Danthammadhavi/climate_fever_fixed huggingface dataset:
Category: Consciousness
Claim: A recent essay in Scientific American argued that scientists “tend to underestimate the severity of threats and the rapidity with which they might unfold” and said one of the reasons was “the perceived need for consensus.”
Evidence: After the conference, they signed in the presence of Stephen Hawking, the 'Cambridge Declaration on Consciousness', which summarizes the most important findings of the survey: "We decided to reach a consensus and make a statement directed to the public that is not scientific.
Evidence: Kuhn made several claims concerning the progress of scientific knowledge: that scientific fields undergo periodic "paradigm shifts" rather than solely progressing in a linear and continuous way, and that these paradigm shifts open up new approaches to understanding what scientists would never have considered valid before; and that the notion of scientific truth, at any given moment, cannot be established solely by objective criteria but is defined by a consensus of a scientific community.
Evidence: Further criticism stems from the fact that the phrase intelligent design makes use of an assumption of the quality of an observable intelligence, a concept that has no scientific consensus definition.
Category: Pluto
Claim: Neptune's orbit is 164 years so observations (1950 to present day) span less than a third of a Neptunian year.
Evidence: The semi-major axis of Pluto's orbit varies between about 39.3 and 39.6 au with a period of about 19,951 years, corresponding to an orbital period varying between 246 and 249 years.
Evidence: Neptune orbits the Sun once every 164.8 years at an average distance of 30.1 au (4.5 billion km; 2.8 billion mi).
Evidence: Neptune's 164 year orbital period means that the planet takes an average of 13 years to move through each constellation of the zodiac.
Category: Snowball Earth
Claim: Australia has more solar coverage than any other continent.
Evidence: This low temperature was maintained by the high albedo of the ice sheets, which reflected most incoming solar energy into space.
Evidence: Although most of Australia is semi-arid or desert, the continent includes a diverse range of habitats from alpine heaths to tropical rainforests.
Evidence: The ice sheets increase Earth's reflectivity and thus reduce the absorption of solar radiation.
Evidence: Firstly, tropical continents are more reflective than open ocean, and so absorb less of the Sun's heat: most absorption of Solar energy on Earth today occurs in tropical oceans.
Evidence: Australia is the driest inhabited continent; its annual rainfall averaged over continental area is less than 500 mm.
Category: Antarctica
Claim: Southern sea ice is increasing.
Evidence: Models also suggest that the ozone depletion/enhanced polar vortex effect also accounts for the recent increase in sea ice just offshore of the continent.
Evidence: "A 40-y record reveals gradual Antarctic sea ice increases followed by decreases at rates far exceeding the rates seen in the Arctic".
Evidence: Any ice growth was slowed immensely and would lead to any present ice melting.
Category: Climate change in the United States
Claim: Seventeen of the 18 warmest years have occurred since 2000.
Evidence: As of 2012[update], the thirteen warmest years for the entire planet have all occurred since 1998, transcending those from 1880.
Evidence: 2016's record meant that 16 of the 17 warmest years have occurred since 2000, 2017 being the third-hottest year on record meant that 17 of the last 18 warmest years have occurred since 2000.
Evidence: The autumn of 2006 was the warmest in recorded history.
Evidence: Four of the warmest 7 years since 1889 occurred after the year 2000 (2000, 2001, 2007 and 2008).
Evidence: Summer (early June to mid September) is hot and sunny with a July and August average of 23 °C (73 °F).
Category: Physical impacts of climate change
Claim: Nor is there evidence of an increase in floods globally.
Evidence: The increase in global freshwater flow, based on data from 1994 to 2006, was about 18%.
Evidence: Sea level rise causes an increase in frequency and magnitude of floodings in the city that already spent more than 6 billion$ on the flood barrier system.
Evidence: With the increase in temperatures worldwide due to climate change the increase in flooding is unavoidable.
Category: Global warming
Claim: We expect to see record cold temperatures even during global warming.
Evidence: Multiple independently produced instrumental datasets confirm that the 2009–2018 decade was 0.93 ± 0.07 °C warmer than the pre-industrial baseline (1850–1900).
Evidence: It is expected that most ecosystems will be affected by higher atmospheric CO2 levels and higher global temperatures.
Evidence: Global warming is the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.
Evidence: This is much colder than the conditions that actually exist at the Earth's surface (the global mean surface temperature is about 14 °C).
Evidence: "Judging from the record of the past interglacial ages, the present time of high temperatures should be drawing to an end, to be followed by a long period of considerably colder temperatures leading into the next glacial age some 20,000 years from now."
Category: Human impact on the environment
Claim: Increased atmospheric carbon dioxide has helped raise global food production and reduce poverty.
Evidence: Global warming is the result of increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations which is caused primarily by the combustion of fossil energy sources such as petroleum, coal, and natural gas, and to an unknown extent by destruction of forests, increased methane, volcanic activity and cement production.
Evidence: Potential negative environmental impacts caused by increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations are rising global air temperatures, altered hydrogeological cycles resulting in more frequent and severe droughts, storms, and floods, as well as sea level rise and ecosystem disruption.
