Danthammadhavi/climate_fever_fixed huggingface dataset:
Category: Captain America: The First Avenger
Claim: We're coming out of the Little Ice Age
Evidence: ... We have to deal with much the same way that Captain America, when thawed from the Arctic ice, entered a world that he didn't recognize," similar to the way Stan Lee and Jack Kirby reintroduced the character in the 1960s.
Evidence: "'Toy Story' Takes the Ice to the Blue Line and Beyond!".
Category: Wetland
Claim: These tidal floods are often just a foot or two deep, but they can stop traffic, swamp basements, damage cars, kill lawns and forests, and poison wells with salt.
Evidence: A wetland is a distinct ecosystem that is flooded by water, either permanently or seasonally, where oxygen-free processes prevail.
Evidence: The area is prone to winter floods of fresh water and occasional salt water inundations, the worst of which in recorded history was the Bristol Channel floods of 1607, which resulted in the drowning of an estimated 2,000 or more people, with houses and villages swept away, an estimated 200 square miles (520 km2) of farmland inundated and livestock destroyed.
Category: 2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference
Claim: The climate-change agreement between the United States and China "requires the Chinese to do nothing at all for 16 years."
Evidence: One part of the agreement pledges US$30 billion to the developing world over the next three years, rising to US$100 billion per year by 2020, to help poor countries adapt to climate change.
Evidence: It later produced a National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan, with one revision that was received by the convention on 21 September 2010.
Category: Adelaide
Claim: South Australia is winning: it has the most unreliable grid in the world outside Africa and the most expensive electricity.
Evidence: "FactCheck: does South Australia have the 'highest energy prices' in the nation and 'the least reliable grid'?".
Category: Greenland ice sheet
Claim: Greenland ice sheet won't collapse
Evidence: "Greenland Hits 97 Percent Meltdown in July".
Evidence: "Images Show Breakup of Two of Greenland's Largest Glaciers, Predict Disintegration in Near Future".
Evidence: James E. Hansen has argued that multiple positive feedbacks could lead to nonlinear ice sheet disintegration much faster than claimed by the IPCC.
Category: Greenland ice sheet
Claim: The Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets have decreased in mass.
Evidence: Also snowfall was unusually low, which led to unprecedented negative −65 km3 (−15.6 cu mi) Surface Mass Balance.
Evidence: The Greenland, and possibly the Antarctic, ice sheets have been losing mass recently, because losses by ablation including outlet glaciers exceed accumulation of snowfall.
Category: Global warming
Claim: NASA has been adjusting temperatures from the past[...]
Evidence: "Estimating Changes in Global Temperature since the Preindustrial Period".
Category: Solar activity and climate
Claim: Also found was that the correlation between solar activity and global temperatures ended around 1975, hence recent warming must have some other cause than solar variations.
Evidence: Scafetta and West correlated solar proxy data and lower tropospheric temperature for the preindustrial era, before significant anthropogenic greenhouse forcing, suggesting that TSI variations may have contributed 50% of the warming observed between 1900 and 2000 (although they conclude "our estimates about the solar effect on climate might be overestimated and should be considered as an upper limit.")
Evidence: In 1991, Friis-Christensen and Lassen claimed a strong correlation of the length of the solar cycle with northern hemispheric temperature changes.
Evidence: Neither direct measurements nor proxies of solar variation correlate well with Earth global temperature, particularly in recent decades when both quantities are best known.
Category: Glen Canyon Dam
Claim: Last year, though, was a wet one on the Rio Grande, with a strong snowpack in the winter of 2016-17 that allowed the conservancy district to store water in upstream reservoirs.
Evidence: Without storage reservoirs of their own, the Upper Basin states risked a "call" on the Colorado River during drought years: they would be forced to use less water in order to keep the river flowing to Lake Mead and California, the state with the most senior water rights.
Evidence: With the Glen Canyon site out of the question, the initial need for a reservoir was realized in 1936 with the completion of Hoover Dam in Black Canyon, storing 32 million acre feet (39 km3) in the mammoth reservoir of Lake Mead.
Evidence: At the end of water year 2017 (September 30), the lake level was 3,628 feet (1,106 m), and at 60 percent of capacity.
Category: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere
Claim: The Alaskan tundra is warming so quickly it has become a net emitter of carbon dioxide ahead of schedule, a new study finds
Evidence: The greenhouse effect is a process by which thermal radiation from a planetary atmosphere warms the planet's surface beyond the temperature it would have in the absence of its atmosphere.
Category: Sea level rise
Claim: Sea level rise has been slow and a constant, pre-dating industrialization
Evidence: Since the last glacial maximum about 20,000 years ago, the sea level has risen by more than 125 metres (410 ft), with rates varying from less than a mm/year to 40+ mm/year, as a result of melting ice sheets over Canada and Eurasia.
Evidence: "Climate-change–driven accelerated sea-level rise detected in the altimeter era".
Category: Medieval Warm Period
Claim: The MWP lasted from about 950 to 1250AD, and temperature records appear to show it was even hotter than today
Evidence: 1250, during the European Middle Ages.
Category: Global warming
Claim: The global surface mean temperature-change data no longer have any scientific value and are nothing more than a propaganda tool to the public.
