Danthammadhavi/climate_fever_fixed huggingface dataset:
Category: Scientific consensus on climate change
Claim: there is no relationship between temperature and carbon dioxide emissions by Â­humans[...]
Evidence: Human activities are now causing atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases—including carbon dioxide, methane, tropospheric ozone, and nitrous oxide—to rise well above pre-industrial levels ... Increases in greenhouse gases are causing temperatures to rise ...
Category: Global warming
Claim: Sea ice has diminished much faster than scientists and climate models anticipated.
Evidence: Past models have underestimated the rate of Arctic shrinkage and underestimated the rate of precipitation increase.
Category: Global warming
Claim: Adapting to global warming is cheaper than preventing it
Evidence: Adaptation is especially important in developing countries since they are predicted to bear the brunt of the effects of global warming.
Category: Ronald Reagan
Claim: "There are many urgent priorities that need the attention of Congress, and it is not for me as an invited guest in your country to say what they are.
Evidence: In a September 1985 press conference, Reagan said: "this is a top priority with us ... there's no question about the seriousness of this and the need to find an answer."
Category: Presidency of Donald Trump
Claim: Currently, Florida is one of only five states in the nation that prohibit citizens from buying electricity from companies that will put solar panels on your home or business.
Evidence: The administration enacted 30% tariffs on imported solar panels.
Category: Kevin E. Trenberth
Claim: Trenberth's views are clarified in the paper "An imperative for climate change planning: tracking Earth's global energy".
Evidence: In a 2013 scientific paper in Geophysical Research Letters, Trenberth and co-authors presented an observation-based reanalysis of global ocean temperatures.
Category: Emissions trading
Claim: While it's true that any single country's CO2 emissions reductions will make little difference, only if every nation agrees to limit CO2 emissions can we achieve significant cuts on a global scale.
Evidence: It is one of the ways countries can meet their obligations under the Kyoto Protocol to reduce carbon emissions and thereby mitigate global warming.
Category: Greenhouse effect
Claim: This is called the "atmospheric greenhouse effect", and without it the Earth's surface would be much colder.
Evidence: Because the Earth's surface is colder than the Sun, it radiates at wavelengths that are much longer than the wavelengths that were absorbed.
Category: Michael E. Mann
Claim: Volcanoes have had no warming effect in recent global warming - if anything, a cooling effect.
Evidence: This cooling had contributed towards the recent Global warming hiatus in surface temperatures, and would change to enhanced surface warming in the next phase of the oscillation.
Category: Ocean acidification
Claim: Ocean acidification is the terrifying threat whereby all that man-made CO2 we’ve been pumping into the atmosphere may react with the sea to form a sort of giant acid bath.
Evidence: The ocean would not become acidic even if it were to absorb the CO2 produced from the combustion of all fossil fuel resources.
Category: Global warming
Claim: Man-made greenhouse gases play only an insignificant role.”
Evidence: The largest human influence has been the emission of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide.
Category: Type I and type II errors
Claim: The iris hypothesis has not withstood the test of time - subsequent research
Evidence: The results of such testing determine whether a particular set of results agrees reasonably (or does not agree) with the speculated hypothesis.
Category: Solar power in the United States
Claim: There are about 120,000 solar energy jobs in the United States, but only 1,700 of them are in Georgia.
Evidence: The solar industry is currently one of the fastest growing in the United States, employing more than 250,000 people as of 2018.
Category: Second Grinnell expedition
Claim: Brooks added that Antarctic ice is growing.
Evidence: The brig was periodically chain-lifted above the ice to prevent it from being crushed by the growing ice.
Category: Ocean acidification
Claim: The oceans are warming and moreover are becoming more acidic, threatening the food chain.
Evidence: Ongoing acidification of the oceans may threaten future food chains linked with the oceans.
Category: Climatic Research Unit email controversy
Claim: They do not make a definitive attribution statement, but the data are consistent with and strongly suggestive of human-driven warming as a root cause of the oxygen decline.’”
Evidence: They reaffirmed their 2007 position statement on climate change "based on the large body of scientific evidence that Earth's climate is warming and that human activity is a contributing factor.
Category: Sea level rise
Claim: By 2050 there’s a scientific consensus that we reached the tipping point for ice sheets in Greenland and the West Antarctic
Evidence: Both the Greenland ice sheet and Antarctica have tipping points for warming levels that could be reached before the end of the 21st century.
Category: Imagism
Claim: Ironically, it's those who are mispresenting Hulme's paper that are the ones being misleading.
Evidence: This note, along with the appendix note ("The Complete Works of T. S. Hulme") in Pound's book Ripostes (1912), are considered to be the first appearances of the word "Imagiste" (later anglicised to "Imagist") in print.
Category: Sun
Claim: Water levels correlate with sunspots
Evidence: At this point in the dynamo cycle, buoyant upwelling within the convective zone forces emergence of toroidal magnetic field through the photosphere, giving rise to pairs of sunspots, roughly aligned east–west and having footprints with opposite magnetic polarities.
Category: Carbon dioxide
Claim: While there are direct ways in which CO2 is a pollutant (acidification of the ocean), its primary impact is its greenhouse warming effect.
