Danthammadhavi/climate_fever_fixed huggingface dataset:
Category: Climate change feedback
Claim: A number of independent studies using near-global satellite data find positive feedback and high climate sensitivity.
Evidence: Observations and modelling studies indicate that there is a net positive feedback to warming.
Evidence: "High sensitivity of peat decomposition to climate change through water-table feedback".
Evidence: Models not only project different future temperature with different emissions of greenhouse gases, but also do not fully agree on the strength of different feedbacks on climate sensitivity and the amount of inertia of the system.
Evidence: Climate change feedback is important in the understanding of global warming because feedback processes may amplify or diminish the effect of each climate forcing, and so play an important part in determining the climate sensitivity and future climate state.
Category: Wisconsin
Claim: In the early 20th century, state and federal governments began aggressively fighting wildfires and trying to keep them as small as possible.
Evidence: By the close of the 19th century, intensive agriculture had devastated soil fertility, and lumbering had deforested most of the state.
Evidence: Nonetheless, large-scale conflicts continued throughout the West into the 1900s.
Category: Global warming
Claim: "...there has been no increase in the global average surface temperature for the past 16 years" (Judith Curry and David Rose)
Evidence: Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.
Evidence: Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.
Evidence: The Paleocene–Eocene thermal maximum was an approximate 200,000 year long event where the global average temperature rose by some 5 to 8 °C (9 to 14 °F), and mid-latitude and polar areas may have exceeded modern tropical temperatures of 24–29 °C (75–84 °F).
Evidence: In the Paleocene, with a global average temperature of about 24–25 °C (75–77 °F), compared to 14 °C (57 °F) in more recent times, the Earth had a greenhouse climate without permanent ice sheets at the poles, like the preceding Mesozoic.
Category: Scientific consensus on climate change
Claim: “So now we’re able to explain from natural factors how we’ve had the 20th Century warming.
Evidence: Since the start of the 20th century, the global mean surface temperature of the Earth has increased by more than 0.7°C and the rate of warming has been largest in the last 30 years.
Evidence: These, together with other anthropogenic drivers, are "extremely likely" (where that means more than 95% probability) to have been the dominant cause of the observed global warming since the mid-20th century.
Evidence: The average global temperature on Earth has increased by about 0.8° Celsius (1.4° Fahrenheit) since 1880; Two-thirds of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15-0.20 °C per decade.
Category: Coal
Claim: Before human burning of fossil fuels triggered global warming, the continent’s ice was in relative balance
Evidence: The largest and most long term effect of coal use is the release of carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas that causes climate change and global warming.
Evidence: "Release of methane from a volcanic basin as a mechanism for initial Eocene global warming".
Evidence: The reflection of energy into space resulted in a global cooling, triggering the Pleistocene Ice Age.
Evidence: The mass balance of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet as a whole is thought to be slightly positive (lowering sea level) or near to balance.
Category: Global warming
Claim: In the last 35 years of global warming, sun and climate have been going in opposite directions.
Evidence: Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.
Evidence: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.
Evidence: Climate change may occur over long and short timescales from a variety of factors; recent warming is discussed in global warming.
Category: Ice age
Claim: There seems to be evidence for a link between solar activity and water levels.
Evidence: There is considerable evidence that over the very recent period of the last 100–1000 years, the sharp increases in human activity, especially the burning of fossil fuels, has caused the parallel sharp and accelerating increase in atmospheric greenhouse gases which trap the sun's heat.
Evidence: Eight times as much deuterium was inferred at the polar deposits of Mars than exists on Earth (VSMOW), suggesting that ancient Mars had significantly higher levels of water.
Category: Wetland
Claim: The grasslands, crops, forests and territorial waters of Australia absorb more carbon dioxide than Australia emits.
Evidence: It decomposes and turns into carbon dioxide (CO2), which is released into the atmosphere.
Evidence: They absorb a huge amount of carbon dioxide, combating climate change.
Evidence: It is estimated that forests absorb between 10 and 20 tons of carbon dioxide per hectare each year, through photosynthetic conversion into starch, cellulose, lignin, and other components of wooden biomass.
Evidence: Forests are an important part of the global carbon cycle because trees and plants absorb carbon dioxide through photosynthesis.
Category: Global warming
Claim: Worry about global warming impacts in the next 100 years, not an ice age in over 10,000 years.
Evidence: Global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions in 2010 were equivalent to 49 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide (using the most recent global warming potentials over 100 years from the AR5 report).
Evidence: Projections based on the Special Report on Emissions Scenarios suggest warming over the 21st century at a more rapid rate than that experienced for at least the last 10,000 years.
Evidence: (Current projected consequences of global warming include a largely ice-free Arctic Ocean within 5–20 years, see Arctic shrinkage.)
Category: Ice age
Claim: It fails to explain how we can have short-term positive feedback and long-term negative feedback.
Evidence: Each glacial period is subject to positive feedback which makes it more severe, and negative feedback which mitigates and (in all cases so far) eventually ends it.
Evidence: PCT demonstrates circular causation in a negative feedback loop closed through the environment.
Evidence: Relationships contain feedback loops Both negative (damping) and positive (amplifying) feedback are always found in complex systems.
