Danthammadhavi/climate_fever_fixed huggingface dataset:
Category: List of ecoregions in North America (CEC)
Claim: […] in fact this pattern is already emerging, with the conditions that create extremely warm dry years and extremely wet years both becoming more frequent.
Evidence: Today the weather is generally very cold and dry with a few weeks of sun and rain in the summer.
Category: Second law of thermodynamics
Claim: 2nd law of thermodynamics contradicts greenhouse theory
Evidence: The recurrence theorem may be perceived as apparently contradicting the second law of thermodynamics.
Evidence: This law is the basis of temperature.
Category: United States
Claim: for every renewable energy job that the State manages to finance, Spain’s experience...reveals with high confidence, by two different methods, that the U.S. should expect a loss of at least 2.2 jobs on average
Evidence: It brought high unemployment (which has been decreasing but remains above pre-recession levels), along with low consumer confidence, the continuing decline in home values and increase in foreclosures and personal bankruptcies, an escalating federal debt crisis, inflation, and rising petroleum and food prices.
Evidence: As a result of the state's strong environmental movement, California has some of the most aggressive renewable energy goals in the United States, with a target for California to obtain a third of its electricity from renewables by 2020.
Category: Carbon dioxide
Claim: Just 1.25 per cent of the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere-ocean system has been released by ­humans in the past 250 years.
Evidence: The oceans act as an enormous carbon sink, and have taken up about a third of CO 2 emitted by human activity.
Category: Global warming
Claim: We note that the Earth has never in its history had a quasi-stable state that is around 2C warmer than the preindustrial and suggest that there is substantial risk that the system, itself, will ‘want’ to continue warming because of all of these other processes – even if we stop emissions,” she said.
Evidence: Multiple independently produced instrumental datasets confirm that the 2009–2018 decade was 0.93 ± 0.07 °C warmer than the pre-industrial baseline (1850–1900).
Evidence: Study author Katherine Richardson stresses, "We note that the Earth has never in its history had a quasi-stable state that is around 2 °C warmer than the preindustrial and suggest that there is substantial risk that the system, itself, will ‘want’ to continue warming because of all of these other processes – even if we stop emissions.
Category: Scientific consensus on climate change
Claim: This means the global temperature trend has now shown no further warming for 19 years
Evidence: Since the start of the 20th century, the global mean surface temperature of the Earth has increased by more than 0.7°C and the rate of warming has been largest in the last 30 years.
Evidence: Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.
Category: Global warming
Claim: Under the most ambitious scenarios, they found a strong likelihood that Antarctica would remain fairly stable.”
Evidence: Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7 °C (0.5 to 3.1 °F) in a moderate scenario, or as much as 2.6 to 4.8 °C (4.7 to 8.6 °F) in an extreme scenario, depending on the rate of future greenhouse gas emissions and on climate feedback effects.
Category: Florida
Claim: Florida ranks "45th out of 50 states'' for its regulatory climate for business.
Evidence: "Top 50 Water Ports by Tonnage—Bureau of Transportation Statistics".
Category: Skepticism
Claim: Royal Society embraces skepticism
Evidence: Skepticism (American English) or scepticism (British English, Australian English, and Canadian English) is generally a questioning attitude or doubt towards one or more items of putative knowledge or belief or dogma.
Evidence: In this way, Hume embraced what he called a "mitigated" skepticism, while rejecting an "excessive" Pyrrhonian skepticism that he saw as both impractical and psychologically impossible.
Category: Climate change in the United States
Claim: But observations, such as those on our CO2 Coalition website, show that increased CO2 levels over the next century will cause modest and beneficial warming—perhaps as much as one degree Celsius (1.8 degrees Fahrenheit)
Evidence: "A projected increase of 4.05 degrees Fahrenheit in average temperature is expected by 2065, and a projected increase of 9.37 degrees Fahrenheit in average temperature can be expected by the turn of the century if nothing is done to curb emissions.
Category: Effects of global warming
Claim: parts of the Earth will likely become close to uninhabitable
Evidence: In July 2019, they issued a declaration "affirming that climate change poses the single greatest threat to the human rights and security of present and future generations of Pacific Island peoples" and claim their lands could become uninhabitable as early as 2030.
Category: Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum
Claim: Discovery Of Massive Volcanic CO2 Emissions Discredits Global Warming Theory.
Evidence: Intrusions of hot magma into carbon-rich sediments may have triggered the degassing of isotopically light methane in sufficient volumes to cause global warming and the observed isotope anomaly.
Category: Weather
Claim: Weather is chaotic because air is light, it has low friction and viscosity, it expands strongly when in contact with hot surfaces and it conducts heat poorly.
Evidence: Weather is driven by air pressure, temperature and moisture differences between one place and another.
Category: Atmosphere of Jupiter
Claim: (2009) have demonstrated recently  – the upper troposphere (the only place where adding CO2 to the  atmosphere could make any difference to temperature) is considerably  drier than the models are tuned to expect."