Evidence: While transparent to visible light, carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas, absorbing and emitting infrared radiation at its two infrared-active vibrational frequencies (see the section "Structure and bonding" above).
Category: Marshall Islands
Claim: President Hilda Heine has told reporters that longtime residents are leaving the Marshall Islands because climate change is threatening the nation’s existence.”
Evidence: "In The Marshall Islands, Traditional Agriculture And Healthy Eating Are A Climate Change Strategy".
Category: Henrik Svensmark
Claim: CERN CLOUD experiment proved cosmic rays are causing global warming.
Evidence: He is known for his theory on the effects of cosmic rays on cloud formation as an indirect cause of global warming.
Category: Global warming hiatus
Claim: The report, published in the journal Nature Geoscience on September 18, acknowledges that most of the models of warming trends failed to predict the ‘slowdown’ in warming post-2000, resulting in less pronounced warming than predicted and thus more room in the CO2 ‘emissions budget’ for the coming decades.
Evidence: A month before formal AR5 publication, a leaked draft of the report noted that "Models do not generally reproduce the observed reduction in surface warming trend over the last 10–15 years", but lacked clear explanations, and attracted wide media coverage.
Category: Pluto
Claim: Pluto experiences drastic season changes due to an elliptical orbit (that takes 250 Earth years).
Evidence: Like Uranus, Pluto rotates on its "side" in its orbital plane, with an axial tilt of 120°, and so its seasonal variation is extreme; at its solstices, one-fourth of its surface is in continuous daylight, whereas another fourth is in continuous darkness.
Category: Global warming
Claim: This makes it clear that this time around humans are the cause, mainly by our CO2 emissions.
Evidence: Global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions in 2010 were equivalent to 49 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide (using the most recent global warming potentials over 100 years from the AR5 report).
Category: Venus
Claim: Venus doesn't have a runaway greenhouse effect
Evidence: The CO 2-rich atmosphere generates the strongest greenhouse effect in the Solar System, creating surface temperatures of at least 735 K (462 °C; 864 °F).
Category: Climate change in Australia
Claim: “It’s horrifying that we’d lose our biodiversity to avert climate change.
Evidence: Australia has some of the world's most diverse ecosystems and natural habitats, and it may be this variety that makes them the Earth's most fragile and at-risk when exposed to climate change.
Category: Zika virus
Claim: Global warming leads to much quicker spread of the Zika virus because the increased temperature, "makes mosquitoes mature faster, . . .
Evidence: However, rising global temperatures would allow for the disease vector to expand their range further north, allowing Zika to follow.
Category: Hockey stick controversy
Claim: Climate skeptics argue temperature records have been adjusted in recent years to make the past appear cooler and the present warmer, although the Carbon Brief showed that NOAA has actually made the past warmer, evening out the difference.
Evidence: Reconstructions have consistently shown that the rise in the instrumental temperature record of the past 150 years is not matched in earlier centuries, and the name "hockey stick graph" was coined for figures showing a long-term decline followed by an abrupt rise in temperatures.
Category: Earth
Claim: [Those who signed the Paris Accord] cannot change Earth’s orbit and radiation released from the sun that drive climate
Evidence: The result is atmospheric circulation that drives the weather and climate through redistribution of thermal energy.
Category: Attribution of recent climate change
Claim: While members of the media may nod along to such claims [about changes in weather extremes], the evidence paints a different story
Evidence: As noted, clear and compelling scientific evidence supports the case for a pronounced human influence on global climate.
Category: Global warming
Claim: 'Global warming' and 'climate change' mean different things and have both been used for decades.
Evidence: In technical sources, the term climate change is also used to refer to past and future climate changes that persist for and extended period of time, and includes regional changes as well as global change.
Category: Global warming
Claim: The figure traditionally cited that suggests 97 per cent of climate scientists agree that global warming is man-made was also found to be flawed.
Evidence: The scientific consensus as of 2013[update], as stated in the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report, is that it "is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century".
Category: Seawall
Claim: many of south Florida’s drainage systems and seawalls are no longer enough
Evidence: A seawall (or sea wall) is a form of coastal defense constructed where the sea, and associated coastal processes, impact directly upon the landforms of the coast.
Category: Global warming potential
Claim: A generous estimate of the energy generated by satellites is around 1 million times too small to cause global warming.
Evidence: The radiative forcing capacity (RF) is the amount of energy per unit area, per unit time, absorbed by the greenhouse gas, that would otherwise be lost to space.
Category: Merchants of Doubt
Claim: Science entitled The Scientific Consensus on Climate Change (Oreskes 2004).
Evidence: Her work came to public attention in 2004 with the publication of "The Scientific Consensus on Climate Change," in Science, in which she wrote that there was no significant disagreement in the scientific community about the reality of global warming from human causes.
Category: Biodiversity
Claim: The effects of enhanced CO2 on terrestrial plants are variable and complex and dependent on numerous factors.
Evidence: Increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide certainly affects plant morphology and is acidifying oceans, and temperature affects species ranges, phenology, and weather, but, mercifully, the major impacts that have been predicted are still potential futures.
