Danthammadhavi/climate_fever_fixed huggingface dataset:
Category: Climate change in Tuvalu
Claim: Coral atolls grow as sea levels rise.
Evidence: Gradual sea-level rise also allows for coral polyp activity to raise the atolls with the sea level.
Evidence: Gradual sea-level rise also allows for coral polyp activity to increase the reefs.
Category: Global warming
Claim: until temperature increases began to slow down after 1998 and remained relatively stable for a period of 15 years
Evidence: Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.
Evidence: Throughout this period ocean heat storage continued to progress steadily upwards, and in subsequent years surface temperatures have spiked upwards.
Evidence: The Little Ice Age was a period from about 1550 to 1850 when the world experienced relatively cooler temperatures compared to the time before and after.
Category: Cosmic ray
Claim: CERN CLOUD experiment proved cosmic rays are causing global warming.
Evidence: "Sun's Shifts May Cause Global Warming".
Evidence: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.
Evidence: Danish physicist Henrik Svensmark has controversially argued that because solar variation modulates the cosmic ray flux on Earth, they would consequently affect the rate of cloud formation and hence be an indirect cause of global warming.
Evidence: "Cosmic rays blamed for global warming".
Category: Carbon sequestration
Claim: Murry Salby finds CO2 rise is natural.
Evidence: These reactions are exothermic and occur naturally (e.g., the weathering of rock over geologic time periods).
Evidence: While CO 2 absorption and release is always happening as a result of natural processes, the recent rise in CO 2 levels in the atmosphere is known to be mainly due to human (anthropogenic) activity.
Category: Global warming controversy
Claim: Climate skeptics argue temperature records have been adjusted in recent years to make the past appear cooler and the present warmer, although the Carbon Brief showed that NOAA has actually made the past warmer, evening out the difference.
Evidence: Improved measurement and analysis techniques have reconciled this discrepancy: corrected buoy and satellite surface temperatures are slightly cooler and corrected satellite and radiosonde measurements of the tropical troposphere are slightly warmer.
Evidence: It is a major aspect of climate change, and has been demonstrated by the instrumental temperature record which shows global warming of around 1 °C since the pre-industrial period, although the bulk of this (0.9°C) has occurred since 1970.
Evidence: In at least some areas, the recent period appears to be warmer than has been the case for a thousand or more years".
Evidence: It concluded, "The weight of current multi-proxy evidence, therefore, suggests greater 20th-century warmth, in comparison with temperature levels of the previous 400 years, than was shown in the TAR.
Category: Leonid Hurwicz
Claim: and three Nobel economic laureates support "direct investment in technology" rather than a carbon tax.
Evidence: "Three Share Nobel in Economics for Work on Social Mechanisms".
Evidence: Many of the news outlets that reported on Nordhaus's prize noted that he was in the advance wave of economists who embraced a carbon tax as a preferred method of carbon pricing.
Evidence: He also thinks that the rest of the world should impose a carbon-adjustment tax (a protectionist measure) on American exports that do not comply with global standard.
Evidence: In 2003, Samuelson was one of the ten Nobel Prize–winning economists signing the Economists' statement opposing the Bush tax cuts.
Category: Climate change mitigation
Claim: Australia’s signed a suicide note [with the Paris Accord] yet didn’t seem to notice that China, India, Indonesia and the US did not commit to reducing their large carbon dioxide emissions.
Evidence: Countries that ratified the Kyoto protocol committed to reduce their emissions of carbon dioxide and five other greenhouse gases, or engage in emissions trading if they maintain or increase emissions of these gases.
Evidence: "U.S. and China announce steps to join the Paris accord that set nation-by-nation targets for cutting carbon emissions".
Evidence: This strategy involved energy and climate policy including the so-called 20/20/20 targets, namely the reduction of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions by 20%, the increase of renewable energy's market share to 20%, and a 20% increase in energy efficiency.
Category: Great Barrier Reef
Claim: The Great Barrier Reef is experiencing the most widespread bleaching ever recorded
Evidence: Mass coral bleaching events due to elevated ocean temperatures occurred in the summers of 1998, 2002 and 2006, and coral bleaching is expected to become an annual occurrence.
Evidence: A March 2016 report stated that coral bleaching was more widespread than previously thought, seriously affecting the northern parts of the reef as a result of warming ocean temperatures.
Evidence: Other environmental pressures on the reef and its ecosystem include runoff, climate change accompanied by mass coral bleaching, dumping of dredging sludge and cyclic population outbreaks of the crown-of-thorns starfish.
Evidence: The decline in the quality of water over the past 150 years (due to development) has contributed to coral bleaching, algal blooms, and pesticide pollution.
Category: West Side Highway
Claim: Hansen predicted in 1988 the West Side Highway would be underwater in 20 years.
Evidence: "After 20 Years of Delays, a River Park Takes Shape".
Evidence: During a senate meeting on June 23, 1988, Hansen reported that he was ninety-nine percent certain the earth was warmer then than it had ever been measured to be, there was a clear cause and effect relationship with the greenhouse effect and lastly that due to global warming, the likelihood of freak weather was steadily increasing.
