Danthammadhavi/climate_fever_fixed huggingface dataset:
Category: Mountain pine beetle
Claim: U.S. Forest Service data show pine beetle infestations have recently declined dramatically throughout the western United States.
Evidence: A lodgepole pine tree with a pitch tube A lodgepole pine tree infested by the mountain pine beetle, with visible pitch tubes Invaded pine tree forest on the slopes of Chancellor Peak in Yoho National Park, Canada A pine tree forest north of Breckenridge, CO shows infestation in 2008.
Evidence: However, unusually hot, dry summers and mild winters throughout the region during the last few years, along with forests filled with mature lodgepole pine, have led to an unprecedented epidemic.
Evidence: As of May 2013, the Pine Beetle is aggressively devastating forests in all 19 Western States and Canada, destroying approximately 88 million acres of timber at a 70–90% kill rate.
Category: Retreat of glaciers since 1850
Claim: The report suggests significantly smaller overall  ice-mass losses than previous estimates.
Evidence: This represents a loss of 8% of the ice field, with all glaciers experiencing significant retreat.
Category: Environmental impact of aviation
Claim: CO2 emissions from all commercial operations in 2018 totaled 918 million metric tons—2.4% of global CO2 emissions from fossil fuel use.
Evidence: In 2018, global commercial operations emitted 918 million tonnes (Mt) of CO₂, 2.4% of all CO₂ emissions: 747 Mt for passenger transport and 171 Mt for freight operations.
Evidence: The United States produced 5.4 billion metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in 2018, the second largest in the world after China and among the worst countries by greenhouse gas emissions per person.
Evidence: The U.S. EIA estimates that U.S. motor gasoline and diesel (distillate) fuel consumption for transportation in 2015 resulted in the emission of about 1,105 million metric tons of CO2 and 440 million metric tons of CO2, respectively, for a total of 1,545 million metric tons of CO2.
Category: Variable renewable energy
Claim: Numerous case studies on both regional and global scales have determined that renewable energy, if properly implemented, can provide baseload power.
Evidence: Firm capacity is the amount of power that can be guaranteed to be provided as base power.
Evidence: EGS and HDR technologies, such as hydrothermal geothermal, are expected to be baseload resources which produce power 24 hours a day like a fossil plant.
Evidence: Some renewable electricity sources have identical variability to coal-fired power stations, so they are base-load, and can be integrated into the electricity supply system without any additional back-up.
Category: Methane
Claim: Methane is the only cause of climate change.
Evidence: Climate change can increase atmospheric methane levels by increasing methane production in natural ecosystems, forming a Climate change feedback.
Category: Antarctica
Claim: We're coming out of the Little Ice Age
Evidence: This means that it is a very cold continent where water is mostly in the form of ice.
Evidence: The first game based on the series, Adventure Time: Hey Ice King!
Evidence: Hip hop's "golden age" (or "golden era") is a name given to a period in mainstream hip hop, produced between the mid-1980s and the early 1990s, which is characterized by its diversity, quality, innovation and influence.
Category: Solar power
Claim: For example, geothermal energy is available at all times, concentrated solar thermal energy has storage capability, and wind energy can be stored in compressed air.
Evidence: Concentrated solar power plants may use thermal storage to store solar energy, such as in high-temperature molten salts.
Evidence: The thermal storage capacity is indicated in hours of power generation at nameplate capacity.
Category: Chicago
Claim: In Albany, New York, the high temperature of 74 degrees on Thursday was the warmest temperature on record for any day during the months of December, January and February.
Evidence: The normal winter high from December through March is about 36 °F (2 °C), with January and February being the coldest months; January 2019's polar vortex nearly broke the city's cold record of minus 27 degrees, which was set on January 20, 1985.
Evidence: Record temperature extremes range from −28 °F (−33 °C), on January 19, 1971, to 104 °F (40 °C) on July 4, 1911.
Category: Hurricane Irma
Claim: The U.S. has also witnessed increasing numbers of intense rainfall events.
Evidence: Heavy precipitation – and storm surge, in some instances – overflowed at least 32 rivers and creeks, causing in significant flooding, particularly along the St. Johns River and its tributaries.
Evidence: Rainfall resulted in several rivers reaching major flood stage.
Evidence: In the days after the hurricane, due to the heavy rainfall, numerous rivers had flooded, including residential areas.
Evidence: "Extensive flooding, damage in Turks and Caicos".
Category: Global warming
Claim: current climate predictions may underestimate long-term warming by as much as a factor of two
Evidence: Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7 °C (0.5 to 3.1 °F) in a moderate scenario, or as much as 2.6 to 4.8 °C (4.7 to 8.6 °F) in an extreme scenario, depending on the rate of future greenhouse gas emissions and on climate feedback effects.
Evidence: "Long-term persistence enhances uncertainty about anthropogenic warming of Antarctica".
Evidence: A conservative estimate of the long-term projections is that each Celsius degree of temperature rise triggers a sea level rise of approximately 2.3 meters (4.2 ft/degree Fahrenheit) over a period of two millennia: an example of climate inertia.