Category: Scientific consensus on climate change
Claim: The IPCC, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, which is sort of the voice of the consensus, concedes that there has been no increase in extreme weather events.
Evidence: Joint Science Academies' statement, 2001: "The work of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) represents the consensus of the international scientific community on climate change science.
Category: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
Claim: The tax-payer funded National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration  (NOAA) has become mired in fresh global warming data scandal involving  numbers for the Great Lakes region that substantially ramp up averages."
Evidence: Feds close 600 weather stations amid criticism they're situated to report warming".
Evidence: NOAA warns of dangerous weather, charts seas, guides the use and protection of ocean and coastal resources, and conducts research to provide understanding and improve stewardship of the environment.
Category: Methane
Claim: “Underneath the permafrost there are sediments full of methane hydrates.
Evidence: Significant reservoirs of methane clathrates have been found in arctic permafrost and along continental margins beneath the ocean floor within the gas clathrate stability zone, located at high pressures (1 to 100 MPa; lower end requires lower temperature) and low temperatures (< 15 °C; upper end requires higher pressure).
Category: Wildfire
Claim: There is a link between climate change and the NSW bushfires.
Evidence: White House explains the link between Climate Change and Wild Fires.
Category: Barack Obama
Claim: Barack Obama will help the Gulf Coast restore the wetlands, marshes and barrier islands that are critical to tamping down the force of hurricanes.
Evidence: After Russia's invasion of Crimea in 2014, military intervention in Syria in 2015, and the interference in the 2016 U.S. presidential election, Obama's Russia policy was widely seen as a failure.
Category: Global warming
Claim: Water vapour is the most dominant greenhouse gas.
Evidence: The largest human influence has been the emission of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide.
Category: Greenhouse gas
Claim: as time progresses and fossil fuel emissions increase, the number of record highs should increase and record lows should decrease.
Evidence: Recent data also shows that the concentration is increasing at a higher rate.
Category: Ocean acidification
Claim: Last December, the respected  journal “Oceanography” published projections (see graphic below) for this rising acidity, measured by falling pH
Evidence: Between 1751 and 1996, surface ocean pH is estimated to have decreased from approximately 8.25 to 8.14, representing an increase of almost 30% in H+ ion concentration in the world's oceans.
Category: Global warming
Claim: Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, and since the 1950s, many of the observed changes are unprecedented over decades to millennia.
Evidence: While there have been prehistoric periods of global warming, many observed changes since the mid-20th century have been unprecedented over decades to millennia.
Category: Hockey stick controversy
Claim: [T]he raw data, the actual thermometer data[...] shows that the US has been cooling for 80 to 90 years.
Evidence: The reconstruction found significant variability around a long-term cooling trend of −0.02 °C per century, as expected from orbital forcing, interrupted in the 20th century by rapid warming which stood out from the whole period, with the 1990s "the warmest decade, and 1998 the warmest year, at moderately high levels of confidence".
Category: Greenhouse gas
Claim: Individual carbon dioxide molecules have a short life time of around 5 years in the atmosphere.
Evidence: The atmospheric lifetime of CO 2 is estimated of the order of 30–95 years.
Category: Scientific consensus on climate change
Claim: El Niño drove record highs in global temperatures suggesting rise may not be down to man-made emissions.
Evidence: While ‘climate change’ can be due to natural forces or human activity, there is now substantial evidence to indicate that human activity – and specifically increased greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions – is a key factor in the pace and extent of global temperature increases.
Category: Hockey stick graph
Claim: Ljungqvist's millennial temperature reconstruction was very similar to Moberg et al.
Evidence: A reconstruction of Arctic temperatures over four centuries by Overpeck et al.
Category: Regional effects of global warming
Claim: But the heads of small island nations, fearful of rising sea levels, had also asked scientists to examine the effects of 2.7 degrees of warming.
Evidence: "Rising sea levels threaten small Pacific island nations".
Category: West Antarctic Ice Sheet
Claim: “‘If you remove the ice shelf, there’s a potential that not just ice-cliff instabilities will start occurring, but a process called marine ice-sheet instabilities,’ says Matthew Wise, a polar scientist at the University of Cambridge.
Evidence: They proposed that changes in air circulation patterns have led to increased upwelling of warm, deep ocean water along the coast of Antarctica and that this warm water has increased melting of floating ice shelves at the edge of the ice sheet.
Category: Positive feedback
Claim: Multiple lines of independent evidence indicate humidity is rising and provides positive feedback.
Evidence: Less water vapor means both low dew point temperatures and more efficient daytime heating, decreasing the chances of humidity in the atmosphere leading to cloud formation.
Category: Retreat of glaciers since 1850
Claim: The report suggests significantly smaller overall  ice-mass losses than previous estimates.
Evidence: The loss in Southern Alps total ice volume from 1976–2014 is 34 percent of the total.
Category: Carbon dioxide
Claim: The current debate on the connection between CO2 emissions and climate change has largely overlooked an independent and equally serious problem, the increasing acidity of our oceans.
Evidence: Also, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) writes in their Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report: "The uptake of anthropogenic carbon since 1750 has led to the ocean becoming more acidic with an average decrease in pH of 0.1 units.
Category: Humboldt Current
Claim: Climate change is because of El Niño.
