Danthammadhavi/climate_fever_fixed huggingface dataset:
Category: Carbon tax
Claim: Discovery Of Massive Volcanic CO2 Emissions Discredits Global Warming Theory
Evidence: CO 2 is a heat-trapping greenhouse gas which causes global warming, which damages the environment and human health.
Evidence: The eruptions would also have emitted carbon dioxide, causing global warming.
Evidence: "Global Warming Led To Atmospheric Hydrogen Sulfide And Permian Extinction".
Evidence: Intrusions of hot magma into carbon-rich sediments may have triggered the degassing of isotopically light methane in sufficient volumes to cause global warming and the observed isotope anomaly.
Evidence: The basalt lava erupted or intruded into carbonate rocks and into sediments that were in the process of forming large coal beds, both of which would have emitted large amounts of carbon dioxide, leading to stronger global warming after the dust and aerosols settled.
Category: El Niño–Southern Oscillation
Claim: Trenberth is talking about the details of energy flow, not whether global warming is happening.
Evidence: "Shifts in ENSO coupling processes under global warming".
Evidence: The ENSO is considered to be a potential tipping element in Earth's climate and, under the global warming, can enhance or alternate regional climate extreme events through a strengthened teleconnection.
Evidence: In an interview, Trenberth said, "The planet is warming", but "the warmth just isn't being manifested at the surface."
Evidence: In a 2009 paper, "An imperative for climate change planning: tracking Earth's global energy", Trenberth discussed the distribution of heat and how it was affected by climate forcing, including greenhouse gas changes.
Category: Drought
Claim: The Millennium Drought starting in 1997 and ending in 2010 was misinterpreted as a long term trend as a consequence of Climate Change.
Evidence: The long Australian Millennial drought broke in 2010.
Evidence: Climate change occurs when changes in Earth's climate system result in new weather patterns that remain in place for an extended period of time.
Evidence: He says that the drought in Australia is already 8 years long.
Evidence: In addition, many areas are experiencing higher than normal droughts.
Category: Arthur D. Levinson
Claim: Top Scientist Hal Lewis Resigns Over Climate Change Corruption
Evidence: "President Obama Honors Nation's Top Scientists and Innovators".
Evidence: A scientist named Bill Hingest, who is resigning from the N.I.C.E., warns Mark to get out.
Evidence: However, the country continues to face the challenges of the Rohingya genocide and refugee crisis, corruption, and the erratic effects of climate change.
Category: Syracuse, New York
Claim: On Feb. 7, several major newspapers carried stories of the declaration by NASA and NOAA that the past five years have been the warmest on record.
Evidence: The latter was the warmest winter day on record.
Evidence: Comments from climate scientists reported in The Washington Post showed strong agreement in attributing the warming primarily to anthropogenic climate change, with some contribution from El Niño warming, though there were differing views on the significance of individual records.
Category: Global warming controversy
Claim: "Global warming data apparently cooked by U.S. government-funded body  shows astounding temperature fraud with increases averaging 10 to 15  degrees Fahrenheit.
Evidence: "Modeling of long-term fossil fuel consumption shows 14.5-degree hike in Earth's temperature".
Evidence: The 10th Emissions Gap Report issued by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) predicts that if emissions continue to increase at the same rate as they have in 2010–2020, global temperatures would rise by as much as 4° by 2100.
Evidence: Arrhenius calculated the temperature increase expected from doubling CO 2 to be around 5-6 °C.
Category: Earth
Claim: “There is now less sea ice on Earth than at any time on record.
Evidence: This is predicted to produce changes such as the melting of glaciers and ice sheets, more extreme temperature ranges, significant changes in weather and a global rise in average sea levels.
Evidence: Global warming has led to decades of shrinking and thinning of the Arctic sea ice, making it vulnerable to atmospheric anomalies.
Evidence: However, ice melt caused world sea levels to rise about 35 m (115 ft) in the early part of the Holocene.
Category: Sea level rise
Claim: While the Greenland interior is in mass balance, the coastlines are losing ice.
Evidence: The additional snowfall causes increased ice flow of the ice sheet into the ocean, so that the mass gain due to snowfall is partially compensated.
Evidence: "A tipping point in refreezing accelerates mass loss of Greenland's glaciers and ice caps".
Evidence: "Greenland's Coastal Ice Caps Have Melted Past The Point Of No Return".
Category: West Side Highway
Claim: 'What I can comment on is this prediction by Dr. Hansen: “The West Side Highway [which runs along the Hudson River] will be under water.”
Evidence: Before the West Side Highway was built, the road along the Hudson River was a busy one, with significant cross traffic going to docks and ferries.
Evidence: UDC's "Water Edge Study" called for the highway to be routed above the water at the ends of the then mostly abandoned piers on the Hudson River and the addition of hundreds of acres of concrete platforms between the bulkhead and the pierhead lines for parks and apartments.
Evidence: "Elevated Highway Along Hudson Shore Is Ordered by City: Estimate Board Passes Half of Miller Plan for Viaduct From 59th to 72d Street".
Category: Carbon dioxide
Claim: So CO2 causes warming AND rising temperature causes CO2 rise.
