Danthammadhavi/climate_fever_fixed huggingface dataset:
Category: Minimum wage
Claim: The claim that 2.2 conventional jobs are destroyed   for  every new job created in the alternative energy industry is based on a study which relies on incorrect numbers, cherrypicked dates, faulty theory, flawed methodology, and is disproven by real-world examples.
Evidence: Michael Anyadike-Danes and Wynne Godley argue, based on simulation results, that little of the empirical work done with the textbook model constitutes a potentially falsifiable theory, and consequently empirical evidence hardly exists for that model.
Evidence: Economics has been subject to criticism that it relies on unrealistic, unverifiable, or highly simplified assumptions, in some cases because these assumptions simplify the proofs of desired conclusions.
Evidence: The Paul Samuelson's (1915–2009) Foundations of Economic Analysis published in 1947 was an attempt to show that mathematical methods could represent a core of testable economic theory.
Evidence: However, reassessments found the study to have flawed methodology.
Category: 2013 in science
Claim: Ice cap is disappearing far more rapidly than previously estimated, and is part of a long-term trend, new research shows
Evidence: Rapidly melting sea ice is causing ocean acidification in the Arctic to occur at faster rates than previously forecast, with serious implications for the food web, according to new research.
Evidence: More recent research, especially into Antarctica, indicates that this is probably a conservative estimate and true long-term sea level rise might be higher.
Evidence: The data show a long-term negative trend in recent years, attributed to global warming, although there is also a considerable amount of variation from year to year.
Evidence: However, the long-term trend is for the plant life on land to die off altogether as most of the remaining carbon in the atmosphere becomes sequestered in the Earth.
Category: Sea level rise
Claim: “Sea level rise, which was occurring long before humans could be blamed, has not accelerated and still amounts to only 1 inch every ten years.
Evidence: "Antarctica ice melt has accelerated by 280% in the last 4 decades".
Evidence: "20th century acceleration in global sea-level rise".
Category: Climate sensitivity
Claim: Their ECS estimate is 1.5 degrees, with a probability range between 1.05 and 2.45 degrees.
Evidence: As estimated by the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report (AR5), "there is high confidence that ECS is extremely unlikely less than 1°C and medium confidence that the ECS is likely between 1.5°C and 4.5°C and very unlikely greater than 6°C".
Evidence: They also stated that ECS is extremely unlikely to be less than 1 °C (1.8 °F) (high confidence), and is very unlikely to be greater than 6 °C (11 °F) (medium confidence).
Evidence: The IPCC Fifth Assessment Report reverted to the earlier range of 1.5 to 4.5 °C (2.7 to 8.1 °F) (high confidence) because some estimates using industrial-age data came out low.
Evidence: The IPCC literature assessment estimates that TCR likely lies between 1 °C and 2.5 °C.
Category: Pine Island Glacier
Claim: Ice mass loss is occuring at an accelerated rate in Greenland, Antarctica and globally from inland glaciers.
Evidence: Pine Island Glacier (PIG) is a large ice stream, and the fastest melting glacier in Antarctica, responsible for about 25% of Antarctica's ice loss.
Evidence: The Greenland, and possibly the Antarctic, ice sheets have been losing mass recently, because losses by ablation including outlet glaciers exceed accumulation of snowfall.
Evidence: The significant accelerations noted on the three largest glaciers began at the calving front and propagated inland and are not seasonal in nature.
Evidence: "A tipping point in refreezing accelerates mass loss of Greenland's glaciers and ice caps".
Category: Effects of global warming
Claim: Sea ice has diminished much faster than scientists and climate models anticipated.
Evidence: Since 1979, satellite records indicate the decline in summer sea ice coverage has been about 13% per decade.
Evidence: A 2007 study found the decline to be "faster than forecasted" by model simulations.
Category: Effects of global warming
Claim: Small increases in average temperature translate to big increases in the number of extremely hot days, and those hot days have a big impact.
Evidence: In Australia, the annual number of hot days (above 35°C) and very hot days (above 40°C) has increased significantly in many areas of the country since 1950.
Evidence: Future climate change will include more very hot days and fewer very cold days.
Evidence: Global warming refers to the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.
Evidence: Global warming boosts the probability of extreme weather events such as heat waves where the daily maximum temperature exceeds the average maximum temperature by 5 °C (9 °F) for more than five consecutive days.
Category: Earth
Claim: Furthermore, it is physically incorrect to state that the planet is simply "recovering" from the Little Ice Age.
Evidence: "When and how did the ice age end?
Evidence: This trend could be extrapolated to continue into the future, possibly leading to a full ice age, but the twentieth-century instrumental temperature record shows a sudden reversal of this trend, with a rise in global temperatures attributed to greenhouse gas emissions.
Evidence: An ice age is a long period of reduction in the temperature of the Earth's surface and atmosphere, resulting in the presence or expansion of continental and polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers.
Category: Titan (moon)
Claim: (Kerr 2007) points out that the sunlight-reflecting haze that cools much of the planet seems to have thinned over the past decade or so.
Evidence: Conversely, haze in Titan's atmosphere contributes to an anti-greenhouse effect by reflecting sunlight back into space, cancelling a portion of the greenhouse effect and making its surface significantly colder than its upper atmosphere.
