5 degrees Celsius (2.7 to 8.1 degrees Fahrenheit) warmer by the latter part of the century
Evidence: A temperature interval of 1 °F is equal to an interval of ​5⁄9 degrees Celsius.
Evidence: Pavel Banya enjoys warm summers, with an average of 22 degrees (72 degrees Fahrenheit) Celsius in July, and colder winters, with an average of 1 degree Celsius (34 degrees Fahrenheit) in January.
Evidence: Officially, the highest record for Sadovo is 41.2 degrees Celsius (106.16 degrees Fahrenheit), while the lowest is -30.7 degrees Celsius (-23.26 degrees Fahreheit).
Category: Carbon dioxide
Claim: While there are direct ways in which CO2 is a pollutant (acidification of the ocean), its primary impact is its greenhouse warming effect.
Evidence: Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.
Evidence: The emission of greenhouse gases leads to global warming which affects ecosystems in many ways.
Category: CLOUD experiment
Claim: Climate change is due to cosmic rays.
Evidence: The primary goal is to understand the influence of galactic cosmic rays (GCRs) on aerosols and clouds, and their implications for climate.
Evidence: They also found that galactic cosmic rays, and total solar irradiance did not have any statistically significant influence on changes in cloud cover.
Evidence: "Cosmic rays blamed for global warming".
Evidence: He is known for his theory on the effects of cosmic rays on cloud formation as an indirect cause of global warming.
Category: Arctic methane emissions
Claim: In other words, we have, trapped in Arctic permafrost, twice as much carbon as is currently wrecking the atmosphere of the planet, all of it scheduled to be released at a date that keeps getting moved up, partially in the form of a gas that multiplies its warming power 86 times over.
Evidence: Melting of this ice may release large quantities of methane, a powerful greenhouse gas into the atmosphere, causing further warming in a strong positive feedback cycle.
Evidence: When the permafrost melts, it releases carbon in the form of carbon dioxide and methane, both of which are greenhouse gases.
Category: Heat transfer
Claim: We now know that the planetary energy balance is determined by the upper levels of the troposphere and that the saturation of the absorption at the central frequency does not preclude the possibility to absorb more energy.
Evidence: In the case of the Earth-atmosphere system, it refers to the process by which long-wave (infrared) radiation is emitted to balance the absorption of short-wave (visible) energy from the Sun.
Evidence: Less energy reaches the upper atmosphere, which is therefore cooler because of this absorption.
Category: Ordovician
Claim: The last time the planet was even four degrees warmer, Peter Brannen points out in The Ends of the World, his new history of the planet’s major extinction events, the oceans were hundreds of feet higher.
Evidence: The Ordovician saw the highest sea levels of the Paleozoic, and the low relief of the continents led to many shelf deposits being formed under hundreds of metres of water.
Evidence: The elevation of the land surface varies from the low point of −418 m (−1,371 ft) at the Dead Sea, to a maximum altitude of 8,848 m (29,029 ft) at the top of Mount Everest.
Category: IPCC Second Assessment Report
Claim: "However, a single scientist, Dr. Ben Santer of Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, rewrote the draft at the IPCC’s request, deleting all five statements, replacing them with a single statement to the effect that a human influence on global climate was now discernible, and making some 200 consequential amendments.
Evidence: The Chapter 8 draft report put together on 5 October had an Executive Summary of the evidence, and after various qualifications, said "Taken together, these results point towards a human influence on climate."
Evidence: The coalition report said that Benjamin D. Santer, the lead author of Chapter 8 in the assessment, entitled "Detection of Climate Change and Attribution of Causes," had altered the text, after acceptance by the Working Group, and without approval of the authors, to strike content characterizing the uncertainty of the science.
Category: Climate change in the Arctic
Claim: Since the end of 2012, moreover, total polar ice extent has largely remained above the post-1979 average.
Evidence: Since 1979, the ice volume has shrunk by 80% and in just the past decade the volume declined by 36% in the autumn and 9% in the winter.
Evidence: From 1979–1996, the average per decade decline in entire ice coverage was a 2.2% decline in ice extent and a 3% decline in ice area.
Evidence: Arctic sea ice extent averaged for September 2012 was 3.61 million square kilometers (1.39 million square miles).
Category: Carbon monoxide
Claim: “Unlike genuine pollutants, carbon dioxide (CO2) is an odorless, colorless gas.
Evidence: Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless flammable gas that is slightly less dense than air.
Evidence: Carbon monoxide is colorless, odorless and tasteless, but highly toxic.
