Danthammadhavi/climate_fever_fixed huggingface dataset:
Category: Agriculture
Claim: Australia accounts for 1.5 per cent of global carbon emissions.
Evidence: It is one of the largest sources of greenhouse gases, responsible for 18% of the world's greenhouse gas emissions as measured in CO2 equivalents.
Category: Ice age
Claim: Scientists studying Antarctica sea ice warn a rise in accumulation could spark the next ice age.
Evidence: According to research published in Nature Geoscience, human emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) will defer the next ice age.
Evidence: An ice age is a long period of reduction in the temperature of the Earth's surface and atmosphere, resulting in the presence or expansion of continental and polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers.
Evidence: Based on changes of Antarctica's ice mass balance over millions of years, due to natural climate fluctuations, researchers concluded that the sea-ice acts as a barrier for warmer waters surrounding the continent.
Category: Global warming
Claim: Global warming is increasing the risk of heatwaves.
Evidence: The effects of global warming include rising sea levels, regional changes in precipitation, more frequent extreme weather events such as heat waves, and expansion of deserts.
Category: Norwegian Sea
Claim: In April the extent of Arctic sea ice was back to where it was in April 13 years ago
Evidence: The Norwegian Sea (Norwegian: Norskehavet) is a marginal sea in the Arctic Ocean, northwest of Norway between the North Sea and the Greenland Sea, adjoining the Barents Sea to the northeast.
Category: Permafrost
Claim: Melting permafrost can release not just CO2, but also methane, a much stronger heat-trapping gas.
Evidence: The consequence is thawing soil, which may be weaker, and release of methane, which contributes to an increased rate of global warming as part of a feedback loop.
Category: Gaia hypothesis
Claim: CO2 limits won't cool the planet.
Evidence: As the temperature rises closer to the value the white daisies like, the white daisies outreproduce the black daisies, leading to a larger percentage of white surface, and more sunlight is reflected, reducing the heat input and eventually cooling the planet.
Category: Sea
Claim: Human additions of CO2 are in the margin of error of current measurements and the gradual increase in CO2 is mainly from oceans degassing as the planet slowly emerges from the last ice age.
Evidence: More recently, anthropogenic activities have steadily increased the carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere; about 30–40% of the added CO2 is absorbed by the oceans, forming carbonic acid and lowering the pH (now below 8.1) through a process called ocean acidification.
Category: Ice age
Claim: As a result, the polar ice caps were quite likely more extensive than they had been since at least the 1920s.
Evidence: There were extensive polar ice caps at intervals from 360 to 260 million years ago in South Africa during the Carboniferous and early Permian Periods.
Category: Earth
Claim: The amount of heat energy coming out of the Earth is too small to even be worth considering.
Evidence: Because much of the heat is provided by radioactive decay, scientists postulate that early in Earth's history, before isotopes with short half-lives were depleted, Earth's heat production was much higher.
Category: Global warming
Claim: The models predicted about three times the amount of warming in the world we’ve seen since 1988.
Evidence: Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.
Evidence: Models referenced by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) predict that global temperatures are likely to increase by 1.1 to 6.4 °C (2.0 to 11.5 °F) between 1990 and 2100.
Category: Mars
Claim: Now scientists are telling us that Mars is experiencing its own planetary warming: Martian warming.
Evidence: They tend to occur when Mars is closest to the Sun, and have been shown to increase the global temperature.
Evidence: They invade Earth because Mars is dying, and they need a warmer planet to live.
Category: United States labor law
Claim: Wisconsin employers have repeatedly said in surveys that our anti-business litigation climate is one of the most important factors affecting their expansion decisions.
Evidence: The Act has spawned years of litigation by industry groups that have challenged the standards limiting the amount of permitted exposure to chemicals such as benzene.
Category: Phalodi
Claim: Extreme high temperatures were seen from India — where the city of Phalodi recorded temperatures of 51 degrees Celsius (123.8 Fahrenheit) in May, a new national record — to Iran, where a temperature of 53 degrees Celsius (127.4 F) was recorded in Delhoran on July 22.
Evidence: It holds the record for the highest verified temperature recorded in India at 51 °C (124 °F) on 19 May 2016.
Category: First 100 days of Donald Trump's presidency
Claim: Donald Trump signed an executive order naming climate change as a threat "both to the economy and national security."
Evidence: On January 25, Trump signed an executive order, "Enhancing Public Safety in the Interior of the United States", to the Secretary of Homeland Security and the Attorney General and their departments and agencies to increase the enforcement of immigration laws which included the hiring of 10,000 "additional immigration officers".
Category: Ocean acidification
Claim: The oceans are warming and moreover are becoming more acidic, threatening the food chain.
Evidence: "Ocean Growing More Acidic Faster Than Once Thought; Increasing Acidity Threatens Sea Life".
Category: Water vapor
Claim: Water vapor is the most powerful greenhouse gas
Evidence: Being a component of Earth's hydrosphere and hydrologic cycle, it is particularly abundant in Earth's atmosphere where it is also a potent greenhouse gas along with other gases such as carbon dioxide and methane.
