Danthammadhavi/climate_fever_fixed huggingface dataset:
Category: Gordon Brown
Claim: “In 2009, then-British Prime Minister Gordon Brown predicted that the world had only 50 days to save the planet from global warming.
Evidence: After initial rises in opinion polls following Brown becoming Prime Minister, Labour's popularity declined with the onset of a recession in 2008, leading to poor results in the local and European elections in 2009.
Evidence: On 5 June 2007, just three weeks before he was due to take the post of Prime Minister, Brown made a speech promising "British Jobs for British workers".
Category: Australia
Claim: unadjusted data suggests that temperatures in Australia have only increased by 0.3 degrees over the past century, not the 1 degree usually claimed.
Evidence: "Australia's extreme heat is sign of things to come, scientists warn".
Category: Climate change denial
Claim: If the public were aware that man-made CO2 is so incredibly small there would be very little belief in a climate disaster ..."
Evidence: Rennie 2009: "Claim 1: Anthropogenic CO2 can't be changing climate, because CO2 is only a trace gas in the atmosphere and the amount produced by humans is dwarfed by the amount from volcanoes and other natural sources.
Category: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
Claim: The IPCC statement on Amazon rain forests is correct.
Evidence: The National Research Council's report agreed that there were some statistical failings, but these had little effect on the graph, which was generally correct.
Evidence: "Likely" means greater than 66% probability of being correct, based on expert judgement.
Evidence: The date of 2035 has been correctly quoted by the IPCC from the WWF report, which has misquoted its own source, an ICSI report "Variations of Snow and Ice in the past and at present on a Global and Regional Scale".
Evidence: The IPCC has since acknowledged that the date is incorrect, while reaffirming that the conclusion in the final summary was robust.
Category: Solar power in the United States
Claim: There are about 120,000 solar energy jobs in the United States, but only 1,700 of them are in Georgia.
Evidence: [clarification needed] Solar jobs have more than doubled in the United States over the last decade growing 153% since 2010 to 242,343 workers directly employed by the industry.
Evidence: As of 2016, more than 260,000 people worked in the solar industry and 43 states deployed net metering, where energy utilities bought back excess power generated by solar arrays.
Category: Chevron Corporation
Claim: Connie Mack "is protecting Chevron oil from a multi-billion dollar lawsuit over pollution of rivers and rainforests."
Evidence: "Chevron faces $10.6bn Brazil legal suit over oil spill".
Evidence: Surface water pollution includes pollution of rivers, lakes and oceans.
Evidence: In 2003, a class action lawsuit against Chevron was filed in Ecuadorian court for $28 billion by indigenous residents, who accused Texaco of making residents ill and damaging forests and rivers by discharging 18 billion US gallons (68,000,000 m3) of formation water into the Amazon rainforest without any environmental remediation.
Category: Renewable energy
Claim: The amount of energy used to construct solar and wind facilities is greater than they produce in their working lives.
Evidence: They found producing all new energy with wind power, solar power, and hydropower by 2030 is feasible and existing energy supply arrangements could be replaced by 2050.
Evidence: However, the estimated average cost per unit of electric power must incorporate the cost of construction of the turbine and transmission facilities, borrowed funds, return to investors (including cost of risk), estimated annual production, and other components, averaged over the projected useful life of the equipment, which may be in excess of twenty years.
Category: Sea level rise
Claim: Ice berg melts, ocean level remains the same.
Evidence: The gravitational effects comes into play when a large ice sheet melts.
Evidence: Since the last glacial maximum about 20,000 years ago, the sea level has risen by more than 125 metres (410 ft), with rates varying from less than a mm/year to 40+ mm/year, as a result of melting ice sheets over Canada and Eurasia.
Evidence: "The melting of floating ice raises the ocean level" (PDF).
Evidence: There is a threshold in surface warming beyond which a partial or near-complete melting of the Greenland ice sheet occurs.
Category: Storm surge
Claim: If a major hurricane is approaching with a predicted storm surge of 10-14 feet, are you really going to worry about a sea level rise of 1 inch per decade?”
Evidence: A storm surge of 14 ft (4.2 m) occurred in New York City during Hurricane Sandy in October 2012.
Evidence: It was also forecast that the storm surge in Lake Pontchartrain would reach 14–18 feet (4.3–5.5 m), with waves reaching 7 feet (2 m) above the storm surge.
Evidence: Since the storm surge produced by the hurricane's right-front quadrant (containing the strongest winds) was forecast to be 28 feet (8.5 m), while the levees offered protection to 23 feet (7.0 m), emergency management officials in New Orleans feared that the storm surge could go over the tops of levees protecting the city, causing major flooding.
Category: Greenland ice sheet
Claim: The world’s alpine glaciers recorded a net annual loss of ice for the 36th consecutive year and the Greenland ice sheet … experienced melting over more than 50% of its surface.
Evidence: The area of the sheet that experiences melting has been argued to have increased by about 16% between 1979 (when measurements started) and 2002 (most recent data).
Evidence: In 2006, estimated monthly changes in the mass of Greenland's ice sheet suggest that it is melting at a rate of about 239 cubic kilometers (57 cu mi) per year.