Evidence: While increased CO 2 levels help crop growth at lower temperature increases, those crops do become less nutritious.
Evidence: In the 1980s and 1990s low world market prices for cereals and livestock resulted in decreased agricultural growth and increased rural poverty.
Category: Europe
Claim: By 2080, without dramatic reductions in emissions, southern Europe will be in permanent extreme drought, much worse than the American dust bowl ever was.
Evidence: There are frequent summer droughts in this region.
Evidence: A drought in the 1930s known as the Dust Bowl affected 50 million acres of farmland in the central United States.
Evidence: Another form of severe weather is drought, which is a prolonged period of persistently dry weather (that is, absence of precipitation).
Evidence: Climate change can be mitigated through the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions or the enhancement of the capacity of carbon sinks to absorb greenhouse gases from the atmosphere.
Category: Humid subtropical climate
Claim: Monsoons in China fail, the great rivers of Asia virtually dry up, and rainfall in central America falls by half.
Evidence: Rainfall often shows a summer peak, especially where monsoons are well developed, as in Southeast Asia and South Asia.
Evidence: Over three-quarters of annual rainfall in Northern Australia falls during this time.
Evidence: A desert is a region of land that is very dry because it receives low amounts of precipitation (usually in the form of rain, but it may be snow, mist or fog), often has little coverage by plants, and in which streams dry up unless they are supplied by water from outside the area.
Category: Global governance
Claim: A global network of 500 scientists and professionals has prepared this urgent message.
Evidence: Dr. Rajesh Tandon, president of the FIM (Montreal International Forum) and of PRIA (Participatory Research in Asia), prepared a framework document entitled "Democratization of Global Governance for Global Democracy: Civil Society Visions and Strategies (G05) conference."
Evidence: The National Institute of Disaster Management is a policy think-tank and training institution for developing guidelines and training programs for mitigating disasters and managing crisis response.
Evidence: TIEMS is a Global Forum for Education, Training, Certification and Policy in Emergency and Disaster Management.
Category: Headlamp
Claim: more so than downsizing one’s car, or being vigilant about turning off light bulbs, and certainly more than quitting showering.
Evidence: Intelligent Light System is a headlamp beam control system introduced in 2006 on the Mercedes-Benz E-Class (W211) which offers five different bi-xenon light functions, each of which is suited to typical driving or weather conditions: Country mode Motorway mode Enhanced fog lamps Active light function (Advanced front-lighting system (AFS)) Cornering light function Adaptive Highbeam Assist is Mercedes-Benz' marketing name for a headlight control strategy that continuously automatically tailors the headlamp range so the beam just reaches other vehicles ahead, thus always ensuring maximum possible seeing range without glaring other road users.
Evidence: Installing LED lighting, fluorescent lighting, or natural skylight windows reduces the amount of energy required to attain the same level of illumination compared to using traditional incandescent light bulbs.
Evidence: "Longevity of light bulbs and how to make them last longer".
Evidence: "Raising Awareness of Energy Efficient Light Bulbs Pays off in Rwanda".
Category: West Antarctic Ice Sheet
Claim: The most vulnerable parts of the West Antarctic ice sheet could raise the sea level by 10 to 15 feet, inundating many of the world’s coastal cities, though most scientists think that would take well over a century, or perhaps longer.
Evidence: In 2018, scientists concluded that high sea levels some 125,000 years ago, which were 6–9 m (20–30 ft) higher than today, were most likely due to the absence of the WAIS, and found evidence that the ice sheet collapsed under climate conditions similar to those of today.
Evidence: On 12 May 2014, it was announced that two teams of scientists said the long-feared collapse of the Ice Sheet had begun, kicking off what they say will be a centuries-long, "unstoppable" process that could raise sea levels by 1.2 to 3.6 metres (3.9 to 11.8 ft) They estimate that rapid drawdown of Thwaites Glacier will begin in 200 – 1000 years.
Evidence: A rapid collapse of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet could raise sea level by 3.3 metres (11 ft).
Evidence: It has been hypothesised that this disintegration could raise sea levels by approximately 3.3 metres (11 ft).
Category: Sea level rise
Claim: Sea level rise is not going to happen.
Evidence: Over the 21st century, this is expected to rise, with glaciers contributing 7 to 24 cm (3 to 9 in) to global sea levels.
Evidence: Between 1900 and 2016, the sea level rose by 16–21 cm (6.3–8.3 in).
Category: Phil Jones (climatologist)
Claim: In one particularly damning email, CRU director Phil Jones said he had used ‘Mike’s Nature trick’ to ‘hide the decline’ in temperatures in the second half of the 20th century.
Evidence: He temporarily stepped aside from Director of the CRU in November 2009 following a controversy over e-mails which were stolen and published by person(s) unknown.
Evidence: In August 2009 its director, Phil Jones, told the science journal Nature that he was working to make the data publicly available with the agreement of its owners but this was expected to take some months, and objections were anticipated from National Meteorological Organisations that made money from selling the data.
Category: Glacier
Claim: Glaciers are retreating almost everywhere around the world — including in the Alps, Himalayas, Andes, Rockies, Alaska and Africa.