Category: Global warming
Claim: They changed the name from 'global warming' to 'climate change'.
Evidence: "Assessing dangerous climate change through an update of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 'reasons for concern'".
Evidence: NASA's Global Climate Change.
Category: Greenhouse gas
Claim: “CO2 is certainly a heat-trapping greenhouse gas, but hardly the primary one: Water vapor accounts for about 95 percent of greenhouse gases.
Evidence: At present, the primary source of CO 2 emissions is the burning of coal, natural gas, and petroleum for electricity and heat.
Category: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere
Claim: Over the past 250 years, humans have added just one part of CO2 in 10,000 to the atmosphere.
Evidence: Global annual mean CO 2 concentration has increased by more than 45% since the start of the Industrial Revolution, from 280 ppm during the 10,000 years up to the mid-18th century to 415 ppm as of May 2019.
Evidence: In the modern era, emissions to the atmosphere from volcanoes are approximately 0.645 billion tonnes of CO 2 per year, whereas humans contribute 29 billion tonnes of CO 2 each year.
Category: San Francisco
Claim: the U.S. is shattering high temperature records far more frequently than it is shattering low temperature records.
Evidence: The lowest recorded temperature was 27 °F (−3 °C) on December 11, 1932.
Evidence: The following table lists the highest and lowest temperatures recorded in the 50 U.S. states, the District of Columbia, and the 5 inhabited U.S. territories during the past two centuries, in both Fahrenheit and Celsius.
Category: Greenhouse gas
Claim: Etna has already put more than 10,000 times the CO2 into the atmosphere than mankind has in our entire time on the Earth.
Evidence: The pharmaceutical industry emitted 52 megatonnes of Carbon dioxide into the atmosphere in 2015.
Evidence: The carbon dioxide levels necessary to thaw Earth have been estimated as being 350 times what they are today, about 13% of the atmosphere.
Category: Global warming
Claim: Geologists say that humans are now pumping the gas into the air much faster than nature has ever done.
Evidence: Human activity since the Industrial Revolution has increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to increased radiative forcing from CO2, methane, tropospheric ozone, CFCs, and nitrous oxide.
Category: Jet stream
Claim: But when the Arctic warms up faster than the equator does […] the jet stream’s flow can become weakened and elongated.
Evidence: During the Dust Bowl, the jet stream weakened and changed course traveling farther south than normal.
Category: Greenhouse gas
Claim: CO2 constitutes 80% of the non-condensing greenhouse gas forcing.
Evidence: Projected annual energy-related CO 2 emissions in 2030 were 40–110% higher than in 2000, with two-thirds of the increase originating in developing countries.
Category: Reforestation
Claim: There may have been regions of Greenland that were 'greener' than today
Evidence: The Great Green Wall initiative is a pan-African proposal to "green" the continent from west to east in order to battle desertification.
Category: Net metering
Claim: Big rooftop solar's plan forces Nevada families who don't have solar panels to pay higher power bills to subsidize rooftop solar.
Evidence: The new rules "encourage community solar projects and help ratepayers, who subsidize the above market rates utilities are required to pay for power generated under the program."
Evidence: Households with a smaller number of solar panels would likely see their rates go up under the proposal.
Evidence: A 2014 report funded by the Institute for Electric Innovation claims that net metering in California produces excessively large subsidies for typical residential rooftop solar photovoltaic (PV) facilities.
Category: Medieval Warm Period
Claim: While the Medieval Warm Period saw unusually warm temperatures in some regions, globally the planet was cooler than current conditions.
Evidence: Global temperature records taken from ice cores, tree rings, and lake deposits, have shown that the Earth may have been slightly cooler globally (by 0.03 °C) than in the early and mid-20th century.
Evidence: Certain regions, such as central Eurasia, northwestern North America, and (with less confidence) parts of the South Atlantic, exhibit anomalous coolness.
Category: Global warming
Claim: That human CO2 is causing global warming is known with high certainty & confirmed by observations.
Evidence: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.
Evidence: "How do we know more CO2 is causing warming?".
Category: Global warming
Claim: At least close to the new spot and to the equator, nothing less than global warming is expected"
Evidence: In the tropics the net effect is to produce a significant warming, while at latitudes closer to the poles a loss of albedo leads to an overall cooling effect.
Evidence: The water reacts by radiating, also in the infrared, both upward and downward, and the downward longwave radiation results in increased warming at the surface.
Category: Earth
Claim: For the past 4567 million years, the sun and the Earth’s orbit have driven climate change cycles.
Evidence: Earth orbits the Sun at an average distance of about 150 million km (93 million mi) every 365.2564 mean solar days, or one sidereal year.
Category: Arctic Ocean
Claim: The winds around the continent seem to be strengthening, stirring the ocean and bringing up a layer of warmer water that has most likely been there for centuries.
Evidence: Atlantic Water has the same salinity as Arctic Bottom Water but is much warmer (up to 3 °C).
Category: Global warming controversy
Claim: But the central message of the IPCC AR4, is confirmed by the peer reviewed literature.
Evidence: Scientific consensus is normally achieved through communication at conferences, publication in the scientific literature, replication (reproducible results by others), and peer review.