Evidence: The Greenland Ice Sheet has experienced record melting in recent years since detailed records have been kept and is likely to contribute substantially to sea level rise as well as to possible changes in ocean circulation in the future if this is sustained.
Category: Tuvalu
Claim: But the heads of small island nations, fearful of rising sea levels, had also asked scientists to examine the effects of 2.7 degrees of warming.
Evidence: Sopoaga said in his speech to the meeting of heads of state and government: Tuvalu's future at current warming, is already bleak, any further temperature increase will spell the total demise of Tuvalu ... For Small Island Developing States, Least Developed Countries and many others, setting a global temperature goal of below 1.5 degrees Celsius relative to pre-industrial levels is critical.
Evidence: The effects of global warming include rising sea levels, regional changes in precipitation, more frequent extreme weather events such as heat waves, and expansion of deserts.
Evidence: In 2015, a study by Professor James Hansen of Columbia University and 16 other climate scientists said a sea level rise of three metres could be a reality by the end of the century.
Category: Greenland ice sheet
Claim: Greenland ice sheet won't collapse
Evidence: On balance, the IPCC estimates −44 ± 53 Gt/yr, which means that the ice sheet may currently be melting.
Evidence: If the Greenland ice sheet were to melt away completely, the world's sea level would rise by more than 7 m (23 ft).
Category: Sea level rise
Claim: The thermal expansion of the oceans, compounded by melting glaciers, resulted in the highest global sea level on record in 2015.
Evidence: Since the last glacial maximum about 20,000 years ago, the sea level has risen by more than 125 metres (410 ft), with rates varying from less than a mm/year to 40+ mm/year, as a result of melting ice sheets over Canada and Eurasia.
Evidence: Most of this rise can be attributed to the increase in temperature of the sea and the resulting slight thermal expansion of the upper 500 metres (1,640 feet) of sea water.
Evidence: The three main reasons warming causes global sea level to rise are: oceans expand, ice sheets lose ice faster than it forms from snowfall, and glaciers at higher altitudes also melt.
Evidence: This acceleration is due mostly to human-caused global warming, which is driving thermal expansion of seawater and the melting of land-based ice sheets and glaciers.
Category: Evolution as fact and theory
Claim: A subsequent study by Dessler (2011) found that Spencer's paper was not a test of climate sensitivity or feedbacks, and his assumptions do not match empirical observational data.
Evidence: Phylogenetic theory is used to test the independent distributions of traits and their various forms to provide explanations of observed patterns in relation to their evolutionary history and biology.
Evidence: Andrew Dessler published a paper which found errors in Lindzen and Choi 2011, and concluded that the observations it had presented "are not in fundamental disagreement with mainstream climate models, nor do they provide evidence that clouds are causing climate change.
Evidence: A properly conducted regression analysis will include an assessment of how well the assumed form is matched by the observed data, but it can only do so within the range of values of the independent variables actually available.
Category: Hockey stick graph
Claim: Ljungqvist's millennial temperature reconstruction was very similar to Moberg et al.
Evidence: A 2,000 year extratropical Northern Hemisphere reconstruction by Ljungqvist published by Geografiska Annaler in September 2010 drew on additional proxy evidence to show both a Roman Warm Period and a Medieval Warm Period with decadal mean temperatures reaching or exceeding the reference 1961–1990 mean temperature level.
Evidence: Ljungqvist's 2,000 year extratropical Northern Hemisphere reconstruction generally agreed well with Mann et al.
Evidence: Ljungqvist 2010 "A New Reconstruction of Temperature Variability in the Extra-Tropical Northern Hemisphere During the Last Two Millennia".
Category: Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain
Claim: The unlikely scenarios are now, all of a sudden, becoming more probable than they once were thought to be,’ says Sweet.”
Evidence: Many feasible scenarios can be constructed to account for evidence.
Evidence: The reverse possibility, that a small group broke off and wandered from India into Western Asia is readily dismissed as an improbably long migration, again without the least bit of evidence.
Evidence: In recent decades, a few specialists have continued to support this interpretation, and Peter Schrijver has said that 'to a large extent, it is linguistics that is responsible for thinking in terms of drastic scenarios' about demographic change in late Roman Britain.
Category: Great Barrier Reef
Claim: Great Barrier Reef is in good shape.
Evidence: The Great Barrier Reef can be seen from outer space and is the world's biggest single structure made by living organisms.
Evidence: Crescentic reefs are the most common shape of reef in the middle of the system, for example the reefs surrounding Lizard Island.
Evidence: The Great Barrier Reef (GBR) is the most outstanding coral reef system in the world because of its great length, number of individual reefs and species diversity.
Category: Global warming
Claim: We’ll still be facing extreme heat, but at a far more manageable level than if we’d done nothing to halt climate change.
Evidence: Many regions have probably already seen increases in warm spells and heat waves, and it is virtually certain that these changes will continue over the 21st century.
Category: Ross McKitrick
Claim: A paper by Ross McKitrick, an economics professor at the  University of Guelph, and Patrick Michaels, an environmental studies  professor at the University of Virginia, concludes that half of the  global warming trend from 1980 to 2002 is caused by Urban Heat Island.