Evidence: Earth appears as a blue dot primarily because of Rayleigh scattering of sunlight in its atmosphere.
Category: Earth
Claim: if we halved today’s atmospheric carbon dioxide content, all life would die.
Evidence: The lack of vegetation will result in the loss of oxygen in the atmosphere, making animal life impossible.
Evidence: For contrast, today the carbon dioxide levels are at 400 ppm or 0.04%.
Evidence: By volume, dry air contains 78.09% nitrogen, 20.95% oxygen, 0.93% argon, 0.04% carbon dioxide, and small amounts of other gases.
Evidence: Earth's increasing surface temperature will accelerate the inorganic carbon cycle, reducing CO 2 concentration to levels lethally low for plants (10 ppm for C4 photosynthesis) in approximately 100–900 million years.
Category: Climate change and agriculture
Claim: ‘there will not be enough nitrogen available to sustain the high carbon uptake scenarios.’
Evidence: However, because the ratio of soil organic carbon to nitrogen is mediated by soil biology such that it maintains a narrow range, a doubling of soil organic carbon is likely to imply a doubling in the storage of nitrogen in soils as organic nitrogen, thus providing higher available nutrient levels for plants, supporting higher yield potential.
Evidence: dead leaves), direct humus accumulation, the well-developed and deep-reaching root system, the low decomposition rates of plant residues due to a high C : N ratio (carbon to nitrogen ratio), and the absence of tillage and subsequently less soil aeration are the reasons for the high carbon sequestration rates.
Evidence: Studies have shown that higher CO2 levels lead to reduced plant uptake of nitrogen (and a smaller number showing the same for trace elements such as zinc) resulting in crops with lower nutritional value.
Category: Scientific method
Claim: Pollard and DeConto are the first to admit that their model is still crude, but its results have pushed the entire scientific community into emergency mode.
Evidence: Crucially, experimental and theoretical results must be reproduced by others within the scientific community.
Evidence: In addition to testing hypotheses, scientists may also generate a model, an attempt to describe or depict the phenomenon in terms of a logical, physical or mathematical representation and to generate new hypotheses that can be tested, based on observable phenomena.
Evidence: Scientific models vary in the extent to which they have been experimentally tested and for how long, and in their acceptance in the scientific community.
Category: Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event
Claim: A large number of ancient mass extinction events have been strongly linked to global climate change.
Evidence: Species extinction at Seymour Island occurred in two pulses that coincide with the two observed warming events, directly linking the end-Cretaceous extinction at this site to both volcanic and meteorite events via climate change.
Evidence: The regression would also have caused climate changes, partly by disrupting winds and ocean currents and partly by reducing the Earth's albedo and increasing global temperatures.
Evidence: Among the main causes hypothesized by paleontologists are overkill by the widespread appearance of humans and natural climate change.
Category: Scientific consensus on climate change
Claim: There are many lines of evidence which clearly show that the atmospheric CO2 increase is caused by humans.
Evidence: The introduction includes this statement: There is strong evidence that the warming of the Earth over the last half-century has been caused largely by human activity, such as the burning of fossil fuels and changes in land use, including agriculture and deforestation.
Evidence: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.
Category: Rate of return
Claim: (Multiplying .95 by itself 15 times yields 46.3 percent.)”
Evidence: For example, assuming reinvestment, the cumulative return for annual returns: 50%, -20%, 30% and -40% is: ( 1 + 0.50 ) ( 1 − 0.20 ) ( 1 + 0.30 ) ( 1 − 0.40 ) − 1 = − 0.0640 = − 6.40 % {\displaystyle (1+0.50)(1-0.20)(1+0.30)(1-0.40)-1=-0.0640=-6.40\%} and the geometric average is: ( 1 + 0.50 ) ( 1 − 0.20 ) ( 1 + 0.30 ) ( 1 − 0.40 ) 4 − 1 = − 0.0164 = − 1.64 % {\displaystyle {\sqrt[{4}]{(1+0.50)(1-0.20)(1+0.30)(1-0.40)}}-1=-0.0164=-1.64\%} which is equal to the annualized cumulative return: 1 − 0.0640 4 − 1 = − 0.0164 {\displaystyle {\sqrt[{4}]{1-0.0640}}-1=-0.0164} In the presence of external flows, such as cash or securities moving into or out of the portfolio, the return should be calculated by compensating for these movements.
Evidence: Assuming returns are reinvested, if the returns over n {\displaystyle n} successive time sub-periods are R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , ⋯ , R n {\displaystyle R_{1},R_{2},R_{3},\cdots ,R_{n}} , then the cumulative return or overall return over the overall time period is the result of compounding the returns together: ( 1 + R 1 ) ( 1 + R 2 ) ⋯ ( 1 + R n ) − 1 {\displaystyle (1+R_{1})(1+R_{2})\cdots (1+R_{n})-1} If the returns are logarithmic returns however, the logarithmic return over the overall time period is: ∑ i = 1 n R l o g , i = R l o g , 1 + R l o g , 2 + R l o g , 3 + ⋯ + R l o g , n {\displaystyle \sum _{i=1}^{n}R_{\mathrm {log} ,i}=R_{\mathrm {log} ,1}+R_{\mathrm {log} ,2}+R_{\mathrm {log} ,3}+\cdots +R_{\mathrm {log} ,n}} This formula applies with an assumption of reinvestment of returns and it means that successive logarithmic returns can be summed, i.e.
