Danthammadhavi/climate_fever_fixed huggingface dataset:
Category: Palm oil
Claim: For instance, wind turbines kill birds and insects, and palm-oil plantations destroy the biodiversity of the rainforests
Evidence: However palm oil cultivation has been criticized for its impact on the natural environment, including deforestation, loss of natural habitats, and greenhouse gas emissions which have threatened critically endangered species, such as the orangutan and Sumatran tiger.
Evidence: Forests support biodiversity, providing habitat for wildlife; moreover, forests foster medicinal conservation.
Category: Scientific consensus on climate change
Claim: "An article in Science magazine illustrated that a rise in carbon dioxide did not precede a rise in temperatures, but actually lagged behind temperature rises by 200 to 1000 years.
Evidence: Carbon dioxide concentrations were relatively stable for the past 10,000 years but then began to increase rapidly about 150 years ago…as a result of fossil fuel consumption and land use change.
Category: Cambridge, Massachusetts
Claim: ‘We could be decades too fast, or decades too slow,’said one of them, Robert M. DeConto of the University of Massachusetts, Amherst.
Evidence: March 26, 1892. p. 11.
Evidence: from year to year, made possible the new M.A.C.
Category: Climate change (general concept)
Claim: There have long been claims that some unspecificed "they" has "changed the name from 'global warming' to 'climate change'".
Evidence: The term "climate change" is often used to refer specifically to anthropogenic climate change (also known as global warming).
Evidence: In addition to referring to the IPCC as "[the] world's best climate scientists", they stated that climate change is happening as "the result of emissions since industrialization and we have already set in motion the next 50 years of global warming – what we do from now on will determine how worse it will get."
Category: Greenhouse gas
Claim: The top five countries for passenger aviation-related carbon emissions were rounded out by China, the United Kingdom, Japan, and Germany.
Evidence: Based on annual emissions data from the year 2004, and on a per-capita consumption basis, the top-5 emitting countries were found to be (in tCO 2 per person, per year): Luxembourg (34.7), the US (22.0), Singapore (20.2), Australia (16.7), and Canada (16.6).
Category: Global warming
Claim: Back in the late 1980s, the UN claimed that if global warming were not checked by 2000, rising sea levels would wash entire counties away.
Evidence: rising sea levels, shrinking Arctic sea ice).
Category: Runaway greenhouse effect
Claim: Thus rather than a "doomsday" cycle of runaway warming, Mother Earth appears surprisingly tolerant of carbon, decreasing atmospheric levels of water vapor -- a more effective greenhouse gas -- to compensate.
Evidence: An increase in temperature from greenhouse gases leading to increased water vapor (which is itself a greenhouse gas) causing further warming is a positive feedback, but not a runaway effect, on Earth.
Evidence: Eventually other earth processes offset these positive feedbacks, stabilizing the global temperature at a new equilibrium and preventing the loss of Earth's water through a Venus-like runaway greenhouse effect.
Category: Holocene glacial retreat
Claim: While there are isolated cases of growing glaciers, the overwhelming trend in glaciers worldwide is retreat.
Evidence: The Holocene glacial retreat is a geographical phenomenon that involved the global deglaciation of glaciers that previously had advanced during the Last Glacial Maximum.
Evidence: Following the Little Ice Age's end around 1850, glaciers around the Earth have retreated substantially.
Category: Arctic sea ice decline
Claim: Most people expect this year will see a record low in the Arctic’s summer sea-ice cover.
Evidence: The Arctic sea ice minimum is the day in a given year when Arctic sea ice reaches its smallest extent, occurring at the end of the summer melting season, normally during September.
Category: Coronal cloud
Claim: The lack of any sunspots suggests the current solar minimum is one of the 'deepest' in 100 years.
Evidence: By this point, the sunspots are all but gone.
Category: Greenhouse gas
Claim: Eleven percent of all global greenhouse gas emissions caused by humans are caused by deforestation — comparable to the emissions from all of the cars and trucks on the planet.
Evidence: Land-use change, such as deforestation, caused about 31% of cumulative emissions over 1870–2017, coal 32%, oil 25%, and gas 10%.
Evidence: Tropical deforestation is responsible for approximately 20% of world greenhouse gas emissions.
Category: Greenhouse gas
Claim: Warmer seasons or triennial phases are followed by an atmosphere that is rich in CO2, reflecting the gas solving or exsolving from water, and not photosynthesis activity.
Evidence: Natural sources of carbon dioxide are more than 20 times greater than sources due to human activity, but over periods longer than a few years natural sources are closely balanced by natural sinks, mainly photosynthesis of carbon compounds by plants and marine plankton.
Category: Bioterrorism
Claim: The knock-on consequences affect national security, as the scale of the challenges involved, such as pandemic disease outbreaks, are overwhelming.
Evidence: These high-priority agents pose a risk to national security, can be easily transmitted and disseminated, result in high mortality, have potential major public health impact, may cause public panic, or require special action for public health preparedness.
Category: Global warming
Claim: IPCC overestimate temperature rise
Evidence: Global warming is the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.
Category: Little Ice Age
Claim: The record warm years of 2015 and 2016 were primarily caused by the super El Nino.’”