Evidence: In 2010, astronomers imaged the GRS in the far infrared (from 8.5 to 24 μm) with a spatial resolution higher than ever before and found that its central, reddest region is warmer than its surroundings by between 3–4 K. The warm airmass is located in the upper troposphere in the pressure range of 200–500 mbar.
Category: Great Barrier Reef
Claim: Great Barrier Reef may perish by 2030s
Evidence: "Great Barrier Reef 2050 plan no longer achievable due to climate change, experts say".
Category: Effects of global warming
Claim: However, this is exactly what climate scientists have predicted for California since at least the 1980s: protracted periods of warm, dry conditions punctuated by intense wet spells, with more rain and less snow, causing both drought and floods.
Evidence: more intense droughts and tropical cyclones) are more uncertain.
Evidence: There is also evidence that global warming is leading to increased precipitation to the eastern portions of North America, while droughts are becoming more frequent in the tropics and subtropics.
Category: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
Claim: They concluded that trends toward rising climate damages were mainly due to increased population and economic activity in the path of storms, that it was not currently possible to determine the portion of damages attributable to greenhouse gases, and that they didn’t expect that situation to change in the near future.
Evidence: Among other findings, the report concluded that sea level rises could be up to two feet higher by the year 2100, even if efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to limit global warming are successful; coastal cities across the world could see so-called "storm[s] of the century" at least once a year.
Category: Criticism of the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report
Claim: "In 1999 New Scientist reported a comment by the leading Indian glaciologist Syed Hasnain, who said in an email interview with this author that all the glaciers in the central and eastern Himalayas could disappear by 2035.
Evidence: That article was based on an email interview, and says that "Hasnain's four-year study indicates that all the glaciers in the central and eastern Himalayas could disappear by 2035 at their present rate of decline."
Category: Weather
Claim: Severe storms, floods and agricultural losses may cost a great deal of money, but such extreme weather events—and their resulting costs—are dramatically declining as the Earth modestly warms.
Evidence: Climate change caused by human activities that emit greenhouse gases into the air is expected to affect the frequency of extreme weather events such as drought, extreme temperatures, flooding, high winds, and severe storms.
Category: Polar bear
Claim: Polar bear numbers are increasing
Evidence: Of the 19 recognized polar bear subpopulations, one is in decline, two are increasing, seven are stable, and nine have insufficient data, as of 2017.
Evidence: "Ask the experts: Are polar bear populations increasing?".
Category: Attribution of recent climate change
Claim: “The worldwide temperature record has been changed.
Evidence: According to the historical temperature record of the last century, the Earth's near-surface air temperature has risen around 0.74 ± 0.18 °Celsius (1.3 ± 0.32 °Fahrenheit).
Category: Fred Singer
Claim: Mr. Singer is a professor emeritus of environmental science at the University of Virginia.
Evidence: Siegfried Fred Singer (born September 27, 1924) is an Austrian-born American physicist and emeritus professor of environmental science at the University of Virginia.
Category: Greenhouse effect
Claim: When we do the calculations and include all radiative forcings and the amount of heat being absorbed by the oceans, it shows that the Earth has warmed almost exactly as much as we would expect.
Evidence: Most of this thermal radiation is absorbed by the atmosphere and warms it.
Evidence: The net heat flux is buffered primarily by becoming part of the ocean's heat content, until a new equilibrium state is established between radiative forcings and the climate response.
Category: Natural gas
Claim: Carbon dioxide is a non-condensable atmospheric gas like nitrogen and oxygen
Evidence: Like landfill gas, biogas is mostly methane and carbon dioxide, with small amounts of nitrogen, oxygen and hydrogen.
Category: Global warming
Claim: Neither the rate nor the magnitude of the reported late twentieth century surface warming (1979–2000) lay outside normal natural variability.
Evidence: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.
Evidence: Before the Industrial Revolution, naturally occurring amounts of greenhouse gases caused the air near the surface to be warmer by about 33 °C (59 °F) than it would be in their absence.
Category: Antarctica
Claim: That’s because as Antarctica’s mass shrinks, the ice sheet’s gravitational pull on the ocean relaxes somewhat, and the seas travel back across the globe to pile up far away — with U.S. coasts being one prime destination.”
Evidence: Melting of floating ice shelves (ice that originated on the land) does not in itself contribute much to sea-level rise (since the ice displaces only its own mass of water).
Category: An Inconvenient Truth
Claim: Al Gore's book is quite accurate, and far more accurate than contrarian books.
Evidence: "He is making a qualitative point, which is entirely accurate.
Evidence: Earth in the Balance: Ecology and the Human Spirit (ISBN 0-452-26935-0, paperback ISBN 1-85383-743-1) is a 1992 book written by Al Gore, published in June 1992, shortly before he was elected Vice President in the 1992 presidential election.
Category: Arctic Ocean
Claim: To make matters worse, the water temperatures in the Arctic Ocean are several degrees above average, which is an expected result of having less sea ice.
Evidence: Atlantic Water has the same salinity as Arctic Bottom Water but is much warmer (up to 3 °C).