Evidence: This is a return of 20,000 USD divided by 100,000 USD, which equals 20 percent.
Category: Retreat of glaciers since 1850
Claim: Thick arctic sea ice is in rapid retreat.
Evidence: In 2002 the 12 km (7.5 mi) long floating terminus of the glacier entered a phase of rapid retreat, with the ice front breaking up and the floating terminus disintegrating and accelerating to a retreat rate of over 30 m (98 ft) per day.
Evidence: A composite record of Arctic ice demonstrates that the floes' retreat began around 1900, experiencing more rapid melting beginning within the past 50 years.
Category: Global warming controversy
Claim: "Disasters Cost More Than Ever — But Not Because of Climate Change" (Roger Pielke Jr.)
Evidence: "Costing Climate Change".
Evidence: Further global climate changes are predicted, with impacts expected to become more costly as time progresses.
Evidence: By addressing climate change, we can avoid the costs associated with the effects of climate change.
Evidence: It would be cheaper, they say, to wait for the impacts of climate change and then adapt to them" says writer and environmental activist George Monbiot in an article addressing the supposed economic hazards of addressing climate change.
Category: Jet stream
Claim: “The jet stream forms a boundary between the cold north and the warmer south, but the lower temperature difference means the winds are now weaker.
Evidence: This in turn reduces the temperature gradient that drives jet stream winds, which may eventually cause the jet stream to become weaker and more variable in its course.
Evidence: As the temperature difference between the Arctic and the equator decreases, ocean currents that are driven by that temperature difference, like the Gulf Stream, are weakening.
Evidence: Surface winds below the jet may sway vegetation, but are significantly weaker.
Category: Global warming
Claim: While changes in cloud cover & aerosols lead to more sunlight hitting the surface, this can be compensated by the cooling effect on the atmosphere due to fewer clouds trapping less warmth and fewer absorbing aerosols absorbing less sunlight.
Evidence: If cloud cover increases, more sunlight will be reflected back into space, cooling the planet.
Evidence: For instance, if absorbing aerosols are present in a layer aloft in the atmosphere, they can heat surrounding air which inhibits the condensation of water vapour, resulting in less cloud formation.
Category: Climate change feedback
Claim: "a [cloudcover] change in the Tropics could lead to a negative feedback in the global climate, with a feedback factor of about –1.1, which if correct, would more than cancel all the positive feedbacks in the more sensitive current climate models" (Lindzen et al.
Evidence: Observations and modelling studies indicate that there is a net positive feedback to warming.
Category: Climate change and agriculture
Claim: “Yet, a new study of 60 climate models and scenarios shows this warning fails to take into account the fact that global warming will mean precipitation increases.
Evidence: For example, many models are running simulations based on doubled carbon dioxide projections, temperatures raise ranging from 1 °C up to 5 °C, and with rainfall levels an increase or decrease of 20%.
Evidence: Past models have underestimated the rate of Arctic shrinkage and underestimated the rate of precipitation increase.
Category: Cold wave
Claim: 2009-2010 winter saw record cold spells.
Evidence: Overall it was the coldest winter since 1978–79, with a mean temperature of 1.5 °C (34.7 °F).
Evidence: In the United States, a record five-week cold spell bottomed out at −20 °F (−29 °C) at Hartford, Connecticut, and −16 °F (−27 °C) in New York City.
Category: United States Environmental Protection Agency
Claim: Sen. George LeMieux voted to let oil companies off the hook and overturn pollution rules.
Evidence: Four years later, in October 1976, Congress passed the Toxic Substances Control Act, which like FIFRA related to commercial products rather than pollution.
Evidence: The National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit program addresses water pollution by regulating point sources which discharge to US waters.
Evidence: The Environmental Protection Agency has the power to issue regulations.
Evidence: Partly based on such litigation experience, Congress enacted the Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1972, better known as the Clean Water Act.
Category: Attribution of recent climate change
Claim: "Three Australasian researchers have shown that natural forces are the dominant influence on climate, in a study just published in the highly-regarded Journal of Geophysical Research.
Evidence: As noted, clear and compelling scientific evidence supports the case for a pronounced human influence on global climate.
Evidence: The scientific consensus as of 2013[update], as stated in the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report, is that it "is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century".
Evidence: According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), it is "extremely likely" that human influence was the dominant cause of global warming between 1951 and 2010.
Category: Volcano
Claim: Volcanoes have been relatively frequent and if anything, have exerted a cooling effect.
Evidence: Large eruptions can affect temperature as ash and droplets of sulfuric acid obscure the sun and cool the Earth's lower atmosphere (or troposphere); however, they also absorb heat radiated from the Earth, thereby warming the upper atmosphere (or stratosphere).
Evidence: This magma tends to be extremely viscous because of its high silica content, so it often does not attain the surface but cools and solidifies at depth.
Category: Sea level rise
Claim: Sea level rise, which was occurring long before humans could be blamed, has not accelerated.