Category: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
Claim: The most recent IPCC report lays out a future if we limit global heating to 1.5°C instead of the Paris Agreement’s 2°C.
Evidence: Meeting the Paris target of 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) is possible but would require "deep emissions reductions", "rapid", "far-reaching and unprecedented changes in all aspects of society".
Evidence: Holding this rise to 1.5 °C avoids the worst effects of a rise by even 2 °C.
Evidence: In 2015 all UN countries negotiated the Paris Agreement, which aims to keep climate change well below 2 °C.
Evidence: Deep reductions in non-CO2 emissions (such as nitrous oxide and methane) will also be required to limit warming to 1.5 °C.
Category: Cryosphere
Claim: The data is being reported by the University of Illinois's Arctic Climate Research Center, and is derived from satellite observations of the Northern and Southern hemisphere polar regions (Daily Tech).
Evidence: Satellite data since the early 1970s reveal considerable seasonal, regional, and interannual variability in the sea-ice covers of both hemispheres.
Evidence: It was developed completely from surface-based weather observations, including descriptions of clouds found near frontal boundaries.
Evidence: The IR estimates have rather low skill at short time and space scales, but are available very frequently (15 minutes or more often) from satellites in geosynchronous Earth orbit.
Category: Random variable
Claim: Your odds of correctly guessing the outcome of a flipped coin are 1 in 2, but your odds of guessing correctly twice in a row are only 1 in 4 —
Evidence: {\displaystyle Y(\omega )={\begin{cases}1,&{\text{if }}\omega ={\text{heads}},\\[6pt]0,&{\text{if }}\omega ={\text{tails}}.\end{cases}}} If the coin is a fair coin, Y has a probability mass function f Y {\displaystyle f_{Y}} given by: f Y ( y ) = { 1 2 , if  y = 1 , 1 2 , if  y = 0 , {\displaystyle f_{Y}(y)={\begin{cases}{\tfrac {1}{2}},&{\text{if }}y=1,\\[6pt]{\tfrac {1}{2}},&{\text{if }}y=0,\end{cases}}} A random variable can also be used to describe the process of rolling dice and the possible outcomes.
Evidence: P ( A  or  B ) = P ( A ∪ B ) = P ( A ) + P ( B ) − P ( A ∩ B ) = P ( A ) + P ( B ) − 0 = P ( A ) + P ( B ) {\displaystyle P(A{\mbox{ or }}B)=P(A\cup B)=P(A)+P(B)-P(A\cap B)=P(A)+P(B)-0=P(A)+P(B)} For example, the chance of rolling a 1 or 2 on a six-sided die is P ( 1  or  2 ) = P ( 1 ) + P ( 2 ) = 1 6 + 1 6 = 1 3 .
Evidence: Assuming a fair coin: The probability of 20 heads, then 1 tail is 0.520 × 0.5 = 0.521 The probability of 20 heads, then 1 head is 0.520 × 0.5 = 0.521 The probability of getting 20 heads then 1 tail, and the probability of getting 20 heads then another head are both 1 in 2,097,152.
Category: Global warming
Claim: Temperatures in the Arctic have soared recently, and scientists are struggling to explain exactly why.
Evidence: Surface temperature increases are greatest in the Arctic, which has contributed to the retreat of glaciers, permafrost, and sea ice.
Evidence: Various mechanisms have been identified that might explain extreme weather in mid-latitudes from the rapidly warming Arctic, such as the jet stream becoming more erratic.
Evidence: The effects of global warming in the Arctic include rising temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet.
Evidence: Arctic temperatures have increased and are predicted to continue to increase during this century at over twice the rate of the rest of the world.
Category: Art Robinson
Claim: Over 31,000 scientists signed the OISM Petition Project.
Evidence: The OISM website states that "several members of the Institute's staff are also well known for their work on the Petition Project", and that the petition has "more than 31,000" signatures by scientists.
Evidence: During the four-day drive A Scientific Support For Darwinism And For Public Schools Not To Teach Intelligent Design As Science gathered 7733 signatures of verifiable scientists.
Evidence: Critics have noted that of the 105 "scientists" listed on the original 2001 petition, fewer than 20% were biologists, with few of the remainder having the necessary expertise to contribute meaningfully to a discussion of the role of natural selection in evolution.
Evidence: Robinson asserted in 2008 that the petition has over 31,000 signatories, with 9,000 of these holding a PhD degree.
Evidence: As of 2013, the petition's website states, "The current list of 31,487 petition signers includes 9,029 PhD; 7,157 MS; 2,586 MD and DVM; and 12,715 BS or equivalent academic degrees.
Category: Global warming
Claim: This could mean the landmark Paris Climate Agreement – which seeks to limit global warming to 2 degrees Celsius (3.6 degrees Fahrenheit) above pre-industrial levels – may not be enough to ward off catastrophe.
Evidence: Although the parties to the UNFCCC have agreed that deep cuts in emissions are required and that global warming should be limited to well below 2 °C (3.6 °F) in the Paris Agreement of 2016, the Earth's average surface temperature has already increased by about half this threshold and current pledges by countries to cut emissions are inadequate to limit future warming.