Evidence: Extensive glaciers are found in Antarctica, Argentina, Chile, Canada, Alaska, Greenland and Iceland.
Evidence: Mountain glaciers are widespread, especially in the Andes, the Himalayas, the Rocky Mountains, the Caucasus, Scandinavian mountains, and the Alps.
Evidence: The retreat of mountain glaciers, notably in western North America, Asia, the Alps and tropical and subtropical regions of South America, Africa and Indonesia, provide evidence for the rise in global temperatures since the late 19th century.
Evidence: Following the Little Ice Age's end around 1850, glaciers around the Earth have retreated substantially.
Category: Point Henry smelter
Claim: The carbon tax is partly to blame for the closure of Alcoa's Point Henry aluminium smelter.
Evidence: Following a board meeting in February 2014, Alcoa Chief Executive Klaus Kleinfeld announced that the smelter—along with two rolling mills—would close at the end of 2014.
Evidence: In June 2013, Alcoa announced it would permanently close its Fusina primary aluminium smelter in Venice, Italy, where production had been curtailed since June 2010.
Category: Sea level rise
Claim: Sea-level rise does not seem to depend on ocean temperature, and certainly not on CO2.
Evidence: Thus, a small change in the mean temperature of the ocean represents a very large change in the total heat content of the climate system.
Evidence: The heat needed to raise an average temperature increase of the entire world ocean by 0.01 °C would increase the atmospheric temperature by approximately 10 °C.
Evidence: The Atlantic is set to warm at a faster pace than the Pacific.
Category: Joe Biden
Claim: The Obama administration "has been constrained by the Oil Pollution Act of 1990, which basically gives the responsible party the lead role in trying to not only fix the problem, but contain the problem."
Evidence: His negotiations with congressional Republicans helped the Obama administration pass legislation including the Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010, which resolved a taxation deadlock; the Budget Control Act of 2011, which resolved that year's debt ceiling crisis; and the American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012, which addressed the impending fiscal cliff.
Evidence: The Clean Power Plan was an Obama administration policy aimed at combating global warming that was first proposed in 2014.
Evidence: Biden then took the lead in trying to sell the agreement to a reluctant Democratic caucus in Congress, which was passed as the Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010.
Category: Sea level rise
Claim: “Sea level rise is global.
Evidence: Sea ice melt contributes very slightly to global sea level rise.
Evidence: "20th century acceleration in global sea-level rise".
Evidence: With continued melt and retreat they contribute to raising global sea levels.
Evidence: Since at least the start of the 20th century, the average global sea level has been rising.
Category: Carbon dioxide
Claim: Individual carbon dioxide molecules have a short life time of around 5 years in the atmosphere.
Evidence: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere is a trace gas, currently (mid 2018) having a global average concentration of 409 parts per million by volume (or 622 parts per million by mass).
Evidence: This is due to carbon dioxide's very long lifetime in the atmosphere.
Evidence: Carbon dioxide is of greatest concern because it exerts a larger overall warming influence than all of these other gases combined and because it has a long atmospheric lifetime (hundreds to thousands of years).
Category: Cloud
Claim: "Cloud cover in models is poorly treated and inaccurately predicted.
Evidence: "Marine boundary layer clouds at the heart of tropical cloud feedback uncertainties in climate models".
Evidence: It also includes prognosis, an awareness of what might happen next.
Evidence: Predictive utility of an objective measure of situation awareness.
Evidence: Leading global models produce quite different results, however, with some showing increasing low clouds and others showing decreases.
Category: Global warming
Claim: More than 100 climate models over the past 30 years did not predict what actually happened because it was assumed carbon dioxide had the pivotal role in driving climate change and that the effects of clouds, back-radiation and the sun were trivial.
Evidence: "How the oceans absorb carbon dioxide is critical for predicting climate change".
Evidence: They judge that global mean surface air temperature has increased by 0.3 to 0.6 °C over the last 100 years, broadly consistent with prediction of climate models, but also of the same magnitude as natural climate variability.
Evidence: (2007) allowed for the possibility that climate models had been underestimated the effect of solar forcing.
Evidence: Computer models are run on supercomputers to reproduce and predict the circulation of the oceans, the annual cycle of the seasons, and the flows of carbon between the land surface and the atmosphere.
Category: Climate change denial
Claim: In truth, the overwhelming majority of climate-research funding comes from the federal government and left-wing foundations.
Evidence: Between 2003 and 2013, the donor-advised funds Donors Trust and Donors Capital Fund, combined, were the largest funders, accounting for about one quarter of the total funds, and the American Enterprise Institute was the largest recipient, 16% of the total funds.
Evidence: Proponents of the bill argued that it would provide steady funding to support research and restoration projects, funded primarily by dedicating 12.5% of revenues from offshore energy development, including oil, gas, and renewable energy, through offshore lease sales and production based royalty payments, distributed through a competitive grant program.
Category: Greenhouse gas
Claim: Ben Santer rewrote the 1995 IPCC report
Evidence: A Contribution of Working Groups I, II, and III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).