Evidence: "Antarctica ice melt has accelerated by 280% in the last 4 decades".
Evidence: A 2018 systematic review study estimated that ice loss across the entire continent was 43 gigatons (Gt) per year on average during the period from 1992 to 2002, but has accelerated to an average of 220 Gt per year during the five years from 2012 to 2017.
Evidence: More precise data gathered from satellite radar measurements reveal an accelerating rise of 7.5 cm (3.0 in) from 1993 to 2017, which is a trend of roughly 30 cm (12 in) per century.
Evidence: "Climate-change–driven accelerated sea-level rise detected in the altimeter era".
Evidence: This acceleration is due mostly to human-caused global warming, which is driving thermal expansion of seawater and the melting of land-based ice sheets and glaciers.
Category: Holocene
Claim: About 60% of the warming observed from 1970 to 2000 was very likely caused by the above natural 60-year climatic cycle during its warming phase" (Loehle and Scafetta)
Evidence: This period of warmth ended about 5,500 years ago with the descent into the Neoglacial and concomitant Neopluvial.
Evidence: "Centennial-scale climate cooling with a sudden event around 8,200 years ago".
Evidence: These can be defined as geologically brief (<200,000 year) events characterized by rapid global warming, major changes in the environment, and massive carbon addition.
Category: Global warming
Claim: Global warming is an increasingly urgent problem.
Evidence: Oxford Dictionary chose climate emergency as the word of the year 2019 and defines the term as "a situation in which urgent action is required to reduce or halt climate change and avoid potentially irreversible environmental damage resulting from it".
Evidence: "Climate Change and Financial Instability Seen as Top Global Threats".
Evidence: People who regard climate change as catastrophic, irreversible, or rapid might label climate change as a climate crisis or a climate emergency.
Evidence: In 2019, the British Parliament became the first national government in the world to officially declare a climate emergency.
Category: Kyoto Protocol
Claim: Any action by Australia to reduce emissions of fossil fuels would not help to protect the reef unless there is an effective international agreement by major emitters.
Evidence: The 2010 Cancún agreements include voluntary pledges made by 76 developed and developing countries to control their emissions of greenhouse gases.
Evidence: The agreement stated that it would enter into force (and thus become fully effective) only if 55 countries that produce at least 55% of the world's greenhouse gas emissions (according to a list produced in 2015) ratify, accept, approve or accede to the agreement.
Evidence: The Montreal Protocol is an international treaty that has successfully reduced emissions of ozone-depleting substances (for example, CFCs), which are also greenhouse gases.
Evidence: The international community began the long process towards building effective international and domestic measures to tackle GHG emissions (carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, hydroflurocarbons, perfluorocarbons, sulphur hexafluoride) in response to the increasing assertions that global warming is happening due to man-made emissions and the uncertainty over its likely consequences.
Category: Greenhouse gas
Claim: "Global warming is mostly due to heat production by human industry since the 1800s, from nuclear power and fossil fuels, better termed hydrocarbons, – coal, oil, natural gas.
Evidence: The vast majority of anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions come from combustion of fossil fuels, principally coal, oil, and natural gas, with additional contributions coming from deforestation, changes in land use, soil erosion and agriculture (including livestock).
Evidence: Burning hydrocarbons as fuel, producing carbon dioxide and water, is a major contributor to anthropogenic global warming.
Evidence: Natural gas (also called fossil gas) is a naturally occurring hydrocarbon gas mixture consisting primarily of methane, but commonly including varying amounts of other higher alkanes, and sometimes a small percentage of carbon dioxide, nitrogen, hydrogen sulfide, or helium.
Evidence: Natural gas is a non-renewable hydrocarbon used as a source of energy for heating, cooking, and electricity generation.
Evidence: At present, the primary source of CO 2 emissions is the burning of coal, natural gas, and petroleum for electricity and heat.
Category: Global warming
Claim: Scientists say the recent climate agreement negotiated in Paris is not remotely ambitious enough to forestall a significant melting of Greenland and Antarctica, though if fully implemented, it may slow the pace somewhat.”
Evidence: In 2015 all UN countries negotiated the Paris Agreement, which aims to keep climate change well below 2 °C.
Category: Global warming
Claim: There is no statistical evidence that global warming is intensifying[…] droughts
Evidence: Overall, higher temperatures bring more rain and snowfall, but for some regions droughts and wildfires increase instead.
Evidence: Some evidence suggests that droughts have been occurring more frequently because of global warming and they are expected to become more frequent and intense in Africa, southern Europe, the Middle East, most of the Americas, Australia, and Southeast Asia.
Evidence: more intense droughts and tropical cyclones) are more uncertain.
Evidence: Climate change also increases droughts and heat waves that inhibit plant growth, which makes it uncertain whether this balancing feedback will persist in the future.
Category: Externality
Claim: “climate economists see a positive externality, not a negative one, from the human influence on climate.
Evidence: A positive externality (also called "external benefit" or "external economy" or "beneficial externality") is the positive effect an activity imposes on an unrelated third party.
Evidence: Economists describe environmental impacts as negative externalities.
Evidence: In economic theory, pollution is considered a negative externality, a negative effect on a third party not directly involved in a transaction, and is a type of market failure.