Evidence: Carbon dioxide is colorless.
Evidence: Carbon monoxide is colorless, odorless, and tasteless, but highly toxic.
Category: Mauna Loa Observatory
Claim: The measurements of the amount of CO2 made at the Mauna Loa Observatory are accurate and uncontaminated by any emissions from the volcano.
Evidence: The latest observation of CO2 concentrations from MLO can be found at web sites along with data from other sites and trends at Mauna Loa.
Evidence: The contamination from local volcanic sources is sometimes detected at the observatory, and is then removed from the background data.
Evidence: Since 1958, initially under the direction of Charles Keeling, followed by his son Ralph and later Elmer Robinson, Mauna Loa Observatory (MLO) has been monitoring and collecting data relating to atmospheric change, and is known especially for the continuous monitoring of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2), which is sometimes referred to as the Keeling Curve.
Category: Urban heat island
Claim: The report confidently claims that when temperatures rise, “the reduction in premature deaths from cold are expected to be smaller than the increase in deaths from heat in the United States.
Evidence: The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention notes that it "is difficult to make valid projections of heat-related illness and death under varying climate change scenarios" and that "heat–related deaths are preventable, as evidenced by the decline of all-cause mortality during heat events over the past 35 years".
Evidence: "A projected increase of 4.05 degrees Fahrenheit in average temperature is expected by 2065, and a projected increase of 9.37 degrees Fahrenheit in average temperature can be expected by the turn of the century if nothing is done to curb emissions.
Category: Heat stroke
Claim: “The Lancet researchers found that about 0.5%—half a percent—of all deaths are associated with heat, not only from acute problems like heat stroke, but also increased mortality from cardiac events and dehydration.
Evidence: The risk of death is less than 5% in those with exercise-induced heat stroke and as high as 65% in those with non-exercise induced cases.
Evidence: It caused about 8.8 million deaths (15.7% of deaths).
Category: 1993 Storm of the Century
Claim: While such a storm does not happen in New England anymore, it happened again there in 1675, with elderly eyewitnesses comparing it to the 1635 storm.
Evidence: Readings of 976.0 millibars (28.82 inHg) were recorded in Tallahassee, Florida, and even lower readings of 960.0 millibars (28.35 inHg) were observed in New England.
Category: Extinction risk from global warming
Claim: “The global reef crisis does not necessarily mean extinction for coral species.
Evidence: The extinction risk of global warming is the risk of species becoming extinct due to the effects of global warming.
Evidence: The Cretaceous–Paleogene (K–Pg) extinction event, also known as the Cretaceous–Tertiary (K–T) extinction, was a sudden mass extinction of three-quarters of the plant and animal species on Earth, approximately 66 million years ago.
Evidence: "One-Third of Reef-Building Corals Face Elevated Extinction Risk from Climate Change and Local Impacts".
Category: Scientific consensus on climate change
Claim: Scientists are "questioning the original idea that man-made global warming is what is causing the climate to change. "
Evidence: The global warming observed over the past 50 years is due primarily to human-induced emissions of heat-trapping gases.
Evidence: "Scientific consensus: Earth's climate is warming".
Category: Global warming
Claim: All the indicators show that global warming is still happening.
Evidence: Arctic temperatures have increased and are predicted to continue to increase during this century at over twice the rate of the rest of the world.
Evidence: Globally, these effects are estimated to have led to a slight cooling, dominated by an increase in surface albedo.
Evidence: The 10th Emissions Gap Report issued by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) predicts that if emissions continue to increase at the same rate as they have in 2010–2020, global temperatures would rise by as much as 4° by 2100.
Evidence: Many regions have probably already seen increases in warm spells and heat waves, and it is virtually certain that these changes will continue over the 21st century.
Category: Attribution of recent climate change
Claim: [T]he study indicates “Greenland’s ice may be less susceptible to the massive meltdown predicted by computer models of climate change, the main author ... said in an interview. ...
Evidence: In an e-mail interview with Than (2007), Peiser stated that: "I think it is an intriguing coincidence that warming trends have been observed on a number of very diverse planetary bodies in our solar system, (...) Perhaps this is just a fluke."
Evidence: "Greenland enters melt mode".
Evidence: "Arctic Permafrost Is Going Through a Rapid Meltdown — 70 Years Early".
Evidence: An ice sheet response time of centuries seems probable, and we cannot rule out large changes on decadal time-scales once wide-scale surface melt is underway."