Evidence: "A novel probabilistic forecast system predicting anomalously warm 2018–2022 reinforcing the long-term global warming trend".
Category: Greenhouse effect
Claim: “We’ve known about [the greenhouse effect] for more than a century.
Evidence: The effect of combustion-produced carbon dioxide on the global climate, a special case of the greenhouse effect first described in 1896 by Svante Arrhenius, has also been called the Callendar effect.
Evidence: Scientists have known for over a century that even this small proportion has a significant warming effect, and doubling the proportion leads to a large temperature increase.
Category: Climate change denial
Claim: Opponents of climate action are getting twice as much airtime as proponents of climate action.
Evidence: "Conservative groups spend up to $1bn a year to fight action on climate change".
Evidence: The British press also changed its coverage at the end of 1988, following a speech by Margaret Thatcher to the Royal Society advocating action against human-induced climate change.
Evidence: Fox News has widely been described as a major platform for climate change denial.
Evidence: Between 1989 and 2002 the Global Climate Coalition, a group of mainly United States businesses, used aggressive lobbying and public relations tactics to oppose action to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and fight the Kyoto Protocol.
Category: Scientific consensus on climate change
Claim: Recent studies agree that recent global temperatures are unprecedented in the last 1000 years.
Evidence: Since the start of the 20th century, the global mean surface temperature of the Earth has increased by more than 0.7°C and the rate of warming has been largest in the last 30 years.
Evidence: Global warming in this case was indicated by an increase of 0.75 degrees in average global temperatures over the last 100 years.
Evidence: Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.
Category: Instrumental temperature record
Claim: “ NASA concurred with NOAA, also declaring 2016 the warmest year on record in its own data set that tracks the temperatures at the surface of the planet’s land and oceans, and expressing ‘greater than 95 percent certainty’ in that conclusion.
Evidence: The global average and combined land and ocean surface temperature, show a warming of 0.85 [0.65 to 1.06] °C, in the period 1880 to 2012, based on multiple independently produced datasets.
Evidence: The Earth's average surface absolute temperature for the 1961–1990 period has been derived by spatial interpolation of average observed near-surface air temperatures from over the land, oceans and sea ice regions, with a best estimate of 14 °C (57.2 °F).
Evidence: Its statements concur with the global scientific consensus that the global climate is warming.
Category: Effects of global warming
Claim: Climate change isn't increasing extreme weather damage costs
Evidence: For example, humans living on atoll islands face risks due to sea level rise, sea surface warming, and increased frequency and intensity of extreme weather events.
Evidence: For example, developed countries will be negatively affected by increases in the severity and frequency of some extreme weather events, such as heat waves.
Evidence: Global warming boosts the probability of extreme weather events, like heat waves, far more than it boosts more moderate events.
Category: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
Claim: The IPCC simply updated their temperature history graphs to show the best data available at the time.
Evidence: This graph extended the similar graph in Figure 3.20 from the IPCC Second Assessment Report of 1995, and differed from a schematic in the first assessment report that lacked temperature units, but appeared to depict larger global temperature variations over the past 1000 years, and higher temperatures during the Medieval Warm Period than the mid 20th century.
Evidence: These studies were widely presented as demonstrating that the current warming period is exceptional in comparison to temperatures between 1000 and 1900, and the MBH99 based graph featured in publicity.
Evidence: This was the basis of a "schematic diagram" featured in the IPCC First Assessment Report beside cautions that the medieval warming might not have been global.
Category: Wikipedia
Claim: ‘Getting hung up on the exact nature of the records is interesting, and there’s lots of technical work that can be done there, but the main take-home response there is that the trends we’ve been seeing since the 1970s are continuing and have not paused in any way,’ he said.”
Evidence: Rosenzweig also criticized the "waffling—encouraged by the NPOV policy—[which] means that it is hard to discern any overall interpretive stance in Wikipedia history".
Evidence: Reflecting on developments in rock music at the start of the 1970s, Robert Christgau later wrote in Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies (1981): The decade is, of course, an arbitrary schema itself—time doesn't just execute a neat turn toward the future every ten years.
Evidence: Tech writer Bruce Sterling commented in 2007 that using Twitter for "literate communication" is "about as likely as firing up a CB radio and hearing some guy recite the Iliad".
Category: Hurricane Katrina
Claim: Tallahassee reduced its carbon intensity by roughly 40 percent.
Evidence: For example, by 2006 the decreased biomass in bottomland hardwood forests contributed an amount of carbon which equated to roughly 140% of the net annual U.S. carbon sink in forest trees.
Evidence: A typical bituminous coal may have an ultimate analysis on a dry, ash-free basis of 84.4% carbon, 5.4% hydrogen, 6.7% oxygen, 1.7% nitrogen, and 1.8% sulfur, on a weight basis.
Evidence: These include a target to reduce the energy intensity of their GDP by 20% during the 2005–10 period.
Category: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
Claim: "Many people think the science of climate change is settled.
Evidence: "The work of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) represents the consensus of the international scientific community on climate change science.
