Danthammadhavi/climate_fever_fixed huggingface dataset:
Category: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere
Claim: ‘With levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere consistently breaking new records, the influence of human activities on the climate system has become more and more evident,’ said Taalas.
Evidence: While CO 2 absorption and release is always happening as a result of natural processes, the recent rise in CO 2 levels in the atmosphere is known to be mainly due to human (anthropogenic) activity.
Evidence: Because the complexity of the climate makes accurate prediction difficult, the APS urges an enhanced effort to understand the effects of human activity on the Earth's climate, and to provide the technological options for meeting the climate challenge in the near and longer terms.
Evidence: The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fifth Assessment Report concluded, "It is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century".
Category: Weather forecasting
Claim: At present, climate forecasts even as little as six weeks ahead can be diametrically the opposite of what actually occurs, even if the forecasts are limited to a small region of the planet.'
Evidence: As proposed by Edward Lorenz in 1963, long range forecasts, those made at a range of two weeks or more, are impossible to definitively predict the state of the atmosphere, owing to the chaotic nature of the fluid dynamics equations involved.
Evidence: Weather forecasting is the application of science and technology to predict the state of the atmosphere at a future time and given location.
Category: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere
Claim: the concentration of carbon dioxide in Earth’s atmosphere has climbed to a level last seen more than 3 million years ago — before humans even appeared on the rocky ball we call home.
Evidence: The daily average concentration of atmospheric CO 2 at Mauna Loa Observatory first exceeded 400 ppm on 10 May 2013 although this concentration had already been reached in the Arctic in June 2012.
Category: Great Barrier Reef
Claim: The projection that much of the Great Barrier Reef could perish within the next few decades could turn out to be too pessimistic, since other research has shown that some species of corals are surprisingly resilient to the stress from changing ocean temperatures.
Evidence: A March 2016 report stated that coral bleaching was more widespread than previously thought, seriously affecting the northern parts of the reef as a result of warming ocean temperatures.
Evidence: Bleaching events in benthic coral communities (deeper than 20 metres or 66 feet) in the Great Barrier reef are not as well documented as those at shallower depths, but recent research has shown that benthic communities are just as negatively impacted in the face of rising ocean temperatures.
Evidence: In March 2017, the journal Nature published a paper showing that huge sections of an 800-kilometre (500 mi) stretch in the northern part of the reef had died in the course of 2016 due to high water temperatures, an event that the authors put down to the effects of global climate change.
Category: 1938 New England hurricane
Claim: While such a storm does not happen in New England anymore, it happened again there in 1675, with elderly eyewitnesses comparing it to the 1635 storm.
Evidence: It remains the most powerful and deadliest hurricane in recorded New England history, perhaps eclipsed in landfall intensity only by the Great Colonial Hurricane of 1635.
Evidence: Winter Storm naming in the United States goes back to the 1700s when a snowstorm dubbed "The Great Snow of 1717" hit the colonies of New England in 1717.
Evidence: Notable ice storms include an El Niño-related North American ice storm of 1998 that affected much of eastern Canada, including Montreal and Ottawa, as well as upstate New York and part of New England.
Category: Global warming
Claim: All the indicators show that global warming is still happening.
Evidence: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.
Category: Natural gas
Claim: And their wind and manure emit more than one third of  emissions of another, methane, which warms the world 20 times faster  than carbon dioxide.
Evidence: While the lifetime of atmospheric methane is relatively short when compared to carbon dioxide, with a half-life of about 7 years, it is more efficient at trapping heat in the atmosphere, so that a given quantity of methane has 84 times the global-warming potential of carbon dioxide over a 20-year period and 28 times over a 100-year period.
Category: Angstrom
Claim: This argument originates from Angstrom's work in 1901.
Evidence: This use is evident in Bragg's paper on the structure of ice, which gives the c- and a-axis lattice constants as 4.52 A.U.
Category: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
Claim: About 60% of the warming observed from 1970 to 2000 was very likely caused by the above natural 60-year climatic cycle during its warming phase" (Loehle and Scafetta)
Evidence: It is extremely likely (95-100% probability) that human influence was the dominant cause of global warming between 1951-2010.
Category: Global dimming
Claim: Infrared Iris will reduce global warming
Evidence: Global dimming creates a cooling effect that reduces the global average temperature elevation of greenhouse gases on global warming by 0.3-0.7 degrees centigrade.
Category: Variable star
Claim: This “blocking” effect means extreme events can unfold.”
Evidence: The expansion phase of a pulsation is caused by the blocking of the internal energy flow by material with a high opacity, but this must occur at a particular depth of the star to create visible pulsations.
Category: Sea ice
Claim: Arctic sea ice loss is three times greater than Antarctic sea ice gain, and the amount of solar energy absorbed by the Earth is increasing as a result.
Evidence: As the ice melts it lowers the albedo thus causing more heat to be absorbed by the Earth and further increase the amount of melting ice.
Evidence: This effect is much less significant than the total energy change due to the axial tilt, and most of the excess energy is absorbed by the higher proportion of water in the Southern Hemisphere.