Evidence: Parties associated with the Accord aim to limit the future increase in global mean temperature to below 2 °C.
Category: Mediterranean Sea
Claim: By 2100 the seas will rise another 6 inches or so—a far cry from Al Gore’s alarming numbers
Evidence: "Mediterranean Sea Level Could Rise By Over Two Feet, Global Models Predict".
Evidence: Sea level rise for the next century (2100) could be between 30 cm (12 in) and 100 cm (39 in) and temperature shifts of a mere 0.05–0.1 °C in the deep sea are sufficient to induce significant changes in species richness and functional diversity.
Category: Global warming
Claim: However, it is unable to explain the long term warming trend over the past few decades.
Evidence: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.
Evidence: The New York Times highlighted their finding that the 20th century had been the warmest century in 600 years, quoting Mann saying that "Our conclusion was that the warming of the past few decades appears to be closely tied to emission of greenhouse gases by humans and not any of the natural factors".
Evidence: Between 1850 and 1950 a long-term trend of gradual climate warming is observable, and during this same period the Marsham record of oak-leafing dates tended to become earlier.
Evidence: Over the past five decades there has been a global warming of approximately 0.65 °C (1.17 °F) at the Earth's surface (see historical temperature record).
Evidence: This long-term trend is the main cause for the record warmth of 2015 and 2016, surpassing all previous years—even ones with strong El Niño events."
Category: Meteorology
Claim: The motions of the massive oceans where heat is moved between deep layers and the surface provides variability on time scales from years to centuries.
Evidence: Significant movement of heat, matter, or momentum on time scales of less than a day are caused by turbulent motions.
Evidence: Surface water temperatures, which vary with latitude, current systems, and season and reflect the latitudinal distribution of solar energy, range from below −2 °C (28 °F) to over 30 °C (86 °F).
Category: Global warming
Claim: By regulating the Earth’s cloud cover, the Sun  can turn the temperature up and down. ...
Evidence: If cloud cover increases, more sunlight will be reflected back into space, cooling the planet.
Evidence: Without the Earth's atmosphere, the Earth's average temperature would be well below the freezing temperature of water.
Category: Fahrenheit
Claim: the world is barely half a degree Celsius (0.9 degrees Fahrenheit) warmer than it was about 35 years ago
Evidence: A temperature interval of 1 °F is equal to an interval of ​5⁄9 degrees Celsius.
Evidence: The warmest peak of the Eemian was around 125,000 years ago, when forests reached as far north as North Cape, Norway (which is now tundra) well above the Arctic Circle at 71°10′21″N 25°47′40″E﻿ / ﻿71.17250°N 25.79444°E﻿ / 71.17250; 25.79444.
Evidence: "The Earth's Centre is 1000 Degrees Hotter than Previously Thought".
Category: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
Claim: “The most recent prediction of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is that seas will rise by 60 to 90 centimetres this century.
Evidence: Among other findings, the report concluded that sea level rises could be up to two feet higher by the year 2100, even if efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to limit global warming are successful; coastal cities across the world could see so-called "storm[s] of the century" at least once a year.
Evidence: In its fifth assessment report (2013) the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) estimated how much sea level is likely to rise in the 21st century based on different levels of greenhouse gas emissions.
Category: NW Rota-1
Claim: Volcanoes emit around 0.3 billion tonnes of CO2 per year.
Evidence: The volcano produces about 400,000 ± 100,000 tonnes per year (400,000 ± 100,000 t/a) of CO 2, which is about 0.2–0.6% of the worldwide CO 2 flux at subaerial volcanoes.
Evidence: In current trend, annual emissions will grow to 1.34 billion tonnes by 2030.
Category: James Hansen
Claim: Jim Hansen had several possible scenarios; his mid-level scenario B was right.
Evidence: They described a business-as-usual scenario, which has greenhouse gases growing at approximately 2% per year; and an alternate scenario, in which greenhouse gases concentrations decline.
Evidence: An alternate scenario would keep the warming to below this if climate sensitivity were below 3 °C for doubled CO 2.
Category: Low-carbon economy
Claim: Based on the increase of solar activity during the twentieth century, it should account for between half to two-thirds of all climate change.
Evidence: GHG emissions due to anthropogenic (human) activity are the dominant cause of observed global warming (climate change) since the mid-20th century.
Category: Temperature record of the past 1000 years
Claim: in 1995 one scientist at the IPCC – Jonathan Overpeck – wrote an email to a colleague claiming ‘we have to get rid of the Medieval Warm Period.’
Evidence: This was the basis of a "schematic diagram" featured in the IPCC First Assessment Report beside cautions that the medieval warming might not have been global.
Category: Climate
Claim: Hocker is claiming that his model shows that the long-term upward trend in CO2 is explained by temperature, when his methods actually removed the long-term trend.
Evidence: These models predict an upward trend in the global mean surface temperature, with the most rapid increase in temperature being projected for the higher latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere.
Evidence: Any imbalance results in a change in temperature.
Evidence: In 1896, he published the first climate model of its kind, showing that halving of CO 2 could have produced the drop in temperature initiating the ice age.