Category: Global warming
Claim: Given that a doubling of carbon dioxide would change the surface heat flux by only two watts per square meter, it is evident that a small change in cloud cover can strongly affect the response to carbon dioxide."
Evidence: The main reinforcing feedbacks are the water vapour feedback, the ice–albedo feedback, and probably the net effect of clouds.
Category: Carbon tax
Claim: However, studies have determined that current technology is sufficient to reduce greenhouse gas emissions the necessary amount, and that we can do so without significant impact on the economy.
Evidence: There is overwhelming agreement among economists that carbon taxes are the most efficient and effective way to curb climate change, with the least adverse effects on the economy.
Evidence: Economists generally argue that carbon taxes are the most efficient and effective way to curb climate change, with the least adverse effects on the economy.
Category: Climate change in the Arctic
Claim: A series of just-released studies by working-level scientists prove that geological and not atmospheric forces are responsible for melting of Earth’s polar ice sheets.
Evidence: The effects of global warming in the Arctic, or climate change in the Arctic include rising air and water temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet with a related cold temperature anomaly, observed since the 1970s.
Evidence: The potential for major sea level rise depends mostly on a significant melting of the polar ice caps of Greenland and Antarctica, as this is where the vast majority of glacial ice is located.
Category: Carbon dioxide
Claim: “Every day, nature puts twenty times as much carbon dioxide into the atmosphere as all of Earth industries.
Evidence: Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.
Category: Glen Canyon Dam
Claim: Last year, though, was a wet one on the Rio Grande, with a strong snowpack in the winter of 2016-17 that allowed the conservancy district to store water in upstream reservoirs.
Evidence: Since then, the reservoir has slowly regained water storage, but has not filled due to fluctuating runoff levels and its obligated release to Lake Mead.
Category: Climate system
Claim: Climate change is because of Pacific Decadal Oscillation.
Evidence: Examples of this type of variability include the El Niño–Southern Oscillation, the Pacific decadal oscillation, and the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation.
Evidence: the Pacific decadal oscillation – The dominant pattern of sea surface variability in the North Pacific on a decadal scale.
Evidence: The Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) is a robust, recurring pattern of ocean-atmosphere climate variability centered over the mid-latitude Pacific basin.
Category: John Christy
Claim: “‘Those eruptions happened relatively early in our study period, which pushed down temperatures in the first part of the dataset, which caused the overall record to show an exaggerated warming trend,’ Christy said.
Evidence: Part of the cooling trend seen by the satellites can be attributed to several years of cooler than normal temperatures and cooling caused by the eruption of the Mount Pinatubo volcano.
Evidence: This was once quite controversial: From the beginning of the satellite record in late 1978 into 1998 it showed a net global cooling trend, although ground measurements and instruments carried aloft by balloons showed warming in many areas.
Category: Carbon dioxide
Claim: Over the three years from 1979 to 1982 when CO2 emissions were decreasing due to the rapid increase in the price of oil that drastically reduced consumption, there was no change in the rate of increase in atmospheric concentration of CO2 proving that humans were not the primary source for the increase in concentration.'
Evidence: Combustion of fossil fuels and deforestation have caused the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide to increase by about 43% since the beginning of the age of industrialization.
Evidence: Human activities, primarily the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas), and secondarily the clearing of land, have increased the concentration of carbon dioxide, methane, and other heat-trapping ("greenhouse") gases in the atmosphere...There is international scientific consensus that most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities.
Evidence: While CO 2 absorption and release is always happening as a result of natural processes, the recent rise in CO 2 levels in the atmosphere is known to be mainly due to human (anthropogenic) activity.
Category: Global warming
Claim: Statistical analysis of the rate of warming over different periods find that warming from 1970 to 2001 is greater than the warming from both 1860 to 1880 and 1910 to 1940.
Evidence: Multiple independently produced instrumental datasets confirm that the 2009–2018 decade was 0.93 ± 0.07 °C warmer than the pre-industrial baseline (1850–1900).
Category: Global warming
Claim: global temperatures have risen between 0.23F (0.13C) and 0.34F (0.19C) per decade
Evidence: Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.
Category: James Hansen
Claim: Climate scientist James Hansen: "we have until perhaps 50 years from now," or maybe a little longer "and at that point, we are looking at 10, 20, 30 feet of sea-level rise."
Evidence: George Monbiot reports "The IPCC predicts that sea levels could rise by as much as 59 centimetres (1.94 ft) this century.
Category: Psychology
Claim: ‘This study goes beyond statistical correlations and explores a specific process that can plausibly explain how enhanced high-latitude warming trends may trigger remote weather impacts,’ he said.
Evidence: Observational studies analyze uncontrolled data in search of correlations; multivariate statistics are typically used to interpret the more complex situation.
Category: Scientific consensus on climate change
Claim: Ever since 2012, scientists have been debating a complex and frankly explosive idea about how a warming planet will alter our weather — one that, if it’s correct, would have profound implications across the Northern Hemisphere and especially in its middle latitudes
Evidence: The letter goes on to warn of predicted impacts on the United States such as sea level rise and increases in extreme weather events, water scarcity, heat waves, wildfires, and the disturbance of biological systems.