Evidence: When the analysis was updated in 1988, the four warmest years on record were all in the 1980s.
Evidence: The West Side Highway (officially the Joe DiMaggio Highway) is a 5.42-mile-long (8.72 km) mostly surface section of New York State Route 9A (NY 9A) that runs from West 72nd Street along the Hudson River to the southern tip of Manhattan in New York City.
Category: Global warming controversy
Claim: While evidence that the earth’s orbital variations impact radiation levels and thus global temperatures does not of course mean that man is not in some way impacting the climate, studies like these highlight that the role man plays on the planet is dwarfed by natural phenomena utterly out of our control.
Evidence: There are many interesting palaeoclimate studies that suggest that solar variability had an influence on pre-industrial climate.
Evidence: Milankovitch studied changes in these movements of the Earth, which alter the amount and location of solar radiation reaching the Earth.
Evidence: Since orbital variations are predictable, any model that relates orbital variations to climate can be run forward to predict future climate, with two caveats: the mechanism by which orbital forcing influences climate is not definitive; and non-orbital effects can be important (for example, Human impact on the environment principally increases in greenhouse gases result in a warmer climate).
Category: Scientific consensus on climate change
Claim: The sea was much colder than previously thought, the study suggests, indicating that climate change is advancing at an unprecedented rate”
Evidence: The statement references the IPCC's Fourth Assessment of 2007, and asserts that "climate change is happening even faster than previously estimated; global CO 2 emissions since 2000 have been higher than even the highest predictions, Arctic sea ice has been melting at rates much faster than predicted, and the rise in the sea level has become more rapid".
Evidence: Another example of scientific research which suggests that previous estimates by the IPCC, far from overstating dangers and risks, have actually understated them is a study on projected rises in sea levels.
Evidence: The authors conclude that "anthropogenic increases in greenhouse gases have led to unprecedented regional warmth."
Category: Last Glacial Period
Claim: In the 11,400 years since the end of the last Ice Age, sea  level has risen at an average of 4 feet/century, though it is now rising  much more slowly because very nearly all of the land-based ice that is  at low enough latitudes and altitudes to melt has long since gone."
Evidence: As a result of melting ice, the land has continued to rise yearly in Scandinavia, mostly in northern Sweden and Finland where the land is rising at a rate of as much as 8–9 mm per year, or 1 meter in 100 years.
Evidence: During the last glacial period the sea-level has fluctuated 20–30 m as water was sequestered, primarily in the Northern Hemisphere ice sheets.
Evidence: During the most recent North American glaciation, during the latter part of the Last Glacial Maximum (26,000 to 13,300 years ago), ice sheets extended to about 45th parallel north.
Evidence: This low precipitation allows high-latitude snowfalls to melt during the summer.
Category: Extinction
Claim: Each year sees the disappearance of thousands of plant and animal species which we will never know, which our children will never see, because they have been lost for ever.
Evidence: In June 2019, one million species of plants and animals were at risk of extinction.
Evidence: Worst of all, we have driven the rate of biological extinction, the permanent loss of species, up several hundred times beyond its historical levels, and are threatened with the loss of a majority of all species by the end of the 21st century."
Evidence: According to the 2019 Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services by IPBES, the biomass of wild mammals has fallen by 82%, natural ecosystems have lost about half their area and a million species are at risk of extinction—all largely as a result of human actions.
Category: Energy policy of India
Claim: When South Australians buy electricity at $14,200/MWh, they are paying the equivalent of $400 a litre for petrol.
Evidence: The retail price of petrol is 75.00 Rs/litre in 2012-13.
Evidence: The maximum price was $14,000/MWh in 2016-2017, $13,800/MWh in 2015-2016, $13,500/MWh in 2014-2015, and $13,100/MWh in 2013-2014.
Evidence: As of 2018, the unsubsidised levelised cost of electricity for utility scale solar power is around $43/MWh.
Category: Global warming
Claim: The human contribution to global warming was about 0.01°C.
Evidence: Before the Industrial Revolution, naturally occurring amounts of greenhouse gases caused the air near the surface to be warmer by about 33 °C (59 °F) than it would be in their absence.
Evidence: Temperatures rose by 0.0 °C–0.2 °C from 1720–1800 to 1850–1900 (Hawkins et al., 2017).
Category: Global warming
Claim: But like most claims regarding global warming, the real effect is small, probably temporary, and most likely due to natural weather patterns
Evidence: Impacts include the direct effects of extreme weather, leading to injury and loss of life; and indirect effects, such as undernutrition brought on by crop failures.
Evidence: The slower pace of warming can be attributed to a combination of natural fluctuations, reduced solar activity, and increased volcanic activity.
Evidence: Climate change may be due to natural internal processes or external forcings such as modulations of the solar cycles, volcanic eruptions and persistent anthropogenic changes in the composition of the atmosphere or in land use."
Category: Plant
Claim: And some plants – like algae which use carbon for photosynthesis – may even benefit.
Evidence: Algae comprise several different groups of organisms which produce food by photosynthesis and thus have traditionally been included in the plant kingdom.
