Danthammadhavi/climate_fever_fixed huggingface dataset:
Category: 2013–14 North American winter
Claim: “During the sunless winter, a heatwave raised concerns that the polar vortex may be eroding.
Evidence: On December 1, 2013, the weakening of the polar vortex led to the beginning of an abnormally cold trend in the Eastern and Central United States.
Evidence: This breaking is caused due to a highly non-linear interaction between the vertically propagating planetary waves and the isolated high potential vorticity region known as the polar vortex.
Evidence: The general assumption is that reduced snow cover and sea ice reflect less sunlight and therefore evaporation and transpiration increases, which in turn alters the pressure and temperature gradient of the polar vortex, causing it to weaken or collapse.
Category: IPCC Fourth Assessment Report
Claim: It is expected the report will focus on required changes to the energy system, rather than forests.
Evidence: AR4 describes warming and cooling effects on the planet in terms of radiative forcing — the rate of change of energy in the system, measured as power per unit area (in SI units, W/m²).
Evidence: Information on the environmental impacts of alternative models of treatment and service provision Some of the suggested changes needed are: Greater efficiency and lower ecological impact of energy, buildings, and procurement choices (e.g., in-patient meals, pharmaceuticals, and medical equipment).
Category: Type I and type II errors
Claim: The iris hypothesis has not withstood the test of time - subsequent research
Evidence: Mathematics portal Binary classification Detection theory Egon Pearson Ethics in mathematics False positive paradox Family-wise error rate Information retrieval performance measures Neyman–Pearson lemma Null hypothesis Probability of a hypothesis for Bayesian inference Precision and recall Prosecutor's fallacy Prozone phenomenon Receiver operating characteristic Sensitivity and specificity Statisticians' and engineers' cross-reference of statistical terms Testing hypotheses suggested by the data Type III error "Explorable - Think Outside The Box - Research, Experiments, Psychology, Self-Help".
Evidence: Wason accepted falsificationism, according to which a scientific test of a hypothesis is a serious attempt to falsify it.
Evidence: Current research cannot ascertain whether the extinctions occurred prior to, or during, the boundary interval.
Evidence: "A scientific hypothesis is tested to absolute destruction, but medicine can't wait.
Category: Hubble Space Telescope
Claim: “Earlier this month, NASA scientists provided a visualization of a startling climate change trend — the Earth is getting greener, as viewed from space, especially in its rapidly warming northern regions.
Evidence: It has recorded some of the most detailed visible light images, allowing a deep view into space.
Evidence: Climate change is more accurate scientifically to describe the various effects of greenhouse gases on the world because it includes extreme weather, storms and changes in rainfall patterns, ocean acidification and sea level.".
Evidence: NASA's Climate Change website indicates a compatible overall trend of greater than 100 gigatonnes of ice loss per year since 2002.
Category: Hockey stick controversy
Claim: "by the 2001 [IPCC] climate assessment...the Medieval Warm Period had been ingeniously wiped out.
Evidence: The IPCC First Assessment Report in 1990 noted evidence that Holocene climatic optimum around 5,000-6,000 years ago had been warmer than the present (at least in summer) and that in some areas there had been exceptional warmth during "a shorter Medieval Warm Period (which may not have been global)" about AD 950-1250, followed by a cooler period of the Little Ice Age which ended only in the middle to late nineteenth century.
Evidence: The IPCC Third Assessment Report from 2001 then summarized research: "evidence does not support globally synchronous periods of anomalous cold or warmth over this time frame, and the conventional terms of 'Little Ice Age' and 'Medieval Warm Period' appear to have limited utility in describing trends in hemispheric or global mean temperature changes in past centuries."
Evidence: "We concur with the climate science assessment of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in 2001 ... We endorse the conclusions of the IPCC assessment..." Canadian Meteorological and Oceanographic Society.
Category: Medieval Warm Period
Claim: One of the main areas of contention is the existence of two strange climate episodes known as The Medieval Warm Period (MWP) and the Little Ice Age.
Evidence: The period was followed by a cooler period in the North Atlantic and elsewhere termed the Little Ice Age.
Evidence: The Little Ice Age (LIA) was a period of cooling that occurred after the Medieval Warm Period.
Evidence: The warm period became known as the Medieval Warm Period, and the cold period was called the Little Ice Age (LIA).
Category: Earth
Claim: Extreme melting and changes to the climate like this has released pressure on to the continent, allowing the ground to rise up.
Evidence: This is predicted to produce changes such as the melting of glaciers and ice sheets, more extreme temperature ranges, significant changes in weather and a global rise in average sea levels.
Evidence: The three main reasons warming causes global sea level to rise are: oceans expand, ice sheets lose ice faster than it forms from snowfall, and glaciers at higher altitudes also melt.
Evidence: The gravitational effects comes into play when a large ice sheet melts.
Evidence: There is a threshold in surface warming beyond which a partial or near-complete melting of the Greenland ice sheet occurs.
Evidence: Under the influence of global warming, melt at the base of the ice sheet increases.