Evidence: Externalities can be either positive or negative.
Category: Climate sensitivity
Claim: Recent modelling data suggests the climate is considerably more sensitive to carbon emissions than previously believed
Evidence: The more sensitive a climate system is to increased greenhouse gases, the more likely it is to have decades when temperatures are much higher or much lower than the longer-term average.
Evidence: Climate sensitivity is typically estimated in three ways; by using observations taken during the industrial age, by using temperature and other data from the Earth's past and by modelling the climate system in computers.
Category: Uppsala
Claim: the mild warming of around 0.8 degrees Celsius that the planet has experienced since the middle of the 19th century
Evidence: The second warmest is 2018, with 8.0 °C (46 °F).
Evidence: Without this heat-retention effect, the average surface temperature would be −18 °C (0 °F), in contrast to the current +15 °C (59 °F), and life on Earth probably would not exist in its current form.
Evidence: If compared to the period 1861–1890, the annual increase in temperature is 1.8 °C.
Evidence: Consequently, summers are 2.3 °C (4 °F) warmer in the Northern Hemisphere than in the Southern Hemisphere under similar conditions.
Category: Methane
Claim: And their wind and manure emit more than one third of  emissions of another, methane, which warms the world 20 times faster  than carbon dioxide.
Evidence: Compared to other hydrocarbon fuels, methane produces less carbon dioxide for each unit of heat released.
Evidence: The methane in biogas is 28 times more potent a greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide.
Evidence: Methane is an important greenhouse gas with a global warming potential of 34 compared to CO2 (potential of 1) over a 100-year period, and 72 over a 20-year period.
Evidence: Methane is a strong GHG with a global warming potential 84 times greater than CO2 in a 20-year time frame.
Category: Smart grid
Claim: Electricity rates are 40 percent higher in states that have required utility companies to use a certain amount of renewable energy such as solar power.
Evidence: Smart grid technology is a necessary condition for very large amounts of renewable electricity on the grid for this reason.
Evidence: Renewable portfolio standards require renewable energy to exist (most of them intermittent such as wind and solar), but at the expense of utilities and consumers.
Evidence: Also, Renewable portfolio standards impose a government mandate that utilities generate or acquire a certain percentage of renewable power regardless of increased energy procurement costs.
Category: El Niño–Southern Oscillation
Claim: Even during a period of long term warming, there are short periods of cooling due to climate variability.
Evidence: El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is an irregularly periodic variation in winds and sea surface temperatures over the tropical eastern Pacific Ocean, affecting the climate of much of the tropics and subtropics.
Evidence: Orbital forcing from cycles in the earth's orbit around the sun has, for the past 2,000 years, caused a long-term northern hemisphere cooling trend that continued through the Middle Ages and the Little Ice Age.
Evidence: Before the current ice age, which began 2 to 3 Ma, Earth's climate was typically mild and uniform for long periods of time.
Category: Sea level rise
Claim: Sea level rise could reach six or seven feet by the year 2100.
Evidence: The study also concluded that the Paris climate agreement emissions scenario, if met, would result in a median 52 cm (20 in) of sea level rise by 2100.
Evidence: In high emission scenario, it will be 34 cm by 2050 and 111 cm by 2100.
Evidence: The commission said the country must plan for a rise in the North Sea up to 1.3 metres (4 ft 3 in) by 2100 and plan for a 2–4 metres (7–13 ft) m rise by 2200.
Evidence: If emissions remain very high, the IPCC projects sea level will rise by 52–98 cm (20–39 in).
Category: Black carbon
Claim: Global brightening is caused by changes in cloud cover, reflective aerosols and absorbing aerosols.
Evidence: In addition to black carbon, fossil fuel and biofuel soot contain aerosols and particulate matter that cool the planet by reflecting the sun's radiation away from the Earth.
Evidence: A purely scattering aerosol will reflect energy that would normally be absorbed by the earth-atmosphere system back to space and leads to a cooling effect.
Evidence: Solid and liquid particles known as aerosols – from volcanoes, plankton, and human-made pollutants – reflect incoming sunlight, cooling the climate.
Evidence: Aerosols and other particulates absorb solar energy and reflect sunlight back into space.
Category: Global warming controversy
Claim: The team of climate scientists notes that in failing to predict the warming ‘hiatus’ in the beginning of the 21st century, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) models overestimated temperature increases…
Evidence: Models referenced by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) predict that global temperatures are likely to increase by 1.1 to 6.4 °C (2.0 to 11.5 °F) between 1990 and 2100.
Evidence: Projections based on the Special Report on Emissions Scenarios suggest warming over the 21st century at a more rapid rate than that experienced for at least the last 10,000 years.
Category: Hurricane Harvey
Claim: The extent of climate change’s influence on the jet stream is an intense subject of research.
Evidence: The relationship between climate change and the frequency of hurricanes (or tropical cyclones) is still unclear, and is the subject of continuing research.
Evidence: Climatological Studies of the Influences of El Niño Southern Oscillation Events in the Precipitation Pattern Over South America During Austral Summer.
Category: Gulf Stream
Claim: But despite [the Gulf Stream], the summer of 2018 looks set to be one of the hottest on record.