Evidence: Most are phototrophic, although some are mixotrophic, deriving energy both from photosynthesis and uptake of organic carbon either by osmotrophy, myzotrophy, or phagotrophy.
Evidence: Cyanobacteria use the energy of sunlight to drive photosynthesis, a process where the energy of light is used to synthesize organic compounds from carbon dioxide.
Category: Retreat of glaciers since 1850
Claim: Overall Greenland is losing ice mass at an accelerating rate.
Evidence: "Sharply increased mass loss from glaciers and ice caps in theCanadian Arctic Archipelago".
Evidence: "A tipping point in refreezing accelerates mass loss of Greenland's glaciers and ice caps".
Category: Global warming
Claim: The warm and cool regions roughly balance each other out with little impact on global temperature.
Evidence: The main balancing feedback to global temperature change is radiative cooling to space as infrared radiation, which increases strongly with increasing temperature.
Evidence: This in turn would raise planetary albedo and act to cool the global temperature to Earth-like levels, despite the greater proximity to the Sun.
Category: Climatic Research Unit email controversy
Claim: The Review concluded that CRU's actions were normal and did not threaten the integrity of peer review.
Evidence: Scientific integrity demands robust, independent peer review, however, and AAAS therefore emphasised that investigations are appropriate whenever significant questions are raised regarding the transparency and rigour of the scientific method, the peer-review process, or the responsibility of individual scientists.
Evidence: The report, issued on 18 February 2011, cleared the researchers and "did not find any evidence that NOAA inappropriately manipulated data or failed to adhere to appropriate peer review procedures".
Category: Islamic terrorism
Claim: More money is dedicated within the Department of Homeland Security to climate change than what's spent combating "Islamist terrorists radicalizing over the Internet in the United States of America."
Evidence: "Terrorist Attacks in Kenya Reveal Domestic Radicalization".
Evidence: According to The Washington Post, "Online recruiting has exponentially increased, with Facebook, YouTube and the increasing sophistication of people online".
Evidence: Homeland security is an American national security umbrella term for "the national effort to ensure a homeland that is safe, secure, and resilient against terrorism and other hazards where American interests, aspirations, and ways of life can thrive to the national effort to prevent terrorist attacks within the United States, reduce the vulnerability of the U.S. to terrorism, and minimize the damage from attacks that do occur".
Category: List of ecoregions in North America (CEC)
Claim: Climate policy must compete with other long-term threats for always-scarce resources.”
Evidence: The white-tailed deer competes with other herbivores for limited food resources directly affecting the ecosystem, as well as indirectly affecting the area by altering habitats for small vertebrates and mammals.
Evidence: Spokespeople within these groups argue that universal access to a clean and healthy environment and access to critical natural resources are basic human rights.
Evidence: Depletion of natural resources including fresh water increases the likelihood of "resource wars".
Category: Effects of global warming
Claim: If warming temperatures brought on by greenhouse gas emissions make wet years less wet and dry years even drier, as scientists anticipate, year-to-year recovery will become more difficult.
Evidence: In other words, regions which are dry at present will in general become even drier, while regions that are currently wet will in general become even wetter.
Category: Tibetan calendar
Claim: "The solar system oscillates with a 60-year cycle due to the Jupiter/Saturn three-synodic cycle and to a Jupiter/Saturn beat tidal cycle...
Evidence: From the 12th century onwards, we observe the usage of two sixty-year cycles.
Evidence: "Modeling the 5 : 2 Mean-Motion Resonance in the Jupiter-Saturn Planetary System".
Category: China
Claim: Every year air pollution protections are delayed, another 34,000 people will die prematurely.
Evidence: There are 1.14 million deaths caused by exposure to ambient air pollution.
Evidence: The Chernobyl Forum predicts that the eventual death toll could reach 4,000 among those exposed to the highest levels of radiation (200,000 emergency workers, 116,000 evacuees and 270,000 residents of the most contaminated areas); this figure is a total causal death toll prediction, combining the deaths of approximately 50 emergency workers who died soon after the accident from acute radiation syndrome, 15 children who have died of thyroid cancer and a future predicted total of 3,935 deaths from radiation-induced cancer and leukaemia.
Evidence: In 2010, air pollution caused 1.2 million premature deaths in China.
Evidence: "Air Pollution Linked to 1.2 Million Premature Deaths in China".
Category: Scientific consensus on climate change
Claim: I would not agree that carbon dioxide is a primary contributor to the global warming that we see.
Evidence: The global warming observed over the past 50 years is due primarily to human-induced emissions of heat-trapping gases.
Evidence: Cumulative anthropogenic (i.e., human-emitted) emissions of CO 2 from fossil fuel use are a major cause of global warming, and give some indication of which countries have contributed most to human-induced climate change.
Evidence: Pruitt rejects the scientific consensus that human-caused carbon dioxide emissions are a primary contributor to climate change.
Evidence: In March 2017, Pruitt said that he does not believe that human activities, specifically carbon dioxide emissions, are a primary contributor to climate change, a view which is in contradiction with the scientific consensus.
Category: Climate change denial
Claim: Most likely the primary control knob [on climate change] is the ocean waters and this environment that we live in.
