Danthammadhavi/climate_fever_fixed huggingface dataset:
Category: Global warming controversy
Claim: "NASA satellite data from the years 2000 through 2011 show the Earth's atmosphere is allowing far more heat to be released into space than alarmist computer models have predicted, reports a new study in the peer-reviewed science journal Remote Sensing.
Evidence: This premature announcement came from a preliminary news release about a study which had not yet been peer reviewed.
Category: Regional effects of global warming
Claim: In many other cases, though — hurricanes, for example — the linkage to global warming for particular trends is uncertain or disputed.
Evidence: Regional effects of global warming are long-term significant changes in the expected patterns of average weather of a specific region due to global warming.
Evidence: Although there are a few areas of linkage, the relationship between the two is weak.
Category: Moon
Claim: A South African paper has found a 21 year cycle synchronous with the solar cycle (Alexander 2007).
Evidence: One comprises what we have called "Saros Cycle Texts", which give the months of eclipse possibilities arranged in consistent cycles of 223 months (or 18 years).
Evidence: The Bahá'í calendar is a solar calendar composed of 19 months of 19 days each (361 days).
Category: Sea level
Claim: Sea level rise due to global warming is exaggerated.
Evidence: However, 20th century and current millennium sea level rise is presumed to be caused by global warming, and careful measurement of variations in MSL can offer insights into ongoing climate change.
Category: Climate change in the United States
Claim: Climate change isn't increasing extreme weather damage costs
Evidence: Human-induced climate change has, e.g., the potential to alter the prevalence and severity of extreme weathers such as heat waves, cold waves, storms, floods and droughts.
Evidence: Global losses reveal rapidly rising costs due to extreme weather-related events since the 1970s.
Category: Climatic Research Unit documents
Claim: The divergence of tree-ring proxies from temperatures after 1960 is openly discussed in the peer-reviewed literature and the last two IPCC assessment reports.
Evidence: The issues with tree rings had not been hidden, but were extensively discussed in scientific literature and in IPCC reports.
Evidence: The implications of the decline are discussed in Chapter 2 of the IPCC Third Assessment Report, and in Chapter 6 of the 2007 IPCC Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) which describes discussion of various possible reasons for the divergence which does not affect all the trees, and says that there is no consensus about the cause.
Evidence: Scientific discussion takes place in journal articles that are peer-reviewed, which scientists subject to assessment every couple of years in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change reports.
Category: Arctic ice pack
Claim: Whatever is driving increases in winter Arctic temperatures   is not heat coming out of the Arctic Ocean, which is covered with   insulating ice.'
Evidence: Sea ice has an important effect on the heat balance of the polar oceans, since it insulates the (relatively) warm ocean from the much colder air above, thus reducing heat loss from the oceans.
Evidence: In the winter the relatively warm ocean water exerts a moderating influence, even when covered by ice.
Category: Global warming
Claim: The Petition Project features over 31,000 scientists signing the petition stating "There is no convincing scientific evidence that human release of carbon dioxide will, in the forseeable future, cause catastrophic heating of the Earth's atmosphere ...".
Evidence: In November 2017, a second warning to humanity signed by 15,364 scientists from 184 countries stated that "the current trajectory of potentially catastrophic climate change due to rising greenhouse gases from burning fossil fuels, deforestation, and agricultural production – particularly from farming ruminants for meat consumption" is "especially troubling".
Evidence: There is no convincing scientific evidence that human release of carbon dioxide, methane, or other greenhouse gases is causing or will, in the foreseeable future, cause catastrophic heating of the Earth's atmosphere and disruption of the Earth's climate.
Category: Politics of global warming
Claim: a new study by a leading climate economist, Richard Tol of the University of Sussex, concludes that warming may well bring gains, because carbon dioxide causes crops and wild ecosystems to grow greener and more drought-resistant.
Evidence: It is the first comprehensive contribution to the global warming debate by an economist and its conclusions lead to the promise of urgent action by the UK government to further curb Europe's CO 2 emissions and engage other countries to do so.
Evidence: While CO 2 is expected to be good for crop productivity at lower temperatures, it does reduce the nutritional values of crops, with for instance wheat having less protein and some minerals.
Category: Atmosphere of Jupiter
Claim: "A new storm and a new red spot on Jupiter hints at climate change, USA TODAY and dozens of other sources explained yesterday.
Evidence: The new storm, previously a white spot in Hubble images, turned red in May 2008.
Evidence: "New Red Spot Appears on Jupiter".
Category: Attribution of recent climate change
Claim: As the temperature has increased, so has the ability of scientists to determine whether specific events are linked to climate change.
Evidence: Attribution of recent climate change is the effort to scientifically ascertain mechanisms responsible for recent global warming and related climate changes on Earth.
Evidence: Increases in ambient temperatures and changes in related processes are directly linked to rising anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations in the atmosphere.
Category: Greenhouse gas
Claim: Currently, humans are emitting around 29 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere per year.