Evidence: Absorption of infrared light at the vibrational frequencies of atmospheric carbon dioxide traps energy near the surface, warming the surface and the lower atmosphere.
Evidence: During the late 20th century, a scientific consensus evolved that increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere cause a substantial rise in global temperatures and changes to other parts of the climate system, with consequences for the environment and for human health.
Evidence: Not only do increasing carbon dioxide concentrations lead to increases in global surface temperature, but increasing global temperatures also cause increasing concentrations of carbon dioxide.
Evidence: CO2 emissions are continuing to rise due to the burning of fossil fuels and land-use change.
Category: Sea level rise
Claim: This increases confidence in other peer-reviewed research predicting sea level rise of 80cm to 2 metres by 2100.
Evidence: "The projections and results presented in several peer-reviewed publications provide evidence to support a physically plausible GMSL rise in the range of 2.0 meters (m) to 2.7 m, and recent results regarding Antarctic ice-sheet instability indicate that such outcomes may be more likely than previously thought."
Evidence: In 2019, a study projected that in low emission scenario, sea level will rise 30 centimeters by 2050 and 69 centimetres by 2100, relatively to the level in 2000.
Evidence: However, Greg Holland from the National Center for Atmospheric Research, who reviewed the study, noted: “There is no doubt that the sea level rise, within the IPCC, is a very conservative number, so the truth lies somewhere between IPCC and Jim.” In addition, one 2017 study's scenario, assuming high fossil fuel use for combustion and strong economic growth during this century, projects sea level rise of up to 132 cm (4.3 ft) on average — and an extreme scenario with as much as 189 cm (6.2 ft), by 2100.
Category: Ocean acidification
Claim: Last December, the respected  journal “Oceanography” published projections (see graphic below) for this rising acidity, measured by falling pH
Evidence: Limiting global warming to below 2 °C would imply a reduction in surface ocean pH of 0.16 from pre-industrial levels.
Evidence: "Dynamic patterns and ecological impacts of declining ocean pH in a high-resolution multi-year dataset".
Evidence: "Rising levels of acids in seas may endanger marine life, says study".
Category: Rob Portman
Claim: Rob Portman voted for the bipartisan bill to affirm climate change is real, humans significantly contribute to it and it needs to be addressed.
Evidence: Portman would later co-sponsor an amendment to the 2017 Energy Bill that specifies climate change is real and human activity contributes to the problem.
Evidence: Climate change means a change of climate which is attributed directly or indirectly to human activity that alters the composition of the global atmosphere and which is in addition to natural climate variability observed over comparable time periods.
Evidence: In March 2016, Portman authored the bipartisan bill the Countering Foreign Propaganda and Disinformation Act, along with Democratic Senator Chris Murphy.
Category: Ted Cruz
Claim: In particular, satellite data demonstrate for the last 17 years, there's been zero warming.
Evidence: In March 2015, he said that some people are "global warming alarmists" and, citing satellite temperature measurements, said that there had been no significant warming in 18 years.
Category: Carbon dioxide
Claim: The amount of carbon dioxide absorbed by the upper layer of the oceans is increasing by about 2 billion tons per year.
Evidence: As the concentration of carbon dioxide increases in the atmosphere, the increased uptake of carbon dioxide into the oceans is causing a measurable decrease in the pH of the oceans, which is referred to as ocean acidification.
Evidence: Current annual increase in atmospheric CO2 is approximately 4 gigatons of carbon.
Category: Florida
Claim: Florida ranks "45th out of 50 states'' for its regulatory climate for business.
Evidence: As of 2013[update], Port Tampa Bay ranks 16th in the United States by tonnage in domestic trade, 32nd in foreign trade, and 22nd in total trade.
Evidence: The Miami Metropolitan Area is by far the largest urban economy in Florida and the 12th largest in the United States with a GDP of $345 billion as of 2017[update].
Evidence: If it were a country, Florida would be the 16th largest economy in the world, and the 58th most populous as of 2018[update].
Category: Cloud feedback
Claim: Previous IPCC reports tended to assume that clouds would have a neutral impact because the warming and cooling feedbacks would cancel each other out.
Evidence: In the current climate, clouds exert a cooling effect on climate (the global mean CRF is negative).
Evidence: The main reinforcing feedbacks are the water vapour feedback, the ice–albedo feedback, and probably the net effect of clouds.
Evidence: The IPCC reports that feedbacks to increased temperatures are net positive for the remainder of this century, with the impact of cloud cover the largest uncertainty.
Category: Ocean acidification
Claim: The ocean is absorbing massive amounts of CO2, and is becoming more acidic as a result.
Evidence: Ocean acidification is the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's oceans, caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide (CO 2) from the atmosphere.
Evidence: It is expected to drop by a further 0.3 to 0.5 pH units (an additional doubling to tripling of today's post-industrial acid concentrations) by 2100 as the oceans absorb more anthropogenic CO 2, the impacts being most severe for coral reefs and the Southern Ocean.
Evidence: With the production of CO2 from the burning of fossil fuels, oceans are becoming more acidic since CO2 dissolves in water and forms the acidic bicarbonate ion.
