Danthammadhavi/climate_fever_fixed huggingface dataset:
Category: Scientific consensus on climate change
Claim: While members of the media may nod along to such claims [about changes in weather extremes], the evidence paints a different story
Evidence: This could lead to changing, and for all emissions scenarios more unpredictable, weather patterns around the world, less frost days, more extreme events (droughts and storm or flood disasters), and warmer sea temperatures and melting glaciers causing sea levels to rise.
Evidence: Antilla 2005: "One problematic trend of the US media has been the suggestion that substantive disagreement exists within the international scientific community as to the reality of anthropogenic climate change; however, this concept is false…Although the science of climate change does not appear to be a prime news topic for most of the 255 newspapers included in this study…articles that framed climate change in terms of debate, controversy, or uncertainty were plentiful."
Evidence: They were, however, more confident over attributing changes in long-term trends of extreme weather.
Category: Sea level rise
Claim: warmer oceans have also begun to destabilize glaciers in Greenland and Antarctica
Evidence: Some of Greenland's largest outlet glaciers, such as Jakobshavn Isbræ and Kangerlussuaq Glacier, are flowing faster into the ocean.
Evidence: The three main reasons warming causes global sea level to rise are: oceans expand, ice sheets lose ice faster than it forms from snowfall, and glaciers at higher altitudes also melt.
Category: Tuvalu
Claim: Everybody knows that the Pacific island of Tuvalu is sinking. ...
Evidence: "Coral islands defy sea-level rise over the past century: Records from a central Pacific atoll".
Evidence: "A rising tide: Planning the future of a sinking island".
Category: Doctor of Philosophy
Claim: But then, just over a year ago, Mike Wallace, a hydrologist with 30 years’ experience, noticed while researching his PhD that they had omitted some key information[…] his results were surprising: there has been no reduction in oceanic pH
Evidence: The arts faculty, which in Germany was labelled the faculty of philosophy, started demanding contributions to research, attested by a dissertation, for the award of their final degree, which was labelled Doctor of Philosophy (abbreviated as Ph.D.)—originally this was just the German equivalent of the Master of Arts degree.
Category: Climate change feedback
Claim: Modellers assume carbon dioxide drives climate change
Evidence: While models disagree on the strength of any terrestrial carbon cycle feedback, they each suggest any such feedback would accelerate global warming.
Category: Carbon dioxide
Claim: "The solubility of carbon dioxide in water is listed in the Handbook of Chemistry and Physics as a declining function of temperature. ...
Evidence: Also, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) writes in their Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report: "The uptake of anthropogenic carbon since 1750 has led to the ocean becoming more acidic with an average decrease in pH of 0.1 units.
Category: Tropical cyclone
Claim: It appears, for the entire tropics, the observed outgoing radiation fluxes increase with the increase in sea surface temperatures (SSTs).
Evidence: All these effects can combine to produce a dramatic drop in sea surface temperature over a large area in just a few days.
Evidence: However, over time the term has evolved and now refers to the warm and negative phase of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation and is the warming of the ocean surface or above-average sea surface temperatures in either the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean.
Evidence: In tropical and subtropical areas, sea surface temperatures (SSTs) rose 0.2 °C (0.36 °F) within a 50-year period, and in the North Atlantic and Northwestern Pacific tropical cyclone basins, the potential destructiveness and energy of storms nearly doubled within the same duration, evidencing a clear correlation between global warming and tropical cyclone intensities.
Evidence: However, during the duration of a single event, the area with the greatest sea surface temperature anomalies can change.
Category: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere
Claim: By that time CO2 emissions had already risen from the expanded use  of coal that had powered the industrial revolution, and emissions only  increased slowly from 3.5gigatonnes in 1910 to under 4gigatonnes by the  end of the Second World War.
Evidence: Global annual mean CO 2 concentration has increased by more than 45% since the start of the Industrial Revolution, from 280 ppm during the 10,000 years up to the mid-18th century to 415 ppm as of May 2019.
Evidence: Human activities since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution (around 1750) have produced a 45% increase in the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide, from 280 ppm in 1750 to 415 ppm in 2019.
Category: Petroleum
Claim: The final amount of extra CO2 that remains in the atmosphere stays there on a time scale of centuries.
Evidence: Atmospheric CO2 has risen over the last 150 years to current levels of over 390 ppmv, from the 180 – 300 ppmv of the prior 800 thousand years This rise in temperature has reduced the Arctic ice cap to 1,100,000 sq mi (2,800,000 km2),[citation needed] smaller than ever recorded.
Evidence: Eventually, the land and oceans will take up most of the extra carbon dioxide, but as much as 20 percent may remain in the atmosphere for many thousands of years."
Evidence: the CO2 concentration already released into the atmosphere since the beginning of industrialization, which has risen from well below 300 PPM to more than 415 PPM (2019).
Evidence: Long-term effects of global warming: On the timescale of centuries to millennia, the magnitude of global warming will be determined primarily by anthropogenic CO2 emissions.
Category: Climatic Research Unit email controversy
Claim: But Trenberth’s "lack of warming at the moment" has been going on at least a decade.