Evidence: As it travels north, the warm water transported by the Gulf Stream undergoes evaporative cooling.
Evidence: These two processes produce water that is denser and colder (or, more precisely, water that is still liquid at a lower temperature).
Evidence: Summer temperatures may reach up to 50 °C (122 °F) under the right conditions.
Evidence: The Gulf Stream, together with its northern extension the North Atlantic Drift, is a warm and swift Atlantic ocean current that originates in the Gulf of Mexico and stretches to the tip of Florida, and follows the eastern coastlines of the United States and Newfoundland before crossing the Atlantic Ocean as the North Atlantic Current.
Category: Greenhouse gas
Claim: that atmospheric CO2 increase that we observe is a product of temperature  increase, and not the other way around, meaning it is a product of  natural variation...
Evidence: During the late 20th century, a scientific consensus evolved that increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere cause a substantial rise in global temperatures and changes to other parts of the climate system, with consequences for the environment and for human health.
Category: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
Claim: 'The UN’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change misled the press and public into believing that thousands of scientists backed its claims on manmade global warming, according to Mike Hulme, a prominent climate scientist and IPCC insider.
Evidence: Criticism of the MBH99 reconstruction in a review paper, which was quickly discredited in the Soon and Baliunas controversy, was picked up by the Bush administration, and a Senate speech by US Republican senator James Inhofe alleged that "manmade global warming is the greatest hoax ever perpetrated on the American people".
Evidence: There is widespread support for the IPCC in the scientific community, which is reflected in publications by other scientific bodies and experts.
Category: Carbon footprint
Claim: The carbon footprint on wind [energy] is significant.
Evidence: Wind power and solar power, emit no carbon from the operation, but do leave a footprint during construction phase and maintenance during operation.
Evidence: This comes mainly from wind turbines situated right across Orkney Many initiatives seek to assist individuals, businesses and states in reducing their carbon footprint or achieving climate neutrality.
Evidence: "The 11 Biggest Wind Farms and Wind Power Constructions That Reduce Carbon Footprint".
Category: Attribution of recent climate change
Claim: Various independent measurements of solar activity all confirm the sun has shown a slight cooling trend since 1978.
Evidence: In the three decades since 1978, the combination of solar and volcanic activity probably had a slight cooling influence on the climate.
Evidence: These measurements indicate that the Sun's total solar irradiance has not increased since 1978, so the warming during the past 30 years cannot be directly attributed to an increase in total solar energy reaching the Earth (see graph above, left).
Evidence: Since 1978, output from the Sun has been measured by satellites significantly more accurately than was previously possible from the surface.
Category: NASA
Claim: Cold weather to grip world as solar minimum to deepen, NASA says
Evidence: Its statements concur with the global scientific consensus that the global climate is warming.
Evidence: The coolest layer of the Sun is a temperature minimum region extending to about 500 km above the photosphere, and has a temperature of about 4,100 K. This part of the Sun is cool enough to allow the existence of simple molecules such as carbon monoxide and water, which can be detected via their absorption spectra.
Evidence: Solar physicist Dean Pesnell of the Goddard Space Flight Center came to the following conclusion: "We're experiencing a very deep solar minimum."
Category: Pacific decadal oscillation
Claim: In 1946, PDO switched to a cool phase.
Evidence: 1945/1946: The PDO changed to a "cool" phase, the pattern of this regime shift is similar to the 1970s episode with maximum amplitude in the subarctic and subtropical front but with a greater signature near the Japan while the 1970s shift was stronger near the American west coast.
Evidence: During a "warm", or "positive", phase, the west Pacific becomes cooler and part of the eastern ocean warms; during a "cool" or "negative" phase, the opposite pattern occurs.
Evidence: 1976/1977: PDO changed to a "warm" phase.
Evidence: There is evidence of reversals in the prevailing polarity (meaning changes in cool surface waters versus warm surface waters within the region) of the oscillation occurring around 1925, 1947, and 1977; the last two reversals corresponded with dramatic shifts in salmon production regimes in the North Pacific Ocean.
Category: Earth
Claim: The temperatures are expected to change by as much as 10 Fahrenheit degrees at different places of the globe.
Evidence: This is predicted to produce changes such as the melting of glaciers and ice sheets, more extreme temperature ranges, significant changes in weather and a global rise in average sea levels.
Evidence: About a billion years from now, all surface water will have disappeared and the mean global temperature will reach 70 °C (158 °F).
Evidence: As a result, the mean annual air temperature at sea level decreases by about 0.4 °C (0.7 °F) per degree of latitude from the equator.
Category: Democratic Party (United States)
Claim: Barack Obama and Joe Biden will establish a 10 percent federal Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS) to require that 10 percent of electricity consumed in the U.S. is derived from clean, sustainable energy sources, like solar, wind and geothermal by 2012.
Evidence: Democrats have supported increased domestic renewable energy development, including wind and solar power farms, in an effort to reduce carbon pollution.
Evidence: Wind power is a sustainable and renewable energy, and has a much smaller impact on the environment compared to burning fossil fuels.
Evidence: A Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS) is a mandate that requires electricity providers to supply to their customers a minimum amount of power from renewable sources, usually as a percentage of total energy use.