Evidence: The Little Ice Age (LIA) was a period of cooling that occurred after the Medieval Warm Period.
Category: Global warming
Claim: “Scientists have published strong evidence that the warming climate is making heat waves more frequent and intense.
Evidence: Climate change also increases droughts and heat waves that inhibit plant growth, which makes it uncertain whether this balancing feedback will persist in the future.
Category: Attribution of recent climate change
Claim: The idea that climate change is producing heat records across the Earth is among the most egregious manipulations of data in the absurd global warming debate.
Evidence: Attribution of recent climate change is the effort to scientifically ascertain mechanisms responsible for recent global warming and related climate changes on Earth.
Category: Global warming
Claim: They changed the name from “global warming” to “climate change” after the term global warming just wasn’t working (it was too cold)!
Evidence: Both the terms global warming and climate change were used only occasionally until 1975, when Wallace Smith Broecker published a scientific paper on the topic, "Climatic Change: Are We on the Brink of a Pronounced Global Warming?".
Evidence: Research in the 1950s suggested that temperatures were increasing, and a 1952 newspaper used the term "climate change".
Category: Sea level rise
Claim: Ocean levels have been rising for the last 20,000 years[…] No climate scientist can tell you when natural sea level rise stopped and man-made sea level rise began.
Evidence: Since at least the start of the 20th century, the average global sea level has been rising.
Evidence: At the last glacial maximum, some 20,000 years ago, the sea level was 120 metres (390 ft) below its present-day level.
Evidence: The rate of rise started to slow down about 8,200 years before present; the sea level was almost constant in the last 2,500 years, before the recent rising trend that started at the end of the 19th century or in the beginning of the 20th.
Category: Greenland
Claim: Greenland's ice loss is accelerating & will add metres of sea level rise in upcoming centuries.
Evidence: The glaciers of Greenland are also contributing to a rise in the global sea level faster than was previously believed.
Category: Evolution
Claim: Our evolving dynamic planet has survived[…] mass extinctions
Evidence: The Holocene extinction event is an ongoing mass extinction associated with humanity's expansion across the globe over the past few thousand years.
Evidence: In the history of life on Earth, biodiversity has gone through long periods of expansion, occasionally punctuated by mass extinctions.
Category: Retreat of glaciers since 1850
Claim: Ice cap is disappearing far more rapidly than previously estimated, and is part of a long-term trend, new research shows
Evidence: A 2019 study showed that Antarctica is losing ice six times faster than it was 40 years ago.
Category: Global warming
Claim: Clearly, other factors besides atmospheric carbon influence earth temperatures and global warming."
Evidence: It is expected that most ecosystems will be affected by higher atmospheric CO2 levels and higher global temperatures.
Category: Paleolithic
Claim: Humans have been through climate changes before- but mostly cold ones and
Evidence: The Earth has been in an Ice House Climate for the last 30 million years.
Category: Scientific consensus on climate change
Claim: “Today climate scientists are obsessed with the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, a very very small part of the overall picture.
Evidence: At the global level, atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide and other heat-trapping greenhouse gases have increased sharply since the Industrial Revolution.
Category: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
Claim: "However, a single scientist, Dr. Ben Santer of Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, rewrote the draft at the IPCC’s request, deleting all five statements, replacing them with a single statement to the effect that a human influence on global climate was now discernible, and making some 200 consequential amendments.
Evidence: The balance of evidence suggests a discernible human influence on global climate (considerable progress since the 1990 report in distinguishing between natural and anthropogenic influences on climate, because of: including aerosols; coupled models; pattern-based studies) Climate is expected to continue to change in the future (increasing realism of simulations increases confidence; important uncertainties remain but are taken into account in the range of model projections) There are still many uncertainties (estimates of future emissions and biogeochemical cycling; models; instrument data for model testing, assessment of variability, and detection studies) The Third Assessment Report (TAR) was completed in 2001 and consists of four reports, three of them from its Working Groups: Working Group I: The Scientific Basis Working Group II: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability Working Group III: Mitigation Synthesis Report A number of the TAR's conclusions are given quantitative estimates of how probable it is that they are correct, e.g., greater than 66% probability of being correct.
Category: Global warming
Claim: [Ice] is expanding in much of Antarctica, contrary to the widespread public belief that global warming is melting the continental ice cap.
Evidence: The remainder of the additional energy has melted ice and warmed the continents and the atmosphere.
Category: Latvia
Claim: "January 2008 capped a 12 month period of global temperature drops on all of the major well respected indicators.
Evidence: With average temperature +8.1 °C (47 °F).
Category: Pacific decadal oscillation
Claim: In 1905, PDO switched to a warm phase.
Evidence: During the positive phase the wintertime Aleutian low is deepened and shifted southward, warm/humid air is advected along the North American west coast and temperatures are higher than usual from the Pacific Northwest to Alaska but below normal in Mexico and the Southeastern United States.
Category: Global warming
Claim: But his results are evidence that the actual climate sensitivity is about 3°C for a doubling of atmospheric CO2.
Evidence: Arrhenius calculated the temperature increase expected from doubling CO 2 to be around 5-6 °C.
