Danthammadhavi/climate_fever_fixed huggingface dataset:
Category: Greenhouse gas
Claim: [Jonathan Overpeck:] ‘No doubt about it anymore — humans, mainly by burning fossil fuels, are cooking the planet,’ Overpeck said.
Evidence: The vast majority of anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions come from combustion of fossil fuels, principally coal, oil, and natural gas, with additional contributions coming from deforestation, changes in land use, soil erosion and agriculture (including livestock).
Evidence: At present, the primary source of CO 2 emissions is the burning of coal, natural gas, and petroleum for electricity and heat.
Evidence: Many of the actions taken by humans that contribute to a heated environment stem from the burning of fossil fuel from a variety of sources, such as: electricity, cars, planes, space heating, manufacturing, or the destruction of forests.
Category: Boeing
Claim: an airplane is contributing to the emissions that put the frozen continent at risk.
Evidence: Aviation's share of the greenhouse gas emissions is poised to grow, as air travel increases and ground vehicles use more alternative fuels like ethanol and biodiesel.
Evidence: This enables the entire craft to contribute to lift generation with the result of potentially increased fuel economy.
Category: Volcano
Claim: In no way, shape, or form are humans warming or cooling the planet.
Evidence: The aerosols increase the Earth's albedo—its reflection of radiation from the Sun back into space—and thus cool the Earth's lower atmosphere or troposphere; however, they also absorb heat radiated up from the Earth, thereby warming the stratosphere.
Evidence: "Evidence is now 'unequivocal' that humans are causing global warming – UN report".
Evidence: As a result, they are likely to cause the climate to oscillate between cooling and warming, but with an overall trend towards warming as the carbon dioxide they emit can stay in the atmosphere for hundreds of years.
Category: Greenland ice sheet
Claim: (2005), where satellite altimetry  established that the mean thickness of the entire Greenland ice sheet  had increased at 2 inches per year – a total of almost 2 feet – in the  11 years 1993-2003.”
Evidence: In 2005, this had increased to about 220 km3 or 52.8 cu mi a year due to rapid thinning near its coasts, while in 2006 it was estimated at 239 km3 (57.3 cu mi) per year.
Evidence: This network was used, in combination with satellite altimeter data, to establish that global mean sea-level rose 19.5 cm (7.7 in) between 1870 and 2004 at an average rate of about 1.44 mm/yr (1.7 mm/yr during the 20th century).
Evidence: Assessment of the data and techniques suggests a mass balance for the Greenland Ice Sheet ranging between growth of 25 Gt/yr and loss of 60 Gt/yr for 1961 to 2003, loss of 50 to 100 Gt/yr for 1993 to 2003 and loss at even higher rates between 2003 and 2005.
Evidence: Other research has shown that higher snowfalls from the North Atlantic oscillation caused the interior of the ice cap to thicken by an average of 6 cm or 2.36 in/y between 1994 and 2005.
Category: Attribution of recent climate change
Claim: "There are other possible causes for climate change which could be associated with solar activity or related to variations in the temperature of the liquid core of the Earth, which is about 5,400 degrees Celsius.
Evidence: Some of the main human activities that contribute to global warming are: increasing atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases, for a warming effect global changes to land surface, such as deforestation, for a warming effect increasing atmospheric concentrations of aerosols, mainly for a cooling effect In addition to human activities, some natural mechanisms can also cause climate change, including for example, climate oscillations, changes in solar activity, and volcanic activity.
Evidence: "The main cause of climate change during the last millennia is the corresponding cyclic variation of the 80- and 200-year component of irradiance correlated with activity.
Category: Climate change denial
Claim: it’s virtually impossible to get funded for work that disputes climate change through other channels [other than oil companies]
Evidence: During the 1990s, the tobacco campaign died away, and TASSC began taking funding from oil companies including Exxon.
Evidence: Several large corporations within the fossil fuel industry provide significant funding for attempts to mislead the public about the trustworthiness of climate science.
Evidence: The New York Times and others reported in 2015 that oil companies knew that burning oil and gas could cause climate change and global warming since the 1970s but nonetheless funded deniers for years.
Category: Year
Claim: Temperatures in 1999 were nearly three-tenths of a degree lower than in 1998, and a similar change should occur this time around, though it might not fit so neatly into a calendar year.
Evidence: Because 97 out of 400 years are leap years, the mean length of the Gregorian calendar year is 365.2425 days; with a relative error below one ppm (8·10−7) relative to the current length of the mean tropical year (365.24219 days) and even closer to the current March equinox year of 365.242374 days that it aims to match.
Evidence: Winter is often defined by meteorologists to be the three calendar months with the lowest average temperatures.
Evidence: The Gregorian calendar attempts to cause the northward equinox to fall on or shortly before March 21 and hence it follows the northward equinox year, or tropical year.
Category: Global warming
Claim: Man-made greenhouse gases play only an insignificant role.”
Evidence: Human activity since the Industrial Revolution has increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to increased radiative forcing from CO2, methane, tropospheric ozone, CFCs, and nitrous oxide.