Category: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere
Claim: CO2 levels are measured by hundreds of stations across the globe, all reporting the same trend.
Evidence: There are several surface measurement (including flasks and continuous in situ) networks including NOAA/ERSL, WDCGG, and RAMCES.
Evidence: The Integrated Carbon Observation System (ICOS) continuously releases data about CO 2 emissions, budget and concentration at individual observation stations.
Evidence: Now measurements are made at many sites globally.
Evidence: Measured atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide are currently 100 ppm higher than pre-industrial levels.
Category: Earth
Claim: We have also been told the problem is DEFINITELY NOT a billions-year-old planet running through cycles where the temperature might fluctuate a bit.
Evidence: This is predicted to produce changes such as the melting of glaciers and ice sheets, more extreme temperature ranges, significant changes in weather and a global rise in average sea levels.
Evidence: If a day takes years, the temperature differential between the day and night side will be pronounced, and problems similar to those noted with extreme orbital eccentricity will come to the fore.
Category: Richard Lindzen
Claim: But his results are evidence that the actual climate sensitivity is about 3°C for a doubling of atmospheric CO2.
Evidence: The IPCC (2007) estimates that the expected rise in temperature due to a doubling of CO2 to be about 3 °C (5.4 °F), ± 1.5°.
Evidence: On the other hand, any doubling of the percentage of carbon dioxide in the air would raise the temperature of the earth's surface by 4°; and if the carbon dioxide were increased fourfold, the temperature would rise by 8°."
Category: Ice sheet
Claim: Ice Sheet losses are overestimated.
Evidence: The IPCC projects that ice mass loss from melting of the Greenland ice sheet will continue to outpace accumulation of snowfall.
Evidence: Accumulation of snowfall on the Antarctic ice sheet is projected to outpace losses from melting.
Evidence: The Greenland, and possibly the Antarctic, ice sheets have been losing mass recently, because losses by ablation including outlet glaciers exceed accumulation of snowfall.
Category: Global warming
Claim: Increasing CO2 in the atmosphere has little to no effect.
Evidence: Increased concentrations of gases such as CO 2 (~20%), ozone and N 2O are external forcing on the other hand.
Evidence: Higher atmospheric CO2 concentrations have led to an increase in dissolved CO2, which causes ocean acidification.
Evidence: Future warming is projected to have a range of impacts, including sea level rise, increased frequencies and severities of some extreme weather events, loss of biodiversity, and regional changes in agricultural productivity.
Category: Climate change in the Arctic
Claim: Another consequence of the fast melting Arctic raises the possibility that there may be even worse extreme weather to come, according to a few scientists: titanic Atlantic superstorms and hurricanes barreling across Europe.
Evidence: The effects of global warming in the Arctic, or climate change in the Arctic include rising air and water temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet with a related cold temperature anomaly, observed since the 1970s.
Category: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere
Claim: Without human intervention, the concentration of CO2 has climbed as high as 7,000 parts per million (ppm) in prior eras, whereas at present the concentration is just over 400 ppm.
Evidence: Global annual mean CO 2 concentration has increased by more than 45% since the start of the Industrial Revolution, from 280 ppm during the 10,000 years up to the mid-18th century to 415 ppm as of May 2019.
Evidence: Measured atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide are currently 100 ppm higher than pre-industrial levels.
Category: Scientific consensus on climate change
Claim: Increases in atmospheric CO2 followed increases in temperature.
Evidence: Increases in ambient temperatures and changes in related processes are directly linked to rising anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations in the atmosphere.
Evidence: Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.
Evidence: Not only do increasing carbon dioxide concentrations lead to increases in global surface temperature, but increasing global temperatures also cause increasing concentrations of carbon dioxide.
Category: California
Claim: No state generates as much solar power as California, or has as many people whose jobs depend on it.
Evidence: Because it is the most populous state in the United States, California is one of the country's largest users of energy.
Evidence: Currently, several solar power plants such as the Solar Energy Generating Systems facility are located in the Mojave Desert.
Category: Kiribati
Claim: “suggest that residents are fleeing atolls swiftly sinking into the sea.
Evidence: "Islands disappear under rising seas".
Evidence: "Exiled by nuclear testing, rising seas force Bikinians to flee again".
Evidence: Heavily damaged and without power, Neosho was left drifting and slowly sinking (16°09′S 158°03′E﻿ / ﻿16.150°S 158.050°E﻿ / -16.150; 158.050).
Evidence: "Entire nation of Kiribati to be relocated over rising sea level threat".
Category: Hurricane Floyd
Claim: Nine years into that 11-year hurricane drought, a NASA scientist computed it as a 1-in-177-year event.
Evidence: Following the state's fourth-worst drought in a century, the rains collected in rivers and streams, causing record flooding at 18 river gauges, and mostly affecting the Raritan, Passaic, and Delaware basins.
Evidence: Between 2011 and 2014, California experienced the driest period in its recorded history and more than 100 million trees died in the drought, creating areas of dead, dry wood.
Category: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
Claim: The IPCC, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, which is sort of the voice of the consensus, concedes that there has been no increase in extreme weather events.