Category: Greenland
Claim: Greenland has only lost a tiny fraction of its ice mass
Evidence: Findings show that Greenland has lost 3.8 trillion tonnes of ice since 1992, enough to raise sea levels by almost 11mm (1.06cm).
Category: Urban heat island
Claim: The warming trend is the same in rural and urban areas, measured by thermometers and satellites.
Evidence: This was done by using satellite-based night-light detection of urban areas, and more thorough homogenisation of the time series (with corrections, for example, for the tendency of surrounding rural stations to be slightly higher in elevation, and thus cooler, than urban areas).
Evidence: After trends were adjusted in urban weather stations around the world to match rural stations in their regions, in an effort to homogenise the temperature record, in 42 percent of cases, cities were getting cooler relative to their surroundings rather than warmer.
Category: Climate change (general concept)
Claim: ‘We don’t expect record years every year, but the ongoing long-term warming trend is clear.’”
Evidence: Climate change is a long-term, sustained trend of change in climate.
Category: John Christy
Claim: “‘Those eruptions happened relatively early in our study period, which pushed down temperatures in the first part of the dataset, which caused the overall record to show an exaggerated warming trend,’ Christy said.
Evidence: Since the data correction of August 1998 (and the major La Niña Pacific Ocean warming event of the same year), data collected by satellite instruments has shown an average global warming trend in the atmosphere.
Category: Shale gas
Claim: ” ‘You see, gas in America is incredibly cheap, because of fracking,’ he says.
Evidence: "Will Natural Gas Stay Cheap Enough To Replace Coal And Lower US Carbon Emissions".
Evidence: Shale gas tends to cost more to produce than gas from conventional wells, because of the expense of the massive hydraulic fracturing treatments required to produce shale gas, and of horizontal drilling.
Category: Arctic sea ice decline
Claim: The extent of climate change’s influence on the jet stream is an intense subject of research.
Evidence: Based on effects of Arctic amplification (warming) and ice loss, a study in 2015 concluded that highly amplified jet-stream patterns are occurring more frequently in the past two decades, and that such patterns can not be tied to certain seasons.
Evidence: The factors that control the number of jet streams in a planetary atmosphere is an active area of research in dynamical meteorology.
Category: Thermodynamic temperature
Claim: “Temperature, like viscosity and density, and of course phone numbers, is not something that can be meaningfully averaged. ‘
Evidence: Averaged across any bulk quantity of a gas, the internal thermal motions of molecules have zero net effect upon the temperature, pressure, or volume of a gas.
Category: Climate change (general concept)
Claim: Volcanoes, solar variations, clouds, methane, aerosols - these all change the way energy enters and/or leaves our climate.
Evidence: These include processes such as variations in solar radiation, variations in the Earth's orbit, variations in the albedo or reflectivity of the continents, atmosphere, and oceans, mountain-building and continental drift and changes in greenhouse gas concentrations.
Category: Global warming
Claim: Nor is there any evidence that levels as high as 7,000 ppm of CO2 did or could cause ocean acidity.
Evidence: Higher atmospheric CO2 concentrations have led to an increase in dissolved CO2, which causes ocean acidification.
Category: Global warming
Claim: About 60% of the warming observed from 1970 to 2000 was very likely caused by this natural 60-year climatic cycle during its warming phase...
Evidence: Before the Industrial Revolution, naturally occurring amounts of greenhouse gases caused the air near the surface to be warmer by about 33 °C (59 °F) than it would be in their absence.
Category: Cosmic ray
Claim: Hypothetically, an increasing solar magnetic field could deflect galactic cosmic rays, which hypothetically seed low-level clouds, thus decreasing the Earth's reflectivity and causing global warming.
Evidence: In addition, the Earth's magnetic field acts to deflect cosmic rays from its surface, giving rise to the observation that the flux is apparently dependent on latitude, longitude, and azimuth angle.
Category: Geology
Claim: While geologists have studied events in the past similar to what appears to be happening today, scientists are largely unsure of what lies ahead.
Evidence: Other scientists perform stable-isotope studies on the rocks to gain information about past climate.
Category: Kyoto Protocol and government action
Claim: Meeting the 2025 emissions reduction target alone could subtract $250 billion from our GDP and eliminate 2.7 million jobs.
Evidence: The country has a national objective to reduce emissions by 25% from their 1990 levels by 2020, and a long-term target to reduce emissions 75–80% by 2050.
Category: 20th century
Claim: Actual reconstructions "diverge" from the instrumental series in the last part of 20th century.
Evidence: The Marshall Plan—which spent $13 billion ($100 billion in 2018 US dollars) to rebuild the economies of post-war nations—launched "Pax Americana".
Category: Greenhouse gas
Claim: Those who contribute the least greenhouse gases will be most impacted by climate change.
Evidence: Cumulative anthropogenic (i.e., human-emitted) emissions of CO 2 from fossil fuel use are a major cause of global warming, and give some indication of which countries have contributed most to human-induced climate change.
Category: Wind power
Claim: Renewables can't provide baseload power.