Evidence: McKitrick has authored works about environmental economics and climate change issues, including co-authoring the book Taken by Storm: The Troubled Science, Policy and Politics of Global Warming, published in 2002.
Evidence: For example, Ross McKitrick and Patrick J. Michaels conducted a statistical study of surface-temperature data regressed against socioeconomic indicators, and concluded that about half of the observed warming trend (for 1979–2002) could be accounted for by the residual UHI effects in the corrected temperature data set they studied—which had already been processed to remove the (modeled) UHI contribution.
Category: Snow
Claim: The effect of long-term warming is to make it harder to count on snowmelt runoff in wet times
Evidence: Some agricultural areas depend on an accumulation of snow during winter that will melt gradually in spring, providing water for crop growth, both directly and via runoff through streams and rivers, which supply irrigation canals.
Evidence: Climate warming is expected to result in major changes to the partitioning of snow and rainfall, and to the timing of snowmelt, which will have important implications for water use and management.
Evidence: There is a pronounced annual runoff of snowmelt in late spring and early summer, the timing of which varies from year to year.
Evidence: Further examples include sea level rise, widespread melting of snow and land ice, increased heat content of the oceans, increased humidity, and the earlier timing of spring events, such as the flowering of plants.
Category: Climate change and ecosystems
Claim: They do not make a definitive attribution statement, but the data are consistent with and strongly suggestive of human-driven warming as a root cause of the oxygen decline.’”
Evidence: A 2005 study concludes human activity is the cause of the temperature rise and resultant changing species behaviour, and links these effects with the predictions of climate models to provide validation for them.
Evidence: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.
Category: Year
Claim: For the year-to-date, the Earth is seeing its 5th-warmest start to the year.
Evidence: This is currently on or close to January 1.
Evidence: New Year is the time or day at which a new calendar year begins and the calendar's year count increments by one.
Evidence: Earth's increasing surface temperature will accelerate the inorganic carbon cycle, reducing CO 2 concentration to levels lethally low for plants (10 ppm for C4 photosynthesis) in approximately 100–900 million years.
Category: Greenland ice sheet
Claim: The Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets have decreased in mass.
Evidence: From about 11 million years ago to 10 million years ago, the Greenland Ice Sheet was greatly reduced in size.
Category: Sahara
Claim: precipitation from global warming will make the world much greener
Evidence: The area is next expected to become green in about 15,000 years (17,000 AD).
Evidence: After an initial warming due to emissions of greenhouse gases, the atmosphere will hold more water.
Category: Climate change in the Arctic
Claim: Previous studies have shown that weakening carbon sinks will add 0.25°C, forest dieback will add 0.11°C, permafrost thaw will add 0.9°C and increased bacterial respiration will add 0.02°C.
Evidence: According to a study published in 2016, about 0.5 °C (0.90 °F) of the warming in the Arctic has been attributed to reductions in sulfate aerosols in Europe since 1980.
Evidence: Farquharson and her team guess that about 231,000 square miles (600,000 square kilometers) of permafrost, or about 5.5% of the zone that is permafrost year-round, is vulnerable to rapid surface thawing.
Evidence: A global temperature rise of 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) above current levels would be enough to start the thawing of permafrost in Siberia, according to one group of scientists.
Category: Global warming
Claim: “The IPCC reports also don’t fully account for the albedo effect (less ice means less reflected and more absorbed sunlight, hence more warming); more cloud cover (which traps heat); or the dieback of forests and other flora (which extract carbon from the atmosphere).
Evidence: If cloud cover increases, more sunlight will be reflected back into space, cooling the planet.
Evidence: The reduction of snow cover and sea ice in the Arctic reduces the albedo of the Earth's surface.
Category: Global cooling
Claim: Volcanoes, solar variations, clouds, methane, aerosols - these all change the way energy enters and/or leaves our climate.
Evidence: Human activity — mostly as a by-product of fossil fuel combustion, partly by land use changes — increases the number of tiny particles (aerosols) in the atmosphere.
Evidence: These external forcings can be natural, such as variations in solar intensity and volcanic eruptions, or caused by humans.
Evidence: Solid and liquid particles known as aerosols – from volcanoes, plankton, and human-made pollutants – reflect incoming sunlight, cooling the climate.
Evidence: If this energy balance is shifted, Earth's surface becomes warmer or cooler, leading to a variety of changes in global climate.
Category: Arctic sea ice decline
Claim: For what appears to be the first time since scientists began keeping track, sea ice in the Arctic and the Antarctic are at record lows this time of year.
Evidence: The Arctic sea ice minimum is the day in a given year when Arctic sea ice reaches its smallest extent, occurring at the end of the summer melting season, normally during September.
Evidence: Arctic sea ice extent ice hit an all-time low in September 2012, when the ice was determined to cover only 24% of the Arctic Ocean, offsetting the previous low of 29% in 2007.
Category: Florida
Claim: (2012 is now the hottest by a wide margin), but the USA only comprises 2% of the globe.
