# Blender 3D: Noob to Pro/Beginning Modeling Final Project

Now that you\'ve gotten the hang of 3D modeling, it\'s important to get
some community feedback on your progress. Don\'t be an idiot and skip
this part, or you\'ll regret it later. Basically this will help you
track your progress and give you something that you\'ll be working on
over a long term and something you\'ll be proud of.

-   First, you need to come up with a project idea. You can choose your
    own modeling project, or choose one from the list below.

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```
-   Second, you need to create a model of your idea. Spend a couple of
    hours on it, and give it some details.

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```
-   Third, once you believe you\'ve come far enough with the model, post
    it in the Works In
    Progress
    forum on BlenderArtists.org(formerly elysiun.com) (you will have to
    create an account if you haven\'t already). Post several screenshots
    of your model from within the Blender (note: creating screenshots is
    outside the scope of this wikibook, though see note lower down the
    page). You can post whatever subject and message with your posting
    that you would like, or you can use this suggested subject and
    message:

:   Subject: Beginning Modeling Final Project - `<project name>`{=html}

```{=html}
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```

:

    :   Please assist me with any feedback on my model, keeping in mind
        that I am an absolute beginner still. I appreciate your help.

-   Wait for feedback. It usually comes very quickly. If you have any
    questions about feedback that you are given, don\'t be afraid to ask
    your questions in the forum.

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```
-   When you and others that have viewed your work feel that you are
    ready, save your model in some place you can get back to easily. You
    will continue working on this project once you\'ve learned some new
    skills.

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Move on to the next page.

(BTW. in Windows and/or maybe other OS, to take a screenshot press
\'PrtScn\' (PrintScreen). It will copy the screen to clipboard for you
to paste in your favourite graphics application. This may not work in
other OSs but try anyway. You can also create Blender screenshot
directly from Blender using menu **File\>Dump 3DView\...** or
**File\>Dump Screen\...** )

(In linux under the KDE I use ksnapshot, check under the graphics tab
and see if you have it. If not it should be just a google search away :)
gl and happy blendering)

(On Mac OS X, press Command (Apple) + Shift + 3 to do a full screen
capture)

-   List of ideas:
-   A Computer and keyboard
-   A fishing rod
-   A train engine
-   A skyscraper
-   A robot
-   A Tank (real or made up)
-   An airplane
-   A truck or car
-   Household appliances
-   A Weapon


# Blender 3D: Noob to Pro/Platonic Solids

The **Platonic solids** or **Platonic polyhedra** are the convex
polyhedra where all faces are copies of the same regular polygon, and
the same number of edges meet at every vertex. There are five of these
shapes: the tetrahedron (like a pyramid but with a triangular base):
cube, octahedron, dodecahedron and icosahedron.

Recent versions of Blender include an addon called "Regular Solids",
which lets you instantly generate these and a whole bunch of other
similar shapes. However, the following steps do not require any addons.

### The Tetrahedron

Bring up the Add Mesh menu (Shift+A), and select a Cone. Set the number
of Vertices to 3, leave Radius 1 at its default value of 1.000 and
Radius 2 at 0.000[^1]. Now, set the Depth to $\sqrt{2} \approx 1.414$.
To make sure that you have a regular tetrahedron, you can check the
lengths of the edges (in Edit Mode, press N to open the Properties panel
and locate the checkbox **Length** in the section **Edge Info**).

### The Cube

This happens to be a built-in shape in Blender. Just bring up the Add
Mesh menu, and select Cube. Done!

