Danthammadhavi/climate_fever_fixed huggingface dataset:
Category: Instrumental temperature record
Claim: There is no empirical evidence that increasing greenhouse gases are the primary cause of Global Warming
Evidence: There is a scientific consensus that climate is changing and that greenhouse gases emitted by human activities are the primary driver.
Evidence: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.
Evidence: During the late 20th century, a scientific consensus evolved that increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere cause a substantial rise in global temperatures and changes to other parts of the climate system, with consequences for the environment and for human health.
Category: Kiribati
Claim: “The most famous of these studies, published in 2010 by Paul Kench and Arthur Webb of the South Pacific Applied Geoscience Commission in Fiji, showed that of 27 Pacific islands, 14% lost area.
Evidence: Paul Kench at the University of Auckland in New Zealand and Arthur Webb at the South Pacific Applied Geoscience Commission in Fiji released a study in 2010 on the dynamic response of atolls and reef islands in the central Pacific.
Evidence: Tuvalu was mentioned in the study, and Webb and Kench found that seven islands in one of its nine atolls have spread by more than 3 per cent on average since the 1950s.
Evidence: A study published in 2018 estimated the change in land area of Tuvalu's nine atolls and 101 reef islands between 1971 and 2014, indicating that 75% of the islands had grown in area, with an overall increase of more than 2%.
Evidence: Paul Kench at the University of Auckland in New Zealand and Arthur Webb at the South Pacific Applied Geoscience Commission in Fiji released a study in 2010 on the dynamic response of reef islands to sea level rise in the central Pacific.
Category: Ice core
Claim: The long-term correlation between CO2 and temperature is well established.
Evidence: Further research has demonstrated a reliable correlation between CO 2 levels and the temperature calculated from ice isotope data.
Evidence: There is also a close correlation between CO2 and temperature, where CO2 has a strong control over global temperatures in Earth history.
Category: Ocean acidification
Claim: Ocean acidification is the terrifying threat whereby all that man-made CO2 we’ve been pumping into the atmosphere may react with the sea to form a sort of giant acid bath.
Evidence: Some of it reacts with the water to form carbonic acid.
Evidence: With the production of CO2 from the burning of fossil fuels, oceans are becoming more acidic since CO2 dissolves in water and forms the acidic bicarbonate ion.
Evidence: This is the case for CO 2, which is reduced by photosynthesis of plants, and which, after dissolving in the oceans, reacts to form carbonic acid and bicarbonate and carbonate ions (see ocean acidification).
Category: Greenhouse gas
Claim: The ­atmospheric residency time of carbon dioxide is five years
Evidence: The atmospheric lifetime of CO 2 is estimated of the order of 30–95 years.
Evidence: "Atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations over the past 60 million years".
Evidence: As a result of this balance, the atmospheric mole fraction of carbon dioxide remained between 260 and 280 parts per million for the 10,000 years between the end of the last glacial maximum and the start of the industrial era.
Evidence: Five hundred million years ago the carbon dioxide concentration was 20 times greater than today, decreasing to 4–5 times during the Jurassic period and then slowly declining with a particularly swift reduction occurring 49 million years ago.
Category: Climate change policy of the United States
Claim: The EPA director under Obama said the Clean Power Initiative would have no effect on man-made CO2 emissions.
Evidence: In 2015, Obama also announced the Clean Power Plan, which is the final version of regulations originally proposed by the EPA the previous year, and which pertains to carbon dioxide emissions from power plants.
Evidence: During her tenure as EPA Administrator, Jackson oversaw the development of stricter fuel efficiency standards and the EPA's response to the Deepwater Horizon oil spill; authorized the recognition of carbon dioxide as a public health threat, granting the EPA authority to set new regulations regarding CO2 emissions; and proposed amending the National Ambient Air Quality Standards to set stricter smog pollution limits.
Evidence: Failing to get Congressional approval for such a scheme, President Barack Obama instead acted through the United States Environmental Protection Agency to attempt to adopt through rulemaking the Clean Power Plan, which does not feature emissions trading.
Category: Economics of global warming
Claim: While preventing global warming is relatively cheap, economists can't even accurately estimate the accelerating costs of climate damages if we continue with business-as-usual.
Evidence: No models suggest that the optimal policy is to do nothing, i.e., allow "business-as-usual" emissions.
Evidence: Economists have different views over the cost estimates of climate change mitigation given in the Review.
Evidence: Researchers have warned that current economic modeling may seriously underestimate the impact of potentially catastrophic climate change and point to the need for new models that give a more accurate picture of potential damages.
Evidence: Some economists have argued that the Review overestimates the present value of the costs of climate change, and underestimates the costs of emission reduction.
Evidence: Economists generally argue that carbon taxes are the most efficient and effective way to curb climate change, with the least adverse effects on the economy.
Category: Climatic Research Unit documents
Claim: The 'decline' refers to a decline in northern tree-rings, not global temperature, and is openly discussed in papers and the IPCC reports.
