Danthammadhavi/climate_fever_fixed huggingface dataset:
Category: Climatic Research Unit email controversy
Claim: Prof Adam Scaife, a climate modelling expert at the UK’s Met Office, said the evidence for a link to shrinking Arctic ice was now good: ‘The consensus points towards that being a real effect.’”
Evidence: In response to the incident, 1,700 British scientists signed a joint statement circulated by the UK Met Office declaring their "utmost confidence in the observational evidence for global warming and the scientific basis for concluding that it is due primarily to human activities".
Evidence: Network of African Science Academies: "A consensus, based on current evidence, now exists within the global scientific community that human activities are the main source of climate change and that the burning of fossil fuels is largely responsible for driving this change."
Evidence: The American Meteorological Society (AMS) statement adopted by their council in 2012 concluded: There is unequivocal evidence that Earth's lower atmosphere, ocean, and land surface are warming; sea level is rising; and snow cover, mountain glaciers, and Arctic sea ice are shrinking.
Category: Seagrass
Claim: Just 0.7% of the world’s forests are coastal mangroves, y​​​​​​et they store up to 10 times as much carbon per hectare as tropical forests.
Evidence: Per hectare, it holds twice as much carbon dioxide as rain forests and can sequester about 27.4 million tons of CO2 annually.
Evidence: Amazonian forests are estimated to have accumulated 0.62 ± 0.37 tons of carbon per hectare per year between 1975 and 1996.
Evidence: Tropical peatlands comprise 0.25% of Earth’s terrestrial land surface but store 3% of all soil and forest carbon stocks and are mostly located in low-income countries.
Evidence: Mangrove forests are an important part of the cycling and storage of carbon in tropical coastal ecosystems.
Category: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere
Claim: Goklany has argued that the rising level of carbon dioxide in the earth’s atmosphere ‘is currently net beneficial for both humanity and the biosphere generally.”
Evidence: Since global warming is attributed to increasing atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases such as CO 2 and methane, scientists closely monitor atmospheric CO 2 concentrations and their impact on the present-day biosphere.
Evidence: As stated in the Convention, this requires that greenhouse gas concentrations are stabilized in the atmosphere at a level where ecosystems can adapt naturally to climate change, food production is not threatened, and economic development can be sustained.
Evidence: Both have the same net effect, but for achieving carbon dioxide concentration levels below present levels, carbon dioxide removal is critical.
Evidence: "High levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide necessary for the termination of global glaciation".
Category: Clean Air Act (United States)
Claim: The United States has been restricting soot emissions  in Draconian fashion since the Clean Air Act of 1963.
Evidence: § 7401) is a United States federal law designed to control air pollution on a national level.
Evidence: In 1997 EPA tightened the NAAQS regarding permissible levels of the ground-level ozone that make up smog and the fine airborne particulate matter that makes up soot.
Evidence: The Clean Air Act of 1963 was the first federal legislation regarding air pollution control.
Category: Arctic
Claim: The full data for latitudes 64-90°N reveal the Arctic is warmer today than in 1940.
Evidence: The Arctic is affected by current global warming, leading to Arctic sea ice shrinkage, diminished ice in the Greenland ice sheet, and Arctic methane release as the permafrost thaws.
Evidence: Globally, the Pliocene was about 2–3 °C warmer than today, and the Arctic during the summer in the mid-Pliocene was 8 °C warmer.
Evidence: Another definition of the Arctic is the region where the average temperature for the warmest month (July) is below 10 °C (50 °F); the northernmost tree line roughly follows the isotherm at the boundary of this region.
Category: 2006 European heat wave
Claim: “Warm weather worsened the most recent five-year drought, which included the driest four-year period on record in terms of statewide precipitation.
Evidence: The Environment Agency claimed that the UK may have had the most severe drought in 100 years.
Evidence: He says that the drought in Australia is already 8 years long.
Evidence: A significant hydrological drought occurred in the United Kingdom between 1995 and 1998, when the warm, dry summers were followed by dry, cool winters.
Evidence: The Netherlands also had to deal with extreme drought in June and July.
Category: Greenhouse gas
Claim: So that means that probably about half, maybe half of that nine-tenths of the degree of total warming might be caused by greenhouse gases.
Evidence: The surprising effect of this is that the global warming potential of CO is three times that of CO 2.
Evidence: Before the Industrial Revolution, naturally occurring amounts of greenhouse gases caused the air near the surface to be warmer by about 33 °C (59 °F) than it would be in their absence.
Category: Presidency of Donald Trump
Claim: When the Emergency Leaders for Climate Action approached the Federal Government in April they were drawing on decades of data showing that fire conditions are getting worse.
Evidence: The administration rolled back regulations requiring the federal government to account for climate change and sea-level rise when building infrastructure.
Category: 2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference
Claim: President Obama's proposal calls for serious cuts in our own long-term carbon emissions, but China and India will still be allowed to increase their emissions.
Evidence: To cut carbon emissions by 15% below 2000 levels by 2020 if there is an agreement where major developing economies commit to substantially restrain emissions and advanced economies take on commitments comparable to Australia.