Evidence: In the modern era, emissions to the atmosphere from volcanoes are approximately 0.645 billion tonnes of CO 2 per year, whereas humans contribute 29 billion tonnes of CO 2 each year.
Category: Soon and Baliunas controversy
Claim: The original global temperature schematic which appeared in the IPCC First Assessment Report and seemed to show the Medieval Warm Period (MWP) hotter than Present was based on the central England temperature record, and ended in the 1950s.
Evidence: The IPCC First Assessment Report included a "schematic diagram" of global temperature variations over the last thousand years which has been traced to a graph based loosely on Hubert Lamb's 1965 paper.
Evidence: The Medieval Warm Period (MWP) also known as the Medieval Climate Optimum, or Medieval Climatic Anomaly was a time of warm climate in the North Atlantic region lasting from c. 950 to c. 1250.
Category: Cyclone
Claim: The jet stream controls broad weather patterns, such as high-pressure and low-pressure systems.
Evidence: A polar cyclone is a low-pressure weather system, usually spanning 1,000 kilometres (620 mi) to 2,000 kilometres (1,200 mi), in which the air circulates in a counterclockwise direction in the northern hemisphere, and a clockwise direction in the southern hemisphere.
Category: Sea ice
Claim: Even as sea ice in the Arctic has seen a rapid and consistent decline over the past decade, its counterpart in the Southern Hemisphere has seen its extent increasing.”
Evidence: Antarctic sea ice extent gradually increased in the period of satellite observations, which began in 1979, until a rapid decline in southern hemisphere spring of 2016.
Evidence: From 1979–1996, the average per decade decline in entire ice coverage was a 2.2% decline in ice extent and a 3% decline in ice area.
Category: Miscanthus giganteus
Claim: ‘there will not be enough nitrogen available to sustain the high carbon uptake scenarios.’
Evidence: The authors note that due to the high carbon to nitrogen ratio it is in the field's margins and interspersed woodlands that the majority of the food resources are to be found.
Evidence: The net uptake of carbon dioxide, and therefore, the plant's potential for growth, must be positive for the plant to survive.
Category: Climate change feedback
Claim: Theory, models and direct measurement confirm CO2 is currently the main driver of climate change.
Evidence: Following Le Chatelier's principle, the chemical equilibrium of the Earth's carbon cycle will shift in response to anthropogenic CO2 emissions.
Category: Tide
Claim: Duffy pointed out that his chart was from a single tide gauge station, near San Francisco, and that sea levels rise at different rates around the world
Evidence: Mean sea level (MSL) – This is the average sea level.
Category: Greenhouse gas
Claim: [CO2] has increased 43 percent above the pre-industrial level so far
Evidence: For example, the mole fraction of carbon dioxide has increased from 280 ppm to 415 ppm, or 120 ppm over modern pre-industrial levels.
Evidence: In the 1960s, the average annual increase was only 37% of what it was in 2000 through 2007.
Evidence: Carbon dioxide mole fractions in the atmosphere have gone up by approximately 35 percent since the 1900s, rising from 280 parts per million by volume to 387 parts per million in 2009.
Category: Urban heat island
Claim: Dropped stations introduce warming bias
Evidence: Concerns have been raised about possible contribution from urban heat islands to global warming.
Category: 2010 Northern Hemisphere heat waves
Claim: The heatwave we now have in Europe is not something that was expected with just 1C of warming
Evidence: A heat wave started in Moscow on the 27 June, as temperatures reached 33.1 °C (91.6 °F), and stayed around 30 °C (90 °F) for the rest of the week.
Evidence: June 2019 was the hottest month on record worldwide, the effects of this were especially prominent in Europe.
Category: Scientific consensus on climate change
Claim: But experts say the energy transition needs to speed up drastically to head off the worst effects of climate change.
Evidence: The stronger our efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, the lower the risk of extreme climate impacts.
Category: Greenhouse gas
Claim: when 3 per cent of total annual global emissions of carbon dioxide are from humans and Australia prod­uces 1.3 per cent of this 3 per cent, then no amount of emissions reductio­n here will have any effect on global climate.
Evidence: Other countries with fast growing emissions are South Korea, Iran, and Australia (which apart from the oil rich Persian Gulf states, now has the highest percapita emission rate in the world).
Evidence: The 2011 UNEP Green Economy report states that "[a]agricultural operations, excluding land use changes, produce approximately 13 per cent of anthropogenic global GHG emissions.
Category: Scientific consensus on climate change
Claim: Many lines of evidence, including simple accounting, demonstrate beyond a shadow of a doubt that the increase in atmospheric CO2 is due to human fossil fuel burning.
Evidence: The introduction includes this statement: There is strong evidence that the warming of the Earth over the last half-century has been caused largely by human activity, such as the burning of fossil fuels and changes in land use, including agriculture and deforestation.
Category: Global warming
Claim: But like most claims regarding global warming, the real effect is small, probably temporary, and most likely due to natural weather patterns
Evidence: The effects of global warming include rising sea levels, regional changes in precipitation, more frequent extreme weather events such as heat waves, and expansion of deserts.