Evidence: It is likely that anthropogenic (i.e., human-induced) warming, such as that due to elevated greenhouse gas levels, has had a discernible influence on many physical and biological systems.
Evidence: Atmospheric concentrations of anthropogenic (i.e., human-emitted) greenhouse gases have increased substantially.
Evidence: Human activities are now causing atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases—including carbon dioxide, methane, tropospheric ozone, and nitrous oxide—to rise well above pre-industrial levels ... Increases in greenhouse gases are causing temperatures to rise ...
Category: Effects of global warming
Claim: Since 1965, more parts of the U.S. have seen a decrease in flooding than have seen an increase.
Evidence: When this turns to rain, it tends to come in heavy downpours potentially leading to more floods.
Evidence: More than 90 US coastal cities are already experiencing chronic flooding and that number is expected to double by 2030.
Evidence: In the United States and many other parts of the world there has been a marked increase in intense rainfall events which have resulted in more severe flooding.
Category: Climate change and agriculture
Claim: Even if the warming were as big as the IPCC imagines, it would not be as dangerous as Mr. Brown suggests.
Evidence: His study assumes that no efforts are made to reduce anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions, leading to global warming of 3.3 °C above the pre-industrial level.
Evidence: The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change said the likelihood was 90 percent to 99 percent that emissions of heat-trapping greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, spewed from tailpipes and smokestacks, were the dominant cause of the observed warming of the last 50 years.
Evidence: Since the mid-20th century, most of the observed warming is "likely" (greater than 66% probability, based on expert judgement) due to human activities.
Category: Arctic
Claim: ever since December temperatures in the Arctic have consistently been lower than minus 20 C
Evidence: Another definition of the Arctic is the region where the average temperature for the warmest month (July) is below 10 °C (50 °F); the northernmost tree line roughly follows the isotherm at the boundary of this region.
Evidence: The highest temperature yet recorded is 13 °C (55 °F), much warmer than the South Pole's record high of only −12.3 °C (9.9 °F).
Evidence: As recently as 55 million years ago, during the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum, the region reached an average annual temperature of 10–20 °C (50–68 °F).
Evidence: It was estimated that the temperature at the North Pole was between 30 and 35 °F (−1 and 2 °C) during the storm.
Category: Urban heat island
Claim: The warming trend is the same in rural and urban areas, measured by thermometers and satellites.
Evidence: For example, urban and rural trends are very similar.
Evidence: In fact, the lower-tropospheric temperatures warm at a slightly greater rate over North America (about 0.28°C/decade using satellite data) than do the surface temperatures (0.27°C/decade), although again the difference is not statistically significant.
Category: Cosmic ray
Claim: Hypothetically, an increasing solar magnetic field could deflect galactic cosmic rays, which hypothetically seed low-level clouds, thus decreasing the Earth's reflectivity and causing global warming.
Evidence: Danish physicist Henrik Svensmark has controversially argued that because solar variation modulates the cosmic ray flux on Earth, they would consequently affect the rate of cloud formation and hence be an indirect cause of global warming.
Evidence: If cloud cover increases, more sunlight will be reflected back into space, cooling the planet.
Evidence: Henrik Svensmark has suggested that the magnetic activity of the sun deflects cosmic rays, and that this may influence the generation of cloud condensation nuclei, and thereby have an effect on the climate.
Evidence: This effect also causes droplets to be of more uniform size, which reduces the growth of raindrops and makes clouds more reflective to incoming sunlight.
Category: Global warming
Claim: But the observed warming as monitored by satellites (our only truly global monitoring system) has been only about half of what computerized climate models say should be happening.
Evidence: The effects of climate change on human systems, mostly due to warming and shifts in precipitation, have been detected worldwide.
Evidence: Physical climate models are also unable to reproduce the rapid warming observed in recent decades when taking into account only variations in solar output and volcanic activity.
Evidence: It is a major aspect of climate change and has been demonstrated by direct temperature measurements and by measurements of various effects of the warming.
Category: Anoxic event
Claim: But as that upper layer warms up, the oxygen-rich waters are less likely to mix down into cooler layers of the ocean because the warm waters are less dense and do not sink as readily.
Evidence: If the high latitude waters are below 5 °C (41 °F), they will be dense enough to sink; as they are cool, oxygen is highly soluble in their waters, and the deep ocean will be oxygenated.
Evidence: As the season progresses, the warmer air temperatures heat the surface waters, making them less dense.
Evidence: Warm surface currents cool as they move away from the tropics, and the water becomes denser and sinks.
Category: Sea level rise
Claim: Sea level rise predictions are exaggerated.
Evidence: More recent research, especially into Antarctica, indicates that this is probably a conservative estimate and true long-term sea level rise might be higher.
Evidence: A conservative estimate of the long-term projections is that each Celsius degree of temperature rise triggers a sea level rise of approximately 2.3 meters (4.2 ft/degree Fahrenheit) over a period of two millennia: an example of climate inertia.
Category: Global warming
Claim: Observations throughout the world make it clear that climate change is occurring, and rigorous scientific research demonstrates that the greenhouse gases emitted by human activities are the primary driver.
Evidence: Scientists have determined that the major factors causing the current climate change are greenhouse gases, land use changes, and aerosols and soot.