Evidence: The IPCC has adopted the baseline reference period 1850–1900 as an approximation of pre-industrial global mean surface temperature.
Category: Emissions trading
Claim: U.S. Pays $1 Billion into Green Climate Fund, Top Polluters Pay Nothing
Evidence: President Barack Obama in his proposed 2010 United States federal budget wanted to support clean energy development with a 10-year investment of US$15 billion per year, generated from the sale of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions credits.
Evidence: In terms of dollars, the World Bank has estimated that the size of the carbon market was US$11 billion in 2005, $30 billion in 2006, and $64 billion in 2007.
Category: James Hansen
Claim: Jim Hansen had several possible scenarios; his mid-level scenario B was right.
Evidence: In 2000 Hansen authored a paper called "Global warming in the twenty-first century: an alternative scenario" in which he presented a more optimistic way of dealing with global warming, focusing on non-CO2 gases and black carbon in the short run, giving more time to make reductions in fossil fuel emissions.
Evidence: How do we know if we have the right scenarios?
Evidence: They described the intermediate scenario as the most likely, and that real-world greenhouse gas forcing had been closest to this scenario.
Category: Ozone
Claim: Concentrated in the atmosphere, these gases do not allow the warmth of the sun’s rays reflected by the earth to be dispersed in space.
Evidence: Ozone acts as a greenhouse gas, absorbing some of the infrared energy emitted by the earth.
Category: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
Claim: NOAA’s analysis found last month was the 3rd-warmest April on record globally.
Evidence: Understanding and describing Earth systems through research and analysis of that data.
Evidence: The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) reports that September's global average temperature was the largest departure from normal for any month on record.
Category: Paleothermometer
Claim: “To revisit the ocean’s paleotemperatures now, we need to carefully quantify this re-equilibration, which has been overlooked for too long.
Evidence: Temperature has been estimated (to varying degrees of fidelity) using leaf physiognomy for Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic leaf floras, principally using two main approaches: A univariate approach that is based on the observation that the proportion of woody dicot species with smooth (i.e.
Evidence: Mg has a long residence time in the ocean, and so it is possible to largely ignore the effect of changes in seawater Mg/Ca on the signal.
Category: Global warming
Claim: satellites confirmed measurements from ground stations show a considerable, and naturally-occurring, global brightening from 1983-2001 (Pinker et al., 2005).
Evidence: "A Revisit of Global Dimming and Brightening Based on the Sunshine Duration".
Category: Climate change (general concept)
Claim: Hocker is claiming that his model shows that the long-term upward trend in CO2 is explained by temperature, when his methods actually removed the long-term trend.
Evidence: Climate change refers to a broad range of global phenomena ...[which] include the increased temperature trends described by global warming."
Category: Global warming
Claim: Internal variability can only account for small amounts of warming and cooling over periods of decades, and scientific studies have consistently shown that it cannot account for the global warming over the past century.
Evidence: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.
Category: Sea level rise
Claim: Sea level rise is now increasing faster than predicted due to unexpectedly rapid ice melting.
Evidence: "Greenland's Coastal Ice Caps Have Melted Past The Point Of No Return".
Evidence: Since the last glacial maximum about 20,000 years ago, the sea level has risen by more than 125 metres (410 ft), with rates varying from less than a mm/year to 40+ mm/year, as a result of melting ice sheets over Canada and Eurasia.
Evidence: "Antarctica ice melt has accelerated by 280% in the last 4 decades".
Category: Air pollution
Claim: Converting to these cleaner sources [of energy] may be somewhat costlier in the short term, but they could ultimately pay for themselves by heading off climate damages and reducing health problems associated with dirty air.
Evidence: Efforts to reduce pollution from mobile sources includes primary regulation (many developing countries have permissive regulations),[citation needed] expanding regulation to new sources (such as cruise and transport ships, farm equipment, and small gas-powered equipment such as string trimmers, chainsaws, and snowmobiles), increased fuel efficiency (such as through the use of hybrid vehicles), conversion to cleaner fuels or conversion to electric vehicles.
Category: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
Claim: The IPCC statement on Amazon rain forests is correct.
Evidence: In May 2010, Pachauri noted that the IPCC currently had no process for responding to errors or flaws once it issued a report.
Category: Scientific consensus on climate change
Claim: more than 100 per cent of the warming over the past century is due to human actions.
Evidence: Human-caused increases in greenhouse gases are responsible for most of the observed global average surface warming of roughly 0.8 °C (1.5 °F) over the past 140 years.
Category: Polar bear
Claim: Polar bear numbers are increasing.
Evidence: Of the 19 recognized polar bear subpopulations, one is in decline, two are increasing, seven are stable, and nine have insufficient data, as of 2017.
Category: Global catastrophic risk
Claim: No one ever says it, but in many ways global warming will be a good thing
Evidence: It is a global good, so even if a large nation decreases it, that nation will only enjoy a small fraction of the benefit of doing so.
Category: Sea level rise
Claim: Nor is there evidence of an increase in floods globally.
Evidence: Widespread coastal flooding is expected with several degrees of warming sustained for millennia.
Evidence: Such impacts include increased coastal erosion, higher storm-surge flooding, inhibition of primary production processes, more extensive coastal inundation, changes in surface water quality and groundwater characteristics, increased loss of property and coastal habitats, increased flood risk and potential loss of life, loss of non-monetary cultural resources and values, impacts on agriculture and aquaculture through decline in soil and water quality, and loss of tourism, recreation, and transportation functions.