Evidence: Many of the issues that are settled within the scientific community, such as human responsibility for global warming, remain the subject of politically or economically motivated attempts to downplay, dismiss or deny them—an ideological phenomenon categorised by academics and scientists as climate change denial.
Evidence: Regrettably, this creates the impression that scientific opinion is evenly divided or completely unsettled" Begley 2007: "polls found that 64 percent of Americans thought there was 'a lot' of scientific disagreement on climate change; only one third thought planetary warming was "mainly caused by things people do."
Category: Emissions trading
Claim: Economic assessments of proposed policy to put a price on carbon emissions are in widespread agreement that the net economic impact will be minor.
Evidence: They all put a price on pollution (for example, see carbon price), and so provide an economic incentive to reduce pollution beginning with the lowest-cost opportunities.
Evidence: Economists have different views over the cost estimates of climate change mitigation given in the Review.
Evidence: This is considered as a particularly difficult policy proposal as the economic growth of developing countries are proportionally reflected in the growth of greenhouse emissions.
Evidence: Various studies in the 1990s, and an economic analysis by Statistics Norway, have estimated the effect of the CO2 tax to be a reduction of 2.5–11% of Norwegian emissions under a business-as-usual approach (i.e., the predicted emissions that would have occurred without the tax).
Category: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
Claim: The IPCC (2013), USGCRP (2017), and USGCRP (2018) indicate that it is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-twentieth century.
Evidence: Since the mid-20th century, most of the observed warming is "likely" (greater than 66% probability, based on expert judgement) due to human activities.
Evidence: The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fifth Assessment Report concluded, "It is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century".
Evidence: The scientific consensus as of 2013[update], as stated in the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report, is that it "is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century".
Category: International Standard Book Number
Claim: In particular, PMOD alters the data from the Nimbus7/ERB record from 1989 to 1991.
Evidence: when typing it or writing it down) are a single altered digit or the transposition of adjacent digits.
Evidence: These arise from the fact that ACRIM uses the original TSI results published by the satellite experiment teams while PMOD significantly modifies some results to conform them to specific TSI proxy models.
Evidence: In mathematics, in particular the area of number theory, a modular multiplicative inverse of an integer a is an integer x such that the product ax is congruent to 1 with respect to the modulus m. In the standard notation of modular arithmetic this congruence is written as a x ≡ 1 ( mod m ) , {\displaystyle ax\equiv 1{\pmod {m}},} which is the shorthand way of writing the statement that m divides (evenly) the quantity ax − 1, or, put another way, the remainder after dividing ax by the integer m is 1.
Category: Retreat of glaciers since 1850
Claim: Greenland has only lost a tiny fraction of its ice mass.
Evidence: Between then and 2010, the mountain lost 80 percent of its ice — two-thirds of which since another scientific expedition in the 1970s.
Evidence: If iceberg calving has happened as an average, Greenland lost 294 Gt of its mass during 2007 (one km3 of ice weighs about 0.9 Gt).
Evidence: Findings show that Greenland has lost 3.8 trillion tonnes of ice since 1992, enough to raise sea levels by almost 11mm (1.06cm).
Category: John McCain
Claim: A major part of the climate change bill sponsored by Sens. John Kerry and Joe Lieberman "was essentially written by BP."
Evidence: He and Democratic senator Joe Lieberman wrote the legislation that created the 9/11 Commission, while he and Democratic senator Fritz Hollings co-sponsored the Aviation and Transportation Security Act that federalized airport security.
Evidence: A release from the presidential campaign of presumptive Democratic nominee Al Gore listed Kerry on the short list to be selected as the vice-presidential nominee, along with North Carolina Senator John Edwards, Indiana Senator Evan Bayh, Missouri Congressman Richard Gephardt, New Hampshire Governor Jeanne Shaheen and Connecticut Senator Joe Lieberman.
Evidence: On December 10, 2009, Graham co-sponsored a letter to President Barack Obama along with then Senators John Kerry and Joe Lieberman announcing their commitment to passing a climate change bill and outlining its framework.
Evidence: On June 19, 2010, Lieberman introduced a bill called "Protecting Cyberspace as a National Asset Act of 2010", which he co-wrote with Senator Susan Collins (R-ME) and Senator Thomas Carper (D-DE).
Evidence: During this time, Gore wrote Earth in the Balance, a text which became the first book written by a sitting U.S.
Category: Climate change feedback
Claim: Since rock weathering reduces atmospheric CO2, this again reinforces the scientific fact that CO2 is a strong driver of climate.
Evidence: With current global warming, weathering is increasing, demonstrating significant feedbacks between climate and Earth surface.
Evidence: The primary driver of this is the ocean, which absorbs anthropogenic CO2 via the so-called solubility pump.
Evidence: Climate change is more accurate scientifically to describe the various effects of greenhouse gases on the world because it includes extreme weather, storms and changes in rainfall patterns, ocean acidification and sea level.".
Category: Global warming
Claim: Solar cycles cause global warming.
Evidence: In general, since the 2010s, global oil companies do not dispute that climate change exists and is caused by the burning of fossil fuels.