Category: Sea level rise
Claim: The sea level was 20 to 30 feet higher than it is today, implying that the ice sheets in both Greenland and Antarctica must have partly disintegrated, a warning of what could occur in the relatively near future if the heating of the planet continues unchecked.”
Evidence: The warming was sustained over a period of thousands of years and the magnitude of the rise in sea level implies a large contribution from the Antarctic and Greenland ice sheets.
Evidence: Both the Greenland ice sheet and Antarctica have tipping points for warming levels that could be reached before the end of the 21st century.
Evidence: There is a threshold in surface warming beyond which a partial or near-complete melting of the Greenland ice sheet occurs.
Evidence: In 2018, scientists concluded that high sea levels some 125,000 years ago, which were 6–9 m (20–30 ft) higher than today, were most likely due to the absence of the WAIS, and found evidence that the ice sheet collapsed under climate conditions similar to those of today.
Category: Human overpopulation
Claim: Bill Nye proposed penalizing families with too many children to reduce population growth and slow climate change.
Evidence: As of 2008, the price of grain has increased due to more farming used in biofuels, world oil prices at over $100 a barrel, global population growth, climate change, loss of agricultural land to residential and industrial development, and growing consumer demand in China and India Food riots have recently taken place in many countries across the world.
Evidence: Higher taxation of parents who have too many children Contraception Abstinence Reducing infant mortality so that parents do not need to have many children to ensure at least some survive to adulthood.
Evidence: [citation needed] Population policies that are intended to increase a population or subpopulation growth rates may use practices such as: Higher taxation of married couples who have no, or too few, children Politicians imploring the populace to have bigger families Tax breaks and subsidies for families with children Loosening of immigration restrictions, and/or mass recruitment of foreign workers by the government A number of ancient writers have reflected on the issue of population.
Category: Americans
Claim: More than 260,000 Americans are employed by the domestic solar industry â three times as many workers as employed by the entire coal mining industry.
Evidence: Furthermore, there are approximately 40,000 Americans living and working in the Kingdom.
Evidence: The industry employs around 113,000 people directly and around 276,000 indirectly and has an annual turnover of around £20 billion.
Evidence: While the traditional fossil fuel industry employed 187,000 jobs in 2016, the wind power industry grew by nearly 32% to 102,000 people.
Evidence: At the same time, the solar power industry grew by almost a quarter to 374,000 jobs.
Category: Global storm activity of 2010
Claim: “With a record El Niño, we should have experienced record high temperatures.
Evidence: "Temperatures reach record high in Pakistan".
Evidence: The event temporarily warmed air temperature by 1.5 °C, compared to the usual increase of 0.25 °C associated with El Niño events.
Evidence: Over the southern part of the continent, warmer than average temperatures can be recorded as weather systems are more mobile and fewer blocking areas of high pressure occur.
Category: Terraforming of Mars
Claim: [CO2] is also a greenhouse gas which helps maintain earth at a habitable temperature.
Evidence: Because its atmosphere consists mainly of CO 2, a known greenhouse gas, once Mars begins to heat, the CO 2 may help to keep thermal energy near the surface.
Evidence: The primary greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere are water vapor (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and ozone (O3).
Evidence: This last phenomenon is known as the greenhouse effect: trace molecules within the atmosphere serve to capture thermal energy emitted from the ground, thereby raising the average temperature.
Category: 20th century
Claim: When all forcings are combined, they show good correlation to global temperature throughout the 20th century including the mid-century cooling period.
Evidence: The average global temperature on Earth has increased by about 0.8° Celsius (1.4° Fahrenheit) since 1880; Two-thirds of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15-0.20 °C per decade.
Evidence: The major differences between the various proxy reconstructions relate to the magnitude of past cool excursions, principally during the twelfth to fourteenth, seventeenth and nineteenth centuries.
Evidence: Stott's group found that combining these factors enabled them to closely simulate global temperature changes throughout the 20th century.
Evidence: There is still a very poor understanding of the correlation between low sunspot activity and cooling temperatures.
Evidence: IPCC AR4 WG1 Ch9 2007, p. 690: "Recent estimates indicate a relatively small combined effect of natural forcings on the global mean temperature evolution of the second half of the 20th century, with a small net cooling from the combined effects of solar and volcanic forcings."
Category: Greenland ice sheet
Claim: Greenland on the whole is losing ice, as confirmed by satellite measurement.
Evidence: These measurements came from the US space agency's GRACE (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment) satellite, launched in 2002, as reported by BBC.
Evidence: Findings show that Greenland has lost 3.8 trillion tonnes of ice since 1992, enough to raise sea levels by almost 11mm (1.06cm).
Evidence: Play media Satellite measurements of Greenland's ice cover from 1979 to 2009 reveals a trend of increased melting.
Evidence: "Greenland Glaciers Losing Ice Much Faster, Study Says".
Category: Scientific consensus on climate change
Claim:  As it happens, the writer of that October 2009 e-mail—Kevin Trenberth, a lead author of the warmist bible, the 2007 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) report—told Congress two years ago that evidence for manmade warming is "unequivocal.
