Danthammadhavi/climate_fever_fixed huggingface dataset:
Category: Natural environment
Claim: Like countless other organ­isms, we move and adapt when the environment changes.
Evidence: Although there is no universal agreement on the definition of life, scientists generally accept that the biological manifestation of life is characterized by organization, metabolism, growth, adaptation, response to stimuli and reproduction.
Evidence: Human impact on the environment or anthropogenic impact on the environment includes changes to biophysical environments and ecosystems, biodiversity, and natural resources caused directly or indirectly by humans, including global warming, environmental degradation (such as ocean acidification), mass extinction and biodiversity loss, ecological crisis, and ecological collapse.
Evidence: In biology, the science of living organisms, "life" is the condition which distinguishes active organisms from inorganic matter, including the capacity for growth, functional activity and the continual change preceding death.
Category: Urban heat island
Claim: precipitation from global warming will make the world much greener
Evidence: With the temperature of the nearby buildings sometimes reaching over 50 degrees different from the near-surface air temperature, precipitation will warm rapidly, causing runoff into nearby streams, lakes and rivers (or other bodies of water) to provide excessive thermal pollution.
Evidence: At present (2000 AD), we are in a dry period, but it is expected that the Sahara will become green again in 15000 years (17000 AD).
Category: Global warming controversy
Claim: While many scientists have acknowledged the mismatch between model predictions and actual temperature observations, few have really challenged the validity of the models themselves.
Evidence: Certain scientists, skeptics and otherwise, believe this confidence in the models' ability to predict future climate is not earned.
Category: Antarctica
Claim: If those emissions continue unchecked and the world is allowed to heat up enough, scientists have no doubt that large parts of Antarctica will melt into the sea.
Evidence: If all of this ice were melted, sea levels would rise about 60 m (200 ft).
Evidence: As a result of continued warming, the polar ice caps melted and much of Gondwana became a desert.
Category: Homeland security
Claim: More money is dedicated within the Department of Homeland Security to climate change than what's spent combating "Islamist terrorists radicalizing over the Internet in the United States of America."
Evidence: Homeland security is officially defined by the National Strategy for Homeland Security as "a concerted national effort to prevent terrorist attacks within the United States, reduce America's vulnerability to terrorism, and minimize the damage and recover from attacks that do occur".
Category: Arctic Ocean
Claim: The heat extremes were especially pervasive in the Arctic, with temperatures in the fall running 20 to 30 degrees Fahrenheit above normal across large stretches of the Arctic Ocean.
Evidence: As recently as 55 million years ago, during the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum, the region reached an average annual temperature of 10–20 °C (50–68 °F).
Category: Global warming
Claim: global temperatures have risen between 0.23F (0.13C) and 0.34F (0.19C) per decade
Evidence: Temperatures rose by 0.0 °C–0.2 °C from 1720–1800 to 1850–1900 (Hawkins et al., 2017).
Evidence: In contrast to East Antarctica and the Antarctic Peninsula, temperatures on West Antarctica have increased significantly with a trend between 0.08 °C (0.14 °F) per decade and 0.96 °C (1.7 °F) per decade between 1976 and 2012.
Category: Temperature record of the past 1000 years
Claim: IPCC graph showing accelerating trends is misleading
Evidence: This was the basis of a "schematic diagram" featured in the IPCC First Assessment Report beside cautions that the medieval warming might not have been global.
Evidence: These studies were widely presented as demonstrating that the current warming period is exceptional in comparison to temperatures between 1000 and 1900, and the MBH99 based graph featured in publicity.
Category: Retreat of glaciers since 1850
Claim: a marginally significant warming trend in the data over the past several years, erasing the temperature plateau that vexed climate alarmists have found difficult to explain.
Evidence: The Little Ice Age was a period from about 1550 to 1850 when the world experienced relatively cooler temperatures compared to the time before and after.
Evidence: Using the long-term temperature trends for the earth scientists and statisticians conclude that it continues to warm through time.
Evidence: The group also confirmed that over the past 50 years the land surface warmed by 0.911 °C, and their results closely matched those obtained from these earlier studies.
Category: Global warming controversy
Claim: Actual weather records over the past 100 years show no correlation between rising carbon dioxide levels and local temperatures.
Evidence: Correlation of CO 2 and temperature is not part of this evidence.
Category: Carbon dioxide
Claim: The CO2 that nature emits (from the ocean and vegetation) is balanced by natural absorptions (again by the ocean and vegetation).
Evidence: Additionally, and crucially to life on earth, photosynthesis by phytoplankton consumes dissolved CO 2 in the upper ocean and thereby promotes the absorption of CO 2 from the atmosphere.
Category: Renewable energy
Claim: Solar panels drain the sun's energy.
Evidence: Renewable energy is energy that is collected from renewable resources, which are naturally replenished on a human timescale, such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, waves, and geothermal heat.
Evidence: Direct Use of the Sun's Energy.
Category: Attribution of recent climate change
Claim: The CERN CLOUD experiment only tested one-third of one out of four requirements necessary to blame global warming on cosmic rays, and two of the other requirements have already failed.