Evidence: The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is an intergovernmental body of the United Nations that is dedicated to providing the world with objective, scientific information relevant to understanding the scientific basis of the risk of human-induced climate change, its natural, political, and economic impacts and risks, and possible response options.
Evidence: The IPCC provides an internationally accepted authority on climate change, producing reports that have the agreement of leading climate scientists and consensus from participating governments.
Evidence: "Impacts [of climate change] will very likely increase due to increased frequencies and intensities of some extreme weather events".
Category: Sea level rise
Claim: Global sea level data shows that sea level rise has been increasing since 1880 while future sea level rise predictions are based on physics, not statistics.
Evidence: As climate research into past and present sea levels leads to improved computer models, projections have consistently increased.
Evidence: This network was used, in combination with satellite altimeter data, to establish that global mean sea-level rose 19.5 cm (7.7 in) between 1870 and 2004 at an average rate of about 1.44 mm/yr (1.7 mm/yr during the 20th century).
Evidence: For instance, Mercer published a study in 1978 predicting that anthropogenic carbon dioxide warming and its potential effects on climate in the 21st century could cause a sea level rise of around 5 metres (16 ft) from melting of the West Antarctic ice-sheet alone.
Evidence: Using different satellites from 1992 to 2017 shows melt is increasing significantly over this period.
Category: Ocean
Claim: Heat is continuing to build up in the subsurface ocean.
Evidence: Underneath the thick atmospheres of the planets Uranus and Neptune, it is expected that these planets are composed of oceans of hot high-density fluid mixtures of water, ammonia and other volatiles.
Evidence: It plays an important role in supplying heat to the polar regions, and thus in sea ice regulation.
Evidence: The end result is a continual build-up of heat at the surface that people experience as a heat wave.
Category: Global storm activity of 2010
Claim: Severe ‘snowmageddon’ winters are now strongly linked to soaring polar temperatures, say researchers, with deadly summer heatwaves and torrential floods also probably linked.
Evidence: The El Niño phenomenon was blamed for the unusually high sea surface temperatures in the Pacific Ocean that moved east, thus pulling rainfall along with it.
Evidence: Eric Klinenberg has noted that in the United States, the loss of human life in hot spells in summer exceeds that caused by all other weather events combined, including lightning, rain, floods, hurricanes, and tornadoes.
Evidence: Rapid, dramatic temperature swings were common, with temperatures sometimes reverting from normal or above-normal summer temperatures as high as 95 °F (35 °C) to near-freezing within hours.
Category: Paleocene
Claim: The corals may save themselves, as many other creatures are attempting to do, by moving toward the poles as the Earth warms, establishing new reefs in cooler water.”
Evidence: In the modern thermohaline circulation, warm tropical water becomes colder and saltier at the poles and sinks (downwelling or deep water formation) that occurs at the North Atlantic near the North Pole and the Southern Ocean near the Antarctic Peninsula.
Category: Arctic sea ice decline
Claim: People tend to think of an ice-free Arctic in summer in terms of it merely being a symbol of global change.
Evidence: "Some of the models suggest that there is a 75 percent chance that the entire north polar ice cap during some of the summer months will be completely ice-free within the next five to seven years," Gore said.
Evidence: "A sea ice free summer Arctic within 30 years?".
Category: Solar irradiance
Claim: There is no single continuous satellite measurement of Total Solar Irradiance (TSI).
Evidence: The Solar Radiation and Climate Experiment/Total Irradiance Measurement (SORCE/TIM) TSI values are lower than prior measurements by the Earth Radiometer Budget Experiment (ERBE) on the Earth Radiation Budget Satellite (ERBS), VIRGO on the Solar Heliospheric Observatory (SoHO) and the ACRIM instruments on the Solar Maximum Mission (SMM), Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS) and ACRIMSAT.
Evidence: The ACRIM2 instrument on the UARS satellite measured the total solar irradiance (TSI), the total solar radiant energy reaching Earth, continuing the climate change database begun in 1980 by the ACRIM1 experiment on the Solar Maximum Mission (SMM).
Evidence: The space-based TSI record comprises measurements from more than ten radiometers spanning three solar cycles.
Evidence: Total solar irradiance (TSI) – the amount of solar radiation received at the top of Earth's atmosphere – has been measured since 1978 by a series of overlapping NASA and ESA satellite experiments to be 1.365 kilo⁠watts per square meter (kW/m²).
Evidence: Total Solar Irradiance (TSI) is a measure of the solar power over all wavelengths per unit area incident on the Earth's upper atmosphere.
Category: Greenhouse gas
Claim: “Some experts, such as UN climate scientist Dr. Indur Goklany, have defended rising CO2 levels as a good thing for humanity.
Evidence: It is likely that anthropogenic (i.e., human-induced) warming, such as that due to elevated greenhouse gas levels, has had a discernible influence on many physical and biological systems.
Evidence: In an op-ed for The New York Times, he wrote, "Ironically, much of the hysteria over global warming is itself fueled by concerns that it may drive numerous species to extinction and increase hunger worldwide, especially in developing countries.
Evidence: During the late 20th century, a scientific consensus evolved that increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere cause a substantial rise in global temperatures and changes to other parts of the climate system, with consequences for the environment and for human health.
