Danthammadhavi/climate_fever_fixed huggingface dataset:
Category: Global warming
Claim: Warming trends agree well with surface temperatures and model predictions except near the Poles.
Evidence: Sea level rise since 1990 was underestimated in older models, but now agrees well with observations.
Evidence: Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7 °C (0.5 to 3.1 °F) in a moderate scenario, or as much as 2.6 to 4.8 °C (4.7 to 8.6 °F) in an extreme scenario, depending on the rate of future greenhouse gas emissions and on climate feedback effects.
Category: Global warming
Claim: If ECS is as low as the Energy Balance literature suggests, it means that the climate models we have been using for decades run too hot and need to be revised.
Evidence: Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7 °C (0.5 to 3.1 °F) in a moderate scenario, or as much as 2.6 to 4.8 °C (4.7 to 8.6 °F) in an extreme scenario, depending on the rate of future greenhouse gas emissions and on climate feedback effects.
Evidence: Ed Hawkins, of the University of Reading, stated that the "surface temperatures since 2005 are already at the low end of the range of projections derived from 20 climate models.
Category: Global warming
Claim: the first scientists to show that the thick icecap that once covered the Arctic ocean was beginning to thin and shrink.
Evidence: Global warming has led to decades of shrinking and thinning of the Arctic sea ice, making it vulnerable to atmospheric anomalies.
Evidence: Other studies show that between 1960 and 1999, the Devon Ice Cap lost 67 km3 (16 cu mi) of ice, mainly through thinning.
Category: Global warming controversy
Claim: Climate scientists could make far more money in other careers - most notably, working for the oil industry.
Evidence: reducing emissions/consumption) and for the prolonging of profits to the oil industry at the expense of the environment.
Category: Methane
Claim: ...Livestock are responsible for 18 per cent of the  greenhouse gases that cause global warming, more than cars, planes and  all other forms of transport put together.
Evidence: A 2013 study estimated that livestock accounted for 44% of human-induced methane and ~15% of human-induced greenhouse gas emissions.
Category: Sea level rise
Claim: Sea level rise is not going to happen.
Evidence: This could mean rapid sea level rise of up to 19 mm (0.75 in) per year by the end of the century.
Category: Medieval Warm Period
Claim: Medieval Warm Period was warmer than the climate warming today.
Evidence: They also found that the warming during the 10–14th centuries in some regions might be comparable in magnitude to the warming of the last few decades of the 20th century, which was unprecedented within the past 500 years.
Evidence: It is thought that between c. 950 and c. 1100 was the Northern Hemisphere's warmest period since the Roman Warm Period.
Category: Global dimming
Claim: While changes in cloud cover & aerosols lead to more sunlight hitting the surface, this can be compensated by the cooling effect on the atmosphere due to fewer clouds trapping less warmth and fewer absorbing aerosols absorbing less sunlight.
Evidence: The particles reflect and absorb sunlight, less sun rays reach Earth surface layers, thus resulting in cooler water and land surface temperatures, and also less cloud formation, subsequently dampening the development of hurricanes.
Evidence: Some primarily scatter sunlight and thereby cool the planet, while others absorb sunlight and warm the atmosphere.
Evidence: For instance, the change from a dark forest to grassland makes the surface lighter, causing it to reflect more sunlight.
Category: Occam's razor
Claim: Postma's model contains many simple errors; in no way does Postma undermine the existence or necessity of the greenhouse effect.
Evidence: Since it is absurd to have no logical method for settling on one hypothesis amongst an infinite number of equally data-compliant hypotheses, we should choose the simplest theory: "Either science is irrational [in the way it judges theories and predictions probable] or the principle of simplicity is a fundamental synthetic a priori truth."
Evidence: In the 25 papers with quantitative comparisons, complexity increased forecast errors by an average of 27 percent.
Category: Effects of global warming on human health
Claim: receding polar ice caps have little if any negative impact on human health and welfare, and likely a positive benefit
Evidence: There are, however, some positive possible aspects to climate change as well.
Category: Net metering
Claim: The amount of energy used to construct solar and wind facilities is greater than they produce in their working lives.
Evidence: The energy can be generated from a variety of renewable sources including solar, wind, and hydro.
Evidence: Energy is usually harvested onsite through energy producing technologies like solar and wind, while reducing the overall use of energy with highly efficient lightning and heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) technologies.
Evidence: The production of goods under net zero fossil energy consumption requires locations of geothermal, microhydro, solar, and wind resources to sustain the concept.
Category: Jet stream
Claim: This means the jet stream meanders more, with big loops bringing warm air to the frozen north and cold air into warmer southern climes.”
Evidence: The path of the jet typically has a meandering shape, and these meanders themselves propagate eastward, at lower speeds than that of the actual wind within the flow.
Evidence: This jet stream instability brings warm air north as well as cold air south.
Evidence: Within the vortex, the cold polar air becomes increasingly cold with neither warmer air from lower latitudes nor energy from the Sun during the polar night.
Category: Nuclear winter
Claim: A recent study led by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory climate scientist Ben Santer found that while the models ran hot, the ‘overestimation’ was ‘partly due to systematic deficiencies in some of the post-2000 external forcings used in the model simulations.’