Category: Winter
Claim: 2009-2010 winter saw record cold spells.
Evidence: In Europe, the winters of early 1947, February 1956, 1962–1963, 1981–1982 and 2009–2010 were abnormally cold.
Evidence: 2011 was one of the coldest on record in New Zealand with sea level snow falling in Wellington in July for the first time in 35 years and a much heavier snowstorm for 3 days in a row in August.
Evidence: It was the coldest winter and longest cold spell for thirty years in the United Kingdom, whilst temperatures in the Italian Alpine peaks reached low to an extreme of −47 °C (−52.6 °F).
Category: Hurricane Harvey
Claim: Climate scientists say that aspects of the case of Hurricane Harvey suggest global warming is making a bad situation worse.
Evidence: The Gulf of Mexico is known for hurricanes in August, so their incidence alone cannot be attributed to global warming, but the warming climate does influence certain attributes of storms.
Category: Holocene extinction
Claim: Polar bears are in danger of extinction as well as many other species.
Evidence: There is widespread consensus among scientists that human activity is accelerating the extinction of many animal species through the destruction of habitats, the consumption of animals as resources, and the elimination of species that humans view as threats or competitors.
Evidence: The key danger posed by climate change is malnutrition or starvation due to habitat loss.
Evidence: Overall, it is expected that climate change will result in the extinction of many species and reduced diversity of ecosystems.
Category: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
Claim: IPCC report warning last week the world is “nowhere near on track” to meet its Paris commitments
Evidence: In 2015 the Paris Agreement was adopted, governing emission reductions from 2020 on through commitments of countries in Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), with a view of lowering the target to 1.5 °C.
Evidence: "World on track for 3 °C of warming under current global climate pledges, warns UN".
Evidence: "Australia is not on track to reach 2030 Paris target (but the potential is there)".
Category: North Pole
Claim: Thick arctic sea ice is in rapid retreat.
Evidence: The retreat of the Arctic sea ice will accelerate global warming, as less ice cover reflects less solar radiation, and may have serious climate implications by contributing to Arctic cyclone generation.
Evidence: The Holocene glacial retreat is a geographical phenomenon that involved the global deglaciation of glaciers that previously had advanced during the Last Glacial Maximum.
Category: Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum
Claim: Sea-level rise does not seem to depend on ocean temperature, and certainly not on CO2
Evidence: This depth depends on (among other things) temperature and the amount of CO 2 dissolved in the ocean.
Evidence: Thus, a small change in the mean temperature of the ocean represents a very large change in the total heat content of the climate system.
Category: Climate
Claim: Tree-rings diverge from temperature after 1960
Evidence: For example, "a 3°C change in mean annual temperature corresponds to a shift in isotherms of approximately 300–400 km in latitude (in the temperate zone) or 500 m in elevation.
Evidence: Earlier extended minima have been discovered through analysis of tree rings and appear to have coincided with lower-than-average global temperatures.
Category: Scientific consensus on climate change
Claim: The fact that so many studies on climate change don't bother to endorse the consensus position is significant because scientists have largely moved from what's causing global warming onto discussing details of the problem (eg - how fast, how soon, impacts, etc).
Evidence: AAWV Position Statement on Climate Change, Wildlife Diseases, and Wildlife Health "There is widespread scientific agreement that the world's climate is changing and that the weight of evidence demonstrates that anthropogenic factors have and will continue to contribute significantly to global warming and climate change.
Category: Runaway greenhouse effect
Claim: "...the largest of all the positive or temperature-amplifying feedbacks in  the UN’s arsenal is the water-vapor feedback.
Evidence: An increase in temperature from greenhouse gases leading to increased water vapor (which is itself a greenhouse gas) causing further warming is a positive feedback, but not a runaway effect, on Earth.
Evidence: Since water vapor is a greenhouse gas, the increase in water vapor content makes the atmosphere warm further; this warming causes the atmosphere to hold still more water vapor (a positive feedback), and so on until other processes stop the feedback loop.
Category: Clean Power Plan
Claim: The Obama administration is "proposing to mine another 10 billion tons of Wyoming coal, which would unleash three times more carbon pollution than Obama's Clean Power Plan would even save through 2030."
Evidence: EPA projects that the plan will save the average American family $85 per year in energy bills in 2030, and it will save enough energy to power 30 million homes and save consumers $155 billion from 2020–2030.
Evidence: The final version of the plan aims to reduce carbon dioxide emissions from electrical power generation by 32 percent by 2030, relative to 2005 levels.
Category: Emissions trading
Claim: President Obama's proposal calls for serious cuts in our own long-term carbon emissions, but China and India will still be allowed to increase their emissions.
Evidence: It is one of the ways countries can meet their obligations under the Kyoto Protocol to reduce carbon emissions and thereby mitigate global warming.
Category: Air pollution
Claim: According to the WHO, exposure to particulate matter increases the risk of acute lower respiratory infection, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, heart disease, stroke and lung cancer.