Evidence: There is a scientific consensus linking human activities to global warming due to industrial carbon dioxide emissions.
Evidence: CO2 emissions are continuing to rise due to the burning of fossil fuels and land-use change.
Category: Climatic Research Unit email controversy
Claim: An independent inquiry found CRU is a small research unit with limited resources and their rigour and honesty are not in doubt.
Evidence: The "rigour and honesty" of the scientists at the Climatic Research Unit were found not to be in doubt.
Evidence: Describing its report as "hugely positive", he stated that "it is especially important that, despite a deluge of allegations and smears against the CRU, this independent group of utterly reputable scientists have concluded that there was no evidence of any scientific malpractice."
Evidence: The panel did not seek to evaluate the science itself, but rather whether "the conclusions [reached by the CRU] represented an honest and scientifically justified interpretation of the data".
Evidence: The Science and Technology Select Committee inquiry reported on 31 March 2010 that it had found that "the scientific reputation of Professor Jones and CRU remains intact".
Category: Ocean heat content
Claim: Early estimates of ocean heat from the Argo showed a cooling bias due to pressure sensor issues.
Evidence: Ocean heat content can be estimated using temperature measurements obtained by a Nansen bottle, an ARGO float, or ocean acoustic tomography.
Evidence: David Morrison reports that "[b]oth of these data sets show clear signatures of heat deposition in the ocean, from the temperature changes in the top 2 km of water and from the expansion of the ocean water due to heating.
Category: Polar bear
Claim: Polar bear numbers are increasing.
Evidence: The numbers taken grew rapidly in the 1960s, peaking around 1968 with a global total of 1,250 bears that year.
Evidence: In two areas where harvest levels have been increased based on increased sightings, science-based studies have indicated declining populations, and a third area is considered data-deficient.
Evidence: In 2010, the 2005 increase was partially reversed.
Category: Scientific consensus on climate change
Claim: Global warming is causing more hurricanes and stronger hurricanes.
Evidence: As the Earth's climate warms, we are seeing many changes: stronger, more destructive hurricanes; heavier rainfall; more disastrous flooding; more areas of the world experiencing severe drought; and more heat waves."
Evidence: The maximum rainfall and wind speed from hurricanes and typhoons are likely increasing.
Evidence: As the temperature of the atmosphere increases, the capacity to hold water increases, leading to stronger storms and higher rainfall amounts.
Evidence: Their report also states that due to global warming the number of future hurricanes will "either decrease or remain essentially unchanged" overall, but the ones that do form will likely be stronger, with fiercer winds and heavier rains.
Category: Solar System
Claim: In fact, in recent years when cosmic rays should have been having their largest cooling effect on record, temperatures have been at their highest on record.
Evidence: It is the hottest planet, with surface temperatures over 400 °C (752 °F), most likely due to the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
Evidence: Even accounting for the presence of internal climate variability, recent years rank among the warmest on record.
Evidence: The actual temperatures are not known, because the size of the hot spots could not be measured, but are likely to have been in the 800–1,100 K (527–827 °C; 980–1,520 °F) range, relative to a normal temperature of 740 K (467 °C; 872 °F).
Evidence: On average, such eruptions occur several times per century, and cause cooling (by partially blocking the transmission of solar radiation to the Earth's surface) for a period of several years.
Category: Big data
Claim: In looking at Earth’s past, scientists can predict what the future will look like
Evidence: Fed by a large number of data on past experiences, algorithms can predict future development if the future is similar to the past.
Evidence: Historically, the ability of experts to predict the future over these timescales has proved very limited.
Evidence: Scientists do not predict that a natural ice age will occur anytime soon.
Category: Greenhouse gas
Claim: The minute increase of anthropogenic CO2 in the atmosphere (0.008%) was not the cause of the warming—it was a continuation of natural cycles that occurred over the past 500 years."
Evidence: The sharp acceleration in CO 2 emissions since 2000 to more than a 3% increase per year (more than 2 ppm per year) from 1.1% per year during the 1990s is attributable to the lapse of formerly declining trends in carbon intensity of both developing and developed nations.
Evidence: Following the start of the Industrial Revolution, atmospheric CO 2 concentration increased to over 400 parts per million and continues to increase, causing the phenomenon of global warming.
Evidence: Human activities since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution (around 1750) have produced a 45% increase in the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide, from 280 ppm in 1750 to 415 ppm in 2019.
Category: Climate of Australia
Claim: The unusual heat was most noteworthy in Europe, which had its warmest April on record, and Australia, which had its second-warmest.
Evidence: According to the Bureau of Meteorology, Australia's annual mean temperature for 2009 was 0.90 °C (1.62 °F) above the 1961–90 average, making it the nation's second-warmest year since high-quality records began in 1910.
Evidence: January 2019 was the hottest month ever in Australia with average temperatures exceeding 30 °C (86 °F).
Category: GRACE and GRACE-FO
Claim: A new article in Nature Geoscience  describes an innovative approach employed to derive ice-mass changes  from GRACE data.
