Danthammadhavi/climate_fever_fixed huggingface dataset:
Category: Arctic Ocean
Claim: The Arctic’s carbon bomb might be even more potent than we thought […] methane, a shorter-lived but far harder-hitting gas that could cause faster bursts of warming
Evidence: Melting of this ice may release large quantities of methane, a powerful greenhouse gas into the atmosphere, causing further warming in a strong positive feedback cycle and marine genus and species to become extinct.
Category: Miami
Claim: “Instead of a three-foot increase in ocean levels by the end of the century, six feet was more likely, according to DeConto and Pollard’s findings.
Evidence: By 15,000 years ago, the sea level had dropped 300 to 350 feet (90 to 110 m) below the current level.
Category: Global warming
Claim: This means that the world is now 1C warmer than it was in pre-industrial times
Evidence: Near- and long-term trends in the global energy system are inconsistent with limiting global warming to below 1.5 or 2 °C relative to pre-industrial levels.
Category: Hockey stick controversy
Claim: in 1995 one scientist at the IPCC – Jonathan Overpeck – wrote an email to a colleague claiming ‘we have to get rid of the Medieval Warm Period.’
Evidence: This was the basis of a "schematic diagram" featured in the IPCC First Assessment Report of 1990 beside cautions that the medieval warming might not have been global.
Category: Gulf Stream
Claim: But despite [the Gulf Stream], the summer of 2018 looks set to be one of the hottest on record.
Evidence: By carrying warm water northeast across the Atlantic, it makes Western and especially Northern Europe warmer than it otherwise would be.
Category: The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)
Claim: A second coat of paint has much less of an effect, while adding a third or fourth coat has almost no impact at all.”
Evidence: During the reshoots in May, the inside of the farm house was painted sepia, and when Dorothy opens the door, it is not Garland, but her stand-in, Bobbie Koshay, wearing a sepia gingham dress, who then backs out of frame; once the camera moves through the door, Garland steps back into frame in her bright blue gingham dress (as noted in DVD extras), and the sepia-painted door briefly tints her with the same color before she emerges from the house's shadow, into the bright glare of the Technicolor lighting.
Category: Figure of the Earth
Claim: “Even if you could calculate some sort of meaningful global temperature statistic, the figure would be unimportant.
Evidence: The primary utility of this improved accuracy was to provide geographical and gravitational data for the inertial guidance systems of ballistic missiles.
Category: Earth
Claim: the world is barely half a degree Celsius (0.9 degrees Fahrenheit) warmer than it was about 35 years ago
Evidence: About a billion years from now, all surface water will have disappeared and the mean global temperature will reach 70 °C (158 °F).
Category: Global warming
Claim: Less than half of published scientists endorse global warming.
Evidence: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.
Category: An Inconvenient Truth
Claim: Less than half of published scientists endorse global warming
Evidence: A 2004 survey, by Naomi Oreskes of 928 peer-reviewed scientific articles on global climate change published between 1993 and 2003.
Category: Positive feedback
Claim: The modelers confused cause and effect, thereby getting the feedback in the wrong direction."
Evidence: When a change occurs in a system, positive feedback causes further change, in the same direction.
Category: Antarctica
Claim: “While record low sea ice is nothing new in the Arctic, this is a surprising turn of events for the Antarctic.
Evidence: "Antarctica appears to have broken a heat record".
Evidence: The extent of sea ice around Antarctica (in terms of square kilometers of coverage) has remained roughly constant in recent decades, although the amount of variation it has experienced in its thickness is unclear.
Category: Retreat of glaciers since 1850
Claim: In the early 2000s, ice shelves began disintegrating in several parts of Antarctica, and scientists realized that process could greatly accelerate the demise of the vastly larger ice sheets themselves.
Evidence: In a 35-day period beginning on January 31, 2002, about 3,250 km2 (1,250 sq mi) of shelf area disintegrated.
Category: Dielectric heating
Claim: Sending oscillating microwaves from an antenna inside a vacuum through an electromagnetic field through a dielectric material, such as water, creates radio frequency heating at the molecular level
Evidence: At higher frequencies, this heating is caused by molecular dipole rotation within the dielectric.
Evidence: Dielectric heating, also known as electronic heating, radio frequency heating, and high-frequency heating, is the process in which a radio frequency (RF) alternating electric field, or radio wave or microwave electromagnetic radiation heats a dielectric material.
Category: Effects of global warming on human health
Claim: there has been no systematic increase in the frequency of extreme weather events,
Evidence: This has led to an increase in the number and severity of extreme weather events.
Category: El Niño–Southern Oscillation
Claim: Even during a period of long term warming, there are short periods of cooling due to climate variability.
Evidence: El Niño events cause short-term (approximately 1 year in length) spikes in global average surface temperature while La Niña events cause short term cooling.
Evidence: This warming is short lived, as benthic oxygen isotope records indicate a return to cooling at ~40 million years ago.