Evidence: United States Secretary of Energy Rick Perry, in a 19 June 2017 interview with CNBC, acknowledged the existence of climate change and impact from humans, but said that he did not agree with the idea that carbon dioxide was the primary driver of global warming pointing instead to "the ocean waters and this environment that we live in".
Evidence: Alterations to the ocean currents, due to increased freshwater inputs from glacier melt, and the potential alterations to thermohaline circulation of the worlds oceans, may affect existing fisheries upon which humans depend as well.
Category: Windmill
Claim: A windmill could spin until it falls apart and never generate as much energy as was invested in building it.
Evidence: The spread of tower mills came with a growing economy that called for larger and more stable sources of power, though they were more expensive to build.
Evidence: A windmill is a structure that converts wind power into rotational energy by means of vanes called sails or blades, specifically to mill grain (gristmills), but the term is also extended to windpumps, wind turbines and other applications.
Evidence: The energy harvested from the turbine will offset the installation cost, as well as provide virtually free energy for years.
Category: Wind turbine
Claim: Harvard study finds that wind turbines create MORE global warming than the fossil fuels they eliminate
Evidence: Over 1,500 tons of carbon dioxide per year can be eliminated by using a one-megawatt turbine instead of one megawatt of energy from a fossil fuel.
Evidence: Compared with other low carbon power sources, wind turbines have some of the lowest global warming potential per unit of electrical energy generated.
Evidence: Arrays of large turbines, known as wind farms, have become an increasingly important source of renewable energy and are used in many countries as part of a strategy to reduce their reliance on fossil fuels.
Evidence: The use of petroleum as fuel causes global warming and ocean acidification.
Evidence: Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas that increases radiative forcing and contributes to global warming along with ocean acidification.
Category: Great Barrier Reef
Claim: Great Barrier Reef may perish by 2030s
Evidence: The last report was published in 2019.
Evidence: The percentage of baby corals being born on the Great Barrier Reef dropped drastically in 2018 and scientists are describing it as the early stage of a "huge natural selection event unfolding".
Evidence: "The Reef 2050 Plan".
Category: Volcano
Claim: Volcanoes have had no warming effect in recent global warming - if anything, a cooling effect.
Evidence: The 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora created global climate anomalies that became known as the "Year Without a Summer" because of the effect on North American and European weather.
Evidence: Impact winter Laki, 1783 eruption of an Icelandic volcano which produced continentally localized cooling for 1–2 years.
Evidence: The reflection of energy into space resulted in a global cooling, triggering the Pleistocene Ice Age.
Evidence: The greenhouse effect is the process by which radiation from a planet's atmosphere warms the planet's surface to a temperature above what it would be without this atmosphere.
Category: Atmospheric methane
Claim: But as the change gets larger or more persistent … it appears they underestimate climate change
Evidence: indicates that current greenhouse gas reduction policies in the US are based on what appear to be significant underestimates of anthropogenic methane emissions.
Evidence: "How the oceans absorb carbon dioxide is critical for predicting climate change".
Evidence: Sea level rise since 1990 was underestimated in older models, but now agrees well with observations.
Category: Paleotempestology
Claim: Coastal lake sediments along the Gulf of Mexico shoreline from 1,000 to 2,000 years ago suggest more frequent and intense hurricanes than occur today.
Evidence: In the past, tropical cyclones were far more frequent in the Great Barrier Reef and the northern Gulf of Mexico than today; in Apalachee Bay, strong storms occur every 40 years, not every 400 years as documented historically.
Evidence: "Intense Southwest Florida hurricane landfalls over the past 1000 years".
Evidence: "700 yr sedimentary record of intense hurricane landfalls in southern New England".
Evidence: The Gulf of Mexico saw increased activity between 3,800 - 1,000 years ago with a fivefold increase of category 4-5 hurricane activity, and activity at St. Catherines Island and Wassaw Island was also higher between 2,000 and 1,100 years ago.
Category: Global warming
Claim: The sun has not warmed since 1970 and so cannot be driving global warming.
Evidence: Since the 1950s, droughts and heat waves have appeared simultaneously with increasing frequency.
Evidence: Multiple independently produced instrumental datasets confirm that the 2009–2018 decade was 0.93 ± 0.07 °C warmer than the pre-industrial baseline (1850–1900).
Evidence: It is a major aspect of climate change, and has been demonstrated by the instrumental temperature record which shows global warming of around 1 °C since the pre-industrial period, although the bulk of this (0.9°C) has occurred since 1970.
Evidence: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.
Category: Sea level
Claim: Unprecedented climate change has caused sea level at Sydney Harbour to rise approximately 0.0 cm over the past 140 years.
Evidence: For at least the last 100 years, sea level has been rising at an average rate of about 1.8 mm (0.07 in) per year.
Evidence: 18 January 2019.
Category: Ice age
Claim: It was the post war  industrialization that caused the rapid rise in global CO2 emissions,  but by 1945 when this began, the Earth was already in a cooling phase  that started around 1942 and continued until 1975.
Evidence: An ice age is a long period of reduction in the temperature of the Earth's surface and atmosphere, resulting in the presence or expansion of continental and polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers.