Evidence: While it is believed that the modeled climate-cooling-effects from the mass of soot injected into the stratosphere by 100 firestorms (one to five teragrams) would have been detectable with technical instruments in WWII, five percent of that would not have been possible to observe at that time.
Category: Medieval Warm Period
Claim: Earth’s mean temperature over the last 2,000 years shows two previous periods when temperatures were warmer than they are now; from 1–200 A.D., an epoch called the Roman Warm Period, and more recently the Medieval Warm Period from 900–1100 A.D.
Evidence: 1200 AD, and was followed by a decline of temperature levels till between c. 1500 and c. 1700 the coldest phase since the last ice age occurred."
Evidence: The Medieval Warm Period (MWP) is generally thought to have occurred from c. 950–c.
Category: Adam Scaife
Claim: Prof Adam Scaife, a climate modelling expert at the UK’s Met Office, said the evidence for a link to shrinking Arctic ice was now good: ‘The consensus points towards that being a real effect.’”
Evidence: Scaife and his team have made recent advances in long range weather forecasting and have uncovered a signal to noise paradox in climate models that makes them better at predicting the real climate than they are at predicting themselves.
Category: United Nations
Claim: 'The UN’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change misled the press and public into believing that thousands of scientists backed its claims on manmade global warming, according to Mike Hulme, a prominent climate scientist and IPCC insider.
Evidence: In 1988, the UNEP and the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), another UN organization, established the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, which assesses and reports on research on global warming.
Category: Chlorofluorocarbon
Claim: Models and direct observations find that CFCs only contribute a fraction of the warming supplied by other greenhouse gases.
Evidence: The strength of CFC absorption bands and the unique susceptibility of the atmosphere at wavelengths where CFCs (indeed all covalent fluorine compounds) absorb creates a “super” greenhouse effect from CFCs and other unreactive fluorine-containing gases such as perfluorocarbons, HFCs, HCFCs, bromofluorocarbons, SF6, and NF3.
Category: Barack Obama
Claim: Barack Obama supports proposals "to devote billions of dollars annually to state game and fish agencies and federal land management agencies to help them ensure that fish and wildlife survive the impacts of climate change."
Evidence: He sponsored the Iran Sanctions Enabling Act supporting divestment of state pension funds from Iran's oil and gas industry, which was never enacted but later incorporated in the Comprehensive Iran Sanctions, Accountability, and Divestment Act of 2010; and co-sponsored legislation to reduce risks of nuclear terrorism.
Category: Human overpopulation
Claim: Bill Nye proposed penalizing families with too many children to reduce population growth and slow climate change.
Evidence: Child mortality has declined, which in turn has led to reduced birth rates, thus slowing overall population growth.
Evidence: Population planning that is intended to reduce population size or growth rate may promote or enforce one or more of the following practices, although there are other methods as well: Greater and better access to contraception Reducing infant mortality so that parents do not need to have many children to ensure at least some survive to adulthood.
Category: Legendre symbol
Claim: In particular, PMOD alters the data from the Nimbus7/ERB record from 1989 to 1991.
Evidence: The Legendre symbol was introduced by Adrien-Marie Legendre in 1798 in the course of his attempts at proving the law of quadratic reciprocity.
Evidence: However, the two other versions make sense over a principal ideal domain R: it suffices to replace "integer" by "element of the domain" and Z {\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} } by R. These two versions of the theorem are true in this context, because the proofs (except for the first existence proof), are based on Euclid's lemma and Bézout's identity, which are true over every principal domain.
Category: Fossil fuel
Claim: When you account for the effects which are not reflected in the market price of fossil fuels, like air pollution and health impacts, the true cost of coal and other fossil fuels is higher than the cost of most renewable energy technologies.
Evidence: Fossil fuel prices generally are below their actual costs, or their "efficient prices," when economic externalities, such as the costs of air pollution and global climate destruction, are taken into account.
Category: Kevin E. Trenberth
Claim: But Trenberth’s "lack of warming at the moment" has been going on at least a decade.
Evidence: In an interview, Trenberth said, "The planet is warming", but "the warmth just isn't being manifested at the surface."
Evidence: This was associated with a change of surface winds over the Pacific which had caused ocean heat to penetrate below 700m depth and had contributed to the apparent global warming hiatus in surface temperatures during the previous decade.
Category: Natural environment
Claim: nothing we can do to stop the Earth’s naturally occurring climate cycles.
Evidence: Shifting from meat-intensive diets to largely plant-based diets in order to help mitigate biodiversity loss and climate change.
Evidence: The next ice age may be virtually upon us – a natural 100,000 year cycle which we are accelerating in many ways.
Category: Years of Living Dangerously
Claim: Forget what global warming activists would lead you to believe—2015 was not even close to the hottest year on record.
Evidence: He learns that "Earth could warm by more than 9 degrees F (5 degrees C) by 2100 if we don’t aggressively reduce our emissions of greenhouse gases", and that more frequent heat waves and droughts will contribute to food shortages, which can lead to greater conflicts in the Middle East and elsewhere.