Evidence: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.
Evidence: A consensus, based on current evidence, now exists within the global scientific community that human activities are the main source of climate change and that the burning of fossil fuels is largely responsible for driving this change.
Evidence: Human activities (primarily greenhouse gas emissions) are the primary cause.
Category: Scientific consensus on climate change
Claim: 97% consensus on human-caused global warming has been disproven.
Evidence: Of these, 97% agree, explicitly or implicitly, that global warming is happening and is human-caused.
Evidence: 97% of the scientists surveyed agreed that global temperatures had increased during the past 100 years; 84% said they personally believed human-induced warming was occurring, and 74% agreed that "currently available scientific evidence" substantiated its occurrence.
Evidence: In a 2019 CBS poll, 64% of the US population said that climate change is a "crisis" or a "serious problem", with 44% saying human activity was a significant contributor.
Category: Human overpopulation
Claim: Which means that if the planet is five degrees warmer at the end of the century, we may have as many as 50 percent more people to feed and 50 percent less grain to give them.”
Evidence: The British scientist John Beddington predicted in 2009 that supplies of energy, food, and water will need to be increased by 50% to reach demand levels of 2030.
Evidence: To keep the numbers of starving constant, the percentage would have dropped by more than half.
Category: Arctic Ocean
Claim: There will still be about a million square kilometres of ice in the Arctic in summer
Evidence: It is partly covered by sea ice throughout the year and almost completely in winter.
Evidence: Much of the Arctic ice pack is also covered in snow for about 10 months of the year.
Evidence: Predictions of when the first "ice free" Arctic summer might occur vary.
Category: 2010 Northern Hemisphere heat waves
Claim: The heatwave we now have in Europe is not something that was expected with just 1C of warming
Evidence: Ruse, Bulgaria hit 36.6 °C (97.9 °F) on the 13th making it the warmest spot in Europe.
Evidence: 2018's temperature was 16.1 °C (61.0 °F), meaning it ranks as the 18th warmest June recorded in England in the past 359 years, also being the warmest since 1976.
Evidence: The effects of climate change have been projected to make heat waves in places such as Europe up to five times more likely to occur.
Category: Córdoba, Argentina
Claim: Nevertheless over the last decade, daily record high temperatures occurred twice as often as record lows.
Evidence: The record low temperature for Córdoba is −8.3 °C (17.1 °F).
Evidence: There is an average of 145.0 days annually with highs of 90 °F (32 °C) or higher and an average of 16.9 days with lows reaching or below the freezing mark.
Evidence: It is not unusual to see temperatures drop 20 °C (36 °F) from one day to another, or to have frost following extreme heat.
Category: Global warming
Claim: 'Global warming' and 'climate change' mean different things and have both been used for decades.
Evidence: Both the terms global warming and climate change were used only occasionally until 1975, when Wallace Smith Broecker published a scientific paper on the topic, "Climatic Change: Are We on the Brink of a Pronounced Global Warming?".
Evidence: Scientists have identified many episodes of climate change during Earth's geological history; more recently since the industrial revolution the climate has increasingly been affected by human activities driving global warming, and the terms are commonly used interchangeably in that context.
Category: Antarctica
Claim: It “certainly puts the kibosh on everyone saying that Antarctica’s ice is just going up and up,” Meier said.
Evidence: found instead that the net change in ice mass is slightly positive at approximately 82 gigatonnes per year (with significant regional variation) which would result in Antarctic activity reducing global sea-level rise by 0.23 mm per year.
Evidence: The extent of sea ice around Antarctica (in terms of square kilometers of coverage) has remained roughly constant in recent decades, although the amount of variation it has experienced in its thickness is unclear.
Evidence: "A 40-y record reveals gradual Antarctic sea ice increases followed by decreases at rates far exceeding the rates seen in the Arctic".
Evidence: "Study concludes Antarctica is gaining ice, rather than losing it".
Evidence: However, it is the outflow of the ice from the land to form the ice shelf which causes a rise in global sea level.
Category: Lake Superior
Claim: Satellite error inflated Great Lakes temperatures
Evidence: Current Great Lakes Water Levels.
Evidence: Dynamically updated data Surface temperatures Water levels Currents Ship locations Water levels since 1918
Evidence: The immense volume of water in the five Great Lakes holds heat that allows the lakes to remain relatively warm for much later into the year and postpones the Arctic spread in the region.
Category: Renewable energy
Claim: Renewables can't provide baseload power.
Evidence: EGS and HDR technologies, such as hydrothermal geothermal, are expected to be baseload resources which produce power 24 hours a day like a fossil plant.
Evidence: Generating electrical power from geothermal resources requires no fuel while providing true baseload energy at a reliability rate that constantly exceeds 90%.
Category: Sun
Claim: The atmosphere of the Earth is less able to absorb shortwave radiation from the Sun than thermal radiation coming from the surface.
Evidence: Sunlight on the surface of Earth is attenuated by Earth's atmosphere, so that less power arrives at the surface (closer to 1,000 W/m2) in clear conditions when the Sun is near the zenith.