Evidence: The effects of climate change on human systems, mostly due to warming and shifts in precipitation, have been detected worldwide.
Category: Question mark
Claim: [O]ne of the previously fastest shrinking glaciers in the world is growing again, calling into question the narrative that rapid climate change [...]
Evidence: "), whereas in the English language orthography no space is allowed in front of the question mark (e.g.
Category: California
Claim: California legislators have made it illegal for anyone to deny climate change, under threat of jail time.
Evidence: The Legislature shall make no law which diminishes or ignores the role of English as the common language of California.
Category: Climatology
Claim: climate models have overestimated the amount of global warming and failed to predict what climatologists call the warming ‘hiatus’.
Evidence: These models predict an upward trend in the surface temperatures, as well as a more rapid increase in temperature at higher latitudes.
Category: IPCC Third Assessment Report
Claim: IPCC overestimate temperature rise.
Evidence: The TAR estimate for the climate sensitivity is 1.5 to 4.5 °C; and the average surface temperature is projected to increase by 1.4 to 5.8 Celsius degrees over the period 1990 to 2100, and the sea level is projected to rise by 0.1 to 0.9 metres over the same period.
Category: Climatic Research Unit email controversy
Claim: The Independent Climate Change Email Review investigated the CRU scientists' actions relating to peer review.
Evidence: Scientific integrity demands robust, independent peer review, however, and AAAS therefore emphasised that investigations are appropriate whenever significant questions are raised regarding the transparency and rigour of the scientific method, the peer-review process, or the responsibility of individual scientists.
Category: Peer review
Claim: [T]he overwhelming majority of peer-reviewed studies  [find] that CO2 in the atmosphere remained there a short time.
Evidence: Peer review is the evaluation of work by one or more people with similar competences as the producers of the work (peers).
Category: Soldering
Claim: ...there [is] anecdotal and other evidence suggesting similar melts from 1938-43 and on other occasions.
Evidence: SAC lead free solder melts at 217–220 °C.
Category: Florida
Claim: Lake-bottom sediments in Florida tell us that recent major hurricane activity in the Gulf of Mexico has been less frequent than in centuries past.
Evidence: Devastating hurricanes in 1926 and 1928, followed by the Great Depression, brought that period to a halt.
Evidence: Millennial-scale variability in catastrophic hurricane landfalls along the Gulf of Mexico coast.
Evidence: The pressure measurement made Katrina the fifth most intense Atlantic hurricane on record at the time, only to be surpassed by Hurricanes Rita and Wilma later in the season; it was also the strongest hurricane ever recorded in the Gulf of Mexico at the time.
Category: Steve McIntyre
Claim: Steve McIntyre noticed a strange  discontinuity in US temperature data, occurring around January 2000.
Evidence: McIntyre states that he noticed discrepancies in climate science papers that reminded him of the false prospectus that had duped investors involved in the Bre-X gold mining scandal.
Evidence: In 2002, McIntyre became interested in climate science after a leaflet from the Canadian government warning of the dangers of global warming was delivered to his residence.
Evidence: In 2007, McIntyre started auditing the various corrections made to temperature records, in particular those relating to the urban heat island effect.
Category: Sea level rise
Claim: If Hillary would have fact-checked her example of sea level rise in Norfolk, Virginia, she would have found out that the experts already know this is mostly due to the land there sinking.
Evidence: An example is the extension of the Delta Works in the Netherlands, a country that sits partially below sea level and is subsiding.
Evidence: A study conducted between 1982 and 2010 found that some areas of Jakarta have been sinking by as much as 28 cm (11 inches) per year due to ground water drilling and the weight of its buildings, and the problem is now exacerbated by sea level rise.
Evidence: Clinton's story was thoroughly investigated by Fact Checker Michelle Ye Hee Lee in the Washington Post.
Category: Human impact on the environment
Claim: Humans are too insignificant to affect global climate.
Evidence: Human impact on the environment or anthropogenic impact on the environment includes changes to biophysical environments and ecosystems, biodiversity, and natural resources caused directly or indirectly by humans, including global warming, environmental degradation (such as ocean acidification), mass extinction and biodiversity loss, ecological crisis, and ecological collapse.
Evidence: In order to constitute the Holocene as an extinction event, scientists must determine exactly when anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions began to measurably alter natural atmospheric levels on a global scale, and when these alterations caused changes to global climate.
Evidence: Humans have had a dramatic effect on the environment.
Category: Scotland
Claim: Scotland's climate targets are toughest in the world
Evidence: "Sturgeon signs climate agreement with California".
Evidence: "UK ivory ban to be 'toughest' in the world".
Category: Global warming
Claim: As a result, the planet as a whole is becoming less reflective and absorbing more sunlight, which is accelerating global warming.
Evidence: Not only does this increase the absorption of sunlight, it also increases melting and sea level rise.
Evidence: For instance, the change from a dark forest to grassland makes the surface lighter, causing it to reflect more sunlight.