Evidence: (2009): The CLOUD experiments at CERN are interesting research but do not provide conclusive evidence that cosmic rays can serve as a major source of cloud seeding.
Category: Scientific consensus on climate change
Claim: Scientists are "questioning the original idea that man-made global warming is what is causing the climate to change. "
Evidence: It is "extremely likely" that this warming arises from "human activities, especially emissions of greenhouse gases" in the atmosphere.
Category: East Coast of the United States
Claim: “Lyme Disease is much more common in northern, cooler regions of the United States than in southern, warmer regions.
Evidence: The area from southern Rhode Island, Connecticut and New York City south to central Florida has a temperate climate, with long, hot summers and cold winters with occasional snow in the northern portions, and milder winters in the southern portions.
Evidence: Lyme disease occurs regularly in Northern Hemisphere temperate regions.
Evidence: In these the temperatures remain relatively cool through most of the year as opposed to mild and warm in the subtropics and cold in the subpoles.
Evidence: These are the climates that are typically found at southernmost portion of the temperate zone between 23.5° and 35° north or south, and thus are far more influenced by the tropics than any other tepid climate type, usually having warmer temperatures over the year, longer summers and mild, short winters.
Category: West Side Highway
Claim: 'What I can comment on is this prediction by Dr. Hansen: “The West Side Highway [which runs along the Hudson River] will be under water.”
Evidence: He suggested Hudson River Boulevard for the name of the highway.
Evidence: "New York to Build Elevated Highway: Road for Fast Motor Traffic Will Run Along the Hudson Waterfront From Seventy-Second to Canal Street—Will Relieve Congestion on the West Side".
Category: Paris Agreement
Claim: Domino-effect of climate events could move Earth into a ‘hothouse’ state
Evidence: Climate Action Tracker "Domino-effect of climate events could push Earth into a 'hothouse' state".
Evidence: Self-reinforcing feedbacks in the carbon cycle and planetary reflectivity could trigger a cascading set of tipping points that lead the world into a hothouse climate state.
Category: Sea level rise
Claim: Climate scientist James Hansen: "we have until perhaps 50 years from now," or maybe a little longer "and at that point, we are looking at 10, 20, 30 feet of sea-level rise."
Evidence: According to the Fourth (2017) National Climate Assessment (NCA) of the United States it is very likely sea level will rise between 30 and 130 cm (1.0–4.3 feet) in 2100 compared to the year 2000.
Evidence: For example, in 2007 the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) projected a high end estimate of 60 cm (2 ft) through 2099, but their 2014 report raised the high-end estimate to about 90 cm (3 ft).
Evidence: Hansen concluded that global warming would be evident within the next few decades, and that it would result in temperatures at least as high as during the Eemian.
Evidence: For instance, a 2016 study led by Jim Hansen concluded that based on past climate change data, sea level rise could accelerate exponentially in the coming decades, with a doubling time of 10, 20 or 40 years, respectively, raising the ocean by several meters in 50, 100 or 200 years.
Category: Scientific consensus on climate change
Claim: Not everyone is convinced that the evidence is in that climate change is responsible for extreme swings between drought and deluge.
Evidence: A consensus, based on current evidence, now exists within the global scientific community that human activities are the main source of climate change and that the burning of fossil fuels is largely responsible for driving this change.
Evidence: Scientists have found evidence that increased evaporation could result in more extreme weather as global warming progresses.
Category: Permafrost
Claim: Melting permafrost can release not just CO2, but also methane, a much stronger heat-trapping gas.
Evidence: It is thought that permafrost thawing could exacerbate global warming by releasing methane and other hydrocarbons, which are powerful greenhouse gases.
Evidence: Permafrost and clathrates degrade on warming, and thus, large releases of methane from these sources may arise as a result of global warming.
Category: Great Barrier Reef
Claim: Great Barrier Reef is in good shape.
Evidence: The percentage of baby corals being born on the Great Barrier Reef dropped drastically in 2018 and scientists are describing it as the early stage of a "huge natural selection event unfolding".
Category: Neoliberalism
Claim: The monetary cost of damages has increased dramatically in recent decades, but that is due to increasing population, wealth and the amount of vulnerable infrastructure.
Evidence: Additionally, the percentage of the Chilean population living in poverty rose from 17% in 1969 to 45% in 1985 at the same time government budgets for education, health and housing dropped by over 20% on average.
Category: Perennial plant
Claim: Schmittner finds low climate sensitivity.
Evidence: Herbaceous perennials are also able to tolerate the extremes of cold in temperate and Arctic winters, with less sensitivity than trees or shrubs.
Evidence: They are not sensitive to the climate or humidity changes in a room and there is also no need for tuning, as with acoustic pianos.
Evidence: Sensitivity is the degree to which a land system undergoes change due to natural forces, human intervention or a combination of both.
Category: Global warming
Claim: Unprecedented climate change has caused sea level at Sydney Harbour to rise approximately 0.0 cm over the past 140 years.