Evidence: The implications of the decline are discussed in Chapter 2 of the IPCC Third Assessment Report, and in Chapter 6 of the 2007 IPCC Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) which describes discussion of various possible reasons for the divergence which does not affect all the trees, and says that there is no consensus about the cause.
Evidence: Scientific discussion takes place in journal articles that are peer-reviewed, which scientists subject to assessment every couple of years in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change reports.
Evidence: Several scientific sources state that the decline being referred to is a decline in tree ring climate proxy metrics, not temperature.
Category: Climate change feedback
Claim: The observed behavior of radiation fluxes implies negative feedback processes associated with relatively low climate sensitivity.
Evidence: The main negative feedback comes from the Stefan–Boltzmann law, the amount of heat radiated from the Earth into space changes with the fourth power of the temperature of Earth's surface and atmosphere.
Evidence: Negative reinforcement occurs when the rate of a behavior increases because an aversive event or stimulus is removed or prevented from happening.
Evidence: Observations and modelling studies indicate that there is a net positive feedback to warming.
Evidence: Models not only project different future temperature with different emissions of greenhouse gases, but also do not fully agree on the strength of different feedbacks on climate sensitivity and the amount of inertia of the system.
Category: Tropical cyclone
Claim: Surface temperatures can show short-term cooling when heat is exchanged between the atmosphere and the ocean, which has a much greater heat capacity than the air.
Evidence: This cooling is primarily caused by wind-driven mixing of cold water from deeper in the ocean with the warm surface waters.
Evidence: latent heat) at the temperature of the warm ocean surface (during evaporation, the ocean cools and the air warms).
Evidence: Longitudinal circulation, on the other hand, comes about because the ocean has a higher specific heat capacity than land (and also thermal conductivity, allowing the heat to penetrate further beneath the surface ) and thereby absorbs and releases more heat, but the temperature changes less than land.
Category: Carbon dioxide
Claim: Data from NOAA’s Barrow Alaska station ‘indicate that October through December emissions of CO2 from surrounding tundra increased by 73 percent since 1975, supporting the view that rising temperatures have made Arctic ecosystems a net source of CO2.’”
Evidence: Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.
Evidence: Between the period 1970 to 2004, greenhouse gas emissions (measured in CO 2-equivalent) increased at an average rate of 1.6% per year, with CO 2 emissions from the use of fossil fuels growing at a rate of 1.9% per year.
Evidence: The seven sources of CO 2 from fossil fuel combustion are (with percentage contributions for 2000–2004): Carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide (N 2O) and three groups of fluorinated gases (sulfur hexafluoride (SF 6), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), and perfluorocarbons (PFCs)) are the major anthropogenic greenhouse gases, and are regulated under the Kyoto Protocol international treaty, which came into force in 2005.
Evidence: The spread of land plants is thought to have reduced CO 2 concentrations during the late Devonian, and plant activities as both sources and sinks of CO 2 have since been important in providing stabilising feedbacks.
Category: Global warming
Claim: global warming ceased around the end of the twentieth century and was followed (since 1997) by 19 years of stable temperature
Evidence: An example of such an episode is the slower rate of surface temperature increase from 1998 to 2012, which was dubbed the global warming hiatus.
Evidence: Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.
Evidence: The 20th (twentieth) century was a century that began on January 1, 1901 and ended on December 31, 2000.
Category: Holocene
Claim: About 120,000 years ago, before the last ice age, the planet went through a natural warm period, with temperatures similar to those expected in coming decades.
Evidence: This period of warmth ended about 5,500 years ago with the descent into the Neoglacial and concomitant Neopluvial.
Evidence: "The next five years will be 'anomalously warm,' scientists predict".
Evidence: [citation needed] The Holocene climatic optimum (HCO) was a period of warming in which the global climate became warmer.
Category: Environmental impact of wind power
Claim: “Global warming alarmists’ preferred electricity source – wind power – kills nearly 1 million bats every year (to say nothing of the more than 500,000 birds killed every year) in the United States alone.
Evidence: His meta-analysis concluded that in 2012 in the United States, wind turbines resulted in the deaths of 888,000 bats and 573,000 birds, including 83,000 birds of prey.
Evidence: Some earlier studies had produced estimates of between 33,000 and 888,000 bat deaths per year.
Evidence: A 2013 study produced an estimate that wind turbines killed more than 600,000 bats in the U.S. the previous year, with the greatest mortality occurring in the Appalachian Mountains.
Evidence: An estimated 1 to 9 million birds are killed every year by tall buildings in Toronto, Ontario, Canada alone, according to the wildlife conservation organization Fatal Light Awareness Program.
Category: 2007 Kangaroo Island bushfires
Claim: the bushfires [in Australia] were caused by arsonists and a series of lightning strikes, not 'climate change'
Evidence: The 2007 Kangaroo Island bushfires were a series of bushfires caused by lightning strikes on 6 December 2007 on Kangaroo Island, South Australia, resulting in the destruction of 95,000 hectares (230,000 acres) of national park and wilderness protection area.