Evidence: These two species experience population shifts related to climate changes and environmental events such as El Niño.
Category: Global warming
Claim: Ancient natural cycles are irrelevant for attributing recent global warming to humans.
Evidence: In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.
Category: Climate of Antarctica
Claim: the satellite sensors show less warming in the lower troposphere (approximately 10,000 feet above the earth’s surface) than is reported by surface temperature readings.
Evidence: Satellite measurements have identified even lower ground temperatures, with −93.2 °C (−135.8 °F) having been observed at the cloud-free East Antarctic Plateau on 10 August 2010.
Category: Sea level rise
Claim: Global sea level data shows that sea level rise has been increasing since 1880 while future sea level rise predictions are based on physics, not statistics.
Evidence: This is an important confirmation of climate change simulations which predicted that sea level rise would accelerate in response to global warming.
Category: Scientific consensus on climate change
Claim: 97% consensus on human-caused global warming has been disproven
Evidence: 97% of the scientists surveyed agreed that global temperatures had increased during the past 100 years; 84% said they personally believed human-induced warming was occurring, and 74% agreed that "currently available scientific evidence" substantiated its occurrence.
Category: Heat wave
Claim: Heat Waves are increasing at an alarming rate and heat kills.
Evidence: "The Impact of Heat Waves and Cold Spells on Mortality Rates in the Dutch Population".
Category: Global warming
Claim: The motions of the massive oceans where heat is moved between deep layers and the surface provides variability on time scales from years to centuries.
Evidence: By itself, the climate system experiences various cycles which can last for years (such as the El Niño–Southern Oscillation) to decades or centuries.
Category: Climate change feedback
Claim: The warming effect from more CO2 greatly outstrips the influence from changes in the Earth's orbit or solar activity, even if solar levels were to drop to Maunder Minimum levels.
Evidence: The higher CO2 levels led to an additional climate warming ranging between 0.1° and 1.5 °C.
Category: Apple Corps
Claim: They were going to be gone by now, but now they're setting records
Evidence: Lennon said, "It's a company we're setting up, involving records, films, and electronics, and – as a sideline – manufacturing or whatever.
Category: Polar bear
Claim: “A leading Canadian authority on polar bears, Mitch Taylor, said: ‘We’re  seeing an increase in bears that’s really unprecedented, and in places  where we’re seeing a decrease in the population
Evidence: In two areas where harvest levels have been increased based on increased sightings, science-based studies have indicated declining populations, and a third area is considered data-deficient.
Evidence: Warnings about the future of the polar bear are often contrasted with the fact that worldwide population estimates have increased over the past 50 years and are relatively stable today.
Category: Global warming
Claim: Scientists have known for some time, from multiple lines of evidence, that humans are changing Earth’s climate, primarily through greenhouse gas emissions.
Evidence: Scientists have determined that the major factors causing the current climate change are greenhouse gases, land use changes, and aerosols and soot.
Category: Climate change (general concept)
Claim: Climate change is due to cosmic rays.
Evidence: It has been postulated that ionized particles known as cosmic rays could impact cloud cover and thereby the climate.
Category: Climate change (general concept)
Claim: Most likely the primary control knob [on climate change] is the ocean waters and this environment that we live in.
Evidence: "Episodic fresh surface waters in the Eocene Arctic Ocean".
Category: Sea level rise
Claim: but Antarctica is losing land ice at an accelerating rate, which has implications for sea level rise.
Evidence: However scientists have found that ice is being lost, and at an accelerating rate.
Evidence: Warming beyond the 2 °C (3.6 °F) target potentially lead to rates of sea-level rise dominated by ice loss from Antarctica.
Category: Climate system
Claim: Climate change is because of Pacific Decadal Oscillation.
Evidence: "Externally Forced and Internally Generated Decadal Climate Variability Associated with the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation".
Category: Greenhouse gas
Claim: Excess CO2 from human emissions has a long residence time of over 100 years
Evidence: Although more than half of the CO 2 emitted is removed from the atmosphere within a century, some fraction (about 20%) of emitted CO 2 remains in the atmosphere for many thousands of years.
Category: Scientific consensus on climate change
Claim: More than 500 scientists and professionals in climate and related fields have sent a 'European Climate Declaration' to the Secretary-General of the United Nations.
Evidence: European Academy of Sciences and Arts in 2007 issued a formal declaration on climate change titled Let's Be Honest: Human activity is most likely responsible for climate warming.
Category: Virial expansion
Claim: An exponential increase in CO2 will result in a linear increase in temperature
Evidence: The third virial coefficient thus derived would increase monotonically as temperature is lowered from the critical point to the triple point.
Category: Instrumental temperature record
Claim: When the internal variability is removed from the temperature record, what we find is nearly monotonic, accelerating warming throughout the 20th Century.
Evidence: The global average and combined land and ocean surface temperature, show a warming of 0.85 [0.65 to 1.06] °C, in the period 1880 to 2012, based on multiple independently produced datasets.
Evidence: One argument is that of global warming occurring due to human-caused emission of greenhouse gases, particularly carbon dioxide produced by the burning of fossil fuels.