### The Octahedron

This shape is the *dual* of the cube---it has vertices where the cube
has faces, and faces where the cube has vertices. To make it, first
create a cube. Press  to switch to Edit
mode. All the vertices should already be selected. Press
 to bring up the Specials menu, and select
the Bevel function (or select it directly with
). As you move the mouse, you will
see each vertex of the cube turn into a triangular face; don't bother
getting the shape exactly right, simply press
 to finish the drag. Then, look in the
panel that should have appeared at the bottom of the Toolshelf on the
left of the 3D view (press  to toggle
its visibility); you should see an editable numeric field labelled
"Offset". Type the value 1.0 into this field, and that should exactly
form the octahedron shape.

Finally, bring up the Specials menu again, and this time select Remove
Doubles[^2].

### The Icosahedron

Bring up the Add Mesh menu, and select an Icosphere. Set the Subdivision
to 1. Simple!

### The Dodecahedron

This shape is the dual of the icosahedron. To create it, make an
icosahedron as above. Then do what you did to make an octahedron out of
a cube: press  to switch to Edit mode.
All the vertices should already be selected. Press
 to bring up the Specials menu, and select
the Bevel function. As with the octahedron, press
 to finish the drag. Then set the Offset
value to 0.30310889132, which comes from the formula
$\frac{a\sqrt{3}}{6}$, with $a$ being the edge length of the icosahedron
(1.05 if made by the method above)[^3].

Then, bring up the Specials menu again, and this time select Remove
Doubles[^4], you should see the message "Removed 40 vertices" briefly
flash up.

![](BlenderPlatonicSolids.png "BlenderPlatonicSolids.png")

### Exercise

What's the dual of the tetrahedron? Try applying the Bevel operation to
one of those; what do you end up with?

## External Link

Wikipedia article

[^1]: Blender 2.8\^ in the \"Adjust last operation\" menu in the lower
    left corner only available after the first creation

[^2]: Blender 2.8\^: Merge Vertices By Distance

[^3]: To understand why this formula works: understand how the dual is
    formed, how offset in Blender works and what the formula computes
    (http://www.treenshop.com/Treenshop/ArticlesPages/FiguresOfInterest_Article/The%20Equilateral%20Triangle.htm)

[^4]: Blender 2.8\^: Merge Vertices By Distance


# Blender 3D: Noob to Pro/Polygonal Modeling

As the name suggest, polygonal modeling involves constructing the models
out of polygons. Strictly, software packages works only with triangles.
Blender could show you quads and some software packages could even let
you work with polygons with more than 4 sides (n-gons) but these
packages work internally only with triangles. These triangles are hidden
so that you could concentrate more on modeling.

While different modelers works differently, they would still follow
certain workflows (some call this techniques). These are familiarly
called box modeling and polygon-by-polygon modeling (poly-by-poly
modeling).

**Box modeling** is a top-down approach where modelers start with a
primitive (usually a cube (box), hence the box in box modeling). Then
from this primitive, the model\'s form is build up where details are
gradually added.

**Poly-by-poly modeling** is almost the opposite of box modeling. It is
the bottom-up approach where modelers start with a plane or even a
vertex. Using extrusion and other tools, more geometries are added.
Polygon by polygon the model is gradually build.

Neither of the two is better than the other but there are instances
where one workflow lends much better to the situation. One typical
advantage of box modeling is that at early stage, you are able to
conceive first the form (the whole) of the model and is better equipped
to do general corrections without bothering yet with the details.
Poly-by-poly otherwise give you more control on the geometry and is much
more easier to use in modeling complex forms like the human ear.
Complications do arise when working with the two. In box modeling, it is