Evidence: about 8% of total nameplate capacity) to be used as reliable, baseload electric power which can be relied on to handle peak loads, as long as minimum criteria are met for wind speed and turbine height.
Category: New Orleans
Claim: “Federal scientists have documented a sharp jump in this nuisance flooding — often called ‘sunny-day flooding’ — along both the East Coast and the Gulf Coast in recent years.
Evidence: As the hurricane passed through the Gulf Coast region, the city's federal flood protection system failed, resulting in the worst civil engineering disaster in American history.
Evidence: The French called the greater territory "New France"; the Spanish continued to claim part of the Gulf coast area (east of Mobile Bay) of present-day southern Alabama, in addition to the entire area of present-day Florida.
Category: Species
Claim: Soares looks at short-term trends which are swamped by natural variations.
Evidence: Darwin argued that it was populations that evolved, not individuals, by natural selection from naturally occurring variation among individuals.
Category: John Christy
Claim: If the same eruptions had happened near the more recent end of the dataset, they could have pushed the overall trend into negative numbers, or a long-term cooling,’ Christy said.”
Evidence: Part of the cooling trend seen by the satellites can be attributed to several years of cooler than normal temperatures and cooling caused by the eruption of the Mount Pinatubo volcano.
Category: Global warming controversy
Claim: A number of independent studies using near-global satellite data find positive feedback and high climate sensitivity.
Evidence: Other analyses have found that the iris effect is a positive feedback rather than the negative feedback proposed by Lindzen.
Category: Global warming
Claim: The long term warming trend indicates the total energy in the Earth's climate system is increasing due to an energy imbalance.
Evidence: Global warming is the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.
Category: Instrumental temperature record
Claim: Climate scientists use the 20th-century average as a benchmark for global temperature measurements.
Evidence: The global average and combined land and ocean surface temperature, show a warming of 0.85 [0.65 to 1.06] °C, in the period 1880 to 2012, based on multiple independently produced datasets.
Category: Effects of global warming
Claim: A recent Nature study expecting more severe hurricanes from global warming still found that damages would halve from 0.04 per cent to 0.02 per cent of global GDP, because the increased ferocity would be more than made up by increased prosperity and resilience.
Evidence: Nevertheless, one recent study has found that potential global economic gains if countries implement mitigation strategies to comply with the 2°C target set at the Paris Agreement are in the vicinity of US$17,000 billion per year up to 2100 compared to a very high emission scenario.
Evidence: (2008) normalized mainland U.S. hurricane damage from 1900 to 2005 to 2005 values and found no remaining trend of increasing absolute damage.
Category: Greenland
Claim: Multiple lines of evidence indicate Greenland's ice loss is accelerating and will contribute sea level rise in the order of metres over the next few centuries.
Evidence: If the Greenland ice sheet were to melt away completely, the world's sea level would rise by more than 7 m (23 ft).
Category: Greenland ice sheet
Claim: The melting Greenland ice sheet is already a major contributor to rising sea level and if it was eventually lost entirely, the oceans would rise by six metres around the world, flooding many of the world’s largest cities.
Evidence: If the entire 2,850,000 km3 (684,000 cu mi) of ice were to melt, global sea levels would rise 7.2 m (24 ft).
Evidence: The Greenland ice sheet occupies about 82% of the surface of Greenland, and if melted would cause sea levels to rise by 7.2 metres.
Category: Global warming
Claim: Doubling the concentration of atmospheric CO2 from its pre-industrial level, in the absence of other forcings and feedbacks, would likely cause a warming of ~0.3°C to 1.1°C.
Evidence: Increased concentrations of gases such as CO 2 (~20%), ozone and N 2O are external forcing on the other hand.
Category: Carbon dioxide
Claim: CO2 limits won't cool the planet.
Evidence: Less energy reaches the upper atmosphere, which is therefore cooler because of this absorption.
Category: Deforestation
Claim: An area of coastal ecosystems larger than New York City is destroyed every year, removing an important buffer from extreme weather for coastal communities and releasing carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.
Evidence: Both the decay and the burning of wood release much of this stored carbon back into the atmosphere.
Category: Scientific consensus on climate change
Claim: With 32 years of  rapidly increasing global temperatures and only a minor increase in  global CO2 emissions, followed by 33 years of slowly cooling global  temperatures with rapid increases in global CO2 emissions, it was  deceitful for the IPCC to make any claim that CO2 emissions were  primarily responsible for observed 20th century global warming."
Evidence: The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change said the likelihood was 90 percent to 99 percent that emissions of heat-trapping greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, spewed from tailpipes and smokestacks, were the dominant cause of the observed warming of the last 50 years.
Evidence: Human-caused increases in greenhouse gases are responsible for most of the observed global average surface warming of roughly 0.8 °C (1.5 °F) over the past 140 years.
Category: Paleocene
Claim: From 1970 until 1998 there was a warming period that raised temperatures by about 0.7 F that helped spawn the global warming alarmist movement.
Evidence: For comparison, the average global temperature for the period between 1951 and 1980 was 14 °C (57 °F).
Category: Global dimming
Claim: Global brightening is caused by changes in cloud cover, reflective aerosols and absorbing aerosols.