Category: Global warming
Claim: Various independent measurements of solar activity all confirm the sun has shown a slight cooling trend since 1978.
Evidence: Multiple independently produced instrumental datasets confirm that the 2009–2018 decade was 0.93 ± 0.07 °C warmer than the pre-industrial baseline (1850–1900).
Category: Eocene
Claim: “[Carbon dioxide] just crossed 400 parts per million, and high-end estimates extrapolating from current trends suggest it will hit 1,000 ppm by 2100.
Evidence: For contrast, today the carbon dioxide levels are at 400 ppm or 0.04%.
Evidence: For an ideal gas mixture this is equivalent to parts per million by volume (ppmv).
Category: Arctic sea ice decline
Claim: Melting ice isn't warming the Arctic.
Evidence: The fast rate of the sea ice melting is resulting in the oceans absorbing and heating up the Arctic.
Category: Global warming
Claim: The IPCC confirms that computer modeling predicts the existence of a tropical, mid-troposphere “hot spot” about 10km above the Earth’s surface.
Evidence: Computer models are run on supercomputers to reproduce and predict the circulation of the oceans, the annual cycle of the seasons, and the flows of carbon between the land surface and the atmosphere.
Category: Solar power
Claim: If every house in Florida had a solar-heated water tank, that would eliminate consumption by 17 percent.
Evidence: A hybrid wet/dry cooling system could reduce water consumption by 32 to 58 percent.
Evidence: A 1-kilowatt system eliminates the burning of approximately 170 pounds of coal, 300 pounds of carbon dioxide from being released into the atmosphere, and saves up to 400 litres (105 US gal) of water consumption monthly.
Category: Ozone depletion
Claim: 'Another global warming myth comes crashing down.
Evidence: Standard global warming theory predicts that the stratosphere will cool.
Category: Series and parallel circuits
Claim: more so than downsizing one’s car, or being vigilant about turning off light bulbs, and certainly more than quitting showering.
Evidence: Consider a very simple circuit consisting of four light bulbs and a 12-volt automotive battery.
Category: Devonian
Claim: "The killer proof that CO2 does not drive climate is to be found during the Ordovician- Silurian and the Jurassic-Cretaceous periods when CO2 levels were greater than 4000 ppmv (parts per million by volume) and about 2000 ppmv respectively.
Evidence: The Devonian (/dɪˈvoʊn.i.ən, də-, dɛ-/ dih-VOH-nee-ən, də-, deh-) is a geologic period and system of the Paleozoic, spanning 60 million years from the end of the Silurian, 419.2 million years ago (Mya), to the beginning of the Carboniferous, 358.9 Mya.
Category: Scientific consensus on climate change
Claim: We didn't have global warming during the Industrial Revolution.
Evidence: Human activities resulting from the industrial revolution have changed the chemical composition of the atmosphere....Deforestation is now the second largest contributor to global warming, after the burning of fossil fuels.
Category: An Inconvenient Truth
Claim: Human kind has little or nothing to do with the recent temperature changes.
Evidence: White House deputy press secretary Dana Perino stated that "The president noted in 2001 the increase in temperatures over the past 100 years and that the increase in greenhouse gases was due to a certain extent to human activity".
Category: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere
Claim: A 14 August 1912 article from a New Zealand newspaper contained a brief story about how burning coal might produce future warming by adding carbon dioxide to the atmosphere.
Evidence: The greenhouse effect is a process by which thermal radiation from a planetary atmosphere warms the planet's surface beyond the temperature it would have in the absence of its atmosphere.
Category: Temperature record of the past 1000 years
Claim: For instance, in the original hockey stick (ending 1980) the last 30-40 years of data points slightly downwards.
Evidence: The term hockey stick was coined by the climatologist Jerry Mahlman, to describe the pattern this showed, envisaging a graph that is relatively flat to 1900 as forming an Ice hockey stick's "shaft", followed by a sharp increase corresponding to the "blade".
Category: Winter
Claim: The earth is 15 years from a “mini ice-age” that will cause bitterly cold winters during which rivers such as the Thames freeze over, scientists have predicted.
Evidence: In the UK, snow drifts remained on hills until late July, and the Thames froze in September.
Category: Water vapor
Claim: “CO2 is certainly a heat-trapping greenhouse gas, but hardly the primary one: Water vapor accounts for about 95 percent of greenhouse gases.
Evidence: Being a component of Earth's hydrosphere and hydrologic cycle, it is particularly abundant in Earth's atmosphere where it is also a potent greenhouse gas along with other gases such as carbon dioxide and methane.
Evidence: Carbon dioxide is the most significant long-lived greenhouse gas in Earth's atmosphere.
Evidence: The primary greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere are water vapor (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and ozone (O3).
Category: Environmental impact of aviation
Claim: CO2 emissions from all commercial operations in 2018 totaled 918 million metric tons—2.4% of global CO2 emissions from fossil fuel use.
Evidence: In 2018, CO2 emissions totalled 747 million tonnes for passenger transport, for 8.5 trillion revenue passenger kilometres (RPK), giving an average of 88 gram CO2 per RPK.