Evidence: With an average daily temperature of 70.7 °F (21.5 °C), it is the warmest state in the U.S.
Evidence: Florida is west of The Bahamas and 90 miles (140 km) north of Cuba.
Category: Atmosphere of Venus
Claim: If there is  a cloud cover, the heat is trapped by water vapour as a greenhouse gas  and the temperature stays quite warm.
Evidence: The large amount of CO2 in the atmosphere together with water vapour and sulfur dioxide create a strong greenhouse effect, trapping solar energy and raising the surface temperature to around 740 K (467 °C), hotter than any other planet in the Solar System, even that of Mercury despite being located farther out from the Sun and receiving only 25% of the solar energy (per unit area) Mercury does.
Category: Mineral industry of Africa
Claim: The cement, iron and steel, and petroleum refining industries could see their production cut by 21% 19%, and 11% respectively.”
Evidence: The 2012 share of world production from African soil was bauxite 7%; aluminium 5%; chromite 38%; cobalt 60%; copper 9%; gold 20%; iron ore 2%; steel 1%; lead (Pb) 2%; manganese 38%; zinc 1%; cement 4%; natural diamond 56%; graphite 2%; phosphate rock 21%; coal 4%; mineral fuels (including coal) & petroleum 47%; uranium 18%.platinum 69.4%.
Evidence: The hardest hit sectors in the worst recession years (2002–2003) were construction (−55.9%), petroleum (−26.5%), commerce (−23.6%) and manufacturing (−22.5%).
Evidence: Improvements in existing plants reduced steel-industry energy consumption from 73.8 million tons of coal in 1978 to 69.1 million tons in 1983, and production increased by 26 percent.
Evidence: By the first half of 2016, only 10 vehicles were manufactured per day in Venezuela with production dropping 86%.
Category: Figure of the Earth
Claim: “Even if you could calculate some sort of meaningful global temperature statistic, the figure would be unimportant.
Evidence: The latter is particularly important because optical instruments containing gravity-reference leveling devices are commonly used to make geodetic measurements.
Evidence: While it is the surface on which Earth measurements are made, mathematically modeling it while taking the irregularities into account would be extremely complicated.
Evidence: However, a more accurate figure is needed for measuring distances and areas on the scale beyond the purely local.
Category: Greenhouse gas
Claim: 94 percent of the carbon emissions which you so want to get rid of are caused by nature.
Evidence: The vast majority of anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions come from combustion of fossil fuels, principally coal, oil, and natural gas, with additional contributions coming from deforestation, changes in land use, soil erosion and agriculture (including livestock).
Evidence: Cumulative anthropogenic (i.e., human-emitted) emissions of CO 2 from fossil fuel use are a major cause of global warming, and give some indication of which countries have contributed most to human-induced climate change.
Category: Global warming
Claim: Global warming responsible for record 2019 July warmth in Alaska.
Evidence: Surface temperature increases are greatest in the Arctic, which has contributed to the retreat of glaciers, permafrost, and sea ice.
Evidence: Since 1950, the number of cold days and nights have decreased, and the number of warm days and night have increased.
Evidence: "Absurd January Warmth in Arctic Brings Record-Low Sea Ice Extent".
Category: Global warming
Claim: The atmosphere and ocean have warmed, the amounts of snow and ice have diminished, and sea level has risen.
Evidence: Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.
Evidence: Further examples include sea level rise, widespread melting of snow and land ice, increased heat content of the oceans, increased humidity, and the earlier timing of spring events, such as the flowering of plants.
Evidence: The IPCC Fourth Assessment Report stated that: Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, as evidenced by increases in global average air and ocean temperatures, the widespread melting of snow and ice, and rising global average sea level.
Evidence: "Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, as is now evident from observations of increases in global average air and ocean temperatures, widespread melting of snow and ice and rising global average sea level."
Category: Drought
Claim: "The 30 major droughts of the 20th century were likely natural in all respects; and, hence, they are "indicative of what could also happen in the future," as Narisma
Evidence: Australia could experience more severe droughts and they could become more frequent in the future, a government-commissioned report said on July 6, 2008.
Evidence: Increased variability and intensity of rainfall as a result of climate change is expected to produce both more severe droughts and flooding, with potentially serious consequences for water supply and for pollution from combined sewer overflows.
Evidence: "The Longest Running Title Droughts in Sports".
Evidence: Originally it was believed that the drought in the Sahel primarily was caused by humans over-using natural resources in the region through overgrazing, deforestation and poor land management.
Category: Air pollution
Claim: (Koch Industries) is among the worst in toxic air pollution in the entire United States ... and churns out more climate-changing greenhouse gases than oil giants Chevron, Shell and Valero.
Evidence: Pollutants emitted into the atmosphere by human activity include: Carbon dioxide (CO 2) – Because of its role as a greenhouse gas it has been described as "the leading pollutant" and "the worst climate pollutant".
Evidence: "(PERI) THE TOXIC 100: Top Corporate Air Polluters in the United State".
Evidence: Koch Industries denied that they have had a negative effect on climate change, saying they have "implemented innovative and cost-effective ways to reduce waste and emissions, including greenhouse gases".