Evidence: The particles reflect and absorb sunlight, less sun rays reach Earth surface layers, thus resulting in cooler water and land surface temperatures, and also less cloud formation, subsequently dampening the development of hurricanes.
Category: Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain
Claim: The unlikely scenarios are now, all of a sudden, becoming more probable than they once were thought to be,’ says Sweet.”
Evidence: Therefore, scenarios that are not justified by other evidence or are created to account for the historical evidence have not been universally accepted.
Evidence: On the contrary, there are reasons to believe that this is altogether out of the question."
Category: Point Henry smelter
Claim: The carbon tax is partly to blame for the closure of Alcoa's Point Henry aluminium smelter.
Evidence: The Point Henry aluminium smelter was located near Geelong, Victoria in the suburb of Moolap prior to its closure in 2014.
Category: Global warming controversy
Claim: Arctic greening was recently cited, in a major report by the U.S. Geological Survey, as the central reason that the state of Alaska, despite worsening wildfires and more thaw of permafrost, might still be able to stow away more carbon than it loses over the course of the 21st century.”
Evidence: One theory is that the climate may reach a "tipping point" where positive feedback effects lead to runaway global warming; such feedbacks include decreased reflection of solar radiation as sea ice melts, exposing darker seawater, and the potential release of large volumes of methane from thawing permafrost.
Category: Mount Kilimanjaro
Claim: 'Gore claims the snowcap atop Africa's Mt. Kilimanjaro is shrinking and that global warming is to blame.
Evidence: While the current shrinking and thinning of Kilimanjaro's ice fields appears to be unique within its almost twelve millennium history, it is contemporaneous with widespread glacier retreat in mid-to-low latitudes across the globe.
Category: Carbon dioxide
Claim: that atmospheric CO2 increase that we observe is a product of temperature  increase, and not the other way around, meaning it is a product of  natural variation...
Evidence: Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.
Evidence: But, more accurately, global warming is the mainly human-caused increase in global surface temperatures and its projected continuation, while climate change includes both global warming and its effects, such as changes in precipitation.
Category: Scientific consensus on climate change
Claim: The consensus among scientists and policy-makers is that we’ll pass this point of no return if the global mean temperature rises by more than two degrees Celsius.
Evidence: The current trajectory of global greenhouse gas emissions is not consistent with limiting global warming to below 1.5 or 2 °C, relative to pre-industrial levels.
Evidence: The tipping point is difficult to predict, but is estimated to be between 3–4 °C of global temperature rise.
Category: Sea level rise
Claim: Global warming is driving major melting on the surface of Greenland’s glaciers and is speeding up their travel into the sea.”
Evidence: This acceleration is due mostly to human-caused global warming, which is driving thermal expansion of seawater and the melting of land-based ice sheets and glaciers.
Evidence: Surface temperature increases are greatest in the Arctic, which has contributed to the retreat of glaciers, permafrost, and sea ice.
Category: 2006 Texas gubernatorial election
Claim: "I mean, it - I mean - and I tell somebody, I said, just because you have a group of scientists that have stood up and said here is the fact, Galileo got outvoted for a spell" (Texas Governor Rick Perry)
Evidence: Exit polls revealed that Perry won the Anglo vote with 46%, while Bell got 22%, Strayhorn got 16% and Friedman got 15%.
Category: Moon
Claim: As of today,JAXA shows that we have more ice than any time on this date for the past 8 years of Aqua satellite measurement for this AMSRE dataset."
Evidence: Using the mapper's reflectance spectra, indirect lighting of areas in shadow confirmed water ice within 20° latitude of both poles in 2018.
Category: Climate change and ecosystems
Claim: As a result, half of the people surveyed around the world last year said they thought climate change would make humanity extinct.
Evidence: (2007:788) concluded that a global mean temperature increase of around 4 °C (above the 1990-2000 level) by 2100 would lead to major extinctions around the globe.
Evidence: A 2016 survey found that two-thirds of AMS members think that all or most of climate change is caused by human activity.
Category: Urban heat island
Claim: cold kills many more people than heat.
Evidence: Within the United States alone, an average of 1,000 people die each year due to extreme heat.
Category: Carbon tax
Claim: (Koch Industries) is among the worst in toxic air pollution in the entire United States ... and churns out more climate-changing greenhouse gases than oil giants Chevron, Shell and Valero.
Evidence: CO 2 is a heat-trapping greenhouse gas which causes global warming, which damages the environment and human health.
Evidence: The largest human influence has been the emission of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide.
Category: Climate change denial
Claim: Skeptics have long pointed to ice gain in the Southern Hemisphere as evidence climate change wasn’t occurring, but scientists warned that it was caused by natural variations and circulations in the atmosphere.
Evidence: These groups often point to natural variability, such as sunspots and cosmic rays, to explain the warming trend.
Category: Northwest Passage
Claim: We know the Northwest Passage had been open before."
Evidence: The only usable route linking the entrances of Lancaster Sound and Dolphin and Union Strait was discovered by John Rae in 1854.