Evidence: To cut carbon emissions by 15% below 1990 levels by 2020.
Category: Sea level rise
Claim: The melting ice has led to global sea level rise of around eight inches since reliable record keeping began in 1880.
Evidence: Since the last glacial maximum about 20,000 years ago, the sea level has risen by more than 125 metres (410 ft), with rates varying from less than a mm/year to 40+ mm/year, as a result of melting ice sheets over Canada and Eurasia.
Evidence: Between 1993 and 2018, thermal expansion of the oceans contributed 42% to sea level rise; the melting of temperate glaciers, 21%; Greenland, 15%; and Antarctica, 8%.
Category: Diesel particulate filter
Claim: Europe and Asia  emit most of the soot from burning coal, wood, dung, and diesel in open  fires or without particulate filters in stoves, chimneys, smokestacks,  and exhaust pipes.
Evidence: A diesel particulate filter (DPF) is a device designed to remove diesel particulate matter or soot from the exhaust gas of a diesel engine.
Evidence: They include soot from coal burning, internal-combustion engines, power-plant boilers, hog-fuel boilers, ship boilers, central steam-heat boilers, waste incineration, local field burning, house fires, forest fires, fireplaces, and furnaces.
Evidence: Most of these fine particles are a by-product of... burning... coal, gasoline, diesel, wood, trash...
Evidence: It is a product of combustion of fuel such as natural gas, coal or wood.
Category: Keeling Curve
Claim: "The Keeling curve, which is widely used to show the increase in CO2 emissions, is based on data from the top of Mount Mauna Loa in Hawaii.
Evidence: Keeling’s Tellus article of 1960 presented the first monthly CO 2 records from Mauna Loa and Antarctica (1957 to 1960), finding a “distinct seasonal cycle…and possibly, a worldwide rise in CO2 from year to year.” By the 1970s, it was well established that the increase of atmospheric carbon dioxide was ongoing and due to anthropogenic emissions.
Evidence: Charles David Keeling, of Scripps Institution of Oceanography at UC San Diego, was the first person to make frequent regular measurements of atmospheric CO 2 concentrations at the South Pole, and on Mauna Loa, Hawaii from March 1958 onwards.
Evidence: The Keeling Curve is a graph of the accumulation of carbon dioxide in the Earth's atmosphere based on continuous measurements taken at the Mauna Loa Observatory on the island of Hawaii from 1958 to the present day.
Evidence: "Carbon dioxide tops 400 ppm at Mauna Loa, Hawaii".
Category: Little Ice Age
Claim: Since then, the planet has been cooling on a millennial scale
Evidence: The rate of Arctic cooling is roughly 0.02 °C per century.
Evidence: "Centennial-scale climate cooling with a sudden event around 8,200 years ago".
Evidence: The Little Ice Age (LIA) was a period of cooling that occurred after the Medieval Warm Period.
Category: Ensemble forecasting
Claim: At present, climate forecasts even as little as six weeks ahead can be diametrically the opposite of what actually occurs, even if the forecasts are limited to a small region of the planet.'
Evidence: As proposed by Edward Lorenz in 1963, it is impossible for long-range forecasts—those made more than two weeks in advance—to predict the state of the atmosphere with any degree of skill owing to the chaotic nature of the fluid dynamics equations involved.
Evidence: Mathematical models used to predict the long term weather of the Earth (climate models), have been developed that have a resolution today that are as coarse as the older weather prediction models.
Category: 2010 Russian wildfires
Claim: The answer lies in the summer’s record-breaking heat, say wildfire experts.
Evidence: The fires were associated with record-high temperatures, which were attributed to climate change—the summer had been the hottest recorded in Russian history—and drought.
Evidence: Across the country, the average summer temperatures have increased leading to record-breaking hot weather, with the early summer of 2019 the hottest on record.
Evidence: Such human activity, coupled with the unusually high temperatures over the Russian territories, catalyzed this record disturbance.
Evidence: Scientific experts and land management agencies agree that severely below average fuel moisture attributed to record-breaking temperatures and drought, accompanied by severe fire weather, are the primary causes of the 2019-20 Australian bushfire season, and that these are likely to have been exacerbated by long-term trends of warmer and dryer weather observed over the Australian land mass.
Category: 2014–16 El Niño event
Claim: The strong El Niño has continued into 2016, raising the possibility that this year will, yet again, set a global temperature record
Evidence: In August, the NOAA CPC predicted that the 2015 El Niño "could be among the strongest in the historical record dating back to 1950."
Evidence: This long-term trend is the main cause for the record warmth of 2015 and 2016, surpassing all previous years—even ones with strong El Niño events."
Evidence: Despite one of the strongest El Nino ever recorded in the Pacific Ocean, a largely positive North Atlantic Oscillation prevailed over Europe during the Winter of 2015-2016.
Category: Communications satellite
Claim: Global Warming history completely coincides with the history of artificial satellites and the use of microwave frequencies from outer space.
Evidence: A communications satellite is an artificial satellite that relays and amplifies radio telecommunications signals via a transponder; it creates a communication channel between a source transmitter and a receiver at different locations on Earth.