Evidence: Man-made events include arcing from overhead power lines, arson, accidental ignition in the course of agricultural clearing, grinding and welding activities, campfires, cigarettes and dropped matches, sparks from machinery, and controlled burn escapes.
Evidence: Many fires are as a result of either deliberate arson or carelessness, however these fires normally happen in readily accessible areas and are rapidly brought under control.
Category: Radiative forcing
Claim: The most interesting thing here is that the albedo forcings, in watts/sq meter seem to be fairly large.
Evidence: In this report radiative forcing values are for changes relative to preindustrial conditions defined at 1750 and are expressed in Watts per square meter (W/m2)."
Evidence: Radiative forcing (measured in watts per square meter) can be estimated in different ways for different components.
Evidence: This comes to 0.087 watt/square metre, which represents only 0.027% of Earth's total energy budget at the surface, which is dominated by 173,000 terawatts of incoming solar radiation.
Category: Al Gore
Claim: They (Clinton and Obama) have never to my knowledge been involved in legislation nor hearings nor engagement on this issue (climate change).
Evidence: Gore has been involved with environmental issues since 1976, when as a freshman congressman, he held the "first congressional hearings on the climate change, and co-sponsor[ed] hearings on toxic waste and global warming."
Evidence: The controversy occurred against the backdrop of Clinton's 2016 presidential election campaign and hearings held by the House Select Committee on Benghazi.
Evidence: The United States Senate held two days of hearings on December 2 and 3, 2010, to consider the CRWG report.
Category: Global warming
Claim: In many other cases, though — hurricanes, for example — the linkage to global warming for particular trends is uncertain or disputed.
Evidence: Climate change has been linked to an increase in violent conflict by amplifying poverty and economic shocks, which are well-documented drivers of these conflicts.
Evidence: Human activity is likely to have made a substantial contribution to ocean surface temperature changes in hurricane formation regions.
Category: Hockey stick controversy
Claim: Actual reconstructions "diverge" from the instrumental series in the last part of 20th century.
Evidence: The resulting reconstruction went back to 1400, and was published in November as Mann, Park & Bradley 1995.
Evidence: Early quantitative reconstructions were published in the 1980s.
Evidence: 2009 which reconstructed the climate of the Arctic over the last 2,000 years, and a new method of analysis using Bayesian statistics developed by Martin Tingley and Peter Huybers.
Category: Sea level rise
Claim: Ocean levels have been rising for the last 20,000 years[…] No climate scientist can tell you when natural sea level rise stopped and man-made sea level rise began.
Evidence: Between 1900 and 2016, the sea level rose by 16–21 cm (6.3–8.3 in).
Evidence: Since the last glacial maximum about 20,000 years ago, the sea level has risen by more than 125 metres (410 ft), with rates varying from less than a mm/year to 40+ mm/year, as a result of melting ice sheets over Canada and Eurasia.
Category: Ice age
Claim: The warming effect from more CO2 greatly outstrips the influence from changes in the Earth's orbit or solar activity, even if solar levels were to drop to Maunder Minimum levels.
Evidence: The consensus is that several factors are important: atmospheric composition, such as the concentrations of carbon dioxide and methane (the specific levels of the previously mentioned gases are now able to be seen with the new ice core samples from EPICA Dome C in Antarctica over the past 800,000 years); changes in the earth's orbit around the Sun known as Milankovitch cycles; the motion of tectonic plates resulting in changes in the relative location and amount of continental and oceanic crust on the earth's surface, which affect wind and ocean currents; variations in solar output; the orbital dynamics of the Earth–Moon system; the impact of relatively large meteorites and volcanism including eruptions of supervolcanoes.
Evidence: Future warming is projected to have a range of impacts, including sea level rise, increased frequencies and severities of some extreme weather events, loss of biodiversity, and regional changes in agricultural productivity.
Evidence: CO 2 absorbs and emits infrared radiation at wavelengths of 4.26 µm (asymmetric stretching vibrational mode) and 14.99 µm (bending vibrational mode) and consequently is a greenhouse gas that plays a significant role in influencing Earth's surface temperature through the greenhouse effect.
Category: Soil
Claim: The gas builds up in the soil, forming mounds called ‘pingoes.’
Evidence: At the next larger scale, soil structures called peds or more commonly soil aggregates are created from the soil separates when iron oxides, carbonates, clay, silica and humus, coat particles and cause them to adhere into larger, relatively stable secondary structures.
Category: Soil respiration
Claim: An exponential increase in CO2 will result in a linear increase in temperature
Evidence: Temperature will increase respiration exponentially to a maximum, at which point respiration will decrease to zero when enzymatic activity is interrupted.
Category: Climate change mitigation
Claim: California legislators have made it illegal for anyone to deny climate change, under threat of jail time.
Evidence: In the absence of substantial federal action, state governments have adopted emissions-control laws such as the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative in the Northeast and the Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006 in California.
Evidence: If the government was armed with appropriate legislation and the threat of long prison terms, private citizens would not feel the need to act.