Evidence: Here is the quote: "The fact is that we can't account for the lack of warming at the moment and it is a travesty that we can't."
Category: Carbon dioxide
Claim: Ironic' study finds more CO2 has slightly cooled the planet
Evidence: Less energy reaches the upper atmosphere, which is therefore cooler because of this absorption.
Evidence: The higher concentration of CO2 in the Martian thermosphere may explain part of the discrepancy because of the cooling effects of CO2 in high altitude.
Category: Climate change denial
Claim: Climate scientists could make far more money in other careers - most notably, working for the oil industry.
Evidence: He has accepted more than $1.2 million in money from the fossil-fuel industry over the last decade while failing to disclose that conflict of interest in most of his scientific papers.
Evidence: Russia has an upper-middle income mixed economy with enormous natural resources, particularly oil and natural gas.
Evidence: According to the Center for Responsive Politics, Inhofe has received over $529,000 from the oil and gas industry since 2012.
Evidence: One of the authors' main arguments is that most prominent scientists who have been voicing opposition to the near-universal consensus are being funded by industries, such as automotive and oil, that stand to lose money by government actions to regulate greenhouse gases.
Category: Little Ice Age
Claim: The sun has shown no long term trend since 1950 and in fact has shown a slight cooling trend in recent decades.
Evidence: Orbital forcing from cycles in the earth's orbit around the sun has, for the past 2,000 years, caused a long-term northern hemisphere cooling trend that continued through the Middle Ages and the Little Ice Age.
Evidence: Climate change is a long-term, sustained trend of change in climate.
Evidence: Based on orbital models, the cooling trend initiated about 6,000 years ago will continue for another 23,000 years.
Category: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
Claim: "The IPCC also made false predictions on the Amazon rain forests, referenced to a non peer-reviewed paper produced by an advocacy group working with the WWF.
Evidence: Rather, it assesses published literature, including peer-reviewed and non-peer-reviewed sources.
Evidence: According to IPCC guidelines, authors should give priority to peer-reviewed sources.
Evidence: Former IPCC chairman Robert Watson said "Any such projection should be based on peer-reviewed literature from computer modelling of how agricultural yields would respond to climate change.
Category: Sea ice
Claim: Arctic sea ice loss is three times greater than Antarctic sea ice gain, and the amount of solar energy absorbed by the Earth is increasing as a result.
Evidence: As the sea ice melts, its surface area shrinks, diminishing the size of the reflective surface and therefore causing the earth to absorb more of the sun's heat.
Category: Climate change denial
Claim: Focusing on a few suggestive emails, taken out of context, merely serves to distract from the wealth of empirical evidence for man-made global warming.
Evidence: Most of the few statements that critics claim as evidence of malfeasance seem to have more innocent explanations that make sense in the context of scientists conversing privately and informally."
Evidence: The efforts of Al Gore and other environmental campaigns have focused on the effects of global warming and have managed to increase awareness and concern, but despite these efforts, the number of Americans believing humans are the cause of global warming was holding steady at 61% in 2007, and those believing the popular media was understating the issue remained about 35%.
Category: Effects of global warming
Claim: the total area burned in the western United States over the past 33 years was double the size it would have been without any human-caused warming.
Evidence: The data shows that recent warming has surpassed anything in the last 2,000 years.
Evidence: Over most land areas since the 1950s, it is very likely that at all times of year both days and nights have become warmer due to human activities.
Evidence: As a result, since the 1980s, both the size and ferocity of fires in California have increased dramatically.
Category: Mark Begich
Claim: Alaska Sen. Mark Begich "is on record supporting a carbon tax, even pushing Harry Reid to make it a priority."
Evidence: "Democratic Senator Introduces Bill To Lift Social Security's Tax Cap, Extend Its Solvency For Decades".
Evidence: Begich has stated that this should not be interpreted as support for a carbon tax.
Category: Airline
Claim: Flights departing airports in the United States and its territories emitted about one-quarter (24%) of global passenger transport-related CO2, two-thirds of which came from domestic flights.
Evidence: Currently, the aviation sector, including US domestic and global international travel, make approximately 1.6 percent of global anthropogenic GHG emissions per annum.
Category: Greenhouse gas
Claim: [CO2] has increased 43 percent above the pre-industrial level so far
Evidence: Measured atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide are currently 100 ppm higher than pre-industrial levels.
Evidence: As of 2011, the concentrations of CO2 and methane had increased by about 40% and 150%, respectively, since pre-industrial times.
Category: Arctic sea ice decline
Claim: The news of expanding Antarctic sea ice stole headlines from global warming alarmists who asserted Arctic sea ice had reached its lowest extent since 1979.'
Evidence: For January 2016, the satellite based data showed the lowest overall Arctic sea ice extent of any January since records begun in 1979.
Evidence: The net change is a slight increase in the area of sea ice in the Antarctic seas (unlike the Arctic Ocean, which is showing a much stronger decrease in the area of sea ice).
Category: Digital radio
Claim: Satellite transmissions are extremely small and irrelevant.