Evidence: Solar irradiance has been measured directly by satellites, and indirect measurements are available beginning in the early 1600s.
Evidence: Over time, a massive system of artificial satellites was placed into orbit around Earth.
Evidence: Communications satellites use a wide range of radio and microwave frequencies.
Evidence: Climate proxy records show that natural variations offset the early effects of the Industrial Revolution, so there was little net warming between the 18th century and the mid-19th century, when thermometer records began to provide global coverage.
Category: Sea level rise
Claim: Global sea level rose about 8 inches in the last century.
Evidence: This network was used, in combination with satellite altimeter data, to establish that global mean sea-level rose 19.5 cm (7.7 in) between 1870 and 2004 at an average rate of about 1.44 mm/yr (1.7 mm/yr during the 20th century).
Evidence: More precise data gathered from satellite radar measurements reveal an accelerating rise of 7.5 cm (3.0 in) from 1993 to 2017, which is a trend of roughly 30 cm (12 in) per century.
Category: James Hansen
Claim: At that time, Hansen also produced a model of the future behavior of the globe’s temperature, which he had turned into a video movie that was heavily shopped in Congress.
Evidence: Hansen concluded that global warming would be evident within the next few decades, and that it would result in temperatures at least as high as during the Eemian.
Evidence: ...Dr. James E. Hansen of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration told a Congressional committee that it was 99 percent certain that the warming trend was not a natural variation but was caused by a buildup of carbon dioxide and other artificial gases in the atmosphere.
Evidence: The first climate prediction computed from a general circulation model that was published by Hansen was in 1988, the same year as his well-known Senate testimony.
Category: Climate change denial
Claim: No one ever says it, but in many ways global warming will be a good thing
Evidence: Even if the current and future projected human effects on Earth's climate are not negligible, the changes are generally going to be good for us.
Evidence: Adaptation is especially important in developing countries since they are predicted to bear the brunt of the effects of global warming.
Category: Scientific theory
Claim: Fundamental physics and global climate models both make testable predictions as to how the global climate should change in response to anthropogenic warming.
Evidence: Scientific theories are testable and make falsifiable predictions.
Evidence: The defining characteristic of all scientific knowledge, including theories, is the ability to make falsifiable or testable predictions.
Evidence: These predictions can be tested at a later time, and if they are incorrect, this may lead to revision, invalidation, or rejection of the theory.
Category: Mars
Claim: This is the South Pole ice, 90% of Earth’s ice, and it’s getting thicker.
Evidence: The southern polar cap has a diameter of 350 km (220 mi) and a thickness of 3 km (1.9 mi).
Evidence: Other research has shown that higher snowfalls from the North Atlantic oscillation caused the interior of the ice cap to thicken by an average of 6 cm or 2.36 in/y between 1994 and 2005.
Evidence: This water ice is believed to be as much as three kilometers thick.
Category: Donald Trump
Claim: Donald Trump "thinks that climate change is a hoax, invented by the Chinese."
Evidence: "With Gift and in Conversation, Vatican Presses Trump on Climate Change".
Evidence: Donald Trump tweeted in 2012 that the Chinese invented "the concept of global warming" because they believed it would somehow hurt U.S. manufacturing.
Evidence: Trump rejects the scientific consensus on climate change.
Category: Richard Lindzen
Claim: Lindzen and Choi’s paper is viewed as unacceptably flawed by other climate scientists.
Evidence: Lindzen and Choi revised their paper and submitted it to PNAS.
Evidence: Andrew Dessler published a paper which found errors in Lindzen and Choi 2011, and concluded that the observations it had presented "are not in fundamental disagreement with mainstream climate models, nor do they provide evidence that clouds are causing climate change.
Evidence: This claim was criticized by climatologist Gavin Schmidt, Director of NASA's Goddard Institute for Space Studies, who notes the more generally-accepted understanding of the effects of the Iris effect and cites empirical cases where large and relatively rapid changes in the climate such as El Niño events, the Ultra-Plinian eruption of Mount Pinatubo in 1991, and recent trends in global temperature and water vapor levels to show that, as predicted in the generally-accepted view, water vapor increases as the temperature increases, and decreases as temperatures decrease.
Evidence: It received considerable media coverage; 22 then- current or retired MIT professors promptly issued an open letter addressed to Trump saying that Lindzen’s petition doesn’t represent their views or those of the vast majority of other climate scientists.
Category: 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference
Claim: 195 countries signed the 2015 Paris Agreement, agreeing to limit global warming and adapt to climate change, partly by protecting nature.
Evidence: The conference negotiated the Paris Agreement, a global agreement on the reduction of climate change, the text of which represented a consensus of the representatives of the 196 attending parties.
Evidence: On 12 December 2015, the participating 196 countries agreed, by consensus, to the final global pact, the Paris Agreement, to reduce emissions as part of the method for reducing greenhouse gas.
Evidence: On 22 April 2016 (Earth Day), 174 countries signed the agreement in New York, and began adopting it within their own legal systems (through ratification, acceptance, approval, or accession).