Category: Antarctica
Claim: there were no ice sheets covering either Greenland or West Antarctica, and much of the East Antarctic ice sheet was gone.
Evidence: East Antarctica is largely covered by the East Antarctic Ice Sheet.
Category: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
Claim: The team of climate scientists notes that in failing to predict the warming ‘hiatus’ in the beginning of the 21st century, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) models overestimated temperature increases…
Evidence: The finished report summarizes the findings of scientists, showing that maintaining a temperature rise to below 1.5 °C remains possible, but only through "rapid and far-reaching transitions in energy, land, urban and infrastructure..., and industrial systems".
Evidence: They judge that global mean surface air temperature has increased by 0.3 to 0.6 °C over the last 100 years, broadly consistent with prediction of climate models, but also of the same magnitude as natural climate variability.
Category: Greenhouse effect
Claim: Water vapor helps trap heat, and is a far the strongest of the major greenhouse gases, contributing 36–72 percent of the greenhouse effect.
Evidence: By their percentage contribution to the greenhouse effect on Earth the four major gases are: water vapor, 36–70% carbon dioxide, 9–26% methane, 4–9% ozone, 3–7% It is not possible to assign a specific percentage to each gas because the absorption and emission bands of the gases overlap (hence the ranges given above).
Evidence: Water vapor accounts for the largest percentage of the greenhouse effect, between 36% and 66% for clear sky conditions and between 66% and 85% when including clouds.
Category: List of extreme weather records in Pakistan
Claim: Severe ‘snowmageddon’ winters are now strongly linked to soaring polar temperatures, say researchers, with deadly summer heatwaves and torrential floods also probably linked.
Evidence: The most deadly heat wave in the history of Pakistan is the record-breaking heat wave of summer 2010 which occurred in the last ten days of May.
Category: Global warming hiatus
Claim: that likewise determined that the actual increases in warming post-2000 was ‘generally smaller than trends estimated’ from the models.”
Evidence: A month before formal AR5 publication, a leaked draft of the report noted that "Models do not generally reproduce the observed reduction in surface warming trend over the last 10–15 years", but lacked clear explanations, and attracted wide media coverage.
Evidence: The actual increase by 2000 was about 29%.
Category: Earth
Claim: The geological history of the planet shows major planetary climate changes have never been driven by a trace gas
Evidence: This last phenomenon is known as the greenhouse effect: trace molecules within the atmosphere serve to capture thermal energy emitted from the ground, thereby raising the average temperature.
Evidence: The distance of Earth from the Sun, as well as its orbital eccentricity, rate of rotation, axial tilt, geological history, sustaining atmosphere, and magnetic field all contribute to the current climatic conditions at the surface.
Category: Global warming
Claim: The rate of global sea level rise on average has fallen by 40% the last century.
Evidence: Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.
Evidence: Sea level rise will continue over many centuries.
Category: Instrumental temperature record
Claim: “ NASA concurred with NOAA, also declaring 2016 the warmest year on record in its own data set that tracks the temperatures at the surface of the planet’s land and oceans, and expressing ‘greater than 95 percent certainty’ in that conclusion.
Evidence: Consistent with Schmidt's comment, the NASA / NOAA announcement stated that "globally-averaged temperatures in 2016 were 1.78 degrees Fahrenheit (0.99 degrees Celsius) warmer than the mid-20th century mean" and that the impact of El Niño warming was estimated to have "increased the annual global temperature anomaly for 2016 by 0.2 degrees Fahrenheit (0.12 degrees Celsius)."
Category: Philosophy of geography
Claim: Benny Peiser conducted a search of peer-reviewed literature on the ISI Web of Science database between 1993 and 2003.
Evidence: Three volumes of an annual peer-reviewed journal, Philosophy and Geography, were published by Rowman & Littlefield Press which later became a bi-annual journal published by Carfax publishers.
Category: Scientific consensus on climate change
Claim: The IPCC (2013), USGCRP (2017), and USGCRP (2018) indicate that it is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-twentieth century.
Evidence: These, together with other anthropogenic drivers, are "extremely likely" (where that means more than 95% probability) to have been the dominant cause of the observed global warming since the mid-20th century.
Evidence: It is extremely likely (95-100% probability) that human influence was the dominant cause of global warming between 1951-2010.
Category: Greenhouse gas
Claim: [Jonathan Overpeck:] ‘No doubt about it anymore — humans, mainly by burning fossil fuels, are cooking the planet,’ Overpeck said.
Evidence: The main sources of greenhouse gases due to human activity are: burning of fossil fuels and deforestation leading to higher carbon dioxide concentrations in the air.
Category: Hydrofluorocarbon
Claim: HFCs (hydrofluorocarbons) are tens of thousands of times more polluting than carbon dioxide.
Evidence: They do not harm the ozone layer as much as the compounds they replace, but they do contribute to global warming, with thousands of times the warming potential of carbon dioxide.
Evidence: According to the report plastic will contribute greenhouse gases in the equivalent of 850 million tonnes of carbon dioxide (CO2) to the atmosphere in 2019.