Evidence: Each satellite provides three transmission beams that can support 50 channels each, carrying news, music, entertainment, and education, and including a computer multimedia service.
Evidence: Signals are transmitted using Ku band (12 to 18 GHz) and are completely digital which means it has high picture and stereo sound quality.
Evidence: Signals from DBS satellites (operating in the more recent Ku band) are higher in both frequency and power (due to improvements in the solar panels and energy efficiency of modern satellites) and therefore require much smaller dishes than C-band, and the digital modulation methods now used require less signal strength at the receiver than analog modulation methods.
Evidence: Terrestrial television is a type of television broadcasting in which the television signal is transmitted by radio waves from the terrestrial (Earth-based) transmitter of a television station to a TV receiver having an antenna.
Category: Regional effects of global warming
Claim: Actual weather records over the past 100 years show no correlation between rising carbon dioxide levels and local temperatures.
Evidence: Regional effects of global warming are long-term significant changes in the expected patterns of average weather of a specific region due to global warming.
Evidence: Throughout this period ocean heat storage continued to progress steadily upwards, and in subsequent years surface temperatures have spiked upwards.
Category: 2000s (decade)
Claim: according, again, to the official figures—during this past 10 years, if anything, mean global temperature, average world temperature, has slightly declined.
Evidence: The global temperature kept climbing during the decade.
Evidence: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.
Category: Effects of global warming on human health
Claim: Past Australian droughts occurred when global temperatures were lower than now and wetter years occurred when such temperatures were rising.
Evidence: Climate change leads to a warmer ground temperature and its effects include earlier snowmelt dates, drier than expected vegetation, increased number of potential fire days, increased occurrence of summer droughts, and a prolonged dry season.
Category: Hockey stick controversy
Claim: 18 proxies tell us the world was the same or warmer 1,000 years ago.
Evidence: The SPM statement in the IPCC TAR of 2001 had been that it was "likely that, in the Northern Hemisphere, the 1990s was the warmest decade and 1998 the warmest year" in the past 1,000 years.
Evidence: 2013 used seafloor and lake bed sediment proxies to reconstruct global temperatures over the past 11,300 years, the last 1,000 years of which confirmed the original MBH99 hockey stick graph.
Evidence: A wide variety of temperature proxies together prove that the 20th century was the hottest recorded in the last 2,000 years.
Category: Global warming controversy
Claim: ‘We don’t expect record years every year, but the ongoing long-term warming trend is clear.’”
Evidence: Using the long-term temperature trends for the earth scientists and statisticians conclude that it continues to warm through time.
Evidence: Between 1850 and 1950 a long-term trend of gradual climate warming is observable, and during this same period the Marsham record of oak-leafing dates tended to become earlier.
Category: Greenhouse gas
Claim: There is no way for us to prevent the world’s CO2 emissions    from doubling by 2100"
Evidence: Projected annual energy-related CO 2 emissions in 2030 were 40–110% higher than in 2000, with two-thirds of the increase originating in developing countries.
Evidence: Members of the InterAcademy Panel recommended that by 2050, global anthropogenic CO 2 emissions be reduced less than 50% of the 1990 level.
Evidence: "Global CO 2 emissions: annual increase halves in 2008".
Category: Radiative forcing
Claim: Monckton used the IPCC equation in an inappropriate manner.
Evidence: The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) AR4 report defines radiative forcings as: "Radiative forcing is a measure of the influence a factor has in altering the balance of incoming and outgoing energy in the Earth-atmosphere system and is an index of the importance of the factor as a potential climate change mechanism.
Evidence: "Assessing dangerous climate change through an update of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 'reasons for concern'".
Category: Agriculture
Claim: Global human emissions are only 3 per cent of total annual emissions.
Evidence: Agriculture, forestry and land-use change contributed around 20 to 25% to global annual emissions in 2010.
Evidence: In 2008, countries with a Kyoto cap made up less than one-third of annual global carbon dioxide emissions from fuel combustion.
Category: Holocene extinction
Claim: Humans are too insignificant to affect global climate
Evidence: In order to constitute the Holocene as an extinction event, scientists must determine exactly when anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions began to measurably alter natural atmospheric levels on a global scale, and when these alterations caused changes to global climate.
Evidence: The timing of South American megafaunal extinction appears to precede human arrival, although the possibility that human activity at the time impacted the global climate enough to cause such an extinction has been suggested.
Evidence: Accumulation of heat-trapping greenhouse gases, mainly being emitted by people burning fossil fuels, is causing global warming.
Evidence: Currently, through land development, combustion of fossil fuels, and pollution, humans are thought to be the main contributor to global climate change.
Evidence: In the real world, consumption of fossil fuel resources leads to global warming and climate change.
Category: Scientific consensus on climate change
Claim: Concentrated in the atmosphere, these gases do not allow the warmth of the sun’s rays reflected by the earth to be dispersed in space.
Evidence: These human activities have significantly increased the concentration of "greenhouse gases" in the atmosphere.
Category: Water scarcity
Claim: Most glaciers are retreating, posing a serious problem for millions who rely on glaciers for water.