Category: Scientific consensus on climate change
Claim: a new study by scientists at the Australian Research Council finds that the ongoing bleaching event is mainly due to human-caused global warming, and that if global warming proceeds as currently expected, “large parts” of the Great Barrier Reef could die by the mid-2030s.
Evidence: Human activities, primarily the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas), and secondarily the clearing of land, have increased the concentration of carbon dioxide, methane, and other heat-trapping ("greenhouse") gases in the atmosphere...There is international scientific consensus that most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities.
Category: Global warming
Claim: Climate Models Have Overestimated Global Warming
Evidence: The 2017 United States-published National Climate Assessment notes that "climate models may still be underestimating or missing relevant feedback processes".
Evidence: These models predict an upward trend in the global mean surface temperature, with the most rapid increase in temperature being projected for the higher latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere.
Category: Global warming
Claim: In recent decades this warming has been accompanied by a constant rise in the sea level and, it would appear, by an increase of extreme weather events, even if a scientifically determinable cause cannot be assigned to each particular phenomenon.
Evidence: Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.
Category: Retreat of glaciers since 1850
Claim: "Rapid loss of ice-mass from the glaciers of Greenland and Antarctica are  cited as proof positive of global warming's onslaught.
Evidence: "Sharply increased mass loss from glaciers and ice caps in theCanadian Arctic Archipelago".
Evidence: "Increasing rates of ice mass loss from the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets revealed by GRACE".
Category: Equator
Claim: It shows that ECS is probably between two and 4.5 degrees, possibly as low as 1.5 but not lower, and possibly as high as nine degrees.
Evidence: The latitude of the Earth's equator is, by definition, 0° (zero degrees) of arc.
Evidence: Taught master's degrees are normally one to two year courses, rated at 60 - 120 ECTS credits, while research master's degrees are normally two year courses, either rated at 120 ECTS credits or not credit rated.
Category: Polar ice cap
Claim: As a result, the polar ice caps were quite likely more extensive than they had been since at least the 1920s.
Evidence: Both 2008 and 2009 had a minimum Arctic sea ice extent somewhat above that of 2007.
Evidence: The single-day maximum extent in 2014 was reached on 20 Sep, according to NSIDC data, when the sea ice covered 7.78 million square miles (20.14 million square kilometers).
Evidence: There were likely polar ice caps and a series of glaciations, as the planet was still recovering from an earlier Snowball Earth.
Evidence: In the terminology of glaciology, ice age implies the presence of extensive ice sheets in both northern and southern hemispheres.
Category: Chicago
Claim: Meanwhile, it will likely to continue to snow in Chicago in the coming days.
Evidence: Winters are cold and snowy, although the city typically sees less snow and rain in winter than that experienced on the East Coast; blizzards do occur, as in 2011.
Category: Heat wave
Claim: Last month was the hottest June ever recorded, European satellite agency announces
Evidence: June 2019 was the hottest month on record worldwide, the effects of this were especially prominent in Europe.
Category: Planck temperature
Claim: It projects that temperatures are likely to be anything from 1.5 to 4.5 degrees Celsius (2.7 to 8.1 degrees Fahrenheit) warmer by the latter part of the century
Evidence: In SI units, the Planck temperature is about 1.417×1032 kelvin (equivalently, degrees Celsius, since the difference is trivially small at this scale), or 2.55×1032 degrees Fahrenheit or Rankine.
Category: Global warming
Claim: Murry Salby finds CO2 rise is natural.
Evidence: Climate change may be due to natural internal processes or external forcings such as modulations of the solar cycles, volcanic eruptions and persistent anthropogenic changes in the composition of the atmosphere or in land use."
Category: Global warming
Claim: [NASA] has been adjusting temperatures from the past[...]
Evidence: The 1720–1800 period is most suitable to be defined as preindustrial in physical terms ...
Category: Scientific consensus on climate change
Claim: The most recent ocean measurements show consistent warming.
Evidence: "Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, as is now evident from observations of increases in global average air and ocean temperatures, widespread melting of snow and ice and rising global average sea level."
Category: Sea level rise
Claim: The trend has been measured by a network of tidal gauges, many of which have been collecting data for over a century.
Evidence: Another important source of sea-level observations is the global network of tide gauges.
Evidence: "One of the most striking trends – over a century of global-average sea level change".
Category: Fossil fuel
Claim: When you account for all of the costs associated with burning coal and other fossil fuels, like air pollution and health effects, in reality they are significantly more expensive than most renewable energy sources.
Evidence: Artificial gasolines and other renewable energy sources currently require more expensive production and processing technologies than conventional petroleum reserves, but may become economically viable in the near future.
Evidence: Today's primary sources of energy are mainly non-renewable: natural gas, oil, coal, peat, and conventional nuclear power.
Category: Climate of Asia
Claim: Monsoons in China fail, the great rivers of Asia virtually dry up, and rainfall in central America falls by half.
Evidence: The monsoon accounts for 80% of the rainfall in India[citation needed].