Evidence: Among the political idiosyncrasies and trendsetting, California was the second state to recall their state governor, the second state to legalize abortion, and the only state to ban marriage for gay couples twice by vote (including Proposition 8 in 2008).
Category: Mount Kilimanjaro
Claim: Mount Kilimanjaro's shrinking glacier is complicated and not due to just global warming.
Evidence: It appears that decreasing specific humidity instead of temperature changes has caused the shrinkage of the slope glaciers since the late 19th century.
Evidence: There are currently 11 small glaciers, which are shrinking rapidly, and will likely be gone forever by 2050, due to global warming[citation needed].
Category: El Niño
Claim: This means it is possible that by some yardsticks, 2016 will be declared as hot as 2015 or even slightly hotter – because El Nino did not vanish until the middle of the year.
Evidence: However, the Japan Meteorological Agency declares that an El Niño event has started when the average five month sea surface temperature deviation for the NINO.3 region, is over 0.5 °C (0.90 °F) warmer for six consecutive months or longer.
Evidence: During November and December 2015, values within NOAA's Oceanic Niño Index peaked at 2.4 °C (4.3 °F), which surpassed December 1997 value of 2.2 °C (4.0 °F).
Category: Global warming
Claim: It has never been shown that human emissions of carbon dioxide drive global warming.
Evidence: Human activity since the Industrial Revolution has increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to increased radiative forcing from CO2, methane, tropospheric ozone, CFCs, and nitrous oxide.
Evidence: CO2 emissions are continuing to rise due to the burning of fossil fuels and land-use change.
Category: Global warming
Claim: there is no relationship between temperature and carbon dioxide emissions by Â­humans[...]
Evidence: "Response of Arctic temperature to changes in emissions of short-lived climate forcers".
Evidence: Human-induced warming and associated sea level rises are expected to continue through the 21st century...
Evidence: A consensus, based on current evidence, now exists within the global scientific community that human activities are the main source of climate change and that the burning of fossil fuels is largely responsible for driving this change...
Category: Climate sensitivity
Claim: Climate sensitivity can be calculated empirically by comparing past temperature change to natural forcings at the time.
Evidence: Climate sensitivity is the globally averaged temperature change in response to changes in radiative forcing, which can occur, for instance, due to increased levels of carbon dioxide (CO 2).
Evidence: Climate sensitivity is typically estimated in three ways; by using observations taken during the industrial age, by using temperature and other data from the Earth's past and by modelling the climate system in computers.
Evidence: One way is to use estimates of global radiative forcing and temperature directly.
Evidence: Climate sensitivity can be estimated using observed temperature rise, observed ocean heat uptake, and modeled or observed radiative forcing.
Category: Solar particle event
Claim: This “blocking” effect means extreme events can unfold.”
Evidence: The effect can be so pronounced that during extreme events, it is not possible to obtain quality images of the Sun or stars.
Evidence: Based on the evidence, memories are not extreme enough.
Category: Greenhouse gas
Claim: Overall, about 90% of the global warming occurs after the CO2 increase.
Evidence: The sharp acceleration in CO 2 emissions since 2000 to more than a 3% increase per year (more than 2 ppm per year) from 1.1% per year during the 1990s is attributable to the lapse of formerly declining trends in carbon intensity of both developing and developed nations.
Evidence: Global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions in 2010 were equivalent to 49 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide (using the most recent global warming potentials over 100 years from the AR5 report).
Evidence: Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.
Evidence: As of 2011, the concentrations of CO2 and methane had increased by about 40% and 150%, respectively, since pre-industrial times.
Category: Poverty in the United Kingdom
Claim: So this is a government which is proposing to put at risk our manufacturing industry, to penalise struggling families, to make a tough situation worse for millions of households right around Australia.
Evidence: John McDonnell said the IFS analysis showed a “clear threat” to working people’s living standards, while the Liberal Democrats said that the “savage cuts” would make millions of households poorer.
Evidence: Fuel poverty affects over a million British working households and over 2.3 million households in total and increases in energy prices affect poor people severely.
Evidence: nearly 4 million UK children are judged to live in households that would find it difficult to afford enough fruit, vegetables and other healthy foods to reach official guidelines, the Food Foundation maintains.
Category: Sweden
Claim: Dropped weather stations actually show a slightly warmer trend compared to kept stations.
Evidence: However, Sweden is much warmer and drier than other places at a similar latitude, and even somewhat farther south, mainly because of the combination of the Gulf Stream and the general west wind drift, caused by the direction of planet Earth's rotation.
Evidence: Continental west-coasts (to which all of Scandinavia belongs, as the westernmost part of the Eurasian continent), are notably warmer than continental east-coasts; this can also be seen by comparing e.g.
Category: Little Ice Age
Claim: Internal variability can only account for small amounts of warming and cooling over periods of decades, and scientific studies have consistently shown that it cannot account for the global warming over the past century.