Evidence: Problems of global warming, climate change, and their various negative impacts on human life and on the functioning of entire societies are one of the most dramatic challenges of modern times.
Category: Permian–Triassic extinction event
Claim: Discovery Of Massive Volcanic CO2 Emissions Discredits Global Warming Theory.
Evidence: The resultant global warming may have caused perhaps the most severe anoxic event in the oceans' history: according to this theory, the oceans became so anoxic, anaerobic sulfur-reducing organisms dominated the chemistry of the oceans and caused massive emissions of toxic hydrogen sulfide.
Category: Greenhouse gas
Claim: Therefore, CO2 levels could not have forced temperatures to rise.
Evidence: During the late 20th century, a scientific consensus evolved that increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere cause a substantial rise in global temperatures and changes to other parts of the climate system, with consequences for the environment and for human health.
Category: Photosynthesis
Claim: Plant stomata show higher and more variable CO2 levels
Evidence: Plant species with the greatest photosynthetic rates and Kranz anatomy showed no apparent photorespiration, very low CO2 compensation point, high optimum temperature, high stomatal resistances and lower mesophyll resistances for gas diffusion and rates never saturated at full sun light.
Category: Electric vehicle
Claim: New Study Confirms EVs Considerably Worse For Climate Than Diesel Cars.
Evidence: A study by Cambridge Econometrics shows the potential air pollution benefits of EVs.
Category: Carbon dioxide
Claim: contrary to the hypothesis that rising temperature is caused by increasing CO2.
Evidence: Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.
Evidence: Not only do increasing carbon dioxide concentrations lead to increases in global surface temperature, but increasing global temperatures also cause increasing concentrations of carbon dioxide.
Evidence: Singer argues there is no evidence that the increases in carbon dioxide produced by humans cause global warming, and that if temperatures do rise it will be good for humankind.
Category: Waste heat
Claim: The contribution of waste heat to the global climate is 0.028 W/m2.
Evidence: Global forcing from waste heat was 0.028 W/m2 in 2005.
Evidence: For example, waste heat flux was +0.39 and +0.68 W/m2 for the continental United States and western Europe, respectively) globally it accounted for only 1% of the energy flux created by anthropogenic greenhouse gases.
Category: Climate variability
Claim: Volcanoes Melting West Antarctic Glaciers, Not Global Warming
Evidence: This created a warming that later melted the ice and brought Earth's temperature back to equilibrium.
Category: Anti-submarine warfare
Claim: A second coat of paint has much less of an effect, while adding a third or fourth coat has almost no impact at all.”
Evidence: However, they ended up having little impact, especially in the latter half of the war.
Evidence: "Shots which appeared certain to score missed by the width of a coat of paint.
Evidence: The first take ran well, but in the second take, the burst of fire came too soon as a result of which the flames set fire to her green and copper-based face paint, causing third-degree burns on her hands and face.
Category: Global warming
Claim: "Three recent articles give us reason to question the alarmists’ claims  that coral reefs are in deep trouble due to the buildup of greenhouse  gases." (World Climate Report)
Evidence: In November 2017, a second warning to humanity signed by 15,364 scientists from 184 countries stated that "the current trajectory of potentially catastrophic climate change due to rising greenhouse gases from burning fossil fuels, deforestation, and agricultural production – particularly from farming ruminants for meat consumption" is "especially troubling".
Evidence: The atmosphere and ocean have warmed, the amounts of snow and ice have diminished, sea level has risen, and the concentrations of greenhouse gases have increased "Myths vs. Facts: Denial of Petitions for Reconsideration of the Endangerment and Cause or Contribute Findings for Greenhouse Gases under Section 202(a) of the Clean Air Act".
Evidence: It is "extremely likely" that this warming arises from "human activities, especially emissions of greenhouse gases" in the atmosphere.
Category: Carbon dioxide
Claim: CO2 is a greenhouse gas but is clearly subordinate to water vapour and other more significant factors determining global climate.
Evidence: Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.
Evidence: The primary greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere are water vapor (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and ozone (O3).
Category: Global warming
Claim: In recent decades this warming has been accompanied by a constant rise in the sea level and, it would appear, by an increase of extreme weather events, even if a scientifically determinable cause cannot be assigned to each particular phenomenon.
Evidence: Further examples include sea level rise, widespread melting of snow and land ice, increased heat content of the oceans, increased humidity, and the earlier timing of spring events, such as the flowering of plants.
Evidence: Climate change is more accurate scientifically to describe the various effects of greenhouse gases on the world because it includes extreme weather, storms and changes in rainfall patterns, ocean acidification and sea level.".
Category: Paris Agreement
Claim: I think about all the 194 countries that signed onto the Paris accord, the U.S. is the one that's leading the world in reducing emissions.
Evidence: 187 states and the EU, representing more than 87% of global greenhouse gas emissions, have ratified or acceded to the Agreement, including China, the United States and India, the countries with three of the four largest greenhouse gas emissions of the UNFCCC members total (about 42% together).