Evidence: The IPCC published its First Assessment Report (FAR) in 1990, a supplementary report in 1992, a Second Assessment Report (SAR) in 1995, a Third Assessment Report (TAR) in 2001, a Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) in 2007 and a Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) in 2014.
Evidence: The IPCC First Assessment Report (FAR) was completed in 1990, and served as the basis of the UNFCCC.
Category: Terraforming of Mars
Claim: If CO2 was so terrible for the planet, then installing a CO2 generator in a greenhouse would kill the plants.
Evidence: Because its atmosphere consists mainly of CO 2, a known greenhouse gas, once Mars begins to heat, the CO 2 may help to keep thermal energy near the surface.
Evidence: These gases are proposed for introduction because they generate a greenhouse effect thousands of times stronger than that of CO 2.
Category: Atlantic hurricane
Claim: There’s no trend in hurricane-related flooding in the U.S.
Evidence: While the number of storms in the Atlantic has increased since 1995, there is no obvious global trend.
Evidence: North Carolina experiences severe weather in both summer and winter, with summer bringing threat of hurricanes, tropical storms, heavy rain, and flooding.
Evidence: Storm surge and heavy rainfall contributed to flooding, particularly in low-lying locales and across New Hampshire.
Category: Carbon dioxide
Claim: Just 1.25 per cent of the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere-ocean system has been released by ­humans in the past 250 years.
Evidence: Most of the CO 2 taken up by the ocean, which is about 30% of the total released into the atmosphere, forms carbonic acid in equilibrium with bicarbonate.
Evidence: Human activities emit about 29 billion tons of carbon dioxide per year, while volcanoes emit between 0.2 and 0.3 billion tons.
Evidence: Currently, about half of the carbon dioxide released from the burning of fossil fuels remains in the atmosphere and is not absorbed by vegetation and the oceans.
Category: Sea level rise
Claim: By 2050 there’s a scientific consensus that we reached the tipping point for ice sheets in Greenland and the West Antarctic
Evidence: "A tipping point in refreezing accelerates mass loss of Greenland's glaciers and ice caps".
Evidence: A study published in 2017 concluded that Greenland's peripheral glaciers and ice caps crossed an irreversible tipping point around 1997, and will continue to melt.
Evidence: A 2019 UNEP study indicates that now at least for the Arctic and the Greenland ice sheet a tipping point has already been reached.
Category: Tropical cyclone
Claim: The heaviest precipitation events will become more frequent and more extreme.
Evidence: The eyewall is where the greatest wind speeds are found, air rises most rapidly, clouds reach their highest altitude, and precipitation is the heaviest.
Evidence: "Global Measured Extremes of Temperature and Precipitation".
Evidence: Almost all of India is flood-prone, and extreme precipitation events, such as flash floods and torrential rains, have become increasingly common in central India over the past several decades, coinciding with rising temperatures.
Category: Tundra
Claim: That drop in temperature came after what was described in the National Geographic as 'six decades of abnormal warmth'."
Evidence: During the winter it is very cold and dark, with the average temperature around −28 °C (−18 °F), sometimes dipping as low as −50 °C (−58 °F).
Evidence: All these effects can combine to produce a dramatic drop in sea surface temperature over a large area in just a few days.
Evidence: Generally daytime temperatures during the summer rise to about 12 °C (54 °F) but can often drop to 3 °C (37 °F) or even below freezing.
Evidence: The period from 1983 to 2012 was likely the warmest 30-year period of the last 1400 years in the Northern Hemisphere, where such assessment is possible (medium confidence).
Evidence: "The next five years will be 'anomalously warm,' scientists predict".
Category: Global warming
Claim: Over the last decade, heatwaves are five times more likely than if there had been no global warming.
Evidence: Since the 1950s, droughts and heat waves have appeared simultaneously with increasing frequency.
Evidence: In the last 30–40 years, heat waves with high humidity have become more frequent and severe.
Evidence: The effects of climate change have been projected to make heat waves in places such as Europe up to five times more likely to occur.
Category: Polar bear
Claim: “A leading Canadian authority on polar bears, Mitch Taylor, said: ‘We’re  seeing an increase in bears that’s really unprecedented, and in places  where we’re seeing a decrease in the population
Evidence: In Nunavut, some Inuit have reported increases in bear sightings around human settlements in recent years, leading to a belief that populations are increasing.
Evidence: [citation needed] In 2012, a survey of caribou herds found that the local population was only about 5,000, a decrease of as much as 95% from the 1990s.
Category: Mind–body dualism
Claim: With that in mind, they propose a plausible and terrifying “2050 scenario” whereby humanity could face irreversible collapse in just three decades.
Evidence: Naturalistic dualism comes from Australian philosopher, David Chalmers (born 1966) who argues there is an explanatory gap between objective and subjective experience that cannot be bridged by reductionism because consciousness is, at least, logically autonomous of the physical properties upon which it supervenes.
Evidence: He proposed a scenario with a cat in a locked steel chamber, wherein the cat's life or death depended on the state of a radioactive atom, whether it had decayed and emitted radiation or not.