Evidence: Thus current evidence does not support globally synchronous periods of anomalous cold or warmth over this interval, and the conventional terms of "Little Ice Age" and "Medieval Warm Period" appear to have limited utility in describing trends in hemispheric or global mean temperature changes in past centuries.... [Viewed] hemispherically, the "Little Ice Age" can only be considered as a modest cooling of the Northern Hemisphere during this period of less than 1°C relative to late twentieth century levels.
Evidence: Attribution of recent climate change is the effort to scientifically ascertain mechanisms responsible for recent global warming and related climate changes on Earth.
Evidence: Over the past five decades there has been a global warming of approximately 0.65 °C (1.17 °F) at the Earth's surface (see historical temperature record).
Category: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere
Claim: While there are many drivers of climate, CO2 is the most dominant radiative forcing and is increasing faster than any other forcing.
Evidence: The increased radiative forcing due to increased CO2 in the Earth's atmosphere is based on the physical properties of CO2 and the non-saturated absorption windows where CO2 absorbs outgoing long-wave energy.
Evidence: Recent data also shows that the concentration is increasing at a higher rate.
Category: Greenhouse gas
Claim: In fact, human emit 26 gigatonnes of CO2 per year while CO2 in the atmosphere is rising by only 15 gigatonnes per year - much of human CO2 emissions is being absorbed by natural sinks.
Evidence: This increase has occurred despite the uptake of more than half of the emissions by various natural "sinks" involved in the carbon cycle.
Category: Greenhouse gas
Claim: It’s usually taken to be the fact that as carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere increase, the 1 per cent of CO2 that’s the heavier carbon isotope ratio c13 declines in proportion.
Evidence: Measured atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide are currently 100 ppm higher than pre-industrial levels.
Evidence: The global mean CO 2 concentration is currently rising at a rate of approximately 2 ppm/year and accelerating.
Category: Scientific consensus on climate change
Claim: 97% of climate experts agree humans are causing global warming.
Evidence: 97% of the scientists surveyed agreed that global temperatures had increased during the past 100 years; 84% said they personally believed human-induced warming was occurring, and 74% agreed that "currently available scientific evidence" substantiated its occurrence.
Evidence: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.
Evidence: Of these, 97% agree, explicitly or implicitly, that global warming is happening and is human-caused.
Category: Scientific consensus on climate change
Claim: They concluded that trends toward rising climate damages were mainly due to increased population and economic activity in the path of storms, that it was not currently possible to determine the portion of damages attributable to greenhouse gases, and that they didn’t expect that situation to change in the near future.
Evidence: While ‘climate change’ can be due to natural forces or human activity, there is now substantial evidence to indicate that human activity – and specifically increased greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions – is a key factor in the pace and extent of global temperature increases.
Evidence: They state further that the "continuing reliance on combustion of fossil fuels as the world's primary source of energy will lead to much higher atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases, which will, in turn, cause significant increases in surface temperature, sea level, ocean acidification, and their related consequences to the environment and society".
Evidence: "The IPCC Third Assessment Report'] conclusion that most of the observed warming of the last 50 years is likely to have been due to the increase in greenhouse gas concentrations accurately reflects the current thinking of the scientific community on this issue".
Evidence: It said that Continued emission of greenhouse gases will cause further warming and long-lasting changes in all components of the climate system, increasing the likelihood of severe, pervasive and irreversible impacts for people and ecosystems.
Category: Veganism
Claim: “Which is to say that these beans will be eaten by cows, and the cows will convert the beans to meat, and the humans will eat the meat.
Evidence: To obtain milk from dairy cattle, cows are made pregnant to induce lactation; they are kept lactating for three to seven years, then slaughtered.
Evidence: conversion of human-inedible residues of food crops.
Evidence: Buffalo are generally fed on coarse feeds; they convert them into the protein-rich lean meat.
Category: Greenhouse effect
Claim: This is called the "atmospheric greenhouse effect", and without it the Earth's surface would be much colder.
Evidence: The greenhouse effect is the process by which radiation from a planet's atmosphere warms the planet's surface to a temperature above what it would be without this atmosphere.
Evidence: The climate is colder at high altitudes than at sea level because of the decreased air density.
Evidence: Because the Earth is much colder than the Sun, it radiates at much longer wavelengths, primarily in the infrared part of the spectrum (see Figure 1).
Category: Scott Pruitt
Claim: Carbon dioxide is not "a primary contributor to the global warming that we see."
Evidence: On March 9, 2017, in an interview on CNBC's Squawk Box, Pruitt stated that he "would not agree that" carbon dioxide is "a primary contributor to the global warming that we see" backing up his claim by stating that "measuring with precision human activity on the climate is something very challenging to do and there's tremendous disagreement about the degree of impact."
Category: Greenhouse gas
Claim: The IPCC blames human emissions of carbon dioxide for the last  warming.
Evidence: Cumulative anthropogenic (i.e., human-emitted) emissions of CO 2 from fossil fuel use are a major cause of global warming, and give some indication of which countries have contributed most to human-induced climate change.