Evidence: Scientists have also detailed improved methods for using GRACE data to describe Earth's gravity field.
Evidence: "Regional acceleration in ice mass loss from Greenland and Antarctica using GRACE time-variable gravity data".
Evidence: GRACE data have provided a record of mass loss within the ice sheets of Greenland and Antarctica.
Evidence: GRACE data are critical in helping to determine the cause of sea level rise, whether it is the result of mass being added to the ocean - from melting glaciers, for example - or from thermal expansion of warming water or changes in salinity.
Category: Carbon dioxide
Claim: Not only is there no scientific evidence that CO2 is a pollutant, higher CO2 concentrations actually help ecosystems support more plant and animal life.
Evidence: Plants can grow as much as 50 percent faster in concentrations of 1,000 ppm CO 2 when compared with ambient conditions, though this assumes no change in climate and no limitation on other nutrients.
Evidence: Wetlands are also considered the most biologically diverse of all ecosystems, serving as home to a wide range of plant and animal life.
Evidence: Pollutants emitted into the atmosphere by human activity include: Carbon dioxide (CO 2) – Because of its role as a greenhouse gas it has been described as "the leading pollutant" and "the worst climate pollutant".
Category: Quaternary extinction event
Claim: Humans survived past climate changes
Evidence: "The character of late-glacial and post-glacial climatic changes".
Evidence: Past Climate Variability in South America and Surrounding Regions.
Evidence: One of the main theories to the extinction is climate change.
Evidence: "Causes of Climate Change over the Past 1000 Years".
Category: Scientific consensus on climate change
Claim: Around 97% of climate experts agree that humans are causing global warming.
Evidence: Of these, 97% agree, explicitly or implicitly, that global warming is happening and is human-caused.
Evidence: Climate scientists have reached a consensus that the earth is undergoing significant anthropogenic (human-induced) global warming.
Evidence: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.
Category: Clean Power Plan
Claim: The Obama administration's "own Environmental Protection Agency" has said its Clean Power Plan "will have a marginal impact on climate change."
Evidence: "The EPA Could Soon Formally Propose Repealing Obama's Key Climate Change Regulation".
Evidence: According to the League of Conservation Voters in 2015, the Clean Power Plan "established the first national limits on carbon pollution from existing power plants—our nation's single largest source of the pollution fueling climate change" and was "the biggest step" the United States had "ever taken to address climate change."
Evidence: According to the EPA fact sheet on the Clean Power Plan, climate change is responsible for everything from stronger storms to longer droughts and increased insurance premiums, food prices and allergy seasons.
Category: Global warming
Claim: [Those who signed the Paris Accord] cannot change Earth’s orbit and radiation released from the sun that drive climate
Evidence: increased concentrations of greenhouse gases), solar luminosity, volcanic eruptions, and variations in the Earth's orbit around the Sun.
Evidence: Ice caps form because high-latitude regions receive less energy as solar radiation from the sun than equatorial regions, resulting in lower surface temperatures.
Evidence: These changes can influence the planetary climate.
Category: Arctic
Claim: by that I mean the central Arctic will be ice-free.
Evidence: The melting of the ice is making the Northwest Passage, the shipping routes through the northernmost latitudes, more navigable, raising the possibility that the Arctic region will become a prime trade route.
Evidence: They include effects on the oceans, ice, and weather and may occur gradually or rapidly.
Evidence: The port of Murmansk remains ice-free year round due to the warm North Atlantic Current and is an important fishing and shipping destination.
Category: Imagism
Claim: Ironically, it's those who are mispresenting Hulme's paper that are the ones being misleading.
Evidence: To use absolutely no word that does not contribute to the presentation.
Category: Power station
Claim: Renewables can't provide baseload power
Evidence: This less valuable "spare" electricity comes from uncontrolled wind power and base load power plants such as coal, nuclear and geothermal, which still produce power at night even though demand is very low.
Evidence: "Supplying Baseload Power and Reducing Transmission Requirements by Interconnecting Wind Farms" (PDF).
Evidence: Geothermal power plants can operate 24 hours per day, providing baseload capacity.
Evidence: about 8% of total nameplate capacity) to be used as reliable, baseload electric power which can be relied on to handle peak loads, as long as minimum criteria are met for wind speed and turbine height.
Category: Tuvalu
Claim: Thousands of coral atolls have "drowned" in the past when they were unable to grow fast enough to maintain a presence at sea level
Evidence: Mean sea-level rise is projected to continue (very high confidence).
Evidence: More than 80 per cent of the country's land is composed of coral islands which rise less than one metre above sea level.
Evidence: As a result, the Maldives are at high risk of being submerged due to rising sea levels.
Category: Global warming
Claim: In our lifetime, there has been no correlation between carbon dioxide emissions and temperature
Evidence: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.
Evidence: Both CO 2 and CH 4 vary between glacial and interglacial phases, and concentrations of these gases correlate strongly with temperature.
Evidence: In that sense, the ice core CO2-temperature correlation remains an appropriate demonstration of the influence of CO2 on climate."