Evidence: Solar radiation (or sunlight) is the energy Earth receives from the Sun.
Evidence: This rise in temperature is caused by the absorption of ultraviolet radiation (UV) radiation from the Sun by the ozone layer, which restricts turbulence and mixing.
Category: Antarctica
Claim: “While record low sea ice is nothing new in the Arctic, this is a surprising turn of events for the Antarctic.
Evidence: "A 40-y record reveals gradual Antarctic sea ice increases followed by decreases at rates far exceeding the rates seen in the Arctic".
Evidence: The effects of global warming in the Arctic, or climate change in the Arctic include rising air and water temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet with a related cold temperature anomaly, observed since the 1970s.
Evidence: "Record Arctic sea ice minimum confirmed by NSIDC".
Category: Sunlight
Claim: Yet clouds reflect about seventy-five watts per square meter.
Evidence: 100 watts per square meter ... 14,000 lux ... corresponds to ... daytime with overcast clouds Craig Bohren.
Evidence: If the extraterrestrial solar radiation is 1367 watts per square meter (the value when the Earth–Sun distance is 1 astronomical unit), then the direct sunlight at Earth's surface when the Sun is at the zenith is about 1050 W/m2, but the total amount (direct and indirect from the atmosphere) hitting the ground is around 1120 W/m2.
Category: Alternative fuel
Claim: [Wind energy] is a more expensive way of producing energy than the alternative.
Evidence: However, U.S. civilian nuclear power is considerably more expensive than wind power.
Category: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
Claim: the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change is misleading humanity about climate change and sea levels, and that in fact a new solar-driven cooling period is not far off.
Evidence: On the eve of the publication of IPCC's Fourth Assessment Report in 2007 another study was published suggesting that temperatures and sea levels have been rising at or above the maximum rates proposed during IPCC's 2001 Third Assessment Report.
Evidence: Over the six years studied, the actual temperature rise was near the top end of the range given by IPCC's 2001 projection, and the actual sea level rise was above the top of the range of the IPCC projection.
Evidence: Another example of scientific research which suggests that previous estimates by the IPCC, far from overstating dangers and risks, have actually understated them is a study on projected rises in sea levels.
Category: Greenhouse gas
Claim: The top five countries for passenger aviation-related carbon emissions were rounded out by China, the United Kingdom, Japan, and Germany.
Evidence: Over this time period, the US accounted for 28% of emissions; the EU, 23%; Russia, 11%; China, 9%; other OECD countries, 5%; Japan, 4%; India, 3%; and the rest of the world, 18%.
Evidence: In Europe, the average airline fuel consumption per passenger in 2017 was 3.4 L/100 km (69 mpg‑US), 24% less than in 2005, but as the traffic grew by 60% to 1,643 billion passenger kilometres, CO₂ emissions were up by 16% to 163 million tonnes for 99.8 g/km CO₂ per passenger.
Evidence: Nevertheless, the country's total greenhouse gas emissions were the highest in the EU in 2017[update].
Category: Pine Island Glacier
Claim: The acceleration is making some scientists fear that Antarctica’s ice sheet may have entered the early stages of an unstoppable disintegration.
Evidence: Scientists have found that the flow of these ice streams has accelerated in recent years, and suggested that if they were to melt, global sea levels would rise by 1 to 2 m (3 ft 3 in to 6 ft 7 in), destabilising the entire West Antarctic Ice Sheet and perhaps sections of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet.
Evidence: As a result, the continental mass of the East Antarctic ice sheet is held at lower temperatures, and the peripheral areas of Antarctica, especially the Antarctic Peninsula, are subject to higher temperatures, which promote accelerated melting.
Category: Coral bleaching
Claim: Mass coral bleaching is a new phenomenon and was never observed before the 1980s as global warming ramped up.
Evidence: The first recorded mass bleaching event that took place in the Belize Barrier Reef was in 1998, where sea level temperatures reached up to 31.5 °C (88.7 °F) from 10 August to 14 October.
Evidence: A global mass coral bleaching has been occurring since 2014 because of the highest recorded temperatures plaguing oceans.
Evidence: According to Clive Wilkinson of Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network of Townsville, Australia, in 1998 the mass bleaching event that occurred in the Indian Ocean region was due to the rising of sea temperatures by 2°C coupled with the strong El Niño event in 1997-1998.
Evidence: While localized triggers lead to localized bleaching, the large scale coral bleaching events of the recent years have been triggered by global warming.
Category: Scientific consensus on climate change
Claim: Forward projections of solar cyclicity imply the next few decades may be marked by global cooling rather than warming, despite continuing CO2 emissions.
Evidence: The current trajectory of global greenhouse gas emissions is not consistent with limiting global warming to below 1.5 or 2 °C, relative to pre-industrial levels.
Evidence: When the model included estimated changes in solar intensity, it gave a reasonable match to temperatures over the previous thousand years and its prediction was that "CO 2 warming dominates the surface temperature patterns soon after 1980."
Evidence: It said that Continued emission of greenhouse gases will cause further warming and long-lasting changes in all components of the climate system, increasing the likelihood of severe, pervasive and irreversible impacts for people and ecosystems.