Category: Earth
Claim: Ocean and surface temperature measurements find the planet continues to accumulate heat.
Evidence: This last phenomenon is known as the greenhouse effect: trace molecules within the atmosphere serve to capture thermal energy emitted from the ground, thereby raising the average temperature.
Evidence: Greenhouse gases trap heat radiating from the Earth to space.
Evidence: Throughout this period ocean heat storage continued to progress steadily upwards, and in subsequent years surface temperatures have spiked upwards.
Evidence: Because much of the heat is provided by radioactive decay, scientists postulate that early in Earth's history, before isotopes with short half-lives were depleted, Earth's heat production was much higher.
Category: Cloud
Claim: Clouds provide negative feedback
Evidence: But if low clouds decrease, or if high clouds increase, the feedback is positive.
Evidence: The albedo of increased cloudiness cools the climate, resulting in a negative feedback; while the reflection of infrared radiation by clouds warms the climate, resulting in a positive feedback.
Evidence: Changes in subtropical humidity could provide a negative feedback that decreases the amount of water vapor which in turn would act to mediate global climate transitions.
Category: Global warming
Claim: This provides a direct, empirical causal link between CO2 and global warming.
Evidence: One potential source of abrupt climate change would be the rapid release of methane and carbon dioxide from permafrost, which would amplify global warming.
Evidence: Other scientists were initially sceptical and believed the greenhouse effect to be saturated so that adding more CO 2 would make no difference.
Category: Hypertension
Claim: In the sugarcane region of El Salvador, as much as one-fifth of the population has chronic kidney disease, including over a quarter of the men, the presumed result of dehydration from working the fields they were able to comfortably harvest as recently as two decades ago.
Evidence: Serum creatinine is measured to assess for the presence of kidney disease, which can be either the cause or the result of hypertension.
Evidence: In El Salvador and Nicaragua alone, the reported number of men dying from this painful disease has risen five-fold in the last 20 years, although some researchers believe hidden cases have always been there and this increment in official data could be partially due to the recent increase in reports and improved case search, pushed by the growing social and political interest in the disease.
Evidence: In the summer of 2001 a severe drought destroyed 80% of El Salvador's crops, causing famine in the countryside.
Category: Scientific consensus on climate change
Claim: Cooks ’97% consensus’ disproven by a new peer
Evidence: James Lawrence Powell reported 2017 that using rejection as the criterion of consensus, five surveys of the peer-reviewed literature from 1991 to 2015, including several of those above, combine to 54,195 articles with an average consensus of 99.94%.
Evidence: A November 2019 study showed that the consensus among research scientists had grown to 100%, based on a review of 11,602 peer-reviewed articles published in the first 7 months of 2019.
Evidence: In November 2019, his survey of over 11,600 peer-reviewed articles published in the first seven months of 2019 showed that the consensus had reached 100%.
Category: Global warming hiatus
Claim: that likewise determined that the actual increases in warming post-2000 was ‘generally smaller than trends estimated’ from the models.”
Evidence: Subsequently, a detailed study supports the conclusion that warming is continuing, but it also find there was less warming between 2001 and 2010 than climate models had predicted, and that this slowdown might be attributed to short-term variations in the Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO), which was negative during that period.
Category: Effects of climate change on terrestrial animals
Claim: Species that have a lot of plasticity tend to be generalists.
Evidence: The American coyote is an example of a generalist.
Evidence: phenotypic plasticity, multiple life-cycle stages).
Category: Global warming
Claim: policies based on previous climate model output and predictions might need to be reconsidered
Evidence: The 2017 United States-published National Climate Assessment notes that "climate models may still be underestimating or missing relevant feedback processes".
Evidence: GCMs and global climate models are used for weather forecasting, understanding the climate, and forecasting climate change.
Evidence: These models are the basis for model predictions of future climate, such as are discussed by the IPCC.
Evidence: Effective Groundwater Model Calibration, with Analysis of Data, Sensitivities, Predictions, and Uncertainty.
Category: Smart grid
Claim: “As soon as renewables were introduced into the grid, electric­ity prices increased and delivery became unreliable.
Evidence: The improved flexibility of the smart grid permits greater penetration of highly variable renewable energy sources such as solar power and wind power, even without the addition of energy storage.
Evidence: Electrical energy is stored during times when production (especially from intermittent power plants such as renewable electricity sources such as wind power, tidal power, solar power) exceeds consumption, and returned to the grid when production falls below consumption.