Evidence: Causes of deaths include strokes, heart disease, COPD, lung cancer, and lung infections.
Category: Polar bear
Claim: while it’s true that studies in some regions show polar bears are lighter in weight than they were in the 1980s, there is no evidence that more individuals are starving to death or becoming too thin to reproduce because of less summer ice.
Evidence: A study in Hudson Bay indicated that both the reproductive success and the maternal weight of females peaked in their mid-teens.Maternal success appeared to decline after this point, possibly because of an age-related impairment in the ability to store the fat necessary to rear cubs.
Evidence: In Alaska, the effects of sea ice shrinkage have contributed to higher mortality rates in polar bear cubs, and have led to changes in the denning locations of pregnant females.
Evidence: Unlike brown and black bears, polar bears are capable of fasting for up to several months during late summer and early fall, when they cannot hunt for seals because the sea is unfrozen.
Evidence: They still manage to consume some seals, but they are food-deprived in summer as only marine mammal carcasses are an important alternative without sea ice, especially carcasses of the beluga whale.
Category: An Inconvenient Truth
Claim: While there are minor errors in An Inconvenient Truth, the main truths presented - evidence to show mankind is causing global warming and its various impacts is consistent with peer reviewed science.
Evidence: Gore's presentation was the most powerful and clear explanation of global warming I had ever seen.
Evidence: The survey, published as an editorial in the journal Science, found that every article either supported the human-caused global warming consensus or did not comment on it.
Evidence: "Judge attacks nine errors in Al Gore's 'alarmist' climate change film".
Category: Global warming
Claim: However, more direct comparisons between solar activity and global temperature finds that  as the sun grew hotter or cooler, Earth's climate followed it with a 10 year lag - presumably due to the dampening effect of the ocean.
Evidence: Although the most common measure of global warming is the increase in the near-surface atmospheric temperature, over 90% of the additional energy stored in the climate system over the last 50 years has warmed ocean water.
Evidence: Another line of evidence for the warming not being due to the Sun is how temperature changes differ at different levels in the Earth's atmosphere.
Category: Pacific decadal oscillation
Claim: "The Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) is a temperature pattern in the Pacific Ocean that spends roughly 20-30 years in the cool phase or the warm phase.
Evidence: The 2014 flip from the cool PDO phase to the warm phase, which vaguely resembles a long and drawn out El Niño event, contributed to record-breaking surface temperatures across the planet in 2014.
Evidence: The Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) is a robust, recurring pattern of ocean-atmosphere climate variability centered over the mid-latitude Pacific basin.
Category: We Are the World
Claim: We’ve contacted them to ask more details about the size of the Sif.
Evidence: Entertainment manager and fellow fundraiser Ken Kragen was contacted by Belafonte, who asked for singers Lionel Richie and Kenny Rogers—Kragen's clients—to participate in Belafonte's musical endeavor.
Evidence: Anticipation for the video grew in the United Kingdom when the national news picked up on the story of sixty-one-year-old Northern Ireland farmer Alan Graham withdrawing his permission to film in his barley field in Bangor, County Down after taking issue with Rihanna's clothing, focusing on her appearing topless and also wearing a red bikini top which he thought was an "inappropriate state of undress".
Category: Development communication
Claim: Policy makers who want to help the residents of the Marshall Islands today should look at improving the islands’ resilience
Evidence: Its approach is anticipatory which aims to improve policymaking in order to provide as much lead time as necessary in the solution of societal problems.
Category: Climate change denial
Claim: And in January, one out of five British children told pollsters they were having nightmares about climate change.
Evidence: Regrettably, this creates the impression that scientific opinion is evenly divided or completely unsettled" Begley 2007: "polls found that 64 percent of Americans thought there was 'a lot' of scientific disagreement on climate change; only one third thought planetary warming was "mainly caused by things people do."
Evidence: ISBN 978-1-4614-3640-9. belief that climate change is "real" and confidence in climate science has surprisingly decreased… Angus Reid polls conducted in December 2009 found declining support for climate change…in Britain, Canada, and the United States.
Category: Global warming
Claim: Scientists have determined that the factors which caused the Little Ice Age cooling are not currently causing global warming.
Evidence: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.
Evidence: The temperature data was updated in 2006 to report that temperatures are now 0.8 °C warmer than a century ago, and concluded that the recent global warming is a real climate change and not an artifact from the urban heat island effect.
Evidence: The consensus theory of the scientific community is that the resulting greenhouse effect is a principal cause of the increase in global warming which has occurred over the same period, and a chief contributor to the accelerated melting of the remaining glaciers and polar ice.
Category: Donald Trump
Claim: Donald Trump signed an executive order naming climate change as a threat "both to the economy and national security."
Evidence: "Executive Order Minimizing the Economic Burden of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act Pending Repeal".
Evidence: On March 28, 2017, President Trump signed an executive order aimed towards boosting the coal industry.
Category: Botany
Claim: More importantly, the OISM list only contains 39 scientists who specialise in climate science.