Category: Kalahari Desert
Claim: ‘The dry periods are drier and the wet periods are wetter,’ said Jeffrey Mount, a water expert and senior fellow at the Public Policy Institute of California.
Evidence: In certain areas where the climate is drier, it becomes a true semi-desert with ground not entirely covered by vegetation: "open" as opposed to "closed" vegetation.
Evidence: In other words, regions which are dry at present will in general become even drier, while regions that are currently wet will in general become even wetter.
Evidence: In other words, regions which are dry at present will generally become even drier, while regions that are currently wet will generally become even wetter.
Category: Vegetarianism
Claim: In the process, the cows will emit much greenhouse gas, and they will consume far more calories in beans than they will yield in meat, meaning far more clearcutting of forests to farm cattle feed than would be necessary if the beans above were simply eaten by people.”
Evidence: In addition, animal agriculture is a large source of greenhouse gases.
Evidence: The IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) has estimated that agriculture (including not only livestock, but also food crop, biofuel and other production) accounted for about 10 to 12 percent of global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions (expressed as 100-year carbon dioxide equivalents) in 2005 and in 2010.Cows produce some 570 million cubic metres of methane per day, that accounts for from 35 to 40% of the overall methane emissions of the planet.
Category: Holocene extinction
Claim: Those who contribute the least greenhouse gases will be most impacted by climate change.
Evidence: Large populations of megaherbivores have the potential to contribute greatly to the atmospheric concentration of methane, which is an important greenhouse gas.
Evidence: However, damage to peatland contributes to 4% of global greenhouse gas emissions, and 8% of those caused by burning fossil fuels.
Evidence: The largest human influence has been the emission of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide.
Category: Florida
Claim: Migration patterns show people heading for warm states like Texas and Florida, not snowy Minnesota and Michigan.”
Evidence: In response to segregation, disfranchisement and agricultural depression, many African Americans migrated from Florida to northern cities in the Great Migration, in waves from 1910 to 1940, and again starting in the later 1940s.
Evidence: Texas's Rio Grande Valley has seen significant migration from across the U.S.–Mexico border.
Category: Smog
Claim: “Carbon dioxide hurts nobody’s health.
Evidence: When inhaled, these particles can settle in the lungs and respiratory tract and cause health problems.
Evidence: There are few studies of the health effects of long-term continuous CO 2 exposure on humans and animals at levels below 1%.
Evidence: At this CO 2 concentration, International Space Station crew experienced headaches, lethargy, mental slowness, emotional irritation, and sleep disruption.
Category: Ice age
Claim: During the period 1940 to 1976 there was a cooling of the climate despite increasing CO2 levels.
Evidence: An ice age is a long period of reduction in the temperature of the Earth's surface and atmosphere, resulting in the presence or expansion of continental and polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers.
Evidence: The general public had little awareness of carbon dioxide's effects on climate, but Science News in May 1959 forecast a 25% increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide in the 150 years from 1850 to 2000, with a consequent warming trend.
Category: Canada
Claim: While France and other G7 countries lamented the U.S. exit from the Paris climate accord, America’s air is already cleaner than that of any other country in the G7, except Canada with its scant population.
Evidence: The most densely populated part of the country, accounting for nearly 50 percent, is the Quebec City–Windsor Corridor in Southern Quebec and Southern Ontario along the Great Lakes and the Saint Lawrence River.
Evidence: Being the host country of the 2015 Paris Climate Change Conference, the French government was instrumental in securing the 2015 Paris agreement, a success that has been credited to its"openness and experience in diplomacy" (though the US, after the election of President Trump in 2016, then announced it will withdraw from the agreement).
Category: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
Claim: Numerous papers have documented how IPCC predictions are more likely to underestimate the climate response.
Evidence: Another example of scientific research which suggests that previous estimates by the IPCC, far from overstating dangers and risks, have actually understated them is a study on projected rises in sea levels.
Evidence: They judge that global mean surface air temperature has increased by 0.3 to 0.6 °C over the last 100 years, broadly consistent with prediction of climate models, but also of the same magnitude as natural climate variability.
Evidence: Projections based on the Special Report on Emissions Scenarios suggest warming over the 21st century at a more rapid rate than that experienced for at least the last 10,000 years.
Evidence: There are many uncertainties in our predictions particularly with regard to the timing, magnitude and regional patterns of climate change, due to our incomplete understanding of: sources and sinks of GHGs; clouds; oceans; polar ice sheets.
Category: Climate change in the Arctic
Claim: Consequently, the total amount of Arctic sea ice in 2008 and 2009 are the lowest on record.
Evidence: From 2008 to 2011, Arctic sea ice minimum extent was higher than 2007, but it did not return to the levels of previous years.
Evidence: The Arctic sea ice September minimum extent (i.e., area with at least 15% sea ice coverage) reached new record lows in 2002, 2005, 2007, and 2012.
Evidence: The effects of global warming in the Arctic include rising temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet.
Evidence: The Arctic is affected by current global warming, leading to Arctic sea ice shrinkage, diminished ice in the Greenland ice sheet, and Arctic methane release as the permafrost thaws.