Evidence: Between 1970 and 2004, global growth in annual CO 2 emissions was driven by North America, Asia, and the Middle East.
Evidence: Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.
Evidence: The sharp acceleration in CO 2 emissions since 2000 to more than a 3% increase per year (more than 2 ppm per year) from 1.1% per year during the 1990s is attributable to the lapse of formerly declining trends in carbon intensity of both developing and developed nations.
Category: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
Claim: IPCC overestimate temperature rise.
Evidence: Under the pledges of the countries entering the Paris Accord, a sharp rise of 3.1 to 3.7 °C is still expected to occur by 2100.
Evidence: Global warming is the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.
Category: Passive solar building design
Claim: 89 percent of the stations fail to meet the National Weather Service’s own siting requirements that stations must be 30 metres away from an artificial heating or radiating/reflecting heat source.
Evidence: This is done using good siting and window positioning, small amounts of thermal mass, with good-but-conventional insulation, weatherization, and an occasional supplementary heat source, such as a central radiator connected to a (solar) water heater.
Evidence: From the heat exchangers, ammonia is pumped into external radiators that emit heat as infrared radiation, then back to the station.
Evidence: Historically they have been used in arid climates or warm temperate regions to keep buildings cool by absorbing solar energy during the day and radiating stored heat to the cooler atmosphere at night.
Evidence: In low geographical latitudes (below 40 degrees) from 60 to 70% of the domestic hot water use with temperatures up to 60 °C can be provided by solar heating systems.
Category: Sea level rise
Claim: Satellites and on-site measurements are observing that Himalayan glaciers are disappearing at an accelerating rate.
Evidence: However scientists have found that ice is being lost, and at an accelerating rate.
Evidence: In recent years, scientists have monitored a notable increase in the rate of glacier retreat across the region as a result of climate change.
Evidence: Overall, glaciers in the Greater Himalayan region that have been studied are retreating an average of between 18 and 20 m (59 and 66 ft) annually.
Category: Sea level rise
Claim: sea-level rise is not accelerating.
Evidence: "Climate-change–driven accelerated sea-level rise detected in the altimeter era".
Evidence: Climate scientists expect the rate to further accelerate during the 21st century.
Evidence: More precise data gathered from satellite radar measurements reveal an accelerating rise of 7.5 cm (3.0 in) from 1993 to 2017, which is a trend of roughly 30 cm (12 in) per century.
Evidence: However scientists have found that ice is being lost, and at an accelerating rate.
Category: Sea level rise
Claim: In their worst-case scenario, the sea level could rise by six feet by the end of this century, and the pace could pick up drastically in the 22nd century.
Evidence: A number of later studies have concluded that a global sea level rise of 200 to 270 cm (6.6 to 8.9 ft) this century is "physically plausible".
Evidence: Among other findings, the report concluded that sea level rises could be up to two feet higher by the year 2100, even if efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to limit global warming are successful; coastal cities across the world could see so-called "storm[s] of the century" at least once a year.
Evidence: According to the Fourth (2017) National Climate Assessment (NCA) of the United States it is very likely sea level will rise between 30 and 130 cm (1.0–4.3 feet) in 2100 compared to the year 2000.
Evidence: In 2019, a study projected that in low emission scenario, sea level will rise 30 centimeters by 2050 and 69 centimetres by 2100, relatively to the level in 2000.
Category: 2000s (decade)
Claim: As a result, "The warmest  year on US record is now 1934.
Evidence: This decade is on track to become the warmest since records began in 1850, and 2009 could rank among the top-five warmest years, the U.N. weather agency reported Tuesday on the second day of a pivotal 192-nation climate conference.
Evidence: The U.S. had its warmest March–May on record in 2012.
Evidence: 2013 was the warmest year ever in the contiguous United States and about one-third of all Americans experienced 10 days or more of 100-degree heat.
Evidence: The warmest year on record is 2012, with a mean temperature of 57.4 °F (14.1 °C).
Category: El Niño
Claim: ’Extremely remarkable’ 2017 heads toward record for hottest year without an El Niño episode.
Evidence: When this warming occurs for seven to nine months, it is classified as El Niño "conditions"; when its duration is longer, it is classified as an El Niño "episode".
Evidence: This long-term trend is the main cause for the record warmth of 2015 and 2016, surpassing all previous years—even ones with strong El Niño events."
Evidence: 2016's record meant that 16 of the 17 warmest years have occurred since 2000, 2017 being the third-hottest year on record meant that 17 of the last 18 warmest years have occurred since 2000.
Evidence: It was the second-coolest year of the 21st century to date, and tied with the second-warmest year of the 20th century.
Category: Political positions of Paul Ryan
Claim: …obsessing about climate change is avoiding a frank discussion about the here-and-now problems of budget deficits, the federal debt, school choice, entitlement reform, and so on.
Evidence: He suggested using discussions about raising the federal debt ceiling as "leverage" to reduce federal spending.
Evidence: His positions on fiscal policy have included tax cuts, cuts to entitlement programs, freezes on discretionary spending, the elimination of automatic inflation increases in calculating budget baselines, deregulation, and the privatization of social security, Medicare, Medicaid, and education.