Category: Scientific consensus on climate change
Claim: Multiple lines of evidence make it very clear that the rise in atmospheric CO2 is due to human emissions.
Evidence: The spatial and temporal fingerprint of warming can be traced to increasing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, which are a direct result of burning fossil fuels, broad-scale deforestation and other human activity.
Evidence: While ‘climate change’ can be due to natural forces or human activity, there is now substantial evidence to indicate that human activity – and specifically increased greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions – is a key factor in the pace and extent of global temperature increases.
Evidence: The sharp acceleration in CO 2 emissions since 2000 to more than a 3% increase per year (more than 2 ppm per year) from 1.1% per year during the 1990s is attributable to the lapse of formerly declining trends in carbon intensity of both developing and developed nations.
Category: Effects of global warming on oceans
Claim: The oceans have absorbed much of this increased heat, with the top 700 meters (about 2,300 feet) of ocean showing warming of more than 0.4 degrees Fahrenheit since 1969.
Evidence: In another study, results estimate the heat content of the ocean in the upper 700 meters has increased significantly from 1955–2010.
Evidence: Heat gets transported into deeper parts of the ocean by winds and currents, and some of it reaches depths of more than 2,000 m (6,600 ft).
Category: Sun
Claim: Water levels correlate with sunspots.
Evidence: Long-term secular change in sunspot number is thought, by some scientists, to be correlated with long-term change in solar irradiance, which, in turn, might influence Earth's long-term climate.
Category: Regime shift
Claim: The research also revealed how large areas of the polar ice caps could collapse and significant changes to ecosystems could see the Sahara Desert become green and the edges of tropical forests turn into fire-dominated savanna.
Evidence: Regime shifts in polar regions include the melting of the Greenland ice sheet and the possible collapse of the thermohaline circulation system.
Evidence: If all the ice on the polar ice caps were to melt away, the oceans of the world would rise an estimated 70 m (230 ft).
Category: Scientific consensus on climate change
Claim: The Petition Project features over 31,000 scientists signing the petition stating "there is no convincing scientific evidence that human release of carbon dioxide will, in the forseeable future, cause catastrophic heating of the Earth's atmosphere".
Evidence: Evidence from the geological record is consistent with the physics that shows that adding large amounts of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere warms the world and may lead to: higher sea levels and flooding of low-lying coasts; greatly changed patterns of rainfall; increased acidity of the oceans; and decreased oxygen levels in seawater.
Category: Retreat of glaciers since 1850
Claim: Glaciers are in rapid retreat worldwide, despite 1 error in 1 paragraph in a 3000 page IPCC report.
Evidence: "Fast-flow advance and parallel rapid retreat of non-surging tidewater glaciers in Icy Bay and Yakutat Bay, Alaska 1888–2003".
Category: Global warming controversy
Claim: Lindzen and Choi’s paper is viewed as unacceptably flawed by other climate scientists.
Evidence: Judith Curry has said "This is a completely unconvincing analysis", whereas Naomi Oreskes said that the paper shows "the vast majority of working [climate] research scientists are in agreement [on climate change]... Those who don't agree, are, unfortunately—and this is hard to say without sounding elitist—mostly either not actually climate researchers or not very productive researchers."
Category: Petroleum
Claim: Greenpeace didn’t save the whales, switching from whale oil to petroleum and palm oil did
Evidence: James S. Robbins has argued that the advent of petroleum-refined kerosene saved some species of great whales from extinction by providing an inexpensive substitute for whale oil, thus eliminating the economic imperative for open-boat whaling.
Evidence: Greenpeace is also critical of extracting petroleum from oil sands and has used direct action to block operations at the Athabasca oil sands in Canada.
Category: Mark Begich
Claim: Alaska Sen. Mark Begich "is on record supporting a carbon tax, even pushing Harry Reid to make it a priority."
Evidence: According to the Washington Post, "Begich is one of a small but growing group of Democratic lawmakers who support the idea of lifting or changing the payroll tax cap, so higher earners pay more, while adopting a new measure for inflation that would increase benefits for all seniors."
Category: Northwest Passage
Claim: "In 2007, the Northern Hemisphere reached a record low in ice coverage and the Northwest Passage was opened.
Evidence: The Northwest Passage opened again on August 25, 2008.
Evidence: The 2007 melt season let to a minimum 39% below the 1979–2000 average, and for the first time in human memory, the fabled Northwest Passage opened completely.
Category: Gravity of Mars
Claim: The latest  measurements involve the use of satellite gravimetry, estimating  the mass of terrain beneath by detecting slight changes in gravity as a  satellite passes overhead.
Evidence: "Tests and combination of satellite determinations of the gravity field with gravimetry".
Category: Bread
Claim: If the public were aware that man-made CO2 is so incredibly small there would be very little belief in a climate disaster ..."
Evidence: CO2 generation, on its own, is too small to account for the rise.
Evidence: Steven Quiring, climatologist from Texas A&M University added that "whether scientists like it or not, An Inconvenient Truth has had a much greater impact on public opinion and public awareness of global climate change than any scientific paper or report."