Category: Carbon tax
Claim: The Business Council, the Minerals Council, the Australian Industry Group, the Australian Chamber of Commerce and Industry, have all called for the [carbon] tax to be repealed.
Evidence: The County Council repealed the fee in July 2012.
Evidence: On 1 July 2012, the Australian Federal government introduced a carbon price of AUD$23 per tonne of emitted CO2-e on selected fossil fuels consumed by major industrial emitters and government bodies such as councils.
Evidence: The law on carbon tax, also known as the Carbon Pricing Act, was passed on 20 March 2018.
Evidence: "Carbon tax is gone: Repeal bills pass the Senate".
Category: Rabbit, Run (film)
Claim: This argument originates from Angstrom's work in 1901.
Evidence: Rabbit, Run is a 1970 American independent film directed by Jack Smight.
Evidence: This classic was originally published in French in 1958.
Category: Earth
Claim: [data] show only slight warming, mostly at night and in winter
Evidence: In winter, the climate becomes cooler and the days shorter.
Evidence: Overall, wind farms lead to a slight warming at night and a slight cooling during the day time.
Category: Sea level rise
Claim: While there has been a mean rise of a little more than 3mm per year worldwide since the 1990s, in the last decade, the NOAA Virginia Key tide gauge just south of Miami Beach has measured a 9mm rise annually.”
Evidence: Data collected by the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) in Australia show the current global mean sea level trend to be 3.2 mm (0.13 in) per year, a doubling of the rate during the 20th century.
Evidence: Current rates of sea level rise from satellite altimetry have been estimated to be 3.0 ± 0.4 millimetres (0.118 ± 0.016 in) per year for the period 1993–2017.
Category: Microwave oven
Claim: Sending oscillating microwaves from an antenna inside a vacuum through an electromagnetic field through a dielectric material, such as water, creates radio frequency heating at the molecular level
Evidence: Water, fat, and other substances in the food absorb energy from the microwaves in a process called dielectric heating.
Evidence: An example is absorption or emission of radio waves by antennas, or absorption of microwaves by water or other molecules with an electric dipole moment, as for example inside a microwave oven.
Evidence: A microwave oven passes microwave radiation at a frequency near 2.45 GHz (12 cm) through food, causing dielectric heating primarily by absorption of the energy in water.
Category: Sea level rise
Claim: parts of the Earth will likely become close to uninhabitable
Evidence: In the case all islands of an island nation become uninhabitable or completely submerged by the sea, the states themselves would also become dissolved.
Evidence: The expanding Sun is expected to vaporize Mercury and render Earth uninhabitable.
Category: El Niño
Claim: Often the compensatory cooling, known as La Niña, is larger than the El Niño warming.”
Evidence: The exact opposite heating and atmospheric pressure anomalies occur during La Niña.
Evidence: La Niña is the positive and cold phase of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation, and is associated with cooler-than-average sea surface temperatures in the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean.
Evidence: The warming phase of the sea temperature is known as El Niño and the cooling phase as La Niña.
Category: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
Claim: "Unquestionably, the U.N. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) was formed to build the scientific case for humanity being the primary cause of global warming.
Evidence: Since the mid-20th century, most of the observed warming is "likely" (greater than 66% probability, based on expert judgement) due to human activities.
Evidence: According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), it is "extremely likely" that human influence was the dominant cause of global warming between 1951 and 2010.
Evidence: "The work of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) represents the consensus of the international scientific community on climate change science.
Category: Theoretical physics
Claim: "Skeptics hope that Postma’s alternative thermal model will lead  to the birth of a new climatology, one that actually follows the laws of  physics and properly physical modeling techniques...
Evidence: "Modelers" (also called "model-builders") often appear much like phenomenologists, but try to model speculative theories that have certain desirable features (rather than on experimental data), or apply the techniques of mathematical modeling to physics problems.
Evidence: It was not until after the elucidation of the laws of physics and more particularly, the development of the computer, allowing for the automated solution of a great many equations that model the weather, in the latter half of the 20th century that significant breakthroughs in weather forecasting were achieved.
Evidence: In addition to testing hypotheses, scientists may also generate a model, an attempt to describe or depict the phenomenon in terms of a logical, physical or mathematical representation and to generate new hypotheses that can be tested, based on observable phenomena.
Category: Effects of global warming
Claim: Eleven percent of the world’s population is currently vulnerable to climate change impacts such as droughts, floods, heat waves, extreme weather events and sea-level rise.
Evidence: Many physical impacts of global warming are already visible, including extreme weather events, glacier retreat, changes in the timing of seasonal events (e.g., earlier flowering of plants), sea level rise, and declines in Arctic sea ice extent.
Evidence: The effects of global warming include rising sea levels, regional changes in precipitation, more frequent extreme weather events such as heat waves, and expansion of deserts.
Evidence: The letter goes on to warn of predicted impacts on the United States such as sea level rise and increases in extreme weather events, water scarcity, heat waves, wildfires, and the disturbance of biological systems.