Category: Climatic Research Unit email controversy
Claim: In an interview with the BBC after the scandal broke, Dr Jones admitted there had been no statistically significant global warming since 1995
Evidence: In late 2011, Steven F. Hayward wrote that "Climategate did for the global warming controversy what the Pentagon Papers did for the Vietnam war 40 years ago: It changed the narrative decisively."
Category: Attribution of recent climate change
Claim: There are a myriad of other radiative forcings that affect the planet's energy imbalance.
Evidence: Radiative forcing is a measure of how various factors alter the energy balance of the Earth's atmosphere.
Category: Jupiter
Claim: Jupiter's climate change is due to shifts in internal turbulence fueled from an internal heat source - the planet radiates twice as much energy as it receives from the sun.
Evidence: Despite this, Jupiter still radiates more heat than it receives from the Sun; the amount of heat produced inside it is similar to the total solar radiation it receives.
Evidence: Jupiter's low axial tilt means that the poles constantly receive less solar radiation than at the planet's equatorial region.
Category: Lysergic acid diethylamide
Claim: Small amounts of very active substances can cause large effects.
Evidence: For example, an active dose of mescaline, roughly 0.2 to 0.5 g, has effects comparable to 100 µg or less of LSD.
Category: Petroleum
Claim: They tell us that we are the primary forces controlling earth temperatures by the burning of fossil fuels and releasing their carbon dioxide.
Evidence: When burned, petroleum releases carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas.
Category: Global warming
Claim: 195 countries signed the 2015 Paris Agreement, agreeing to limit global warming and adapt to climate change, partly by protecting nature.
Evidence: In 2015 all UN countries negotiated the Paris Agreement, which aims to keep climate change well below 2 °C.
Category: Watts Up With That?
Claim: The climate debate is, in reality, about a 1.6 watts per square metre or 0.5 per cent discrepancy in the poorly known planetary energy balance."
Evidence: Watts Up With That features material disputing the scientific consensus on climate change, including claims the human role in global warming is insignificant and carbon dioxide is not a driving force of warming.
Evidence: There is no consensus over the magnitude of long-term carbon leakage.
Category: Uranus
Claim: Pluto's climate change over the last 14 years is likely a seasonal event.
Evidence: Observations from Earth have shown seasonal change and increased weather activity as Uranus approached its equinox in 2007.
Evidence: As a result, Neptune experiences similar seasonal changes to Earth.
Category: Abbott Government
Claim: During the 2013 election campaign the Coalition said its first legislative priority in government would be to scrap the carbon tax.
Evidence: We'll scrap the carbon tax so your family will be $550 a year better off.
Category: Sun
Claim: Solar Cycle Length proves its the sun.
Evidence: Because energy transport in the Sun is a process that involves photons in thermodynamic equilibrium with matter, the time scale of energy transport in the Sun is longer, on the order of 30,000,000 years.
Evidence: The metonic series repeats eclipses every 19 years (6939.69 days), lasting about 5 cycles.
Category: Neotropical realm
Claim: Without the forests' humidity, previously moisture-laden winds blew dry.
Evidence: Laurel forest and other cloud forest are subtropical and mild temperate forest, found in areas with high humidity and relatively stable and mild temperatures.
Category: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere
Claim: That humans are causing the rise in atmospheric CO2 is confirmed by multiple isotopic analyses.
Evidence: While CO 2 absorption and release is always happening as a result of natural processes, the recent rise in CO 2 levels in the atmosphere is known to be mainly due to human (anthropogenic) activity.
Evidence: Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.
Category: Temperate climate
Claim: The Rio Grande is a classic “feast or famine” river, with a dry year or two typically followed by a couple of wet years that allow for recovery.
Evidence: In these regions winters are quite dry and summers have very heavy rainfall.
Category: Antarctica
Claim: Antarctica is too cold to lose ice.
Evidence: This means that it is a very cold continent where water is mostly in the form of ice.
Category: Diesel exhaust
Claim: Europe and Asia  emit most of the soot from burning coal, wood, dung, and diesel in open  fires or without particulate filters in stoves, chimneys, smokestacks,  and exhaust pipes.
Evidence: Modern car engines use a diesel particulate filter (DPF) to capture carbon particles and then intermittently burn them using extra fuel injected directly into the filter.
Category: Little Ice Age
Claim: Since then, the planet has been cooling on a millennial scale
Evidence: In the North Atlantic, sediments accumulated since the end of the last ice age, nearly 12,000 years ago, show regular increases in the amount of coarse sediment grains deposited from icebergs melting in the now open ocean, indicating a series of 1–2 °C (2–4 °F) cooling events recurring every 1,500 years or so.
Category: Data visualization
Claim: Though CRU neglected to provide an exact list of temperature stations, it could not have hid or tampered with data.
Evidence: DPA has two main objectives: To use data to provide knowledge in the most efficient manner possible (minimize noise, complexity, and unnecessary data or detail given each audience's needs and roles) To use data to provide knowledge in the most effective manner possible (provide relevant, timely and complete data to each audience member in a clear and understandable manner that conveys important meaning, is actionable and can affect understanding, behavior and decisions) With the above objectives in mind, the actual work of data presentation architecture consists of: Creating effective delivery mechanisms for each audience member depending on their role, tasks, locations and access to technology Defining important meaning (relevant knowledge) that is needed by each audience member in each context Determining the required periodicity of data updates (the currency of the data) Determining the right timing for data presentation (when and how often the user needs to see the data) Finding the right data (subject area, historical reach, breadth, level of detail, etc.)