Evidence: Chalmers' argument is that it seems plausible that such a being could exist because all that is needed is that all and only the things that the physical sciences describe and observe about a human being must be true of the zombie.
Category: Climate change in Australia
Claim: alarmists here are taking overwhelmingly good news about global warming improving plant health and making it seem like this good news is actually bad news because healthier plants mean more pollen.
Evidence: [clarification needed] Predictions measuring the effects of global warming on Australia assert that global warming will negatively impact the continent's environment, economy, and communities.
Evidence: Biodiversity's relevance to human health is becoming an international political issue, as scientific evidence builds on the global health implications of biodiversity loss.
Evidence: "Doctors Warn Climate Change Threatens Public Health; Physicians are noticing an influx of patients whose illnesses are directly or indirectly related to global warming".
Category: Greenland
Claim: Yet a study published just this week, by the Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research in Bergen, Norway, found that the natural climate system can change abruptly, without the need for any external forces.
Evidence: Analysis of the layering and chemical composition of the cores has provided a revolutionary new record of climate change in the Northern Hemisphere going back about 100,000 years and illustrated that the world's weather and temperature have often shifted rapidly from one seemingly stable state to another, with worldwide consequences.
Evidence: The centres key areas of research is natural variability in the Earth system and man-made climate change.
Evidence: Asgeir Sorteberg in the Special Report on managing the risks of extreme events and disasters to advance climate change adaption (SREX).
Evidence: The Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research is a climate research centre in Bergen, Norway.
Category: Global warming
Claim: Methane plays a minor role in global warming but could get much worse if permafrost starts to melt.
Evidence: Arctic amplification also causes methane to be released as permafrost melts, which is expected to surpass land use changes as the second strongest anthropogenic source of greenhouse gases by the end of the century.
Evidence: "Methane release from melting permafrost could trigger dangerous global warming".
Evidence: The consequence is thawing soil, which may be weaker, and release of methane, which contributes to an increased rate of global warming as part of a feedback loop.
Evidence: It is thought that permafrost thawing could exacerbate global warming by releasing methane and other hydrocarbons, which are powerful greenhouse gases.
Category: Criticism of NASCAR
Claim: What you were not told was that the data that triggered this record is only available back to the late 1970s.
Evidence: The Car of Tomorrow was first tested in December 2005, and was first revealed to the public in 2006, with numerous safety improvements being touted.
Evidence: The Inspector General investigation by Michael E. Horowitz, published December 9, 2019, expressed doubts about the dossier's reliability and sources: The FBI concluded, among other things, that although consistent with known efforts by Russia to interfere in the 2016 U.S. elections, much of the material in the Steele election reports, including allegations about Donald Trump and members of the Trump campaign relied upon in the Carter Page FISA applications, could not be corroborated; that certain allegations were inaccurate or inconsistent with information gathered by the Crossfire Hurricane team; and that the limited information that was corroborated related to time, location, and title information, much of which was publicly available.
Evidence: The FBI Operation Crossfire Hurricane investigation into Russian interference, which started on July 31, 2016, was not triggered by the dossier, but the dossier is still the subject of the Russia investigation origins counter-narrative, a conspiracy theory pushed by Trump and Fox News.
Category: 20th century
Claim: We didn't have global warming during the Industrial Revolution.
Evidence: The average global temperature on Earth has increased by about 0.8° Celsius (1.4° Fahrenheit) since 1880; Two-thirds of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15-0.20 °C per decade.
Evidence: Climate proxy records show that natural variations offset the early effects of the Industrial Revolution, so there was little net warming between the 18th century and the mid-19th century, when thermometer records began to provide global coverage.
Evidence: Before the Industrial Revolution, naturally occurring amounts of greenhouse gases caused the air near the surface to be warmer by about 33 °C (59 °F) than it would be in their absence.
Evidence: Human activity since the Industrial Revolution has increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to increased radiative forcing from CO2, methane, tropospheric ozone, CFCs, and nitrous oxide.
Category: Greenhouse gas
Claim: CO2 does not cause climate change, it RESPONDS to it [...]
Evidence: "Blaming cities for climate change?
Evidence: "Correction to "Control of fossil-fuel particulate black carbon and organic matter, possibly the most effective method of slowing global warming."".
Evidence: A new statement, adopted by the society in 2003, revised in 2007, and revised and expanded in 2013, affirms that rising levels of greenhouse gases have caused and will continue to cause the global surface temperature to be warmer: Human activities are changing Earth's climate.
Evidence: "Adaptation To Global Climate Change Is An Essential Response To A Warming Planet".
Category: El Niño–Southern Oscillation
Claim: The data suggests solar activity is influencing the global climate causing the world to get warmer."
Evidence: The studies of historical data show the recent El Niño variation is most likely linked to global warming.
Evidence: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.
Evidence: Climate scientists have reached a consensus that the earth is undergoing significant anthropogenic (human-induced) global warming.
Evidence: Danish physicist Henrik Svensmark has controversially argued that because solar variation modulates the cosmic ray flux on Earth, they would consequently affect the rate of cloud formation and hence be an indirect cause of global warming.