Evidence: Human-induced climate change has, e.g., the potential to alter the prevalence and severity of extreme weathers such as heat waves, cold waves, storms, floods and droughts.
Category: Global warming
Claim: The models predicted about three times the amount of warming in the world we’ve seen since [1988].
Evidence: Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7 °C (0.5 to 3.1 °F) in a moderate scenario, or as much as 2.6 to 4.8 °C (4.7 to 8.6 °F) in an extreme scenario, depending on the rate of future greenhouse gas emissions and on climate feedback effects.
Evidence: Models referenced by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) predict that global temperatures are likely to increase by 1.1 to 6.4 °C (2.0 to 11.5 °F) between 1990 and 2100.
Evidence: In 1896, he published the first climate model of its kind, showing that halving of CO 2 could have produced the drop in temperature initiating the ice age.
Evidence: The 10th Emissions Gap Report issued by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) predicts that if emissions continue to increase at the same rate as they have in 2010–2020, global temperatures would rise by as much as 4° by 2100.
Category: Methane
Claim: The increase in atmospheric methane, a greenhouse gas, in the latter part of the 20th century was explained as coming from expansion of grazing and rice cultivation, but the cause was found to be leaking gas pipelines in the Soviet Union which are now being properly managed and maintained.
Evidence: Methane is an important greenhouse gas with a global warming potential of 34 compared to CO2 (potential of 1) over a 100-year period, and 72 over a 20-year period.
Evidence: The cause of the 1998 spike is unresolved, but scientists are currently attributing it to a combination of increased wetland and rice field emissions as well as an increased amount of biomass burning.
Evidence: The correlation between the decrease of CO2 in the Pleistocene and the increase of it during the Holocene implies that the causation of this spark of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere was the growth of human agriculture during the Holocene such as the anthropogenic expansion of (human) land use and irrigation.
Category: Hurricane Harvey
Claim: Climate scientists say that aspects of the case of Hurricane Harvey suggest global warming is making a bad situation worse.
Evidence: "Storm Harvey: impacts likely worsened due to global warming".
Evidence: Weather events are due to multiple factors, and so cannot be said to be caused by one precondition, but climate change affects aspects of extreme events, and very likely worsened some of the impacts of Harvey.
Evidence: The effects of climate change, in combination with the sustained increases in greenhouse gas emissions, have led scientists to characterize it as a climate emergency.
Evidence: "It's a fact: climate change made Hurricane Harvey more deadly".
Category: Global warming
Claim: “The chain of events that links the melting Arctic with weather to the south begins with rising global temperatures causing more sea ice to melt.
Evidence: Surface temperature increases are greatest in the Arctic, which has contributed to the retreat of glaciers, permafrost, and sea ice.
Evidence: Not only does this increase the absorption of sunlight, it also increases melting and sea level rise.
Evidence: The fast rate of the sea ice melting is resulting in the oceans absorbing and heating up the Arctic.
Category: Mars
Claim: Yet, according to NASA, only one temperature sensing station is necessary for the two cities and the vast area between them to be adequately represented in their network.”
Evidence: In September 2017, NASA reported radiation levels on the surface of the planet Mars were temporarily doubled, and were associated with an aurora 25 times brighter than any observed earlier, due to a massive, and unexpected, solar storm in the middle of the month.
Evidence: They concluded that global mean temperatures can be determined even though meteorological stations are typically in the Northern hemisphere and confined to continental regions.
Category: General circulation model
Claim: Warming trends agree well with surface temperatures and model predictions except near the Poles.
Evidence: These models project an upward trend in the surface temperature record, as well as a more rapid increase in temperature at higher altitudes.
Category: Greenhouse gas
Claim: Models and direct observations find that CFCs only contribute a fraction of the warming supplied by other greenhouse gases.
Evidence: Although CFCs are greenhouse gases, they are regulated by the Montreal Protocol, which was motivated by CFCs' contribution to ozone depletion rather than by their contribution to global warming.
Evidence: The seven sources of CO 2 from fossil fuel combustion are (with percentage contributions for 2000–2004): Carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide (N 2O) and three groups of fluorinated gases (sulfur hexafluoride (SF 6), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), and perfluorocarbons (PFCs)) are the major anthropogenic greenhouse gases, and are regulated under the Kyoto Protocol international treaty, which came into force in 2005.
Evidence: Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.
Category: Arctic
Claim: Arctic summer sea ice has shrunk by an area equal to Western Australia, and might be all gone in a decade.
Evidence: There is a large variance in predictions of Arctic sea ice loss, with models showing near-complete to complete loss in September from 2040 to some time well beyond 2100.
Evidence: About half of the analyzed models show near-complete to complete sea ice loss in September by the year 2100.
Evidence: Global warming has led to decades of shrinking and thinning of the Arctic sea ice, making it vulnerable to atmospheric anomalies.
Evidence: The summer shrinking of the ice has been quoted at 50%.
Category: An Inconvenient Truth
Claim: Al Gore's book is quite accurate, and far more accurate than contrarian books.
Evidence: All 19 climate scientists who had seen the movie or had read the homonymous book said that Gore accurately conveyed the science, with few errors.