Category: Climate change denial
Claim: alarmists here are taking overwhelmingly good news about global warming improving plant health and making it seem like this good news is actually bad news because healthier plants mean more pollen.
Evidence: Even if the current and future projected human effects on Earth's climate are not negligible, the changes are generally going to be good for us.
Category: Palm Beach County, Florida
Claim: The Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1635 experienced a Category 3 or 4 storm, with up to a 20-foot storm surge.
Evidence: Early on September 17, 1928, the Okeechobee hurricane made landfall near West Palm Beach as a category-4 storm and crossed Lake Okeechobee shortly thereafter.
Evidence: The most severe damage came from a 30-plus-foot storm surge along the Mississippi coast and the north shore of Lake Pontchartrain in Louisiana and breaks in the levies along a canal in New Orleans.
Evidence: Jeanne struck near the same location as a category-3 hurricane on September 26, 2004.
Category: Uruguay
Claim: The heaviest precipitation events will become more frequent and more extreme.
Evidence: The heaviest precipitation occurs during the autumn months, although more frequent rainy spells occur in winter.
Category: Global warming
Claim: Increased CO2 makes more water vapor, a greenhouse gas which amplifies warming
Evidence: At the end of an ice age, warming from increased CO 2 would increase the amount of water vapour, amplifying its effect in a feedback process.
Evidence: Because water vapor is a greenhouse gas, this results in further warming and so is a "positive feedback" that amplifies the original warming.
Evidence: Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.
Category: Ozone depletion
Claim: Because oxygen in the global ocean is not evenly distributed, the 2 percent overall decline means there is a much larger decline in some areas of the ocean than others.
Evidence: Ozone at middle latitudes has declined, but by a much smaller extent (a decrease of about 4–5 percent).
Category: Sea
Claim: By 2100 the seas will rise another 6 inches or so—a far cry from Al Gore’s alarming numbers
Evidence: The pH is expected to reach 7.7 (representing a 3-fold increase in hydrogen ion concentration) by the year 2100, which is a significant change in a century.
Evidence: [citation needed] By 2100 the overall level of the Mediterranean could rise between 3 to 61 cm (1.2 to 24.0 in) as a result of the effects of climate change.
Category: Shutdown of thermohaline circulation
Claim: While an isolated heatwave can be put down as an anomaly, the scale of this phenomenon points to global warming as the culprit, scientists said.
Evidence: In response Quirin Schiermeier concluded that natural variation was the culprit for the observations but highlighted possible implications.
Evidence: Another impact that the warming global temperature has had is on the frequency and severity of heat waves.
Category: Invasive species
Claim: Species that have a lot of plasticity tend to be generalists.
Evidence: Common invasive species traits include the following: Fast growth Rapid reproduction High dispersal ability Phenotype plasticity (the ability to alter growth form to suit current conditions) Tolerance of a wide range of environmental conditions (Ecological competence) Ability to live off of a wide range of food types (generalist) Association with humans Prior successful invasions Typically, an introduced species must survive at low population densities before it becomes invasive in a new location.
Evidence: Vines are unique in that they have multiple evolutionary origins and a wide range of phenotypic plasticity.
Evidence: Intraspecific phenotypic plasticity, pre-adaptation and post-introduction evolution are all major factors in adaptive evolution.
Category: Coral reef
Claim: 90 per cent of the world's coral reefs will disappear in the next 35 years due to coral bleaching induced by global warming, pollution and over-development.
Evidence: According to the Caribbean Coral Reefs - Status Report 19702-2012, states that; stop overfishing especially fishes key to coral reef like parrotfish, coastal zone management that reduce human pressure on reef, (for example restricting coastal settlement, development and tourism) and control pollution specially sewage, may reduce coral decline or even reverse it.
Evidence: Increasing sea temperatures in tropical regions (~1 degree C) the last century have caused major coral bleaching, death, and therefore shrinking coral populations since although they are able to adapt and acclimate, it is uncertain if this evolutionary process will happen quickly enough to prevent major reduction of their numbers.
Category: Nuclear power
Claim: A fast transition away from fossil fuels in the next few decades could be enough to put off rapid sea-level rise for centuries.
Evidence: Slowing global warming requires a transition to a low-carbon economy, mainly by burning far less fossil fuel.
Evidence: Sea level rise will continue over many centuries.
Evidence: "The rate of sea-level rise".
Category: Sea level rise
Claim: Currently, sea-level rise does not seem to depend on ocean temperature, and certainly not on CO2.
Evidence: Thus, a small change in the mean temperature of the ocean represents a very large change in the total heat content of the climate system.
Evidence: Atmospheric pressure, ocean currents and local ocean temperature changes can affect LMSL as well.
Category: Climate change adaptation
Claim: Climate change isn't increasing extreme weather damage costs.
Evidence: This causes a variety of secondary effects, namely, changes in patterns of precipitation, rising sea levels, altered patterns of agriculture, increased extreme weather events, the expansion of the range of tropical diseases, and the opening of new marine trade routes.
Evidence: Global losses reveal rapidly rising costs due to extreme weather-related events since the 1970s.