Category: Arctic
Claim: The most notorious was 252 million years ago; it began when carbon warmed the planet by five degrees, accelerated when that warming triggered the release of methane in the Arctic, and ended with 97 percent of all life on Earth dead.”
Evidence: The current Arctic warming is leading to ancient carbon being released from thawing permafrost, leading to methane and carbon dioxide production by micro-organisms.
Evidence: The last continental glaciation ended 10,000 years ago.
Evidence: When the permafrost melts, it releases carbon in the form of carbon dioxide and methane, both of which are greenhouse gases.
Category: Google
Claim: One more decade of business as usual will make this impossible.
Evidence: And we hit $50 billion in revenues for the first time last year – not a bad achievement in just a decade and a half."
Evidence: The growth in new titles has been strong, particularly in the past decade.
Evidence: DC Comics) and Warner Bros. by the end of that decade.
Evidence: Historians generally agree that during Roosevelt's 12 years in office there was a dramatic increase in the power of the federal government as a whole.
Category: Skepticism
Claim: Royal Society embraces skepticism
Evidence: In ordinary usage, skepticism (US) or scepticism (UK) (Greek: 'σκέπτομαι' skeptomai, to search, to think about or look for; see also spelling differences) can refer to: an attitude of doubt or a disposition to incredulity either in general or toward a particular object; the doctrine that true knowledge or some particular knowledge is uncertain; the method of suspended judgment, systematic doubt, or criticism that is characteristic of skeptics (Merriam–Webster).
Evidence: In India the Ajñana school of philosophy espoused skepticism.
Category: Atmosphere of Venus
Claim: If we halve the carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere, all life dies.
Evidence: The atmosphere of Venus is composed of 96.5% carbon dioxide, 3.5% nitrogen, and traces of other gases, most notably sulfur dioxide.
Evidence: Currently, about half of the carbon dioxide released from the burning of fossil fuels remains in the atmosphere and is not absorbed by vegetation and the oceans.
Evidence: It is primarily composed of carbon dioxide (95.32%), molecular nitrogen (2.6%) and argon (1.9%).
Category: Mercury (planet)
Claim: The sun was so intense, it took the mercury up to in excess of 120°F as it topped out at 122.4 °F (50.2°C).
Evidence: On the dark side of the planet, temperatures average 110 K. The intensity of sunlight on Mercury's surface ranges between 4.59 and 10.61 times the solar constant (1,370 W·m−2).
Evidence: The polar regions are constantly below 180 K (−93 °C; −136 °F).
Evidence: Having almost no atmosphere to retain heat, it has surface temperatures that vary diurnally more than on any other planet in the Solar System, ranging from 100 K (−173 °C; −280 °F) at night to 700 K (427 °C; 800 °F) during the day across the equatorial regions.
Category: Global warming
Claim: This means that the world is now 1C warmer than it was in pre-industrial times
Evidence: Before the Industrial Revolution, naturally occurring amounts of greenhouse gases caused the air near the surface to be warmer by about 33 °C (59 °F) than it would be in their absence.
Evidence: Current pledges made as part of the Paris Agreement would lead to about 3.0 °C of warming at the end of the 21st century, relative to pre-industrial levels.
Evidence: Multiple independently produced instrumental datasets confirm that the 2009–2018 decade was 0.93 ± 0.07 °C warmer than the pre-industrial baseline (1850–1900).
Category: Polar bear
Claim: Rather, global polar bear numbers have been stable or slightly improved.”
Evidence: Warnings about the future of the polar bear are often contrasted with the fact that worldwide population estimates have increased over the past 50 years and are relatively stable today.
Evidence: For decades, large-scale hunting raised international concern for the future of the species, but populations rebounded after controls and quotas began to take effect.
Evidence: Polar bear population sizes and trends are difficult to estimate accurately because they occupy remote home ranges and exist at low population densities.
Evidence: However, in the short term, some polar bear populations in historically colder regions of the Arctic may temporarily benefit from a milder climate, as multiyear ice that is too thick for seals to create breathing holes is replaced by thinner annual ice.
Evidence: Of the 19 recognized polar bear subpopulations, one is in decline, two are increasing, seven are stable, and nine have insufficient data, as of 2017.
Category: El Niño
Claim: Stress from unusually warm ocean water heated by man-made climate change and the natural El Niño climate pattern caused the die-off.
Evidence: The ENSO is the cycle of warm and cold sea surface temperature (SST) of the tropical central and eastern Pacific Ocean.
Evidence: The 2014–16 El Niño was a warming of the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean that resulted in unusually warm waters developing between the coast of South America and the International Date Line.
Evidence: "Impact of Shifting Patterns of Pacific Ocean Warming on North Atlantic Tropical Cyclones".
Category: Axial precession
Claim: Solar Cycle Length proves its the sun.
Evidence: (the angle between the equatorial plane and the ecliptic plane) is the maximum value of δ for the Sun and the average maximum value for the Moon over an entire 18.6 year cycle.