Evidence: A botanist, plant scientist or phytologist is a scientist who specialises in this field.
Evidence: In 2001, Scientific American took a random sample "of 30 of the 1,400 signatories claiming to hold a Ph.D. in a climate-related science."
Category: Volcano
Claim: We don't need a high heat flow - just a high temperature for the core to affect the surface climate.
Evidence: Usually, only mafic flows will erupt as pāhoehoe, since they often erupt at higher temperatures or have the proper chemical make-up to allow them to flow with greater fluidity.
Category: Hockey stick controversy
Claim: The increase in temperatures since 1975 is a consistent feature of all reconstructions.
Evidence: In the hockey stick controversy, the data and methods used in reconstructions of the temperature record of the past 1000 years have been disputed.
Evidence: Reconstructions have consistently shown that the rise in the instrumental temperature record of the past 150 years is not matched in earlier centuries, and the name "hockey stick graph" was coined for figures showing a long-term decline followed by an abrupt rise in temperatures.
Category: Global warming
Claim: Surface temperatures can show short-term cooling when heat is exchanged between the atmosphere and the ocean, which has a much greater heat capacity than the air.
Evidence: This is due to the larger heat capacity of oceans and because oceans lose more heat by evaporation.
Evidence: When soot is suspended in the atmosphere, it directly absorbs solar radiation, heating the atmosphere and cooling the surface.
Category: Great Barrier Reef
Claim: the Great Barrier Reef is in fine fettle
Evidence: Crescentic reefs are also found in the far north of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park, and in the Swain Reefs (20–22 degrees south).
Category: Global cooling
Claim: The majority of peer reviewed research at the time predicted warming due to increasing CO2.
Evidence: The 1970 Study of Critical Environmental Problems reported the possibility of warming from increased carbon dioxide, but no concerns about cooling, setting a lower bound on the beginning of interest in "global cooling".
Evidence: The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change said the likelihood was 90 percent to 99 percent that emissions of heat-trapping greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, spewed from tailpipes and smokestacks, were the dominant cause of the observed warming of the last 50 years.
Evidence: A survey of peer-reviewed scientific papers published between 1965 and 1979 shows that the large majority of research at the time predicted that the earth would warm as carbon-dioxide levels rose — as indeed it has."
Category: Carbon capture and storage
Claim: ‘Clean coal’ is an approach in which the emissions from coal-burning power plants would be captured and pumped underground.
Evidence: The geothermal plant then pumps the carbonated water into rock formations underground where the carbon dioxide reacts with basaltic bedrock and forms carbonite minerals.
Evidence: Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is a method to mitigate climate change by capturing carbon dioxide (CO2) from large point sources such as power plants and subsequently storing it away safely instead of releasing it into the atmosphere.
Category: Global warming
Claim: While the greenhouse effect is a natural occurence, too much warming has severe negative impacts on agriculture, health and environment.
Evidence: Generally, impacts on public health will be more negative than positive.
Evidence: The impact on the environment, ecosystems, the animal kingdom, society and humanity depends on how much more the Earth warms.
Category: Climate change mitigation
Claim: Less energy is escaping to space: Carbon dioxide (CO2) acts like a blanket; adding more CO2 makes the 'blanket' thicker, and humans are adding more CO2 all the time.
Evidence: The reason for this is that human activities are adding CO2 to the atmosphere faster than natural processes can remove it (see carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere for a complete explanation).
Evidence: Examples of mitigation include reducing energy demand by increasing energy efficiency, phasing out fossil fuels by switching to low-carbon energy sources, and removing carbon dioxide from Earth's atmosphere.
Category: Natural disaster
Claim: While volcanic eruptions are natural events, it was the timing of these that had such a noticeable effect on the trend
Evidence: The effects include the volcanic eruption itself that may cause harm following the explosion of the volcano or falling rocks.
Category: Global cooling
Claim: The late 1970s marked the end of a 30-year cooling trend.
Evidence: "During the last 20-30 years, world temperature has fallen, irregularly at first but more sharply over the last decade."
Evidence: Based on orbital models, the cooling trend initiated about 6,000 years ago will continue for another 23,000 years.
Evidence: It is possible that the current cooling trend may be interrupted by an interstadial in about 60,000 years, with the next glacial maximum reached only in about 100,000 years.
Category: Carbon dioxide
Claim: According to the study, as carbon levels have risen, the cold air at high altitudes over the tropics has actually grown colder.
Evidence: Less energy reaches the upper atmosphere, which is therefore cooler because of this absorption.
Category: Carbon dioxide
Claim: "Satellite measurements indicate an absence of significant global warming since 1979, the very period that human carbon dioxide emissions have been increasing rapidly.
Evidence: Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.
Category: Renewable energy in the European Union
Claim: The rate of renewable energy installations in the EU in 2018 was less than half the maximum level achieved in 2010.
Evidence: Installed Wind power capacity in the European Union totalled 93,957 megawatts (MW) in 2011, enough to supply 6.3% of the EU's electricity.