Evidence: In October 2009, the leaders of 18 US scientific societies and organizations sent an open letter to the United States Senate reaffirming the scientific consensus that climate change is occurring and is primarily caused by human activities.
Evidence: Retrieved 2010-08-28. the leading international network of climate scientists has concluded for the first time that global warming is 'unequivocal' and that human activity is the main driver, 'very likely' causing most of the rise in temperatures since 1950 Stevens, William K. (2007-02-06).
Evidence: He was a lead author of the 2001 and 2007 IPCC Scientific Assessment of Climate Change (see IPCC Fourth Assessment Report) and serves on the Scientific Steering Group for the Climate Variability and Predictability (CLIVAR) program.
Category: Global warming
Claim: Climate scientists use the 20th-century average as a benchmark for global temperature measurements.
Evidence: Global warming is the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.
Evidence: Climate is the long-term average of weather, typically averaged over a period of 30 years.
Category: Global warming controversy
Claim: Two American researchers allege that U.S. government scientists have  skewed global temperature trends by ignoring readings from thousands of  local weather stations around the world, particularly those in colder  altitudes and more northerly latitudes, such as Canada.
Evidence: There were a small number of weather stations in the 1850s, and the number didn't reach the current 3000+ until the 1951 to 1990 period The 2001 IPCC Third Assessment Report (TAR) acknowledged that the urban heat island is an important local effect, but cited analyses of historical data indicating that the effect of the urban heat island on the global temperature trend is no more than 0.05 °C (0.09 °F) degrees through 1990.
Evidence: Using the long-term temperature trends for the earth scientists and statisticians conclude that it continues to warm through time.
Evidence: In a NASA report published in January 2013, Hansen and Sato noted "the 5-year mean global temperature has been flat for a decade, which we interpret as a combination of natural variability and a slowdown in the growth rate of the net climate forcing."
Evidence: U.S. officials, such as Philip Cooney, have repeatedly edited scientific reports from US government scientists, many of whom, such as Thomas Knutson, have been ordered to refrain from discussing climate change and related topics.
Category: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
Claim: Comparisons to the most recent data consistently finds that climate change is occurring more rapidly and intensely than indicated by IPCC predictions.
Evidence: They judge that global mean surface air temperature has increased by 0.3 to 0.6 °C over the last 100 years, broadly consistent with prediction of climate models, but also of the same magnitude as natural climate variability.
Evidence: The report notes many observed changes in the Earth's climate including atmospheric composition, global average temperatures, ocean conditions, and other climate changes.
Evidence: Some of the changes have been faster than previous assessments had suggested.
Category: Austria
Claim: "Austria is today seeing its earliest snowfall in history with 30 to 40 centimetres already predicted in the mountains.
Evidence: Although Austria is cold in the winter (−10 to 0 °C), summer temperatures can be relatively high, with average temperatures in the mid-20s and a highest temperature of 40.5 °C (105 °F) in August 2013.
Evidence: Spring is variable and autumn cool, with possible snowfalls already in November.
Evidence: Austria lies between latitudes 46° and 49° N, and longitudes 9° and 18° E. It can be divided into five areas, the biggest being the Eastern Alps, which constitute 62% of the nation's total area.
Evidence: This law of neutrality, passed in late October 1955 (and not the State Treaty itself), ensured that modern Austria would align with neither NATO nor the Soviet bloc, and is considered one of the reasons for Austria's delayed entry into the European Union in 1995.
Category: Global warming
Claim: While it's true that any single country's CO2 emissions reductions will make little difference, only if every nation agrees to limit CO2 emissions can we achieve significant cuts on a global scale.
Evidence: Decision 1/CP.16, paragraph 4, in UNFCCC: Cancun 2010: "deep cuts in global greenhouse gas emissions are required according to science, and as documented in the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, with a view to reducing global greenhouse gas emissions so as to hold the increase in global average temperature below 2 °C above preindustrial levels".
Evidence: "Cut Global Emissions by 7.6 Percent Every Year for Next Decade to Meet 1.5°C Paris Target - UN Report".
Evidence: The 36 countries that were committed to emission reductions only accounted for 24% of the global greenhouse gas emissions in 2010.
Evidence: Cost-effective 2 °C scenarios project annual global greenhouse gas emissions to peak before the year 2020, with deep cuts in emissions thereafter, leading to a reduction in 2050 of 41% compared to 1990 levels.
Category: 1990s
Claim: Higher temperatures, we’re told, will be deadly—killing “thousands to tens of thousands” of Americans
Evidence: Over the course of approximately 100 days, at least 500,000 people were killed.
Evidence: The war, as well as the ensuing cholera epidemic, resulted in the deaths of thousands of combatants as well as tens of thousands of civilians.
Category: Global warming
Claim: Climate scientists are telling us it’s likely we’re going to be in for a period of cooling.
Evidence: "The next five years will be 'anomalously warm,' scientists predict".
Evidence: Global warming is the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.
Evidence: The reflection of energy into space resulted in a global cooling, triggering the Pleistocene Ice Age.