Category: Sea level rise
Claim: Global sea level data shows that sea level rise has been increasing since 1880 while future sea level rise predictions are based on  physics, not statistics.
Evidence: Using different satellites from 1992 to 2017 shows melt is increasing significantly over this period.
Evidence: This is an important confirmation of climate change simulations which predicted that sea level rise would accelerate in response to global warming.
Category: Global warming
Claim: In pushing too hard for the case that global warming is universally bad for everything, the administration’s report undermines the reasonable case for climate action.
Evidence: They challenged the scientific evidence, argued that global warming would have benefits, warned that concern for global warming was some kind of socialist plot to undermine American capitalism, and asserted that proposed solutions would do more harm than good.
Evidence: Litigation is increasingly used as a tool to strengthen climate action, with governments being the biggest target of lawsuits demanding that they become ambitious on climate action or enforce existing laws.
Category: Antarctica
Claim: Antarctica is too cold to lose ice.
Evidence: Offshore, temperatures are also low enough that ice is formed from seawater through most of the year.
Evidence: This ice sheet is constantly gaining ice from snowfall and losing ice through outflow to the sea.
Evidence: As a result of continued warming, the polar ice caps melted and much of Gondwana became a desert.
Category: IPCC Fourth Assessment Report
Claim: The study indicates far less future global warming will occur than United Nations computer models have predicted, and supports prior studies indicating increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide trap far less heat than alarmists have claimed.
Evidence: Confidence in these near-term projections is strengthened because of the agreement between past model projections and actual observed temperature increases.
Evidence: A 2007 study by David Douglass and coworkers, concluded that the 22 most commonly used global climate models used by the IPCC were unable to accurately predict accelerated warming in the troposphere although they did match actual surface warming, concluding "projections of future climate based on these models should be viewed with much caution".
Category: Scientific consensus on climate change
Claim: Rapid assessment of average temperatures in France between 26-28 June showed a “substantial” increase in the likelihood of the heatwave happening as a result of human-caused global warming, experts at the World Weather Attribution group said.
Evidence: Human-caused increases in greenhouse gases are responsible for most of the observed global average surface warming of roughly 0.8 °C (1.5 °F) over the past 140 years.
Evidence: (2012) stated that a combination of natural weather variability and human-induced global warming was responsible for the Moscow and Texas heat waves.
Category: Antarctica
Claim: The exception to this ice loss is Antarctic sea ice which has been growing despite the warming Southern Ocean.
Evidence: Sea ice extent expands annually in the Antarctic winter and most of this ice melts in the summer.
Evidence: Since the ocean off the Antarctic coast usually is much warmer than the air over it, the extent of the sea ice is largely controlled by the winds and currents that push it northwards.
Evidence: Sea ice coverage in the Arctic has shrunk at a much faster rate than it has expanded in the Southern Ocean.
Category: Eocene
Claim: "...there is the contention by Wolfgang Knorr of the Department of Earth Sciences at the University of Bristol in England that carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere are about where they were 160 years ago." (as quoted by Ken Ward Jr.)
Evidence: For example, diverse geochemical and paleontological proxies indicate that at the maximum of global warmth the atmospheric carbon dioxide values were at 700–900 ppm while other proxies such as pedogenic (soil building) carbonate and marine boron isotopes indicate large changes of carbon dioxide of over 2,000 ppm over periods of time of less than 1 million years.
Evidence: For contrast, today the carbon dioxide levels are at 400 ppm or 0.04%.
Category: Global warming
Claim: Back in the late 1980s, the UN claimed that if global warming were not checked by 2000, rising sea levels would wash entire counties away.
Evidence: Not only does this increase the absorption of sunlight, it also increases melting and sea level rise.
Evidence: The effects of global warming include rising sea levels, regional changes in precipitation, more frequent extreme weather events such as heat waves, and expansion of deserts.
Category: Deforestation
Claim: Losing tropical forests is not somehow cheaper than putting up wind farms in the US or Sahara.”
Evidence: An ambitious proposal for China is the Aerially Delivered Re-forestation and Erosion Control System and the proposed Sahara Forest Project coupled with the Seawater Greenhouse.
Evidence: A country may increase its food supply by converting forest land to row-crop agriculture, but the value of the same land may be much larger when it can supply natural resources or services such as clean water, timber, ecotourism, or flood regulation and drought control.
Evidence: In Central America, two-thirds of lowland tropical forests have been turned into pasture since 1950 and 40% of all the rainforests have been lost in the last 40 years.
Category: Global warming
Claim: That humans are causing global warming is the position of the Academies of Science from 80 countries plus many scientific organizations that study climate science.
Evidence: There are more than two dozen scientific institutions that develop climate models.
Evidence: International Council of Academies of Engineering and Technological Sciences (CAETS) in 2007, issued a Statement on Environment and Sustainable Growth: As reported by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), most of the observed global warming since the mid-20th century is very likely due to human-produced emission of greenhouse gases and this warming will continue unabated if present anthropogenic emissions continue or, worse, expand without control.