Evidence: Gore's use of long ice core records of CO2 and temperature (from oxygen isotope measurements) in Antarctic ice cores to illustrate the correlation between the two drew some scrutiny; Schmidt, Steig and Michael E. Mann back up Gore's data.
Category: Richard Tol
Claim: a new study by a leading climate economist, Richard Tol of the University of Sussex, concludes that warming may well bring gains, because carbon dioxide causes crops and wild ecosystems to grow greener and more drought-resistant.
Evidence: In 2009, Tol published an influential paper that combined data from several earlier studies, concluding that at least some amount of global warming could lead to economic gains.
Evidence: It may improve productivity by warming the soil, incorporating fertilizer and controlling weeds, but also renders soil more prone to erosion, triggers the decomposition of organic matter releasing CO2, and reduces the abundance and diversity of soil organisms.
Category: Global warming
Claim: While transient weather variability is playing a key role here, the widespread record warmth across the U.S. so far this year is part of a long-term trend toward more warm temperature records versus cold ones.
Evidence: Global surface temperature is subject to short-term fluctuations that overlie long-term trends, and can temporarily mask or magnify them.
Evidence: While record-breaking years attract considerable public interest, individual years are less significant than the overall trend.
Evidence: This long-term trend is the main cause for the record warmth of 2015 and 2016, surpassing all previous years—even ones with strong El Niño events."
Evidence: Orbital forcing from cycles in the earth's orbit around the sun has, for the past 2,000 years, caused a long-term northern hemisphere cooling trend that continued through the Middle Ages and the Little Ice Age.
Evidence: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.
Category: Ice core
Claim: When stomata-derived CO2 (red) is compared to ice core-derived CO2 (blue), the stomata generally show much more variability in the atmospheric CO2 level and often show levels much higher than the ice cores.
Evidence: The proportions of different oxygen and hydrogen isotopes provide information about ancient temperatures, and the air trapped in tiny bubbles can be analysed to determine the level of atmospheric gases such as carbon dioxide.
Evidence: Measured atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide are currently 100 ppm higher than pre-industrial levels.
Evidence: One study using evidence from stomata of fossilized leaves suggests greater variability, with carbon dioxide mole fractions above 300 ppm during the period seven to ten thousand years ago, though others have argued that these findings more likely reflect calibration or contamination problems rather than actual CO 2 variability.
Evidence: Because of the way air is trapped in ice (pores in the ice close off slowly to form bubbles deep within the firn) and the time period represented in each ice sample analyzed, these figures represent averages of atmospheric concentrations of up to a few centuries rather than annual or decadal levels.
Category: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
Claim: The IPCC confirms that computer modeling predicts the existence of a tropical, mid-troposphere “hot spot” about 10km above the Earth’s surface.
Evidence: Projections based on the Special Report on Emissions Scenarios suggest warming over the 21st century at a more rapid rate than that experienced for at least the last 10,000 years.
Category: Greenhouse gas
Claim: The main greenhouse gas is water vapour[…]
Evidence: "AGU Water Vapor in the Climate System".
Evidence: "How Much CO2 Does A Single Volcano Emit?".
Evidence: As water is a potent greenhouse gas, this further heats the climate: the water vapour feedback.
Evidence: The main reinforcing feedbacks are the water vapour feedback, the ice–albedo feedback, and probably the net effect of clouds.
Category: Effects of global warming
Claim: You're going to have an increase in the amount of ice in Antarctica because of global warming.
Evidence: These include the large-scale singularities such as the melting of the Greenland and West Antarctic ice sheets, and changes to the AMOC.
Evidence: The atmosphere and ocean have warmed, the amounts of snow and ice have diminished, sea level has risen, and the concentrations of greenhouse gases have increased "Myths vs. Facts: Denial of Petitions for Reconsideration of the Endangerment and Cause or Contribute Findings for Greenhouse Gases under Section 202(a) of the Clean Air Act".
Evidence: Surface temperature increases are greatest in the Arctic, which has contributed to the retreat of glaciers, permafrost, and sea ice.
Evidence: The amount of surface warming in West Antarctica, while large, has not led to appreciable melting at the surface, and is not directly affecting the West Antarctic Ice Sheet's contribution to sea level.
Category: Spanish flu
Claim: In Alaska, already, researchers have discovered remnants of the 1918 flu that infected as many as 500 million and killed as many as 100 million”
Evidence: In the U.S., about 28% of the population of 105 million became infected, and 500,000 to 675,000 died (0.48 to 0.64 percent of the population).
Evidence: "1918 Flu Pandemic That Killed 50 Million Originated in China, Historians Say".
Evidence: The death toll is estimated to have been 50 million, and possibly as high as 100 million (about 3 to 6 percent of Earth's population at the time), making it one of the deadliest epidemics in human history.
Category: Marine habitats
Claim: Many of the world’s coral reefs are already barren or in a state of constant decline.
Evidence: This can rapidly result in transitions to barren landscapes where relatively few species persist.
Evidence: Tropical waters contain few nutrients yet a coral reef can flourish like an "oasis in the desert".