Evidence: At the conclusion of COP 21 (the 21st meeting of the Conference of the Parties, which guides the Conference), on 12 December 2015, the final wording of the Paris Agreement was adopted by consensus by all of the 195 UNFCCC participating member states and the European Union to reduce emissions as part of the method for reducing greenhouse gas.
Evidence: The US emits 13% of global emissions and emissions rose 2.5% in 2018.
Category: Paris Agreement
Claim: U.S. Pays $1 Billion into Green Climate Fund, Top Polluters Pay Nothing
Evidence: So far, the Green Climate Fund has now received over $10 billion in pledges.
Category: Second law of thermodynamics
Claim: According to the second law of  thermodynamics such a planetary machine can never exist."
Evidence: Such a machine is called a "perpetual motion machine of the second kind".
Evidence: The second law defines the existence of a quantity called entropy, that describes the direction, thermodynamically, that a system can evolve and quantifies the state of order of a system and that can be used to quantify the useful work that can be extracted from the system.
Evidence: Then, according to the second law of thermodynamics, the whole undergoes changes and eventually reaches a new and final equilibrium with the surroundings.
Category: Carbon dioxide
Claim: The current debate on the connection between CO2 emissions and climate change has largely overlooked an independent and equally serious problem, the increasing acidity of our oceans.
Evidence: As the concentration of carbon dioxide increases in the atmosphere, the increased uptake of carbon dioxide into the oceans is causing a measurable decrease in the pH of the oceans, which is referred to as ocean acidification.
Category: Greenhouse gas
Claim: Some scientists believe that solar activity is more likely to influence today’s climate than carbon dioxide, and Dr Soon has compiled data showing temperature in America, Canada and Mexico rises and falls in line with solar activity.
Evidence: The 2007 Fourth Assessment Report compiled by the IPCC (AR4) noted that "changes in atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases and aerosols, land cover and solar radiation alter the energy balance of the climate system", and concluded that "increases in anthropogenic greenhouse gas concentrations is very likely to have caused most of the increases in global average temperatures since the mid-20th century".
Evidence: Another line of evidence against the sun having caused recent climate change comes from looking at how temperatures at different levels in the Earth's atmosphere have changed.
Evidence: Our results show that the observed rapid rise in global mean temperatures seen after 1985 cannot be ascribed to solar variability, whichever of the mechanisms is invoked and no matter how much the solar variation is amplified.
Category: Atmospheric methane
Claim: “Arctic land stores about twice as much carbon as the atmosphere.
Evidence: Permafrost contains almost twice as much carbon as is present in the atmosphere.
Category: Radiocarbon dating
Claim: But the new research shows that the amount of oxygen in those shells doesn’t actually remain constant over time.
Evidence: The effect varies greatly and there is no general offset that can be applied; additional research is usually needed to determine the size of the offset, for example by comparing the radiocarbon age of deposited freshwater shells with associated organic material.
Evidence: Paleoclimatologists measure the ratio of oxygen-18 and oxygen-16 in the shells and skeletons of marine organisms to determine the climate millions of years ago (see oxygen isotope ratio cycle).
Category: Pacific decadal oscillation
Claim: In 1905, PDO switched to a warm phase.
Evidence: During El Nino events, deep convection and heat transfer to the troposphere is enhanced over the anomalously warm sea surface temperature, this ENSO-related tropical forcing generates Rossby waves that propagate poleward and eastward and are subsequently refracted back from the pole to the tropics.
Evidence: 1924/1925: PDO changed to a "warm" phase.
Evidence: 1976/1977: PDO changed to a "warm" phase.
Category: Greenhouse gas
Claim: Thus rather than a "doomsday" cycle of runaway warming, Mother Earth appears surprisingly tolerant of carbon, decreasing atmospheric levels of water vapor -- a more effective greenhouse gas -- to compensate.
Evidence: Because water vapor is a greenhouse gas, this results in further warming and so is a "positive feedback" that amplifies the original warming.
Evidence: Water vapor and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere provide a temperature buffer (greenhouse effect) which helps maintain a relatively steady surface temperature.
Category: Arctic sea ice decline
Claim: Both the extent and thickness of Arctic sea ice has declined rapidly over the last several decades.
Evidence: The amount of multi-year sea ice in the Arctic has declined considerably in recent decades.
Category: Global warming
Claim: However the warming trend is slower than most climate models have forecast
Evidence: Physical climate models are also unable to reproduce the rapid warming observed in recent decades when taking into account only variations in solar output and volcanic activity.
Category: Instrumental temperature record
Claim: According to NASA, the globally averaged temperature of the land and ocean was 0.9˚C (1.62˚F) above the 20th century average.
Evidence: Consistent with Schmidt's comment, the NASA / NOAA announcement stated that "globally-averaged temperatures in 2016 were 1.78 degrees Fahrenheit (0.99 degrees Celsius) warmer than the mid-20th century mean" and that the impact of El Niño warming was estimated to have "increased the annual global temperature anomaly for 2016 by 0.2 degrees Fahrenheit (0.12 degrees Celsius)."