Category: Great Barrier Reef
Claim: Last year’s warmth was manifested across the planet, from the warm tropical ocean waters off the coast of northeastern Australia, where the Great Barrier Reef experienced its worst coral bleaching event on record and large scale coral death, to the Arctic, where sea ice hit regular monthly record lows and overall temperatures were also the warmest on record, at least from January through September 2016.
Evidence: A March 2016 report stated that coral bleaching was more widespread than previously thought, seriously affecting the northern parts of the reef as a result of warming ocean temperatures.
Evidence: In March 2017, the journal Nature published a paper showing that huge sections of an 800-kilometre (500 mi) stretch in the northern part of the reef had died in the course of 2016 due to high water temperatures, an event that the authors put down to the effects of global climate change.
Evidence: Marine extinction intensity during the Phanerozoic % Millions of years ago (H) K–Pg Tr–J P–Tr Cap Late D O–S Sea ice, and the cold conditions it sustains, serves to stabilize methane deposits on and near the shoreline, preventing the clathrate breaking down and outgassing methane into the atmosphere, causing further warming.
Evidence: A global mass coral bleaching has been occurring since 2014 because of the highest recorded temperatures plaguing oceans.
Evidence: Coral reef provinces have been permanently damaged by warm sea temperatures, most severely in the Indian Ocean.
Category: Low-pressure area
Claim: Most of the atmospheric moisture originates in the tropical ocean, and the difference between surface and upper atmospheric temperature determines how much of the moisture rises into the atmosphere.
Evidence: Worldwide, tropical cyclone activity peaks in late summer, when the difference between temperatures aloft and sea surface temperatures is the greatest.
Evidence: The peak time of subtropical cyclogenesis (the midpoint of this transition) in the North Atlantic is in the months of September and October, when the difference between the temperature of the air aloft and the sea surface temperature is the greatest, leading to the greatest potential for instability.
Evidence: The upper temperature level is given by the soil or water surface of the earth, which absorbs the incoming sun radiation and warms up, evaporating water.
Evidence: The increase in buoyancy can have a significant atmospheric impact, giving rise to powerful, moisture rich, upward air currents when the air temperature and sea temperature reaches 25 °C or above.
Evidence: Consequently, the air above coastal lands heats up faster than the air above seas.
Category: Presidency of Donald Trump
Claim: President Donald Trump sent a video message to Belgian citizens criticizing their government for being part of the Paris Climate Change Agreement.
Evidence: He ended the Clean Power Plan, withdrew from the Paris Agreement on climate change mitigation, and urged for subsidies to increase fossil fuel production, calling man-made climate change a hoax.
Evidence: majority support   plurality support   majority oppose   plurality oppose On June 1, 2017, Donald Trump announced that the United States would withdraw from the Paris Agreement on climate change.
Evidence: In June 2017, Trump announced the withdrawal of the United States from the Paris Agreement, making the U.S. the only nation in the world to not ratify the agreement.
Evidence: Trump has pulled the United States out of the Paris climate accord, leaving the U.S. the only nation that has not joined the agreement.
Category: Global warming
Claim: the climate models have overestimated the amount of global warming and failed to predict what climatologists call the warming ‘hiatus’
Evidence: The 2017 United States-published National Climate Assessment notes that "climate models may still be underestimating or missing relevant feedback processes".
Evidence: These models predict an upward trend in the surface temperatures, as well as a more rapid increase in temperature at higher latitudes.
Evidence: Uncertainty over feedbacks is the major reason why different climate models project different magnitudes of warming for a given amount of emissions.
Category: Ozone depletion
Claim: 'Another global warming myth comes crashing down.
Evidence: Climate Change Myths and Realities.
Evidence: Delingpole has engaged in climate change denialism; in 2009 he wrote of "The conspiracy behind the Anthropogenic Global Warming myth".
Category: Polar amplification
Claim: A recent study in Nature Geoscience, for instance, called into question whether the Arctic’s melting, and in particular its sea ice loss, has been causing winter cooling over Eurasia, another idea that has been swept up in the debate over the jet stream and weather extremes.”
Evidence: Studies published in 2017 and 2018 identified stalling patterns of rossby waves, in the northern hemisphere jet stream, to have caused almost stationary extreme weather events, such as the 2018 European heatwave, the 2003 European heat wave, 2010 Russian heat wave, 2010 Pakistan floods - these events have been linked to global warming, the rapid heating of the Arctic.
Evidence: In 2011, a Nature Geoscience study using general circulation models linked Pacific Rossby waves generated by increasing central tropical Pacific temperatures to warming of the Amundsen Sea region, leading to winter and spring continental warming of Ellsworth Land and Marie Byrd Land in West Antarctica via an increase in advection.
Category: Thirty Years' War
Claim: “Houlton has been exploring this possibility for years.
Evidence: The Last Valley (1971) is a film starring Michael Caine and Omar Sharif, who discover a temporary haven from the Thirty Years' War.
Evidence: Kightly suggests that the castle was sold to the Houlton family in 1705, rather than 1730; Jackson disagrees.
Evidence: The Last Valley (1959), by John Pick, is about two men fleeing the Thirty Years' War.