Evidence: Climate change has caused receding glaciers, reduced stream and river flow, and shrinking lakes and ponds.
Evidence: A slight cooling led to the advance of many alpine glaciers between 1950 and 1985, but since 1985 glacier retreat and mass loss has become larger and increasingly ubiquitous.
Evidence: In areas that are heavily dependent on water runoff from glaciers that melt during the warmer summer months, a continuation of the current retreat will eventually deplete the glacial ice and substantially reduce or eliminate runoff.
Category: Seamount
Claim: The noted oceanographer Walter Munk referred to sea-level rise as an “enigma”
Evidence: They are defined by oceanographers as independent features that rise to at least 1,000 m (3,281 ft) above the seafloor, characteristically of conical form.
Evidence: "Climate-change–driven accelerated sea-level rise detected in the altimeter era".
Category: Earth in science fiction
Claim: Mother Earth has clearly ruled that CO2 is not a pollutant.'
Evidence: Its soil is utterly barren and its atmosphere is a fog of pollution.
Evidence: Her work in this field has been questioned.
Evidence: There is a scientific consensus linking human activities to global warming due to industrial carbon dioxide emissions.
Evidence: By the time of Resurrection, which is set in the 24th century, Earth as a whole is considered to be an unpleasant, polluted planet that even hardened mercenaries prefer to avoid.
Category: The Simpsons
Claim: They were going to be gone by now, but now they're setting records
Evidence: The Simpson's sets a record by staying relevant".
Evidence: We’ve got to put a stop to it in order to set a precedent.
Evidence: I'm planning the next set of tours, so the answer is really, 'No, not really.'"
Evidence: Offering/Ticket to Ride (1969) Close to You (1970) Carpenters (1971) A Song for You (1972) Now & Then (1973) Horizon (1975) A Kind of Hush (1976) Passage (1977) Christmas Portrait (1978) Made in America (1981) Posthumous releases Voice of the Heart (1983) An Old-Fashioned Christmas (1984) Lovelines (1989) As Time Goes By (2004) Carpenters With The Royal Philharmonic Orchestra (2018) Notes Even though they are referred to as "The Carpenters", their official name for authorized recordings and press material is simply "Carpenters".
Category: Arctic
Claim: Melting of Arctic sea ice and polar icecaps is not occurring at unnatural rates and does not constitute evidence of a human impact on the climate.
Evidence: The effects of global warming in the Arctic include rising temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet.
Category: Earth
Claim: We don't need a high heat flow - just a high temperature for the core to affect the surface climate.
Evidence: Sea water has an important influence on the world's climate, with the oceans acting as a large heat reservoir.
Evidence: From hydrostatic balance, the warm core translates to lower pressure at the center at all altitudes, with the maximum pressure drop located at the surface.
Evidence: El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is an irregularly periodic variation in winds and sea surface temperatures over the tropical eastern Pacific Ocean, affecting the climate of much of the tropics and subtropics.
Category: Global warming
Claim: The human fingerprint in global warming is evident in multiple lines of empirical evidence - in satellite measurements of outgoing infrared radiation, in surface measurements of downward infrared radiation, in the cooling stratosphere and other metrics.
Evidence: Solar irradiance has been measured directly by satellites, and indirect measurements are available beginning in the early 1600s.
Evidence: It is a major aspect of climate change and has been demonstrated by direct temperature measurements and by measurements of various effects of the warming.
Category: Global warming
Claim: The warming causes the oceans to release CO2.
Evidence: These feedbacks can change the role of the oceans in taking up atmospheric CO 2 making it very difficult to predict how the ocean carbon cycle will operate in the future.
Evidence: As more CO2 and heat are absorbed by the ocean, it is acidifying and ocean circulation can change, changing the rate at which the ocean can absorb atmospheric carbon.
Evidence: The trigger for these mass extinctions appears to be a warming of the ocean caused by a rise of carbon dioxide levels to about 1000 parts per million.
Evidence: Higher atmospheric CO2 concentrations have led to an increase in dissolved CO2, which causes ocean acidification.
Category: Hurricane Harvey
Claim: But [climate scientists] say that aspects of the case of Hurricane Harvey—and the recent history of tropical cyclones worldwide—suggest global warming is making a bad situation worse.
Evidence: The Gulf of Mexico is known for hurricanes in August, so their incidence alone cannot be attributed to global warming, but the warming climate does influence certain attributes of storms.
Evidence: Weather events are due to multiple factors, and so cannot be said to be caused by one precondition, but climate change affects aspects of extreme events, and very likely worsened some of the impacts of Harvey.
Evidence: "Storm Harvey: impacts likely worsened due to global warming".
Category: Global warming
Claim: Surface temperatures on Earth "have stabilized."
Evidence: Surface temperature increases are greatest in the Arctic, which has contributed to the retreat of glaciers, permafrost, and sea ice.
Evidence: The Earth is stabilized by its proportionally large moon, so it only wobbles a few degrees.
Evidence: This is predicted to produce changes such as the melting of glaciers and ice sheets, more extreme temperature ranges, significant changes in weather and a global rise in average sea levels.