Evidence: For example, Midway Atoll in Hawaii supports nearly three million seabirds, including two-thirds (1.5 million) of the global population of Laysan albatross, and one-third of the global population of black-footed albatross.
Evidence: Aquaculture is showing promise as a potentially effective tool for restoring coral reefs, which have been declining around the world.
Category: Retreat of glaciers since 1850
Claim: the first scientists to show that the thick icecap that once covered the Arctic ocean was beginning to thin and shrink.
Evidence: The 66 km2 (25 sq mi) ice shelf drifted into the Arctic Ocean.
Evidence: Nevertheless, as all the explorers who travelled closer and closer to the pole reported, the polar ice cap is quite thick, and persists year-round.
Evidence: The summer shrinking of the ice has been quoted at 50%.
Category: Solar activity and climate
Claim: In the last 35 years of global warming, the sun has shown a slight cooling trend.
Evidence: In the three decades following 1978, the combination of solar and volcanic activity is estimated to have had a slight cooling influence.
Evidence: Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.
Evidence: Based on orbital models, the cooling trend initiated about 6,000 years ago will continue for another 23,000 years.
Category: 2015 South Indian floods
Claim: Some, however, bristle at the belief that because floods and storms have always occurred, they should not be linked to climate change”
Evidence: Although some studies have reported an increase in frequency and intensity of extremes in rainfall during the past 40–50 years, their attribution to global warming is not established."
Evidence: In 2014, the Bureau of Meteorology released a report on the state of Australia's climate that highlighted several key points, including the significant increase in Australia's temperatures (particularly night-time temperatures) and the increasing frequency of bush fires, droughts and floods, which have all been linked to climate change.
Evidence: Climate researchers have suggested that the unusual weather leading to the floods may be linked to this year's appearance of La Nina in the Pacific Ocean, and the jet stream being further south than normal.
Category: Northwest Passage
Claim: We know the Northwest Passage had been open before."
Evidence: On September 14, 2007, the European Space Agency stated that ice loss that year had opened up the historically impassable passage, setting a new low of ice cover as seen in satellite measurements which went back to 1978.
Evidence: An ice-bound northern route was discovered in 1850 by the Irish explorer Robert McClure; it was through a more southerly opening in an area explored by the Scotsman John Rae in 1854 that Norwegian Roald Amundsen made the first complete passage in 1903–1906.
Evidence: On August 21, 2007, the Northwest Passage became open to ships without the need of an icebreaker.
Category: Antarctic ice sheet
Claim: Brooks added that Antarctic ice is growing.
Evidence: Satellite measurements by NASA indicate a still increasing sheet thickness above the continent, outweighing the losses at the edge.
Evidence: The glaciation was favored by an interval when the Earth's orbit favored cool summers but oxygen isotope ratio cycle marker changes were too large to be explained by Antarctic ice-sheet growth alone indicating an ice age of some size.
Evidence: The general trend shows that a warming climate in the southern hemisphere would transport more moisture to Antarctica, causing the interior ice sheets to grow, while calving events along the coast will increase, causing these areas to shrink.
Category: Human overpopulation
Claim: Natural climate solutions like ending deforestation and restoring degraded forests could, at the global level, create 80 million jobs, bring 1 billion people out of poverty and add US$ 2.3 trillion in productive growth.
Evidence: Since 1980, the global economy has grown by 380 percent, but the number of people living on less than 5 US dollars a day increased by more than 1.1 billion.
Evidence: Estimates for providing clean water and sanitation for the whole population of all continents have been as high as US$200 billion.
Evidence: The Economist estimated that alleviating poverty and achieving the other sustainable development goals will require about US$2–3 trillion per year for the next 15 years which they called "pure fantasy".
Category: Global warming
Claim: Famine, economic collapse, a sun that cooks us: What climate change could wreak — sooner than you think.
Evidence: Abrupt climate change, tipping points in the climate system: Climate change could result in global, large-scale changes.
Evidence: In November 2017, a second warning to humanity signed by 15,364 scientists from 184 countries stated that "the current trajectory of potentially catastrophic climate change due to rising greenhouse gases from burning fossil fuels, deforestation, and agricultural production – particularly from farming ruminants for meat consumption" is "especially troubling".
Evidence: "Reducing risks to food security from climate change".
Category: Scientific consensus on climate change
Claim: more than 100 per cent of the warming over the past century is due to human actions
Evidence: Human activities, primarily the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas), and secondarily the clearing of land, have increased the concentration of carbon dioxide, methane, and other heat-trapping ("greenhouse") gases in the atmosphere...There is international scientific consensus that most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities.
Evidence: Human-caused increases in greenhouse gases are responsible for most of the observed global average surface warming of roughly 0.8 °C (1.5 °F) over the past 140 years.
Category: Global warming
Claim: A cold day in Chicago in winter has nothing to do with the trend of global warming.
Evidence: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.
Evidence: In it was the prediction that on our current course the planet will warm a disastrous seven degrees Fahrenheit (or about 3.9 degrees Celsius) by the end of this century.