Category: Climate change (general concept)
Claim: "Britain's big freeze is the start of a worldwide trend towards colder weather that seriously challenges global warming theories, eminent scientists claimed yesterday.
Evidence: As a consequence of humans emitting greenhouse gases, global surface temperatures have started rising.
Evidence: The consensus theory of the scientific community is that the resulting greenhouse effect is a principal cause of the increase in global warming which has occurred over the same period, and a chief contributor to the accelerated melting of the remaining glaciers and polar ice.
Evidence: The current scientific consensus on climate change is that the Earth underwent global warming throughout the 20th century and continues to warm.
Category: Climate change adaptation
Claim: Adapting to global warming is cheaper than preventing it.
Evidence: Adaptation is especially important in developing countries since those countries are bearing the brunt of the effects of global warming.
Category: El Niño–Southern Oscillation
Claim: The El Nino Southern Oscillation shows close correlation to global temperatures over the short term.
Evidence: For example, an increase in the frequency and magnitude of El Niño events have triggered warmer than usual temperatures over the Indian Ocean, by modulating the Walker circulation.
Evidence: Therefore, the relative frequency of El Niño compared to La Niña events can affect global temperature trends on decadal timescales.
Category: Carbon tax
Claim: The benefits of a price on carbon outweigh the costs several times over.
Evidence: Carbon emissions have an "unpriced" societal cost in terms of their deleterious effects on the earth's climate.
Evidence: So that is sometimes said to be the cost of the policy.
Category: Svante Arrhenius
Claim: If we double atmospheric carbon dioxide[…] we’d only raise global surface temperatures by about a degree Celsius.
Evidence: On the other hand, any doubling of the percentage of carbon dioxide in the air would raise the temperature of the earth's surface by 4°; and if the carbon dioxide were increased fourfold, the temperature would rise by 8°."
Category: Urban heat island
Claim: Numerous studies into the effect of urban heat island effect and microsite influences find they have negligible effect on long-term trends, particularly when averaged over large regions.
Evidence: Several studies have revealed increases in the severity of the effect of heat islands with the progress of climate change.
Evidence: On the other hand, one 1999 comparison between urban and rural areas proposed that urban heat island effects have little influence on global mean temperature trends.
Category: Arctic
Claim: If Houlton’s finding about these vast, previously unknown nitrogen stores holds true, then it would have an enormous impact on global warming predictions.
Evidence: Climate models predict much greater warming in the Arctic than the global average, resulting in significant international attention to the region.
Evidence: In a projection designed to simulate a future where no efforts are made to reduce global emissions, the likely rise in global average temperature was predicted to be 5.5 °C by 2100.
Category: Greenland ice sheet
Claim: The melting of the Greenland ice sheet is already contributing significantly to sea level rise, and new research is highlighting that the melting of Arctic sea ice can alter weather conditions across Europe, Asia and North America.’”
Evidence: Ice sheet models project that such a warming would initiate the long-term melting of the ice sheet, leading to a complete melting of the ice sheet (over centuries), resulting in a global sea level rise of about 7 metres (23 ft).
Evidence: The glaciers of Greenland are also contributing to a rise in the global sea level faster than was previously believed.
Category: Scientific consensus on climate change
Claim: The science is clear, climate change is making extreme weather events, including tornadoes, worse.
Evidence: As the Earth's climate warms, we are seeing many changes: stronger, more destructive hurricanes; heavier rainfall; more disastrous flooding; more areas of the world experiencing severe drought; and more heat waves."
Evidence: This could lead to changing, and for all emissions scenarios more unpredictable, weather patterns around the world, less frost days, more extreme events (droughts and storm or flood disasters), and warmer sea temperatures and melting glaciers causing sea levels to rise.
Category: Milk
Claim: In the process, the cows will emit much greenhouse gas, and they will consume far more calories in beans than they will yield in meat, meaning far more clearcutting of forests to farm cattle feed than would be necessary if the beans above were simply eaten by people.”
Evidence: Compared to plant milks, cow's milk requires the most land and water, and its production results in the greatest amount of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, air pollution, and water pollution.
Evidence: Agriculture contributes to climate change by anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases, and by the conversion of non-agricultural land such as forest for agricultural use.
Evidence: A simple exchange of beef to soy beans (a common feed source for cattle) in Americans' diets would, according to one estimate, result in meeting between 46 and 74 percent of the reductions needed to meet the 2020 greenhouse gas emission goals of the United States as pledged in 2009.
Category: Ocean acidification
Claim: “Dr Browman, a marine scientist for 35 years, said he was not saying that ocean acidification posed no threat, but that he believed that “a higher level of academic scepticism” should be applied to the topic.
Evidence: In a synthesis report published in Science in 2015, 22 leading marine scientists stated that CO 2 from burning fossil fuels is changing the oceans' chemistry more rapidly than at any time since the Great Dying, Earth's most severe known extinction event, emphasizing that the 2 °C maximum temperature increase agreed upon by governments reflects too small a cut in emissions to prevent "dramatic impacts" on the world's oceans, with lead author Jean-Pierre Gattuso remarking that "The ocean has been minimally considered at previous climate negotiations.