Category: Temperature
Claim: “In their award winning book, ‘Taken By Storm’ (2007), Canadian researchers Christopher Essex and Ross McKitrick explain: ‘Temperature is not an amount of something [like height or weight].
Evidence: Nevertheless, a thermodynamic temperature does in fact have a definite numerical value that has been arbitrarily chosen by tradition and is dependent on the property of a particular materials; it is simply less arbitrary than relative "degrees" scales such as Celsius and Fahrenheit.
Category: Tuvalu
Claim: Tuvalu sea level isn't rising.
Evidence: Mean sea-level rise is projected to continue (very high confidence).
Category: Retractions in academic publishing
Claim: The error was incorrect citation, failing to mention the peer-reviewed papers where the data came from.
Evidence: In academic publishing, a retraction is a statement published in an academic journal stating that a peer-reviewed article previously published in the journal should be considered invalid as a source of knowledge.
Category: Sea level rise
Claim: sea-level rise is not accelerating.
Evidence: "Antarctica ice melt has accelerated by 280% in the last 4 decades".
Category: Mars
Claim: Martian climate is primarily driven by dust and albedo and there is little empirical evidence that Mars is showing long term warming.
Evidence: The wide range in temperatures is due to the thin atmosphere which cannot store much solar heat, the low atmospheric pressure, and the low thermal inertia of Martian soil.
Category: Neptune
Claim: Neptune's orbit is 164 years so observations (1950 to present day) span less than a third of a Neptunian year.
Evidence: The average distance between Neptune and the Sun is 4.5 billion km (about 30.1 astronomical units (AU)), and it completes an orbit on average every 164.79 years, subject to a variability of around ±0.1 years.
Category: Human
Claim: Through decades of research, it has become clear that human civilization, roughly 6,000 years old, developed during an unusually stable period for global sea levels.
Evidence: Humans began to exhibit evidence of behavioral modernity at least by about 100-70,000 years ago and (according to recent evidence) as far back as around 300,000 years ago, in the Middle Stone Age, (with some features of behavioral modernity possibly beginning earlier, and possibly in parallel with evolutionary brain globularization in H. sapiens).
Category: Great Barrier Reef
Claim: Scientists confirm a mass bleaching event on the Great Barrier Reef this year has killed more corals than ever before, with more than two thirds destroyed across large swathes of the biodiverse site.
Evidence: Many of the mature breeding adults died in the bleaching events of 2016–17 leading to low coral birth rates.
Category: Global warming hiatus
Claim: Satellite temperature readings going back to 1979 show 1998 was by far the warmest year in the satellite era
Evidence: The IPCC Fourth Assessment Report in 2007 reported that "2005 and 1998 were the warmest two years in the instrumental global surface-air temperature record since 1850.
Category: Coral bleaching
Claim: Over the last 30-40 years 80% of coral in the Caribbean have been destroyed and 50% in Indonesia and the Pacific.
Evidence: During this time, over 70 percent of the coral reefs around the world have become damaged.
Category: United Kingdom
Claim: And from 1940 to today, flood damage as a percentage of GDP has fallen to less than 0.05 per cent per year from about 0.2 per cent.
Evidence: This compares to 0.3 per cent per year in the period 1991 to 2001 and 0.2 per cent in the decade 1981 to 1991.
Category: Climate change in the Arctic
Claim: Overall Greenland is losing ice mass at an accelerating rate.
Evidence: The rate of the decline in entire Arctic ice coverage is accelerating.
Category: Hyperthermia
Claim: “The Lancet researchers found that about 0.5%—half a percent—of all deaths are associated with heat, not only from acute problems like heat stroke, but also increased mortality from cardiac events and dehydration.
Evidence: The associated mortality rates of heatstroke is between 40-64%.
Evidence: Air pollution was also found to be associated with increased incidence and mortality from coronary stroke in a cohort study in 2011.
Category: Sea level rise
Claim: The Greenland ice sheet is at least 400,000 years old and warming was not global when Europeans settled in Greeland 1,000 years ago
Evidence: This acceleration is due mostly to human-caused global warming, which is driving thermal expansion of seawater and the melting of land-based ice sheets and glaciers.
Category: Daylight saving time
Claim: The 2007's early start to Daylight Saving Time contributed to global warming.
Evidence: In Western Australia during summer 2006–2007, DST increased electricity consumption during hotter days and decreased it during cooler days, with consumption rising 0.6% overall.
Category: Solar energy
Claim: If we got solar energy from "an area of the Southwestern desert 100 miles on a side, that would be enough, in and of itself, to provide 100 percent of all the electricity needs for the United States of America in a full year."
Evidence: The 392 MW Ivanpah Solar Power Facility, in the Mojave Desert of California, is the largest solar power plant in the world.
Category: Models of communication
Claim: "Cloud cover in models is poorly treated and inaccurately predicted.
Evidence: Such approaches are meant to predict a phenomenon.
Category: Physics
Claim: "Skeptics hope that Postma’s alternative thermal model will lead  to the birth of a new climatology, one that actually follows the laws of  physics and properly physical modeling techniques...
Evidence: The problems in this field start with a "mathematical model of a physical situation" (system) and a "mathematical description of a physical law" that will be applied to that system.