Category: Antarctic sea ice
Claim: The exception to this ice loss is Antarctic sea ice which has been growing despite the warming Southern Ocean.
Evidence: The net change is a slight increase in the area of sea ice in the Antarctic seas (unlike the Arctic Ocean, which is showing a much stronger decrease in the area of sea ice).
Evidence: Increased sea ice extent does not indicate that the Southern Ocean is cooling, since the Southern Ocean is warming.
Category: Sperm whale
Claim: “Arctic land stores about twice as much carbon as the atmosphere.
Evidence: By reducing the abundance of sperm whales in the Southern Ocean, whaling has resulted in an extra 2 million tonnes of carbon remaining in the atmosphere each year.
Category: Ocean
Claim: Heat is continuing to build up in the subsurface ocean.
Evidence: Titan is thought to have a subsurface liquid-water ocean under the ice in addition to the hydrocarbon mix that forms atop its outer crust.
Category: Kyoto Protocol
Claim: His best estimate is that the  warming in response to a doubling of CO2 concentration, which may happen  this century unless the usual suspects get away with shutting down the  economies of the West, will be a harmless 1 Fahrenheit degree, not the 6  F predicted by the IPCC."
Evidence: The "likely" range (as assessed to have a greater than 66% probability of being correct, based on the IPCC's expert judgment) is a projected increase in global mean temperature over the 21st century of between 1.1 and 6.4 °C.
Evidence: The TAR estimate for the climate sensitivity is 1.5 to 4.5 °C; and the average surface temperature is projected to increase by 1.4 to 5.8 Celsius degrees over the period 1990 to 2100, and the sea level is projected to rise by 0.1 to 0.9 metres over the same period.
Category: Remote sensing
Claim: Using satellite data rather than tide-gauge data that is normally used to measure sea levels allows for more precise estimates of global sea level, since it provides measurements of the open ocean.
Evidence: Laser and radar altimeters on satellites have provided a wide range of data.
Category: Sea level rise
Claim: No warming since at least 1995, no melting glaciers and now no rising sea levels.
Evidence: Between 1993 and 2018, thermal expansion of the oceans contributed 42% to sea level rise; the melting of temperate glaciers, 21%; Greenland, 15%; and Antarctica, 8%.
Category: Scientific consensus on climate change
Claim: Climate change is normal and continual.
Evidence: Although global change has been a natural process throughout Earth's history, humans are responsible for substantially accelerating present-day changes.
Evidence: Climate change is a long-term, sustained trend of change in climate.
Category: Sea level rise
Claim: warmer oceans have also begun to destabilize glaciers in Greenland and Antarctica
Evidence: This acceleration is due mostly to human-caused global warming, which is driving thermal expansion of seawater and the melting of land-based ice sheets and glaciers.
Category: Instrumental temperature record
Claim: ’Extremely remarkable’ 2017 heads toward record for hottest year without an El Niño episode.
Evidence: Of the 2015 and 2016 records, Schmidt stated that the 2014–16 El Niño event was "a factor ... but both 2015 and 2016 would have been records even without it"; he attributed about 90% of the warming in 2016 to anthropogenic climate change.
Category: Drowning
Claim: But more than 7% of deaths are related to cold—counting hypothermia, as well as increased blood pressure and risk of heart attack that results when the body restricts blood flow in response to frigid temperatures.”
Evidence: Of those who die after plunging into freezing seas, around 20% die within 2 minutes from cold shock (uncontrolled rapid breathing and gasping causing water inhalation, massive increase in blood pressure and cardiac strain leading to cardiac arrest, and panic), another 50% die within 15 – 30 minutes from cold incapacitation (loss of use and control of limbs and hands for swimming or gripping, as the body 'protectively' shuts down the peripheral muscles of the limbs to protect its core), and exhaustion and unconsciousness cause drowning, claiming the rest within a similar time.
Category: Global warming
Claim: In pushing too hard for the case that global warming is universally bad for everything, the administration’s report undermines the reasonable case for climate action.
Evidence: It has been argued that the Montreal Protocol, may have done more than any other measure, as of 2017[update], to mitigate climate change as those substances were also powerful greenhouse gases.
Category: Agriculture
Claim: The increase in damage in recent years is due to population growth in vulnerable areas and poor forest management.
Evidence: The development of agriculture enabled the human population to grow many times larger than could be sustained by hunting and gathering.
Evidence: Burkina Faso's rapidly growing population (around 3.6% annually) continues to put a strain on the country's resources and infrastructure, which can further limit accessibility to food.
Category: Renewable energy
Claim: […]until we develop a practical, cost-competitive alternative to fossil fuels, it is unlikely that renewable energy will ever make up more than 15-20% of global energy requirements.
Evidence: According to the International Energy Agency, biofuels have the potential to meet more than a quarter of world demand for transportation fuels by 2050.
Evidence: Globally, the long-term technical potential of wind energy is believed to be five times total current global energy production, or 40 times current electricity demand, assuming all practical barriers needed were overcome.
Category: James Hansen
Claim: Had he used the currently accepted value of approximately 3°C warming for a doubling of atmospheric CO2, Hansen would have correctly projected the ensuing global warming.