Category: Climate change denial
Claim: Donald Trump claims Global Warming is a hoax
Evidence: "NASA Faked the Moon Landing—Therefore, (Climate) Science Is a Hoax".
Evidence: Trump is a climate change skeptic, who in 2012 tweeted that he believed the concept of global warming was created by China in order to impair American competitiveness.
Evidence: Trump rejects the scientific consensus on climate change.
Category: Climate change feedback
Claim: Doubling the concentration of atmospheric CO2 from its pre-industrial level, in the absence of other forcings and feedbacks, would likely cause a warming of ~0.3°C to 1.1°C.
Evidence: The higher CO2 levels led to an additional climate warming ranging between 0.1° and 1.5 °C.
Evidence: Without feedbacks the radiative forcing of approximately 3.7 W/m2, due to doubling CO 2 from the pre-industrial 280 ppm, would eventually result in roughly 1 °C global warming.
Category: Cosmic ray
Claim: While the link between cosmic rays and cloud cover is yet to be confirmed, more importantly, there has been no correlation between cosmic rays and global temperatures over the last 30 years of global warming.
Evidence: Despite Svensmark's assertions, galactic cosmic rays have shown no statistically significant influence on changes in cloud cover, and have been demonstrated in studies to have no causal relationship to changes in global temperature.
Evidence: Another 2013 study found, contrary to Svensmark's claims, "no statistically significant correlations between cosmic rays and global albedo or globally averaged cloud height."
Evidence: Sloan and Wolfendale (2013) demonstrated that while temperature models showed a small correlation every 22 years, less than 14 percent of global warming since the 1950s could be attributed to cosmic ray rate.
Evidence: Together with the lack of a proven physical mechanism and the plausibility of other causal factors affecting changes in cloud cover, this makes the association between galactic cosmic ray-induced changes in aerosol and cloud formation controversial Studies by Lockwood and Fröhlich (2007) and Sloan and Wolfendale (2008) found no relation between warming in recent decades and cosmic rays.
Category: Julian Assange
Claim: Freedom of Information (FOI) requests were ignored
Evidence: la Repubblica said that its FOI requests had been hindered and delayed in all jurisdictions.
Evidence: From November 2011, however, FOI requests could be made to ACPO.
Evidence: As a private company, ACPO was not subject to freedom of information legislation.
Evidence: It said that emails showed harassment of researchers, with multiple Freedom of Information requests to the Climatic Research Unit, but release of information had been hampered by national government restrictions on releasing the meteorological data researchers had been using.
Evidence: In two cases, the Information Commissioner's Office (ICO) issued decisions on appeals of Freedom of Information (FOI) requests which had been turned down by the university.
Category: Rise of the Ottoman Empire
Claim: But it means a chunk of the rise is coming from elsewhere.
Evidence: Depopulation resulting from the plague was thus almost certainly a major factor in the success of early Ottoman expansion into the Balkans, and contributed to the weakening of the Byzantine Empire and the depopulation of Constantinople.
Evidence: In a 2009 interview, Wyatt said, "We've incorporated elements from Conquest of the Planet of the Apes, in terms of how the apes begin to revolt, but this is primarily a prequel to the 1968 film...Caesar is a revolutionary figure who will be talked about by his fellow apes for centuries...This is just the first step in the evolution of the apes, and there's a lot more stories to tell after this.
Category: Intensive animal farming
Claim: Preventing future pandemics requires more not less “industrial” agriculture
Evidence: Intensive animal farming or industrial livestock production, also known by its opponents as factory farming, is a type of intensive agriculture, specifically an approach to animal husbandry designed to maximize production, while minimizing costs.
Evidence: There are many potential impacts on human health due to the modern cattle industrial agriculture system.
Evidence: This must be the way forward and we should end industrial agriculture in this country as well."
Evidence: In Vietnam policymakers, with the support of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), used HPAI control to accelerate the industrialization of livestock production for export by proposing to increase the portion of large-scale commercial farms and reducing the number of poultry keepers from 8 to 2 million by 2010.
Category: Effects of global warming on human health
Claim: describes a world of worsening food shortages and wildfires, and a mass die-off of coral reefs as soon as 2040
Evidence: With degradation of protective coral reefs through acidic erosion, bleaching and death, salt water is able to infiltrate fresh ground water supplies that large populations depend on.
Evidence: Malnutrition, dehydration and related diseases Mass migration, resulting in internal displacement and international refugees Reduced electricity production due to reduced water-flow through hydroelectric dams Shortages of water for industrial users Snake migration, which results in snake-bites Social unrest War over natural resources, including water and food Wildfires, such as Australian bushfires, become more common during times of drought and may cause human deaths.
Category: Carbon dioxide
Claim: Burning fuel to produce fertiliser to grow feed, to  produce meat and to transport it - and clearing vegetation for grazing -  produces 9 per cent of all emissions of carbon dioxide, the most common  greenhouse gas.