Category: Global warming
Claim:  As it happens, the writer of that October 2009 e-mail—Kevin Trenberth, a lead author of the warmist bible, the 2007 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) report—told Congress two years ago that evidence for manmade warming is "unequivocal.
Evidence: IPCC AR5 WG1 Summary for Policymakers 2013, p. 4: Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, and since the 1950s, many of the observed changes are unprecedented over decades to millennia.
Evidence: The New York Times reported that "the leading international network of climate scientists has concluded for the first time that global warming is 'unequivocal' and that human activity is the main driver, 'very likely' causing most of the rise in temperatures since 1950".
Category: Ice shelf
Claim: “Right now, the shelf works like a giant bottle-stopper that slows down ice trying to flow from the land into the sea.
Evidence: This new source of ice volume flows down from above sea level, displacing sea water and so contributing to sea level rise.
Category: 20th century
Claim: global warming ceased around the end of the twentieth century and was followed (since 1997) by 19 years of stable temperature.
Evidence: The 20th (twentieth) century was a century that began on January 1, 1901 and ended on December 31, 2000.
Evidence: The period from 1983 to 2012 was likely the warmest 30-year period of the last 1400 years in the Northern Hemisphere, where such assessment is possible (medium confidence).
Category: Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System
Claim: Worst-case global heating scenarios may need to be revised upwards in light of a better understanding of the role of clouds, scientists have said.
Evidence: Results from the CERES and other NASA missions, such as the Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE), could lead to a better understanding of the role of clouds and the energy cycle in global climate change.
Evidence: Climate change is more accurate scientifically to describe the various effects of greenhouse gases on the world because it includes extreme weather, storms and changes in rainfall patterns, ocean acidification and sea level.".
Category: Sea level rise
Claim: Sea level rise is decelerating.
Evidence: This acceleration is due mostly to human-caused global warming, which is driving thermal expansion of seawater and the melting of land-based ice sheets and glaciers.
Category: Pacific decadal oscillation
Claim: When the PDO last switched to a cool phase, global temperatures were about 0.4C cooler than currently.
Evidence: 1924/1925: PDO changed to a "warm" phase.
Evidence: During a "warm", or "positive", phase, the west Pacific becomes cooler and part of the eastern ocean warms; during a "cool" or "negative" phase, the opposite pattern occurs.
Category: Ocean acidification
Claim: ‘But even if an organism isn’t directly harmed by acidification it may be affected indirectly through changes in its habitat or changes in the food web.’
Evidence: Aside from the slowing and/or reversing of calcification, organisms may suffer other adverse effects, either indirectly through negative impacts on food resources, or directly as reproductive or physiological effects.
Evidence: The presence of acid-forming materials exposed as a result of surface mining can affect wildlife by eliminating habitat and by causing direct destruction of some species.
Category: Hockey stick controversy
Claim: 'Phil Jones said that for the past 15 years there has been no "statistically significant" warming.
Evidence: The authors concluded that "Northern Hemisphere mean annual temperatures for three of the past eight years are warmer than any other year since (at least) AD1400", and estimated empirically that greenhouse gases had become the dominant climate forcing during the 20th century.
Category: Arctic National Wildlife Refuge
Claim: Melting ice leads to more sunlight being absorbed by water, thus heating the Arctic.
Evidence: The Arctic gradually loses snow and ice, bare rock and water absorb more and more of the sun's energy, making the Arctic even warmer.
Evidence: Not only does this increase the absorption of sunlight, it also increases melting and sea level rise.
Category: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere
Claim: at the end of recent ice ages, the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere started to rise only after temperatures began to climb.
Evidence: Concentrations of CO 2 in the atmosphere were as high as 4,000 parts per million (ppm, on a molar basis) during the Cambrian period about 500 million years ago to as low as 180 ppm during the Quaternary glaciation of the last two million years.
Category: Attribution of recent climate change
Claim: More than 100 climate models over the past 30 years did not predict what actually happened because it was assumed carbon dioxide had the pivotal role in driving climate change and that the effects of clouds, back-radiation and the sun were trivial.
Evidence: Climate models have been used to examine the role of the Sun in recent climate change.
Category: Carbon dioxide
Claim: Humans are emitting 26 gigatonnes of CO2 into the atmosphere.
Evidence: Human activities emit about 29 billion tons of carbon dioxide per year, while volcanoes emit between 0.2 and 0.3 billion tons.
Category: Global warming
Claim: There isn’t yet any empirical evidence for their claim that greenhouse gases even cause temperatures to increase.
Evidence: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.
Evidence: During the late 20th century, a scientific consensus evolved that increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere cause a substantial rise in global temperatures and changes to other parts of the climate system, with consequences for the environment and for human health.
Category: Climate change denial
Claim: Some, however, bristle at the belief that because floods and storms have always occurred, they should not be linked to climate change”
Evidence: To the public, this was related to climate change and the possibility of effective action, but news interest faded.
Category: Global warming
Claim: But as the change gets larger or more persistent … it appears they underestimate climate change
Evidence: Abrupt climate change, tipping points in the climate system: Climate change could result in global, large-scale changes.
Category: Climate change denial
Claim: Focusing on a few suggestive emails, taken out of context, merely serves to distract from the wealth of empirical evidence for man-made global warming.