Evidence: Decades ago, they correctly predicted how much Earth's temperature would rise due to increasing atmospheric CO2.
Category: Global warming
Claim: Forward projections of solar cyclicity imply the next few decades may be marked by global cooling rather than warming, despite continuing CO2 emissions.
Evidence: Global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions in 2010 were equivalent to 49 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide (using the most recent global warming potentials over 100 years from the AR5 report).
Evidence: Avoiding this future warming will require a large and rapid reduction in global greenhouse gas emissions.
Category: Carbon dioxide
Claim: The strong CO2 effect has been observed by many different measurements.
Evidence: A study of humans exposed in 2.5 hour sessions demonstrated significant negative effects on cognitive abilities at concentrations as low as 0.1% (1000 ppm) CO 2 likely due to CO 2 induced increases in cerebral blood flow.
Evidence: Large-scale measurements of sea-ice have only been possible since the satellite era, but through looking at a number of different satellite estimates, it has been determined that September Arctic sea ice has decreased between 1973 and 2007 at a rate of about -10% +/- 0.3% per decade.
Category: Climate of Florida
Claim: Nine years into that 11-year hurricane drought, a NASA scientist computed it as a 1-in-177-year event.
Evidence: A statewide drought began in November 2005, one month after Hurricane Wilma's passage through the state, and persisted until 2009.
Category: Australia
Claim: unadjusted data suggests that temperatures in Australia have only increased by 0.3 degrees over the past century, not the 1 degree usually claimed.
Evidence: January 2019 was the hottest month ever in Australia with average temperatures exceeding 30 °C (86 °F).
Evidence: Furthermore, 2014 was Australia's third warmest year since national temperature observations commenced in 1910.
Evidence: Australia has grown at an average annual rate of 3.6% for over 15 years, in comparison to the OECD annual average of 2.5%.
Category: Great Barrier Reef
Claim: The corals may save themselves, as many other creatures are attempting to do, by moving toward the poles as the Earth warms, establishing new reefs in cooler water.”
Evidence: The corals could then overgrow the submerged hills, to form the present cays and reefs.
Evidence: One way, however, that corals "might escape ocean warming, is to migrate into cooler waters."
Category: Global warming
Claim: Famine, economic collapse, a sun that cooks us: What climate change could wreak — sooner than you think.
Evidence: "Climate change could impact the poor much more than previously thought".
Category: Scientific consensus on climate change
Claim: So that means that probably about half, maybe half of that nine-tenths of the degree [of total warming] might be caused by greenhouse gases
Evidence: The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change said the likelihood was 90 percent to 99 percent that emissions of heat-trapping greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, spewed from tailpipes and smokestacks, were the dominant cause of the observed warming of the last 50 years.
Category: North America
Claim: “Ice-free means the central basin of the Arctic will be ice-free
Evidence: Greenland, along with the Canadian Shield, is tundra with average temperatures ranging from 10 to 20 °C (50 to 68 °F), but central Greenland is composed of a very large ice sheet.
Category: Sustainability
Claim: Increased atmospheric carbon dioxide has helped raise global food production and reduce poverty.
Evidence: A major hurdle to achieve sustainability is the alleviation of poverty.
Category: Carbon dioxide
Claim: Human CO2 is a tiny fraction of CO2 emissions.
Evidence: The oceans act as an enormous carbon sink, and have taken up about a third of CO 2 emitted by human activity.
Evidence: In the modern era, emissions to the atmosphere from volcanoes are approximately 0.645 billion tonnes of CO 2 per year, whereas humans contribute 29 billion tonnes of CO 2 each year.
Category: Climate
Claim: The world has entered a 'cold mode' which is likely to bring a global dip in temperatures which will last for 20 to 30 years, they say.
Evidence: Increases in greenhouse gases, such as by volcanic activity, can increase the global temperature and produce an interglacial period.
Evidence: These models predict an upward trend in the global mean surface temperature, with the most rapid increase in temperature being projected for the higher latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere.
Evidence: They say that even if all the current pledges will be accomplished there is a chance for a 4.5 degree temperature rise in decades.
Category: Global warming
Claim: Methane is the only cause of climate change.
Evidence: Scientists have determined that the major factors causing the current climate change are greenhouse gases, land use changes, and aerosols and soot.
Category: Julia Gillard
Claim: Julia Gillard her decision not to argue against a fixed carbon price being labelled a "carbon tax" hurt her terribly politically.
Evidence: Prime Minister Kevin Rudd suffered a decline in his personal ratings, and a perceived loss of support among his own MPs, following the failure of the Government's insulation program, controversy regarding the implementation of a tax on mining, the failure of the government to secure passage of its carbon trading scheme and some policy debate about immigration policy.
Evidence: Gillard initially ruled out a "carbon tax" but said that she would build community consensus for a price on carbon and open negotiations with the mining industry for a re-vamped mining profits tax.
Category: Heat wave
Claim: Heat waves have been decreasing since the 1930s in the U.S. and globally.