Category: Instrumental temperature record
Claim: While an isolated heatwave can be put down as an anomaly, the scale of this phenomenon points to global warming as the culprit, scientists said.
Evidence: Records of global average surface temperature are usually presented as anomalies rather than as absolute temperatures.
Evidence: The scientific consensus that global warming is occurring as a result of human activity remained unchanged at the end of the investigations.
Category: Global warming
Claim: In a study last year, Robert M. DeConto of the University of Massachusetts, Amherst, and David Pollard of Pennsylvania State University used their computer model to predict what would happen if emissions were reduced sharply over the next few decades, in line with international climate goals.
Evidence: Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7 °C (0.5 to 3.1 °F) in a moderate scenario, or as much as 2.6 to 4.8 °C (4.7 to 8.6 °F) in an extreme scenario, depending on the rate of future greenhouse gas emissions and on climate feedback effects.
Evidence: Decision 1/CP.16, paragraph 4, in UNFCCC: Cancun 2010: "deep cuts in global greenhouse gas emissions are required according to science, and as documented in the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, with a view to reducing global greenhouse gas emissions so as to hold the increase in global average temperature below 2 °C above preindustrial levels".
Evidence: The 10th Emissions Gap Report issued by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) predicts that if emissions continue to increase at the same rate as they have in 2010–2020, global temperatures would rise by as much as 4° by 2100.
Evidence: He and colleagues at the Political Economy Research Institute have developed a plan for national recovery that shows, for example, that investing in clean energy (wind power, solar, and biofuels) will create about three times as many good-paying jobs than conventional projects will, while reducing greenhouse gas emissions and dependence on foreign oil.
Category: Hockey stick controversy
Claim: They all confirm the original hockey stick conclusion: the 20th century is the warmest in the last 1000 years and that warming was most dramatic after 1920.
Evidence: They concluded that although the 20th century was almost certainly the warmest of the millennium, the amount of anthropogenic warming remains uncertain."
Evidence: A wide variety of temperature proxies together prove that the 20th century was the hottest recorded in the last 2,000 years.
Evidence: They judge that global mean surface air temperature has increased by 0.3 to 0.6 °C over the last 100 years, broadly consistent with prediction of climate models, but also of the same magnitude as natural climate variability.
Category: Antarctica
Claim: We’re not sure because we don’t have enough data, for long enough, to separate signal from noise,” said Eric J. Steig, a scientist at the University of Washington who has studied temperature trends in Antarctica.
Evidence: A study by Eric Steig published in 2009 noted for the first time that the continent-wide average surface temperature trend of Antarctica is slightly positive at >0.05 °C (0.09 °F) per decade from 1957 to 2006.
Evidence: One of the paper's authors, Eric Steig of the University of Washington, stated "We now see warming is taking place on all seven of the earth’s continents in accord with what models predict as a response to greenhouse gases."
Evidence: Research published in 2009 found that overall the continent had become warmer since the 1950s, a finding consistent with the influence of man-made climate change: "We can't pin it down, but it certainly is consistent with the influence of greenhouse gases from fossil fuels", said NASA scientist Drew Shindell, another study co-author.
Evidence: In a study released in 2009, historical weather station data was combined with satellite measurements to deduce past temperatures over large regions of the continent, and these temperatures indicate an overall warming trend.
Evidence: Using the long-term temperature trends for the earth scientists and statisticians conclude that it continues to warm through time.
Category: Tropical rainforest
Claim: IPCC were wrong about Amazon rainforests
Evidence: "Above- and below-ground net primary productivity across ten Amazonian forests on contrasting soils".
Evidence: IPCC NASA Data Shows Deforestation Affects Climate In The Amazon.
Evidence: It concluded that the forest is on the brink of[vague] being turned into savanna or desert, with catastrophic consequences for the world's climate.
Evidence: Research suggests that upon reaching about 20–25% (hence 3–8% more), the tipping point to flip it into a non-forest ecosystems – degraded savannah – (in eastern, southern and central Amazonia) will be reached.
Category: Western United States
Claim: On the Pacific Coast, a climate pattern that had pushed billions of gallons of water toward Asia is now ending, so that in coming decades the sea is likely to rise quickly off states like Oregon and California.
Evidence: Along the Pacific Ocean coast lie the Coast Ranges, which, while not approaching the scale of the Rocky Mountains, are formidable nevertheless.
Evidence: Annual rainfall is greater in the eastern portions, gradually tapering off until reaching the Pacific Coast where it increases again.
Evidence: The state's diverse geography ranges from the Pacific Coast in the west to the Sierra Nevada mountain range in the east, and from the redwood and Douglas fir forests in the northwest to the Mojave Desert in the southeast.
Evidence: The climate is arid in the Great Basin, desert in the Southwest, Mediterranean in coastal California, and oceanic in coastal Oregon and Washington and southern Alaska.
Evidence: The state's southwestern portion, particularly the Rogue Valley, has a Mediterranean climate with drier and sunnier winters and hotter summers, similar to Northern California.
Category: Fisheries and climate change
Claim: “The oceans will never become acid because there is such a huge buffering capacity in the oceans.
Evidence: The current level of GHG emissions means that ocean acidity will continue to increase and aquatic ecosystems will continue to degrade and change.