Evidence: Science education is under attack… by climate change deniers, who ignore a mountain of evidence gathered over the last fifty years that the planet is warming and that humans are largely responsible.
Evidence: Despite leaked emails during the Climatic Research Unit email controversy, as well as multinational, independent research on the topic, no evidence of such a conspiracy has been presented, and strong consensus exists among scientists from a multitude of political, social, organizational and national backgrounds about the extent and cause of climate change.
Evidence: The warming evident in the instrumental temperature record is consistent with a wide range of observations, documented by many independent scientific groups; for example, in most continental regions the frequency and intensity of heavy precipitation has increased.
Category: Climate of Mars
Claim: Each of the six major past ice ages began when the atmospheric carbon dioxide content was far higher than at present.
Evidence: Much of this early atmosphere would have consisted of carbon dioxide.
Evidence: The present pattern of ice ages began about 40 Mya, and then intensified during the Pleistocene about 3 Mya.
Category: Richard Lindzen
Claim: Lindzen and Choi find low climate sensitivity
Evidence: This hypothesis suggests a negative feedback which would counter the effects of CO 2 warming by lowering the climate sensitivity.
Evidence: "Heat Capacity, Time Constant and Sensitivity of Earth's Climate System" (PDF).
Evidence: Lindzen has given estimates of the Earth's climate sensitivity to be 0.5 °C based on ERBE data.
Category: Developing country
Claim: Top Scientist Hal Lewis Resigns Over Climate Change Corruption
Evidence: This lack of access to modern energy technology limits income generation, blunts efforts to escape poverty, affects people's health due to indoor air pollution, and contributes to global deforestation and climate change.
Category: Greenhouse gas
Claim: The amount of warming caused by the anthropogenic increase in atmospheric CO2 may be one of the most misunderstood subjects in climate science.
Evidence: It is likely that anthropogenic (i.e., human-induced) warming, such as that due to elevated greenhouse gas levels, has had a discernible influence on many physical and biological systems.
Evidence: Most of the climatic warming over the last 50 years is likely to have been caused by increased concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
Category: Oceanic climate
Claim: Gone are the days when scientists drew a bright line dividing weather and climate.
Evidence: With the air coming from the ocean predominates the cloudy weather with constant precipitation even in the colder months and the temperature is strongly enlivened.
Evidence: Alpine climate is the typical weather (climate) for the regions above the tree line.
Evidence: These climates are in the polar front region in winter, and thus have moderate temperatures and changeable, rainy weather.
Category: Eocene
Claim: Southern sea ice is increasing.
Evidence: During the cooling period, benthic oxygen isotopes show the possibility of ice creation and ice increase during this later cooling.
Evidence: The mean extent of the ice has been decreasing since 1980 from the average winter value of 15,600,000 km2 (6,023,200 sq mi) at a rate of 3% per decade.
Category: Weather buoy
Claim: The first adjustment changed how the temperature of the ocean surface is calculated, by replacing satellite data with drifting buoys and temperatures in ships’ water intake.
Evidence: Both moored buoys and drifting buoys (drifting in the open ocean currents) are used.
Category: Global warming
Claim: The human contribution to global warming was about 0.01°C.
Evidence: Current pledges made as part of the Paris Agreement would lead to about 3.0 °C of warming at the end of the 21st century, relative to pre-industrial levels.
Category: Global warming
Claim: The most recent IPCC report lays out a future if we limit global heating to 1.5°C instead of the Paris Agreement’s 2°C.
Evidence: In 2018 the IPCC published a Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C which warned that, if the current rate of greenhouse gas emissions is not mitigated, global warming is likely to reach 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) between 2030 and 2052, risking major crises.
Category: Richard Lindzen
Claim: "a [cloudcover] change in the Tropics could lead to a negative feedback in the global climate, with a feedback factor of about –1.1, which if correct, would more than cancel all the positive feedbacks in the more sensitive current climate models" (Lindzen et al.
Evidence: The feedback due to water vapor is a major factor in determining how much warming would be expected to occur with increased atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide, and all existing computer models assume positive feedback — that is, that as the climate warms, the amount of water vapour held in the atmosphere will increase, leading to further warming.
Evidence: This hypothesis suggests a negative feedback which would counter the effects of CO 2 warming by lowering the climate sensitivity.
Category: Carbon sink
Claim: “We almost take forests as a given but we lose forest every year, which means we are diminishing them as a carbon sink.
Evidence: Forest fires release absorbed carbon back into the atmosphere, as does deforestation due to rapidly increased oxidation of soil organic matter.
Evidence: A large and persistent carbon sink in the world's forests.
Category: Coral reef
Claim: "Three recent articles give us reason to question the alarmists’ claims  that coral reefs are in deep trouble due to the buildup of greenhouse  gases." (World Climate Report)
Evidence: Greenhouse gas emissions present a broader threat through sea temperature rise and sea level rise, though corals adapt their calcifying fluids to changes in seawater pH and carbonate levels and are not directly threatened by ocean acidification.