typically difficult to manage the geometry when adding details.
Experience is necessary so as not to create a mess. Poly-by-poly
modeling otherwise has its own quirks. Since you are going detail by
detail, it is easy to make a mess with the models form (i.e. wrong
proportions).

While the two are opposites, they compliment each other beautifully.
Most modelers would combine the two workflows in a variety of
proportions, combining the strength of each. For example one might model
a human body using box modeling while the head and the ears are done
using poly-by-poly modeling.

**Blocking with primitives** is added to enrich approaches is modeling.
It is basically box modeling in conjunction with divide-and-conquer
approach. Different parts are modeled separately with their own
primitives and later attached with the others to form the whole.


# Blender 3D: Noob to Pro/Box Modeling

Easy to undertake and flexible, box modeling is a favorite of beginners
and veterans alike. It is fun to work with and general results are
visible in a short time. It is a powerful work flow that any modelers
should know.

## Before We Start

Before doing any modeling, it is vital to plan first. Gather references
and make a general plan on how to tackle the modeling phase. Being ready
will save you a lot of complications later.

## The Work Flow

With box modeling, start with a primitive that is appropriate for your
subject. Most start with a box and generally a good primitive to start.
Then, from the primitive, using a variety of tools, mold the essential
form of your model. Also called the roughing phase. Don\'t delve on
details here, those are to be tackled later. Finally, on this form, we
go to the nearly recursive process of adding details. Layer by layer,
details are added until the required amount of detail is achieved.

#### Start with a Primitive

Select the proper primitive for your work. Most modelers start with a
cube. The cube is the most flexible primitive available and is suitable
to almost all form of subjects. But, in many cases, selecting other form
of primitives would cut out most of the modeling required. A gun is a
cinch to model using a cylinder. With a little adjustment, a torus forms
a good doughnut. In an instant a ball can be made out of a sphere. So
produce your primitive to work with.

#### Rough It Out

Take the primitive and start modifying it to capture the essential form
of your subject. Tools like extrude, loop cut, scale and grab are very
handy for this. Avoid worrying about details at this stage. Those are to
be done later.

#### Adding Details, Details and more Details

Now, we approach the most difficult and unquestionably the most fun
part. Using a variety of modeling tools, modify the form again to
incorporate details. Add details layer by layer, from general to
specific. Planning, studying and experience would help you go through.
Continue until you achieve the desired level of detail.

Adding details requires subdivision or addition of polygons. The knife
and the loop cut tool is handy for subdividing meshes. Extrusion is
great for adding details like horns and fingers. Face and edge loop must
be herded to other directions at times and warrants a study by itself.
Blender provides you with required tools to achieve all of this.

At this stage, beginners and experienced modelers alike will find their
meshes getting more and more difficult to work with as the mesh gets a
more and more dense at each level of details added. Planning, an eye to
the edge flows and experience alleviate this. So plan and keep
practicing.


# Blender 3D: Noob to Pro/Model a Chair-Preparations

|previous=Illustrative example: Model a Chair (Swan Chair)
}}
```
Many people do not know what a Swan chair look like. Its time to open up
the internet browser and search for images. Or if you have an actual
Swan chair with you, your lucky. You can look at a real model while
modeling. This would simplify decisions and remove the need for guessing
certain details that you are not available with image searches alone.