Category: Scientific modelling
Claim: "[Models] are full of fudge factors that are fitted to the existing climate, so the models more or less agree with the observed data.
Evidence: However, a fit to empirical data alone is not sufficient for a model to be accepted as valid.
Evidence: In the case of an inconsistency between the data and model's results, the general tendency is to try to make minimal modifications to the model so that it produces results that fit the data.
Evidence: A good theory: Is elegant (Formal elegance; no ad hoc modifications) Contains few arbitrary or adjustable elements (simplicity/parsimony) Agrees with and explains all existing observations (unificatory/explanatory power) Makes detailed predictions about future observations that can disprove or falsify the model if they are not borne out.
Category: Greenland
Claim: Greenland on the whole is losing ice, as confirmed by multiple satellite and on the ground field measurements.
Evidence: Findings show that Greenland has lost 3.8 trillion tonnes of ice since 1992, enough to raise sea levels by almost 11mm (1.06cm).
Category: Physical impacts of climate change
Claim: The bottom line is there’s no solid connection between climate change and the major indicators of extreme weather
Evidence: “The bottom line is that things are not that complicated,” Dr. Knutti said.
Evidence: Other likely changes are listed below: Increased areas will be affected by drought There will be increased intense tropical cyclone activity There will be increased incidences of extreme high sea level (excluding tsunamis) Storm strength leading to extreme weather is increasing, such as the power dissipation index of hurricane intensity.
Category: Greenhouse gas
Claim: When CO2 emissions are compared directly to CO2 levels, there is a strong correlation in the long term trends.
Evidence: Both CO 2 and CH 4 vary between glacial and interglacial phases, and concentrations of these gases correlate strongly with temperature.
Evidence: Direct data does not exist for periods earlier than those represented in the ice core record, a record that indicates CO 2 mole fractions stayed within a range of 180 ppm to 280 ppm throughout the last 800,000 years, until the increase of the last 250 years.
Evidence: However, the Stern report, like many other reports, notes the past correlation between CO 2 emissions and economic growth and then extrapolates using a "business as usual" scenario to predict GDP growth and hence CO 2 levels, concluding that: Increasing scarcity of fossil fuels alone will not stop emissions growth in time.
Evidence: The sharp acceleration in CO 2 emissions since 2000 to more than a 3% increase per year (more than 2 ppm per year) from 1.1% per year during the 1990s is attributable to the lapse of formerly declining trends in carbon intensity of both developing and developed nations.
Category: Barack Obama
Claim: Barack Obama will help the Gulf Coast restore the wetlands, marshes and barrier islands that are critical to tamping down the force of hurricanes.
Evidence: "Obama Legacy Will Be Recovery from Recession, Affordable Care Act".
Evidence: The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 and Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010 served as economic stimulus amidst the Great Recession.
Evidence: On April 20, 2010, an explosion destroyed an offshore drilling rig at the Macondo Prospect in the Gulf of Mexico, causing a major sustained oil leak.
Evidence: In foreign policy, he ordered military intervention in Iraq in response to gains made by ISIL after the 2011 withdrawal from Iraq, continued the process of ending U.S. combat operations in Afghanistan in 2016, promoted discussions that led to the 2015 Paris Agreement on global climate change, initiated sanctions against Russia following the invasion in Ukraine and again after Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections, brokered a nuclear deal with Iran, and normalized U.S. relations with Cuba.
Category: Carbon dioxide
Claim: CO2 is increasing rapidly, and is reaching levels not seen on the earth for millions of years.
Evidence: Human activities have caused CO 2 to increase above levels not seen in hundreds of thousands of years.
Evidence: Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.
Category: Ice age
Claim: The warming is extremely rapid on the geologic time scale, and no other factor can explain it as well as human emissions of greenhouse gases.
Evidence: There is considerable evidence that over the very recent period of the last 100–1000 years, the sharp increases in human activity, especially the burning of fossil fuels, has caused the parallel sharp and accelerating increase in atmospheric greenhouse gases which trap the sun's heat.
Evidence: Before the Industrial Revolution, naturally occurring amounts of greenhouse gases caused the air near the surface to be warmer by about 33 °C (59 °F) than it would be in their absence.
Category: Al Gore
Claim: Al Gore's film was "broadly accurate" according to an expert witness called when an attempt was made through the courts to prevent the film being shown in schools.
Evidence: In a 2007 court case, a British judge said that while he had "no doubt ...the film was broadly accurate" and its "four main scientific hypotheses ...are supported by a vast quantity of research", he upheld nine of a "long schedule" of alleged errors presented to the court.
Evidence: The plaintiffs sought an injunction preventing the screening of the film in English schools, arguing that by law schools are forbidden to promote partisan political views and, when dealing with political issues, are required to provide a balanced presentation of opposing views.
Evidence: He ruled that the film could be shown to schoolchildren in the UK if guidance notes given to teachers were amended to balance out the film's one-sided political views.
Category: Natural environment
Claim: Like countless other organ­isms, we move and adapt when the environment changes.
Evidence: Living organisms undergo metabolism, maintain homeostasis, possess a capacity to grow, respond to stimuli, reproduce and, through natural selection, adapt to their environment in successive generations.