Evidence: While ‘climate change’ can be due to natural forces or human activity, there is now substantial evidence to indicate that human activity – and specifically increased greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions – is a key factor in the pace and extent of global temperature increases.
Category: Drought
Claim: Droughts and floods have not changed since weve been using fossil fuels
Evidence: According to the WWF, the combination of climate change and deforestation increases the drying effect of dead trees that fuels forest fires.
Evidence: Due to deforestation the rainforest is losing this ability, exacerbated by climate change which brings more frequent droughts to the area.
Category: Fahrenheit
Claim: The temperatures are expected to change by as much as 10 Fahrenheit degrees at different places of the globe.
Evidence: A temperature interval of 1 °F is equal to an interval of ​5⁄9 degrees Celsius.
Category: Ice age
Claim: When CO2 was higher in the past, the sun was cooler.
Evidence: Glacials are characterized by cooler and drier climates over most of the earth and large land and sea ice masses extending outward from the poles.
Evidence: Because the Earth is much colder than the Sun, it radiates at much longer wavelengths, primarily in the infrared part of the spectrum (see Figure 1).
Category: Zero-energy building
Claim: The carbon footprint on wind [energy] is significant.
Evidence: Energy, particularly electricity and heating fuel, has a high carbon footprint.
Evidence: The CO2 footprint for heat is equally significant and research shows that using waste heat from power generation in combined heat and power district heating, chp/dh has the lowest carbon footprint, much lower than micro-power or heat pumps.
Category: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
Claim: The rate of warming according to the data is much slower than the models used by the IPCC
Evidence: Projections based on the Special Report on Emissions Scenarios suggest warming over the 21st century at a more rapid rate than that experienced for at least the last 10,000 years.
Category: Arctic sea ice decline
Claim: ‘This study goes beyond statistical correlations and explores a specific process that can plausibly explain how enhanced high-latitude warming trends may trigger remote weather impacts,’ he said.
Evidence: Correlations have been identified between high-latitude cryosphere changes, hemispheric wind patterns and mid-latitude extreme weather events for the Northern Hemisphere.
Evidence: Ordinarily, regressions reflect "mere" correlations, but Clive Granger argued that causality in economics could be tested for by measuring the ability to predict the future values of a time series using prior values of another time series.
Evidence: K. I. Abdusamatov has proposed that "parallel global warmings" observed simultaneously on Mars and on Earth can only be a consequence of the same factor: a long-time change in solar irradiance."
Category: Sea level rise
Claim: “The most recent prediction of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is that seas will rise by 60 to 90 centimetres this century.
Evidence: If emissions remain very high, the IPCC projects sea level will rise by 52–98 cm (20–39 in).
Evidence: For example, in 2007 the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) projected a high end estimate of 60 cm (2 ft) through 2099, but their 2014 report raised the high-end estimate to about 90 cm (3 ft).
Category: Sea level rise
Claim: “Sea level rise is global.
Evidence: "One of the most striking trends – over a century of global-average sea level change".
Category: Instrumental temperature record
Claim: Natural temperature measurements also confirm the general accuracy of the instrumental temperature record.
Evidence: The temperature data for the record come from measurements from land stations and ships.
Evidence: Another study concluded in 2006, that existing empirical techniques for validating the local and regional consistency of temperature data are adequate to identify and remove biases from station records, and that such corrections allow information about long-term trends to be preserved.
Evidence: These datasets are updated frequently, and are generally in close agreement.
Category: Biodiversity
Claim: “The oceans will never become acid because there is such a huge buffering capacity in the oceans.
Evidence: Increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide certainly affects plant morphology and is acidifying oceans, and temperature affects species ranges, phenology, and weather, but, mercifully, the major impacts that have been predicted are still potential futures.
Category: Snowball Earth
Claim: "A July 6, 2007 study published in the journal Science about Greenland by an international team of scientists found DNA “evidence that suggests the frozen shield covering the immense island survived the Earth’s last period of global warming,” according to a Boston Globe Article.  ...
Evidence: Life may have survived 'snowball Earth' in ocean pockets BBC News online (2010-12-14) report on research presented in the journal Geology by Dr Dan Le Heron (et al.)
Evidence: Ben Keene, the atlas's editor, commented: "In the last two or three decades, global warming has reduced the size of glaciers throughout the Arctic and earlier this year, news sources confirmed what climate scientists already knew: water, not rock, lay beneath this ice bridge on the east coast of Greenland.
Evidence: However, microbiologist David Pearce of the University of Northumbria in Newcastle, UK, stated that the DNA could simply be contamination from the drilling process, and not representative of Lake Vostok itself.
Category: Australia
Claim: unadjusted data suggests that temperatures in Australia have only increased by 0.3 degrees over the past century, not the 1 degree usually claimed
Evidence: Furthermore, 2014 was Australia's third warmest year since national temperature observations commenced in 1910.
Category: Venus
Claim: Venus very likely underwent a runaway or ‘moist’ greenhouse phase earlier in its history, and today is kept hot by a dense CO2 atmosphere.
Evidence: It may have had water oceans in the past, but these would have vaporized as the temperature rose due to a runaway greenhouse effect.