Evidence: In 2011, according to the International Energy Agency, the actual CO2 emissions from electricity generation were 67.32 million metric tons, a share of 36.7% of the countries' total CO2 emissions from fuel combustion.
Category: Climate sensitivity
Claim: “We indicated 23 years ago — in our 1994 Nature article — that climate models had the atmosphere’s sensitivity to CO2 much too high,” Christy said in a statement.
Evidence: The sensitivity of temperature to atmospheric gasses, most notably CO 2, is often expressed in terms of the change in temperature per doubling of the concentration of the gas.
Evidence: In his first paper on the matter, he estimated that global temperature would rise by around 5 to 6 °C (9.0 to 10.8 °F) if the quantity of CO 2 was doubled.
Category: Winter 1985 cold wave
Claim: “During the sunless winter, a heatwave raised concerns that the polar vortex may be eroding.
Evidence: The winter 1985 cold wave was a meteorological event, the result of the shifting of the polar vortex farther south than is normally seen.
Category: New Jersey
Claim: New Jersey is "losing 50 football fields of open space to development every day and the more we develop upstream the more flooding we have downstream."
Evidence: The other three villages – Ridgefield Park (now with a Walsh Act form), Ridgewood (now with a Faulkner Act Council-Manager charter) and South Orange (now operates under a Special Charter) – have all migrated to other non-village forms.
Category: Pale Blue Dot
Claim: (Kerr 2007) points out that the sunlight-reflecting haze that cools much of the planet seems to have thinned over the past decade or so.
Evidence: In the photograph, Earth's apparent size is less than a pixel; the planet appears as a tiny dot against the vastness of space, among bands of sunlight reflected by the camera.
Category: Climate change in the United States
Claim: They can now model how likely a specific event would be to occur under historical conditions, compared to the record temperatures we’re experiencing.
Evidence: Looking at the lack of certainty as to the causes of the 1995 to present increase in Atlantic extreme storm activity, a 2007 article in Nature used proxy records of vertical wind shear and sea surface temperature to create a long-term model.
Evidence: In both cases, new climate model simulations show that the effects would last for more than a decade.
Category: Scientific consensus on climate change
Claim: It is clear, then, that greening is emerging as a factor with the potential to blunt some of the worst impacts of human greenhouse gas emissions.
Evidence: While ‘climate change’ can be due to natural forces or human activity, there is now substantial evidence to indicate that human activity – and specifically increased greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions – is a key factor in the pace and extent of global temperature increases.
Evidence: European Science Foundation in a 2007 position paper states: There is now convincing evidence that since the industrial revolution, human activities, resulting in increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases have become a major agent of climate change ... On-going and increased efforts to mitigate climate change through reduction in greenhouse gases are therefore crucial.
Evidence: Humans have ways to cut greenhouse gas emissions and avoid the consequences of global warming, a major climate report concluded.
Evidence: The effects of global warming or climate damage include far-reaching and long-lasting changes to the natural environment, to ecosystems and human societies caused directly or indirectly by human emissions of greenhouse gases.
Category: Carbon dioxide
Claim: CO2 is increasing rapidly, and is reaching levels not seen on the earth for millions of years.
Evidence: The current concentration is about 0.04% (410 ppm) by volume, having risen from pre-industrial levels of 280 ppm.
Evidence: The present concentration is the highest for 14 million years.
Category: California
Claim: In the early 20th century, state and federal governments began aggressively fighting wildfires and trying to keep them as small as possible.
Evidence: Over time, drought and wildfires have become more frequent challenges.
Evidence: More than 1,231 firefighters worked to bring the blaze under control.
Category: Planetary nebula
Claim: We have also been told the problem is DEFINITELY NOT a billions-year-old planet running through cycles where the temperature might fluctuate a bit.
Evidence: This may be explained by the presence of small temperature fluctuations within planetary nebulae.
Evidence: The greater the eccentricity the greater the temperature fluctuation on a planet's surface.
Category: Global warming controversy
Claim: Some scientists believe that solar activity is more likely to influence today’s climate than carbon dioxide, and Dr Soon has compiled data showing temperature in America, Canada and Mexico rises and falls in line with solar activity.
Evidence: In the scientific literature, there is a strong consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.
Category: Global warming controversy
Claim: So it’s clear now we’re not seeing dangerous global warming, and the climate models are wrong.
Evidence: A 2007 study by David Douglass and coworkers, concluded that the 22 most commonly used global climate models used by the IPCC were unable to accurately predict accelerated warming in the troposphere although they did match actual surface warming, concluding "projections of future climate based on these models should be viewed with much caution".
Category: Solubility
Claim: "The solubility of carbon dioxide in water is listed in the Handbook of Chemistry and Physics as a declining function of temperature. ...
Evidence: In liquid water at high temperatures, (e.g.
Evidence: that approaching the critical temperature), the solubility of ionic solutes tends to decrease due to the change of properties and structure of liquid water; the lower dielectric constant results in a less polar solvent.
Category: Climatic Research Unit email controversy
Claim: 'Global warming' is a myth — so say 80 graphs from 58 peer-reviewed scientific papers published in 2017.
Evidence: On 22 March 2010 the university announced the composition of an independent Science Assessment Panel to reassess key CRU papers that have already been peer-reviewed and published in journals.