Evidence: Since 2001, 34 national science academies, three regional academies, and both the international InterAcademy Council and International Council of Academies of Engineering and Technological Sciences have made formal declarations confirming human induced global warming and urging nations to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases.
Evidence: These findings have been recognized by the national science academies of the major industrialized nations and are not disputed by any scientific body of national or international standing.
Evidence: The Geological Society of America (GSA) concurs with assessments by the National Academies of Science (2005), the National Research Council (2006), and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC, 2007) that global climate has warmed and that human activities (mainly greenhouse‐gas emissions) account for most of the warming since the middle 1900s.
Category: Tony Abbott
Claim: During the 2013 election campaign the Coalition said its first legislative priority in government would be to scrap the carbon tax.
Evidence: On the first day of the new Parliament, Abbott introduced legislation into Parliament to repeal the Carbon Tax, and commenced Operation Sovereign Borders, the Coalition's policy to stop illegal maritime arrivals, which received strong public support.
Evidence: Labor and the Greens opposed the Coalition's promised abolition of carbon pricing, and the introduction of "direct action" carbon-reduction policies, but the Government secured cross bench support for the repeal of the tax in July 2014.
Category: Attribution of recent climate change
Claim: As the temperature has increased, so has the ability of scientists to determine whether specific events are linked to climate change.
Evidence: This has led to increases in mean global temperature, or global warming.
Evidence: For example, scientists have established causal links between human activities and the changes in snowpack, maximum and minimum (diurnal) temperature, and the seasonal timing of runoff over mountainous regions of the western United States.
Category: Biodiversity
Claim: Because current climate change is so rapid, the way species typically adapt (eg - migration) is, in most cases, simply not be possible.
Evidence: Human activities therefore allow species to migrate to new areas (and thus become invasive) occurred on time scales much shorter than historically have been required for a species to extend its range.
Evidence: Meanwhile, low genetic diversity (see inbreeding and population bottlenecks) reduces the range of adaptions possible.
Evidence: Invading species have been shown to adapt to their new environments in a remarkably short amount of time.
Category: Global warming
Claim: That humans are causing the rise in atmospheric CO2 is confirmed by multiple isotopic analyses.
Evidence: Higher atmospheric CO2 concentrations have led to an increase in dissolved CO2, which causes ocean acidification.
Evidence: Analysis of carbon isotopes in atmospheric CO 2 shows that the recent observed CO 2 increase cannot have come from the oceans, volcanoes, or the biosphere, and thus is not a response to rising temperatures as would be required if the same processes creating past lags were active now.
Category: World War I
Claim: Societies do fall apart from war, disease or chaos.
Evidence: By 1929, the Great Depression arrived, causing political chaos throughout the world.
Evidence: In René Barjavel's novel Ravage (1943), written and published during the German occupation of France, a future France is devastated by the sudden failure of electricity, causing chaos, disease, and famine, with a small band of survivors desperately struggling for survival.
Category: Global warming
Claim: Greenhouse gases have been the main contributor of warming since 1970.
Evidence: Before the Industrial Revolution, naturally occurring amounts of greenhouse gases caused the air near the surface to be warmer by about 33 °C (59 °F) than it would be in their absence.
Evidence: Human-caused increases in greenhouse gases are responsible for most of the observed global average surface warming of roughly 0.8 °C (1.5 °F) over the past 140 years.
Category: Renewable energy
Claim: When you account for all of the costs associated with burning coal and other fossil fuels, like air pollution and health effects, in reality they are significantly more expensive than most renewable energy sources.
Evidence: It would also reduce environmental pollution such as air pollution caused by burning of fossil fuels and improve public health, reduce premature mortalities due to pollution and save associated health costs that amount to several hundred billion dollars annually only in the United States.
Evidence: Fossil fuel prices generally are below their actual costs, or their "efficient prices," when economic externalities, such as the costs of air pollution and global climate destruction, are taken into account.
Evidence: Even in the areas with relatively low levels of air pollution, public health effects can be significant and costly, since a large number of people breathe in such pollutants.
Category: Scientific consensus on climate change
Claim: Claims that the IPCC does not accurately represent the views and findings of the scientists, on whose work the IPCC reports are based, are not supported by the facts.
Evidence: This consensus is supported by various studies of scientists' opinions and by position statements of scientific organizations, many of which explicitly agree with the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) synthesis reports.
Evidence: [...] This conclusion is based on a substantial array of scientific evidence, including recent work, and is consistent with the conclusions of recent assessments by the U.S.
Category: Climatic Research Unit documents
Claim: Scientists tried to 'hide the decline' in global temperature
Evidence: On 9 December 2009 Sarah Palin said the truncated phrase showed a "highly politicised scientific circle" had "manipulated data to 'hide the decline' in global temperatures", and at the 2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen, senator Senator Jim Inhofe quoted Jones, and said "Of course he means hide the decline in temperatures".
Evidence: Despite this and the fact that 1999 had just seen record breaking global temperatures, the email was widely misquoted as a "trick" to "hide the decline" as though it referred to a decline in measured global temperatures, an accusation made publicly by the politicians Sarah Palin and Jim Inhofe.