Evidence: It is produced by combustion of wood and other organic materials and fossil fuels such as coal, peat, petroleum and natural gas.
Evidence: One liter of gasoline, when used as a fuel, produces 2.32 kg (about 1300 liters or 1.3 cubic meters) of carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas.
Evidence: The vast majority of anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions come from combustion of fossil fuels, principally coal, oil, and natural gas, with additional contributions coming from deforestation, changes in land use, soil erosion and agriculture (including livestock).
Evidence: Agriculture contributes to climate change by anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases, and by the conversion of non-agricultural land such as forest for agricultural use.
Evidence: Animal husbandry is also responsible for greenhouse gas production of CO 2 and a percentage of the world's methane, and future land infertility, and the displacement of wildlife.
Category: Post-glacial rebound
Claim: Thanks to a rapid rebound in recent months, global sea ice levels now equal those seen 29 years ago, when the year 1979 also drew to a close.
Evidence: Thus global sea level fell during glaciation.
Evidence: This post-glacial rebound, which proceeds very slowly after the melting of the ice sheet or glacier, is currently occurring in measurable amounts in Scandinavia and the Great Lakes region of North America.
Evidence: Due to the high viscosity of the Earth's mantle, the flow of mantle rocks which controls the rebound process is very slow—at a rate of about 1 cm/year near the center of rebound area today.
Category: Global warming
Claim: Let’s find out by comparing the actual temperatures since 1979 with what the 32 families of climate models used in the latest U.N. report on climate science predicted they would be.
Evidence: The 10th Emissions Gap Report issued by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) predicts that if emissions continue to increase at the same rate as they have in 2010–2020, global temperatures would rise by as much as 4° by 2100.
Evidence: They judge that global mean surface air temperature has increased by 0.3 to 0.6 °C over the last 100 years, broadly consistent with prediction of climate models, but also of the same magnitude as natural climate variability.
Category: Climate change (general concept)
Claim: They changed the name from “global warming” to “climate change” after the term global warming just wasn’t working (it was too cold)!
Evidence: The term "climate change" is often used to refer specifically to anthropogenic climate change (also known as global warming).
Evidence: This is much colder than the conditions that actually exist at the Earth's surface (the global mean surface temperature is about 14 °C).
Category: Australian residential architectural styles
Claim: Shelters in poorer countries are not repainted as often, and darker stations absorb more of the sun’s energy.
Evidence: Darker colours were originally used but, as the years went by, new brighter paint served as a welcoming change to open up the spaces and brighten up the homes.
Evidence: For example, within the urban microclimate, less-vegetated poor neighborhoods bear more of the heat (but have fewer means of coping with it).
Evidence: Earth houses can be built using wide glass façades and dome-lights, allowing rooms to become bright and suffused with light.
Category: Sea level rise
Claim: Together, these two unaltered [sea level] datasets indicate that global mean sea level trend has remained stable over the entire period 1992-2007, altogether eliminating the apparent 3.2 mm/year rate of sea-level rise arising from the “adjusted” data.
Evidence: Current rates of sea level rise from satellite altimetry have been estimated to be 3.0 ± 0.4 millimetres (0.118 ± 0.016 in) per year for the period 1993–2017.
Category: Carbon dioxide
Claim: CO2 is colorless, odorless and completely non-toxic.
Evidence: Carbon dioxide is odorless at normally encountered concentrations, but at high concentrations, it has a sharp and acidic odor.
Evidence: At low concentrations the gas is odorless; however, at sufficiently-high concentrations, it has a sharp, acidic odor.
Evidence: Carbon monoxide is colorless, odorless and tasteless, but highly toxic.
Category: Emissions trading
Claim: U.S. Sen. Ron Johnson "led the fight to let polluters release unlimited amounts of carbon pollution and took nearly $225,000 from polluters."
Evidence: The international community began the long process towards building effective international and domestic measures to tackle GHG emissions (carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, hydroflurocarbons, perfluorocarbons, sulphur hexafluoride) in response to the increasing assertions that global warming is happening due to man-made emissions and the uncertainty over its likely consequences.
Evidence: They all put a price on pollution (for example, see carbon price), and so provide an economic incentive to reduce pollution beginning with the lowest-cost opportunities.
Evidence: Johnson's 2010 Senate campaign raised a total of $15.2 million, $9 million of which was his own money.
Evidence: The program caps the amount of carbon dioxide that can be emitted from large installations with a net heat supply in excess of 20 MW, such as power plants and carbon intensive factories and covers almost half (46%) of the EU's Carbon Dioxide emissions.
Category: Donald Trump
Claim: The climate-change agreement between the United States and China "requires the Chinese to do nothing at all for 16 years."
Evidence: "President Trump Signs First Congressional Review Act Disapproval Resolution in 16 Years".
Evidence: On June 1, 2017, United States President Donald Trump announced that the U.S. would cease all participation in the 2015 Paris Agreement on climate change mitigation.