Category: Florida
Claim: (2012 is now the hottest by a wide margin), but the USA only comprises 2% of the globe.
Evidence: In 2012, 75% of the population lived within 10 miles (16 km) of the coastline.
Category: Earth
Claim: A series of just-released studies by working-level scientists prove that geological and not atmospheric forces are responsible for melting of Earth’s polar ice sheets.
Evidence: This is predicted to produce changes such as the melting of glaciers and ice sheets, more extreme temperature ranges, significant changes in weather and a global rise in average sea levels.
Evidence: The consensus is that several factors are important: atmospheric composition, such as the concentrations of carbon dioxide and methane (the specific levels of the previously mentioned gases are now able to be seen with the new ice core samples from EPICA Dome C in Antarctica over the past 800,000 years); changes in the earth's orbit around the Sun known as Milankovitch cycles; the motion of tectonic plates resulting in changes in the relative location and amount of continental and oceanic crust on the earth's surface, which affect wind and ocean currents; variations in solar output; the orbital dynamics of the Earth–Moon system; the impact of relatively large meteorites and volcanism including eruptions of supervolcanoes.
Evidence: An ice age is a long period of reduction in the temperature of the Earth's surface and atmosphere, resulting in the presence or expansion of continental and polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers.
Category: Rate of return
Claim: (Multiplying .95 by itself 15 times yields 46.3 percent.)”
Evidence: The value of an investment is doubled if the return r {\displaystyle r} = +100%, that is, if r l o g {\displaystyle r_{\mathrm {log} }} = ln($200 / $100) = ln(2) = 69.3%.
Evidence: 1000   g   NO x 1 kg   NO x × 46   kg   NO x 1   kmol   NO x × 1   kmol   NO x 22.414   m 3   NO x × 10   m 3   NO x 10 6   m 3   gas × 20   m 3   gas 1   minute × 60   minute 1   hour = 24.63   g   NO x hour {\displaystyle {\frac {1000\ {\ce {g\ NO}}_{x}}{1{\cancel {{\ce {kg\ NO}}_{x}}}}}\times {\frac {46\ {\cancel {{\ce {kg\ NO}}_{x}}}}{1\ {\cancel {{\ce {kmol\ NO}}_{x}}}}}\times {\frac {1\ {\cancel {{\ce {kmol\ NO}}_{x}}}}{22.414\ {\cancel {{\ce {m}}^{3}\ {\ce {NO}}_{x}}}}}\times {\frac {10\ {\cancel {{\ce {m}}^{3}\ {\ce {NO}}_{x}}}}{10^{6}\ {\cancel {{\ce {m}}^{3}\ {\ce {gas}}}}}}\times {\frac {20\ {\cancel {{\ce {m}}^{3}\ {\ce {gas}}}}}{1\ {\cancel {\ce {minute}}}}}\times {\frac {60\ {\cancel {\ce {minute}}}}{1\ {\ce {hour}}}}=24.63\ {\frac {{\ce {g\ NO}}_{x}}{\ce {hour}}}} After canceling out any dimensional units that appear both in the numerators and denominators of the fractions in the above equation, the NOx concentration of 10 ppmv converts to mass flow rate of 24.63 grams per hour.
Category: Precipitation
Claim: The data is being reported by the University of Illinois's Arctic Climate Research Center, and is derived from satellite observations of the Northern and Southern hemisphere polar regions (Daily Tech).
Evidence: As a result, the modern global record of precipitation largely depends on satellite observations.
Category: 2010 Russian wildfires
Claim: The answer lies in the summer’s record-breaking heat, say wildfire experts.
Evidence: A combination of the smoke from the fires, producing heavy smog blanketing large urban regions and the record-breaking heat wave put stress on the Russian healthcare system.
Category: Extreme weather
Claim: Hurricanes, tornadoes, floods, droughts and other natural disasters have yet to show any obvious long-term change.”
Evidence: Researchers have for the first time attributed recent floods, droughts and heat waves, to human-induced climate change.
Evidence: There may have been changes in other climate extremes (e.g., floods, droughts and tropical cyclones) but these changes are more difficult to identify.
Evidence: A natural disaster is a major adverse event resulting from natural processes of the Earth; examples are floods, hurricanes, tornadoes, volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, tsunamis, storms, and other geologic processes.
Category: Coral bleaching
Claim: Mass coral bleaching is a new phenomenon and was never observed before the 1980s as global warming ramped up.
Evidence: The first mass global bleaching events were recorded in 1998 and 2010, which was when the El Niño caused the oceans temperatures to rise and worsened the corals living conditions.
Category: Climate sensitivity
Claim: Their ECS estimate is 1.5 degrees, with a probability range between 1.05 and 2.45 degrees.
Evidence: IPCC authors concluded ECS is very likely to be greater than 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) and likely to lie in the range 2 to 4.5 °C (4 to 8.1 °F), with a most likely value of about 3 °C (5 °F).
Category: Renewable energy
Claim: Renewables can't provide baseload power
Evidence: EGS and HDR technologies, such as hydrothermal geothermal, are expected to be baseload resources which produce power 24 hours a day like a fossil plant.
Category: Carbon dioxide
Claim: However, satellite and surface measurements observe an enhanced greenhouse effect at the wavelengths that CO2 absorb energy.