Category: Renewable energy
Claim: Converting to these cleaner sources [of energy] may be somewhat costlier in the short term, but they could ultimately pay for themselves by heading off climate damages and reducing health problems associated with dirty air.
Evidence: As most of renewable energy technologies provide electricity, renewable energy deployment is often applied in conjunction with further electrification, which has several benefits: electricity can be converted to heat (where necessary generating higher temperatures than fossil fuels), can be converted into mechanical energy with high efficiency, and is clean at the point of consumption.
Evidence: It would also reduce environmental pollution such as air pollution caused by burning of fossil fuels and improve public health, reduce premature mortalities due to pollution and save associated health costs that amount to several hundred billion dollars annually only in the United States.
Category: United States
Claim: Despite recent attempts to paint the United States as a major global polluter, according to the World Health Organization (WHO), the U.S. is among the cleanest nations on the planet.
Evidence: It is the only country in the world, other than Eritrea, to do so.
Evidence: Issues that affect water supply in the United States include droughts in the West, water scarcity, pollution, a backlog of investment, concerns about the affordability of water for the poorest, and a rapidly retiring workforce.
Category: Jupiter
Claim: "A new storm and a new red spot on Jupiter hints at climate change, USA TODAY and dozens of other sources explained yesterday.
Evidence: "New storm on Jupiter hints at climate changes".
Evidence: The best known feature of Jupiter is the Great Red Spot, a persistent anticyclonic storm that is larger than Earth, located 22° south of the equator.
Category: IPCC Fourth Assessment Report
Claim: A new peer-reviewed study on Surface Warming and the Solar Cycle found that times of high solar activity are on average 0.2°C warmer than times of low solar activity, and that there is a polar amplification of the warming.
Evidence: Climate sensitivity is defined as the amount of global average surface warming following a doubling of carbon dioxide concentrations.
Category: 2014–16 El Niño event
Claim: It has occurred during the warmest year on record, which occurred in 2015, and the two most unusually mild months on Earth, which took place in January and February, respectively.”
Evidence: "2014 one of the warmest years on record globally".
Evidence: April 2007 was also the warmest month in history, the average temperature being 5 °C warmer than normal.
Evidence: December, January and February also brought extremely mild weather making the winter of 2006/2007 the warmest in recorded history.
Category: Greenland ice sheet
Claim: The melting Greenland ice sheet is already a major contributor to rising sea level and if it was eventually lost entirely, the oceans would rise by six metres around the world, flooding many of the world’s largest cities.
Evidence: Ice sheet models project that such a warming would initiate the long-term melting of the ice sheet, leading to a complete melting of the ice sheet (over centuries), resulting in a global sea level rise of about 7 metres (23 ft).
Evidence: If the Greenland ice sheet were to melt away completely, the world's sea level would rise by more than 7 m (23 ft).
Category: Cooling tower
Claim: "We found [U.S. weather] stations located next to  the exhaust fans of air conditioning units, surrounded by asphalt  parking lots and roads, on blistering-hot rooftops, and near sidewalks  and buildings that absorb and radiate heat.
Evidence: Although these large towers are very prominent, the vast majority of cooling towers are much smaller, including many units installed on or near buildings to discharge heat from air conditioning.
Evidence: All flight operations were controlled from an air conditioned observation room in the control tower of this building, which had windows overlooking the runway and landing mat areas.
Evidence: These early towers were positioned either on the rooftops of buildings or as free-standing structures, supplied with air by fans or relying on natural airflow.
Category: Global warming controversy
Claim: A recent study led by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory climate scientist Ben Santer found that while the models ran hot, the ‘overestimation’ was ‘partly due to systematic deficiencies in some of the post-2000 external forcings used in the model simulations.’
Evidence: A 2007 study by David Douglass and coworkers, concluded that the 22 most commonly used global climate models used by the IPCC were unable to accurately predict accelerated warming in the troposphere although they did match actual surface warming, concluding "projections of future climate based on these models should be viewed with much caution".
Evidence: A study published in the Journal of Geophysical Research in July 2007, titled "Nuclear winter revisited with a modern climate model and current nuclear arsenals: Still catastrophic consequences", used current climate models to look at the consequences of a global nuclear war involving most or all of the world's current nuclear arsenals (which the authors judged to be one similar to the size of the world's arsenals twenty years earlier).
Category: Solar power in Florida
Claim: Currently, Florida is one of only five states in the nation that prohibit citizens from buying electricity from companies that will put solar panels on your home or business.
Evidence: Developers in Florida have announced the addition of solar panels on all new homes in several subdivisions.
Evidence: It is estimated that approximately 4% of energy in the state is generated through renewable resources.
Evidence: Recent advances in manufacturing efficiency and photovoltaic technology, combined with subsidies driven by environmental concerns, have dramatically accelerated the deployment of solar panels.
Evidence: In 2006, the State of Florida enacted the Florida Renewable Energy Technologies and Energy Efficiency Act, which provided consumers with rebates and tax credits for solar photovoltaic systems.
Category: Woodbridge Township, New Jersey
Claim: New Jersey is "losing 50 football fields of open space to development every day and the more we develop upstream the more flooding we have downstream."