Category: Global warming
Claim: A key study published in the Journal of Climate this year by Bjorn Stevens of the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology in Hamburg, Germany, found that the cooling impact of sulfate emissions has held back global warming less than thought till now
Evidence: A study from 2014 investigated the most common climate engineering methods and concluded that they are either ineffective or have potentially severe side effects and cannot be stopped without causing rapid climate change.
Category: Global warming
Claim: Phil Jones says no global warming since 1995.
Evidence: The Framework Convention was agreed on in 1992, but global emissions have risen since then.
Category: Earth
Claim: Other parts of the earth got colder when Greenland got warmer.
Evidence: The climate is colder at high altitudes than at sea level because of the decreased air density.
Category: Water
Claim: I conclude that it must be ice accumulation, through evaporation of ocean water, and subsequent precipitation turning into ice.
Evidence: precipitation, from water vapor condensing from the air and falling to the earth or ocean.
Evidence: It consists of frozen crystalline water throughout its life cycle, starting when, under suitable conditions, the ice crystals form in the atmosphere, increase to millimeter size, precipitate and accumulate on surfaces, then metamorphose in place, and ultimately melt, slide or sublimate away.
Category: Coal
Claim: “Every day, nature puts twenty times as much carbon dioxide into the atmosphere as all of Earth industries.
Evidence: The coal industry damages the environment, including by climate change as it is the largest anthropogenic source of carbon dioxide, 14 Gt in 2016, which is 40% of the total fossil fuel emissions and almost 25% of total global greenhouse gas emissions.
Category: London
Claim: ‘Summers keep getting hotter,’ said Friederike Otto of the University of Oxford, who conducted extensive research into data from the heatwave that spread Europe in June, July and August 2017.
Evidence: Most recently in Summer 2018 and with much drier than average conditions prevailing from May to December.
Category: Attribution of recent climate change
Claim: Global warming theory holds that one of the fingerprints of human-induced global warming is more rapid warming in the lower troposphere than at the surface (James Taylor)
Evidence: Models and observations (see figure above, middle) show that greenhouse gas results in warming of the lower atmosphere at the surface (called the troposphere) but cooling of the upper atmosphere (called the stratosphere).
Category: Global warming
Claim: Global warming is causing snow to disappear.
Evidence: While aerosols typically limit global warming by reflecting sunlight, black carbon in soot that falls on snow or ice can contribute to global warming.
Category: Scientific consensus on climate change
Claim: But we do have other reliable indicators of temperatures before the late 1800s, and the evidence shows temperatures have been warmer than today for most of the past several thousand years, including warmer-than-present temperatures for most of the human civilization time period
Evidence: The current scientific consensus is that: Earth's climate has warmed significantly since the late 1800s.
Category: Carbon dioxide
Claim: Rising CO2 increases atmospheric water vapor, which makes global warming much worse.
Evidence: Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.
Category: Global warming controversy
Claim: Ben Santer rewrote the 1995 IPCC report
Evidence: In fact, one site said that it was proven in 1996 that Santer had fraudulently altered the IPCC report.
Category: Scientific consensus on climate change
Claim: Observations throughout the world make it clear that climate change is occurring, and rigorous scientific research demonstrates that the greenhouse gases emitted by human activities are the primary driver.
Evidence: AIBS Position Statements "Observations throughout the world make it clear that climate change is occurring, and rigorous scientific research demonstrates that the greenhouse gases emitted by human activities are the primary driver."
Category: Climate sensitivity
Claim: Recent modelling data suggests the climate is considerably more sensitive to carbon emissions than previously believed
Evidence: The cause of the increased sensitivity lies mainly in improved modelling of clouds so that low clouds descrease more strongly when temperature rise causing enhanced planetary absorption of sunlight.
Category: Radiative forcing
Claim: Given that a doubling of carbon dioxide would change the surface heat flux by only two watts per square meter, it is evident that a small change in cloud cover can strongly affect the response to carbon dioxide."
Evidence: A typical value of λ, 0.8 K/(W/m2), gives an increase in global temperature of about 1.6 K above the 1750 reference temperature due to the increase in CO 2 over that time (278 to 405 ppm, for a forcing of 2.0 W/m2), and predicts a further warming of 1.4 K above present temperatures if the CO 2 mixing ratio in the atmosphere were to become double its pre-industrial value; both of these calculations assume no other forcings.
Category: Coral bleaching
Claim: The Great Barrier Reef is experiencing the most widespread bleaching ever recorded
Evidence: These temperatures have caused the most severe and widespread coral bleaching ever recorded in the Great Barrier reef.
Category: Cloud feedback
Claim: Previous IPCC reports tended to assume that clouds would have a neutral impact because the warming and cooling feedbacks would cancel each other out.
Evidence: The albedo of increased cloudiness cools the climate, resulting in a negative feedback; while the reflection of infrared radiation by clouds warms the climate, resulting in a positive feedback.
Category: Carbon dioxide
Claim: if we halved today’s atmospheric carbon dioxide content, all life would die.
Evidence: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere is a trace gas, currently (mid 2018) having a global average concentration of 409 parts per million by volume (or 622 parts per million by mass).