Evidence: In this way, a microgrid can effectively integrate various sources of distributed generation, especially renewable energy sources, and can supply emergency power, changing between island and connected modes.
Evidence: Smart grid technology is a necessary condition for very large amounts of renewable electricity on the grid for this reason.
Category: Baltimore
Claim: Every four minutes, another American home or business goes solar.
Evidence: The wheel moves continuously, removing garbage and dumping it into an attached dumpster using only hydro and solar renewable power to keep its wheel turning.
Evidence: The FIT allowed small businesses and homeowners to supply electricity into the municipal power grid and paid a premium for the clean, on-site generated solar electricity.
Evidence: The new city hall, built from recycled materials, has solar panels in its garage.
Category: Scientific consensus on climate change
Claim: The most recent survey of climate scientists said about 57 percent don't agree with the idea that 95 percent of the change in the climate is caused by CO2.
Evidence: 97% of the scientists surveyed agreed that global temperatures had increased during the past 100 years; 84% said they personally believed human-induced warming was occurring, and 74% agreed that "currently available scientific evidence" substantiated its occurrence.
Evidence: Most of the climatic warming over the last 50 years is likely to have been caused by increased concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
Evidence: Human-caused increases in greenhouse gases are responsible for most of the observed global average surface warming of roughly 0.8 °C (1.5 °F) over the past 140 years.
Evidence: The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change said the likelihood was 90 percent to 99 percent that emissions of heat-trapping greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, spewed from tailpipes and smokestacks, were the dominant cause of the observed warming of the last 50 years.
Category: Volcanism
Claim: While volcanic eruptions are natural events, it was the timing of these that had such a noticeable effect on the trend
Evidence: The amount of gas and ash emitted by volcanic eruptions has a significant effect on the Earth's climate.
Evidence: Similar climatic effects to "nuclear winter" followed historical supervolcano eruptions, which plumed sulfate aerosols high into the stratosphere, with this being known as a volcanic winter.
Evidence: The Little Ice Age was a period of several centuries during the last millennium during which global temperatures were depressed; the cooling was associated with volcanic eruptions.
Category: 20th century
Claim: Early 20th century warming was in large part due to rising solar activity and relatively quiet volcanic activity.
Evidence: One argument is that of global warming occurring due to human-caused emission of greenhouse gases, particularly carbon dioxide produced by the burning of fossil fuels.
Evidence: The average global temperature on Earth has increased by about 0.8° Celsius (1.4° Fahrenheit) since 1880; Two-thirds of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15-0.20 °C per decade.
Category: Greenhouse gas
Claim: CO2 emissions were much smaller 100 years ago.
Evidence: Projected annual energy-related CO 2 emissions in 2030 were 40–110% higher than in 2000, with two-thirds of the increase originating in developing countries.
Evidence: Carbon dioxide mole fractions in the atmosphere have gone up by approximately 35 percent since the 1900s, rising from 280 parts per million by volume to 387 parts per million in 2009.
Evidence: The first 30 ppm increase took place in about 200 years, from the start of the Industrial Revolution to 1958; however the next 90 ppm increase took place within 56 years, from 1958 to 2014.
Category: Greenhouse gas
Claim: There is no question whatsoever that the CO2 increase is human-caused.
Evidence: The sharp acceleration in CO 2 emissions since 2000 to more than a 3% increase per year (more than 2 ppm per year) from 1.1% per year during the 1990s is attributable to the lapse of formerly declining trends in carbon intensity of both developing and developed nations.
Evidence: It is likely that anthropogenic (i.e., human-induced) warming, such as that due to elevated greenhouse gas levels, has had a discernible influence on many physical and biological systems.
Evidence: Human activities have caused CO 2 to increase above levels not seen in hundreds of thousands of years.
Category: Scientific consensus on climate change
Claim: Continued greenhouse gas emissions at or above current rates would cause further warming and induce many changes in the global climate system during the 21st century that would very likely be larger than those observed during the 20th century.
Evidence: It said that Continued emission of greenhouse gases will cause further warming and long-lasting changes in all components of the climate system, increasing the likelihood of severe, pervasive and irreversible impacts for people and ecosystems.
Evidence: During the late 20th century, a scientific consensus evolved that increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere cause a substantial rise in global temperatures and changes to other parts of the climate system, with consequences for the environment and for human health.
Category: Huaynaputina
Claim: However, volcanoes have had very little impact on the last 40 years of global warming.