Evidence: The oscillation in the Z direction takes the Sun ( W ( 0 ) ν ) 2 + Z ( 0 ) 2 = 98  parsec {\displaystyle {\sqrt {\left({\frac {W(0)}{\nu }}\right)^{2}+Z(0)^{2}}}=98{\text{ parsec}}} above the galactic plane and the same distance below it, with a period of 2 π / ν {\displaystyle 2\pi /\nu } or 83 million years, approximately 2.7 times per orbit.
Category: Sea
Claim: 'Antarctic sea ice set a new record in October 2007, as photographs distributed by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration showed penguins and other cold-weather creatures able to stand farther north on Southern Hemisphere sea ice than has ever been recorded.
Evidence: Increased melting of Arctic ice since 2007 enables ships to travel the Northwest Passage for some weeks in summertime, avoiding the longer routes via the Suez Canal or the Panama Canal.
Evidence: "A 40-y record reveals gradual Antarctic sea ice increases followed by decreases at rates far exceeding the rates seen in the Arctic".
Category: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere
Claim: ‘If we do nothing to reduce our greenhouse gas emissions, the kind of extreme heat we saw this past summer will be the norm when my young son is a grown man.’
Evidence: The greenhouse effect is a process by which thermal radiation from a planetary atmosphere warms the planet's surface beyond the temperature it would have in the absence of its atmosphere.
Evidence: Avoiding this future warming will require a large and rapid reduction in global greenhouse gas emissions.
Evidence: He learns that "Earth could warm by more than 9 degrees F (5 degrees C) by 2100 if we don’t aggressively reduce our emissions of greenhouse gases", and that more frequent heat waves and droughts will contribute to food shortages, which can lead to greater conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere.
Category: Arctic
Claim: Arctic sea ice is also falling at an accelerated rate.
Evidence: "Ice melting across globe at accelerating rate, NASA says."
Evidence: The fast rate of the sea ice melting is resulting in the oceans absorbing and heating up the Arctic.
Evidence: Accelerated decline in the Arctic sea ice.
Evidence: The rate of the decline in entire Arctic ice coverage is accelerating.
Category: Antarctica
Claim: [Ice] is expanding in much of Antarctica, contrary to the widespread public belief that global warming is melting the continental ice cap.
Evidence: The amount of surface warming in West Antarctica, while large, has not led to appreciable melting at the surface, and is not directly affecting the West Antarctic Ice Sheet's contribution to sea level.
Evidence: Sea ice extent expands annually in the Antarctic winter and most of this ice melts in the summer.
Evidence: In contrast to the melting of the Arctic sea ice, sea ice around Antarctica has been expanding as of 2013[update].
Category: Airliner
Claim: 43% of CO2 from commercial aviation was linked to passenger movement in narrowbody aircraft, followed by widebody jets (33%), and regional aircraft (5%).
Evidence: Narrowbody are dominant with 16,235, followed by 5,581 Widebodies, 3,743 Turboprops, 3,565 Regional jets and 399 Others.
Evidence: Today, turboprop aircraft – probably in part because of their lower cruising speeds and altitudes (similar to the earlier piston-powered airliners) compared to jet airliners – play an obvious role in the overall fuel efficiency of major airlines that have regional carrier subsidiaries.
Category: Sea level rise
Claim: Wu et al (2010) use a new method to calculate ice sheet mass balance.
Evidence: "A Reconciled Estimate of Ice-Sheet Mass Balance".
Evidence: A combination of satellite observations of its changing volume, flow and gravitational attraction with modelling of its surface mass balance suggests the overall mass balance of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet was relatively steady or slightly positive for much of the period 1992–2017.
Evidence: "A method of combining ICESat and GRACE satellite data to constrain Antarctic mass balance".
Evidence: "Interannual variations of the mass balance of the Antarctica and Greenland ice sheets from GRACE".
Category: Scientific consensus on climate change
Claim: The divergence of tree-ring proxies from temperatures after 1960 is openly discussed in the peer-reviewed literature and the last two IPCC assessment reports.
Evidence: The Geological Society of America (GSA) concurs with assessments by the National Academies of Science (2005), the National Research Council (2006), and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC, 2007) that global climate has warmed and that human activities (mainly greenhouse‐gas emissions) account for most of the warming since the middle 1900s.
Evidence: Dendroclimatologist Keith Briffa's February 1998 study reporting a divergence problem affecting some tree ring proxies after 1960 warned that this problem had to be taken into account to avoid overestimating past temperatures.
Category: Climate sensitivity
Claim: Some global warming 'skeptics' argue that the Earth's climate sensitivity is so low that a doubling of atmospheric CO2 will result in a surface temperature change on the order of 1°C or less, and that therefore global warming is nothing to worry about.
Evidence: The sensitivity of temperature to atmospheric gasses, most notably CO 2, is often expressed in terms of the change in temperature per doubling of the concentration of the gas.
Evidence: The transient climate response (TCR) is the amount of temperature increase that might occur at the time when CO2 doubles, having increased gradually by 1% each year.
Category: Greenhouse gas
Claim: They tell us that we are the primary forces controlling earth temperatures by the burning of fossil fuels and releasing their carbon dioxide.