Evidence: Over the 21st century, the IPCC projects that in a very high emissions scenario the sea level could rise by 61–110 cm.
Category: Attribution of recent climate change
Claim:  The discrepancy between model-predicted warming and (lower) real-world observations has inspired new respect for natural climate variability relative to greenhouse-gas forcing.
Evidence: Models are unable to reproduce the rapid warming observed in recent decades when they only take into account variations in total solar irradiance and volcanic activity.
Evidence: Attributing detected temperature changes and extreme events to human-caused increases in greenhouse gases requires scientists to rule out known internal climate variability and natural external forcings.
Category: Bushfires in Australia
Claim: Over the last decade, heatwaves are five times more likely than if there had been no global warming.
Evidence: Australia's climate has warmed by more than one degree Celsius over the past century, causing an increase in the frequency and intensity of heatwaves and droughts.
Category: Hurricane Gustav
Claim: As president, Obama will immediately close the Mississippi River Gulf Outlet, which experts say funneled floodwater into New Orleans.
Evidence: The Mississippi River was shut to all ship traffic between the Gulf of Mexico and New Orleans on August 30.
Category: Fossil fuel
Claim: [subsidies for wind and solar] add to emissions because coal-fired elec­tricity needs to be on standby for when there is no wind or sunshine.
Evidence: Fossil fuel-fired electric power plants also emit carbon dioxide, which may contribute to climate change.
Evidence: Because fossil fuels are a leading contributor to climate change through greenhouse gases, fossil fuel subsidies increase emissions and exacerbate climate change.
Category: Southern Ocean
Claim: The winds around the continent seem to be strengthening, stirring the ocean and bringing up a layer of warmer water that has most likely been there for centuries.
Evidence: Strong westerly (eastward) winds blow around Antarctica, driving a significant flow of water northwards.
Evidence: Within the Atlantic Ocean vertical wind shear is increased, which inhibits tropical cyclone genesis and intensification, by causing the westerly winds in the atmosphere to be stronger.
Evidence: The low-level surface trade winds, which normally blow from east to west along the equator, either weaken or start blowing from the other direction.
Category: Physical impacts of climate change
Claim: Another consequence of the fast melting Arctic raises the possibility that there may be even worse extreme weather to come, according to a few scientists: titanic Atlantic superstorms and hurricanes barreling across Europe.
Evidence: "Global warming will bring fiercer hurricanes".
Evidence: The statement references the IPCC's Fourth Assessment of 2007, and asserts that "climate change is happening even faster than previously estimated; global CO 2 emissions since 2000 have been higher than even the highest predictions, Arctic sea ice has been melting at rates much faster than predicted, and the rise in the sea level has become more rapid".
Category: Scientific consensus on climate change
Claim: Over 97 percent of the scientific community â¦ believe that humans are contributing to climate change.
Evidence: They found 4,014 which discussed the cause of recent global warming, and of these "97.1% endorsed the consensus position that humans are causing global warming".
Evidence: 97% of the scientists surveyed agreed that global temperatures had increased during the past 100 years; 84% said they personally believed human-induced warming was occurring, and 74% agreed that "currently available scientific evidence" substantiated its occurrence.
Category: La Niña
Claim: Stress from unusually warm ocean water heated by man-made climate change and the natural El Niño climate pattern caused the die-off.
Evidence: La Niña is the positive and cold phase of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation, and is associated with cooler-than-average sea surface temperatures in the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean.
Evidence: However, over time the term has evolved and now refers to the warm and negative phase of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation and is the warming of the ocean surface or above-average sea surface temperatures in either the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean.
Category: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
Claim: Poorly understood aspects of climate change do not change the fact that a great deal of climate science is well understood.
Evidence: In principle, this means that any significant new evidence or events that change our understanding of climate science between this deadline and publication of an IPCC report cannot be included.
Evidence: The scientific consensus on climate change is "that climate is changing and that these changes are in large part caused by human activities", and it "is largely irreversible".
Category: Oregon Petition
Claim: Over 31,000 scientists signed the OISM Petition Project
Evidence: As of 2013, the petition's website states, "The current list of 31,487 petition signers includes 9,029 PhD; 7,157 MS; 2,586 MD and DVM; and 12,715 BS or equivalent academic degrees.
Evidence: The OISM website states that "several members of the Institute's staff are also well known for their work on the Petition Project", and that the petition has "more than 31,000" signatures by scientists.
Category: Carlos Curbelo
Claim: Miami Congressman Carlos "Curbelo supports drilling offshore" and "repeatedly voted against President Obama's ability to fight pollution and combat climate change."
Evidence: According to McClatchy, "Curbelo has broken ranks with his party to take lonely stands on high-profile topics ranging from abortion and women’s health to climate change, the environment, immigration and government spending."