Evidence: Beside the expected cooling down in comparison with the current climate, a significant precipitation change happened here.
Category: Global cooling
Claim: But each serial adjustment has tended to make the early years colder, which increases the warming trend.
Evidence: The general public had little awareness of carbon dioxide's effects on climate, but Science News in May 1959 forecast a 25% increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide in the 150 years from 1850 to 2000, with a consequent warming trend.
Evidence: Because the climate system has large thermal inertia, it can take centuries for the climate to fully adjust.
Category: Greenland ice sheet
Claim: Scientists used to think that ice sheets could take millennia to respond to changing climates
Evidence: An ice sheet response time of centuries seems probable, and we cannot rule out large changes on decadal time-scales once wide-scale surface melt is underway."
Evidence: There is growing evidence that our climate is changing.
Evidence: Its conclusions are summarized below: "Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, and since the 1950s, many of the observed changes are unprecedented over decades to millennia."
Evidence: While scientists knew of past climate change such as the ice ages, the concept of climate as unchanging was useful in the development of a general theory of what determines climate.
Evidence: They offered a conclusion that the "coupling between surface melting and ice-sheet flow provides a mechanism for rapid, large-scale, dynamic responses of ice sheets to climate warming".
Category: Lake Tahoe
Claim: “Instead of a three-foot increase in ocean levels by the end of the century, six feet was more likely, according to DeConto and Pollard’s findings.
Evidence: Historically, the clarity of Lake Tahoe continued to decrease through 2010, when the average Secchi depth, 64.4 feet (19.6 m), was the second lowest ever recorded (the lowest was 64.1 feet (19.5 m) in 1997).
Evidence: Combined, this and other studies suggest that the Thames sea-level has risen more than 30 m during the Holocene at a rate of around 5–6 mm per year from 10,000 to 6,000 years ago.
Evidence: Beginning some 130,000 years ago, the Sangamonian Stage raised sea levels to approximately 25 feet (8 m) above the current level.
Evidence: If the sheet were to break down, ocean levels would rise by several metres in a relatively geologically short period of time, perhaps a matter of centuries.
Category: Palm Beach County, Florida
Claim: The Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1635 experienced a Category 3 or 4 storm, with up to a 20-foot storm surge.
Evidence: August 28, 1949, a category-4 hurricane struck West Palm Beach with maximum sustained winds of 150 mph (240 km/h), causing considerable damage.
Evidence: On October 24, 2005, Hurricane Wilma struck Collier County as a category-3 hurricane.
Category: Pluto
Claim: It seems scientists have noticed recently that quite a few planets in our solar system seem to be heating up a bit, including Pluto."
Evidence: The presence of methane, a powerful greenhouse gas, in Pluto's atmosphere creates a temperature inversion, with the average temperature of its atmosphere tens of degrees warmer than its surface, though observations by New Horizons have revealed Pluto's upper atmosphere to be far colder than expected (70 K, as opposed to about 100 K).
Evidence: A comet is an icy, small Solar System body that, when passing close to the Sun, warms and begins to release gases, a process called outgassing.
Evidence: This could be caused by the interaction between the stellar wind and the planet's magnetosphere creating an electric current through the planet that heats it up causing it to expand.
Evidence: The four largest, Ganymede, Callisto, Io, and Europa, show similarities to the terrestrial planets, such as volcanism and internal heating.
Category: List of heat waves
Claim: Heat waves have been decreasing since the 1930s in the U.S. and globally.
Evidence: Massive heat waves across North America were persistent in the 1930s, many mid-Atlantic/Ohio valley states recorded their highest temperatures during July 1934.
Category: Global cooling
Claim: When the exact same group of 'experts' who claimed it was global cooling in 1977 now claim it's global warming you can easily see why I am skeptical
Evidence: The current scientific consensus on climate change is that the Earth underwent global warming throughout the 20th century and continues to warm.
Evidence: Many such people prefer to call themselves skeptics and describe their position as climate change skepticism.
Evidence: Trend sceptics or deniers (who deny there is global warming), [and] argue that no significant climate warming is taking place at all, claiming that the warming trend measured by weather stations is an artefact due to urbanisation around those stations ("urban heat island effect").
Evidence: John Wallace of the University of Washington agreed with Lindzen that progress in climate change science had been exaggerated, but said there are "relatively few scientists who are as skeptical of the whole thing as Dick [Lindzen] is".
Evidence: He said, "A lot of my older colleagues are very skeptical on the global warming thing".
Category: Climate change mitigation
Claim: Climate economics research shows that in reality, we are harming the economy by failing to implement CO2 limits.
Evidence: The importance of change is illustrated by the fact that world economic energy efficiency is improving at only half the rate of world economic growth.
Evidence: There is overwhelming agreement among economists that carbon taxes are the most efficient and effective way to curb climate change, with the least adverse effects on the economy.
Evidence: In theory, a polluter's decisions should lead to an economically efficient allocation of reductions among polluters, and lower compliance costs for individual firms and for the economy overall, compared to command-and-control mechanisms.