Evidence: While transparent to visible light, carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas, absorbing and emitting infrared radiation at its two infrared-active vibrational frequencies (see the section "Structure and bonding" above).
Category: Air pollution
Claim: "Pollution; none of us are supporting putting substances into the  atmosphere or the waterways that might be pollutants, but carbon dioxide  is not a pollutant.
Evidence: Pollutants emitted into the atmosphere by human activity include: Carbon dioxide (CO 2) – Because of its role as a greenhouse gas it has been described as "the leading pollutant" and "the worst climate pollutant".
Category: Geothermal energy
Claim: The amount of heat energy coming out of the Earth is too small to even be worth considering.
Evidence: A more technical description of the earth’s core energy would be to state that it is vast and enormous in quantity, but calling it unlimited and renewable in nature is a misnomer which might well fit today's current levels of use; but perhaps, just like humanity's impact on weather through global warming, there was a long held belief that human activity such as car emissions were minor, and could not impact weather conditions, but when an expanding number of cars reach a critical point, a global impact resulted.
Evidence: Energy from the Sun heats this layer, and the surface below, causing expansion of the air.
Category: Pearson correlation coefficient
Claim: Soares finds lack of correlation between CO2 and temperature
Evidence: A value of 0 implies that there is no linear correlation between the variables.
Category: Calcium carbonate
Claim: Reef material is calcium carbonate, which contains 44 per cent carbon dioxide.
Evidence: Under these conditions calcium carbonate decomposes to produce carbon dioxide which, along with other gases, give rise to explosive volcanic eruptions.
Category: Ted Cruz
Claim: In particular, satellite data demonstrate for the last 17 years, there's been zero warming.
Evidence: The satellites that actually measure the temperature showed no significant warming whatsoever.
Evidence: He said there had probably been no global warming since the 1940s, and "Satellite data show no appreciable warming of the global atmosphere since 1979.
Evidence: As reported by Pat Michaels on his World Climate Report website, MacCracken said during the hearing that "the last decade is the warmest since 1400", implying that the warming had been caused by the greenhouse effect, and replied to Walker's question about whether thermometers had then existed by explaining the use of biological materials as temperature proxies.
Category: Arctic
Claim: In other words, we have, trapped in Arctic permafrost, twice as much carbon as is currently wrecking the atmosphere of the planet, all of it scheduled to be released at a date that keeps getting moved up, partially in the form of a gas that multiplies its warming power 86 times over.
Evidence: Release of methane and carbon dioxide stored in permafrost could cause abrupt and severe global warming, as they are potent greenhouse gases.
Category: Urban heat island
Claim: If there is  a cloud cover, the heat is trapped by water vapour as a greenhouse gas  and the temperature stays quite warm.
Evidence: Throughout the daytime, particularly when the skies are cloudless, urban surfaces are warmed by the absorption of solar radiation.
Evidence: If cloud cover increases, more sunlight will be reflected back into space, cooling the planet.
Category: Climate change in the Arctic
Claim: The amount of summer sea ice in the Arctic has steadily declined over the past few decades because of man-made global warming, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
Evidence: The effects of global warming in the Arctic, or climate change in the Arctic include rising air and water temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet with a related cold temperature anomaly, observed since the 1970s.
Category: Cloud
Claim: At least close to the new spot and to the equator, nothing less than global warming is expected"
Evidence: It is most prevalent in and along low pressure zones of surface tropospheric convergence which encircle the Earth close to the equator and near the 50th parallels of latitude in the northern and southern hemispheres.
Category: Urban heat island
Claim: Statistical analysis of the rate of warming over different periods find that warming from 1970 to 2001 is greater than the warming from both 1860 to 1880 and 1910 to 1940.
Evidence: For example, Ross McKitrick and Patrick J. Michaels conducted a statistical study of surface-temperature data regressed against socioeconomic indicators, and concluded that about half of the observed warming trend (for 1979–2002) could be accounted for by the residual UHI effects in the corrected temperature data set they studied—which had already been processed to remove the (modeled) UHI contribution.
Category: Weather
Claim: “The Northern Hemisphere jet stream […] flow is stronger when that temperature difference is large.
Evidence: The strong temperature contrast between polar and tropical air gives rise to the large scale atmospheric circulation cells and the jet stream.
Category: James Hansen
Claim: In our lifetime, there has been no correlation between carbon dioxide emissions and temperature
Evidence: Decades ago, they correctly predicted how much Earth's temperature would rise due to increasing atmospheric CO2.
Category: Arctic
Claim: ever since December temperatures in the Arctic have consistently been lower than minus 20 C
Evidence: Average winter temperatures can go as low as −40 °C (−40 °F), and the coldest recorded temperature is approximately −68 °C (−90 °F).
Category: United Kingdom enterprise law
Claim: The costs of emissions regulations, which will be paid by everyone, will be punishingly high and will provide no benefits to most people anywhere in the world.
Evidence: The National Health Service was set up in 1946 to provide everyone free health care, regardless of class or income, paid for by progressive taxation.
Category: Anoxic event
Claim: Therefore, CO2 levels could not have forced temperatures to rise.
Evidence: Oceanic anoxic events most commonly occurred during periods of very warm climate characterized by high levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) and mean surface temperatures probably in excess of 25 °C (77 °F).