Evidence: In a 2007 court case, a British judge said that while he had "no doubt ...the film was broadly accurate" and its "four main scientific hypotheses ...are supported by a vast quantity of research", he upheld nine of a "long schedule" of alleged errors presented to the court.
Category: Survivalism
Claim: There was, he said, an ‘inherent bias’ in scientific journals which predisposed them to publish ‘doom and gloom stories’.
Evidence: In his 2008 book Wealth, War and Wisdom, Biggs has a gloomy outlook for the economic future, and suggests that investors take survivalist measures.
Evidence: Some journals, such as Nature, Science, PNAS, and Physical Review Letters, have a reputation of publishing articles that mark a fundamental breakthrough in their respective fields.
Category: 2019 heat wave in India and Pakistan
Claim: At four degrees, the deadly European heat wave of 2003, which killed as many as 2,000 people a day, will be a normal summer.
Evidence: For comparison, the 2003 European heat wave killed an estimated 35,000–70,000 people, with temperatures slightly less than in India and Pakistan.
Evidence: The European heat wave of 2007 affected primarily south-eastern Europe during late June through August.
Evidence: The European heat wave of 2006 was the second massive heat wave to hit the continent in four years, with temperatures rising to 40 °C (104 °F) in Paris; in Ireland, which has a moderate maritime climate, temperatures of over 32 °C (90 °F) were reported.
Category: Urban heat island
Claim: The warming trend is the same in rural and urban areas, measured by thermometers and satellites, and by natural thermometers.
Evidence: This was done by using satellite-based night-light detection of urban areas, and more thorough homogenisation of the time series (with corrections, for example, for the tendency of surrounding rural stations to be slightly higher in elevation, and thus cooler, than urban areas).
Evidence: For example, urban and rural trends are very similar.
Evidence: Scientists use both direct and indirect observations of the climate, from Earth observing satellites and scientific instrumentation such as a global network of thermometers, to prehistoric ice extracted from glaciers.
Evidence: For North America and Europe, such practice could reduce earth warming trends.
Category: Coral
Claim: When water temperatures become too high, coral becomes stressed and expels the algae, which leave the coral a bleached white color.
Evidence: Under such environmental stresses, corals expel their Symbiodinium; without them coral tissues reveal the white of their skeletons, an event known as coral bleaching.
Evidence: Coral bleaching occurs when coral polyps expel algae that live inside their tissues.
Evidence: The loss of the colorful algae causes the coral to turn white.
Evidence: Mass ejections are known as coral bleaching because the algae contribute to coral coloration; some colors, however, are due to host coral pigments, such as green fluorescent proteins (GFPs).
Evidence: Coral that loses a large fraction of its zooxanthellae becomes white (or sometimes pastel shades in corals that are pigmented with their own proteins) and is said to be bleached, a condition which, unless corrected, can kill the coral.
Category: Global warming
Claim: as time progresses and fossil fuel emissions increase, the number of record highs should increase and record lows should decrease.
Evidence: The 10th Emissions Gap Report issued by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) predicts that if emissions continue to increase at the same rate as they have in 2010–2020, global temperatures would rise by as much as 4° by 2100.
Category: Global warming controversy
Claim: Lindzen and Choi find low climate sensitivity
Evidence: "SYR 2.3: Climate sensitivity and feedbacks".
Evidence: "Missing iris effect as a possible cause of muted hydrological change and high climate sensitivity in models".
Category: Global catastrophic risk
Claim: Earth's changing climate is a critical issue and poses the risk of significant environmental, social and economic disruptions around the globe.
Evidence: Climate change refers to a lasting change in the Earth's climate.
Evidence: A 2013 study found that significant climatic changes were associated with a higher risk of conflict worldwide, and predicted that "amplified rates of human conflict could represent a large and critical social impact of anthropogenic climate change in both low- and high-income countries."
Evidence: If no mitigating actions are taken, significant disruptions in the Earth's physical and ecological systems, social systems, security and human health are likely to occur.
Evidence: The effects of global warming or climate damage include far-reaching and long-lasting changes to the natural environment, to ecosystems and human societies caused directly or indirectly by human emissions of greenhouse gases.
Evidence: Analysis of consumption patterns relates resource use to the environmental, social and economic impacts at the scale or context under investigation.
Category: Climate sensitivity
Claim: "a paper...in Science magazine concludes that the climate sensitivity—how much the earth’s average temperature will rise as a result of a doubling of the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide—likely (that is, with a 66% probability) lies in the range 1.7°C to 2.6°C, with a median value of 2.3°C.
Evidence: IPCC authors concluded ECS is very likely to be greater than 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) and likely to lie in the range 2 to 4.5 °C (4 to 8.1 °F), with a most likely value of about 3 °C (5 °F).
Evidence: When climate sensitivity is expressed for a doubling of CO2, its units are degrees Celsius (°C).
Evidence: For constant humidity they computed a climate sensitivity of 2.3 °C per doubling of CO2 (which they rounded to 2, the value most often quoted from their work, in the abstract of the paper).