Category: Ice shelf
Claim: “Right now, the shelf works like a giant bottle-stopper that slows down ice trying to flow from the land into the sea.
Evidence: That flow continually moves ice from the grounding line to the seaward front of the shelf.
Evidence: The Ross Ice Shelf pushes out into the sea at between 1.5 and 3 m (5 and 10 ft) a day.
Category: Global warming
Claim: Newspaper Article from 1922 Discusses Arctic Ocean Climate Change
Evidence: Both the terms global warming and climate change were used only occasionally until 1975, when Wallace Smith Broecker published a scientific paper on the topic, "Climatic Change: Are We on the Brink of a Pronounced Global Warming?".
Evidence: Regional impacts of climate change are now observable on all continents and across ocean regions.
Evidence: February 14, 1926.
Evidence: July 4, 1923.
Evidence: rising sea levels, shrinking Arctic sea ice).
Category: Ice age
Claim: Postma disproved the greenhouse effect.
Evidence: The ice age continues until the reduction in weathering causes an increase in the greenhouse effect.
Evidence: It was demonstrated experimentally (R. W. Wood, 1909) that a (not heated) "greenhouse" with a cover of rock salt (which is transparent to infrared) heats up an enclosure similarly to one with a glass cover.
Evidence: The consensus theory of the scientific community is that the resulting greenhouse effect is a principal cause of the increase in global warming which has occurred over the same period, and a chief contributor to the accelerated melting of the remaining glaciers and polar ice.
Category: Arctic Ocean
Claim: Most people expect this year will see a record low in the Arctic’s summer sea-ice cover.
Evidence: It is partly covered by sea ice throughout the year and almost completely in winter.
Evidence: The previous record of the lowest area of the Arctic Ocean covered by ice in 2012 saw a low of 1.58 million square miles (4.09 million square kilometers).
Evidence: "Absurd January Warmth in Arctic Brings Record-Low Sea Ice Extent".
Category: Climatic Research Unit email controversy
Claim: The Independent Climate Change Email Review investigated the CRU scientists' actions relating to peer review.
Evidence: The review would also scrutinise the CRU's policies and practices for "acquiring, assembling, subjecting to peer review, and disseminating data and research findings" and "their compliance or otherwise with best scientific practice".
Evidence: On 22 March 2010 the university announced the composition of an independent Science Assessment Panel to reassess key CRU papers that have already been peer-reviewed and published in journals.
Evidence: The report, issued on 18 February 2011, cleared the researchers and "did not find any evidence that NOAA inappropriately manipulated data or failed to adhere to appropriate peer review procedures".
Evidence: The Independent Climate Change Email Review, an independent review funded by the University of East Anglia and chaired by Sir Muir Russell, examined allegations that the emails showed attempts to undermine normal procedures of publication.
Category: Hockey stick controversy
Claim: In a paper published online this week in the Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmosphere, economics professor Ross McKitrick says the resulting discrepancies may be leading to an overstatement of the role of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
Evidence: On the day of publication, the ExxonMobil funded lobbying website Tech Central Station issued a press release headed "TCS Newsflash: Important Global Warming Study Audited – Numerous Errors Found; New Research Reveals the UN IPCC 'Hockey Stick' Theory of Climate Change is Flawed" announcing that "Canadian business executive Stephen McIntyre and economist Ross McKitrick have presented more evidence that the 20th century wasn't the warmest on record".
Evidence: At a meeting of the American Geophysical Union (December 17, 2008), scientists detailed evidence in support of the controversial idea that the introduction of large-scale rice agriculture in Asia, coupled with extensive deforestation in Europe began to alter world climate by pumping significant amounts of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere over the last 1,000 years.
Category: Flood
Claim: I conclude that it must be ice accumulation, through evaporation of ocean water, and subsequent precipitation turning into ice.
Evidence: Some precipitation evaporates, some slowly percolates through soil, some may be temporarily sequestered as snow or ice, and some may produce rapid runoff from surfaces including rock, pavement, roofs, and saturated or frozen ground.
Evidence: Much of this precipitation began as water vapor evaporated from the ocean surface.
Evidence: Each year about 8 mm (0.31 in) of precipitation (liquid equivalent) falls on the ice sheets in Antarctica and Greenland, mostly as snow, which accumulates and over time forms glacial ice.
Category: Gulf Stream
Claim: On the other side of the Atlantic ocean, climates are typically milder as a result of the cooling from the Gulf Stream.
Evidence: East winds moving over this warm water move warm air from over the Gulf Stream inland, helping to keep temperatures milder across the state than elsewhere across the Southeast during the winter.
Evidence: Although there has been recent debate, there is consensus that the climate of Western Europe and Northern Europe is warmer than it would otherwise be due to the North Atlantic Current which is the northeastern section of the Gulf Stream.
Category: New York City
Claim: The number of record high temperature events in the United States has been increasing, while the number of record low temperature events has been decreasing, since 1950.
Evidence: The warmest year on record is 2012, with a mean temperature of 57.4 °F (14.1 °C).
Evidence: The warmest month on record is July 1999, with a mean temperature of 81.4 °F (27.4 °C).