Evidence: By 2012, 10% of U.S. electricity shall come from renewable sources and 25% by 2025.
Evidence: Other plans include making society carbon neutral and using renewable energy, including solar, wind, and methane sources.
Category: Nuclear winter
Claim: No climate model has predicted a cooling of the Earth – quite the  contrary.
Evidence: The severity of this cooling in Alan Robock's model suggests that the cumulative products of 100 of these firestorms could cool the global climate by approximately 1 °C (1.8 °F), largely eliminating the magnitude of anthropogenic global warming for the next roughly two or three years.
Evidence: Most contemporary scientists thought that the Earth had been gradually cooling down since its birth as a molten globe.
Evidence: The models, while accurately predicting the tropics, tend to produce significantly cooler temperatures of up to 20 °C (36 °F) colder than the actual determined temperature at the poles.
Evidence: Global warming is the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.
Category: Medieval Warm Period
Claim: The MWP lasted from about 950 to 1250AD, and temperature records appear to show it was even hotter than today
Evidence: The Medieval Warm Period (MWP) is generally thought to have occurred from c. 950–c.
Evidence: Global temperature records taken from ice cores, tree rings, and lake deposits, have shown that the Earth may have been slightly cooler globally (by 0.03 °C) than in the early and mid-20th century.
Category: Temperate climate
Claim: The Rio Grande is a classic “feast or famine” river, with a dry year or two typically followed by a couple of wet years that allow for recovery.
Evidence: Mediterranean Climates, opposite to the humid subtropical and monsoonal climates, have a dry summer, with rainfall in the winter and cooler months.
Evidence: Because of both drought and overuse, the section from El Paso downstream through Ojinaga was recently tagged "The Forgotten River" by those wishing to bring attention to the river's deteriorated condition.
Evidence: s indicates at least three times as much rain in the wettest month of winter as in the driest month of summer.
Category: Atmosphere of Earth
Claim: the satellite sensors show less warming in the lower troposphere (approximately 10,000 feet above the earth’s surface) than is reported by surface temperature readings.
Evidence: Earth's surface) is typically the warmest section of the troposphere.
Evidence: Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.
Evidence: The lowest air temperature ever directly measured on Earth was −89.2 °C (−128.6 °F) at Vostok Station in 1983, but satellites have used remote sensing to measure temperatures as low as −94.7 °C (−138.5 °F) in East Antarctica.
Evidence: According to basic physical principles, the greenhouse effect produces warming of the lower atmosphere (the troposphere), but cooling of the upper atmosphere (the stratosphere).
Category: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
Claim: Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, and since the 1950s, many of the observed changes are unprecedented over decades to millennia.
Evidence: Conclusions of AR5 are summarized below: Working Group I "Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, and since the 1950s, many of the observed changes are unprecedented over decades to millennia".
Evidence: Its conclusions are summarized below: "Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, and since the 1950s, many of the observed changes are unprecedented over decades to millennia."
Evidence: IPCC AR5 WG1 Summary for Policymakers 2013, p. 4: Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, and since the 1950s, many of the observed changes are unprecedented over decades to millennia.
Category: Climate change in the United States
Claim: Temperatures in the Southwest increased by nearly two degrees Fahrenheit (one degree Celsius) from 1901 to 2010, and some climate models forecast a total rise of six degrees or more by the end of this century.
Evidence: For example, based on projections made by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and results from the United Kingdom Hadley Centre's climate model (HadCM2), a model that accounts for both greenhouse gases and aerosols, by 2100 temperatures in Idaho could increase by 5 °F (2.8 °C) (with a range of 2-9 °F) in winter and summer and 4 °F (2.2 °C) (with a range of 2-7 °F) in spring and fall.
Evidence: The average annual temperature in South Dakota has increased by about 2 degrees Fahrenheit since the beginning of the 20th century, and most of that warming has occurred in winter and spring.
Evidence: In it was the prediction that on our current course the planet will warm a disastrous seven degrees Fahrenheit (or about 3.9 degrees Celsius) by the end of this century.
Category: Fossil fuel power station
Claim: "Pollution; none of us are supporting putting substances into the  atmosphere or the waterways that might be pollutants, but carbon dioxide  is not a pollutant.
Evidence: Flue gas from combustion of the fossil fuels contains carbon dioxide and water vapor, as well as pollutants such as nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulfur oxides (SOx), and, for coal-fired plants, mercury, traces of other metals, and fly ash.
Evidence: These dangerous pollutants are known as the criteria pollutants, and include ozone, particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, and lead.
Evidence: Common gaseous pollutants include carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and nitrogen oxides produced by industry and motor vehicles.
Evidence: In these modern designs, pollution from coal-fired power plants comes from the emission of gases such as carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and sulfur dioxide into the air, as well a significant volume of wastewater which may contain lead, mercury, cadmium and chromium, as well as arsenic, selenium and nitrogen compounds (nitrates and nitrites).
Category: Gulf Coast of the United States
Claim: “Federal scientists have documented a sharp jump in this nuisance flooding — often called ‘sunny-day flooding’ — along both the East Coast and the Gulf Coast in recent years.
Evidence: The area is vulnerable to hurricanes as well as floods and severe thunderstorms.