Evidence: This has caused an increase in hydrogen ion (acidity) of about 30% since the start of the industrial age through a process known as "ocean acidification."
Evidence: Ocean acidification poses a severe threat to the earth's natural process of regulating atmospheric C02 levels, causing a decrease in water's ability to dissolve oxygen and created oxygen-vacant bodies of water called "dead zones."
Category: Attribution of recent climate change
Claim: In the last 35 years of global warming, sun and climate have been going in opposite directions.
Evidence: Over the past five decades there has been a global warming of approximately 0.65 °C (1.17 °F) at the Earth's surface (see historical temperature record).
Category: IPCC Fourth Assessment Report
Claim: "The IPCC’s Fourth Assessment Report, 2007, carries in three places a graph in which the Hadley Center’s global mean surface temperature anomaly dataset from 1850-2005 is displayed with four arbitrarily-chosen trend-lines overlaid upon it.
Evidence: Climate Change 2007, the Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) of the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), is the fourth in a series of reports intended to assess scientific, technical and socio-economic information concerning climate change, its potential effects, and options for adaptation and mitigation.
Category: Clean Air Act (United States)
Claim: The United States has been restricting soot emissions  in Draconian fashion since the Clean Air Act of 1963.
Evidence: The first federal legislation to actually pertain to "controlling" air pollution was the Clean Air Act of 1963.
Category: Climatic Research Unit documents
Claim: The "decline" refers to a decline in northern tree-rings, not global temperature, and is openly discussed in papers and the IPCC reports.
Evidence: The implications of the decline are discussed in Chapter 2 of the IPCC Third Assessment Report, and in Chapter 6 of the 2007 IPCC Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) which describes discussion of various possible reasons for the divergence which does not affect all the trees, and says that there is no consensus about the cause.
Evidence: "Robust findings" of the Synthesis report include: "Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, as is now evident from observations of increases in global average air and ocean temperatures, widespread melting of snow and ice and rising global average sea level".
Category: Boeing
Claim: an airplane is contributing to the emissions that put the frozen continent at risk.
Evidence: The airline industry is responsible for about 11% of greenhouse gases emitted by the U.S. transportation sector.
Category: Arctic sea ice decline
Claim: People tend to think of an ice-free Arctic in summer in terms of it merely being a symbol of global change.
Evidence: "US Navy predicts summer ice free Arctic by 2016".
Evidence: Models that best match historical trends project a nearly ice-free Arctic in the summer by the 2030s.
Evidence: Research shows that the Arctic may become ice-free in the summer for the first time in human history by 2040.
Category: Global warming
Claim: Continued greenhouse gas emissions at or above current rates would cause further warming and induce many changes in the global climate system during the 21st century that would very likely be larger than those observed during the 20th century.
Evidence: Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7 °C (0.5 to 3.1 °F) in a moderate scenario, or as much as 2.6 to 4.8 °C (4.7 to 8.6 °F) in an extreme scenario, depending on the rate of future greenhouse gas emissions and on climate feedback effects.
Evidence: Many regions have probably already seen increases in warm spells and heat waves, and it is virtually certain that these changes will continue over the 21st century.
Evidence: The 2007 Fourth Assessment Report compiled by the IPCC (AR4) noted that "changes in atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases and aerosols, land cover and solar radiation alter the energy balance of the climate system", and concluded that "increases in anthropogenic greenhouse gas concentrations is very likely to have caused most of the increases in global average temperatures since the mid-20th century".
Category: Black hole
Claim: According to the second law of  thermodynamics such a planetary machine can never exist."
Evidence: This result, now known as the second law of black hole mechanics, is remarkably similar to the second law of thermodynamics, which states that the total entropy of an isolated system can never decrease.
Category: Ice age
Claim: We have had ice ages and warmer periods when alligators were found in Spitzbergen.
Evidence: The colder periods are called glacial periods, the warmer periods interglacials, such as the Eemian Stage.
Evidence: Climates remained moderately warm, although the slow global cooling that eventually led to the Pleistocene glaciations continued.
Evidence: An ice age is a long period of reduction in the temperature of the Earth's surface and atmosphere, resulting in the presence or expansion of continental and polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers.
Category: Satellite temperature measurements
Claim: Satellite measurements of infrared spectra over the past 40 years observe less energy escaping to space at the wavelengths associated with CO2.
Evidence: The three channels use the same frequency but different carbon dioxide cell pressure, the corresponding weighting functions peaks at 29 km for channel 1, 37 km for channel 2 and 45 km for channel 3.
Category: James Hansen
Claim: no one really knows if last year 2016 was a global temperature record.
Evidence: But we know the last time the world was 2 degrees warmer, sea level was 6 meters or 20 feet higher."