Evidence: Efforts have been increasingly focused on the mitigation of greenhouse gases that are causing climatic changes, on developing adaptative strategies to global warming, to assist humans, other animal, and plant species, ecosystems, regions and nations in adjusting to the effects of global warming.
Category: Arctic sea ice decline
Claim: Last year, scientists published evidence that the conditions leading up to “stuck jet streams” are becoming more common, with warming in the Arctic seen as a likely culprit.
Evidence: One of the study researchers noted, "The expectation is that with further sea ice decline, temperatures in the Arctic will continue to rise, and so will methane emissions from northern wetlands."
Evidence: Trends such as Arctic sea ice decline, reduced snow cover, evapotranspiration patterns, and other weather anomalies have caused the Arctic to heat up faster than other parts of the globe (polar amplification).
Evidence: Warming temperatures in the Arctic may cause large amounts of fresh meltwater to enter the north Atlantic, possibly disrupting global ocean current patterns.
Category: Ocean acidification
Claim: [ocean acidification was ] First referenced in a peer-reviewed study in Nature in 2003
Evidence: A National Research Council study released in April 2010 likewise concluded that "the level of acid in the oceans is increasing at an unprecedented rate".
Evidence: In a synthesis report published in Science in 2015, 22 leading marine scientists stated that CO 2 from burning fossil fuels is changing the oceans' chemistry more rapidly than at any time since the Great Dying, Earth's most severe known extinction event, emphasizing that the 2 °C maximum temperature increase agreed upon by governments reflects too small a cut in emissions to prevent "dramatic impacts" on the world's oceans, with lead author Jean-Pierre Gattuso remarking that "The ocean has been minimally considered at previous climate negotiations.
Evidence: A 2012 paper in the journal Science examined the geological record in an attempt to find a historical analog for current global conditions as well as those of the future.
Category: Extreme weather
Claim: Extreme weather isn't caused by global warming
Evidence: Extreme Weather Prompts Unprecedented Global Warming Alert.
Evidence: Researchers have for the first time attributed recent floods, droughts and heat waves, to human-induced climate change.
Evidence: Climate change is more accurate scientifically to describe the various effects of greenhouse gases on the world because it includes extreme weather, storms and changes in rainfall patterns, ocean acidification and sea level.".
Evidence: The effects of global warming include rising sea levels, regional changes in precipitation, more frequent extreme weather events such as heat waves, and expansion of deserts.
Evidence: Scientists attribute extreme weather to man-made climate change.
Category: Carbon capture and storage
Claim: CO2 changes are closely related to temperature.
Evidence: These three changes are closely interrelated, because Venus's extreme temperature is due to the high pressure of its dense atmosphere, and the greenhouse effect.
Evidence: The transient climate response (TCR) is the amount of temperature increase that might occur at the time when CO2 doubles, having increased gradually by 1% each year.
Evidence: The sensitivity of temperature to atmospheric gasses, most notably CO 2, is often expressed in terms of the change in temperature per doubling of the concentration of the gas.
Evidence: Climate sensitivity is the globally averaged temperature change in response to changes in radiative forcing, which can occur, for instance, due to increased levels of carbon dioxide (CO 2).
Category: Financial crisis of 2007–08
Claim: In fact, the rate of increase from September onward is the fastest rate of change on record, either upwards or downwards.
Evidence: Already-rising default rates on "subprime" and adjustable-rate mortgages (ARM) began to increase quickly thereafter.
Evidence: From September 2018 onward, as the economic and political news worsened, the bloated US stockmarkets began to deflate, while the VIX index trebled.
Evidence: The TED spread, an indicator of perceived credit risk in the general economy, spiked up in July 2007, remained volatile for a year, then spiked even higher in September 2008, reaching a record 4.65% on October 10, 2008.
Evidence: It then entered a pronounced decline, which accelerated markedly in October 2008.
Category: Photosynthesis
Claim: This growth stimulation occurs because CO2 is one of the two raw materials (the other being water) that are required for photosynthesis.
Evidence: Photosynthetic organisms are photoautotrophs, which means that they are able to synthesize food directly from carbon dioxide and water using energy from light.
Category: Earth
Claim: Burping cows are more damaging to the climate than all the cars on this planet.
Evidence: Our Changing Sun: The Role of Solar Nuclear Evolution and Magnetic Activity on Earth's Atmosphere and Climate.
Evidence: Most environmentally related taxes with implications for greenhouse gas emissions in OECD countries are levied on energy products and motor vehicles, rather than on CO2 emissions directly.
Evidence: Many citizens of countries like the United States and Canada who drive personal cars often, see well over half of their climate change impact stemming from the emissions produced from their cars.
Evidence: The Moon may have dramatically affected the development of life by moderating the planet's climate.
Category: Climate change (general concept)
Claim: Climate change is normal and continual.
Evidence: Climate change due to internal variability sometimes occurs in cycles or oscillations, for instance every 100 or 2000 years.
Evidence: Climate change means a change of climate which is attributed directly or indirectly to human activity that alters the composition of the global atmosphere and which is in addition to natural climate variability observed over comparable time periods.