Evidence: The Sierra Nevada and Cascade mountain ranges run close to the Pacific coast, both ranges reaching altitudes higher than 14,000 feet (4,300 m).
Category: Sea level rise
Claim: Sea-level rise does not seem to depend on ocean temperature, and certainly not on CO2
Evidence: This acceleration is due mostly to human-caused global warming, which is driving thermal expansion of seawater and the melting of land-based ice sheets and glaciers.
Evidence: The heat needed to raise an average temperature increase of the entire world ocean by 0.01 °C would increase the atmospheric temperature by approximately 10 °C.
Category: Economy of the United States
Claim: “In 2013 the level of U.S. farm output was about 2.7 times its 1948 level, and productivity was growing at an average annual rate of 1.52%.
Evidence: Despite the recession, it was still at 2.79% in 2012 and will slide only marginally to 2.73% in 2013, according to provisional data, and should remain at a similar level in 2014.
Evidence: It grew 3.0% per year on average in the 1960s, 2.1% in the 1970s, 2.4% in the 1980s, 2.2% in the 1990s, 0.7% in the 2000s, and 0.9% from 2010 to 2017.
Evidence: Private sector productivity growth, measured as real output per hour of all persons, increased at an average rate of 1.9% during Reagan's eight years, compared to an average 1.3% during the preceding eight years.
Evidence: This forecast assumes real GDP growth would be 1.4% in 2013 and 2.5% in 2014.
Evidence: GDP per employed person increased at an average 1.5% rate during the Reagan administration, compared to an average 0.6% during the preceding eight years.
Category: Eocene
Claim: Global Ocean Circulation Appears To Be Collapsing Due To A Warming Planet
Evidence: Isotopes of carbon and oxygen indicate a shift to a global cooling climate.
Category: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
Claim: The claim that 97 percent of scientists believe humans are causing climate change has been debunked by the "head" of the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
Evidence: The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is an intergovernmental body of the United Nations that is dedicated to providing the world with objective, scientific information relevant to understanding the scientific basis of the risk of human-induced climate change, its natural, political, and economic impacts and risks, and possible response options.
Evidence: 97% of the scientists surveyed agreed that global temperatures had increased during the past 100 years; 84% said they personally believed human-induced warming was occurring, and 74% agreed that "currently available scientific evidence" substantiated its occurrence.
Evidence: The study found that 97% of the 489 scientists surveyed agreed that global temperatures have risen over the past century.
Category: Air pollution
Claim: it’s not a pollutant that threatens human civilization.
Evidence: An air pollutant is a material in the air that can have adverse effects on humans and the ecosystem.
Category: National security
Claim: The knock-on consequences affect national security, as the scale of the challenges involved, such as pandemic disease outbreaks, are overwhelming.
Evidence: These include global environmental problems such as climate change due to global warming, deforestation, and loss of biodiversity.
Evidence: A pandemic is an epidemic occurring on a scale which crosses international boundaries, usually affecting a large number of people.
Evidence: For example, Sweden's national security strategy of 2017 declared: "Wider security measures must also now encompass protection against epidemics and infectious diseases, combating terrorism and organised crime, ensuring safe transport and reliable food supplies, protecting against energy supply interruptions, countering devastating climate change, initiatives for peace and global development, and much more."
Evidence: A pandemic, or worldwide outbreak of a new influenza virus, could dwarf this impact by overwhelming our health and medical capabilities, potentially resulting in hundreds of thousands of deaths, millions of hospitalizations, and hundreds of billions of dollars in direct and indirect costs.
Category: Climate change mitigation
Claim: The argument that solving the global warming problem by reducing human greenhouse gas emissions is "too hard" generally stems from the belief that (i) our technology is not sufficiently advanced to achieve significant emissions reductions,
Evidence: At the core of most proposals is the reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions through reducing energy waste and switching to low-carbon power sources of energy.
Evidence: The development and scaling-up of clean technology, such as cement that produces less CO2, is critical to achieve sufficient emission reductions for the Paris agreement goals.
Evidence: Successful adaptation is easier if there are substantial emission reductions.
Category: Earth
Claim: "While major green house gas  H2O substantially warms the Earth, minor green house gases such as CO2  have little effect....
Evidence: Consequently, summers are 2.3 °C (4 °F) warmer in the Northern Hemisphere than in the Southern Hemisphere under similar conditions.
Evidence: She found moist air warmed more than dry air, and CO 2 warmed most, so she concluded higher levels of this in the past would have increased temperatures: Huddleston 2019.
Evidence: The surprising effect of this is that the global warming potential of CO is three times that of CO 2.
Evidence: Increased concentrations of gases such as CO 2 (~20%), ozone and N 2O are external forcing on the other hand.
Category: Greenhouse gas
Claim: Humans are small but powerful, and human CO2 emissions are causing global warming.
Evidence: Cumulative anthropogenic (i.e., human-emitted) emissions of CO 2 from fossil fuel use are a major cause of global warming, and give some indication of which countries have contributed most to human-induced climate change.
Evidence: Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.
Evidence: The largest human influence has been the emission of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide.
Evidence: CO2 emissions are continuing to rise due to the burning of fossil fuels and land-use change.