Category: Global cooling
Claim: The most recent satellite data show that the earth as a whole is warming.
Evidence: The current scientific consensus on climate change is that the Earth underwent global warming throughout the 20th century and continues to warm.
Evidence: This is predicted to produce changes such as the melting of glaciers and ice sheets, more extreme temperature ranges, significant changes in weather and a global rise in average sea levels.
Evidence: The last time the Earth was 2 °C (3.6 °F) warmer than pre-industrial temperatures, sea levels were at least 5 metres (16 ft) higher than now: this was when warming because of changes in the amount of sunlight due to slow changes in the Earth's orbit caused the last interglacial.
Category: 2010 Northern Hemisphere heat waves
Claim: North America suffers extreme weather events including wildfires, drought, and heatwaves.
Evidence: The drought and heat wave combined to make wild fires inevitable.
Evidence: Yet, recent abnormally intense storms, hurricanes, floods, heatwaves, droughts and associated large-scale wildfires have led to unprecendente negative ecological consequences for tropical forests and coral reefs around the world.
Evidence: A heat wave, or heatwave, is a period of excessively hot weather, which may be accompanied by high humidity, especially in oceanic climate countries.
Evidence: In May 2014, a series of at least 20 wildfires broke out in San Diego County during severe Santa Ana Wind conditions, historic drought conditions, and a heat wave.
Category: Aqua (satellite)
Claim: As of today,JAXA shows that we have more ice than any time on this date for the past 8 years of Aqua satellite measurement for this AMSRE dataset."
Evidence: Aqua carries six instruments for studies of water on the Earth's surface and in the atmosphere, of which four are still operating: Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer-EOS (AMSR-E) — measures cloud properties, sea surface temperature, near-surface wind speed, radiative energy flux, surface water, ice and snow.
Evidence: Starting from 1979 with Hakucho (CORSA-b), for nearly two decades Japan had achieved continuous observation with its Hinotori, Tenma, Ginga and ASCA (ASTRO-A through D) x-ray observation satellites.
Evidence: Cooler A telemetry became frozen on March 24, 2014, but this had no impact on science gathering.
Evidence: However, due to various reasons,[specify] both satellites had a much shorter than expected life term.
Category: UAH satellite temperature dataset
Claim: UAH atmospheric temperatures prove climate models and/or surface temperature data sets are wrong
Evidence: The results are thus not precisely comparable to surface temperature records or models.
Evidence: In comparing these measurements to surface temperature models, it is important to note that values for the lower troposphere measurements taken by the MSU are a weighted average of temperatures over multiple altitudes (roughly 0 to 12 km), and not a surface temperature (as seen in figure above).
Category: Snow
Claim: Dr. Gutzler said spring temperatures have an impact, too, with warmer air causing more snow to turn to vapor and essentially disappear.
Evidence: Moisture is removed by orographic lift, leaving drier, warmer air on the descending, leeward side.
Evidence: Warmer air holds more water vapor.
Evidence: Because of this temperature difference, warmth and moisture are transported upward, condensing into vertically oriented clouds (see satellite picture) which produce snow showers.
Category: James Hansen
Claim: The statement that so-called greenhouse gases,  especially CO2, contribute to near-surface atmospheric warming is in  glaring contradiction to well-known physical laws relating to gas and  vapour, as well as to general caloric theory.'
Evidence: In 2000, Hansen advanced an alternative view of global warming over the last 100 years, arguing that during that time frame the negative forcing via aerosols and the positive forcing via carbon dioxide (CO 2) largely balanced each other out, and that the 0.74±0.18 °C net rise in average global temperatures could mostly be explained by greenhouse gases other than carbon dioxide, such as methane and chlorofluorocarbons.
Evidence: The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change said the likelihood was 90 percent to 99 percent that emissions of heat-trapping greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, spewed from tailpipes and smokestacks, were the dominant cause of the observed warming of the last 50 years.
Evidence: It said that Continued emission of greenhouse gases will cause further warming and long-lasting changes in all components of the climate system, increasing the likelihood of severe, pervasive and irreversible impacts for people and ecosystems.
Category: Solar activity and climate
Claim: Cosmic rays show no trend over the last 30 years & have had little impact on recent global warming.
Evidence: estimated that the residual effects of the prolonged high solar activity during the last 30 years account for between 16% and 36% of warming from 1950 to 1999.
Evidence: Global warming in this case was indicated by an increase of 0.75 degrees in average global temperatures over the last 100 years.
Category: Global warming
Claim: Human activities (mainly greenhouse-gas emissions) are the dominant cause of the rapid warming since the middle 1900s (IPCC, 2013).
Evidence: Human activity since the Industrial Revolution has increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to increased radiative forcing from CO2, methane, tropospheric ozone, CFCs, and nitrous oxide.
Evidence: Human activities (primarily greenhouse gas emissions) are the primary cause.
Evidence: The dominant cause of the warming since the 1950s is human activities.
Evidence: Over the last three decades of the twentieth century, gross domestic product per capita and population growth were the main drivers of increases in greenhouse gas emissions.