## Knowing our model

We need to know what we are modeling look like. You can\'t do this
without references to guide you. A simple image search with Google would
provide you the references you need.

Gather several images that gives you different views of the chair. A
front and a side view is great to use as a background image to guide as
while modeling. Also, gather at least one image that shows the chair at
an oblique angle so that it will provide a much more \"3d\" view. This
will shows more clearly the shape of the chair, more than the front and
side view alone would give you.

## Loop study

Take time to study the model. For simple models like this, it would be
quite quick, especially with experience. For this project, the loops are
as shown bellow.

The pink loop goes around the edge of the chair defining the chair\'s
edges and thickness. The light green, light blue and light purple loops
follows and create the form of the chair. The crossing green loops forms
the bottom of the chair. The light blue and green loops contribute for
the form of the \"wings\", while the purple and green loops form the
back. Its a simple loop structure, its topologically (sorry for using
the term) the same as this cube extruded to form a T (upside down so the
loops would match more).

While modeling keep these loops in mind and try to achieve the loops.
For this project, the loops are achieved with simple extrusions of a
cube, just like the T piece above, but in a form that looks more like
the chair.


# Blender 3D: Noob to Pro/Model a Chair-The Seat

|previous=Model a Chair-Preparations
}}
```
After studying the subject, we are ready to tackle modeling it. Start up
Blender.

## Start with a Primitive

For this project we would use a cube. The cube already has several face
loop we need and none of that we don\'t, so this primitive is a good
starting point.

Opening Blender, we are already supplied with the default cube which is
handy. If you don\'t have the default cube because you change the
setting or remove it, simply add a new cube. Name this primitive
something sensible like \"Swan Chair\" because it would become our chair
later. Move the cube or adjust the background image until the cube is
centered at our image. After doing that we proceed shaping our cube to
create the basic form of our chair.

## Rough it out

Since we are modeling a symmetrical object, lets take advantage of it
and use the mirror modifier. Cut the cube in the front exactly in half
by using loop cut at center (Shift + RKey -\> middle click, or Ctrl +
RKey -\> middle click on this editor\'s computer). For those with no
middle buttons you could use subdivide. Select the vertical edges (go to
edge select mode first, Ctrl + Tab -\> 2) then use subdivide tool (WKey
-\> 1). Remove the left half by deleting the vertices. Then add a mirror
modifier in the modifier stack. This is available at the edit buttons,
select the modifiers tab the click the \"Add Modifier\" button and
select \"Mirror\" from the selection. Activate \"do clipping\" from the
mirror modifier panel that appeared to prevent accidental movement of
the central vertices.

(Noob Note: If you follow these instructions, you\'ll have a gap between
the mesh and its mirror. I fixed this by increasing the \"Merge Limit\"
option in the Mirror modifier menu to .1.)

Move the vertices so that it would follow the shape of the bottom of the
chair image.

Note that the reference images used does not match very well. This is
because of perspective and camera angle distortion. In this case use the
side image sice it shows less distortion. Use the front reference image
as an eyeballing guide for the front side of the chair. An oblique
reference as stated earlier in planning stages is helpful to guide you
in this condition.

Add an edgeloop using the loop cut tool (Shift+RKey) as shown in the
image bellow. Move the newly created vertices to follow the references

Its is good practice that while modeling you had to view your model at
various views not only the standard front, side and top views. Remember
that you are modeling a 3d object. What looks good in this some views
are not necessarily good in other views. This would result in
complications like the familiar flat face look in face models. Moving
your view around would help you prevent this. Shown bellow is the view
of the model at an oblique view.

Now extrude the back part of the model to form the back part of the
chair. Adjust the newly formed vertices to follow your guide images as
shown bellow.

Its a good practice to see the model at various views while modeling
here is how it look like now at an oblique view:

Select the following faces. We are going to extrude it to form the sides
for the chair.

Extrude the faces and adjust newly formed vertices to conform with the
guide images.

And now the oblique view.

The back still does not look good so add the following edge loop.

Adjust it.

Remember to rotate your view to see problem areas.

Add this edge loop too.

Adjust.

And keeping with our good practice.

Say, the form is finished. The loops are all in place and the form is
easily identified as a rough model of the Swan chair.

## Adding More Details

Now the basic form of the model is finished and with all important loops
in place detailing this model is easy. Lets start by defining the back.
Add these edge loops.

Move the newly created vertices to fit the references.

Be sure that the model looks right at various angles. The references
images collected earlier will help. Adjust vertices if necessary.

The sides need to be taken care of too so add these edge loops.

Then adjust the vertices.

This is how the model now looks like.

Continue by adding these loops.

And adjust as usual.

Check that it looks good at other views too. Move vertices as necessary.

Keep repeating this procedure. Add loops then adjust. Here is the loops
that was added to the model. Tweaked after adding each.

The outline of the chair needs rounding up. Add these loops and tweak so
it looks like the one shown.

This is now how the mode looks like.

Its rather tedious to add more loops at this time so lets do a cheat.
Select all vertices (press AKey a few times) and then subdivide (WKey
-\> 1Key) to add more vertices.

The model looks blocky so lets smooth it out. While the whole chair is
still selected smooth the vertices by clicking Smooth a few times (Edit
buttons -\>Mesh tools -\> Smooth; also available at WKey-\>Smooth). It
would smooth out the model.

Admire the work (and tweak if necessary).

This is optional. Add this loop and scale along normal (Alt + Skey) to
scale it in. Adjust vertices if necessary.


# Blender 3D: Noob to Pro/Model a Chair-The Feet

|previous=Model a Chair-The Seat
}}
```
Now the seat is finished, time for the legs for it to stand on.