Evidence: The famous heat wave events of Chicago in 1995 and the European heat wave of 2003 regions will experience longer, more frequent and more intense heat waves in the latter 21st century.
Evidence: 's Heat Wave Duration Index is that a heat wave occurs when the daily maximum temperature of more than five consecutive days exceeds the average maximum temperature by 5 °C (9 °F), the normal period being 1961–1990.
Evidence: This was used to estimate heat waves occurrence at the global scale from 1901 to 2010, finding a substantial and sharp increase in the amount of affected areas in the last two decades.
Category: Sunlight
Claim: Yet clouds reflect about seventy-five watts per square meter.
Evidence: Dividing the irradiance of 1050 W/m2 by the size of the Sun's disk in steradians gives an average radiance of 15.4 MW per square metre per steradian.
Evidence: Other sources indicate an "Average over the entire earth" of "164 Watts per square meter over a 24 hour day".
Evidence: Total solar irradiance (TSI) – the amount of solar radiation received at the top of Earth's atmosphere – has been measured since 1978 by a series of overlapping NASA and ESA satellite experiments to be 1.365 kilo⁠watts per square meter (kW/m²).
Category: MetLife Stadium
Claim: Every four minutes, another American home or business goes solar.
Evidence: The Solar Ring consists of 1,350 building integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) solar panels assembled into 47 individual frames.
Category: IPCC First Assessment Report
Claim: Ben Santer could not have and did not single-handedly alter the 1995 IPCC report.
Evidence: This report had effects not only on the establishment of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), but also on the first conference of the parties (COP), held in Berlin in 1995.
Category: Risk
Claim: This requires us to work towards avoiding catastrophic possibilities rather than looking at probabilities, as learning from mistakes is not an option when it comes to existential risks.
Evidence: Measurement of uncertainty: A set of probabilities assigned to a set of possibilities.
Evidence: The measure of uncertainty refers only to the probabilities assigned to outcomes, while the measure of risk requires both probabilities for outcomes and losses quantified for outcomes.
Category: Global warming
Claim: contrary to the hypothesis that rising temperature is caused by increasing CO2.
Evidence: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.
Category: Scientific consensus on climate change
Claim: During "the recent global warming summit in Copenhagen, Nancy Pelosi and others stayed at a five-star hotel on a trip costing nearly $10,000 per person."
Evidence: The New York Times reported that "the leading international network of climate scientists has concluded for the first time that global warming is 'unequivocal' and that human activity is the main driver, 'very likely' causing most of the rise in temperatures since 1950".
Category: James Hansen
Claim: For example, we have a lower understanding of the effect of aerosols while we have a high understanding of the warming effect of carbon dioxide.
Evidence: He described this as a Faustian bargain because atmospheric aerosols had health risks, and should be reduced, but doing so would effectively increase the warming effects from CO 2.
Evidence: In 2000, Hansen advanced an alternative view of global warming over the last 100 years, arguing that during that time frame the negative forcing via aerosols and the positive forcing via carbon dioxide (CO 2) largely balanced each other out, and that the 0.74±0.18 °C net rise in average global temperatures could mostly be explained by greenhouse gases other than carbon dioxide, such as methane and chlorofluorocarbons.
Evidence: Absorption of infrared light at the vibrational frequencies of atmospheric carbon dioxide traps energy near the surface, warming the surface and the lower atmosphere.
Category: Cold wave
Claim: At four degrees, the deadly European heat wave of 2003, which killed as many as 2,000 people a day, will be a normal summer.
Evidence: Overall it was the coldest winter since 1978–79, with a mean temperature of 1.5 °C (34.7 °F).
Category: Human overpopulation
Claim: Which means that if the planet is five degrees warmer at the end of the century, we may have as many as 50 percent more people to feed and 50 percent less grain to give them.”
Evidence: The global consumption of meat is projected to rise by as much as 76% by 2050 as the global population surges to more than 9 billion, resulting in further biodiversity loss and increased GHG emissions.
Category: Hurricane Katrina
Claim: If a major hurricane is approaching with a predicted storm surge of 10-14 feet, are you really going to worry about a sea level rise of 1 inch per decade?”
Evidence: The range of surge levels in eastern St. Tammany Parish is estimated at 13–16 feet (4.0–4.9 m), not including wave action.
Evidence: The height of the surge is uncertain because of a lack of data, although a tide gauge in Plaquemines Parish indicated a storm tide in excess of 14 feet (4.3 m) and a 12-foot (3.7 m) storm surge was recorded in Grand Isle.
Category: Tropical cyclone
Claim: However, weather imposes its own dramatic ups and downs over the long term trend.
Evidence: All these effects can combine to produce a dramatic drop in sea surface temperature over a large area in just a few days.
Evidence: Kerry Emanuel stated, "Records of hurricane activity worldwide show an upswing of both the maximum wind speed in and the duration of hurricanes.
Category: Waste heat
Claim: The contribution of waste heat to the global climate is 0.028 W/m2.
Evidence: Equilibrium climate experiments show statistically significant continental-scale surface warming (0.4–0.9 °C) produced by one 2100 AHF scenario, but not by current or 2040 estimates.