Category: Sea level rise
Claim: Global sea level rise surged between November 2014 and February 2016, with the El Niño event helping the oceans rise by 15mm.
Evidence: 18 January 2019.
Category: Global warming controversy
Claim: Human-produced carbon might be one of the factors of climate change, but there’s simply no evidence that it is a significant one.
Evidence: According to the United States National Research Council, [T]here is a strong, credible body of evidence, based on multiple lines of research, documenting that climate is changing and that these changes are in large part caused by human activities.
Category: Tropical cyclone
Claim: La Niñas, on the other hand, feature cooler than average waters in the Pacific
Evidence: Water temperatures must be extremely high (near or above 30 °C, 86 °F), and water of this temperature must be sufficiently deep such that waves do not upwell cooler waters to the surface.
Category: United States withdrawal from the Paris Agreement
Claim: While France and other G7 countries lamented the U.S. exit from the Paris climate accord, America’s air is already cleaner than that of any other country in the G7, except Canada with its scant population.
Evidence: The communique issued at the conclusion of the summit stated that the United States "is not in a position to join the consensus" of the other G7 countries on policies regarding climate change and the Paris Agreement.
Evidence: On June 1, 2017, United States President Donald Trump announced that the U.S. would cease all participation in the 2015 Paris Agreement on climate change mitigation.
Category: Global warming
Claim: In its 5th assessment report in 2013, the IPCC estimated that human emissions are probably responsible for more than half of the observed increase in global average temperature from 1951 to 2010.
Evidence: The scientific consensus as of 2013[update], as stated in the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report, is that it "is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century".
Category: Global warming
Claim: They changed the name from 'global warming' to 'climate change'.
Evidence: In technical sources, the term climate change is also used to refer to past and future climate changes that persist for and extended period of time, and includes regional changes as well as global change.
Category: Climate sensitivity
Claim: CO2 changes are closely related to temperature.
Evidence: A related concept is the transient climate response to cumulative carbon emissions, which is the globally averaged surface temperature change per unit of CO 2 emitted.
Category: Scientific consensus on climate change
Claim: However, studies have determined that current technology is sufficient to reduce greenhouse gas emissions the necessary amount, and that we can do so without significant impact on the economy.
Evidence: To reduce the global net economic, environmental and social losses in the face of these impacts, the policy objective must remain squarely focused on returning greenhouse gas concentrations to near pre-industrial levels through the reduction of emissions.
Evidence: As is stated in Article 2 of the Convention, this requires that greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations are stabilized in the atmosphere at a level where ecosystems can adapt naturally to climate change, food production is not threatened, and economic development can proceed in a sustainable fashion.
Category: Global warming
Claim: “We’ve known about [the greenhouse effect] for more than a century.
Evidence: In 1896, he published the first climate model of its kind, showing that halving of CO 2 could have produced the drop in temperature initiating the ice age.
Category: Climate sensitivity
Claim: During the period 1940 to 1976 there was a cooling of the climate despite increasing CO2 levels.
Evidence: Climate sensitivity is the globally averaged temperature change in response to changes in radiative forcing, which can occur, for instance, due to increased levels of carbon dioxide (CO 2).
Evidence: Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.
Category: Global warming
Claim: Some experts think we’re on track to hit 550 ppm by the end of the century, which would cause average global temperatures to rise by 6 degrees Celsius
Evidence: Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.
Category: El Niño
Claim: So it’s been a surprise to climate scientists that 2017 has been so remarkably warm — because the last El Niño ended a year ago.
Evidence: A study of climate records has shown that El Niño events in the equatorial Pacific are generally associated with a warm tropical North Atlantic in the following spring and summer.
Category: Ice age
Claim: However, volcanoes have had very little impact on the last 40 years of global warming.
Evidence: The consensus is that several factors are important: atmospheric composition, such as the concentrations of carbon dioxide and methane (the specific levels of the previously mentioned gases are now able to be seen with the new ice core samples from EPICA Dome C in Antarctica over the past 800,000 years); changes in the earth's orbit around the Sun known as Milankovitch cycles; the motion of tectonic plates resulting in changes in the relative location and amount of continental and oceanic crust on the earth's surface, which affect wind and ocean currents; variations in solar output; the orbital dynamics of the Earth–Moon system; the impact of relatively large meteorites and volcanism including eruptions of supervolcanoes.
Category: Sea level rise
Claim: Global sea level rose about 8 inches in the last century.
Evidence: In 2019, a study projected that in low emission scenario, sea level will rise 30 centimeters by 2050 and 69 centimetres by 2100, relatively to the level in 2000.
Evidence: Since the last glacial maximum about 20,000 years ago, the sea level has risen by more than 125 metres (410 ft), with rates varying from less than a mm/year to 40+ mm/year, as a result of melting ice sheets over Canada and Eurasia.
Category: Grissom Air Reserve Base
Claim: "We found [U.S. weather] stations located next to  the exhaust fans of air conditioning units, surrounded by asphalt  parking lots and roads, on blistering-hot rooftops, and near sidewalks  and buildings that absorb and radiate heat.