Evidence: increased emissions of greenhouse gases and dust) or natural (e.g., changes in solar output, the earth's orbit, volcano eruptions).
Category: Medieval Warm Period
Claim: Earth’s mean temperature over the last 2,000 years shows two previous periods when temperatures were warmer than they are now; from 1–200 A.D., an epoch called the Roman Warm Period, and more recently the Medieval Warm Period from 900–1100 A.D.
Evidence: 1250, during the European Middle Ages.
Evidence: It is thought that between c. 950 and c. 1100 was the Northern Hemisphere's warmest period since the Roman Warm Period.
Evidence: The Medieval Warm Period (MWP) also known as the Medieval Climate Optimum, or Medieval Climatic Anomaly was a time of warm climate in the North Atlantic region lasting from c. 950 to c. 1250.
Category: Space Shuttle Challenger disaster
Claim: [NASA] has been adjusting temperatures from the past[...]
Evidence: Tests and adjusted calculations later confirmed that the temperature of the joint was not substantially different from the ambient temperature.
Evidence: ""2016 Climate Trends Continue to Break Records".
Category: Coal
Claim: The idea that the much smaller carbon dioxide cycle is now controlling the water cycle is not very likely.
Evidence: The largest and most long term effect of coal use is the release of carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas that causes climate change and global warming.
Evidence: This would be followed by a buildup in carbon dioxide, causing an urgent feeling of a need to breathe, and if this cycle is not broken, panic and drowning are likely to follow.
Evidence: At higher temperatures, CO 2 has poor solubility in water, which means there is less CO 2 available for the photosynthetic reactions.
Evidence: The amount of heat trapping gases emitted into Earth's oceans and atmosphere are predicted to prevent the next glacial period, which otherwise would begin in around 50,000 years, and likely more glacial cycles.
Evidence: If CO 2 capture was part of a fuel cycle then the CO 2 would have value rather than be a cost.
Category: Scientific consensus on climate change
Claim: Human-produced carbon might be one of the factors of climate change, but there’s simply no evidence that it is a significant one.
Evidence: While ‘climate change’ can be due to natural forces or human activity, there is now substantial evidence to indicate that human activity – and specifically increased greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions – is a key factor in the pace and extent of global temperature increases.
Evidence: European Science Foundation in a 2007 position paper states: There is now convincing evidence that since the industrial revolution, human activities, resulting in increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases have become a major agent of climate change ... On-going and increased efforts to mitigate climate change through reduction in greenhouse gases are therefore crucial.
Evidence: Seventy-five of 77 believed that human activity is a significant factor in changing mean global temperatures.
Category: Radiative forcing
Claim: There are a myriad of other radiative forcings that affect the planet's energy imbalance.
Evidence: Radiative forcing or climate forcing is the difference between insolation (sunlight) absorbed by the Earth and energy radiated back to space.
Evidence: Changes to Earth's radiative equilibrium, that cause temperatures to rise or fall over decadal periods, are called climate forcings.
Evidence: The radiation balance is altered by such factors as the intensity of solar energy, reflectivity of clouds or gases, absorption by various greenhouse gases or surfaces and heat emission by various materials.
Category: Divergence problem
Claim: Tree-ring proxy reconstructions are reliable before 1960, tracking closely with the instrumental record and other independent proxies.
Evidence: The deviation of some tree ring proxy measurements from the instrumental record since the 1950s raises the question of the reliability of tree ring proxies in the period before the instrumental temperature record.
Evidence: In August 2003 Mann with Phil Jones published reconstructions using various high-resolution proxies including tree rings, ice cores and sediments.
Evidence: The temperature record of the past 1,000 years or longer is reconstructed using data from climate proxy records in conjunction with the modern instrumental temperature record which only covers the last 150 years at a global scale.
Evidence: Individual proxy records, such as tree ring widths and densities used in dendroclimatology, are calibrated against the instrumental record for the period of overlap.
Evidence: As there are few instrumental records before 1850, temperatures before then must be reconstructed based on proxy methods.
Category: Sea level rise
Claim: Multiple lines of evidence indicate Greenland's ice loss is accelerating and will contribute sea level rise in the order of metres over the next few centuries.
Evidence: The contribution of the Greenland ice sheet on sea level over the next couple of centuries can be very high due to a self-reinforcing cycle (a so-called positive feedback).
Evidence: The glaciers of Greenland are also contributing to a rise in the global sea level faster than was previously believed.
Evidence: Estimates on future contribution to sea level rise from Greenland range from 0.3 to 3 metres (1 to 10 ft), for the year 2100.
Evidence: Findings show that Greenland has lost 3.8 trillion tonnes of ice since 1992, enough to raise sea levels by almost 11mm (1.06cm).
Category: Scientific consensus on climate change
Claim: Peer-reviewed research, physics, and math all tell us that a grand solar minimum would have no more than a 0.3°C cooling effect, barely enough to put a dent in human-caused global warming.
Evidence: Human-caused increases in greenhouse gases are responsible for most of the observed global average surface warming of roughly 0.8 °C (1.5 °F) over the past 140 years.