Category: Scientific consensus on climate change
Claim: “Yet, a new study of 60 climate models and scenarios shows this warning fails to take into account the fact that global warming will mean precipitation increases.
Evidence: Changes in the climate system that are confidently predicted in response to increases in greenhouse gases include increases in mean surface air temperature, increases in global mean rates of precipitation and evaporation, rising sea level, and changes in the biosphere.
Category: East Antarctic Ice Sheet
Claim: Some of the regions in which  GRACE claims ice loss in East Antarctica average colder than -30°C  during the summer, and never, ever get above freezing.
Evidence: The EAIS is the driest, windiest, and coldest place on Earth, with temperatures reported down to nearly -100°C.
Evidence: East Antarctica appears to have experienced a net gain of a relatively small amount of ice during the 25-years although uncertainty is greater due to subsidence of the underlying bedrock.
Category: Global warming
Claim: Far from contradicting global warming, record snowfall is predicted by climate models and consistent with our expectation of more extreme precipitation events.
Evidence: The warming evident in the instrumental temperature record is consistent with a wide range of observations, documented by many independent scientific groups; for example, in most continental regions the frequency and intensity of heavy precipitation has increased.
Evidence: Climate change caused by human activities that emit greenhouse gases into the air is expected to affect the frequency of extreme weather events such as drought, extreme temperatures, flooding, high winds, and severe storms.
Category: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere
Claim: If CO2 was so terrible for the planet, then installing a CO2 generator in a greenhouse would kill the plants.
Evidence: The greenhouse effect is a process by which thermal radiation from a planetary atmosphere warms the planet's surface beyond the temperature it would have in the absence of its atmosphere.
Category: Global warming
Claim: Hurricanes aren't linked to global warming
Evidence: "Q&A: How is Arctic warming linked to the 'polar vortex' and other extreme weather?".
Category: Physics
Claim: In looking at Earth’s past, scientists can predict what the future will look like
Evidence: For example, in the study of the origin of the earth, one can reasonably model earth's mass, temperature, and rate of rotation, as a function of time allowing one to extrapolate forward or backward in time and so predict future or prior events.
Category: Carbon credit
Claim: (In technical lingo, the so-called social cost of carbon would be negative.)”
Evidence: Nordhaus has suggested, based on the social cost of carbon emissions, that an optimal price of carbon is around $30(US) per ton and will need to increase with inflation.
Category: Paris Agreement
Claim: I think about all the 194 countries that signed onto the Paris accord, the U.S. is the one that's leading the world in reducing emissions.
Evidence: On 1 April 2016, the United States and China, which together represent almost 40% of global emissions, issued a joint statement confirming that both countries would sign the Paris Climate Agreement.
Evidence: The top four emitters (China, USA, EU28 and India) contribute to over 55% of the total emissions over the last decade, excluding emissions from land-use change such as deforestation.
Category: Emissions trading
Claim: 'To suddenly label CO2 as a "pollutant" is a disservice to a gas that has played an enormous role in the development and sustainability of all life on this wonderful Earth.
Evidence: Emissions trading (also known as cap and trade) is a market-based approach to controlling pollution by providing economic incentives for achieving reductions in the emissions of pollutants.
Category: Probability
Claim: Your odds of correctly guessing the outcome of a flipped coin are 1 in 2, but your odds of guessing correctly twice in a row are only 1 in 4 —
Evidence: If two events, A and B are independent then the joint probability is P ( A  and  B ) = P ( A ∩ B ) = P ( A ) P ( B ) , {\displaystyle P(A{\mbox{ and }}B)=P(A\cap B)=P(A)P(B),\,} for example, if two coins are flipped the chance of both being heads is 1 2 × 1 2 = 1 4 {\displaystyle {\tfrac {1}{2}}\times {\tfrac {1}{2}}={\tfrac {1}{4}}} .
Category: Al Gore
Claim: They (Clinton and Obama) have never to my knowledge been involved in legislation nor hearings nor engagement on this issue (climate change).
Evidence: After joining the House of Representatives, Gore held the "first congressional hearings on the climate change, and co-sponsor[ed] hearings on toxic waste and global warming."
Evidence: Obama visited the Gulf, announced a federal investigation, and formed a bipartisan commission to recommend new safety standards, after a review by Secretary of the Interior Ken Salazar and concurrent Congressional hearings.
Category: Global warming
Claim: A variety of different measurements find steadily rising sea levels over the past century.
Evidence: Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.
Category: Sea level rise
Claim: Sea level rise predictions are exaggerated.
Evidence: "Scientists keep upping their projections for how much the oceans will rise this century".
Evidence: This is an important confirmation of climate change simulations which predicted that sea level rise would accelerate in response to global warming.
Category: 2010 United Kingdom general election
Claim: “In 2009, then-British Prime Minister Gordon Brown predicted that the world had only 50 days to save the planet from global warming.
Evidence: Realising that a deal between the Conservatives and the Liberal Democrats was imminent, the next day on Tuesday 11 May Brown announced his resignation as Prime Minister, marking the end of 13 years of Labour government.
Category: Global warming
Claim: 97% consensus on human-caused global warming has been disproven.
Evidence: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.