Evidence: The previous record of the lowest area of the Arctic Ocean covered by ice in 2012 saw a low of 1.58 million square miles (4.09 million square kilometers).
Category: Biodiesel
Claim: Meeting the 2025 emissions reduction target alone could subtract $250 billion from our GDP and eliminate 2.7 million jobs.
Evidence: Judging by the continued growth in the Renewable Fuel Standard and the extension of the biodiesel tax incentive, the number of jobs can increase to 50,725, $2.7 billion in income, and reaching $5 billion in GDP by 2012 and 2013.
Evidence: The goal is to reduce carbon emissions to those outlined in the Kyoto Protocol; specifically to reduce their emissions by 7% below 1990 levels by 2012.
Evidence: Informed by the Energy White Paper 2003, the bill aims to achieve a mandatory reduction of 60% in the carbon emission from the 1990 level by 2050, with an intermediate target of between 26% and 32% by 2020.
Category: Polar bear
Claim: “For example, Canadian polar bear biologist Ian Stirling learned in the 1970s that spring sea ice in the southern Beaufort Sea periodically gets so thick that seals depart, depriving local polar bears of their prey and causing their numbers to plummet.
Evidence: Polar bears hunt their preferred food of seals from the edge of sea ice, often living off fat reserves when no sea ice is present.
Evidence: It has been claimed that polar bears will be able to adapt to terrestrial food sources as the sea ice they use to hunt seals disappears.
Evidence: Then they begin the long walk from the denning area to the sea ice, where the mother can once again catch seals.
Evidence: Unlike brown and black bears, polar bears are capable of fasting for up to several months during late summer and early fall, when they cannot hunt for seals because the sea is unfrozen.
Evidence: The Arctic is home to millions of seals, which become prey when they surface in holes in the ice in order to breathe, or when they haul out on the ice to rest.
Category: Global warming controversy
Claim: a marginally significant warming trend in the data over the past several years, erasing the temperature plateau that vexed climate alarmists have found difficult to explain.
Evidence: Over several decades of development, models have consistently provided a robust and unambiguous picture of significant climate warming in response to increasing greenhouse gases.
Evidence: A study released in 2009, combined historical weather station data with satellite measurements to deduce past temperatures over large regions of the continent, and these temperatures indicate an overall warming trend.
Category: United States
Claim: If we got solar energy from "an area of the Southwestern desert 100 miles on a side, that would be enough, in and of itself, to provide 100 percent of all the electricity needs for the United States of America in a full year."
Evidence: The United States energy market is about 29,000 terawatt hours per year.
Category: Scientific consensus on climate change
Claim: "His [Dr Spencer's] latest research demonstrates that – in the short term, at any rate –  the temperature feedbacks that the IPCC imagines will greatly amplify  any initial warming caused by CO2 are net-negative, attenuating the  warming they are supposed to enhance.
Evidence: It said that Continued emission of greenhouse gases will cause further warming and long-lasting changes in all components of the climate system, increasing the likelihood of severe, pervasive and irreversible impacts for people and ecosystems.
Evidence: Water vapor feedback is strongly positive, with most evidence supporting a magnitude of 1.5 to 2.0 W/m2/K, sufficient to roughly double the warming that would otherwise occur.
Evidence: Climate change feedback is important in the understanding of global warming because feedback processes may amplify or diminish the effect of each climate forcing, and so play an important part in determining the climate sensitivity and future climate state.
Evidence: Both theory and climate models indicate that global warming will reduce the rate of temperature decrease with height, producing a negative lapse rate feedback that weakens the greenhouse effect.
Category: Earth
Claim: Our evolving dynamic planet has survived sea level changes of hundreds of metres
Evidence: More precisely, the geoid is the surface of gravitational equipotential at mean sea level.
Evidence: This is predicted to produce changes such as the melting of glaciers and ice sheets, more extreme temperature ranges, significant changes in weather and a global rise in average sea levels.
Evidence: Earth's hydrosphere consists chiefly of the oceans, but technically includes all water surfaces in the world, including inland seas, lakes, rivers, and underground waters down to a depth of 2,000 metres (6,600 ft) The deepest underwater location is Challenger Deep of the Mariana Trench in the Pacific Ocean, having a depth of 10,900 metres (6.8 mi).
Category: Great Barrier Reef
Claim: The projection that much of the Great Barrier Reef could perish within the next few decades could turn out to be too pessimistic, since other research has shown that some species of corals are surprisingly resilient to the stress from changing ocean temperatures.
Evidence: These forms of pollution have made the reef less resilient to climate change.
Evidence: Large coral colonies such as Porites are able to withstand extreme temperature shocks, while fragile branching corals such Acropora are far more susceptible to stress following a temperature change.
Category: Scientific consensus on climate change
Claim: Over the coming 25 or 30 years, scientists say, the climate is likely to gradually warm
Evidence: The current scientific consensus is that: Earth's climate has warmed significantly since the late 1800s.
Evidence: The global warming observed over the past 50 years is due primarily to human-induced emissions of heat-trapping gases.
Evidence: Most of the climatic warming over the last 50 years is likely to have been caused by increased concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
Category: Sun
Claim: The lack of any sunspots suggests the current solar minimum is one of the 'deepest' in 100 years.