Evidence: The eruption had a noticeable impact on growth conditions in the Northern Hemisphere, which were the worst of the last 600 years, with summers being on average 0.8 °C (1.4 °F) colder than the mean.
Evidence: The Younger Dryas (around 12,800 to 11,550 years BP) was a return to glacial conditions after the Late Glacial Interstadial, which temporarily reversed the gradual climatic warming after the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) started receding around 20,000 BP.
Evidence: Notable eruptions in the historical records are the 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo which lowered global temperatures by about 0.5 °C (0.9 °F) for up to three years, and the 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora causing the Year Without a Summer.
Evidence: "Volcanic influence on centennial to millennial Holocene Greenland temperature change".
Category: Anaerobic digestion
Claim: We found 68 stations located  at wastewater treatment plants, where the process of waste digestion  causes temperatures to be higher than in surrounding areas.
Evidence: Thermophilic digestion takes place optimally around 49 to 57 °C, or at elevated temperatures up to 70 °C, where thermophiles are the primary microorganisms present.
Evidence: In some treatment plants an Imhoff tank is used where sludge settles through a slot to the lower story or digestion chamber where it is decomposed by anaerobic bacteria, resulting in liquefaction and reduced volume of the sludge.
Category: Greenhouse gas
Claim: But by far the largest greenhouse gas is water vapour, which makes 95 per cent of the total.
Evidence: The most common gases in Earth's atmosphere are nitrogen (78%), oxygen (21%), and argon (0.9%).
Evidence: For example, methane and carbon monoxide (CO) are oxidized to give carbon dioxide (and methane oxidation also produces water vapor).
Category: Mike Pence
Claim: President-elect Trump has selected a climate change skeptic to head the team in charge of the transition between Obama and Trump's Environmental Protection Agencies.
Evidence: Soon after the election, he was appointed chairman of President-elect Trump's transition team.
Evidence: During his January 18, 2017, confirmation hearing to be EPA Administrator, he said that "the climate is changing, and human activity contributes to that in some manner".
Category: Hockey stick controversy
Claim: Phil Jones says no global warming since 1995.
Evidence: He said there had probably been no global warming since the 1940s, and "Satellite data show no appreciable warming of the global atmosphere since 1979.
Evidence: Multiple independently produced instrumental datasets confirm that the 2009–2018 decade was 0.93 ± 0.07 °C warmer than the pre-industrial baseline (1850–1900).
Evidence: "Reduction in surface climate change achieved by the 1987 Montreal Protocol".
Category: Solar phenomena
Claim: Water levels correlate with sunspots
Evidence: Luminosity decreases caused by sunspots (generally < - 0.3%) are correlated with increases (generally < + 0.05%) caused both by faculae that are associated with active regions as well as the magnetically active 'bright network'.
Evidence: On longer time scales, such as the solar cycle, other magnetic phenomena (faculae and the chromospheric network) correlate with sunspot occurrence.
Evidence: Long-term secular change in sunspot number is thought, by some scientists, to be correlated with long-term change in solar irradiance, which, in turn, might influence Earth's long-term climate.
Evidence: Sunspots number is correlated with the intensity of solar radiation over the period since 1979, when satellite measurements became available.
Category: Sport utility vehicle
Claim: Despite attention on global warming, "fewer Americans carpool today to work than carpooled in 1980" and "SUVs have never been a larger proportion of the vehicles being sold in this country."
Evidence: In 2019, the International Energy Agency (IEA) reported that the global number of SUVs and crossovers on the road multiplied by six since 2010 — from 35 million to 200 million vehicles, and their market share has grown to 40 percent of worldwide new light vehicle sales at the end of the decade.
Evidence: The SUV segment further grew to 26% of the global passenger car market in 2016, then to 36.8% of the market in Q1–Q3 of 2017.
Evidence: By 2003 there were 76 million SUVs and light trucks on U.S. roads, representing approximately 35% of the vehicles on the road.
Category: Scientific consensus on climate change
Claim: “Catherine Senior, head of understanding climate change at the Met Office Hadley Centre, said more studies and more data were needed to fully understand the role of clouds and aerosols.
Evidence: The statement stresses that the scientific understanding of climate change is now sufficiently clear to justify nations taking prompt action, and explicitly endorsed the IPCC consensus.
Evidence: While much remains to be learned, the core phenomenon, scientific questions, and hypotheses have been examined thoroughly and have stood firm in the face of serious scientific debate and careful evaluation of alternative explanations.