Category: Sun
Claim: [S]unspot activity on the surface of our star has dropped to a new low.
Evidence: At solar-cycle minimum, the toroidal field is, correspondingly, at minimum strength, sunspots are relatively rare, and the poloidal field is at its maximum strength.
Category: Scientific consensus on climate change
Claim: More than 500 scientists and professionals in climate and related fields have sent a 'European Climate Declaration' to the Secretary-General of the United Nations
Evidence: This scientific opinion is expressed in synthesis reports, by scientific bodies of national or international standing, and by surveys of opinion among climate scientists.
Category: Mathematical model
Claim: "[Models] are full of fudge factors that are fitted to the existing climate, so the models more or less agree with the observed data.
Evidence: As the purpose of modeling is to increase our understanding of the world, the validity of a model rests not only on its fit to empirical observations, but also on its ability to extrapolate to situations or data beyond those originally described in the model.
Evidence: The idea of 'too baroque' is connected to 'simplicity': "a theory jammed with fudge factors is not very elegant.
Category: Solar activity and climate
Claim: Based on the increase of solar activity during the twentieth century, it should account for between half to two-thirds of all climate change.
Evidence: estimated that the residual effects of the prolonged high solar activity during the last 30 years account for between 16% and 36% of warming from 1950 to 1999.
Evidence: Under this scenario, they claimed the Sun might have contributed 50% of the observed global warming since 1900.
Evidence: Their reported relationship appeared to account for nearly 80 per cent of measured temperature changes over this period.
Category: Scientific consensus on climate change
Claim: Over the coming 25 or 30 years, scientists say, the climate is likely to gradually warm
Evidence: Since the start of the 20th century, the global mean surface temperature of the Earth has increased by more than 0.7°C and the rate of warming has been largest in the last 30 years.
Category: Scientific consensus on climate change
Claim: In a paper published online this week in the Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmosphere, economics professor Ross McKitrick says the resulting discrepancies may be leading to an overstatement of the role of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
Evidence: A retired journalist for The New York Times, William K. Stevens wrote: "The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change said the likelihood was 90 percent to 99 percent that emissions of heat-trapping greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, spewed from tailpipes and smokestacks, were the dominant cause of the observed warming of the last 50 years.
Category: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
Claim: Claims that the IPCC does not accurately represent the views and findings of the scientists, on whose work the IPCC reports are based, are not supported by the facts.
Evidence: The U.S. government was the main force in forming the IPCC as an autonomous intergovernmental body in which scientists took part both as experts on the science and as official representatives of their governments, to produce reports which had the firm backing of all the leading scientists worldwide researching the topic, and which then had to gain consensus agreement from every one of the participating governments.
Category: Global warming
Claim: "the temperature increase in the second half of the 20th century could have taken place in steps driven by major ENSO events" (Jens Raunsø Jensen)
Evidence: IPCC AR4 WG1 Ch9 2007, p. 690: "Recent estimates indicate a relatively small combined effect of natural forcings on the global mean temperature evolution of the second half of the 20th century, with a small net cooling from the combined effects of solar and volcanic forcings."
Evidence: For example, one of the most recent results, even after subtracting the positive influence of decadal variation, is shown to be possibly present in the ENSO trend, the amplitude of the ENSO variability in the observed data still increases, by as much as 60% in the last 50 years.
Category: Botany
Claim: "...there is the contention by Wolfgang Knorr of the Department of Earth Sciences at the University of Bristol in England that carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere are about where they were 160 years ago." (as quoted by Ken Ward Jr.)
Evidence: The concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere today is much lower than it was when plants emerged onto land during the Ordovician and Silurian periods.
Category: El Niño
Claim: This means it is possible that by some yardsticks, 2016 will be declared as hot as 2015 or even slightly hotter – because El Nino did not vanish until the middle of the year.
Evidence: Tehuantepecers primarily occur during the cold season months for the region in the wake of cold fronts, between October and February, with a summer maximum in July caused by the westward extension of the Azores High.
Category: Global warming
Claim: Global warming is increasing the magnitude and frequency of droughts and floods.
Evidence: The effects of global warming include rising sea levels, regional changes in precipitation, more frequent extreme weather events such as heat waves, and expansion of deserts.
Category: Sea
Claim: Local and regional sea levels continue to exhibit typical natural variability—in some places rising and in others falling.
Evidence: For at least the last 100 years, sea level has been rising at an average rate of about 1.8 millimetres (0.071 in) per year.
Category: Carbon dioxide
Claim: The amount of carbon dioxide absorbed by the upper layer of the oceans is increasing by about 2 billion tons per year.
Evidence: Human activities emit about 29 billion tons of carbon dioxide per year, while volcanoes emit between 0.2 and 0.3 billion tons.
Evidence: The oceans act as an enormous carbon sink, and have taken up about a third of CO 2 emitted by human activity.
Category: Arctic Ocean
Claim: Arctic sea ice has shrunk by an area equal to Western Australia, and summer or multi-year sea ice might be all gone within a decade.
Evidence: Research shows that the Arctic may become ice-free in the summer for the first time in human history by 2040.