Evidence: Global surface temperatures in 2016 had increased about 1.0 °C since the 1901.
Evidence: Over most land areas since the 1950s, it is very likely that at all times of year both days and nights have become warmer due to human activities.
Category: Proxy (climate)
Claim: Since the hockey stick paper in 1998, there have been a number of proxy studies analysing a variety of different sources including corals, stalagmites, tree rings, boreholes and ice cores.
Evidence: Examples of proxies include ice cores, tree rings, sub-fossil pollen, boreholes, corals, lake and ocean sediments, and carbonate speleothems.
Evidence: Several studies, including and have compiled box and gravity cores in the North Pacific analyzing them for palynological content to determine the distribution of dinocysts and their relationships with sea surface temperature, salinity, productivity and upwelling.
Evidence: Paleoclimatology uses a variety of proxy methods from the Earth and life sciences to obtain data previously preserved within rocks, sediments, boreholes, ice sheets, tree rings, corals, shells, and microfossils.
Category: Renewable energy commercialization
Claim: There are already more American jobs in the solar industry than in coal mining.
Evidence: A key benefit that this investment growth brings is a growth in jobs.
Evidence: "Today's Energy Jobs Are in Solar, Not Coal".
Evidence: Cerrejón directly employs 4,600 workers, with a further 3,800 employed by contractors.
Evidence: The country's coal industry employs about 500,000 people.
Evidence: Renewable power has been more effective in creating jobs than coal or oil in the United States.
Category: Glossary of geography terms
Claim: Temperature errors in the Great Lakes region are not incorporated in any of the global mean temperature records.
Evidence: It is characterized by high annual precipitation and the absence of any significant seasonal variation in temperature.
Category: Global warming
Claim: Adapting to global warming is cheaper than preventing it
Evidence: Successful adaptation is easier if there are substantial emission reductions.
Evidence: Adaptation is especially important in developing countries since those countries are bearing the brunt of the effects of global warming.
Evidence: The capacity and potential for humans to adapt, called adaptive capacity, is unevenly distributed across different regions and populations, and developing countries generally have less capacity to adapt.
Category: Global warming
Claim: No known natural forcing fits the fingerprints of observed warming except anthropogenic greenhouse gases.
Evidence: Climate change may be due to natural internal processes or external forcings such as modulations of the solar cycles, volcanic eruptions and persistent anthropogenic changes in the composition of the atmosphere or in land use."
Evidence: Attributing detected temperature changes and extreme events to human-caused increases in greenhouse gases requires scientists to rule out known internal climate variability and natural external forcings.
Evidence: The spatial and temporal fingerprint of warming can be traced to increasing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, which are a direct result of burning fossil fuels, broad-scale deforestation and other human activity."
Evidence: Human activity since the Industrial Revolution has increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to increased radiative forcing from CO2, methane, tropospheric ozone, CFCs, and nitrous oxide.
Category: Kyoto Protocol
Claim: The Schmittner et al. study finds low probability of both very low and very high climate sensitivities, and its lower estimate (as compared to the IPCC) is based on a new temperature reconstruction of the Last Glacial Maximum that may or may not withstand the test of time.
Evidence: The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC, 2007) have produced a range of projections of what the future increase in global mean temperature might be.
Evidence: Compared to the previous report, the lower bounds for the sensitivity of the climate system to emissions were slightly lowered, though the projections for global mean temperature rise (compared to pre-industrial levels) by 2100 exceeded 1.5 °C in all scenarios.
Evidence: For constant humidity they computed a climate sensitivity of 2.3 °C per doubling of CO2 (which they rounded to 2, the value most often quoted from their work, in the abstract of the paper).
Evidence: The IPCC Fifth Assessment Report reverted to the earlier range of 1.5 to 4.5 °C (2.7 to 8.1 °F) (high confidence) because some estimates using industrial-age data came out low.
Category: Breathing
Claim: Reefs need carbon dioxide; it’s their basic food.
Evidence: All aerobic creatures need oxygen for cellular respiration, which uses the oxygen to break down foods for energy and produces carbon dioxide as a waste product.
Evidence: Ocean acidification is the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's oceans, caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide (CO 2) from the atmosphere.
Evidence: Marine life plays an important part in the carbon cycle as photosynthetic organisms convert dissolved carbon dioxide into organic carbon and it is economically important to humans for providing fish for use as food.
Category: Christopher Monckton, 3rd Viscount Monckton of Brenchley
Claim: Monckton appears to have cherry-picked temperature data from a few stations.
Evidence: Monckton's opinions contradict the scientific opinion on climate change, where there is consensus for anthropogenic global warming, and show a decisive link between carbon dioxide concentration and global average temperatures.
Evidence: Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010 Station Data.
Evidence: Gear, clothes, and sleeping bags were constantly iced up; on 5 July, the temperature fell below −77 °F (−61 °C)—"109 degrees of frost—as cold as anyone would want to endure in darkness and iced up clothes", wrote Cherry-Garrard.