Evidence: This value is well above 16.1 °C (60.9 °F), the long term global average surface temperature of the oceans.
Category: Climate change mitigation
Claim: Adapting to global warming is cheaper than preventing it.
Evidence: "Eat less meat to avoid dangerous global warming, scientists say".
Evidence: The capacity and potential for humans to adapt, called adaptive capacity, is unevenly distributed across different regions and populations, and developing countries generally have less capacity to adapt.
Evidence: Adaptation is especially important in developing countries since they are predicted to bear the brunt of the effects of global warming.
Category: Global warming
Claim: The rate of global sea level rise on average has fallen by 40% the last century.
Evidence: Over the 21st century, the IPCC projects that in a very high emissions scenario the sea level could rise by 61–110 cm.
Category: Attribution of recent climate change
Claim: “So the bottom line of all this is that climate change is natural, not man-made.
Evidence: Nevertheless, the bottom-line conclusion from climate fingerprinting is that most of the observed changes studied to date are consistent with each other, and are also consistent with our scientific understanding of how the climate system would be expected to respond to the increase in heat-trapping gases resulting from human activities.
Category: Thaumasia quadrangle
Claim: The melting in the polar ice caps and in high altitude plains can lead to the dangerous release of methane gas
Evidence: On Mars, heat from the impact melts ice in the ground.
Category: Hockey stick graph
Claim: it later emerged that its creator Dr Michael Mann had spliced too [sic] datasets together – tree-rings showing temperatures going back hundreds of years, then recent thermometer readings for the more recent decades.
Evidence: Using various high-resolution proxies including tree rings, ice cores and sediments, Mann and Jones published reconstructions in August 2003 which indicated that "late 20th century warmth is unprecedented for at least roughly the past two millennia for the Northern Hemisphere.
Evidence: Archives of climate proxies were developed: in 1993 Raymond S. Bradley and Phil Jones composited historical records, tree-rings and ice cores for the Northern Hemisphere from 1400 up to the 1970s to produce a decadal reconstruction.
Category: Arctic sea ice decline
Claim: The connection between the vanishing Arctic ice and extreme summer weather in the northern hemisphere is probable, according to scientists, but not yet as certain as the winter link.
Evidence: Evidence suggest that the continued loss of Arctic sea-ice and snow cover may influence weather at lower latitudes.
Evidence: Some studies assert a connection between rapidly warming arctic temperatures and thus a vanishing cryosphere to extreme weather in mid-latitudes.
Category: Green-collar worker
Claim: Renewable energy investment kills jobs.
Evidence: Some 2.3 million people have found renewable energy jobs in recent years, and projected investments of $630 billion by 2030 would translate into at least 20 million additional jobs.
Category: Sea level rise
Claim: If Hillary would have fact-checked her example of sea level rise in Norfolk, Virginia, she would have found out that the experts already know this is mostly due to the land there sinking.
Evidence: In Europe for instance, considerable variation is found because some land areas are rising while others are sinking.
Evidence: Some land masses are moving up or down as a consequence of subsidence (land sinking or settling) or post-glacial rebound (land rising due to the loss of the weight of ice after melting), so that local sea level rise may be higher or lower than the global average.
Category: Effects of global warming on humans
Claim: […] Killing 30 million bats every year in response to dubious claims that global warming might once in a great while kill 100,000 bats makes no sense.”
Evidence: In addition, climatic changes are estimated to cause over 150,000 deaths annually.
Evidence: Wouldn't you think it makes sense to make sure we're as robust and wealthy as possible?
Category: Eocene
Claim: The particular signature of warming in 2016 was also revealing in another way, Overpeck said, noting that the stratosphere… saw record cold temperatures last year
Evidence: The polar stratospheric clouds had a warming effect on the poles, increasing temperatures by up to 20 °C in the winter months.
Category: Carbon dioxide
Claim: Less energy is escaping to space: Carbon dioxide (CO2) acts like a blanket; adding more CO2 makes the 'blanket' thicker, and humans are adding more CO2 all the time.
Evidence: Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.
Evidence: These include carbon dioxide (chemical formula: CO 2), methane (CH 4), nitrous oxide (N 2O), and a group of gases referred to as halocarbons.
Category: Ice age
Claim: "In fact global warming has stopped and a cooling is beginning.
Evidence: The reflection of energy into space resulted in a global cooling, triggering the Pleistocene Ice Age.
Category: Solar panel
Claim: It takes as much energy to make a solar panel as it likely generates in its entire life.
Evidence: Even though such installations might not produce the maximum possible total energy, their power output would likely be more consistent throughout the day and possibly larger during peak demand.
Evidence: Normally the solar arrays on the rovers are able to generate up to 700 watt-hours (2,500 kJ) of energy per Martian day.
Evidence: Photovoltaic solar panels absorb sunlight as a source of energy to generate direct current electricity.
Category: Arctic
Claim: Arctic icemelt is a natural cycle.
Evidence: "Arctic cut-off high drives the poleward shift of a new Greenland melting record".
Evidence: The Arctic ice pack undergoes a regular seasonal cycle in which ice melts in spring and summer, reaches a minimum around mid-September, then increases during fall and winter.