Evidence: More recently, anthropogenic activities have steadily increased the carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere; about 30–40% of the added CO2 is absorbed by the oceans, forming carbonic acid and lowering the pH (now below 8.1) through a process called ocean acidification.
Evidence: The rising ocean acidity makes it more difficult for marine organisms such as shrimp, oysters, or corals to form their shells – a process known as calcification.
Category: Mars
Claim: Mars and Jupiter are not warming, and anyway the sun has recently been cooling slightly.
Evidence: Observations by the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter had previously revealed the possibility of flowing water during the warmest months on Mars.
Evidence: Martian surface temperatures vary from lows of about −143 °C (−225 °F) at the winter polar caps to highs of up to 35 °C (95 °F) in equatorial summer.
Evidence: Brown ovals are warmer and located within the "normal cloud layer".
Evidence: The summer temperatures in the south can be warmer than the equivalent summer temperatures in the north by up to 30 °C (54 °F).
Category: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
Claim: The IPCC no longer includes the ‘Hockey stick’ chart in its reports.
Evidence: Besides the Sixth Assessment Report, to be completed in 2022, the IPCC released the Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C in October 2018, released an update to its 2006 Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories—the 2019 Refinement—in May 2019, and delivered two further special reports in 2019: the Special Report on Climate Change and Land (SRCCL), published online on 7 August, and the Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate (SROCC), released on 25 September 2019.
Evidence: Contrarian John Lawrence Daly featured a modified version of the IPCC 1990 schematic, which he mis-identified as appearing in the IPCC 1995 report, and argued that "Overturning its own previous view in the 1995 report, the IPCC presented the 'Hockey Stick' as the new orthodoxy with hardly an apology or explanation for the abrupt U-turn since its 1995 report".
Evidence: The IPCC has published five comprehensive assessment reports reviewing the latest climate science, as well as a number of special reports on particular topics.
Evidence: A paragraph in the 2007 Working Group II report ("Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability"), chapter 10 included a projection that Himalayan glaciers could disappear by 2035 Glaciers in the Himalaya are receding faster than in any other part of the world (see Table 10.9) and, if the present rate continues, the likelihood of them disappearing by the year 2035 and perhaps sooner is very high if the Earth keeps warming at the current rate.
Category: Falsifiability
Claim: “The notion that world-wide weather is becoming more extreme is just that: a notion, or a testable hypothesis.
Evidence: Popper considered falsifiability a test of whether theories are scientific, not of whether propositions that they contain or support are true.
Evidence: Given an empirical basis, the criterion of demarcation draws a sharp line between those theories that are scientific, and those that are un-scientific.
Evidence: From a new idea, put up tentatively, and not yet justified in any way—an anticipation, a hypothesis, a theoretical system, or what you will—conclusions are drawn by means of logical deduction.
Evidence: This will be the one which not only has hitherto stood up to the severest tests, but the one which is also testable in the most rigorous way.
Category: Coastal fish
Claim: Within a decade, certain kinds of branching and plate coral could be extinct, reef scientists say, along with a variety of small fish that rely on them for protection from predators.
Evidence: In turn, they are preyed on by larger predatory fish, seabirds and marine mammals.
Evidence: This level of variety in the environment benefits many coral reef animals, which, for example, may feed in the sea grass and use the reefs for protection or breeding.
Evidence: Swordfish are teleosts Rose fish are also teleosts Eels are teleosts too So are seahorses Some of the shortest-lived species are gobies, which are small coral reef–dwelling fish.
Evidence: They are important apex predators feeding on a wide variety of smaller fish and cephalopods.
Evidence: Endangered species - An endangered species is a population of an organism which is at risk of becoming extinct.
Category: Planetary boundaries
Claim: CO2 limits won't cool the planet, but they can make the difference between continued accelerating global warming to catastrophic levels vs. slowing and eventually stopping the warming at hopefully safe levels.
Evidence: Thresholds and boundaries The threshold, or tipping point, is the value at which a very small increment for the control variable (like CO2) triggers a larger, possibly catastrophic, change in the response variable (global warming) through feedbacks in the natural Earth System itself.
Category: IPCC Fourth Assessment Report
Claim: IPCC were wrong about Himalayan glaciers
Evidence: The report has also been criticized for inclusion of an erroneous date for the projected demise of the Himalayan glaciers.
Evidence: In its statement, the IPCC stands by its general findings relating to the Himalayan glaciers being at risk from global warming (with consequent risks to water flow into the Gangetic basin).
Evidence: Two errors include the melting of Himalayan glaciers (see later section), and Dutch land area that is below sea level.
Category: Ozone layer
Claim: The Ozone Layer stops UV radiation from entering our atmosphere.
Evidence: Consequently, unabsorbed and dangerous ultraviolet radiation is able to reach the Earth's surface at a higher intensity.
Evidence: Although the concentration of the ozone in the ozone layer is very small, it is vitally important to life because it absorbs biologically harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation coming from the sun.
Evidence: It is present in very low concentrations throughout the latter, with its highest concentration high in the ozone layer of the stratosphere, which absorbs most of the Sun's ultraviolet (UV) radiation.