Evidence: In a 2006 letter to Nature, Mann, Bradley, and Hughes pointed out that their original article had said that "more widespread high-resolution data are needed before more confident conclusions can be reached" and that the uncertainties were "the point of the article".
Category: Scientific consensus on climate change
Claim: Science entitled The Scientific Consensus on Climate Change (Oreskes 2004).
Evidence: The Working Group I report (WG1) was published in September 2013.
Evidence: In 2004, a paper was published in the journal Science by Naomi Oreskes titled Beyond the Ivory Tower: The Scientific Consensus on Climate Change.
Evidence: Naomi Oreskes (December 3, 2004).
Category: Global warming
Claim: Evidence is growing that the comparatively cold zone within the Northern Atlantic could be due to a slowdown of this global ocean water circulation.
Evidence: Another example is the possibility for the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation to slow or shut down (see also shutdown of thermohaline circulation).
Evidence: The Gulf Stream, together with its northern extension towards Europe, the North Atlantic Drift, is a powerful, warm, and swift Atlantic ocean current that originates at the tip of Florida, and follows the eastern coastlines of the United States and Newfoundland before crossing the Atlantic Ocean.
Evidence: The subpolar gyre forms an important part of the global thermohaline circulation.
Category: ZFS
Claim: The interesting point is that it also seems each time they come across a new  dataset it is simply replaced.
Evidence: A device in any vdev can be marked for removal, and ZFS will de-allocate data from it to allow it to be removed or replaced.
Evidence: This would mean that when a new hypothesis needs to be tested, the available data will already be there in a validated and accessible form, and there will be no need create a new dataset and then have to validate it.
Evidence: The goal of cross-validation is to test the model's ability to predict new data that was not used in estimating it, in order to flag problems like overfitting or selection bias and to give an insight on how the model will generalize to an independent dataset (i.e., an unknown dataset, for instance from a real problem).
Category: Instrumental temperature record
Claim: NOAA has adjusted past temperatures to look colder than they were and recent temperatures to look warmer than they were.
Evidence: Even accounting for the presence of internal climate variability, recent years rank among the warmest on record.
Evidence: A study released in 2009, combined historical weather station data with satellite measurements to deduce past temperatures over large regions of the continent, and these temperatures indicate an overall warming trend.
Evidence: This is much colder than the conditions that actually exist at the Earth's surface (the global mean surface temperature is about 14 °C).
Category: Carbon sink
Claim: Greg Hunt CSIRO research shows carbon emissions can be reduced by 20 per cent over 40 years using nature, soils and trees.
Evidence: To further reduce U.S. carbon dioxide emissions by 7%, as stipulated by the Kyoto Protocol, would require the planting of "an area the size of Texas [8% of the area of Brazil] every 30 years".
Evidence: "Ireland to Plant 440 Million Trees in 20 Years to Fight Climate Change".
Evidence: There is a large potential for future reductions in emissions by a combination of activities, including energy conservation and increased energy efficiency; the use of low-carbon energy technologies, such as renewable energy, nuclear energy, and carbon capture and storage; decarbonizing buildings and transport; and enhancing carbon sinks through, for example, reforestation and preventing deforestation.
Category: Triassic–Jurassic extinction event
Claim: A drop in volcanic activity caused warming.
Evidence: Massive volcanic eruptions, specifically the flood basalts of the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province (CAMP), would release carbon dioxide or sulfur dioxide and aerosols, which would cause either intense global warming (from the former) or cooling (from the latter).
Evidence: Volcanic eruptions of a large magnitude can impact global climate, reducing the amount of solar radiation reaching the Earth's surface, lowering temperatures in the troposphere, and changing atmospheric circulation patterns.
Evidence: Further, methane is a potent greenhouse gas as it is released into the atmosphere, so it causes warming, and as the ocean transports this warmth to the bottom sediments, it destabilizes more clathrates.
Category: Ice sheet
Claim: Greenland ice sheet … would balloon sea levels by around 7m should it disintegrate
Evidence: The Greenland ice sheet occupies about 82% of the surface of Greenland, and if melted would cause sea levels to rise by 7.2 metres.
Evidence: Ice sheet models project that such a warming would initiate the long-term melting of the ice sheet, leading to a complete melting of the ice sheet (over centuries), resulting in a global sea level rise of about 7 metres (23 ft).
Evidence: If the entire 2,850,000 cubic kilometres (684,000 cu mi) of ice were to melt, it would lead to a global sea level rise of 7.2 m (24 ft).
Category: Humidity
Claim: To claim that humidity is decreasing requires you ignore a multitude of independent reanalyses that all show increasing humidity.