Category: Global warming
Claim: The argument that solving the global warming problem by reducing human greenhouse gas emissions is "too hard" generally stems from the belief that (i) our technology is not sufficiently advanced to achieve significant emissions reductions,
Evidence: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.
Evidence: For example, bicycling reduces greenhouse gas emissions while reducing the effects of a sedentary lifestyle at the same time.
Category: Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme
Claim: Environment Minister Greg Hunt the Coalition's emissions reduction fund, at $13.95 per tonne of carbon, is around 1 per cent of the cost of reducing carbon under the former Labor government's carbon pricing scheme, which he cost $1,300 a tonne.
Evidence: The system aims at achieving the environmental outcome of reducing greenhouse gas emissions, the idea being that capping emissions creates a price for carbon and the ability to trade ensures that emissions are reduced at the lowest possible price (Department of Climate Change, 2008, 12).
Evidence: There will be a price cap on emissions, that will start at AUD 40 per tonne of carbon dioxide equivalent.
Category: NASA Deep Space Network
Claim: Yet, according to NASA, only one temperature sensing station is necessary for the two cities and the vast area between them to be adequately represented in their network.”
Evidence: Deep space missions are visible for long periods of time from a large portion of the Earth's surface, and so require few stations (the DSN has only three main sites).
Category: Car
Claim: New Study Confirms EVs Considerably Worse For Climate Than Diesel Cars.
Evidence: As of 2018[update] the average diesel car has a worse effect on air quality than the average gasoline car But both gasoline and diesel cars pollute more than electric cars.While there are different ways to power cars most rely on gasoline or diesel, and they consume almost a quarter of world oil production as of 2019[update].
Evidence: "EEA report confirms: electric cars are better for climate and air quality".
Evidence: However, looking at the well-to-wheel efficiency of EVs, their total emissions, while still lower, are closer to an efficient gasoline or diesel in most countries where electricity generation relies on fossil fuels.
Category: Chevron Corporation
Claim: Connie Mack "is protecting Chevron oil from a multi-billion dollar lawsuit over pollution of rivers and rainforests."
Evidence: "Texaco faces $1bn lawsuit".
Evidence: In 1993, several dozen tribal leaders and residents from the Ecuadoran Amazon filed a billion-dollar class-action lawsuit against Texaco, as a result of massive ecological pollution of the area and rivers around Texaco's Ecuadorian offshore drilling sites, causing toxic contamination of approximately 30,000 residents.
Category: Level Mountain
Claim: The influence of the volcano is easily spotted and removed, together with other even more important spurious influences.
Evidence: This tremendous variation in the erupted magmas and influence of adjacent vents gave rise to a high and volumnous complex bimodal stratovolcano centrally located atop the shield.
Category: Sea
Claim: This increase is the result of humans emitting more carbon dioxide into the atmosphere and hence more being absorbed into the oceans.
Evidence: More recently, anthropogenic activities have steadily increased the carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere; about 30–40% of the added CO2 is absorbed by the oceans, forming carbonic acid and lowering the pH (now below 8.1) through a process called ocean acidification.
Evidence: This increase in radiative forcing from human activity is attributable mainly to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide levels.
Category: Global warming potential
Claim: Satellite and surface measurements find less energy is escaping to space at CO2 absorption wavelengths.
Evidence: The radiative forcing capacity (RF) is the amount of energy per unit area, per unit time, absorbed by the greenhouse gas, that would otherwise be lost to space.
Category: Media coverage of global warming
Claim: A recent essay in Scientific American argued that scientists “tend to underestimate the severity of threats and the rapidity with which they might unfold” and said one of the reasons was “the perceived need for consensus.”
Evidence: As Stephen Schneider put it: “a mainstream, well-established consensus may be ‘balanced’ against the opposing views of a few extremists, and to the uninformed, each position seems equally credible.” Science journalism concerns itself with gathering and evaluating various types of relevant evidence and rigorously checking sources and facts.
Category: International Energy Agency
Claim: International Energy Agency, a global analysis organization, “continue to see a role for coal for the foreseeable future.”
Evidence: The IEA has a broad role in promoting alternate energy sources (including renewable energy), rational energy policies, and multinational energy technology co-operation.
Evidence: This publication on renewable energy – "which is now the fastest growing sector of the energy mix and accounts for almost a fifth of all electricity produced worldwide – will join annual medium-term reports on oil, gas and coal, which the IEA already produces".
Category: Atlantic Ocean
Claim: “There is now less sea ice on Earth than at any time on record.
Evidence: From October to June the surface is usually covered with sea ice in the Labrador Sea, Denmark Strait, and Baltic Sea.
Evidence: rising sea levels, shrinking Arctic sea ice).
Category: Ice age
Claim: Scientists studying Antarctica sea ice warn a rise in accumulation could spark the next ice age.
Evidence: The release of water raised sea levels again, restoring the ingress of colder water from the Pacific with an accompanying shift to northern hemisphere ice accumulation.
Evidence: "A 40-y record reveals gradual Antarctic sea ice increases followed by decreases at rates far exceeding the rates seen in the Arctic".