Category: Scientific consensus on climate change
Claim: cutting speed limits could slow climate change
Evidence: People and nations can act individually and collectively to slow the pace of global warming, while also preparing for unavoidable climate change and its consequences.
Evidence: "Gardeners can slow climate change".
Evidence: Climate change is affecting the white tailed deer by changing their migration patterns and increasing their population size.
Evidence: Melting permafrost may also accelerate climate change in the future.
Category: Attribution of recent climate change
Claim: Climate reacts to whatever forces it to change at the time; humans are now the dominant forcing.
Evidence: Human activities can also impose forcings, for example, through changing the composition of the atmosphere.
Evidence: These external forcings can be natural, such as variations in solar intensity and volcanic eruptions, or caused by humans.
Evidence: Volcanic eruptions, solar variations and anthropogenic changes in the composition of the atmosphere and land use change are external forcings.
Evidence: Climate change may be due to natural internal processes or external forcings such as modulations of the solar cycles, volcanic eruptions and persistent anthropogenic changes in the composition of the atmosphere or in land use."
Evidence: Other changes are caused by external forcings.
Category: Greenland
Claim: Greenland has only lost a tiny fraction of its ice mass
Evidence: "Greenland Glaciers Losing Ice Much Faster, Study Says".
Evidence: Between then and 2010, the mountain lost 80 percent of its ice — two-thirds of which since another scientific expedition in the 1970s.
Evidence: The ablation zone is the region where there is a net loss in glacier mass.
Category: 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami
Claim: The result did suggest the sea level  was increasing in the western Pacific, but this was offset by a drop in  the level near the Alaskan coast.
Evidence: with a marginal drop in sea level.
Evidence: Satellites are useful for measuring regional variations in sea level, such as the substantial rise between 1993 and 2012 in the western tropical Pacific.
Evidence: Five of the Solomon Islands have disappeared due to the combined effects of sea level rise and stronger trade winds that were pushing water into the Western Pacific.
Evidence: A drop of eustatic sea level by about 60 m to 120 m lower than present-day levels, commencing around 30,000 years BP, created Beringia, a durable and extensive geographic feature connecting Siberia with Alaska.
Category: Global warming conspiracy theory
Claim: Climate change is a hoax invented by the Chinese.
Evidence: "The concept of global warming was created by and for the Chinese in order to make U.S. manufacturing non-competitive" (Tweet).
Evidence: In 2012, Donald Trump claimed that "The concept of global warming was created by and for the Chinese in order to make U.S. manufacturing non-competitive."
Evidence: Climate change has also been called the "greatest scam in history" by John Coleman, who co-founded the Weather Channel.
Category: Coral bleaching
Claim: Coral bleaching has devastated 93% of the Great Barrier Reef
Evidence: These temperatures have caused the most severe and widespread coral bleaching ever recorded in the Great Barrier reef.
Evidence: "Coral Bleaching Has Ravaged Half of Hawaii's Coral Reefs".
Evidence: An overall analysis of coral loss found that coral populations on the Great Barrier Reef had declined by 50.7% from 1985 to 2012, but with only about 10% of that decline attributable to bleaching, and the remaining 90% caused about equally by tropical cyclones and by predation by crown-of-thorns starfishes.
Evidence: In 2016, bleaching of coral on the Great Barrier Reef killed between 29 and 50 percent of the reef's coral.
Category: Global warming
Claim: No warming since at least 1995, no melting glaciers and now no rising sea levels.
Evidence: Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.
Evidence: This acceleration is due mostly to human-caused global warming, which is driving thermal expansion of seawater and the melting of land-based ice sheets and glaciers.
Evidence: The Greenland Ice Sheet has experienced record melting in recent years since detailed records have been kept and is likely to contribute substantially to sea level rise as well as to possible changes in ocean circulation in the future if this is sustained.
Category: Ocean acidification
Claim: “[…]The impact on calcification, metabolism, growth, fertility and survival of calcifying marine species when pH is lowered up to 0.3 units […] is beneficial, not damaging.
Evidence: The effects on the calcifying organisms at the base of the food webs could potentially destroy fisheries.
Evidence: Although the natural absorption of CO 2 by the world's oceans helps mitigate the climatic effects of anthropogenic emissions of CO 2, it is believed that the resulting decrease in pH will have negative consequences, primarily for oceanic calcifying organisms.
Evidence: It is expected to drop by a further 0.3 to 0.5 pH units (an additional doubling to tripling of today's post-industrial acid concentrations) by 2100 as the oceans absorb more anthropogenic CO 2, the impacts being most severe for coral reefs and the Southern Ocean.
Evidence: The German Advisory Council on Global Change stated: In order to prevent disruption of the calcification of marine organisms and the resultant risk of fundamentally altering marine food webs, the following guard rail should be obeyed: the pH of near surface waters should not drop more than 0.2 units below the pre-industrial average value in any larger ocean region (nor in the global mean).
Evidence: This reduction in pH affects biological systems in the oceans, primarily oceanic calcifying organisms.
Category: Al Gore
Claim: Newt Gingrich "teamed with Nancy Pelosi and Al Gore on global warming."