Evidence: As temperature decreases, the amount of water vapor needed to reach saturation also decreases.
Evidence: Heating cold outdoor air can decrease relative humidity levels indoors to below 30%, leading to ailments such as dry skin, cracked lips, dry eyes and excessive thirst.
Category: Antarctica
Claim: In the early 2000s, ice shelves began disintegrating in several parts of Antarctica, and scientists realized that process could greatly accelerate the demise of the vastly larger ice sheets themselves.
Evidence: Recent decades have witnessed several dramatic collapses of large ice shelves around the coast of Antarctica, especially along the Antarctic Peninsula.
Evidence: In the last several decades, glaciologists have observed consistent decreases in ice shelf extent through melt, calving, and complete disintegration of some shelves.
Evidence: Concerns have been raised that disruption of ice shelves may result in increased glacial outflow from the continental ice mass.
Evidence: Two sections of Antarctica's Larsen Ice Shelf broke apart into hundreds of unusually small fragments (hundreds of meters wide or less) in 1995 and 2002, Larsen C calved a huge ice island in 2017.
Category: Republican Party (United States)
Claim: There is not a single candidate in the Republican primary that thinks we should do anything about climate change.
Evidence: Since then, Republicans have increasingly taken positions against environmental regulation, with some Republicans rejecting the scientific consensus on climate change.
Evidence: Much of the Tea Party criticism focuses on his willingness to be bipartisan and work with Democrats on issues like climate change, tax reform and immigration reform and his belief that judicial nominees should not be opposed solely on their philosophical positions.
Evidence: I believe we should have a tax on carbon and deal aggressively with climate change.
Evidence: Cruz rejects the scientific consensus on climate change.
Category: Climate change in the Arctic
Claim: This was the case last year too, while earlier  years in the DMI analysis period (1958-2010) hardly ever shows Arctic  melt season temperatures this cold (Frank Lansner)
Evidence: The effects of global warming in the Arctic, or climate change in the Arctic include rising air and water temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet with a related cold temperature anomaly, observed since the 1970s.
Evidence: During the study, the most widespread surface melt on record for the past 120 years was observed in Greenland; on 12 July 2012, unfrozen water was present on almost the entire ice sheet surface (98.6%).
Evidence: The 2007 melt season let to a minimum 39% below the 1979–2000 average, and for the first time in human memory, the fabled Northwest Passage opened completely.
Evidence: In 2012 however, the 2007 record low was broken in late August with three weeks still left in the melt season.
Evidence: The Arctic's climate is characterized by cold winters and cool summers.
Category: Sustainability
Claim: More than 500 scientists and professionals in climate and related fields have sent a 'European Climate Declaration' to the Secretary-General of the United Nations.
Evidence: It was signed by 15,364 scientists from 184 countries, what made it the letter with the most signatures of scientists in history In November 2019, more than 11,000 scientists from 153 countries published a letter in which they warn about big threats to sustainability from climate change if big changes in policies will not happen.
Evidence: This scientific opinion is expressed in synthesis reports, by scientific bodies of national or international standing, and by surveys of opinion among climate scientists.
Category: Human impact on the environment
Claim: "Each unit of CO2 you put into the atmosphere has less and less of a warming impact.
Evidence: This creates air pollution, including nitrous oxides and particulates, and is a significant contributor to global warming through emission of carbon dioxide, for which transport is the fastest-growing emission sector.
Evidence: This additional CO2 led to a projected increase in warming of between 0.1 and 1.5 °C.
Evidence: The international community began the long process towards building effective international and domestic measures to tackle GHG emissions (carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, hydroflurocarbons, perfluorocarbons, sulphur hexafluoride) in response to the increasing assertions that global warming is happening due to man-made emissions and the uncertainty over its likely consequences.
Category: 2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference
Claim: During "the recent global warming summit in Copenhagen, Nancy Pelosi and others stayed at a five-star hotel on a trip costing nearly $10,000 per person."
Evidence: The document was subtitled as "The Copenhagen Agreement" and proposes measures to keep average global temperature rises to two degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels.
Evidence: An article by Gerald Traufetter for Spiegel Online described the Copenhagen summit as a "political disaster," and asserted that the US and China "joined forces to stymie every attempt by European nations to reach agreement."