Category: Physical impacts of climate change
Claim: The human contribution can be up to 30 percent or so of the total rainfall coming out of the storm
Evidence: We show that at the present-day warming of 0.85 °C about 18% of the moderate daily precipitation extremes over land are attributable to the observed temperature increase since pre-industrial times, which in turn primarily results from human influence.
Category: Great Lakes
Claim: Satellite error inflated Great Lakes temperatures
Evidence: "More recently, evaporation over lakes has steadily been increasing, largely due to increases in water surface temperature," Gronewold said.
Category: Global warming
Claim: Global warming' and 'climate change' mean different things and have both been used for decades.
Evidence: In technical sources, the term climate change is also used to refer to past and future climate changes that persist for and extended period of time, and includes regional changes as well as global change.
Category: Retreat of glaciers since 1850
Claim: Ice Sheet losses are overestimated.
Evidence: Between 2000 and 2016, 29 % of the glacierized area was lost, the remaining area estimated at around 1,300 km2 (500 sq mi).
Category: Ice age
Claim: There is ample evidence that Earth's average temperature has increased in the past 100 years and the decline of mid- and high-latitude glaciers is a major piece of evidence.
Evidence: There is considerable evidence that over the very recent period of the last 100–1000 years, the sharp increases in human activity, especially the burning of fossil fuels, has caused the parallel sharp and accelerating increase in atmospheric greenhouse gases which trap the sun's heat.
Category: Violence
Claim: Armed conflicts over resources may become a reality, and have the potential to escalate into nuclear war.
Evidence: War is fought as a means of resolving territorial and other conflicts, as war of aggression to conquer territory or loot resources, in national self-defence or liberation, or to suppress attempts of part of the nation to secede from it.
Evidence: The Soviets suppressed the Hungarian Revolution of 1956, and later more escalating crises occurred, such as the Suez Crisis (1956), the Berlin Crisis of 1961 and the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962, which was perhaps the closest the two sides came to nuclear war.
Evidence: This led to rising international tensions over the coming decades and eventually to a global nuclear war in 2077, destroying civilization across the globe.
Category: Hurricane Harvey
Claim: [climate scientists] say that aspects of the case of Hurricane Harvey suggest global warming is making a bad situation worse.
Evidence: Weather events are due to multiple factors, and so cannot be said to be caused by one precondition, but climate change affects aspects of extreme events, and very likely worsened some of the impacts of Harvey.
Category: Orbital resonance
Claim: "The solar system oscillates with a 60-year cycle due to the Jupiter/Saturn three-synodic cycle and to a Jupiter/Saturn beat tidal cycle...
Evidence: As mentioned above, Gliese 876 e, b and c are in a Laplace resonance, with a 4:2:1 ratio of periods (124.3, 61.1 and 30.0 days).
Category: Greenland ice sheet
Claim: The world’s alpine glaciers recorded a net annual loss of ice for the 36th consecutive year and the Greenland ice sheet … experienced melting over more than 50% of its surface.
Evidence: It was estimated that in the year 2007 Greenland ice sheet melting was higher than ever, 592 km3 (142.0 cu mi).
Evidence: The area of melting in 2002 broke all previous records.
Category: ZFS
Claim: The interesting point is that it also seems each time they come across a new  dataset it is simply replaced.
Evidence: A pool level snapshot (known as a "checkpoint") is available which allows rollback of operations that may affect the entire pool's structure, or which add or remove entire datasets.
Category: Retreat of glaciers since 1850
Claim: Wu et al (2010) use a new method to calculate ice sheet mass balance.
Evidence: The mass balance, or difference between accumulation and ablation (melting and sublimation), of a glacier is crucial to its survival.
Category: IPCC Fifth Assessment Report
Claim: Latest IPCC Reports (AR5) have shown global mean temperature forecasts from the 2005 IPCC report exceeded actual readings.
Evidence: The global surface temperature increase by the end of the 21st century is likely to exceed 1.5 °C relative to the 1850 to 1900 period for most scenarios, and is likely to exceed 2.0 °C for many scenarios The global water cycle will change, with increases in disparity between wet and dry regions, as well as wet and dry seasons, with some regional exceptions.
Category: Wild fisheries
Claim: describes a world of worsening food shortages and wildfires, and a mass die-off of coral reefs as soon as 2040
Evidence: A recent paper published by the National Academy of Sciences of the USA warns that: "Synergistic effects of habitat destruction, overfishing, introduced species, warming, acidification, toxins, and massive runoff of nutrients are transforming once complex ecosystems like coral reefs and kelp forests into monotonous level bottoms, transforming clear and productive coastal seas into anoxic dead zones, and transforming complex food webs topped by big animals into simplified, microbially dominated ecosystems with boom and bust cycles of toxic dinoflagellate blooms, jellyfish, and disease".
Category: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
Claim: In 1990 the United Nation’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) predicted that temperatures would rise by 0.54F (0.3C) per decade.
Evidence: They predict that under a "business as usual" (BAU) scenario, global mean temperature will increase by about 0.3 °C per decade during the [21st] century.
Category: Sea level rise
Claim: “Our analyses do not indicate  acceleration in sea level in U.S. tide gauge records during the 20th  century,” the study’s authors concluded.