Evidence: "Urge Gore to Add Going Vegetarian to the Global Warming Pledge".
Evidence: He was known as one of the Atari Democrats, later called the "Democrats' Greens, politicians who see issues like clean air, clean water and global warming as the key to future victories for their party."
Evidence: Gingrich has identified education as "the number one factor in our future prosperity", and has partnered with Al Sharpton and Education Secretary Arne Duncan on education issues.
Category: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
Claim: While natural forcings can account for much of the early 20th Century warming, humans played a role as well.
Evidence: Since the mid-20th century, most of the observed warming is "likely" (greater than 66% probability, based on expert judgement) due to human activities.
Evidence: (2012) stated that a combination of natural weather variability and human-induced global warming was responsible for the Moscow and Texas heat waves.
Evidence: It is extremely likely (95-100% probability) that human influence was the dominant cause of global warming between 1951-2010.
Evidence: Some researchers have proposed that human influences on climate began earlier than is normally supposed (see Early anthropocene for more details) and that major population declines in Eurasia and the Americas reduced this impact, leading to a cooling trend.
Category: Climate change denial
Claim: "There is no actual evidence that carbon dioxide emissions are causing global warming.
Evidence: There is no convincing scientific evidence that human release of carbon dioxide, methane, or other greenhouse gases is causing or will, in the foreseeable future, cause catastrophic heating of the Earth's atmosphere and disruption of the Earth's climate.
Evidence: Cumulative anthropogenic (i.e., human-emitted) emissions of CO 2 from fossil fuel use are a major cause of global warming, and give some indication of which countries have contributed most to human-induced climate change.
Evidence: CO2 emissions are continuing to rise due to the burning of fossil fuels and land-use change.
Evidence: "How the oceans absorb carbon dioxide is critical for predicting climate change".
Category: List of heat waves
Claim: Satellite temperature readings going back to 1979 show 1998 was by far the warmest year in the satellite era
Evidence: 2016 was the warmest year on record.
Evidence: The exceptionally warm El Niño year of 1998 was an outlier from the continuing temperature trend, and so subsequent annual temperatures gave the appearance of a hiatus: by January 2006, it appeared to some that global warming had stopped or paused.
Category: Natural environment
Claim: Natural cycles superimposed on a linear warming trend can be mistaken for step changes, but the underlying warming is caused by the external radiative forcing.
Evidence: This is due to the greenhouse effect, which is caused by greenhouse gases, which trap heat inside the Earth's atmosphere because of their more complex molecular structure which allows them to vibrate and in turn trap heat and release it back towards the Earth.
Evidence: Positive radiative forcing leads to warming by increasing the net incoming energy, whereas negative radiative forcing leads to cooling.
Evidence: AR4 describes warming and cooling effects on the planet in terms of radiative forcing — the rate of change of energy in the system, measured as power per unit area (in SI units, W/m²).
Evidence: Climate change may be due to natural internal processes or external forcings, such as modulations of the solar cycles, volcanic eruptions, and persistent anthropogenic changes in the composition of the atmosphere or in land use.
Category: La Niña
Claim: Short term cooling over the last few years is largely due to a strong La Nina phase in the Pacific Ocean and a prolonged solar minimum.
Evidence: La Niña is the positive and cold phase of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation, and is associated with cooler-than-average sea surface temperatures in the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean.
Evidence: An especially strong Walker circulation causes La Niña, resulting in cooler ocean temperatures in the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean due to increased upwelling.
Evidence: During a period of La Niña, the sea surface temperature across the equatorial Eastern Central Pacific Ocean will be lower than normal by 3 to 5°C (5.4 to 9°F).
Category: Urban heat island
Claim: Urban and rural regions show the same warming trend.
Evidence: Surfaces in the urban areas tend to warm faster than those of the surrounding rural areas.
Evidence: For example, urban and rural trends are very similar.
Evidence: On the other hand, one 1999 comparison between urban and rural areas proposed that urban heat island effects have little influence on global mean temperature trends.
Category: Carbon sink
Claim: “We almost take forests as a given but we lose forest every year, which means we are diminishing them as a carbon sink.
Evidence: Additionally, the amount of carbon released from harvesting is small compared to the amount of carbon lost each year to forest fires and other natural disturbances.
Evidence: From the perspective of the developing world, the benefits of forest as carbon sinks or biodiversity reserves go primarily to richer developed nations and there is insufficient compensation for these services.
Evidence: acting as a carbon sink.
Category: Antarctica
Claim: Sea ice continued its declining trend, both in the Arctic and Antarctic.
Evidence: "A 40-y record reveals gradual Antarctic sea ice increases followed by decreases at rates far exceeding the rates seen in the Arctic".
Evidence: Antarctic sea ice extent gradually increased in the period of satellite observations, which began in 1979, until a rapid decline in southern hemisphere spring of 2016.
Evidence: Sea ice is currently in decline in area, extent, and volume and summertime sea ice may cease to exist sometime during the 21st century.
Category: Weather
Claim: Weather is chaotic because air is light, it has low friction and viscosity, it expands strongly when in contact with hot surfaces and it conducts heat poorly.