Evidence: It is surrounded by water on three sides, the Arthur Kill, a tidal strait to the east, and tidal rivers to the south, Raritan River, and north, Rahway River; and, much of the developed land in Woodbridge has low elevations, as little as five feet above sea level.
Evidence: This accessibility to consumer revenue has enabled seaside resorts such as Atlantic City and the remainder of the Jersey Shore, as well as the state's other natural and cultural attractions, to contribute significantly to the record 111 million tourist visits to New Jersey in 2018, providing US$44.7 billion in tourism revenue, directly supporting 333,860 jobs, sustaining more than 531,000 jobs overall including peripheral impacts, and generating US$5 billion in state and local tax revenue.
Category: Global warming
Claim: [T]he overwhelming majority of peer-reviewed studies  [find] that CO2 in the atmosphere remained there a short time.
Evidence: Scientific discussion takes place in journal articles that are peer-reviewed, which scientists subject to assessment every couple of years in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change reports.
Category: Global warming
Claim: satellites confirmed measurements from ground stations show a considerable, and naturally-occurring, global brightening from 1983-2001 (Pinker et al., 2005).
Evidence: From 1961 to 1990, a gradual reduction in the amount of sunlight reaching the Earth's surface was observed, a phenomenon popularly known as global dimming, typically attributed to aerosols from biofuel and fossil fuel burning.
Evidence: There was solar brightening beyond 2000 at numerous stations in Europe, the United States, and Korea.
Evidence: The Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP), originally known as the Microwave Anisotropy Probe (MAP), was a spacecraft operating from 2001 to 2010 which measured temperature differences across the sky in the cosmic microwave background (CMB) – the radiant heat remaining from the Big Bang.
Category: Global warming
Claim: […]You can think of global warming as one type of climate change.
Evidence: NASA's Global Climate Change.
Evidence: The term "climate change" is often used to refer specifically to anthropogenic climate change (also known as global warming).
Evidence: Climate engineering (sometimes called geoengineering or climate intervention) is the deliberate modification of the climate.
Category: Ice age
Claim: We have had ice ages and warmer periods when alligators were found in Spitzbergen.
Evidence: The current geological period, the Quaternary, which began about 2.6 million years ago and extends into the present, is marked by warm and cold episodes, cold phases called glacials (Quaternary ice age) lasting about 100,000 years, and which are then interrupted by the warmer interglacials which lasted about 10,000–15,000 years.
Evidence: Earth's climate alternates between ice ages and greenhouse periods, during which there are no glaciers on the planet.
Category: Greenhouse effect
Claim: Venus doesn't have a runaway greenhouse effect
Evidence: A runaway greenhouse effect involving carbon dioxide and water vapor has long ago been hypothesized to have occurred on Venus, this idea is still largely accepted[citation needed].
Evidence: It may have had water oceans in the past, but these would have vaporized as the temperature rose due to a runaway greenhouse effect.
Evidence: The planet Venus experienced runaway greenhouse effect, resulting in an atmosphere which is 96% carbon dioxide, with surface atmospheric pressure roughly the same as found 900 m (3,000 ft) underwater on Earth.
Evidence: Venus receives about twice the sunlight that Earth does, which is thought to have contributed to its runaway greenhouse effect.
Category: Coal
Claim: In reality, gas produced by fracking is worse for the climate than coal.
Evidence: The largest and most long term effect of coal use is the release of carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas that causes climate change and global warming.
Evidence: In this new report, the EPA concluded that shale gas emits larger amounts of methane, a potent greenhouse gas, than does conventional gas, but still far less than coal.
Evidence: Although much less polluting than coal plants, natural gas-fired power plants are also major emitters.
Evidence: Because burning natural gas produces both water and carbon dioxide, it produces less carbon dioxide per unit of energy released than coal, which produces mostly carbon dioxide.
Category: El Niño
Claim: So it’s been a surprise to climate scientists that 2017 has been so remarkably warm — because the last El Niño ended a year ago.
Evidence: About half of El Niño events persist sufficiently into the spring months for the Western Hemisphere Warm Pool to become unusually large in summer.
Evidence: La Niña (/lɑːˈniːnjə/, Spanish pronunciation: [la ˈniɲa]) is a coupled ocean-atmosphere phenomenon that is the colder counterpart of El Niño, as part of the broader El Niño–Southern Oscillation climate pattern.
Category: Global warming hiatus
Claim: Loehle and Scafetta find a 60 year cycle causing global warming
Evidence: The 60- to 80-year cycle of the atmospheric and oceanic variability over the North Atlantic was also linked to the hiatus by two studies published in 2013 and was used to infer the length of the hiatus.
Evidence: In a 2011 article published in The Open Atmospheric Science Journal ecologist Craig Loehle of the National Council for Air and Stream Improvement (a forest industry institution) and Scafetta forecast that the world climate "may remain approximately steady until 2030-2040, and may at most warm 0.5-1.0°C by 2100 at the estimated 0.66°C/century anthropogenic warming rate".
Evidence: By itself, the climate system experiences various cycles which can last for years (such as the El Niño–Southern Oscillation) to decades or centuries.