Evidence: The equilibrium climate sensitivity (ECS) is the temperature increase that would result from sustained doubling of the concentration of carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere, after the Earth's energy budget and the climate system reach radiative equilibrium.
Category: Scientific consensus on climate change
Claim: A natural cycle requires a forcing, and no known forcing exists that fits the fingerprints of observed warming - except anthropogenic greenhouse gases.
Evidence: The spatial and temporal fingerprint of warming can be traced to increasing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, which are a direct result of burning fossil fuels, broad-scale deforestation and other human activity."
Evidence: Increased concentrations of gases such as CO 2 (~20%), ozone and N 2O are external forcing on the other hand.
Evidence: The spatial and temporal fingerprint of warming can be traced to increasing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, which are a direct result of burning fossil fuels, broad-scale deforestation and other human activity.
Evidence: Attributing detected temperature changes and extreme events to human-caused increases in greenhouse gases requires scientists to rule out known internal climate variability and natural external forcings.
Category: Sea level rise
Claim: Satellites measure Antarctica losing land ice at an accelerating rate.
Evidence: All datasets generally show an acceleration of mass loss from the Antarctic ice-sheet, but with year-to-year variations.
Evidence: found instead that the net change in ice mass is slightly positive at approximately 82 gigatonnes per year (with significant regional variation) which would result in Antarctic activity reducing global sea-level rise by 0.23 mm per year.
Evidence: More recently, new satellite imaging data led to calculations of Thwaites Glacier "ice shelf melt rate of 207 m/year in 2014–2017, which is the highest ice shelf melt rate on record in Antarctica."
Evidence: A satellite record revealed that the overall increase in Antarctic sea ice extents reversed in 2014, with rapid rates of decrease in 2014–2017 reducing the Antarctic sea ice extents to their lowest values in the 40-y record.
Category: Stoma
Claim: Plant stomata show higher and more variable CO2 levels.
Evidence: The CO2 fertiliser effect has been greatly overestimated during Free-Air Carbon dioxide Enrichment (FACE) experiments where results show increased CO2 levels in the atmosphere enhances photosynthesis, reduce transpiration, and increase water use efficiency (WUE).
Evidence: These studies imply the plants response to changing CO2 levels is largely controlled by genetics.
Evidence: Plant species with the greatest photosynthetic rates and Kranz anatomy showed no apparent photorespiration, very low CO2 compensation point, high optimum temperature, high stomatal resistances and lower mesophyll resistances for gas diffusion and rates never saturated at full sun light.
Evidence: Stomatal density and aperture (length of stomata) varies under a number of environmental factors such as atmospheric CO2 concentration, light intensity, air temperature and photoperiod (daytime duration).
Evidence: Rates of leaf photosynthesis were shown to increase by 30–50% in C3 plants, and 10–25% in C4 under doubled CO2 levels.
Category: Glacier
Claim: While there are isolated cases of growing glaciers, the overwhelming trend in glaciers worldwide is retreat.
Evidence: A slight cooling led to the advance of many alpine glaciers between 1950 and 1985, but since 1985 glacier retreat and mass loss has become larger and increasingly ubiquitous.
Evidence: In recent years, scientists have monitored a notable increase in the rate of glacier retreat across the region as a result of climate change.
Category: Greenhouse effect
Claim: Venus is not hot because of a runaway greenhouse.
Evidence: The planet Venus experienced runaway greenhouse effect, resulting in an atmosphere which is 96% carbon dioxide, with surface atmospheric pressure roughly the same as found 900 m (3,000 ft) underwater on Earth.
Evidence: The CO 2-rich atmosphere generates the strongest greenhouse effect in the Solar System, creating surface temperatures of at least 735 K (462 °C; 864 °F).
Category: Little Ice Age
Claim: Earth about to enter 30-YEAR ‘Mini Ice Age’
Evidence: 23 February 1998.
Evidence: About a billion years from now, all surface water will have disappeared and the mean global temperature will reach 70 °C (158 °F).
Evidence: The last continental glaciation ended 10,000 years ago.
Evidence: 15 (1): 1–30.
Category: Arctic
Claim: The Arctic’s carbon bomb might be even more potent than we thought […] methane, a shorter-lived but far harder-hitting gas that could cause faster bursts of warming
Evidence: The current Arctic warming is leading to ancient carbon being released from thawing permafrost, leading to methane and carbon dioxide production by micro-organisms.
Evidence: Melting of this ice may release large quantities of methane, a powerful greenhouse gas into the atmosphere, causing further warming in a strong positive feedback cycle.
Evidence: Release of methane and carbon dioxide stored in permafrost could cause abrupt and severe global warming, as they are potent greenhouse gases.
Category: Climate change feedback
Claim: "...the largest of all the positive or temperature-amplifying feedbacks in  the UN’s arsenal is the water-vapor feedback.
Evidence: The main positive feedback in global warming is the tendency of warming to increase the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere, which in turn leads to further warming.
Evidence: Because water vapor is a greenhouse gas, this results in further warming and so is a "positive feedback" that amplifies the original warming.
Category: Global warming
Claim: However, since 1998, little warming has occurred while carbon dioxide emissions continue to increase.