Category: Fred Singer
Claim: Mr. Singer is a professor emeritus of environmental science at the University of Virginia.
Evidence: When he retired from Virginia in 1994, he became Distinguished Research Professor at the Institute for Humane Studies at George Mason University until 2000.
Evidence: He held a professorship with the University of Virginia from 1971 until 1994, and with George Mason University until 2000.
Category: Greenhouse gas
Claim: Clearly, other factors besides atmospheric carbon influence earth temperatures and global warming."
Evidence: If this energy balance is shifted, Earth's surface becomes warmer or cooler, leading to a variety of changes in global climate.
Evidence: Alterations in the quantity of atmospheric greenhouse gases determines the amount of solar energy retained by the planet, leading to global warming or global cooling.
Evidence: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.
Category: Water vapor
Claim: Water vapor is the most powerful greenhouse gas.
Evidence: Water vapor is the most potent greenhouse gas owing to the presence of the hydroxyl bond which strongly absorbs in the infra-red region of the light spectrum.
Evidence: The oxidation of methane can produce both ozone and water; and is a major source of water vapor in the normally dry stratosphere.
Evidence: Atmospheric methane concentrations are of interest because it is one of the most potent greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere.
Category: Global warming controversy
Claim: Evidence is building that net cloud feedback is likely positive and unlikely to be strongly negative.
Evidence: One theory is that the climate may reach a "tipping point" where positive feedback effects lead to runaway global warming; such feedbacks include decreased reflection of solar radiation as sea ice melts, exposing darker seawater, and the potential release of large volumes of methane from thawing permafrost.
Evidence: A 2007 analysis of 1,016 systematic reviews from all 50 Cochrane Collaboration Review Groups found that 44% of the reviews concluded that the intervention was likely to be beneficial, 7% concluded that the intervention was likely to be harmful, and 49% concluded that evidence did not support either benefit or harm.
Evidence: Large effect: This is when methodologically strong studies show that the observed effect is so large that the probability of it changing completely is less likely.
Evidence: This support may be strong or weak.
Evidence: Other analyses have found that the iris effect is a positive feedback rather than the negative feedback proposed by Lindzen.
Category: Global warming
Claim: But there is also good data showing sea levels
Evidence: Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.
Evidence: By analyzing the various growth morphologies, microatolls offer a low resolution record of sea level change.
Evidence: Not only does this increase the absorption of sunlight, it also increases melting and sea level rise.
Evidence: Sea level rise since 1990 was underestimated in older models, but now agrees well with observations.
Category: Climate change in Australia
Claim: If global warming caused the 2014 Queensland heat wave, why wasn’t it as severe as the 1972 Queensland heat wave?”
Evidence: By 2014, another report revealed that, due to the change in climatic patterns, the heat waves were found to be increasingly more frequent and severe, with an earlier start to the season and longer duration.
Evidence: However, over time the term has evolved and now refers to the warm and negative phase of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation and is the warming of the ocean surface or above-average sea surface temperatures in either the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean.
Evidence: The effects of global warming include rising sea levels, regional changes in precipitation, more frequent extreme weather events such as heat waves, and expansion of deserts.
Evidence: Global warming could lead to substantial alterations in climate extremes, such as tropical cyclones, heat waves and severe precipitation events.
Evidence: Since the 1950s, droughts and heat waves have appeared simultaneously with increasing frequency.
Category: Satellite temperature measurements
Claim: Satellite measurements of infrared spectra over the past 40 years observe less energy escaping to space at the wavelengths associated with CO2.
Evidence: The process of deriving trends from SSUs measurement has proved particularly difficult because of satellites drift, inter-calibration between different satellite with scant overlap and gas leak in the instrument carbon dioxide pressure cell, furthermore since the radiances measured by SSUs are due to emission by carbon dioxide the weighting functions move to higher altitudes as the carbon dioxide concentration in the stratosphere increase.
Evidence: The LWIR (8–15 μm) region is especially useful since some radiation at these wavelengths can escape into space through the atmosphere.
Evidence: They measure radiances in various wavelength bands.
Category: Global warming
Claim: Global warming' and 'climate change' mean different things and have both been used for decades.
Evidence: Research in the 1950s suggested that temperatures were increasing, and a 1952 newspaper used the term "climate change".
Evidence: Global warming and climate change are often used interchangeably.
Category: Hockey stick controversy
Claim: When you read Phil Jones' actual words, you see he's saying there is a warming trend
Evidence: From this, he concluded that "The post-1980 global warming trend from surface thermometers is not credible.
Evidence: He said there had probably been no global warming since the 1940s, and "Satellite data show no appreciable warming of the global atmosphere since 1979.
Category: 2019–20 Australian bushfire season
Claim: The bushfires in Australia were caused by arsonists and a series of lightning strikes, not 'climate change'.
Evidence: "Climate change is one factor affecting how fires in Australia burn, regardless of whether arsonists or lightning started them".