Category: Storm
Claim: “In their award winning book, ‘Taken By Storm’ (2007), Canadian researchers Christopher Essex and Ross McKitrick explain: ‘Temperature is not an amount of something [like height or weight].
Evidence: Lately, the temperature criterion has fallen out of the definition across the United States Bomb cyclone – A rapid deepening of a mid-latitude cyclonic low-pressure area, typically occurring over the ocean, but can occur over land.
Evidence: The most common scales are the Celsius scale (formerly called centigrade), denoted °C, the Fahrenheit scale (denoted °F), and the Kelvin scale (denoted K), the latter of which is predominantly used for scientific purposes by conventions of the International System of Units (SI).
Evidence: It has the symbol K. For everyday applications, it is often convenient to use the Celsius scale, in which 0 °C corresponds very closely to the freezing point of water and 100 °C is its boiling point at sea level.
Category: Carlos Curbelo
Claim: Miami Congressman Carlos "Curbelo supports drilling offshore" and "repeatedly voted against President Obama's ability to fight pollution and combat climate change."
Evidence: The Miami Herald wrote that Curbelo has "attempted to position himself as the national voice for Republicans who are concerned about climate change," describing him as "one of the few GOP voices speaking out against Donald Trump's decision to withdraw from the Paris Climate Agreement and his desire to dismantle the Environmental Protection Agency."
Evidence: "Carlos Curbelo wants to be a Republican leader on climate change—if he can keep his seat".
Evidence: "Miami Republican opposes allowing Arctic oil drilling in tax bill".
Category: Scientific consensus on climate change
Claim: “Today climate scientists are obsessed with the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, a very very small part of the overall picture.
Evidence: The changes in temperature have been associated with increasing concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO 2) and other GHGs in the atmosphere."
Evidence: "Atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide have increased to levels unprecedented in at least the last 800,000 years."
Evidence: The world's most important greenhouse gas is carbon dioxide, a by-product of the burning of fossil fuels.
Category: Economic impacts of climate change
Claim: Climate change isn't increasing extreme weather damage costs.
Evidence: Many analyses, such as that of the Stern Review presented to the British Government, have predicted reductions by several percent of world gross domestic product due to climate related costs such as dealing with increased extreme weather events and stresses to low-lying areas due to sea level rises.
Evidence: "Impacts [of climate change] will very likely increase due to increased frequencies and intensities of some extreme weather events".
Evidence: Global warming boosts the probability of extreme weather events, like heat waves, far more than it boosts more moderate events.
Category: Disaster risk reduction
Claim: Hurricanes, tornadoes, floods, droughts and other natural disasters have yet to show any obvious long-term change.”
Evidence: Climate change, through rising temperatures, changing rainfall patterns, and changing sea levels, will affect the nature of hydrometeorological disasters, such as droughts, floods, and cyclones.
Category: Sea level rise
Claim: “‘If you remove the ice shelf, there’s a potential that not just ice-cliff instabilities will start occurring, but a process called marine ice-sheet instabilities,’ says Matthew Wise, a polar scientist at the University of Cambridge.
Evidence: Secondly, melting of the ice shelves, the floating extensions of the ice sheet, leads to a process named the Marine Ice Cliff Instability.
Evidence: "Potential Antarctic Ice Sheet retreat driven by hydrofracturing and ice cliff failure".
Category: Tuvalu
Claim: Tuvalu sea level isn't rising.
Evidence: Tuvalu is also affected by perigean spring tide events which raise the sea level higher than a normal high tide.
Evidence: Because of the low elevation, the islands that make up this nation are vulnerable to the effects of tropical cyclones and by the threat of current and future sea level rise.
Evidence: Tuvaluan leaders have been concerned about the effects of rising sea levels.
Category: Sun
Claim: Water levels correlate with sunspots.
Evidence: At this point in the dynamo cycle, buoyant upwelling within the convective zone forces emergence of toroidal magnetic field through the photosphere, giving rise to pairs of sunspots, roughly aligned east–west and having footprints with opposite magnetic polarities.
Evidence: Sunspots are visible as dark patches on the Sun's photosphere, and correspond to concentrations of magnetic field where the convective transport of heat is inhibited from the solar interior to the surface.
Category: Ganges
Claim: The panel was forced to retract a statement in its 2007 report saying all Himalayan glaciers could melt entirely by 2035.
Evidence: In 2007, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), in its Fourth Report, stated that the Himalayan glaciers which feed the river, were at risk of melting by 2035.
Evidence: The final WG I report was released on 30 April 2007 and the final AR4 Synthesis Report was released on 17 November 2007.Rajendra Pachauri, the IPCC chair, admitted at the launch of this report that since the IPCC began work on it, scientists have recorded "much stronger trends in climate change", like the unforeseen dramatic melting of polar ice in the summer of 2007, and added, "that means you better start with intervention much earlier".
Evidence: Two errors include the melting of Himalayan glaciers (see later section), and Dutch land area that is below sea level.
Category: Antarctica
Claim: “At the bottom of the world, sea ice is also at all-time record low levels around Antarctica, the data center said.