Evidence: According to Vote Smart's 2016 analysis, Curbelo generally supports pro-life legislation, opposes an income tax increase, opposes mandatory minimum sentences for non-violent drug offenders, supports lowering taxes as a means of promoting economic growth, opposes requiring states to adopt federal education standards, supports building the Keystone Pipeline, supports government funding for the development of renewable energy, supports the federal regulation of greenhouse gas emissions, supports repealing the Affordable Care Act, opposes requiring immigrants who are unlawfully present to return to their country of origin before they are eligible for citizenship, supports same-sex marriage, supports increased American intervention in Iraq and Syria beyond air support, and supports allowing individuals to divert a portion of their Social Security taxes into personal retirement accounts.
Category: Antarctica
Claim: Because the collapse of vulnerable parts of the ice sheet could raise the sea level dramatically, the continued existence of the world’s great coastal cities — Miami, New York, Shanghai and many more — is tied to Antarctica’s fate.
Evidence: However, it is the outflow of the ice from the land to form the ice shelf which causes a rise in global sea level.
Category: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
Claim: "by the 2001 [IPCC] climate assessment...the Medieval Warm Period had been ingeniously wiped out.
Evidence: This graph extended the similar graph in Figure 3.20 from the IPCC Second Assessment Report of 1995, and differed from a schematic in the first assessment report that lacked temperature units, but appeared to depict larger global temperature variations over the past 1000 years, and higher temperatures during the Medieval Warm Period than the mid 20th century.
Evidence: These values are much greater than the 9–88 cm as projected by the IPCC itself in its Third Assessment Report, published in 2001".
Category: Megadrought
Claim: Drought in the western U.S. pales in comparison to the mega-droughts tree rings tell us existed in centuries past.
Evidence: The tree-ring data indicate that the Western states have experienced droughts that lasted ten times longer than anything the modern U.S. has seen.
Evidence: A megadrought (or mega-drought) is a prolonged drought lasting two decades or longer.
Category: Precipitation
Claim: Temperature errors in the Great Lakes region are not incorporated in any of the global mean temperature records.
Evidence: As a result, the modern global record of precipitation largely depends on satellite observations.
Evidence: Selected climatic data for a global set of standard stations for vegetation.
Evidence: Geostatistical algorithms are often incorporated in GIS software applications.
Evidence: Temperature anomalies found in coastal locations are exceptional, with Røst and Værøy lacking a meteorological winter in spite of being north of the Arctic Circle.
Category: St. Louis
Claim: A World Heritage site, it is currently under assault from unusually hot ocean temperatures,”
Evidence: It is subject to both cold Arctic air and hot, humid tropical air from the Gulf of Mexico.
Category: Effects of global warming
Claim: […] Killing 30 million bats every year in response to dubious claims that global warming might once in a great while kill 100,000 bats makes no sense.”
Evidence: Air pollution, wildfires, and heat waves caused by global warming have significantly affected human health, and in 2007, the World Health Organization estimated 150,000 people were being killed by climate-change-related issues every year.
Evidence: One piece of their evidence is that in summer 2003, during Europe's big heat wave, there were 70,000 recorded deaths related to the heat.
Category: Climate change (general concept)
Claim: By regulating the Earth’s cloud cover, the Sun  can turn the temperature up and down. ...
Evidence: These variations can affect global average surface temperature by redistributing heat between the deep ocean and the atmosphere and/or by altering the cloud/water vapor/sea ice distribution which can affect the total energy budget of the earth.
Evidence: This last phenomenon is known as the greenhouse effect: trace molecules within the atmosphere serve to capture thermal energy emitted from the ground, thereby raising the average temperature.
Category: Carbon dioxide
Claim: Measurements of carbon isotopes and falling oxygen in the atmosphere show that rising carbon dioxide is due to the burning of fossil fuels and cannot be coming from the ocean.
Evidence: As the concentration of carbon dioxide increases in the atmosphere, the increased uptake of carbon dioxide into the oceans is causing a measurable decrease in the pH of the oceans, which is referred to as ocean acidification.
Evidence: Ocean acidification is the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's oceans, caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide (CO 2) from the atmosphere.
Evidence: Gas solubility decreases as the temperature of water increases (except when both pressure exceeds 300 bar and temperature exceeds 393 K, only found near deep geothermal vents) and therefore the rate of uptake from the atmosphere decreases as ocean temperatures rise.
Category: Scientific consensus on climate change
Claim: Cooks ’97% consensus’ disproven by a new peer
Evidence: Of these, 97% agree, explicitly or implicitly, that global warming is happening and is human-caused.
Evidence: Over 99.99% of climate scientists did not reject AGW in their peer-reviewed research.
Category: Instrumental temperature record
Claim: On Feb. 7, several major newspapers carried stories of the declaration by NASA and NOAA that the past five years have been the warmest on record.
Evidence: In January 2017, several scientific agencies around the world, including NASA and the NOAA in the United States and the Met Office in the United Kingdom, named 2016 the warmest year recorded.
Category: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere
Claim: Ironic' study finds more CO2 has slightly cooled the planet
Evidence: This increase of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere has produced the current episode of global warming.
Evidence: The greenhouse effect is a process by which thermal radiation from a planetary atmosphere warms the planet's surface beyond the temperature it would have in the absence of its atmosphere.