Evidence: Man-made events include arcing from overhead power lines, arson, accidental ignition in the course of agricultural clearing, grinding and welding activities, campfires, cigarettes and dropped matches, sparks from machinery, and controlled burn escapes.
Evidence: The fires would have been caused by both natural phenomenon and human hands.
Category: James Hansen
Claim: no one really knows if last year 2016 was a global temperature record.
Evidence: "Breaking global temperature records after Mt.
Evidence: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.
Category: Scientific consensus on climate change
Claim: ‘With levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere consistently breaking new records, the influence of human activities on the climate system has become more and more evident,’ said Taalas.
Evidence: While ‘climate change’ can be due to natural forces or human activity, there is now substantial evidence to indicate that human activity – and specifically increased greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions – is a key factor in the pace and extent of global temperature increases.
Evidence: It is likely that anthropogenic (i.e., human-induced) warming, such as that due to elevated greenhouse gas levels, has had a discernible influence on many physical and biological systems.
Category: Greenhouse gas
Claim: Carbon dioxide is a trace gas.”
Evidence: They are trace gases that account for almost one tenth of 1% of Earth's atmosphere.
Evidence: Carbon dioxide (chemical formula CO 2) is a colorless gas with a density about 60% higher than that of dry air.
Evidence: It occurs naturally in Earth's atmosphere as a trace gas.
Category: Global warming
Claim: Worst-case global heating scenarios may need to be revised upwards in light of a better understanding of the role of clouds, scientists have said.
Evidence: With this information, scientists can produce scenarios of how greenhouse gas emissions may vary in the future.
Evidence: For these reasons the role of tropospheric clouds in regulating weather and climate remains a leading source of uncertainty in global warming projections.
Category: Mount Kilimanjaro
Claim: 'Gore claims the snowcap atop Africa's Mt. Kilimanjaro is shrinking and that global warming is to blame.
Evidence: Because of its shrinking glaciers and disappearing ice fields, the mountain has been the subject of many scientific studies.
Evidence: Kibo's diminishing ice cap exists because Kilimanjaro is a little-dissected, massive mountain that rises above the snow line.
Evidence: "The Shrinking Glaciers of Kilimanjaro: Can Global Warming Be Blamed?".
Evidence: There are currently 11 small glaciers, which are shrinking rapidly, and will likely be gone forever by 2050, due to global warming[citation needed].
Category: Question mark
Claim: [O]ne of the previously fastest shrinking glaciers in the world is growing again, calling into question the narrative that rapid climate change [...]
Evidence: Eats, Shoots & Leaves, 2003. p. 139.
Evidence: Holstein, James A.
Evidence: : 'Conception is defined as the beginning of life.']"
Evidence: Such preface is then followed with the question, as in: [...] personal letter delivery is at an all-time low...
Category: Sustainability
Claim: More than 500 scientists and professionals in climate and related fields have sent a 'European Climate Declaration' to the Secretary-General of the United Nations
Evidence: The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment is an international synthesis by over 1000 of the world's leading biological scientists that analyzes the state of the Earth's ecosystems and provides summaries and guidelines for decision-makers.
Evidence: Dennis Bray and Hans von Storch conducted a survey in August 2008 of 2058 climate scientists from 34 different countries.
Evidence: European Academy of Sciences and Arts in 2007 issued a formal declaration on climate change titled Let's Be Honest: Human activity is most likely responsible for climate warming.
Evidence: It was signed by 15,364 scientists from 184 countries, what made it the letter with the most signatures of scientists in history In November 2019, more than 11,000 scientists from 153 countries published a letter in which they warn about big threats to sustainability from climate change if big changes in policies will not happen.
Category: Greenhouse
Claim: Growers regularly pump CO2 into greenhouses, raising levels to three times that of the natural environment, to produce stronger, greener, healthier plants.”
Evidence: Secondary metabolites, e.g., cardiac glycosides in Digitalis lanata, are produced in higher amounts by greenhouse cultivation at enhanced temperature and at enhanced carbon dioxide concentration.
Evidence: Adequate levels of CO2 must be maintained for the plants to grow efficiently.
Evidence: To increase yield further, some sealed greenhouses inject CO2 into their environment to help improve growth and plant fertility.
Evidence: Plants can grow as much as 50 percent faster in concentrations of 1,000 ppm CO 2 when compared with ambient conditions, though this assumes no change in climate and no limitation on other nutrients.
Category: 2012 in science
Claim: Each of the six major past ice ages began when the atmospheric carbon dioxide content was far higher than at present.
Evidence: (BBC) 4 April A new, detailed record of past climate change has shown compelling evidence that the last ice age was ended by a rise in temperature driven by an increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide.
Evidence: It decomposes and turns into carbon dioxide (CO 2), which is released into the atmosphere.
Category: Scientific consensus on climate change
Claim: Research has found a human influence on the climate of the past several decades ...
Evidence: Human influence on the climate system is clear.
Evidence: According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), it is "extremely likely" that human influence was the dominant cause of global warming between 1951 and 2010.