Category: United States federal budget
Claim: …obsessing about climate change is avoiding a frank discussion about the here-and-now problems of budget deficits, the federal debt, school choice, entitlement reform, and so on.
Evidence: "Ignoring the Debt Problem".
Evidence: He helped bring the issues of the national debt and the national deficit into the national policy debate.
Category: Instrumental temperature record
Claim: The peer-reviewed study by two scientists and a veteran statistician looked at the global average temperature datasets[…]
Evidence: An examination of the average global temperature changes by decades reveals continuing climate change, and AR5 reports "Each of the last three decades has been successively warmer at the Earth's surface than any preceding decade since 1850 (see Figure SPM.1).
Category: Paleocene
Claim: "...there has been no increase in the global average surface temperature for the past 16 years" (Judith Curry and David Rose)
Evidence: For comparison, the average global temperature for the period between 1951 and 1980 was 14 °C (57 °F).
Category: European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts
Claim: Weather and climate are different; climate predictions do not need weather detail.
Evidence: Reanalysis provides a four-dimensional picture of the atmosphere and effectively allows monitoring of the variability and change of global climate, thereby contributing also to the understanding and attribution of climate change.
Category: Global warming
Claim: The warming is extremely rapid on the geologic time scale, and no other factor can explain it as well as human emissions of greenhouse gases.
Evidence: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.
Evidence: Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming.
Category: Global warming
Claim: They all confirm the original hockey stick conclusion: the 20th century is the warmest in the last 1000 years and that warming was most dramatic after 1920.
Evidence: Multiple independently produced instrumental datasets confirm that the 2009–2018 decade was 0.93 ± 0.07 °C warmer than the pre-industrial baseline (1850–1900).
Evidence: The period from 1983 to 2012 was likely the warmest 30-year period of the last 1400 years in the Northern Hemisphere, where such assessment is possible (medium confidence).
Category: Great Lakes
Claim: Recent record-low water levels in Lake Michigan are evidence that global warming is leading to "the evaporation of our Great Lakes."
Evidence: "Great Lakes water levels reaching record lows".
Evidence: "Climate change is lowering Great Lakes water levels.
Category: Nature
Claim: Earth’s climate is now changing faster than at any point in the history of modern civilization, primarily as a result of human activities.
Evidence: "Tropical Ocean Warming Drives Recent Northern Hemisphere Climate Change".
Category: Wetland
Claim: ‘The dry periods are drier and the wet periods are wetter,’ said Jeffrey Mount, a water expert and senior fellow at the Public Policy Institute of California.
Evidence: Wetlands can be dry during the dry season and abnormally dry periods during the wet season, but under normal environmental conditions the soils in a wetland will be saturated to the surface or inundated such that the soils become anaerobic, and those conditions will persist through the wet portion of the growing season.
Evidence: Will the wet get wetter and the dry drier?
Category: Mountain pine beetle
Claim: U.S. Forest Service data show pine beetle infestations have recently declined dramatically throughout the western United States.
Evidence: It may be the largest forest insect blight ever seen in North America., monocultural replanting, and a century of forest fire suppression have contributed to the size and severity of the outbreak, and the outbreak itself may, with similar infestations, have significant effects on the capability of northern forests to remove greenhouse gas (CO2) from the atmosphere.
Evidence: The US Forest Service results show colloidal chitosan elicited a 40% increase in pine resin (P<0.05) in southern pine trees.
Category: Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum
Claim: Sea-level rise does not seem to depend on ocean temperature, and certainly not on CO2.
Evidence: This depth depends on (among other things) temperature and the amount of CO 2 dissolved in the ocean.
Category: Conservatism in the United States
Claim: Instead of negotiating over climate change policies and trying to make them more market-oriented, some political conservatives have taken the approach of blocking them by trying to undermine the science.
Evidence: On the other hand, some conservatives tend to oppose free-market trade policies and support protectionism instead.
Evidence: Some Conservative politicians such as Alan Duncan and Crispin Blunt take the libertarian approach that individual freedom and economic freedom of industry and trade should be respected.
Category: Naomi Oreskes
Claim: Benny Peiser, the Oreskes critic, retracted his criticism.
Evidence: Oreskes' 2004 "Beyond the Ivory Tower" essay was challenged by British social anthropologist Benny Peiser, who eventually retracted his challenge, admitting he had only found one paper rejecting anthropogenic climate change, published by American Association of Petroleum Geologists (see also Benny Peiser § Objections to Oreskes essay).
Evidence: In a 2006, letter to Australia's Media Watch, Peiser explained that he had retracted 97% of his original critique and elaborated on some of his comments: "I do not think anyone is questioning that we are in a period of global warming.
Category: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere
Claim: Modellers assume carbon dioxide drives climate change
Evidence: "Massive peat burn is speeding climate change".
Evidence: "Irreversible climate change due to carbon dioxide emissions".
Evidence: Carbon dioxide is the primary greenhouse gas that is contributing to recent climate change.