Category: Ice age
Claim: And  since the last ice age ended almost exactly 11,500 years ago…" (Ice Age Now)
Evidence: During the most recent North American glaciation, during the latter part of the Last Glacial Maximum (26,000 to 13,300 years ago), ice sheets extended to about 45th parallel north.
Evidence: Accordingly, at glacial times the humid climatic belt that today is situated several latitude degrees further to the S, was shifted much further to the N. Although the last glacial period ended more than 8,000 years ago, its effects can still be felt today.
Category: Physical impacts of climate change
Claim: The most recent ocean measurements show consistent warming.
Evidence: From 1961 to 2003, the global ocean temperature has risen by 0.10 °C from the surface to a depth of 700 m. There is variability both year-to-year and over longer time scales, with global ocean heat content observations showing high rates of warming for 1991 to 2003, but some cooling from 2003 to 2007.
Evidence: The IPCC Fourth Assessment Report stated that: Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, as evidenced by increases in global average air and ocean temperatures, the widespread melting of snow and ice, and rising global average sea level.
Evidence: The warming evident in the instrumental temperature record is consistent with a wide range of observations, documented by many independent scientific groups; for example, in most continental regions the frequency and intensity of heavy precipitation has increased.
Evidence: The global average and combined land and ocean surface temperature, show a warming of 0.85 [0.65 to 1.06] °C, in the period 1880 to 2012, based on multiple independently produced datasets.
Category: Ocean acidification
Claim: They can now model how likely a specific event would be to occur under historical conditions, compared to the record temperatures we’re experiencing.
Evidence: A 2012 paper in the journal Science examined the geological record in an attempt to find a historical analog for current global conditions as well as those of the future.
Evidence: Compared to climate change for the past millennium, even the smallest exchange modeled would plunge the planet into temperatures colder than the Little Ice Age (the period of history between approximately 1600 and 1850 AD).
Evidence: The authors used computational models developed by NCAR to simulate the climatic effects of a soot cloud that they suggest would be a result, of a regional nuclear war in which 100 "small" (15 Kt) weapons are detonated over cities.
Category: Climatic Research Unit email controversy
Claim: In an interview with the BBC after the scandal broke, Dr Jones admitted there had been no statistically significant global warming since 1995
Evidence: Here is the quote: "The fact is that we can't account for the lack of warming at the moment and it is a travesty that we can't."
Evidence: Nature considered that emails had not shown anything that undermined the scientific case on human-caused global warming or raised any substantive reasons for concern about the researchers' own papers.
Category: Climate change in the United States
Claim: “Scientists have published strong evidence that the warming climate is making heat waves more frequent and intense.
Evidence: A report released in March 2012 by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) confirmed that a strong body of evidence links global warming to an increase in heat waves, a rise in episodes of heavy rainfall and other precipitation, and more frequent coastal flooding.
Evidence: "More Intense, More Frequent, and Longer Lasting Heat Waves in the 21st Century".
Evidence: In the last 30–40 years, heat waves with high humidity have become more frequent and severe.
Evidence: Since the 1950s, droughts and heat waves have appeared simultaneously with increasing frequency.
Category: Arctic
Claim: Arctic sea ice has been retreating over the past 30 years.
Evidence: Due to the poleward migration of the planet's isotherms (about 56 km (35 mi) per decade during the past 30 years as a consequence of global warming), the Arctic region (as defined by tree line and temperature) is currently shrinking.
Evidence: "What drove the dramatic arctic sea ice retreat during summer 2007?".
Evidence: "Antarctica ice melt has accelerated by 280% in the last 4 decades".
Evidence: A composite record of Arctic ice demonstrates that the floes' retreat began around 1900, experiencing more rapid melting beginning within the past 50 years.
Category: Global warming
Claim: Over time, climate becomes a net problem: by the 2070s, the UN Climate Panel finds that global warming will likely cause damage equivalent to 0.2 per cent to 2 per cent of global GDP.
Evidence: The 10th Emissions Gap Report issued by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) predicts that if emissions continue to increase at the same rate as they have in 2010–2020, global temperatures would rise by as much as 4° by 2100.
Evidence: (2001) concluded that world GDP would change by plus or minus a few percent for a small increase in global mean temperature (up to around 2 °C relative to the 1990 temperature level).
Category: Weather
Claim: However, weather imposes its own dramatic ups and downs over the long term trend.
Evidence: In some situations, the temperature actually increases with height.
Evidence: Aside from climatic changes that have caused the gradual drift of populations (for example the desertification of the Middle East, and the formation of land bridges during glacial periods), extreme weather events have caused smaller scale population movements and intruded directly in historical events.
Evidence: Surface temperature differences in turn cause pressure differences.
Category: Early 2014 North American cold wave
Claim: the media created the term "polar vortex" and the cold air proves "the ice isn't melting."
Evidence: This phenomenon has been suggested by some to result from the rapid melting of polar sea ice, which replaces white, reflective ice with dark, absorbent open water (i.e., the albedo of this region has decreased).
Evidence: A cumulonimbus incus cloud top is one that has spread out into a clear anvil shape as a result of rising air currents hitting the stability layer at the tropopause where the air no longer continues to get colder with increasing altitude.