Evidence: Play media Play media In a televised announcement from the White House Rose Garden on June 1, 2017, Trump said, "In order to fulfill my solemn duty to protect the United States and its citizens, the United States will withdraw from the Paris climate accord," adding "The bottom line is that the Paris accord is very unfair at the highest level to the United States."
Category: Global warming hiatus
Claim: The report, published in the journal Nature Geoscience on September 18, acknowledges that most of the models of warming trends failed to predict the ‘slowdown’ in warming post-2000, resulting in less pronounced warming than predicted and thus more room in the CO2 ‘emissions budget’ for the coming decades.
Evidence: Subsequently, a detailed study supports the conclusion that warming is continuing, but it also find there was less warming between 2001 and 2010 than climate models had predicted, and that this slowdown might be attributed to short-term variations in the Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO), which was negative during that period.
Evidence: They judge that global mean surface air temperature has increased by 0.3 to 0.6 °C over the last 100 years, broadly consistent with prediction of climate models, but also of the same magnitude as natural climate variability.
Category: Global warming
Claim: Global temperature is still rising and 2010 was the hottest recorded.
Evidence: Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.
Evidence: The highest temperature ever recorded was 38.2 °C (100.8 °F) at the VVC weather station and 39.0 °C (102.2 °F) in the center of Moscow and Domodedovo airport on July 29, 2010 during the unusual 2010 Northern Hemisphere summer heat waves.
Evidence: Global warming is the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.
Category: Climatic Research Unit documents
Claim: The "decline" refers to a decline in northern tree-rings, not global temperature, and is openly discussed in papers and the IPCC reports.
Evidence: Several scientific sources state that the decline being referred to is a decline in tree ring climate proxy metrics, not temperature.
Evidence: The issues with tree rings had not been hidden, but were extensively discussed in scientific literature and in IPCC reports.
Evidence: This "decline" referred to the well-discussed tree-ring divergence problem, but these two phrases were taken out of context by global warming sceptics, including US Senator Jim Inhofe and former Governor of Alaska Sarah Palin, as though they referred to some decline in measured global temperatures, even though they were written when temperatures were at a record high.
Category: Second law of thermodynamics
Claim: 2nd law of thermodynamics contradicts greenhouse theory.
Evidence: The theory of classical or equilibrium thermodynamics is idealized.
Evidence: If someone points out to you that your pet theory of the universe is in disagreement with Maxwell's equations – then so much the worse for Maxwell's equations.
Evidence: Carnot's original arguments were made from the viewpoint of the caloric theory, before the discovery of the first law of thermodynamics.
Evidence: The recurrence theorem may be perceived as apparently contradicting the second law of thermodynamics.
Category: Machine learning
Claim: While many scientists have acknowledged the mismatch between model predictions and actual temperature observations, few have really challenged the validity of the models themselves.
Evidence: Loss functions express the discrepancy between the predictions of the model being trained and the actual problem instances (for example, in classification, one wants to assign a label to instances, and models are trained to correctly predict the pre-assigned labels of a set of examples).
Evidence: A 2007 study by David Douglass and coworkers, concluded that the 22 most commonly used global climate models used by the IPCC were unable to accurately predict accelerated warming in the troposphere although they did match actual surface warming, concluding "projections of future climate based on these models should be viewed with much caution".
Evidence: To that end, experiments are performed and observations are made in order to determine the validity or invalidity of the theory.
Category: John Coleman (meteorologist)
Claim: Weather Channel Co-Founder John Coleman Calls Global Warming a Hoax
Evidence: "Weather Channel boss calls global warming 'the greatest scam in history'".
Evidence: Climate change has also been called the "greatest scam in history" by John Coleman, who co-founded the Weather Channel.
Evidence: The Weather Channel was founded on July 18, 1980, by television meteorologist John Coleman (who, at the time of the channel's founding, had formerly served as a chief meteorologist at ABC owned-and-operated station WLS-TV in Chicago and as a forecaster for Good Morning America) and Frank Batten, then-president of the channel's original owner Landmark Communications (now Landmark Media Enterprises).
Evidence: He has called global warming the "greatest scam in history" and made numerous false or misleading claims about climate science.
Category: Anthony Watts (blogger)
Claim: according, again, to the official figures—during this past 10 years, if anything, mean global temperature, average world temperature, has slightly declined
Evidence: Farmer 2014, p. 44: "Global average temperatures for 2013 have recently been published by the BEST study...2010 and 2005 remain the warmest years since records began in the 19th century.
Evidence: Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.
Evidence: The global temperature kept climbing during the decade.
Evidence: Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.
Category: Earth
Claim: When we do the calculations and include all radiative forcings and the amount of heat being absorbed by the oceans, it shows that the Earth has warmed almost exactly as much as we would expect.
Evidence: This effect is much less significant than the total energy change due to the axial tilt, and most of the excess energy is absorbed by the higher proportion of water in the Southern Hemisphere.
Evidence: Earth's surface, warmed to an "effective temperature" around −18 °C (0 °F), radiates long-wavelength, infrared heat in the range of 4–100 μm.