Category: Abadan, Iran
Claim: Extreme high temperatures were seen from India — where the city of Phalodi recorded temperatures of 51 degrees Celsius (123.8 Fahrenheit) in May, a new national record — to Iran, where a temperature of 53 degrees Celsius (127.4 F) was recorded in Delhoran on July 22.
Evidence: which was recorded on January 20, 1964 and February 3, 1967 while the highest is 53 °C (127 °F), recorded on July 11, 1951 and August 9, 1981.
Evidence: The highest temperatures recorded in Phalodi during 2016 summers from 18 May to 21 May when it rose up to 51 degrees Celsius.
Category: Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere
Claim: There is no question whatsoever that the CO2 increase is human-caused.
Evidence: While CO 2 absorption and release is always happening as a result of natural processes, the recent rise in CO 2 levels in the atmosphere is known to be mainly due to human (anthropogenic) activity.
Category: Scott Pruitt
Claim: I would not agree that carbon dioxide is a primary contributor to the global warming that we see.
Evidence: On March 9, 2017, in an interview on CNBC's Squawk Box, Pruitt stated that he "would not agree that" carbon dioxide is "a primary contributor to the global warming that we see" backing up his claim by stating that "measuring with precision human activity on the climate is something very challenging to do and there's tremendous disagreement about the degree of impact."
Category: Effects of global warming on humans
Claim: Let’s find out by comparing the actual temperatures since 1979 with what the 32 families of climate models used in the latest U.N. report on climate science predicted they would be.
Evidence: There have been prediction models of temperature created to project the effects of global warming on the planet.
Category: Greenland ice sheet
Claim: Greenland ice sheet … would balloon sea levels by around 7m should it disintegrate
Evidence: If the entire 2,850,000 km3 (684,000 cu mi) of ice were to melt, global sea levels would rise 7.2 m (24 ft).
Category: Climate change in the United States
Claim: Over the past eight years, the United States has reduced our total carbon pollution more than any other nation on Earth.
Evidence: Because of global warming, there has been concern in the United States and internationally, that the country should reduce total greenhouse gas which is relatively high per capita and is the second largest in the world after China, as of 2014.
Evidence: "The Worst Climate Pollution Is Carbon Dioxide".
Evidence: Smoke and carbon monoxide from wildfires.
Category: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
Claim: Numerous papers have documented how IPCC predictions are more likely to underestimate the climate response.
Evidence: Some critics have contended that the IPCC reports tend to be conservative by consistently underestimating the pace and impacts of global warming, and report only the "lowest common denominator" findings.
Category: Global warming
Claim: "Three Australasian researchers have shown that natural forces are the dominant influence on climate, in a study just published in the highly-regarded Journal of Geophysical Research.
Evidence: The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fifth Assessment Report concluded, "It is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century".
Evidence: Some scientific studies suggest that ozone depletion may have a dominant role in governing climatic change in Antarctica (and a wider area of the Southern Hemisphere).
Category: Solar minimum
Claim: Cold weather to grip world as solar minimum to deepen, NASA says
Evidence: "Deep Solar Minimum – NASA Science".
Category: Scientific consensus on climate change
Claim: more than 100 per cent of the warming over the past century is due to human actions
Evidence: The global warming observed over the past 50 years is due primarily to human-induced emissions of heat-trapping gases.
Category: Global warming
Claim: For decades, most scientists saw climate change as a distant prospect.
Evidence: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.
Evidence: Catastrophic effects in 50–100 years would likely be observed according to 41%, while 44% thought the effects would be moderate and about 13 percent saw relatively little danger.
Category: Carbon tax
Claim: Electricity rates are 40 percent higher in states that have required utility companies to use a certain amount of renewable energy such as solar power.
Evidence: In addition to creating incentives for energy conservation, a carbon tax would put renewable energy sources such as wind, solar and geothermal on a more competitive footing, stimulating their growth.
Category: Carbon dioxide
Claim: Once the atmosphere reaches a saturation point, additional input of CO2 will not really have any major impact.
Evidence: This approach can increase original oil recovery by reducing residual oil saturation by between 7% to 23% additional to primary extraction.
Evidence: Both exceed 100% because their CO2 values were increased to 345 ppmv, without changing their other constituents to compensate.
Evidence: Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.
Category: Climate change (general concept)
Claim: "Many people think the science of climate change is settled.
Evidence: The scientific consensus on climate change is "that climate is changing and that these changes are in large part caused by human activities", and it "is largely irreversible".
Category: Spirit (rover)
Claim: It takes as much energy to make a solar panel as it likely generates in its entire life.
Evidence: Solar arrays generate about 140 watts for up to four hours per Martian day (sol) while rechargeable lithium ion batteries store energy for use at night.
Evidence: Photovoltaic modules use light energy (photons) from the Sun to generate electricity through the photovoltaic effect.
Category: Anthozoa
Claim: Reefs need carbon dioxide; it’s their basic food.
Evidence: In this symbiotic relationship, the zooxanthellae benefit by using nitrogenous waste and carbon dioxide produced by the host while the cnidarian gains photosynthetic capability and increased production of calcium carbonate, a substance of great importance to stony corals.