Category: Atmosphere of Earth
Claim: The effect of this disparity is that thermal radiation escaping to space comes mostly from the cold upper atmosphere, while the surface is maintained at a substantially warmer temperature.
Evidence: The geological record however shows a continuous relatively warm surface during the complete early temperature record of Earth – with the exception of one cold glacial phase about 2.4 billion years ago.
Category: Gale (crater)
Claim: There seems to be evidence for a link between solar activity and water levels.
Evidence: On November 4, 2018, geologists presented evidence, based on studies in Gale by the Curiosity rover, that there was plenty of water on early Mars.
Evidence: "High Concentrations of Silica Indicate Considerable Water Activity on Mars – SpaceRef".
Category: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
Claim: Elementary radiative-transfer calculations demonstrate that a natural surface global brightening amounting to ~1.9 Wm–2 over the 18-year period of study would be expected – using the IPCC’s own methodology – to have caused a transient warming of 1 K (1.8 F°).
Evidence: They judge that global mean surface air temperature has increased by 0.3 to 0.6 °C over the last 100 years, broadly consistent with prediction of climate models, but also of the same magnitude as natural climate variability.
Evidence: Solar irradiance is about 0.9 W/m2 brighter during solar maximum than during solar minimum, which correlated in measured average global temperature over the period 1959-2004.
Category: Climate variability
Claim: Volcanoes Melting West Antarctic Glaciers, Not Global Warming
Evidence: Previous interglacials such as the Eemian phase created temperatures higher than today, higher sea levels, and some partial melting of the West Antarctic ice sheet.
Category: Little Ice Age
Claim: Earth about to enter 30-YEAR ‘Mini Ice Age’
Evidence: The Little Ice Age ended in the latter half of the 19th century or early in the 20th century.
Category: Global warming
Claim: Scientists say the recent climate agreement negotiated in Paris is not remotely ambitious enough to forestall a significant melting of Greenland and Antarctica, though if fully implemented, it may slow the pace somewhat.”
Evidence: Although the parties to the UNFCCC have agreed that deep cuts in emissions are required and that global warming should be limited to well below 2 °C (3.6 °F) in the Paris Agreement of 2016, the Earth's average surface temperature has already increased by about half this threshold and current pledges by countries to cut emissions are inadequate to limit future warming.
Evidence: At the Paris Conference in 2015 where the Agreement was negotiated, the developed countries reaffirmed the commitment to mobilize $100 billion a year in climate finance by 2020, and agreed to continue mobilizing finance at the level of $100 billion a year until 2025.
Evidence: The potential for major sea level rise depends mostly on a significant melting of the polar ice caps of Greenland and Antarctica, as this is where the vast majority of glacial ice is located.
Category: Earth
Claim: The last time the planet was even four degrees warmer, Peter Brannen points out in The Ends of the World, his new history of the planet’s major extinction events, the oceans were hundreds of feet higher.
Evidence: As a result, the mean annual air temperature at sea level decreases by about 0.4 °C (0.7 °F) per degree of latitude from the equator.
Category: Air pollution
Claim: Carbon pollution is a health hazard.
Evidence: It is considered to be a health hazard.
Evidence: Emissions from these sources can cause respiratory disease, childhood asthma, cancer, and other health problems.
Category: Scientific consensus on climate change
Claim: There are many lines of evidence which clearly show that the atmospheric CO2 increase is caused by humans.
Evidence: The spatial and temporal fingerprint of warming can be traced to increasing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, which are a direct result of burning fossil fuels, broad-scale deforestation and other human activity.
Category: Atlantic Ocean
Claim: On the other side of the Atlantic ocean, climates are typically milder as a result of the cooling from the Gulf Stream.
Evidence: For example, the Gulf Stream helps moderate winter temperatures along the coastline of southeastern North America, keeping it warmer in winter along the coast than inland areas.
Category: Energy policy of India
Claim: When South Australians buy electricity at $14,200/MWh, they are paying the equivalent of $400 a litre for petrol.
Evidence: The affordable electricity retail price (860 kcal/kWh at 75% input electricity to shaft power efficiency) to replace petrol (lower heating value 7693 kcal/litre at 33% fuel energy to crank shaft efficiency) is 19.06 Rs/kWh.
Category: 2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference
Claim: If every nation agrees to limit CO2 emissions, we can achieve significant cuts on a global scale.
Evidence: To cut carbon emissions by 25% below 2000 levels by 2020 if the world agrees to an ambitious global deal to stabilise levels of CO2e to 450 ppm or lower.
Evidence: To reduce emissions between 10% to 20% below 1990 levels by 2020 if a global agreement is secured that limits carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e) to 450 ppm and temperature increases to 2 °C, effective rules on forestry, and New Zealand having access to international carbon markets.
Evidence: "Cut Global Emissions by 7.6 Percent Every Year for Next Decade to Meet 1.5°C Paris Target - UN Report".
Category: Global warming
Claim: Dr. Gutzler said spring temperatures have an impact, too, with warmer air causing more snow to turn to vapor and essentially disappear.
Evidence: Further examples include sea level rise, widespread melting of snow and land ice, increased heat content of the oceans, increased humidity, and the earlier timing of spring events, such as the flowering of plants.
Evidence: As the water vapor condenses into liquid, latent heat is released, which warms the air, causing it to become less dense than the surrounding, drier air.