Evidence: If all of this ice were melted, sea levels would rise about 60 m (200 ft).
Evidence: Arctic sea ice extent ice hit an all-time low in September 2012, when the ice was determined to cover only 24% of the Arctic Ocean, offsetting the previous low of 29% in 2007.
Evidence: "A 40-y record reveals gradual Antarctic sea ice increases followed by decreases at rates far exceeding the rates seen in the Arctic".
Category: Global warming
Claim: water vapour has been the main greenhouse gas and carbon dioxide has had a minuscule effect on global climate
Evidence: The largest human influence has been the emission of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide.
Evidence: The primary greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere are water vapor (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and ozone (O3).
Evidence: The effect of combustion-produced carbon dioxide on the global climate, a special case of the greenhouse effect first described in 1896 by Svante Arrhenius, has also been called the Callendar effect.
Category: Climate change denial
Claim: If anyone claims to be part of the 97 percent, it means they disagree with the contrarian argument that humans are having a minimal impact on global warming.
Evidence: "Climate change skepticism" and "climate change denial" refer to denial, dismissal or unwarranted doubt of the scientific consensus on the rate and extent of global warming, its significance, or its connection to human behavior, in whole or in part.
Evidence: Among papers expressing a position on AGW, an overwhelming percentage (97.2% based on self-ratings, 97.1% based on abstract ratings) endorses the scientific consensus on AGW.
Evidence: In a 2019 CBS poll, 64% of the US population said that climate change is a "crisis" or a "serious problem", with 44% saying human activity was a significant contributor.
Category: Carbon dioxide
Claim: 'Our harmless emissions of trifling quantities of carbon dioxide cannot possibly acidify the oceans.
Evidence: Carbon dioxide dissolves in the ocean to form carbonic acid (H2CO3), bicarbonate (HCO3−) and carbonate (CO32−).
Evidence: "Marine calcifiers exhibit mixed responses to CO 2-induced ocean acidification".
Category: Carbon footprint
Claim: Never mind that the emissions of carbon dioxide to make and maintain a wind or solar industrial complex are far greater than they will ever save.
Evidence: Some potential options to increase energy efficiency include, but are not limited to: Waste heat recovery systems Insulation for large buildings and combustion chambers Technology upgrades, ie different light sources, lower consumption machines Carbon Footprints from energy consumption can be reduced through the development of alternative energy projects, such as solar and wind energy, which are renewable resources.
Evidence: Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.
Category: La Niña
Claim: The temporary drop in sea level in 2010 was due to intense land flooding caused by a strong La Nina.
Evidence: Meanwhile, a series of major storms caused extensive flooding in California in December 2010, with seven consecutive days of non-stop rainfall, leading to one of the wettest Decembers in over 120 years of records.
Category: Climate change denial
Claim: "Britain's big freeze is the start of a worldwide trend towards colder weather that seriously challenges global warming theories, eminent scientists claimed yesterday.
Evidence: Climate change denialism is the prime example, where a handful of scientists, allied with an effective PR machine, are publicly challenging the scientific consensus that global warming is real and is due primarily to human consumption of fossil fuels.
Category: Carbon dioxide
Claim: Human CO2 is a tiny fraction of CO2 emissions.
Evidence: Human activities emit about 29 billion tons of carbon dioxide per year, while volcanoes emit between 0.2 and 0.3 billion tons.
Category: Global warming
Claim: The PDO shows no trend, and therefore the PDO is not responsible for the trend of global warming.
Evidence: There has been no upward trend in the amount of the Sun's energy reaching the Earth, so it cannot be responsible for the current warming.
Evidence: Some of the graphs show a positive trend, e.g., increasing temperature over land and the ocean, and sea level rise.
Evidence: The Antarctic Peninsula (AP) is often described as a region with one of the largest warming trends on Earth since the 1950s, based on the temperature trend of 0.54 °C/decade during 1951–2011 recorded at Faraday/Vernadsky station.
Category: Clean Power Plan
Claim: The Obama administration is "proposing to mine another 10 billion tons of Wyoming coal, which would unleash three times more carbon pollution than Obama's Clean Power Plan would even save through 2030."
Evidence: The Obama administration designed the plan to lower the carbon dioxide emitted by power generators.
Evidence: The plan would create 30 percent more renewable energy generation in 2030 and help to lower the costs of renewable energy.
Evidence: The EPA estimates the Clean Power Plan will reduce the pollutants that contribute to smog and soot by 25 percent, and the reduction will lead to net climate and health benefits of an estimated $25 billion to $45 billion per year in 2030.
Category: Nitrogen
Claim: Scientists just discovered a massive, heretofore unknown, source of nitrogen
Evidence: The discovery of nitrogen is attributed to the Scottish physician Daniel Rutherford in 1772, who called it noxious air.
Evidence: It was first discovered and isolated by Scottish physician Daniel Rutherford in 1772.
Evidence: It is one of the three most used acids (the other two being sulfuric acid and hydrochloric acid) and was first discovered by the alchemists in the 13th century.