Evidence: Like the warming "signal" that has gradually emerged from the "noise" of natural climate variability, the scientific evidence for a human influence on global climate has accumulated over the past several decades, from many hundreds of studies.
Evidence: This report explicitly endorses the IPCC view of attribution of recent climate change as representing the view of the scientific community: The changes observed over the last several decades are likely mostly due to human activities, but we cannot rule out that some significant part of these changes is also a reflection of natural variability.
Category: CLOUD experiment
Claim: The CERN CLOUD experiment only tested one-third of one out of four requirements necessary to blame global warming on cosmic rays, and two of the other requirements have already failed.
Evidence: Although they observe that a fraction of cloud nuclei is effectively produced by ionisation due to the interaction of cosmic rays with the constituents of Earth atmosphere, this process is insufficient to attribute all of the present climate modifications to the fluctuations of the cosmic rays intensity modulated by changes in the solar activity and Earth magnetosphere.
Evidence: To test the hypothesis, CERN designed the CLOUD experiment, which showed the effect of cosmic rays is too weak to influence climate noticeably.
Evidence: This result does not support the hypothesis that cosmic rays significantly affect climate, although a CERN press release states that neither does it "rule out a role for cosmic radiation" in climate.
Category: Global warming
Claim: The heat extremes were especially pervasive in the Arctic, with temperatures in the fall running 20 to 30 degrees Fahrenheit above normal across large stretches of the Arctic Ocean.
Evidence: Surface temperature increases are greatest in the Arctic, which has contributed to the retreat of glaciers, permafrost, and sea ice.
Evidence: The Arctic Ocean is the mass of water positioned approximately above latitude 65° N. Arctic Sea Ice refers to the area of the Arctic Ocean covered by ice.
Category: Global warming
Claim: As a result, the planet as a whole is becoming less reflective and absorbing more sunlight, which is accelerating global warming.
Evidence: In the tropics the net effect is to produce a significant warming, while at latitudes closer to the poles a loss of albedo leads to an overall cooling effect.
Evidence: This effect results in the increased absorption of radiation that accelerates melting."
Category: Scientific consensus on climate change
Claim: more than 100 per cent of the warming over the past century is due to human actions.
Evidence: Human activities, primarily the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas), and secondarily the clearing of land, have increased the concentration of carbon dioxide, methane, and other heat-trapping ("greenhouse") gases in the atmosphere...There is international scientific consensus that most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities.
Evidence: The view that human activities are likely responsible for most of the observed increase in global mean temperature ("global warming") since the mid-20th century is an accurate reflection of current scientific thinking.
Evidence: The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change said the likelihood was 90 percent to 99 percent that emissions of heat-trapping greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, spewed from tailpipes and smokestacks, were the dominant cause of the observed warming of the last 50 years.
Category: Republican Party (United States)
Claim: During a state House debate on a jobs and energy bill this week, Democrats offered an amendment that would put the Legislature on record saying that climate change is real and that humans are causing it.
Evidence: In January 2015, the Republican-led U.S. Senate voted 98–1 to pass a resolution acknowledging that "climate change is real and is not a hoax"; however, an amendment stating that "human activity significantly contributes to climate change" was supported by only five Republican senators.
Evidence: He disputes the scientific understanding of climate change, arguing that human activity does not play a major role in global warming and that proposals to address climate change would be ineffective and economically harmful.
Evidence: In a speech in April 2012, Kasich acknowledged that climate change is real and is a problem.
Evidence: Stabenow's proposed amendment to keep the Environmental Protection Agency from regulating greenhouse gas emissions for two years also drew criticism.
Evidence: From 2008 to 2017, the Republican Party went from "debating how to combat human-caused climate change to arguing that it does not exist", according to The New York Times.
Category: Reforestation
Claim: Protecting and restoring forests would reduce 18% of emissions by 2030
Evidence: Japan needs to reduce 26% of green house gas emission from 2013 by 2030 to accomplish Paris Agreement and is trying to reduce 2% of them by forestry.
Evidence: The UN estimate deforestation and forest degradation to make up 17% of global carbon emissions, which makes it the second most polluting sector, following the energy industry.
Evidence: 10% per annum until zero emissions are reached around 2030.
Evidence: Targets for the year 2030: Reduce GHG emission by 40% from the level of 1990.
Evidence: The report mentioned that this would require global net human-caused emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) to fall by about 45% from 2010 levels by 2030, reaching "net zero" around 2050, through “rapid and far-reaching” transitions in land, energy, industry, buildings, transport, and cities.
Category: Urban heat island
Claim: While urban areas are undoubtedly warmer than surrounding rural areas, this has had little to no impact on warming trends.
Evidence: On the other hand, one 1999 comparison between urban and rural areas proposed that urban heat island effects have little influence on global mean temperature trends.
Evidence: For North America and Europe, such practice could reduce earth warming trends.
Evidence: Surfaces in the urban areas tend to warm faster than those of the surrounding rural areas.
Evidence: As a result, cities are often 1 to 3 °C (1.8 to 5.4 °F) warmer than surrounding landscapes.