Evidence: The building contained Bink's Paint Spraying and Air Washing Equipment, including blowers, air washing and purifying devices, and exhaust fans, installed to minimize danger of explosions and inhalation of fumes.
Category: Physical impacts of climate change
Claim: If warming temperatures brought on by greenhouse gas emissions make wet years less wet and dry years even drier, as scientists anticipate, year-to-year recovery will become more difficult.
Evidence: In other words, regions which are dry at present will generally become even drier, while regions that are currently wet will generally become even wetter.
Category: Global warming
Claim: "In fact global warming has stopped and a cooling is beginning.
Evidence: This could trigger cooling in the North Atlantic, Europe, and North America.
Evidence: The main balancing feedback to global temperature change is radiative cooling to space as infrared radiation, which increases strongly with increasing temperature.
Category: United States
Claim: Despite recent attempts to paint the United States as a major global polluter, according to the World Health Organization (WHO), the U.S. is among the cleanest nations on the planet.
Evidence: The most prominent is the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), created by presidential order in 1970.
Category: Water vapor
Claim: The 2nd law of thermodynamics is consistent with the greenhouse effect which is directly observed.
Evidence: This greenhouse forcing is directly observable, via distinct spectral features versus water vapor, and observed to be rising with rising CO 2 levels.
Evidence: This does not conflict with notions that have been observed of the fundamental laws of physics, namely CPT symmetry, since the second law applies statistically, it is hypothesized, on time-asymmetric boundary conditions.
Category: Global warming
Claim: No known natural forcing fits the fingerprints of observed warming except anthropogenic greenhouse gases.
Evidence: The largest human influence has been the emission of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide.
Category: Global warming
Claim: [data] show only slight warming, mostly at night and in winter
Evidence: Since 1950, the number of cold days and nights have decreased, and the number of warm days and night have increased.
Category: Presidency of Donald Trump
Claim: President Donald Trump sent a video message to Belgian citizens criticizing their government for being part of the Paris Climate Change Agreement.
Evidence: In June 2017, Trump announced U.S. withdrawal from the Paris Agreement, a 2015 climate change accord reached by 200 nations to cut greenhouse gas emissions, defying broad global backing for the plan.
Category: Nuclear winter
Claim: The particular signature of warming in 2016 was also revealing in another way, Overpeck said, noting that the stratosphere… saw record cold temperatures last year
Evidence: that surface air temperatures would be the same as, or colder than, a given region's winter for months to years on end.
Category: Climate variability
Claim: It’s also a sufficiently long period to include several cycles of climate variability.
Evidence: During the Pleistocene, cycles of glaciations and interglacials occurred on cycles of roughly 100,000 years, but may stay longer within an interglacial when orbital eccentricity approaches zero, as during the current interglacial.
Category: Climate change denial
Claim: In other words, there is as yet no incontrovertible  proof either of the greenhouse effect, or its connection with alleged  global warming.
Evidence: Play media Climate change denial, or global warming denial is denial, dismissal, or unwarranted doubt that contradicts the scientific consensus on climate change, including the extent to which it is caused by humans, its effects on nature and human society, or the potential of adaptation to global warming by human actions.
Category: Sea level rise
Claim: Observed sea levels are actually tracking at the upper range of the IPCC projections.
Evidence: If emissions remain very high, the IPCC projects sea level will rise by 52–98 cm (20–39 in).
Evidence: For example, in 2007 the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) projected a high end estimate of 60 cm (2 ft) through 2099, but their 2014 report raised the high-end estimate to about 90 cm (3 ft).
Category: Global warming
Claim: Preventing global warming is relatively cheap; business-as-usual will cause accelerating climate damage costs that economists struggle to even estimate.
Evidence: "Large potential reduction in economic damages under UN mitigation targets".
Evidence: Global losses reveal rapidly rising costs due to extreme weather-related events since the 1970s.
Category: Global warming
Claim: The actual data show high northern latitudes are warmer today than in 1940.
Evidence: Multiple independently produced instrumental datasets confirm that the 2009–2018 decade was 0.93 ± 0.07 °C warmer than the pre-industrial baseline (1850–1900).
Evidence: The polar stratospheric clouds had a warming effect on the poles, increasing temperatures by up to 20 °C in the winter months.
Category: Barack Obama
Claim: The Obama administration "has been constrained by the Oil Pollution Act of 1990, which basically gives the responsible party the lead role in trying to not only fix the problem, but contain the problem."
Evidence: On September 30, 2009, the Obama administration proposed new regulations on power plants, factories, and oil refineries in an attempt to limit greenhouse gas emissions and to curb global warming.
Category: Greenhouse gas
Claim: CO2 emissions were much smaller 100 years ago.
Evidence: The sharp acceleration in CO 2 emissions since 2000 to more than a 3% increase per year (more than 2 ppm per year) from 1.1% per year during the 1990s is attributable to the lapse of formerly declining trends in carbon intensity of both developing and developed nations.