Category: Quaternary extinction event
Claim: The failure of the 2007 polar bear survival model is a simple fact that explodes the myth that polar bears are on their way to extinction.
Evidence: The Quaternary period (from 2.588 ± 0.005 million years ago to the present) saw the extinctions of numerous predominantly megafaunal species, which resulted in a collapse in faunal density and diversity and the extinction of key ecological strata across the globe.
Category: Climatic Research Unit documents
Claim: Scientists tried to 'hide the decline' in global temperature
Evidence: The phrase "hide the decline" referred specifically to the divergence problem in which some post 1960 tree ring proxy data indicates a decline while measured temperatures rise.
Evidence: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.
Category: Global warming
Claim: Etna has already put more than 10,000 times the CO2 into the atmosphere than mankind has in our entire time on the Earth.
Evidence: Human activity since the Industrial Revolution has increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to increased radiative forcing from CO2, methane, tropospheric ozone, CFCs, and nitrous oxide.
Evidence: According to the report plastic will contribute greenhouse gases in the equivalent of 850 million tonnes of carbon dioxide (CO2) to the atmosphere in 2019.
Category: Norwegian Sea
Claim: In April the extent of Arctic sea ice was back to where it was in April 13 years ago
Evidence: Sea ice is a common problem in the Arctic seas, but ice-free conditions along the entire northern route were observed at the end of August 2008.
Evidence: The last cold episode of the last glacial period ended about 10,000 years ago.
Category: Global warming
Claim: “Global warming and climate change, even if it is 100% caused by humans, is so slow that it cannot be observed by anyone in their lifetime.
Evidence: The slower pace of warming can be attributed to a combination of natural fluctuations, reduced solar activity, and increased volcanic activity.
Evidence: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.
Category: Earth
Claim: And  since the last ice age ended almost exactly 11,500 years ago…" (Ice Age Now)
Evidence: The last continental glaciation ended 10,000 years ago.
Evidence: The earth is currently in an interglacial, and the last glacial period ended about 10,000 years ago.
Evidence: The last cold episode of the last glacial period ended about 10,000 years ago.
Category: Heat wave
Claim: Global warming is increasing the risk of heatwaves.
Evidence: Global warming boosts the probability of extreme weather events, like heat waves, far more than it boosts more moderate events.
Evidence: Many regions have probably already seen increases in warm spells and heat waves, and it is virtually certain that these changes will continue over the 21st century.
Evidence: Since the 1950s, droughts and heat waves have appeared simultaneously with increasing frequency.
Category: Water vapor
Claim: Water vapor is the most powerful greenhouse gas.
Evidence: Being a component of Earth's hydrosphere and hydrologic cycle, it is particularly abundant in Earth's atmosphere where it is also a potent greenhouse gas along with other gases such as carbon dioxide and methane.
Category: United States
Claim: The report […] found that the United States was one of the most pollution-free nations in the world.”
Evidence: Since 2007, the total greenhouse gas emissions by the United States are the second highest by country, exceeded only by China.
Category: Conservation biology
Claim: “The global reef crisis does not necessarily mean extinction for coral species.
Evidence: The loss of coral reefs, which are predicted to go extinct in the next century, threatens the balance of global biodiversity, will have huge economic impacts, and endangers food security for hundreds of millions of people.
Evidence: Several fish species have been driven to the edge of extinction and some, such as the disturbed Tokios coral reef formations in the Indian Ocean, are effectively lost.
Category: Albedo
Claim: The long term trend from albedo is that of cooling.
Evidence: [citation needed] Arctic regions notably release more heat back into space than what they absorb, effectively cooling the Earth.
Evidence: A layer of snowfall increases local albedo, reflecting away sunlight, leading to local cooling.
Evidence: Orbital forcing from cycles in the earth's orbit around the sun has, for the past 2,000 years, caused a long-term northern hemisphere cooling trend that continued through the Middle Ages and the Little Ice Age.
Category: Carbon dioxide
Claim: whenever in the past there was an explosion of plant life, the carbon dioxide content was far higher than at present.
Evidence: Combustion of fossil fuels and deforestation have caused the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide to increase by about 43% since the beginning of the age of industrialization.
Evidence: The end of the PETM was met with a very large sequestration of carbon dioxide into the forms of methane clathrate, coal, and crude oil at the bottom of the Arctic Ocean, that reduced the atmospheric carbon dioxide.
Evidence: A sharp increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide was observed with a maximum of 4000 ppm: the highest amount of atmospheric carbon dioxide detected during the Eocene.
Category: Renewable energy
Claim: 89 percent of the stations fail to meet the National Weather Service’s own siting requirements that stations must be 30 metres away from an artificial heating or radiating/reflecting heat source.
Evidence: Low Temperature Geothermal refers to the use of the outer crust of the earth as a Thermal Battery to facilitate Renewable thermal energy for heating and cooling buildings, and other refrigeration and industrial uses.
Category: Wind
Claim: Wind is a finite resource and harnessing it would slow the winds down, which would cause the temperature to go up.
Evidence: As the temperature of the surface of the land rises, the land heats the air above it by conduction.