Evidence: For instance, a 2016 study led by Jim Hansen concluded that based on past climate change data, sea level rise could accelerate exponentially in the coming decades, with a doubling time of 10, 20 or 40 years, respectively, raising the ocean by several meters in 50, 100 or 200 years.
Category: Post-glacial rebound
Claim: Thanks to a rapid rebound in recent months, global sea ice levels now equal those seen 29 years ago, when the year 1979 also drew to a close.
Evidence: Unusually rapid (up to 4.1 cm/year) present glacial isostatic rebound due to recent ice mass losses in the Amundsen Sea embayment region of Antarctica coupled with low regional mantle viscosity is predicted to provide a modest stabilizing influence on marine ice sheet instability in West Antarctica, but likely not to a sufficient degree to arrest it.
Category: Urbanization
Claim: Urban and rural regions show the same warming trend.
Evidence: For North America and Europe, such practice could reduce earth warming trends.
Category: Climate change and agriculture
Claim: Australia accounts for 1.5 per cent of global carbon emissions.
Evidence: Agriculture, forestry and land-use change contributed around 20 to 25% of global annual emissions in 2010.
Category: Scientific consensus on climate change
Claim: Through its impacts on the climate, CO2 presents a danger to public health and welfare, and thus qualifies as an air pollutant
Evidence: It is anticipated that continuing changes to the climate will have serious negative impacts on public, animal and ecosystem health due to extreme weather events, changing disease transmission dynamics, emerging and re-emerging diseases, and alterations to habitat and ecological systems that are essential to wildlife conservation.
Category: Global cooling
Claim: But each serial adjustment has tended to make the early years colder, which increases the warming trend.
Evidence: The RSS satellite temperature record showed a slight cooling trend, but the UAH satellite temperature record showed a slight warming trend.
Category: Global warming
Claim: Overall, about 90% of the global warming occurs after the CO2 increase.
Evidence: Higher atmospheric CO2 concentrations have led to an increase in dissolved CO2, which causes ocean acidification.
Category: Paleotempestology
Claim: Coastal lake sediments along the Gulf of Mexico shoreline from 1,000 to 2,000 years ago suggest more frequent and intense hurricanes than occur today.
Evidence: In the Gulf of Mexico, catastrophic hurricane strikes at given locations occur once about every 350 years in the last 3,800 years or about 0.48%-0.39% annual frequency at any given site, with a recurrence rate of 300 years or 0.33% annual probability at sites in the Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico; category 3 or more storms occur at a rate of 3.9 - 0.1 category 3 or more storms per century in the northern Gulf of Mexico.
Category: Newt Gingrich
Claim: Newt Gingrich "teamed with Nancy Pelosi and Al Gore on global warming."
Evidence: "Former foes Clinton, Gingrich band up on health care plan".
Category: Scientific consensus on climate change
Claim: Climate change need not endanger anyone”
Evidence: Mitigation will reduce the amount of future climate change and the risk of impacts that are potentially large and dangerous.
Category: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
Claim: The panel was forced to retract a statement in its 2007 report saying all Himalayan glaciers could melt entirely by 2035.
Evidence: A paragraph in the 2007 Working Group II report ("Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability"), chapter 10 included a projection that Himalayan glaciers could disappear by 2035 Glaciers in the Himalaya are receding faster than in any other part of the world (see Table 10.9) and, if the present rate continues, the likelihood of them disappearing by the year 2035 and perhaps sooner is very high if the Earth keeps warming at the current rate.
Category: Paris
Claim: temperatures were 6-10C above normal over most of France, Germany and northern Spain during the final days of the month, according to C3S.
Evidence: Summer days are usually warm and pleasant with average temperatures between 15 and 25 °C (59 and 77 °F), and a fair amount of sunshine.
Category: Human overpopulation
Claim: Each year sees the disappearance of thousands of plant and animal species which we will never know, which our children will never see, because they have been lost for ever.
Evidence: Present extinction rates may be as high as 140,000 species lost per year due to human activity, such as slash-and-burn techniques that sometimes are practiced by shifting cultivators, especially in countries with rapidly expanding rural populations, which have reduced habitat in tropical forests.
Category: Sea level rise
Claim: Together, these two unaltered [sea level] datasets indicate that global mean sea level trend has remained stable over the entire period 1992-2007, altogether eliminating the apparent 3.2 mm/year rate of sea-level rise arising from the “adjusted” data.
Evidence: This network was used, in combination with satellite altimeter data, to establish that global mean sea-level rose 19.5 cm (7.7 in) between 1870 and 2004 at an average rate of about 1.44 mm/yr (1.7 mm/yr during the 20th century).
Category: Global warming
Claim: The broader term covers changes beyond warmer temperatures, such as shifting rainfall patterns.”
Evidence: The effects of global warming include rising sea levels, regional changes in precipitation, more frequent extreme weather events such as heat waves, and expansion of deserts.
Category: Ocean acidification
Claim: When life is considered, ocean acidification is often found to be a non-problem, or even a benefit.
Evidence: Aside from the slowing and/or reversing of calcification, organisms may suffer other adverse effects, either indirectly through negative impacts on food resources, or directly as reproductive or physiological effects.