Evidence: About half of the analyzed models show near-complete to complete sea ice loss in September by the year 2100.
Category: Earth's energy budget
Claim: The most interesting thing here is that the albedo forcings, in watts/sq meter seem to be fairly large.
Evidence: Called the albedo of Earth, around 35 units are reflected back to space: 27 from the top of clouds, 2 from snow and ice-covered areas, and 6 by other parts of the atmosphere.
Evidence: "solar forcing"), the radiative forcing is simply the change in the average amount of solar energy absorbed per square meter of the Earth's area.
Category: Climate change mitigation
Claim: CO2 limits won't cool the planet, but they can make the difference between continued accelerating global warming to catastrophic levels vs. slowing and eventually stopping the warming at hopefully safe levels.
Evidence: One of the targets that has been suggested is to limit the future increase in global mean temperature (global warming) to below 2 °C, relative to the pre-industrial level.
Category: Global warming
Claim: Over time, climate becomes a net problem: by the 2070s, the UN Climate Panel finds that global warming will likely cause damage equivalent to 0.2 per cent to 2 per cent of global GDP.
Evidence: Climate proxy records show that natural variations offset the early effects of the Industrial Revolution, so there was little net warming between the 18th century and the mid-19th century, when thermometer records began to provide global coverage.
Category: Raptor conservation
Claim: Renew­ables such as wind turbines are environmentally disastrous because they pollute a huge land area, slice and dice birds and bats, kill insects that are bird food, create health problems for humans who live within kilometres of them, leave toxins around the turbine site and despoil the landscape.
Evidence: Because they are opportunistic carnivores, birds of prey are at high risk of secondary poisoning by eating organisms that have been killed or debilitated by pesticides.
Category: Climate change in the Arctic
Claim: The melting in the polar ice caps and in high altitude plains can lead to the dangerous release of methane gas
Evidence: Potential methane releases from the region, especially through the thawing of permafrost and methane clathrates, may occur.
Evidence: The effects of global warming in the Arctic, or climate change in the Arctic include rising air and water temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet with a related cold temperature anomaly, observed since the 1970s.
Category: Sea level rise
Claim: Satellites and on-site measurements are observing that Himalayan glaciers are disappearing at an accelerating rate.
Evidence: More precise data gathered from satellite radar measurements reveal an accelerating rise of 7.5 cm (3.0 in) from 1993 to 2017, which is a trend of roughly 30 cm (12 in) per century.
Evidence: An acceleration of ice loss across the Himalayas over the past 40 years has been proved with satellite photos.
Category: Climate sensitivity
Claim: Doubling the concentration of atmospheric CO2 from its pre-industrial level, in the absence of other forcings and feedbacks, would likely cause a warming of ~0.3Â°C to 1.1Â°C
Evidence: The global temperature increase since the beginning of the industrial period (taken as 1750) is about 0.8 °C (1.4 °F), and the radiative forcing due to CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases – mainly methane, nitrous oxide, and chlorofluorocarbons – emitted since that time is about 2.6 W/m2.
Evidence: Without feedbacks the radiative forcing of approximately 3.7 W/m2, due to doubling CO 2 from the pre-industrial 280 ppm, would eventually result in roughly 1 °C global warming.
Category: Greenhouse gas
Claim: Therefore human emissions upset the natural balance, rising CO2 to levels not seen in at least 800,000 years.
Evidence: The sharp acceleration in CO 2 emissions since 2000 to more than a 3% increase per year (more than 2 ppm per year) from 1.1% per year during the 1990s is attributable to the lapse of formerly declining trends in carbon intensity of both developing and developed nations.
Evidence: While CO 2 absorption and release is always happening as a result of natural processes, the recent rise in CO 2 levels in the atmosphere is known to be mainly due to human (anthropogenic) activity.
Category: El Niño–Southern Oscillation
Claim: The temporary drop in sea level in 2010 was due to intense land flooding caused by a strong La Nina.
Evidence: An especially strong Walker circulation causes La Niña, resulting in cooler ocean temperatures in the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean due to increased upwelling.
Evidence: An El Niño is associated with warm and very wet weather months in April–October along the coasts of northern Peru and Ecuador, causing major flooding whenever the event is strong or extreme.
Category: Sea level rise
Claim: The result did suggest the sea level  was increasing in the western Pacific, but this was offset by a drop in  the level near the Alaskan coast.
Evidence: "Multidecadal sea level anomalies and trends in the western tropical Pacific".
Category: Climate change mitigation
Claim: Greg Hunt CSIRO research shows carbon emissions can be reduced by 20 per cent over 40 years using nature, soils and trees.
Evidence: It is estimated that increasing the carbon content of the soils in the world's 3.5 billion hectares of agricultural grassland by 1% would offset nearly 12 years of CO2 emissions.
Category: Global warming
Claim: “Some experts, such as UN climate scientist Dr. Indur Goklany, have defended rising CO2 levels as a good thing for humanity.
Evidence: While increased CO 2 levels help crop growth at lower temperature increases, those crops do become less nutritious.