Evidence: CO2 emissions are continuing to rise due to the burning of fossil fuels and land-use change.
Evidence: The Kyoto Protocol is an international treaty which extends the 1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) that commits state parties to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, based on the scientific consensus that (part one) global warming is occurring and (part two) it is extremely likely that human-made CO2 emissions have predominantly caused it.
Evidence: An example of such an episode is the slower rate of surface temperature increase from 1998 to 2012, which was dubbed the global warming hiatus.
Category: Wind turbine
Claim: Renew­ables such as wind turbines are environmentally disastrous because they pollute a huge land area, slice and dice birds and bats, kill insects that are bird food, create health problems for humans who live within kilometres of them, leave toxins around the turbine site and despoil the landscape.
Evidence: damaging Australia's Great Barrier Reef) and by water acidification from combustion monoxides.
Evidence: Thousands of birds, including rare species, have been killed by the blades of wind turbines, though wind turbines contribute relatively insignificantly to anthropogenic avian mortality.
Evidence: These insects accumulate toxins in their exoskeletons and pass them on to insectivorous birds and bats.
Category: Greenhouse gas
Claim: The amount of warming caused by the anthropogenic increase in atmospheric CO2 may be one of the most misunderstood subjects in climate science.
Evidence: The surprising effect of this is that the global warming potential of CO is three times that of CO 2.
Category: Effects of global warming on human health
Claim: Global warming leads to much quicker spread of the Zika virus because the increased temperature, "makes mosquitoes mature faster, . . .
Evidence: The hotter and wetter a climate is, the faster the mosquitoes can mature and the faster the disease can develop.
Evidence: Flooding creates more standing water for mosquitoes to breed; as well, shown that these vectors are able to feed more and grow faster in warmer climates.
Evidence: Zika fever is mainly spread via the bite of mosquitoes of the Aedes type.
Category: Climate change denial
Claim: Believers think the warming is man-made, while the skeptics believe the warming is natural and contributions from man are minimal and certainly not potentially catastrophic à la Al Gore.'
Evidence: There is no convincing scientific evidence that human release of carbon dioxide, methane, or other greenhouse gases is causing or will, in the foreseeable future, cause catastrophic heating of the Earth's atmosphere and disruption of the Earth's climate.
Evidence: The film's thesis is that global warming is real, potentially catastrophic, and human-caused.
Evidence: In November 2017, a second warning to humanity signed by 15,364 scientists from 184 countries stated that "the current trajectory of potentially catastrophic climate change due to rising greenhouse gases from burning fossil fuels, deforestation, and agricultural production – particularly from farming ruminants for meat consumption" is "especially troubling".
Evidence: Attribution sceptics or deniers (who accept the global warming trend but see natural causes for this), [and] doubt that human activities are responsible for the observed trends.
Evidence: The disputed issues include the causes of increased global average air temperature, especially since the mid-20th century, whether this warming trend is unprecedented or within normal climatic variations, whether humankind has contributed significantly to it, and whether the increase is completely or partially an artifact of poor measurements.
Category: Extinction event
Claim: The failure of the 2007 polar bear survival model is a simple fact that explodes the myth that polar bears are on their way to extinction.
Evidence: "Fossil record supports evidence of impending mass extinction".
Evidence: The Cretaceous–Paleogene (K–Pg) extinction event, also known as the Cretaceous–Tertiary (K–T) extinction, was a sudden mass extinction of three-quarters of the plant and animal species on Earth, approximately 66 million years ago.
Evidence: The most recent and arguably best-known, the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event, which occurred approximately 66 million years ago (Ma), was a large-scale mass extinction of animal and plant species in a geologically short period of time.
Evidence: For the first time since the demise of the dinosaurs 65 million years ago, we face a global mass extinction of wildlife.
Category: Cross-correlation
Claim: Soares finds lack of correlation between CO2 and temperature
Evidence: In time series analysis and statistics, the cross-correlation of a pair of random process is the correlation between values of the processes at different times, as a function of the two times.
Category: Neoliberalism
Claim: The monetary cost of damages has increased dramatically in recent decades, but that is due to increasing population, wealth and the amount of vulnerable infrastructure.
Evidence: Others note that while the economy had stabilized and was growing by the late 1980s, inequality widened: nearly 45% of the population had fallen into poverty while the wealthiest 10% had seen their incomes rise by 83%.
Evidence: (2001) concluded that: countries with limited economic resources, low levels of technology, poor information and skills, poor infrastructure, unstable or weak institutions, and inequitable empowerment and access to resources have little adaptive capacity and are highly vulnerable to climate change (p. 879).
Evidence: Losses caused by catastrophes, defined by the property insurance industry as storms causing insured losses over $5 million in the year of occurrence, have grown steadily in the United States from about $100 million annually in the 1950s to $6 billion per year in the 1990s, and the annual number of catastrophes grew from 10 in the 1950s to 35 in the 1990s.” Authors have pointed to several reasons why commercial insurance markets cannot adequately cover risks associated with climate change (Arrow et al., 1996, p. 72).