Category: Ice age
Claim: the last sea-level high point, … occurred between the last two ice ages, about 125,000 years ago.
Evidence: The Andean-Saharan occurred from 460 to 420 million years ago, during the Late Ordovician and the Silurian period.
Category: Pacific decadal oscillation
Claim: In 1946, PDO switched to a cool phase.
Evidence: 1924/1925: PDO changed to a "warm" phase.
Category: Global warming
Claim: Temperatures in the Arctic have soared recently, and scientists are struggling to explain exactly why.
Evidence: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.
Category: Greenhouse gas
Claim: There is no way for us to prevent the world’s CO2 emissions    from doubling by 2100"
Evidence: Projections consistently showed increase in annual world emissions of "Kyoto" gases, measured in CO 2-equivalent) of 25–90% by 2030, compared to 2000.
Category: Presidency of Donald Trump
Claim: When the Emergency Leaders for Climate Action approached the Federal Government in April they were drawing on decades of data showing that fire conditions are getting worse.
Evidence: In October 2017, the administration declared a 90-day public health emergency over the opioid epidemic and pledged to urgently mobilize the federal government in response to the crisis.
Category: Climate change in the United States
Claim: "Global warming data apparently cooked by U.S. government-funded body  shows astounding temperature fraud with increases averaging 10 to 15  degrees Fahrenheit.
Evidence: "A projected increase of 4.05 degrees Fahrenheit in average temperature is expected by 2065, and a projected increase of 9.37 degrees Fahrenheit in average temperature can be expected by the turn of the century if nothing is done to curb emissions.
Category: Coal
Claim: Never mind that the emissions of carbon dioxide to make and maintain a wind or solar industrial complex are far greater than they will ever save.
Evidence: The largest and most long term effect of coal use is the release of carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas that causes climate change and global warming.
Category: Greenhouse gas
Claim: The trend in CO2 at Mauna Loa is practically identical to the global trend because CO2 mixes well throughout the atmosphere.
Evidence: An example is the mixing of atmospheric gases into the oceans.
Category: Global warming
Claim: The final amount of extra CO2 that remains in the atmosphere stays there on a time scale of centuries.
Evidence: Less direct geological evidence indicates that CO2 values have not been this high for millions of years.
Category: IPCC Fifth Assessment Report
Claim: IPCC human-caused global warming attribution confidence is unfounded.
Evidence: There is a clear human influence on the climate It is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of observed warming since 1950, with the level of confidence having increased since the fourth report.
Category: Portable Network Graphics
Claim: But it means a chunk of the rise is coming from elsewhere.
Evidence: If lowercase, the chunk may be safely copied regardless of the extent of modifications to the file.
Category: Computer science
Claim: Note that computer models are just concatenations of calculations you could do on a hand-held calculator, so they are theoretical and cannot be part of any evidence."
Evidence: In 1937, one hundred years after Babbage's impossible dream, Howard Aiken convinced IBM, which was making all kinds of punched card equipment and was also in the calculator business to develop his giant programmable calculator, the ASCC/Harvard Mark I, based on Babbage's Analytical Engine, which itself used cards and a central computing unit.
Category: Climate of India
Claim: there has been no increase in frequency or intensity of storms, floods or droughts, while deaths attributed to such natural disasters have never been fewer
Evidence: As in much of the tropics, monsoonal and other weather patterns in India can be wildly unstable: epochal droughts, floods, cyclones, and other natural disasters are sporadic, but have displaced or ended millions of human lives.
Evidence: Combined with sea level rise, this stratification into more extreme seasons and climates increases the frequency and severity of storm surge, floods, landslides, and droughts.
Evidence: more intense droughts and tropical cyclones) are more uncertain.
Category: General circulation model
Claim: the models predicted seven times as much warming as has been observed
Evidence: Under the same emissions scenario but with a different model, the predicted median warming was 4.1 °C.
Category: Thunderstorm
Claim: The public understand it, in that if  you get a fall evening or spring evening and the sky is clear the heat  will escape and the temperature will drop and you get frost.
Evidence: As the water vapor condenses into liquid, latent heat is released, which warms the air, causing it to become less dense than the surrounding, drier air.
Evidence: when it gets cold, Mars has precipitation which most likely takes the form of frost, rather than rain or snow.
Category: Mauna Loa Observatory
Claim: 'Mauna Loa has been producing a readout which supports Manning's predetermined goal by showing steady growth in atmospheric CO2 concentrations since 1959.
Evidence: According to the NOAA, Mauna Loa is the world's oldest continuous CO2 monitoring station, and the world's primary benchmark site for measurement of the gas.
Category: Presidency of Donald Trump
Claim: More than 260,000 Americans are employed by the domestic solar industry â three times as many workers as employed by the entire coal mining industry.
Evidence: The American solar energy industry is highly reliant on foreign parts (80% of parts are made abroad); as a result, the tariffs could raise the costs of solar energy, reduce innovation and reduce jobs in the industry—which in 2017 employed nearly four times as many American workers as the coal industry.