Evidence: An urban heat island (UHI) is an urban area or metropolitan area that is significantly warmer than its surrounding rural areas due to human activities.
Category: Effects of global warming
Claim: Droughts and floods have not changed since weve been using fossil fuels
Evidence: There may have been changes in other climate extremes (e.g., floods, droughts and tropical cyclones) but these changes are more difficult to identify.
Evidence: However, other research suggests that there has been little change in drought over the past 60 years.
Category: Photovoltaics
Claim: Solar panels drain the sun's energy.
Evidence: Solar photovoltaic power generation has long been seen as a clean energy technology which draws upon the planet's most plentiful and widely distributed renewable energy source – the sun.
Evidence: Photovoltaic solar panels absorb sunlight as a source of energy to generate direct current electricity.
Evidence: Photovoltaic modules use light energy (photons) from the Sun to generate electricity through the photovoltaic effect.
Category: Climatic Research Unit documents
Claim: The decline in tree-ring growth is openly discussed in papers and IPCC reports.
Evidence: The issues with tree rings had not been hidden, but were extensively discussed in scientific literature and in IPCC reports.
Evidence: Both of the papers referred to were in fact cited and discussed in the IPCC."
Evidence: Scientific discussion takes place in journal articles that are peer-reviewed, which scientists subject to assessment every couple of years in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change reports.
Evidence: The Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES) is a report by the IPCC which was published in 2000.
Category: Sea level rise
Claim: Global sea level rise surged between November 2014 and February 2016, with the El Niño event helping the oceans rise by 15mm.
Evidence: This in turn caused sea-levels to rise 20 metres.
Evidence: Between 1900 and 2016, the sea level rose by 16–21 cm (6.3–8.3 in).
Evidence: The 2014–16 El Niño was a warming of the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean that resulted in unusually warm waters developing between the coast of South America and the International Date Line.
Evidence: As El Niño conditions started to develop during early 2014, sea levels in western Micronesia including in waters surrounding the island nations of Palau and Guam dropped by 6–9 feet (1.8–2.7 m).
Category: Alaska North Slope
Claim: Arctic greening was recently cited, in a major report by the U.S. Geological Survey, as the central reason that the state of Alaska, despite worsening wildfires and more thaw of permafrost, might still be able to stow away more carbon than it loses over the course of the 21st century.”
Evidence: The source rock for the Prudhoe Bay Oil Field and neighboring reserves is also a potential source for tight oil and shale gas – possibly containing "up to 2 billion barrels of technically recoverable oil and up to 80 trillion cubic feet of natural gas, according to a 2012 U.S. Geological Survey report."
Evidence: In 2008, a research expedition for the American Geophysical Union detected levels of methane up to 100 times above normal in the Siberian Arctic, likely being released by methane clathrates being released by holes in a frozen 'lid' of seabed permafrost, around the outfall of the Lena River and the area between the Laptev Sea and East Siberian Sea.
Evidence: reported permafrost was thawing quicker than predicted, and was happening even to thousands years old soil; They estimated that abrupt permafrost thawing could release between 60 and 100 gigatonnes of carbon by 2300, they mentioned gaps in the research and that abrupt permafrost thawing should have priority research and urgency.
Evidence: A new study used field observations, radiocarbon dating, and remote sensing to account for thermokarst lakes, the authors concluded that, "..methane and carbon dioxide emissions from abrupt thaw beneath thermokarst lakes will more than double radiative forcing from circumpolar permafrost-soil carbon fluxes this century."
Category: Past sea level
Claim: “Our analyses do not indicate  acceleration in sea level in U.S. tide gauge records during the 20th  century,” the study’s authors concluded.
Evidence: This compares to an average rate of 1.7 ± 0.5 mm per year for the 20th century.
Evidence: Based on tide gauge data, the rate of global average sea level rise during the 20th century lies in the range 0.8 to 3.3 mm/yr, with an average rate of 1.8 mm/yr.
Category: Mars
Claim: Martian climate is primarily driven by dust and albedo and there is little empirical evidence that Mars is showing long term warming.
Evidence: Their low albedo and carbonaceous chondrite composition have been regarded as similar to asteroids, supporting the capture theory.
Evidence: Geomorphic observations of both landscape erosion rates and Martian valley networks also strongly imply warmer, wetter conditions on Noachian-era Mars (earlier than about four billion years ago).
Evidence: Current research suggests that Mars is in a warm interglacial period which has lasted more than 100,000 years.
Category: Effects of global warming
Claim: “…climate change will also reduce the number of cold days and cold spells.
Evidence: Future climate change will include more very hot days and fewer very cold days.
Evidence: These include increases in air and water temperatures, reduced frost days, increased frequency and intensity of heavy downpours, a rise in sea level, and reduced snow cover, glaciers, permafrost, and sea ice.
Evidence: Since 1950, the number of cold days and nights have decreased, and the number of warm days and night have increased.
Evidence: Temperature-related changes include longer growing season, more heatwaves and fewer cold spells, thawing permafrost, earlier river ice break-up, earlier spring runoff, and earlier budding of trees.