Evidence: A 2017 Politico article states that increased CO 2 levels may have a negative impact on the nutritional quality of various human food crops, by increasing the levels of carbohydrates, such as glucose, while decreasing the levels of important nutrients such as protein, iron, and zinc.
Category: Heat wave
Claim: North America suffers extreme weather events including wildfires, drought, and heatwaves.
Evidence: A heat wave is considered extreme weather that can be a natural disaster, and a danger because heat and sunlight may overheat the human body.
Category: Climate
Claim: There are a number of forcings which affect climate (eg - stratospheric aerosols, solar variations).
Evidence: Suggested causes of ice age periods include the positions of the continents, variations in the Earth's orbit, changes in the solar output, and volcanism.
Evidence: Natural climate forcings include changes in the Sun's brightness, Milankovitch cycles (small variations in the shape of Earth's orbit and its axis of rotation that occur over thousands of years) and volcanic eruptions that inject light-reflecting particles as high as the stratosphere.
Category: Post-glacial rebound
Claim: But gravity measurements of ice-mass loss are  complicated by glacial isostatic adjustments—compensation for the rise or fall of the underlying crustal material.
Evidence: Mass changes of ice sheets can be monitored by measuring changes in the ice surface height, the deformation of the ground below and the changes in the gravity field over the ice sheet.
Evidence: Glacial isostatic adjustment—the slow rise of land masses once depressed by the weight of ice sheets from the last ice age—is chief among these signals.
Category: Global warming
Claim: This could mean the landmark Paris Climate Agreement – which seeks to limit global warming to 2 degrees Celsius (3.6 degrees Fahrenheit) above pre-industrial levels – may not be enough to ward off catastrophe.
Evidence: In 2015 all UN countries negotiated the Paris Agreement, which aims to keep climate change well below 2 °C.
Category: Carbon dioxide
Claim: CO2 is a greenhouse gas but is clearly subordinate to water vapour and other more significant factors determining global climate.
Evidence: While transparent to visible light, carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas, absorbing and emitting infrared radiation at its two infrared-active vibrational frequencies (see the section "Structure and bonding" above).
Evidence: Being a component of Earth's hydrosphere and hydrologic cycle, it is particularly abundant in Earth's atmosphere where it is also a potent greenhouse gas along with other gases such as carbon dioxide and methane.
Category: Global warming
Claim: The global dimming trend reversed around 1990 - 15 years after the global warming trend began in the mid 1970's.
Evidence: From 1961 to 1990, a gradual reduction in the amount of sunlight reaching the Earth's surface was observed, a phenomenon popularly known as global dimming, typically attributed to aerosols from biofuel and fossil fuel burning.
Evidence: A 2007 NASA sponsored satellite-based study sheds light on the puzzling observations by other scientists that the amount of sunlight reaching Earth's surface had been steadily declining in recent decades, began to reverse around 1990.
Category: Albedo
Claim: “The IPCC reports also don’t fully account for the albedo effect (less ice means less reflected and more absorbed sunlight, hence more warming); more cloud cover (which traps heat); or the dieback of forests and other flora (which extract carbon from the atmosphere).
Evidence: This has been a concern since arctic ice and snow has been melting at higher rates due to higher temperatures, creating regions in the arctic that are notably darker (being water or ground which is darker color) and reflects less heat back into space.
Evidence: The IPCC reports that feedbacks to increased temperatures are net positive for the remainder of this century, with the impact of cloud cover the largest uncertainty.
Category: Beringia
Claim: Fifty-five thousand years ago the whole world was 2°C warmer than it is today[...]
Evidence: During the LGM 22,000 YBP the average summer temperature was 3–5 °C (5–9 °F) degrees cooler than today, with variations of 2.9 °C (5.2 °F) degrees cooler on the Seward Peninsula to 7.5 °C (13.5 °F) cooler in the Yukon.
Category: Natural disaster
Claim: the bushfires [in Australia] were caused by arsonists and a series of lightning strikes, not 'climate change'
Evidence: A summer heat wave in Victoria, Australia, created conditions which fuelled the massive bushfires in 2009.
Category: Rigour
Claim: An independent inquiry found CRU is a small research unit with limited resources and their rigour and honesty are not in doubt.
Evidence: Intellectual rigour is a subset of intellectual honesty—a practice of thought in which ones convictions are kept in proportion to valid evidence.
Category: Carbon dioxide
Claim: The IPCC blames human emissions of carbon dioxide for the last  warming.
Evidence: Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.
Evidence: Deep reductions in non-CO2 emissions (such as nitrous oxide and methane) will also be required to limit warming to 1.5 °C.
Evidence: The global warming observed over the past 50 years is due primarily to human-induced emissions of heat-trapping gases.
Evidence: Human-caused increases in greenhouse gases are responsible for most of the observed global average surface warming of roughly 0.8 °C (1.5 °F) over the past 140 years.
Category: Climate change in the Arctic
Claim: “The chain of events that links the melting Arctic with weather to the south begins with rising global temperatures causing more sea ice to melt.
Evidence: The effects of global warming in the Arctic, or climate change in the Arctic include rising air and water temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet with a related cold temperature anomaly, observed since the 1970s.