Category: Ice core
Claim: When CO2 emissions are compared directly to CO2 levels, there is a strong correlation in the long term trends.
Evidence: Further research has demonstrated a reliable correlation between CO 2 levels and the temperature calculated from ice isotope data.
Category: Global warming
Claim: "There is no actual evidence that carbon dioxide emissions are causing global warming.
Evidence: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.
Category: Doctor of Philosophy
Claim: But then, just over a year ago, Mike Wallace, a hydrologist with 30 years’ experience, noticed while researching his PhD that they had omitted some key information[…] his results were surprising: there has been no reduction in oceanic pH
Evidence: This is typically done after one or two years and the research work done may count towards the Ph.D. degree.
Evidence: The aim of the Doctor of Arts degree was to shorten the time needed to complete the degree by focusing on pedagogy over research, although the Doctor of Arts still contains a significant research component.
Category: Patrick Michaels
Claim: So that means that probably about half, maybe half of that nine-tenths of the degree of total warming might be caused by greenhouse gases.
Evidence: In 2018, Michaels asserted on Fox News, "probably about half, maybe half of that nine-tenths of the degree [of total warming] might be caused by greenhouse gases."
Evidence: Human-caused increases in greenhouse gases are responsible for most of the observed global average surface warming of roughly 0.8 °C (1.5 °F) over the past 140 years.
Category: Carbon dioxide
Claim: 'Our harmless emissions of trifling quantities of carbon dioxide cannot possibly acidify the oceans.
Evidence: Most of the CO 2 taken up by the ocean, which is about 30% of the total released into the atmosphere, forms carbonic acid in equilibrium with bicarbonate.
Category: Physical impacts of climate change
Claim: “At the bottom of the world, sea ice is also at all-time record low levels around Antarctica, the data center said.
Evidence: Sea ice extent for September for 2012 was by far the lowest on record at 3.29 million square kilometers, eclipsing the previous record low sea ice extent of 2007 by 18%.
Category: Sea level rise
Claim: Arctic, Antarctic and Greenland ice loss is accelerating due to global warming.
Evidence: This acceleration is due mostly to human-caused global warming, which is driving thermal expansion of seawater and the melting of land-based ice sheets and glaciers.
Category: Sea level rise
Claim: That human CO2 is causing global warming is known with high certainty & confirmed by observations.
Evidence: This acceleration is due mostly to human-caused global warming, which is driving thermal expansion of seawater and the melting of land-based ice sheets and glaciers.
Category: Emissions trading
Claim: In a study last year, Robert M. DeConto of the University of Massachusetts, Amherst, and David Pollard of Pennsylvania State University used their computer model to predict what would happen if emissions were reduced sharply over the next few decades, in line with international climate goals.
Evidence: These studies used mathematical models of several cities and their emission sources in order to compare the cost and effectiveness of various control strategies.
Category: Climate change and agriculture
Claim: A longer and warmer growing season also has an effect, Dr. Overpeck said, as plants take up more water, further reducing stream flows.
Evidence: Increased temperatures and altered hydrological cycles are predicted to translate to shorter growing seasons, overall reduced biomass production, and lower grain yields.
Category: James Hansen
Claim: If there were [carbon emissions], we could not see because most carbon is black.
Evidence: China and India have recently increased their emissions of black carbon corresponding to their rapid development.
Category: Global warming
Claim: “It seems self-evident that rising sea levels will reduce land area.
Evidence: Climate change threatens to diminish crop yields, harming food security, and rising sea levels may flood coastal infrastructure and force the abandonment of many coastal cities.
Category: William Nordhaus
Claim: and three Nobel economic laureates support "direct investment in technology" rather than a carbon tax.
Evidence: The Yale economist William D. Nordhaus has spent the better part of four decades trying to persuade governments to address climate change, preferably by imposing a tax on carbon emissions.
Category: Eocene
Claim: It appears, for the entire tropics, the observed outgoing radiation fluxes increase with the increase in sea surface temperatures (SSTs).
Evidence: Using isotope proxies to determine ocean temperatures indicates sea surface temperatures in the tropics as high as 35 °C (95 °F) and, relative to present-day values, bottom water temperatures that are 10 °C (18 °F) higher.
Category: Carbon tax
Claim: Trudeau's carbon tax will raise gas prices by 11 cents/litre.
Evidence: The tax amounts to CHF 12 per tonne CO 2, which is the equivalent of CHF 0.03 per litre of heating oil (US$0.108 per gallon) and CHF 0.025 per m3 of natural gas (US$0.024 per m3).
Evidence: Tax on coal would be about 1.58 yen per kilogram and that on gasoline 1.52 yen per litre (4.3 cents per gallon in 2005 dollars).
Category: Scientific consensus on climate change
Claim: The human fingerprint in global warming is evident in multiple lines of empirical evidence - in satellite measurements of outgoing infrared radiation, in surface measurements of downward infrared radiation, in the cooling stratosphere and other metrics.