Category: Development communication
Claim: Policy makers who want to help the residents of the Marshall Islands today should look at improving the islands’ resilience
Evidence: Policy sciences are concerned with helping people make better decisions toward fostering human dignity for all.
Evidence: Communication for development is seen as a two-way process for sharing ideas and knowledge using a range of communication tools and approaches that empower individuals and communities to take actions to improve their lives.
Evidence: United States government assistance is the mainstay of the economy.
Category: Scientific consensus on climate change
Claim: There is no statistical evidence that global warming is intensifying[…] floods
Evidence: Human activities are now causing atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases—including carbon dioxide, methane, tropospheric ozone, and nitrous oxide—to rise well above pre-industrial levels ... Increases in greenhouse gases are causing temperatures to rise ...
Evidence: "Increasing magnitudes of [global] warming increase the likelihood of severe, pervasive, and irreversible impacts."
Evidence: Such events will continue to occur more often and with greater intensity.
Evidence: "Recent intensification of wind-driven circulation in the Pacific and the ongoing warming hiatus" (PDF).
Category: Global warming
Claim: "[T]he influence of  so-called greenhouse gases on near-surface temperature - is not yet  absolutely proven.
Evidence: Before the Industrial Revolution, naturally occurring amounts of greenhouse gases caused the air near the surface to be warmer by about 33 °C (59 °F) than it would be in their absence.
Evidence: "The artificial production of carbon dioxide and its influence on temperature".
Evidence: The presence of N2, CH4, and H2 in the atmosphere contribute to a greenhouse effect, increasing the surface temperature by 21K over the expected temperature of the body with no atmosphere.
Evidence: During the late 20th century, a scientific consensus evolved that increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere cause a substantial rise in global temperatures and changes to other parts of the climate system, with consequences for the environment and for human health.
Category: Kyoto Protocol
Claim: HFCs (hydrofluorocarbons) are tens of thousands of times more polluting than carbon dioxide.
Evidence: Carbon dioxide (CO 2) is the most important anthropogenic GHG.
Evidence: Industrial pollutants such as hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) and perfluorocarbons (PFCs) have a GWP many thousands of times greater than carbon dioxide by volume.
Category: Global warming
Claim: Melting ice isn't warming the Arctic.
Evidence: Surface temperature increases are greatest in the Arctic, which has contributed to the retreat of glaciers, permafrost, and sea ice.
Evidence: The Arctic is affected by current global warming, leading to Arctic sea ice shrinkage, diminished ice in the Greenland ice sheet, and Arctic methane release as the permafrost thaws.
Category: Sun
Claim: The sun was warming up then, but the sun hasn’t been warming since 1970.
Evidence: However, the geological record demonstrates that Earth has remained at a fairly constant temperature throughout its history, and that the young Earth was somewhat warmer than it is today.
Evidence: At the photosphere, the temperature has dropped to 5,700 K and the density to only 0.2 g/m3 (about 1/6,000 the density of air at sea level).
Evidence: By contrast, the Sun's surface temperature is approximately 5,800 K. Recent analysis of SOHO mission data favors a faster rotation rate in the core than in the radiative zone above.
Evidence: As one fragment of the cloud collapsed it also began to rotate because of conservation of angular momentum and heat up with the increasing pressure.
Evidence: The Sun is gradually becoming hotter during its time on the main sequence, because the helium atoms in the core occupy less volume than the hydrogen atoms that were fused.
Category: Scientific consensus on climate change
Claim: Global warming theory holds that one of the fingerprints of human-induced global warming is more rapid warming in the lower troposphere than at the surface (James Taylor)
Evidence: The spatial and temporal fingerprint of warming can be traced to increasing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, which are a direct result of burning fossil fuels, broad-scale deforestation and other human activity."
Evidence: Observations from weather balloons, satellites, and surface thermometers seemed to show the opposite behaviour (more rapid warming of the surface than the troposphere).
Category: Global warming
Claim: The effect of this disparity is that thermal radiation escaping to space comes mostly from the cold upper atmosphere, while the surface is maintained at a substantially warmer temperature.
Evidence: This is much colder than the conditions that actually exist at the Earth's surface (the global mean surface temperature is about 14 °C).
Evidence: Before the Industrial Revolution, naturally occurring amounts of greenhouse gases caused the air near the surface to be warmer by about 33 °C (59 °F) than it would be in their absence.
Category: Global warming
Claim: A key study published in the Journal of Climate this year by Bjorn Stevens of the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology in Hamburg, Germany, found that the cooling impact of sulfate emissions has held back global warming less than thought till now
Evidence: This phrase next appeared in a November 1957 report in The Hammond Times which described Roger Revelle's research into the effects of increasing human-caused CO 2 emissions on the greenhouse effect: "a large scale global warming, with radical climate changes may result".
Evidence: Scientific discussion takes place in journal articles that are peer-reviewed, which scientists subject to assessment every couple of years in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change reports.
Evidence: International Council of Academies of Engineering and Technological Sciences (CAETS) in 2007, issued a Statement on Environment and Sustainable Growth: As reported by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), most of the observed global warming since the mid-20th century is very likely due to human-produced emission of greenhouse gases and this warming will continue unabated if present anthropogenic emissions continue or, worse, expand without control.