Category: Sea level rise
Claim: “But there are plenty of studies that have come that show with respect to Antarctica that the total ice sheet, particularly that above land, is increasing, not decreasing.
Evidence: A 2019 study, however, using different methodology, concluded that East Antarctica is losing significant amounts of ice mass.
Evidence: "A 40-y record reveals gradual Antarctic sea ice increases followed by decreases at rates far exceeding the rates seen in the Arctic".
Evidence: found instead that the net change in ice mass is slightly positive at approximately 82 gigatonnes per year (with significant regional variation) which would result in Antarctic activity reducing global sea-level rise by 0.23 mm per year.
Category: Attribution of recent climate change
Claim: IPCC human-caused global warming attribution confidence is unfounded.
Evidence: The IPCC's attribution of recent global warming to human activities is a view shared by the scientific community, and is also supported by 196 other scientific organizations worldwide (see also: Scientific consensus on climate change).
Evidence: It is extremely likely (95-100% probability) that human influence was the dominant cause of global warming between 1951-2010.
Evidence: They provide an analysis of what is known and not known, the degree of consensus, and some indication of the degree of confidence that can be placed on the various statements and conclusions."
Evidence: Since the mid-20th century, most of the observed warming is "likely" (greater than 66% probability, based on expert judgement) due to human activities.
Category: Global cooling
Claim: The late 1970s marked the end of a 30-year cooling trend.
Evidence: Concern peaked in the early 1970s, though "the possibility of anthropogenic warming dominated the peer-reviewed literature even then" (a cooling period began in 1945, and two decades of a cooling trend suggested a trough had been reached after several decades of warming).
Category: Effects of global warming on human health
Claim: receding polar ice caps have little if any negative impact on human health and welfare, and likely a positive benefit
Evidence: The effects of global warming include its effects on human health.
Evidence: This could negatively affect the affordability of food and the subsequent health of the population.
Category: Carbon dioxide
Claim: For example, we have a lower understanding of the effect of aerosols while we have a high understanding of the warming effect of carbon dioxide.
Evidence: Carbon dioxide is of greatest concern because it exerts a larger overall warming influence than all of these other gases combined and because it has a long atmospheric lifetime (hundreds to thousands of years).
Evidence: The paper suggested that the global warming due to greenhouse gases would tend to have less effect with greater densities, and while aerosol pollution could cause warming, it was likely that it would tend to have a cooling effect which increased with density.
Category: Cold War
Claim: Armed conflicts over resources may become a reality, and have the potential to escalate into nuclear war.
Evidence: The Cuban Missile Crisis (October–November 1962) brought the world closer to nuclear war than ever before.
Evidence: It was the closest the Cold War came to escalating into a full-scale nuclear war, and the U.S. raised the readiness level of Strategic Air Command (SAC) forces to DEFCON 2.
Category: James Hansen
Claim: “We indicated 23 years ago — in our 1994 Nature article — that climate models had the atmosphere’s sensitivity to CO2 much too high,” Christy said in a statement.
Evidence: They did note that the agreement between the observations and the intermediate scenario was accidental because the climate sensitivity used was higher than current estimates.
Evidence: For constant humidity they computed a climate sensitivity of 2.3 °C per doubling of CO2 (which they rounded to 2, the value most often quoted from their work, in the abstract of the paper).
Category: Hockey stick graph
Claim: The increase in temperatures since 1975 is a consistent feature of all reconstructions.
Evidence: Hockey stick graphs present the global or hemispherical mean temperature record of the past 500 to 2000 years as shown by quantitative climate reconstructions based on climate proxy records.
Evidence: These reconstructions have consistently shown a slow long term cooling trend changing into relatively rapid warming in the 20th century, with the instrumental temperature record by 2000 exceeding earlier temperatures.
Evidence: published on 10 February 2005 used a wavelet transform technique to reconstruct Northern Hemisphere temperatures over the last 2,000 years, combining low-resolution proxy data such as lake and ocean sediments for century-scale or longer changes, with tree ring proxies only used for annual to decadal resolution.
Category: Little Ice Age
Claim: The extreme cycles of dry and wet weather appear to have been intensifying over the last three decades.
Evidence: Disease tends to intensify under the same conditions that unemployment and economic difficulties arise: prolonged, cold, dry seasons.
Evidence: The western side of the equatorial Pacific is characterized by warm, wet, low-pressure weather as the collected moisture is dumped in the form of typhoons and thunderstorms.
Evidence: Since the 1950s, droughts and heat waves have appeared simultaneously with increasing frequency.
Evidence: In the last 30–40 years, heat waves with high humidity have become more frequent and severe.
Category: Fertilizer
Claim: “Because CO₂ acts as a fertilizer, as much as half of all vegetated land is persistently greener today.
Evidence: This ammonia is used as a feedstock for all other nitrogen fertilizers, such as anhydrous ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) and urea (CO(NH2)2).
Evidence: Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen are widely available as water and carbon dioxide.
Evidence: Ammonia is produced from natural gas and air.