Evidence: The spatial and temporal fingerprint of warming can be traced to increasing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, which are a direct result of burning fossil fuels, broad-scale deforestation and other human activity."
Category: Climate change policy of the United States
Claim: Climate change is a hoax invented by the Chinese.
Evidence: Donald Trump, the 45th and current President of the United States, has said that "climate change is a hoax invented by and for Chinese."
Category: Scientific method
Claim: Pollard and DeConto are the first to admit that their model is still crude, but its results have pushed the entire scientific community into emergency mode.
Evidence: In essence it is a process of accelerated and rigorous trial and error building on previous knowledge to refine an existing hypothesis, or discarding it altogether to find a better model.
Evidence: One key point was that they realized that the quickest way to reach a result was not to continue a mathematical analysis, but to build a physical model.
Category: El Niño–Southern Oscillation
Claim: Short term cooling over the last few years is largely due to a strong La Nina phase in the Pacific Ocean and a prolonged solar minimum.
Evidence: El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is an irregularly periodic variation in winds and sea surface temperatures over the tropical eastern Pacific Ocean, affecting the climate of much of the tropics and subtropics.
Category: Volcano
Claim: Volcanoes emit around 0.3 billion tonnes of CO2 per year.
Evidence: Volcanic activity releases about 130 to 230 teragrams (145 million to 255 million short tons) of carbon dioxide each year.
Category: 2006 European heat wave
Claim: “Warm weather worsened the most recent five-year drought, which included the driest four-year period on record in terms of statewide precipitation.
Evidence: Despite the low rainfall, drought was not an issue in Ireland.
Category: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
Claim: The IPCC simply updated their temperature history graphs to show the best data available at the time.
Evidence: They judge that global mean surface air temperature has increased by 0.3 to 0.6 °C over the last 100 years, broadly consistent with prediction of climate models, but also of the same magnitude as natural climate variability.
Category: Emissions trading
Claim: It is expected the report will focus on required changes to the energy system, rather than forests.
Evidence: "How will the changes impact on forestry?".
Evidence: There was high agreement and much evidence that a substantial fraction of these mitigation costs may be offset by benefits to health as a result of reduced air pollution, and that there would be further cost savings from other benefits such as increased energy security, increased agricultural production, and reduced pressure on natural ecosystems as well as, in certain countries, balance of trade improvements, provision of modern energy services to rural areas and employment.
Category: Global warming
Claim: Also, it's not yet clear whether changes in stratospheric water vapor are caused by a climate feedback or internal variability
Evidence: Models not only project different future temperature with different emissions of greenhouse gases, but also do not fully agree on the strength of different feedbacks on climate sensitivity and the amount of inertia of the system.
Category: Nature
Claim: Geologists say that humans are now pumping the gas into the air much faster than nature has ever done.
Evidence: Outgassing and volcanic activity produced the primordial atmosphere.
Evidence: The slower pace of warming can be attributed to a combination of natural fluctuations, reduced solar activity, and increased volcanic activity.
Category: IPCC Fourth Assessment Report
Claim: Even if the warming were as big as the IPCC imagines, it would not be as dangerous as Mr. Brown suggests.
Evidence: It is likely that greenhouse gases would have caused more warming than we have observed if not for the cooling effects of volcanic and human-caused aerosols.
Category: Cherry blossom
Claim: Hundreds of flowers across the UK are flowering earlier now than any time in 250 years.
Evidence: 13 August 2010.
Category: Climate change denial
Claim: The United States is the leading nation in the world "with the highest amount of doubt about the conventional wisdom of climate change."
Evidence: An Angus Reid poll released in 2010 indicates that global warming skepticism in the United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom has been rising.
Category: Global warming
Claim: In the last 35 years of global warming, the sun has shown a slight cooling trend.
Evidence: The period from 1983 to 2012 was likely the warmest 30-year period of the last 1400 years in the Northern Hemisphere, where such assessment is possible (medium confidence).
Category: Tundra
Claim: The contrast in precipitation between wet and dry regions and between wet and dry seasons will increase, although there may be regional exceptions.
Evidence: Despite the potential diversity of climates in the ET category involving precipitation, extreme temperatures, and relative wet and dry seasons, this category is rarely subdivided.
Evidence: There are generally four types of tropical savanna climates: Distinct wet and dry seasons of relatively equal duration.
Category: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
Claim: The IPCC lead authors are experts in their field, instructed to fairly represent the full range of the up-to-date, peer-reviewed literature.
Evidence: Rather, it assesses published literature, including peer-reviewed and non-peer-reviewed sources.
Category: Arctic sea ice decline
Claim: ‘Next year or the year after, the Arctic will be free of ice’
Evidence: "US Navy predicts summer ice free Arctic by 2016".
Category: Climate change in the Arctic
Claim: The news of expanding Antarctic sea ice stole headlines from global warming alarmists who asserted Arctic sea ice had reached its lowest extent since 1979.'
Evidence: The effects of global warming in the Arctic, or climate change in the Arctic include rising air and water temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet with a related cold temperature anomaly, observed since the 1970s.