Category: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
Claim: current climate predictions may underestimate long-term warming by as much as a factor of two
Evidence: Projections based on the Special Report on Emissions Scenarios suggest warming over the 21st century at a more rapid rate than that experienced for at least the last 10,000 years.
Category: Arctic sea ice decline
Claim: Both the extent and thickness of Arctic sea ice has declined rapidly over the last several decades.
Evidence: Observation with satellites show that Arctic sea ice area, extent, and volume have been in decline for a few decades.
Evidence: A 2018 study of the thickness of sea ice found a decrease of 66% or 2.0 m over the last six decades and a shift from permanent ice to largely seasonal ice cover.
Category: El Niño–Southern Oscillation
Claim: Past Australian droughts occurred when global temperatures were lower than now and wetter years occurred when such temperatures were rising.
Evidence: El Niño events cause short-term (approximately 1 year in length) spikes in global average surface temperature while La Niña events cause short term cooling.
Evidence: Overall, higher temperatures bring more rain and snowfall, but for some regions droughts and wildfires increase instead.
Evidence: Although Australia has naturally experienced high rainfall variability and hot summers for millennia, the country has experienced an increase of nearly 1.0 °C (1.8 °F) in average annual temperatures since 1900, decreases in average rainfall in southeastern Australia since 1990, with the country's worst recorded droughts occurring within the 21st century.
Category: Extraterrestrial atmosphere
Claim: Now scientists are telling us that Mars is experiencing its own planetary warming: Martian warming.
Evidence: "Mars Melt Hints at Solar, Not Human, Cause for Warming, Scientist Says".
Evidence: As Tharsis volcanoes erupted they added huge amounts of gases into the atmosphere that created a global warming, thereby allowing liquid water to exist.
Evidence: Other scientists caution that these results have not been confirmed, and point out that Martian climate models have not yet shown that the planet was warm enough in the past to support bodies of liquid water.
Category: Mount Kilimanjaro
Claim: Mount Kilimanjaro's shrinking glacier is complicated and not due to just global warming.
Evidence: Loss of glacier mass is caused by both melting and sublimation.
Evidence: While the current shrinking and thinning of Kilimanjaro's ice fields appears to be unique within its almost twelve millennium history, it is contemporaneous with widespread glacier retreat in mid-to-low latitudes across the globe.
Category: Global warming
Claim: Arctic sea ice has been steadily thinning, even in the last few years while the surface ice (eg - sea ice extent) increased slightly.
Evidence: Global warming has led to decades of shrinking and thinning of the Arctic sea ice, making it vulnerable to atmospheric anomalies.
Category: Global warming
Claim: Contemporary Global Warming placed in geological context.
Evidence: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.
Evidence: The IPCC has adopted the baseline reference period 1850–1900 as an approximation of pre-industrial global mean surface temperature.
Category: Arctic sea ice decline
Claim: Melting of Arctic sea ice and polar icecaps is not occurring at unnatural rates and does not constitute evidence of a human impact on the climate.
Evidence: Arctic Sea ice maintains the cool temperature of the polar regions and it has an important albedo effect on the climate.
Evidence: The effects of climate change on human systems, mostly due to warming and shifts in precipitation, have been detected worldwide.
Evidence: The melting of the polar ice caps, combined with thermal expansion, will lead to rises in sea levels that may impact adversely on our coastal cities.
Category: Retreat of glaciers since 1850
Claim: by that I mean the central Arctic will be ice-free.
Evidence: "Extreme melt onCanada's Arctic ice caps in the 21st century".
Evidence: Most fresh water, about 68.7%, is present as ice in ice caps and glaciers.
Category: IPCC Fourth Assessment Report
Claim: Fourth Assessment Report (AR4), in which the likely range is given as 2.0°C to 4.5°C, with a best estimate of 3.0°C" (Pat Michaels)
Evidence: It is likely to be in the range of 2 to 4.5 °C, with a best estimate of about 3 °C.
Evidence: IPCC authors concluded ECS is very likely to be greater than 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) and likely to lie in the range 2 to 4.5 °C (4 to 8.1 °F), with a most likely value of about 3 °C (5 °F).
Category: Earth
Claim: The connection between the vanishing Arctic ice and extreme summer weather in the northern hemisphere is probable, according to scientists, but not yet as certain as the winter link.
Evidence: Earth is closest to the Sun (at perihelion) in January, which is summer in the Southern Hemisphere.
Evidence: Europe also saw the 2013-2014 Atlantic winter storms in Europe which has been linked to the cold winter in North America.
Category: La Niña
Claim: Global methane levels published by CSIRO are now relatively stable showing fluctuations during El Nino events.
Evidence: La Niña is the positive and cold phase of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation, and is associated with cooler-than-average sea surface temperatures in the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean.
Category: Oxygen
Claim: But the new research shows that the amount of oxygen in those shells doesn’t actually remain constant over time.
Evidence: Paleoclimatologists also directly measure this ratio in the water molecules of ice core samples as old as hundreds of thousands of years.