Evidence: "A controversy over leaked e-mails exchanged among global warming scientists is part of a 'smear campaign' to derail next month's United Nations climate summit in Copenhagen, one of the scientists, meteorologist Michael Mann, said Tuesday...Climate change sceptics 'don't have the science on their side any more, so they've resorted to a smear campaign to distract the public from the reality of the problem and the need to confront it head-on in Copenhagen' said Mann"; Feldman, Stacy (25 November 2009).
Category: Global warming
Claim: IPCC report warning last week the world is “nowhere near on track” to meet its Paris commitments
Evidence: Although the parties to the UNFCCC have agreed that deep cuts in emissions are required and that global warming should be limited to well below 2 °C (3.6 °F) in the Paris Agreement of 2016, the Earth's average surface temperature has already increased by about half this threshold and current pledges by countries to cut emissions are inadequate to limit future warming.
Category: Coral bleaching
Claim: If water temperatures stay moderate, the damaged sections of the Great Barrier Reef may be covered with corals again in as few as 10 or 15 years
Evidence: In 2016, bleaching of coral on the Great Barrier Reef killed between 29 and 50 percent of the reef's coral.
Evidence: In March 2017, the journal Nature published a paper showing that huge sections of an 800-kilometre (500 mi) stretch in the northern part of the reef had died in the course of 2016 due to high water temperatures, an event that the authors put down to the effects of global climate change.
Evidence: On 3 April 2010, the bulk coal carrier Shen Neng 1 ran aground on Douglas Shoals, spilling up to four tonnes of oil into the water and causing extensive damage to the reef.
Evidence: Sea level on the Great Barrier Reef has not changed significantly in the last 6,000 years.
Category: Lake Tahoe
Claim: A drop of volcanic activity in the early 20th century may have had a warming effect.
Evidence: Analysis of the temperature records in Lake Tahoe has shown that the lake warmed (between 1969 and 2002) at an average rate of 0.027 °F (0.015 °C) per year.
Evidence: Most of the sunlight that reaches the ground is absorbed, warming the surface, which emits radiation upward at longer, infrared, wavelengths.
Category: Heat wave
Claim: ‘Heatwaves are far more intense than when my parents were growing up in the 1950s.
Evidence: 's Heat Wave Duration Index is that a heat wave occurs when the daily maximum temperature of more than five consecutive days exceeds the average maximum temperature by 5 °C (9 °F), the normal period being 1961–1990.
Evidence: A heat wave, or heatwave, is a period of excessively hot weather, which may be accompanied by high humidity, especially in oceanic climate countries.
Evidence: Increased anthropogenic activities causing increased greenhouse gas emissions show that heat waves will be more severe.
Evidence: The World Meteorological Organization, defines a heat wave as 5 or more consecutive days of prolonged heat in which the daily maximum temperature is higher than the average maximum temperature by 5 °C (9 °F) or more.
Category: Great Barrier Reef
Claim: a new study by scientists at the Australian Research Council finds that the ongoing bleaching event is mainly due to human-caused global warming, and that if global warming proceeds as currently expected, “large parts” of the Great Barrier Reef could die by the mid-2030s.
Evidence: A March 2016 report stated that coral bleaching was more widespread than previously thought, seriously affecting the northern parts of the reef as a result of warming ocean temperatures.
Evidence: International Council of Academies of Engineering and Technological Sciences (CAETS) in 2007, issued a Statement on Environment and Sustainable Growth: As reported by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), most of the observed global warming since the mid-20th century is very likely due to human-produced emission of greenhouse gases and this warming will continue unabated if present anthropogenic emissions continue or, worse, expand without control.
Category: Art Robinson
Claim: The 30,000 scientists and science graduates listed on the OISM petition represent a tiny fraction (0.3%) of all science graduates.
Evidence: The OISM website states that "several members of the Institute's staff are also well known for their work on the Petition Project", and that the petition has "more than 31,000" signatures by scientists.
Evidence: The total fresh STEM graduates were 2.6 million in 2016.
Category: Global warming
Claim: That model predicted that global temperature between 1988 and 1997 would rise by 0.45°C (Figure 1).
Evidence: Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.
Evidence: Under the same emissions scenario but with a different model, the predicted median warming was 4.1 °C.
Evidence: Over the same time period, the "likely" range (greater than 66% probability, based on expert judgement) for these scenarios was for a global mean temperature increase of 1.1 to 6.4 °C.
Evidence: In a scenario where global emissions start to decrease by 2010 and then declined at a sustained rate of 3% per year, the likely global average temperature increase was predicted to be 1.7 °C above pre-industrial levels by 2050, rising to around 2 °C by 2100.