Category: Carbon dioxide
Claim: “Unlike genuine pollutants, carbon dioxide (CO2) is an odorless, colorless gas.
Evidence: Carbon dioxide (chemical formula CO 2) is a colorless gas with a density about 60% higher than that of dry air.
Category: Sea level rise
Claim: Sea level rise of 65 centimeters, or roughly 2 feet would cause significant problems for coastal cities around the world.
Evidence: Further effects are higher storm-surges and more dangerous tsunamis, displacement of populations, loss and degradation of agricultural land and damage in cities.
Category: Fossil fuel
Claim: carbon dioxide has had a minuscule effect on global climate.
Evidence: Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas that increases radiative forcing and contributes to global warming along with ocean acidification.
Category: Global storm activity of 2010
Claim: “With a record El Niño, we should have experienced record high temperatures.
Evidence: [citation needed] On July 12, France and Belgium also saw record temperatures.
Category: Global warming
Claim: When the heat buildup in the ocean is taken into account, global temperatures are rising relentlessly.
Evidence: Global warming is the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.
Category: Little Ice Age
Claim: Furthermore, it is physically incorrect to state that the planet is simply "recovering" from the Little Ice Age.
Evidence: According to JM Lamb of Cambridge University the little ice age was already under way in Canada and Switzerland and in the wider North Atlantic region in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries "Worldwide glacier retreat".
Category: Roy Spencer (scientist)
Claim: A subsequent study by Dessler (2011) found that Spencer's paper was not a test of climate sensitivity or feedbacks, and his assumptions do not match empirical observational data.
Evidence: In 2008, Spencer and William Braswell published a paper in the Journal of Climate which suggests that natural variations in how clouds form could actually be causing temperature changes, rather than the other way around, and could also lead to overestimates of how sensitive the Earth's climate is to greenhouse gas emissions.
Category: United Kingdom
Claim: Yet the cost of doing something will likely be higher than 6 per cent of GDP" (Bjorn Lomborg)
Evidence: The UK spends around 8.4 per cent of its gross domestic product on healthcare, which is 0.5 percentage points below the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development average and about one percentage point below the average of the European Union.
Category: Sea level rise
Claim: “Sea level rise, which was occurring long before humans could be blamed, has not accelerated and still amounts to only 1 inch every ten years.
Evidence: For instance, a 2016 study led by Jim Hansen concluded that based on past climate change data, sea level rise could accelerate exponentially in the coming decades, with a doubling time of 10, 20 or 40 years, respectively, raising the ocean by several meters in 50, 100 or 200 years.
Category: Scientific consensus on climate change
Claim: Rather than 100 years of unprecedented global warming as predicted by  IPCC, the global temperatures have leveled off and we seem to be heading  for cooler weather."
Evidence: On the basis of available data, climate scientists are now projecting an average global temperature rise over this century of 2.0 to 4.5°C.
Category: Climate change in Australia
Claim: the kind of extreme heat we saw this past summer will be the norm
Evidence: August 2018 was hotter and windier than the average.
Category: Sea level rise
Claim: When accelerating ice loss from Greenland and Antarctica are factored into sea level projections, the estimated sea level rise by 2100 is between 75cm to 2 metres.
Evidence: For example, in 2007 the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) projected a high end estimate of 60 cm (2 ft) through 2099, but their 2014 report raised the high-end estimate to about 90 cm (3 ft).
Category: African humid period
Claim: A drop of volcanic activity in the early 20th century may have had a warming effect.
Evidence: In addition, the end of the 20th century drying trend may be due to global warming.
Category: Climate change mitigation
Claim: The costs of inaction far outweigh the costs of mitigation.
Evidence: By addressing climate change, we can avoid the costs associated with the effects of climate change.
Category: Carbon tax
Claim: Economic assessments of proposed policy to put a price on carbon emissions are in widespread agreement that the net economic impact will be minor.
Evidence: An Economic Assessment of Policy Instruments for Combating Climate Change.
Category: Providence, Rhode Island
Claim: If sea levels rise six feet due to climate change, Waterplace Park in Providence and Wickford village would be swamped
Evidence: Providence is home to a 1,200-acre (4.9 km2) park system, notably Waterplace Park and Riverwalk, Roger Williams Park, Roger Williams National Memorial, and Prospect Terrace Park.
Evidence: Potential effects include sea level rise of 110 to 770 mm (0.36 to 2.5 feet) between 1990 and 2100, repercussions to agriculture, possible slowing of the thermohaline circulation, reductions in the ozone layer, increased intensity and frequency of extreme weather events, lowering of ocean pH, and the spread of tropical diseases such as malaria and dengue fever.
Category: 2008 Atlantic hurricane season
Claim: There’s no trend in hurricane-related flooding in the U.S.
Evidence: Widespread heavy rainfall contributed to significant inland flooding from Louisiana into Arkansas.
Evidence: The most significant effects, by far, occurred in Pennsylvania, mostly due to intense flooding.