Evidence: The effect also applies to marine organisms such as shells, and marine mammals such as whales and seals, which have radiocarbon ages that appear to be hundreds of years old.
Category: Christopher Monckton, 3rd Viscount Monckton of Brenchley
Claim: Monckton used the IPCC equation in an inappropriate manner.
Evidence: Since 2002 Monckton has had several newspaper articles published critical of the IPCC and current scientific consensus on climate change.
Category: BP
Claim: Renewable energy investment kills jobs.
Evidence: It established an alternative and low carbon energy business in 2005, with plans to invest $8 billion over a 10-year period into renewable energy sources including solar, wind, and biofuels, and non-renewable sources including natural gas and hydrogen power.
Evidence: A key benefit that this investment growth brings is a growth in jobs.
Category: Global warming
Claim: The sun has shown no long term trend since 1950 and in fact has shown a slight cooling trend in recent decades.
Evidence: Since 1950, the number of cold days and nights have decreased, and the number of warm days and night have increased.
Evidence: In the three decades following 1978, the combination of solar and volcanic activity is estimated to have had a slight cooling influence.
Category: Skepticism
Claim: There's no empirical evidence for climate change.
Evidence: Scientific skepticism concerns testing beliefs for reliability, by subjecting them to systematic investigation using the scientific method, to discover empirical evidence for them.
Category: Climate change denial
Claim: Opponents of climate action are getting twice as much airtime as proponents of climate action.
Evidence: Their stories prominently reported how the world's leading climate scientists declared that atmospheric changes were already causing harm, and might cause much more; the scientists called for vigorous government action to restrict greenhouse gases."
Category: Polar ice cap
Claim: Arctic sea ice extent was lower in the past.
Evidence: In August 2013, Arctic sea ice extent averaged 6.09m km2, which represents 1.13 million km2 below the 1981–2010 average for that month.
Category: Global warming
Claim: Greenhouse gases have been the main contributor of warming since 1970.
Evidence: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.
Evidence: Global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions in 2010 were equivalent to 49 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide (using the most recent global warming potentials over 100 years from the AR5 report).
Category: Soil
Claim: The gas builds up in the soil, forming mounds called ‘pingoes.’
Evidence: The clumping of the soil textural components of sand, silt and clay causes aggregates to form and the further association of those aggregates into larger units creates soil structures called peds (a contraction of the word pedolith).
Evidence: Phosphorus is largely immobile in the soil and is not leached but actually builds up in the surface layer if not cropped.
Category: Attribution of recent climate change
Claim: “So the bottom line of all this is that climate change is natural, not man-made.
Evidence: (2012) stated that a combination of natural weather variability and human-induced global warming was responsible for the Moscow and Texas heat waves.
Category: Global warming
Claim: But the observed warming as monitored by satellites (our only truly global monitoring system) has been only about half of what computerized climate models say should be happening.
Evidence: Sea level rise since 1990 was underestimated in older models, but now agrees well with observations.
Category: Climate sensitivity
Claim: In fact, the authors go on to estimate climate sensitivity from their findings, calculate a value between 2.3 to 4.1°C.
Evidence: The IPCC Fifth Assessment Report reverted to the earlier range of 1.5 to 4.5 °C (2.7 to 8.1 °F) (high confidence) because some estimates using industrial-age data came out low.
Category: Global warming
Claim: Climate scientists have predicted global temperatures would increase more than one degree Celsius by 2020," but observed temperatures have been only half as high.
Evidence: The 10th Emissions Gap Report issued by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) predicts that if emissions continue to increase at the same rate as they have in 2010–2020, global temperatures would rise by as much as 4° by 2100.
Evidence: About a billion years from now, all surface water will have disappeared and the mean global temperature will reach 70 °C (158 °F).
Evidence: In February 2020, the region recorded the highest temperature of 18.3 degree Celsius which was a degree higher than the previous record of 17.5 degrees in March 2015.
Evidence: In the last 100 years, Earth's average surface temperature increased by about 0.8 °C (1.4 °F) with about two thirds of the increase occurring over just the last three decades.
Category: Hockey stick controversy
Claim: Since the hockey stick paper in 1998, there have been a number of proxy studies analysing a variety of different sources including corals, stalagmites, tree rings, boreholes and ice cores.
Evidence: For his postdoctoral research, Mann joined Bradley and tree ring specialist Malcolm K. Hughes to develop a new statistical approach to reconstruct underlying spatial patterns of temperature variation combining diverse datasets of proxy information covering different periods across the globe, including a rich resource of tree ring networks for some areas and sparser proxies such as lake sediments, ice cores and corals, as well as some historical records.
Category: Global warming
Claim: Since the mid 1970s, global temperatures have been warming at around 0.2 degrees Celsius per decade.
Evidence: Limiting new black carbon deposits in the Arctic could reduce global warming by 0.2 °C by 2050.
Category: Global warming
Claim: The PDO shows no trend, and therefore the PDO is not responsible for the trend of global warming.
Evidence: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.