Category: Arctic
Claim: “‘The Arctic may be remote, but changes that occur there directly affect us.
Evidence: The Arctic is especially vulnerable to the effects of any climate change, as has become apparent with the reduction of sea ice in recent years.
Evidence: As an island Territory, we are directly and immediately impacted by global climate change.
Category: Pollution
Claim: Rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations are causing ocean acidification, which is catastrophically harming marine life.
Evidence: Carbon dioxide emissions cause ocean acidification, the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's oceans as CO 2 becomes dissolved.
Evidence: Higher atmospheric CO2 concentrations have led to an increase in dissolved CO2, which causes ocean acidification.
Evidence: As the concentration of carbon dioxide increases in the atmosphere, the increased uptake of carbon dioxide into the oceans is causing a measurable decrease in the pH of the oceans, which is referred to as ocean acidification.
Evidence: Carbon dioxide also causes ocean acidification because it dissolves in water to form carbonic acid.
Category: Nature
Claim: Our evolving dynamic planet has survived[…] mass extinctions
Evidence: The last mass extinction occurred some 66 million years ago, when a meteorite collision probably triggered the extinction of the non-avian dinosaurs and other large reptiles, but spared small animals such as mammals.
Evidence: Following the Cambrian explosion, 535 Mya, there have been five mass extinctions.
Category: Greenhouse gas
Claim: It is clear, then, that greening is emerging as a factor with the potential to blunt some of the worst impacts of human greenhouse gas emissions.
Evidence: It is likely that anthropogenic (i.e., human-induced) warming, such as that due to elevated greenhouse gas levels, has had a discernible influence on many physical and biological systems.
Category: Climate
Claim: Over the past one million years climate cycles ranging from Ice Ages to warmer periods have been caused by changing levels of energy from the sun, planetary alignments and ocean currents.
Evidence: Earth has undergone periodic climate shifts in the past, including four major ice ages.
Evidence: Suggested causes of ice age periods include the positions of the continents, variations in the Earth's orbit, changes in the solar output, and volcanism.
Category: Carbon dioxide
Claim: Measurements of carbon isotopes and falling oxygen in the atmosphere show that rising carbon dioxide is due to the burning of fossil fuels and cannot be coming from the ocean.
Evidence: Currently, about half of the carbon dioxide released from the burning of fossil fuels remains in the atmosphere and is not absorbed by vegetation and the oceans.
Evidence: CO2 emissions are continuing to rise due to the burning of fossil fuels and land-use change.
Category: Arctic sea ice decline
Claim: Scientists project that the Arctic will be ice-free in the summer of 2013.
Evidence: Given the estimated trend and the volume estimate for October–November of 2007 at less than 9,000 km3, one can project that at this rate it would take only 9 more years or until 2016 ± 3 years to reach a nearly ice-free Arctic Ocean in summer.
Evidence: Research shows that the Arctic may become ice-free in the summer for the first time in human history by 2040.
Evidence: Models that best match historical trends project a nearly ice-free Arctic in the summer by the 2030s.
Evidence: "US Navy predicts summer ice free Arctic by 2016".
Category: California
Claim: for every renewable energy job that the State manages to finance, Spain’s experience...reveals with high confidence, by two different methods, that the U.S. should expect a loss of at least 2.2 jobs on average
Evidence: It would be possible to convert the total supply to 100% renewable energy, including heating, cooling and mobility, by 2050.
Evidence: What the programme failed to do, the sharp and prolonged economic crisis has done from 2010 to 2011 in that tens of thousands of immigrants have left the country due to lack of jobs.
Evidence: The strong economic growth helped the government to reduce the government debt as a percentage of GDP and Spain's high unemployment rate began to steadily decline.
Category: Effects of global warming
Claim: roughly three-quarters of the tidal flood days now occurring in towns along the East Coast would not be happening in the absence of the rise in the sea level caused by human emissions.
Evidence: Even if emission of greenhouse gases stopped overnight, sea level rise will continue for centuries to come.
Evidence: Over the 21st century, the IPCC projects that in a very high emissions scenario the sea level could rise by 61–110 cm.
Category: Future of Earth
Claim: Without carbon dioxide, all life on Earth would die
Evidence: By that point, all life on the Earth will be extinct.
Evidence: Plants, algae and cyanobacteria use light energy to photosynthesize carbohydrate from carbon dioxide and water, with oxygen produced as a waste product.
Category: Greenhouse effect
Claim: The CO2 amplifies the warming and mixes through the atmosphere, spreading warming throughout the planet.
Evidence: The greenhouse effect is the process by which radiation from a planet's atmosphere warms the planet's surface to a temperature above what it would be without this atmosphere.
Evidence: Because water vapor is a greenhouse gas, this results in further warming and so is a "positive feedback" that amplifies the original warming.
Evidence: The greenhouse effect is a process by which thermal radiation from a planetary atmosphere warms the planet's surface beyond the temperature it would have in the absence of its atmosphere.
Evidence: Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.