Evidence: The MPs had seen no evidence to support claims that Jones had tampered with data or interfered with the peer-review process.
Evidence: The Climatic Research Unit developed its gridded CRUTEM data set of land air temperature anomalies from instrumental temperature records held by National Meteorological Organisations around the world, often under formal or informal confidentiality agreements that restricted use of this raw data to academic purposes, and prevented it from being passed onto third parties.
Category: Scientific consensus on climate change
Claim: 97% of climate experts agree humans are causing global warming.
Evidence: They found 4,014 which discussed the cause of recent global warming, and of these "97.1% endorsed the consensus position that humans are causing global warming".
Category: Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme
Claim: U.S. Sen. Ron Johnson "led the fight to let polluters release unlimited amounts of carbon pollution and took nearly $225,000 from polluters."
Evidence: AUD 4.8 billion of assistance (in the form of free permits) for the most polluting electricity generators.
Category: Antarctica
Claim: NASA Finds Antarctica is Gaining Ice,
Evidence: "Study concludes Antarctica is gaining ice, rather than losing it".
Category: Ice core
Claim: the U.S. is shattering high temperature records far more frequently than it is shattering low temperature records.
Evidence: At lower temperatures, the difference is more pronounced.
Category: Global warming controversy
Claim: The long-term correlation between CO2 and temperature is well established.
Evidence: "Coherence established between atmospheric carbon dioxide and global temperature".
Category: Earth
Claim: Without carbon dioxide, all life on Earth would die
Evidence: The lack of vegetation will result in the loss of oxygen in the atmosphere, making animal life impossible.
Evidence: Carbon dioxide in the Earth's atmosphere is essential to life and to most of the planetary biosphere.
Category: Scientific consensus on climate change
Claim: The bottom line is there’s no solid connection between climate change and the major indicators of extreme weather
Evidence: This is especially true for smaller (seasonal and regional) scales and weather and climate extremes, and for important hydroclimatic variables such as precipitation and water availability.
Evidence: This could lead to changing, and for all emissions scenarios more unpredictable, weather patterns around the world, less frost days, more extreme events (droughts and storm or flood disasters), and warmer sea temperatures and melting glaciers causing sea levels to rise.
Category: Sun
Claim: Correspondingly, the global surface temperature has also dropped."
Evidence: Earlier extended minima have been discovered through analysis of tree rings and appear to have coincided with lower-than-average global temperatures.
Category: Little Ice Age
Claim: For the past 4567 million years, the sun and the Earth’s orbit have driven climate change cycles.
Evidence: Orbital forcing from cycles in the earth's orbit around the sun has, for the past 2,000 years, caused a long-term northern hemisphere cooling trend that continued through the Middle Ages and the Little Ice Age.
Category: Wayback Machine
Claim: ‘Getting hung up on the exact nature of the records is interesting, and there’s lots of technical work that can be done there, but the main take-home response there is that the trends we’ve been seeing since the 1970s are continuing and have not paused in any way,’ he said.”
Evidence: Kevin Vaughan suspects that in the long-term of multiple generations "next to nothing" will survive in a useful way besides "if we have continuity in our technological civilization" by which "a lot of the bare data will remain findable and searchable".
Category: Sea level rise
Claim: While the Greenland interior is in mass balance, the coastlines are losing ice.
Evidence: Methods agree that the Totten Glacier has lost ice in recent decades in response to ocean warming and possibly a reduction in local sea ice cover.
Category: Plate tectonics
Claim: as continents rise after the overlying ice has melted
Evidence: The addition of water lowers the melting point of the mantle material above the subducting slab, causing it to melt.
Category: 20th century
Claim: We didn't have global warming during the Industrial Revolution
Evidence: The average global temperature on Earth has increased by about 0.8° Celsius (1.4° Fahrenheit) since 1880; Two-thirds of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15-0.20 °C per decade.
Evidence: Human activities resulting from the industrial revolution have changed the chemical composition of the atmosphere....Deforestation is now the second largest contributor to global warming, after the burning of fossil fuels.
Category: Tipping points in the climate system
Claim: It fails to explain how we can have short-term positive feedback and long-term negative feedback.
Evidence: There are many positive and negative feedbacks to global temperatures and the carbon cycle that have been identified.
Category: Global warming
Claim: according, again, to the official figures—during this past 10 years, if anything, mean global temperature, average world temperature, has slightly declined
Evidence: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.
Category: Fertilizer
Claim: “Because CO₂ acts as a fertilizer, as much as half of all vegetated land is persistently greener today.
Evidence: The greenhouse gases carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide are produced during the manufacture of nitrogen fertilizer.
Evidence: A fertilizer (American English) or fertiliser (British English; see spelling differences) is any material of natural or synthetic origin (other than liming materials) that is applied to soil or to plant tissues to supply one or more plant nutrients essential to the growth of plants.