Evidence: At solar-cycle minimum, the toroidal field is, correspondingly, at minimum strength, sunspots are relatively rare, and the poloidal field is at its maximum strength.
Evidence: At a typical solar minimum, few sunspots are visible, and occasionally none can be seen at all.
Evidence: In total, there seem to have been 18 periods of sunspot minima in the last 8,000 years, and studies indicate that the Sun currently spends up to a quarter of its time in these minima.
Evidence: The Maunder Minimum, also known as the "prolonged sunspot minimum", is the name used for the period around 1645 to 1715 during which sunspots became exceedingly rare, as was then noted by solar observers.
Category: Sea-level curve
Claim: The claim sea level isn’t rising is based on blatantly doctored graphs contradicted by observations.
Evidence: Their sea-level curve was based on seismic and biostratigraphic data accumulated during petroleum exploration.
Evidence: The current rise in sea level observed from tide gauges, of about 1.8 mm/yr, is within the estimate range from the combination of factors above, but active research continues in this field.
Category: Sea level rise
Claim: Sea level rise of 65 centimeters, or roughly 2 feet would cause significant problems for coastal cities around the world.
Evidence: A number of later studies have concluded that a global sea level rise of 200 to 270 cm (6.6 to 8.9 ft) this century is "physically plausible".
Evidence: For example, in 2007 the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) projected a high end estimate of 60 cm (2 ft) through 2099, but their 2014 report raised the high-end estimate to about 90 cm (3 ft).
Evidence: A rise of 2.4 m (8 feet) is physically possible under a high emission scenario but the authors were unable to say how likely.
Category: Earth
Claim: The planet’s average ground temperature has risen by around 1.62F (0.9C)
Evidence: Without this heat-retention effect, the average surface temperature would be −18 °C (0 °F), in contrast to the current +15 °C (59 °F), and life on Earth probably would not exist in its current form.
Evidence: At the pressure level of 10 bars (1 MPa), the temperature is around 340 K (67 °C; 152 °F).
Evidence: As a result, the mean annual air temperature at sea level decreases by about 0.4 °C (0.7 °F) per degree of latitude from the equator.
Category: Global warming
Claim: “The worldwide temperature record has been changed.
Evidence: "Estimating Changes in Global Temperature since the Preindustrial Period".
Evidence: An examination of the average global temperature changes by decades reveals continuing climate change, and AR5 reports "Each of the last three decades has been successively warmer at the Earth's surface than any preceding decade since 1850 (see Figure SPM.1).
Evidence: Over the past five decades there has been a global warming of approximately 0.65 °C (1.17 °F) at the Earth's surface (see historical temperature record).
Category: Sea surface temperature
Claim: (2009) have demonstrated recently  – the upper troposphere (the only place where adding CO2 to the  atmosphere could make any difference to temperature) is considerably  drier than the models are tuned to expect."
Evidence: At the 500 hPa level, the air temperature averages −7 °C (18 °F) within the tropics, but air in the tropics is normally dry at this height, giving the air room to wet-bulb, or cool as it moistens, to a more favorable temperature that can then support convection.
Evidence: If the upper air is warmer than predicted by the adiabatic lapse rate ( d S / d z > 0 {\displaystyle dS/dz>0} ), then when a parcel of air rises and expands, it will arrive at the new height at a lower temperature than its surroundings.
Category: Carbon dioxide
Claim: Warmer seasons or triennial phases are followed by an atmosphere that is rich in CO2, reflecting the gas solving or exsolving from water, and not photosynthesis activity.
Evidence: Additionally, and crucially to life on earth, photosynthesis by phytoplankton consumes dissolved CO 2 in the upper ocean and thereby promotes the absorption of CO 2 from the atmosphere.
Evidence: Higher atmospheric CO2 concentrations have led to an increase in dissolved CO2, which causes ocean acidification.
Evidence: This is the case for CO 2, which is reduced by photosynthesis of plants, and which, after dissolving in the oceans, reacts to form carbonic acid and bicarbonate and carbonate ions (see ocean acidification).
Evidence: Water also dissolves many gases, such as oxygen and carbon dioxide—the latter giving the fizz of carbonated beverages, sparkling wines and beers.
Category: Usage share of operating systems
Claim: In fact, the trend, while not statistically significant, is downward.”
Evidence: Recent weekly data shows a downward trend for desktops.
Evidence: Another series based on the ACRIM data is produced by the PMOD group and shows a −0.008%/decade downward trend.
Evidence: One empirical study found no statistically significant link between the uptick rule and the rates of price decline.
Category: Wind turbine
Claim: For instance, wind turbines kill birds and insects, and palm-oil plantations destroy the biodiversity of the rainforests
Evidence: In 2009, for every bird killed by a wind turbine in the US, nearly 500,000 were killed by cats and another 500,000 by buildings.
Evidence: The IUCN maintains that replacing palm oil with other vegetable oils would necessitate greater amounts of agricultural land, negatively affecting biodiversity.
Evidence: Thousands of birds, including rare species, have been killed by the blades of wind turbines, though wind turbines contribute relatively insignificantly to anthropogenic avian mortality.