Evidence: The effects of global warming in the Arctic include rising temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet.
Category: Carbon dioxide
Claim: This growth stimulation occurs because CO2 is one of the two raw materials (the other being water) that are required for photosynthesis.
Evidence: Photosynthesis uses carbon dioxide and water to produce sugars from which other organic compounds can be constructed, and oxygen is produced as a by-product.
Evidence: Phototrophs use the products of their photosynthesis as internal food sources and as raw material for the biosynthesis of more complex organic molecules, such as polysaccharides, nucleic acids and proteins.
Evidence: The energy is used to reduce carbon dioxide from the air with electrons from water to make sugars (and other biomass) and a waste product, oxygen, in the process of photosynthesis.
Category: Montreal
Claim: “In an old climate, … extremely warm years were less common and snowpack was more reliable …
Evidence: It has a distinct four-season continental climate with warm to hot summers and cold, snowy winters.
Evidence: The summers, while short, are generally warm and humid.
Evidence: Podlaskie has a Warm Summer Continental or Hemiboreal climate (Dfb) according to the Köppen climate classification system, which is characterized by warm temperatures during summer and long and frosty winters.
Category: Humidity
Claim: To claim that humidity is decreasing requires you ignore a multitude of independent reanalyses that all show increasing humidity.
Evidence: As the temperature of a parcel of air decreases it will eventually reach the saturation point without adding or losing water mass.
Evidence: When the moisture content remains constant and temperature increases, relative humidity decreases, but the dew point remains constant.
Category: Hockey stick controversy
Claim: Until last June, most scientists acknowledged that warming reached a peak in the late 1990s
Evidence: The text stated that it was "likely that, in the Northern Hemisphere, the 1990s was the warmest decade and 1998 the warmest year" in the past 1,000 years.
Category: Freedom of Information requests to the Climatic Research Unit
Claim: The Independent Climate Change Email Review found the CRU scientists were unhelpful and unsympathetic to information requesters and at times broke FoI laws.
Evidence: It blamed the university for mishandling Freedom of Information requests, and said it had “found ways to support the culture at CRU of resisting disclosure of information to climate change sceptics”.
Category: Google
Claim: Wisconsin employers have repeatedly said in surveys that our anti-business litigation climate is one of the most important factors affecting their expansion decisions.
Evidence: In 2013, a class action against several Silicon Valley companies, including Google, was filed for alleged "no cold call" agreements which restrained the recruitment of high-tech employees.
Evidence: Another lawsuit was filed by opponents of the Budget Repair Bill, raising claims that public workers could lose their jobs to Wisconsin prisoners by officials who will now have greater leeway to assign those jobs previously reserved for unionized employees.
Evidence: This has meant that union organizing in the US may involve substantial levels of litigation which most workers cannot afford.
Category: Academic journal
Claim: There was, he said, an ‘inherent bias’ in scientific journals which predisposed them to publish ‘doom and gloom stories’.
Evidence: "Scientific Articles Accepted (Personal Checks, Too)".
Evidence: Editor-in-chief Pontin said, "Of the ten stories which were published, only three were entirely accurate.
Category: Global warming
Claim: Arctic sea ice has been retreating over the past 30 years.
Evidence: Global warming has led to decades of shrinking and thinning of the Arctic sea ice, making it vulnerable to atmospheric anomalies.
Category: Global warming
Claim: We’ll still be facing extreme heat, but at a far more manageable level than if we’d done nothing to halt climate change.
Evidence: The effects of global warming include rising sea levels, regional changes in precipitation, more frequent extreme weather events such as heat waves, and expansion of deserts.
Evidence: They say that even if all the current pledges will be accomplished there is a chance for a 4.5 degree temperature rise in decades.
Category: Fossil fuel
Claim: By that time CO2 emissions had already risen from the expanded use  of coal that had powered the industrial revolution, and emissions only  increased slowly from 3.5gigatonnes in 1910 to under 4gigatonnes by the  end of the Second World War.
Evidence: The widescale use of fossil fuels, coal at first and petroleum later, to fire steam engines enabled the Industrial Revolution.
Category: Sea level rise
Claim: Final data for 2016 sea level rise have yet to be published.
Evidence: A 2018 systematic review study estimated that ice loss across the entire continent was 43 gigatons (Gt) per year on average during the period from 1992 to 2002, but has accelerated to an average of 220 Gt per year during the five years from 2012 to 2017.
Evidence: More precise data gathered from satellite radar measurements reveal an accelerating rise of 7.5 cm (3.0 in) from 1993 to 2017, which is a trend of roughly 30 cm (12 in) per century.
Category: Scientific consensus on climate change
Claim: The claim that 97 percent of scientists believe humans are causing climate change has been debunked by the "head" of the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
Evidence: (i) 97–98% of the climate researchers most actively publishing in the field support the tenets of ACC (Anthropogenic Climate Change) outlined by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, and (ii) the relative climate expertise and scientific prominence of the researchers unconvinced of ACC are substantially below that of the convinced researchers.
Evidence: Of these, 97% agree, explicitly or implicitly, that global warming is happening and is human-caused.