Category: Retreat of glaciers since 1850
Claim: Greenland has only lost a tiny fraction of its ice mass.
Evidence: Between 2000 and 2016, 29 % of the glacierized area was lost, the remaining area estimated at around 1,300 km2 (500 sq mi).
Category: Greenhouse gas
Claim: "We have been grossly misled to think there is tens of thousands of times as much CO2 as there is!
Evidence: "CO2 in the atmosphere just exceeded 415 parts per million for the first time in human history".
Category: Carbon dioxide
Claim: Plants need almost three times today’s carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere to thrive.
Evidence: Plants can grow as much as 50 percent faster in concentrations of 1,000 ppm CO 2 when compared with ambient conditions, though this assumes no change in climate and no limitation on other nutrients.
Category: Medieval Warm Period
Claim: While the Medieval Warm Period saw unusually warm temperatures in some regions, globally the planet was cooler than current conditions.
Evidence: study found warmth exceeding 1961–1990 levels in Southern Greenland and parts of North America during the Medieval Climate Anomaly (defined in the study from 950 to 1250) with warmth in some regions exceeding temperatures of the 1990–2010 period.
Category: Gulf War
Claim: […] Constant 24-7  media coverage of every significant storm worldwide just makes it seem  that way.”
Evidence: At the same time, the war's coverage was new in its instantaneousness.
Category: Agriculture
Claim: The amount of land we use for meat — humankind’s biggest use of land — has declined by an area nearly as large as Alaska
Evidence: As of 2010[update], 30% of Earth's ice- and water-free area was used for producing livestock, with the sector employing approximately 1.3 billion people.
Category: Global warming hiatus
Claim: Loehle and Scafetta find a 60 year cycle causing global warming
Evidence: A study published in January 2015 proposed that the hiatus resulted from a 60-year oscillatory pattern of natural variability ssociated with the AMO and PDO, interacting with a secular warming trend due mainly to human caused increases in greenhouse gas levels.
Category: Coral
Claim: Many of the world’s coral reefs are already barren or in a state of constant decline.
Evidence: Approximately 10% of the world's coral reefs are dead.
Category: Tide pool
Claim: More than half of the 44 studies selected for publication found that raised levels of CO2 had little or no impact on marine life, including crabs, limpets, sea urchins and sponges
Evidence: Low tide zone organisms include abalone, anemones, brown seaweed, chitons, crabs, green algae, hydroids, isopods, limpets, mussels, and sometimes even small vertebrates such as fish.
Category: Effects of global warming
Claim: The number of record high temperature events in the United States has been increasing, while the number of record low temperature events has been decreasing, since 1950.
Evidence: In Australia, the annual number of hot days (above 35°C) and very hot days (above 40°C) has increased significantly in many areas of the country since 1950.
Category: Climate sensitivity
Claim: Study finds low probability of both very low and very high climate sensitivities, and its lower estimate (as compared to the IPCC) is based on a new temperature reconstruction of the Last Glacial Maximum that may or may not withstand the test of time.
Evidence: For constant humidity they computed a climate sensitivity of 2.3 °C per doubling of CO2 (which they rounded to 2, the value most often quoted from their work, in the abstract of the paper).
Category: California
Claim: No state generates as much solar power as California, or has as many people whose jobs depend on it.
Evidence: Natural gas-fired power plants typically account for more than one-half of state electricity generation.
Category: Thermohaline circulation
Claim: This small warming is  likely a result of the natural alterations in global ocean currents  which are driven by ocean salinity variations.
Evidence: The thermohaline circulation is mainly driven by the formation of deep water masses in the North Atlantic and the Southern Ocean caused by differences in temperature and salinity of the water.
Category: Marine habitats
Claim: But as that upper layer warms up, the oxygen-rich waters are less likely to mix down into cooler layers of the ocean because the warm waters are less dense and do not sink as readily.
Evidence: Water that is saltier or cooler will be denser, and will sink in relation to the surrounding water.
Category: Greenhouse gas
Claim: The main greenhouse gas is water vapour[…]
Evidence: Similar issues apply to other greenhouse gases, many of which have longer mean lifetimes than CO 2, e.g.
Category: Smart grid
Claim: “As soon as renewables were introduced into the grid, electric­ity prices increased and delivery became unreliable.
Evidence: While traditionally load balancing strategies have been designed to change consumers' consumption patterns to make demand more uniform, developments in energy storage and individual renewable energy generation have provided opportunities to devise balanced power grids without affecting consumers' behavior.
Category: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
Claim: The IPCC’s predicted equilibrium warming path bears no relation to the far lesser rate of “global warming” that has been observed in the 21st century to date.
Evidence: They judge that global mean surface air temperature has increased by 0.3 to 0.6 °C over the last 100 years, broadly consistent with prediction of climate models, but also of the same magnitude as natural climate variability.
Category: Global warming
Claim: Warming causes more moisture in the air which leads to more extreme precipitation events.
Evidence: As air gets warmer, it can hold more moisture.
Evidence: Over most of the mid-latitude land masses and wet tropical regions, extreme precipitation events will very likely become more intense and frequent.