Category: Greenhouse gas
Claim: While there are many drivers of climate, CO2 is the most dominant radiative forcing and is increasing faster than any other forcing.
Evidence: The sharp acceleration in CO 2 emissions since 2000 to more than a 3% increase per year (more than 2 ppm per year) from 1.1% per year during the 1990s is attributable to the lapse of formerly declining trends in carbon intensity of both developing and developed nations.
Category: Global storm activity of 2009
Claim: cold deaths actually occur during moderate temperatures
Evidence: Heavy snowfall and sub-zero temperatures killed at least 290 people across Europe.
Category: Captain America: The First Avenger
Claim: We're coming out of the Little Ice Age.
Evidence: Sixty years go by, and who are we today?
Evidence: This means that it is a very cold continent where water is mostly in the form of ice.
Category: Jet stream
Claim: But when the Arctic warms up faster than the equator does […] the jet stream’s flow can become weakened and elongated.
Evidence: During these dark months the air high over the poles becomes much colder than the air over the Equator.
Category: Earth
Claim: “Earlier this month, NASA scientists provided a visualization of a startling climate change trend — the Earth is getting greener, as viewed from space, especially in its rapidly warming northern regions.
Evidence: This last phenomenon is known as the greenhouse effect: trace molecules within the atmosphere serve to capture thermal energy emitted from the ground, thereby raising the average temperature.
Category: Sea level rise
Claim: In South Florida, "we've had nine inches of sea-level rise since the 1920s."
Evidence: 18 January 2019.
Category: Extinction
Claim: Because current climate change is so rapid, the way species typically adapt (eg - migration) is, in most cases, simply not be possible.
Evidence: "Predicting patterns of long-term adaptation and extinction with population genetics".
Category: Little Ice Age
Claim: The Little Ice Age ended as recently as 1850.
Evidence: 1660), and Laki (1783).
Category: Global catastrophic risk
Claim: it’s not a pollutant that threatens human civilization.
Evidence: The report warned that the pollution crisis was exceeding "the envelope on the amount of pollution the Earth can carry" and “threatens the continuing survival of human societies”.
Evidence: "Global pollution kills 9m a year and threatens 'survival of human societies'".
Category: Science
Claim: While there are uncertainties with climate models, they successfully reproduce the past and have made predictions that have been subsequently confirmed by observations.
Evidence: Natural science is concerned with the description, prediction, and understanding of natural phenomena based on empirical evidence from observation and experimentation.
Evidence: This new explanation is used to make falsifiable predictions that are testable by experiment or observation.
Category: Mesozoic
Claim: "The climate of this planet oscillates between periods of approximately  30 years of warming followed by approximately 30 years of cooling.
Evidence: The climate of the Mesozoic was varied, alternating between warming and cooling periods.
Category: Ice age
Claim: When the Earth comes out of an ice age, the warming is not initiated by CO2 but by changes in the Earth's orbit.
Evidence: He attempted to show that they originated from changes in Earth's orbit.
Category: Environmental policy of the Donald Trump administration
Claim: The EPA director under Obama said the Clean Power Initiative would have no effect on man-made CO2 emissions.
Evidence: The Clean Power Plan was an Obama administration policy aimed at combating global warming that was first proposed in 2014.
Category: Kiribati
Claim: Thousands of coral atolls have "drowned" when unable to grow fast enough to survive at sea level.
Evidence: "Islands disappear under rising seas".
Category: Milankovitch cycles
Claim: While evidence that the earth’s orbital variations impact radiation levels and thus global temperatures does not of course mean that man is not in some way impacting the climate, studies like these highlight that the role man plays on the planet is dwarfed by natural phenomena utterly out of our control.
Evidence: Physical evidence shows that the variation in Earth's climate is much more extreme than the variation in the intensity of solar radiation calculated as the Earth's orbit evolves.
Category: Sea level rise
Claim: Sea level rise could reach six or seven feet by the year 2100.
Evidence: In 2019, a study projected that in low emission scenario, sea level will rise 30 centimeters by 2050 and 69 centimetres by 2100, relatively to the level in 2000.
Category: Albedo
Claim: The long term trend from albedo is of cooling.
Evidence: The scattering of radiation causes atmospheric cooling, whereas absorption can cause atmospheric warming.
Category: Atlanta
Claim: Nevertheless over the last decade, daily record high temperatures occurred twice as often as record lows.
Evidence: Lows at or below freezing can be expected 40 nights annually, but extended stretches with daily high temperatures below 40 °F (4 °C) are very rare, with a recent exception in January 2014.
Evidence: During these summer months, high temperatures average around 29 °C (84 °F) and rainfall is uncommon; there are only about fifteen days with measurable precipitation between June and August.
Category: Polar amplification
Claim: A recent study in Nature Geoscience, for instance, called into question whether the Arctic’s melting, and in particular its sea ice loss, has been causing winter cooling over Eurasia, another idea that has been swept up in the debate over the jet stream and weather extremes.”
Evidence: Cold Arctic air intrudes into the warmer lower latitudes more rapidly today during autumn and winter, a trend projected to continue in the future except during summer, thus calling into question whether winters will bring more cold extremes.