Evidence: Studies have suggested that billions of years ago, Venus's atmosphere was much more like the one surrounding Earth, and that there may have been substantial quantities of liquid water on the surface, but after a period of 600 million to several billion years, a runaway greenhouse effect was caused by the evaporation of that original water, which generated a critical level of greenhouse gases in its atmosphere.
Category: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere
Claim: ‘If we do nothing to reduce our greenhouse gas emissions, the kind of extreme heat we saw this past summer will be the norm when my young son is a grown man.’
Evidence: CO 2 absorbs and emits infrared radiation at wavelengths of 4.26 µm (asymmetric stretching vibrational mode) and 14.99 µm (bending vibrational mode) and consequently is a greenhouse gas that plays a significant role in influencing Earth's surface temperature through the greenhouse effect.
Category: Glacier
Claim: Most glaciers are retreating, posing a serious problem for millions who rely on glaciers for water.
Evidence: Following the Little Ice Age's end around 1850, glaciers around the Earth have retreated substantially.
Category: Environmental impact of aviation
Claim: Flights departing airports in the United States and its territories emitted about one-quarter (24%) of global passenger transport-related CO2, two-thirds of which came from domestic flights.
Evidence: In 2018, global commercial operations emitted 918 million tonnes (Mt) of CO₂, 2.4% of all CO₂ emissions: 747 Mt for passenger transport and 171 Mt for freight operations.
Evidence: In 2018, CO2 emissions totalled 747 million tonnes for passenger transport, for 8.5 trillion revenue passenger kilometres (RPK), giving an average of 88 gram CO2 per RPK.
Evidence: In 1999 the contribution of civil aircraft-in-flight to global CO2 emissions was estimated to be around two percent.
Category: American Legislative Exchange Council
Claim: In truth, the overwhelming majority of climate-research funding comes from the federal government and left-wing foundations.
Evidence: Greenpeace claims that ALEC has received $525,858 from Koch foundations between 2005 and 2011.
Category: Hockey stick controversy
Claim: When you read Phil Jones' actual words, you see he's saying there is a warming trend
Evidence: They concluded that although the 20th century was almost certainly the warmest of the millennium, the amount of anthropogenic warming remains uncertain."
Evidence: In fact, if one ignores the unusual El Nino year of 1998, one sees a cooling trend."
Category: Earth
Claim: Surface measurements find more downward infrared radiation warming the planet's surface.
Evidence: Energy from the Sun heats this layer, and the surface below, causing expansion of the air.
Category: Carbon dioxide
Claim: CO2 is colorless, odorless and completely non-toxic.
Evidence: Carbon dioxide is colorless.
Category: Earth
Claim: for thousands of millions of years the Earth has been changing, with cycles­ and one-off events such as an asteroid impact, super-volcano or a supernova explosion.
Evidence: High-latitude regions have since undergone repeated cycles of glaciation and thaw, repeating about every 40,000–100,000 years.
Category: Greenland ice sheet
Claim: Greenland on the whole is losing ice, as confirmed by multiple satellite and on the ground field measurements.
Evidence: Using data from two ground-observing satellites, ICESAT and ASTER, a study published in Geophysical Research Letters (September 2008) shows that nearly 75 percent of the loss of Greenland's ice can be traced back to small coastal glaciers.
Evidence: The Greenland, and possibly the Antarctic, ice sheets have been losing mass recently, because losses by ablation including outlet glaciers exceed accumulation of snowfall.
Evidence: These measurements came from the US space agency's GRACE (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment) satellite, launched in 2002, as reported by BBC.
Category: Arctic sea ice decline
Claim: ‘Arctic ice conditions have been tracking at record low conditions since October, persisting for six consecutive months’
Evidence: "Arctic Sea Ice Hits Record Low—Extreme Weather to Come?".
Category: Sport utility vehicle
Claim: Despite attention on global warming, "fewer Americans carpool today to work than carpooled in 1980" and "SUVs have never been a larger proportion of the vehicles being sold in this country."
Evidence: In 2015, global sales of SUVs overtook the "lower medium car" segment, to become the largest market segment, accounting for 22.9% of "light vehicle" sales in 2015.
Category: Global warming conspiracy theory
Claim: Donald Trump "thinks that climate change is a hoax, invented by the Chinese."
Evidence: "The concept of global warming was created by and for the Chinese in order to make U.S. manufacturing non-competitive" (Tweet).
Evidence: In 2012, Donald Trump claimed that "The concept of global warming was created by and for the Chinese in order to make U.S. manufacturing non-competitive."
Category: El Niño
Claim: Often the compensatory cooling, known as La Niña, is larger than the El Niño warming.”
Evidence: The cool phase of ENSO is La Niña, with SSTs in the eastern Pacific below average, and air pressure high in the eastern Pacific and low in the western Pacific.
Category: Polar bear
Claim: The polar bear population has been growing.
Evidence: The numbers taken grew rapidly in the 1960s, peaking around 1968 with a global total of 1,250 bears that year.
Evidence: Of the 19 recognized polar bear subpopulations, one is in decline, two are increasing, seven are stable, and nine have insufficient data, as of 2017.