Category: Antarctica
Claim: Antarctic ice fluctuates wildly year to year, and the link to man-made global warming there is not clear, NASA ice expert Walt Meier said.
Evidence: According to NASA, the most widespread Antarctic surface melting of the past 30 years occurred in 2005, when an area of ice comparable in size to California briefly melted and refroze; this may have resulted from temperatures rising to as high as 5 °C (41 °F).
Category: Seawater
Claim: Marine life has nothing whatsoever to fear from ocean acidification.”
Evidence: One of the most striking features of this is ocean acidification, resulting from increased CO2 uptake of the oceans related to higher atmospheric concentration of CO2 and higher temperatures, because it severely affects coral reefs, mollusks, echinoderms and crustaceans (see coral bleaching).
Evidence: "Rising levels of acids in seas may endanger marine life, says study".
Category: Meta-analysis
Claim: There are fundamental faults in the statistical and scientific analyses used to justify the need for early and comprehensive mitigatory action by governments.
Evidence: Conceptually, a meta-analysis uses a statistical approach to combine the results from multiple studies in an effort to increase power (over individual studies), improve estimates of the size of the effect and/or to resolve uncertainty when reports disagree.
Evidence: Determine the best mitigation and get agreement on final, acceptable risk levels, possibly based on cost/benefit analysis.
Category: Scientific consensus on climate change
Claim: Cosmic rays show no trend over the last 30 years & have had little impact on recent global warming.
Evidence: Since the start of the 20th century, the global mean surface temperature of the Earth has increased by more than 0.7°C and the rate of warming has been largest in the last 30 years.
Evidence: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.
Category: IPCC Fourth Assessment Report
Claim: The claim sea level isn’t rising is based on blatantly doctored graphs contradicted by observations.
Evidence: The mid-points of the sea level rise estimates are within ±10% of those from the TAR; but the range has narrowed.
Category: Global warming
Claim: The sun has not warmed since 1970 and so cannot be driving global warming.
Evidence: "Is the Sun causing global warming?".
Category: Climatic Research Unit email controversy
Claim: "So  recently the media picked up on the fact that CRU deleted the raw data for this  important global temperature set long ago.
Evidence: On 27 July 2011 CRU announced that the raw instrumental data not already in the public domain had been released and was available for download, with the exception of Poland which was outside the area covered by the FOIA request.
Evidence: They were already working with the Met Office to obtain permissions to release the remaining raw data.
Category: Carbon cycle
Claim: The natural cycle adds and removes CO2 to keep a balance; humans add extra CO2 without removing any.
Evidence: Since the industrial revolution, human activity has modified the carbon cycle by changing its components' functions and directly adding carbon to the atmosphere.
Evidence: The CO 2 is removed after combustion of fossil fuels, but before the flue gas is expanded to atmospheric pressure.
Category: Ice age
Claim: About 120,000 years ago, before the last ice age, the planet went through a natural warm period, with temperatures similar to those expected in coming decades.
Evidence: An ice age is a long period of reduction in the temperature of the Earth's surface and atmosphere, resulting in the presence or expansion of continental and polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers.
Category: West Antarctic Ice Sheet
Claim: The most vulnerable parts of the West Antarctic ice sheet could raise the sea level by 10 to 15 feet, inundating many of the world’s coastal cities, though most scientists think that would take well over a century, or perhaps longer.
Evidence: In 2016, improved computer modeling revealed that the breakup of glaciers could lead to a steep rise in sea levels much more quickly than previously projected.
Category: Kiribati
Claim: Thousands of coral atolls have "drowned" in the past when they were unable to grow fast enough to maintain a presence at sea level
Evidence: However, if the increase in sea level occurs at a rate faster than coral growth, or if polyp activity is damaged by ocean acidification, then the resilience of the atolls and reef islands is less certain.
Category: Greenhouse gas
Claim: But by far the largest greenhouse gas is water vapour, which makes 95 per cent of the total.
Evidence: The next most common gases are carbon dioxide (0.04%), nitrous oxide, methane, and ozone.
Category: Carbon dioxide
Claim: Carbon dioxide is not "a primary contributor to the global warming that we see."
Evidence: "How do we know more CO2 is causing warming?".
Evidence: In March 2017, Pruitt said that he does not believe that human activities, specifically carbon dioxide emissions, are a primary contributor to climate change, a view which is in contradiction with the scientific consensus.
Evidence: "EPA chief Scott Pruitt says carbon dioxide is not a primary contributor to global warming".
Category: Global warming
Claim: according, again, to the official figures—during this past 10 years, if anything, mean global temperature, average world temperature, has slightly declined.
Evidence: Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.
Evidence: Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.
Category: Sea level rise
Claim: The noted oceanographer Walter Munk referred to sea-level rise as an “enigma”
Evidence: "Multidecadal sea level anomalies and trends in the western tropical Pacific".
Evidence: "Scientists discover evidence for past high-level sea rise".