Evidence: The main sources of greenhouse gases due to human activity are: burning of fossil fuels and deforestation leading to higher carbon dioxide concentrations in the air.
Evidence: Most carbon dioxide from human activities is released from burning coal and other fossil fuels.
Evidence: At present, the primary source of CO 2 emissions is the burning of coal, natural gas, and petroleum for electricity and heat.
Evidence: Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.
Category: Climate change in the United States
Claim: Over the past eight years, the United States has reduced our total carbon pollution more than any other nation on Earth.
Evidence: In the cumulative emissions between 1850 and 2007, the U.S. was at the top in terms of all world nations, involved with 28.8% of the world's total.
Evidence: The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has concluded in favor of recycling, saying that recycling efforts reduced the country's carbon emissions by a net 49 million metric tonnes in 2005.
Category: Climate
Claim: There isn’t yet any empirical evidence for their claim that greenhouse gases even cause temperatures to increase.
Evidence: Increases in greenhouse gases, such as by volcanic activity, can increase the global temperature and produce an interglacial period.
Evidence: Increases in ambient temperatures and changes in related processes are directly linked to rising anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations in the atmosphere.
Evidence: While ‘climate change’ can be due to natural forces or human activity, there is now substantial evidence to indicate that human activity – and specifically increased greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions – is a key factor in the pace and extent of global temperature increases.
Category: North Pole
Claim: Arctic, Antarctic and Greenland ice loss is accelerating due to global warming.
Evidence: The retreat of the Arctic sea ice will accelerate global warming, as less ice cover reflects less solar radiation, and may have serious climate implications by contributing to Arctic cyclone generation.
Evidence: The effects of global warming in the Arctic include rising temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet.
Evidence: Around much of Earth, deglaciation during the last 100 years has been accelerating as a result of climate change, partly brought on by anthropogenic changes to greenhouse gases.
Category: Carbon tax
Claim: (In technical lingo, the so-called social cost of carbon would be negative.)”
Evidence: Carbon emissions have an "unpriced" societal cost in terms of their deleterious effects on the earth's climate.
Evidence: Several administrative advisers have stated that the social cost should be reduced to zero (currently at $36 per ton of carbon dioxide).
Category: Polar regions of Earth
Claim: Other parts of the earth got colder when Greenland got warmer.
Evidence: Polar regions receive less intense solar radiation than the other parts of Earth because the sun's energy arrives at an oblique angle, spreading over a larger area, and also travels a longer distance through the Earth's atmosphere in which it may be absorbed, scattered or reflected, which is the same thing that causes winters to be colder than the rest of the year in temperate areas.
Evidence: In the higher latitudes, the North Atlantic Drift, warms the atmosphere over the oceans, keeping the British Isles and north-western Europe mild and cloudy, and not severely cold in winter like other locations at the same high latitude.
Category: Sinking of the RMS Lusitania
Claim: Around 1990 it became obvious the local tide-gauge did not agree - there was no evidence of 'sinking.'
Evidence: The three had agreed that the Admiralty warning of "submarine activity 20 miles (32 km) south of Coningbeg" effectively overrode other Admiralty advice to keep to 'mid channel', which was precisely where the submarine had been reported.
Evidence: Although he might have achieved 21 knots and had given orders to raise steam ready to do so, he was also under orders to time his arrival at Liverpool for high tide so that the ship would not have to wait to enter port.
Category: Carbon dioxide
Claim: We simply could never release enough CO2 into the atmosphere to cause the pH to go below 7 [the point in the pH scale at which a solution becomes acidic].”
Evidence: Also, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) writes in their Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report: "The uptake of anthropogenic carbon since 1750 has led to the ocean becoming more acidic with an average decrease in pH of 0.1 units.
Evidence: As the concentration of carbon dioxide increases in the atmosphere, the increased uptake of carbon dioxide into the oceans is causing a measurable decrease in the pH of the oceans, which is referred to as ocean acidification.
Evidence: CO2 + H2O ⇌ H2CO3 ⇌ H+ + HCO− 3 It is the decrease in pH that signals the brain to breathe faster and deeper, expelling the excess CO2 and resupplying the cells with O2.
Evidence: When an acid is dissolved in water, the pH will be less than 7 (25 °C).
Evidence: At 25 °C, solutions with a pH less than 7 are acidic, and solutions with a pH greater than 7 are basic.
Category: Triage
Claim: "There are many urgent priorities that need the attention of Congress, and it is not for me as an invited guest in your country to say what they are.
Evidence: identify the priority of the patient's need for medical treatment and transport from the emergency scene.
Evidence: In November, when asked about Democrats beginning the impeachment process against Trump in the event they won a majority of seats in the 2018 elections, Pelosi said it would not be one of their legislative priorities but that the option could be considered if credible evidence appeared during the ongoing investigations into Russian interference in the 2016 election.
Evidence: Pelosi said Congress had "a moral duty to the brave women and men coming forward to seize this moment and demonstrate real, effective leadership to foster a climate of respect and dignity in the workplace".
Evidence: She responded to General David Petraeus's September 2007 Report to Congress on the Situation in Iraq by saying, "I think that the reports that you provide to us really require a willing suspension of disbelief."