Category: Jet stream
Claim: “The jet stream forms a boundary between the cold north and the warmer south, but the lower temperature difference means the winds are now weaker.
Evidence: If two air masses, one cold and dense to the North and the other hot and less dense to the South, are separated by a vertical boundary and that boundary should be removed, the difference in densities will result in the cold air mass slipping under the hotter and less dense air mass.
Category: Hockey stick controversy
Claim: It also concludes that current northern hemisphere surface air temperatures are significantly higher than during the peak of the Medieval Warm Period (MWP).
Evidence: The authors concluded that "Northern Hemisphere mean annual temperatures for three of the past eight years are warmer than any other year since (at least) AD1400", and estimated empirically that greenhouse gases had become the dominant climate forcing during the 20th century.
Evidence: He wrote that this graph "asserts that temperatures during the Medieval Warm Period were higher than those of today", and described climate changes as due to solar variation.
Evidence: Peak temperatures did not rise as high as those from the late 20th century, which were unprecedented in the area during the study period of 1600 years.
Category: Ice sheet
Claim: Whether Antarctic mass loss keeps worsening depends on choices made today
Evidence: The Greenland, and possibly the Antarctic, ice sheets have been losing mass recently, because losses by ablation including outlet glaciers exceed accumulation of snowfall.
Evidence: "Mass gains of the Antarctic ice sheet exceed losses".
Evidence: A 2019 study, however, using different methodology, concluded that East Antarctica is losing significant amounts of ice mass.
Evidence: All datasets generally show an acceleration of mass loss from the Antarctic ice-sheet, but with year-to-year variations.
Category: Attribution of recent climate change
Claim: Rapid assessment of average temperatures in France between 26-28 June showed a “substantial” increase in the likelihood of the heatwave happening as a result of human-caused global warming, experts at the World Weather Attribution group said.
Evidence: (2012) attributed the 2010 Moscow and 2011 Texas heat waves to human-induced global warming.
Category: Antarctica
Claim: The acceleration is making some scientists fear that Antarctica’s ice sheet may have entered the early stages of an unstoppable disintegration.
Evidence: The sheet has been of recent concern because of the small possibility of its collapse.
Evidence: "Antarctica ice melt has accelerated by 280% in the last 4 decades".
Category: Criticism of the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report
Claim: "The IPCC also made false predictions on the Amazon rain forests, referenced to a non peer-reviewed paper produced by an advocacy group working with the WWF.
Evidence: The source cited in the report for this claim is a non-peer reviewed policy paper published by International Institute for Sustainable Development, a Canadian think tank.
Evidence: Examples of non-peer-reviewed sources include model results, reports from government agencies and non-governmental organizations, and industry journals.
Category: 1257 Samalas eruption
Claim: ‘While volcanic eruptions are natural events, it was the timing of these that had such a noticeable effect on the trend.
Evidence: The Little Ice Age was a period of several centuries during the last millennium during which global temperatures were depressed; the cooling was associated with volcanic eruptions.
Category: Antarctica
Claim: “It’s far too early to tell if what we are seeing in the Arctic, and now the Antarctic, is a sharp shift towards warmer poles with less ice.
Evidence: "A 40-y record reveals gradual Antarctic sea ice increases followed by decreases at rates far exceeding the rates seen in the Arctic".
Evidence: The effects of global warming in the Arctic, or climate change in the Arctic include rising air and water temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet with a related cold temperature anomaly, observed since the 1970s.
Evidence: The retreat of the Arctic sea ice will accelerate global warming, as less ice cover reflects less solar radiation, and may have serious climate implications by contributing to Arctic cyclone generation.
Category: Green-collar worker
Claim: Renewable energy investment kills jobs
Evidence: Some 2.3 million people have found renewable energy jobs in recent years, and projected investments of $630 billion by 2030 would translate into at least 20 million additional jobs.
Evidence: A key benefit that this investment growth brings is a growth in jobs.
Evidence: Renewable power has been more effective in creating jobs than coal or oil in the United States.
Category: Logical positivism
Claim: The claim sea level isn’t rising is based on blatantly doctored graphs and conspiracy theories that are contradicted by empirical observational data.
Evidence: A scientific theory would be stated with its method of verification, whereby a logical calculus or empirical operation could verify its falsity or truth.
Evidence: Natural science is concerned with the description, prediction, and understanding of natural phenomena based on empirical evidence from observation and experimentation.
Category: The Sixth Extinction: An Unnatural History
Claim: Since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, the acidity of surface ocean waters has increased by about 30 percent.13,14
Evidence: Since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, we have seen increasing levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere at an alarming rate.
Evidence: Between 1751 and 1996, surface ocean pH is estimated to have decreased from approximately 8.25 to 8.14, representing an increase of almost 30% in H+ ion concentration in the world's oceans.
Evidence: This has caused an increase in hydrogen ion (acidity) of about 30% since the start of the industrial age through a process known as "ocean acidification."
Evidence: In the 15-year period 1995–2010 alone, acidity has increased 6 percent in the upper 100 meters of the Pacific Ocean from Hawaii to Alaska.