Evidence: A hot surface warms the air above it causing it to expand and lower the density and the resulting surface air pressure.
Evidence: Liquids tend to have better thermal conductivity than gases, and the ability to flow makes a liquid suitable for removing excess heat from mechanical components.
Evidence: The bulk viscosity (also called volume viscosity) expresses a type of internal friction that resists the shearless compression or expansion of a fluid.
Evidence: The work done by friction can translate into deformation, wear, and heat that can affect the contact surface properties (even the coefficient of friction between the surfaces).
Category: Holocene
Claim: About 60% of the warming observed from 1970 to 2000 was very likely caused by this natural 60-year climatic cycle during its warming phase...
Evidence: This period of warmth ended about 5,500 years ago with the descent into the Neoglacial and concomitant Neopluvial.
Evidence: These can be defined as geologically brief (<200,000 year) events characterized by rapid global warming, major changes in the environment, and massive carbon addition.
Evidence: Given that records of solar activity are accurate, solar activity may have contributed to part of the modern warming that peaked in the 1930s, in addition to the 60-year temperature cycles that result in roughly 0.5 °C of warming during the increasing temperature phase.
Category: Carbon dioxide
Claim: “The oceans, which absorb more than 90% of the extra CO2 pumped into the atmosphere“
Evidence: NOAA states in their May 2008 "State of the science fact sheet for ocean acidification" that: "The oceans have absorbed about 50% of the carbon dioxide (CO 2) released from the burning of fossil fuels, resulting in chemical reactions that lower ocean pH.
Evidence: Most of the CO 2 taken up by the ocean, which is about 30% of the total released into the atmosphere, forms carbonic acid in equilibrium with bicarbonate.
Evidence: More recently, anthropogenic activities have steadily increased the carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere; about 30–40% of the added CO2 is absorbed by the oceans, forming carbonic acid and lowering the pH (now below 8.1) through a process called ocean acidification.
Category: Global warming
Claim: A generous estimate of the energy generated by satellites is around 1 million times too small to cause global warming.
Evidence: Global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions in 2010 were equivalent to 49 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide (using the most recent global warming potentials over 100 years from the AR5 report).
Evidence: However, the incineration and burning of forest plants to clear land releases large amounts of CO2, which contributes to global warming.
Category: Florida
Claim: The April low temperatures here are now about 6 degrees Fahrenheit warmer than they used to be.
Evidence: With an average daily temperature of 70.7 °F (21.5 °C), it is the warmest state in the U.S.
Evidence: Since 1895, average temperatures have climbed by almost 3.6 degrees Fahrenheit, double the average for the other Lower 48 states.
Evidence: From April to June and from September to early November, Montclair experiences temperatures from the lower 60s to the lower 70s.
Evidence: At O'Hare, temperatures as low as 7 °F (−14 °C) and 31 °F (−1 °C) have been recorded as late as April 7 and May 21, respectively.
Category: Global warming
Claim: Every part of the Earth's climate system has continued warming since 1998, with 2015 shattering temperature records.
Evidence: Multiple independently produced instrumental datasets confirm that the 2009–2018 decade was 0.93 ± 0.07 °C warmer than the pre-industrial baseline (1850–1900).
Evidence: Throughout this period ocean heat storage continued to progress steadily upwards, and in subsequent years surface temperatures have spiked upwards.
Evidence: Global warming is the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.
Evidence: An example of such an episode is the slower rate of surface temperature increase from 1998 to 2012, which was dubbed the global warming hiatus.
Category: Scientific consensus on climate change
Claim: The Petition Project features over 31,000 scientists signing the petition stating "there is no convincing scientific evidence that human release of carbon dioxide will, in the forseeable future, cause catastrophic heating of the Earth's atmosphere".
Evidence: 7–10 "There is now convincing evidence that since the industrial revolution, human activities, resulting in increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases have become a major agent of climate change.
Evidence: Human activities, primarily the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas), and secondarily the clearing of land, have increased the concentration of carbon dioxide, methane, and other heat-trapping ("greenhouse") gases in the atmosphere...There is international scientific consensus that most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities.
Evidence: There is no convincing scientific evidence that human release of carbon dioxide, methane, or other greenhouse gases is causing or will, in the foreseeable future, cause catastrophic heating of the Earth's atmosphere and disruption of the Earth's climate.
Evidence: In November 2017, a second warning to humanity signed by 15,364 scientists from 184 countries stated that "the current trajectory of potentially catastrophic climate change due to rising greenhouse gases from burning fossil fuels, deforestation, and agricultural production – particularly from farming ruminants for meat consumption" is "especially troubling".
Category: Climate change mitigation
Claim: when 3 per cent of total annual global emissions of carbon dioxide are from humans and Australia prod­uces 1.3 per cent of this 3 per cent, then no amount of emissions reductio­n here will have any effect on global climate.
Evidence: With a market share of 30% and (potentially) clean electricity, heat pumps could reduce global CO 2 emissions by 8% annually.
Evidence: Cumulative anthropogenic (i.e., human-emitted) emissions of CO 2 from fossil fuel use are a major cause of global warming, and give some indication of which countries have contributed most to human-induced climate change.