Evidence: International Council of Academies of Engineering and Technological Sciences (CAETS) in 2007, issued a Statement on Environment and Sustainable Growth: As reported by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), most of the observed global warming since the mid-20th century is very likely due to human-produced emission of greenhouse gases and this warming will continue unabated if present anthropogenic emissions continue or, worse, expand without control.
Evidence: Human activities, primarily the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas), and secondarily the clearing of land, have increased the concentration of carbon dioxide, methane, and other heat-trapping ("greenhouse") gases in the atmosphere...There is international scientific consensus that most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities.
Category: Oregon Petition
Claim: More importantly, the OISM list only contains 39 scientists who specialise in climate science.
Evidence: Crudely extrapolating, the petition supporters include a core of about 200 climate researchers – a respectable number, though rather a small fraction of the climatological community.
Evidence: The list includes scientists from several specialities or disciplines.
Evidence: Ongoing experiments are conducted by more than 4,000 scientists from many nations.
Category: Antarctica
Claim: NASA Finds Antarctica is Gaining Ice,
Evidence: "Mass gains of the Antarctic ice sheet exceed losses".
Evidence: This ice sheet is constantly gaining ice from snowfall and losing ice through outflow to the sea.
Evidence: According to NASA, the most widespread Antarctic surface melting of the past 30 years occurred in 2005, when an area of ice comparable in size to California briefly melted and refroze; this may have resulted from temperatures rising to as high as 5 °C (41 °F).
Evidence: "A 40-y record reveals gradual Antarctic sea ice increases followed by decreases at rates far exceeding the rates seen in the Arctic".
Category: Earth
Claim: Ancient natural cycles are irrelevant for attributing recent global warming to humans.
Evidence: There is a scientific consensus linking human activities to global warming due to industrial carbon dioxide emissions.
Evidence: The effects of climate change on human systems, mostly due to warming and shifts in precipitation, have been detected worldwide.
Evidence: Attributing detected temperature changes and extreme events to human-caused increases in greenhouse gases requires scientists to rule out known internal climate variability and natural external forcings.
Evidence: Anthropogenic climate change is caused by human activity, as opposed to changes in climate that may have resulted as part of Earth's natural processes.
Category: Scientific consensus on climate change
Claim: Weather Channel co-founder John Coleman provided evidence that convincingly refutes the concept of anthropogenic global warming.
Evidence: International Council of Academies of Engineering and Technological Sciences (CAETS) in 2007, issued a Statement on Environment and Sustainable Growth: As reported by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), most of the observed global warming since the mid-20th century is very likely due to human-produced emission of greenhouse gases and this warming will continue unabated if present anthropogenic emissions continue or, worse, expand without control.
Evidence: "Climate Scientists Virtually Unanimous Anthropogenic Global Warming Is True".
Evidence: There is no convincing scientific evidence that human release of carbon dioxide, methane, or other greenhouse gases is causing or will, in the foreseeable future, cause catastrophic heating of the Earth's atmosphere and disruption of the Earth's climate.
Evidence: Scientists Reach 100% Consensus on Anthropogenic Global Warming.
Category: Arctic
Claim: Arctic sea ice loss is matched by Antarctic sea ice gain.
Evidence: The Arctic is affected by current global warming, leading to Arctic sea ice shrinkage, diminished ice in the Greenland ice sheet, and Arctic methane release as the permafrost thaws.
Evidence: "Mass gains of the Antarctic ice sheet exceed losses".
Evidence: This ice sheet is constantly gaining ice from snowfall and losing ice through outflow to the sea.
Evidence: The effects of global warming in the Arctic include rising temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet.
Evidence: "Antarctic ice shelf disintegration triggered by sea ice loss and ocean swell".
Category: La Niña
Claim: An additional kick was supplied by an El Niño weather pattern that peaked in 2016 and temporarily warmed much of the surface of the planet, causing the hottest year in a historical record dating to 1880.
Evidence: La Niña is the positive and cold phase of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation, and is associated with cooler-than-average sea surface temperatures in the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean.
Evidence: The event temporarily warmed air temperature by 1.5 °C, compared to the usual increase of 0.25 °C associated with El Niño events.
Evidence: An El Niño is associated with warm and very wet weather months in April–October along the coasts of northern Peru and Ecuador, causing major flooding whenever the event is strong or extreme.
Category: Winter
Claim: The sun has gone into ‘lockdown’ which could cause freezing weather, earthquakes and famine, say scientists
Evidence: The persistently cold, wet weather caused great hardship, was primarily responsible for the Great Famine of 1315–1317, and strongly contributed to the weakened immunity and malnutrition leading up to the Black Death (1348–1350).
Evidence: In many regions, winter is associated with snow and freezing temperatures.
Evidence: The manifestation of the meteorological winter (freezing temperatures) in the northerly snow–prone latitudes is highly variable depending on elevation, position versus marine winds and the amount of precipitation.
Evidence: The Little Ice Age caused crop failures and famines in Europe.
Evidence: The current consensus of the scientific community is that the aerosols and dust released into the upper atmosphere causes cooler temperatures by preventing the sun's energy from reaching the ground.