Category: Global warming
Claim: global warming ceased around the end of the twentieth century and was followed (since 1997) by 19 years of stable temperature.
Evidence: Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.
Evidence: The average global temperature on Earth has increased by about 0.8° Celsius (1.4° Fahrenheit) since 1880; Two-thirds of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15-0.20 °C per decade.
Evidence: An example of such an episode is the slower rate of surface temperature increase from 1998 to 2012, which was dubbed the global warming hiatus.
Category: West Coast of the United States
Claim: But abnormal temperature spikes in February and earlier this month have left it vulnerable to winds, which have pushed the ice further away from the coast than at any time since satellite records began in the 1970s.”
Evidence: The coastline sees significantly mild temperatures when compared to the inland areas during summer.
Evidence: Like the Santa Ana, these winds also heat up by compression and lose humidity, but because they start out so extraordinarily cold and dry and blow over snow and ice all the way to the sea, the perceived similarity is negligible.
Evidence: Extratropical cyclones can bring cold and dangerous conditions with heavy rain and snow with winds exceeding 119 km/h (74 mph), (sometimes referred to as windstorms in Europe).
Evidence: A lower air temperature of −94.7 °C (−138.5 °F) was recorded in 2010 by satellite—however, it may be influenced by ground temperatures and was not recorded at a height of 7 feet (2 m) above the surface as required for the official air temperature records.
Category: Global warming
Claim: 'Global warming' is a myth — so say 80 graphs from 58 peer-reviewed scientific papers published in 2017.
Evidence: His 1861 paper proposed changing concentrations of these gases could have caused "all the mutations of climate which the researches of geologists reveal" and would explain ice age changes.
Category: Sea
Claim: This small warming is  likely a result of the natural alterations in global ocean currents  which are driven by ocean salinity variations.
Evidence: This movement is slow and is driven by differences in density of the water caused by variations in salinity and temperature.
Evidence: Thus, a small change in the mean temperature of the ocean represents a very large change in the total heat content of the climate system.
Category: Developing country
Claim: The report […] found that the United States was one of the most pollution-free nations in the world.”
Evidence: Water pollution is a major problem in many developing countries.
Category: Global warming
Claim: “It’s far too early to tell if what we are seeing in the Arctic, and now the Antarctic, is a sharp shift towards warmer poles with less ice.
Evidence: Surface temperature increases are greatest in the Arctic, which has contributed to the retreat of glaciers, permafrost, and sea ice.
Evidence: During this period of time, little to no ice was present on Earth with a smaller difference in temperature from the equator to the poles.
Category: IPCC Fourth Assessment Report
Claim: Fourth Assessment Report (AR4), in which the likely range is given as 2.0°C to 4.5°C, with a best estimate of 3.0°C" (Pat Michaels)
Evidence: Scenario B1 Best estimate temperature rise of 1.8 °C with a likely range of 1.1 to 2.9 °C (3.2 °F with a likely range of 2.0 to 5.2 °F) Sea level rise likely range [18 to 38 cm] (7 to 15 inches) Scenario A1T Best estimate temperature rise of 2.4 °C with a likely range of 1.4 to 3.8 °C (4.3 °F with a likely range of 2.5 to 6.8 °F) Sea level rise likely range [20 to 45 cm] (8 to 18 inches) Scenario B2 Best estimate temperature rise of 2.4 °C with a likely range of 1.4 to 3.8 °C (4.3 °F with a likely range of 2.5 to 6.8 °F) Sea level rise likely range [20 to 43 cm] (8 to 17 inches) Scenario A1B Best estimate temperature rise of 2.8 °C with a likely range of 1.7 to 4.4 °C (5.0 °F with a likely range of 3.1 to 7.9 °F) Sea level rise likely range [21 to 48 cm] (8 to 19 inches) Scenario A2 Best estimate temperature rise of 3.4 °C with a likely range of 2.0 to 5.4 °C (6.1 °F with a likely range of 3.6 to 9.7 °F) Sea level rise likely range [23 to 51 cm] (9 to 20 inches) Scenario A1FI Best estimate temperature rise of 4.0 °C with a likely range of 2.4 to 6.4 °C (7.2 °F with a likely range of 4.3 to 11.5 °F) Sea level rise likely range [26 to 59 cm] (10 to 23 inches) "Both past and future anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions will continue to contribute to warming and sea level rise for more than a millennium, due to the timescales required for removal of this gas from the atmosphere."
Evidence: In its 2007 Fourth Assessment Report, IPCC said that climate sensitivity is "likely to be in the range 2 to 4.5 °C with a best estimate of about 3 °C".
Evidence: Surface air warming in the 21st century: Best estimate for a "low scenario" is 1.8 °C with a likely range of 1.1 to 2.9 °C (3.2 °F with a likely range of 2.0 to 5.2 °F) Best estimate for a "high scenario" is 4.0 °C with a likely range of 2.4 to 6.4 °C (7.2 °F with a likely range of 4.3 to 11.5 °F) A temperature rise of about 0.1 °C per decade would be expected for the next two decades, even if greenhouse gas and aerosol concentrations were kept at year 2000 levels.