## Starting Primitive

The leg is mainly made up of cylinders so a cylinder is a very good
primitive to start. In object mode add a cylinder with 16
vertices.Center the cylinder on the upper part of the telescope.

Tip: to make the cylinder centered relative to the seats center, while
in object mode select the seat then hit Shift+Skey (Snap options) then
select Cursor-\>Selection. The 3d cursor would be moved to the center of
our seat. Now when you add the cylinder, the cylinders center would be
located at the cursor which is also at the seats center. Now all you
have to do is to move the cylinder along the y and z axis because it
would be properly located relative to the x axis.

Hide or move the Seat to another layer so that it would not intrude
while modeling the leg.

## The Upper Telescope

Go to edit mode and scale the cylinder until its radius match the radius
of the upper telescopic element of the chair\'s leg. Then move the top
and bottom vertices to match the reference.

Extrude the bottom part and place it a little lower. Extrude again and
right click so that the newly created vertices would remain in their
position. Scale the vertices a little. Extrude again and move the
extruded region up the cylinder.

Remove the top and bottom vertices that cap the ends.

We will be using subsurf modifier to make this part smother. Add this
loop to constrain the smoothing on this area.

## The Lower Telescope

Now lets start with the lower part. Add a cylinder in object mode and
adjust the newly created vertices to match the reference.

The legs would be extruded from this cylinder. Add this loop to prepare.

Select the faces between the newly added loop and the bottom loop.
Extrude this faces but right click after extrusion so the extruded faces
remain in their position. Now scale them constrained along the xy-plane
(Skey-\>Shift+Zkey) a little. This is how it should now look.

In top view select the two topmost faces and extrude to form the back
leg. Shape the tip according based on the reference. Here is the steps
taken to shape the tip. First after extruding, Constrained scale the tip
along the x-axis (SKey-\>XKey) to make the tip thinner. Then move the
tip lower. Deselect all, then select the top vertices of the tip and
lower this vertices further.

Shape the base as shown bellow. This is done by selecting the vertices
where the leg connects to the base then constrained scaling it along the
y-axis to zero (Skey-\>YKey-\>0key). Then move the scaled vertices
further back.

Then add an edge loop as shown bellow. constrained scale the newly
created edgeloop along the x-axis to make it thinner.

We will be using the subsurf modifier to smooth our model so lets add
the following edge loops so that the model will smooth properly. Add an
edgeloop at the tip.

And this loops on the side.

Also remove the vertex that cap the top because we will not be needing
it and it would cause smoothing artifact when subsurfed.

Now how about the other legs? We will be using Spin duplicate tool to
make those. In top view select the central vertex then snap our 3d
cursor to it.

Now remove the other part of the cylinder as shown. We would be left
with a quarter part of the whole leg assembly.

Select all the vertices that are left. Change the parameters of the spin
tool to this: degrees to 360, steps to 4. Click on the \"Spin Dup\". If
you have multiple 3d views, your mouse cursor would turn into a question
mark. Move your cursor to the top view and then click. The other legs
would appear as shown bellow. This legs are made of separate mesh and
the original leg have a duplicate at exactly the same position creating
double vertices. Connect the mesh and remove the doubles by selecting
the whole mesh then remove the doubles (Wkey-\>Remove Doubles).

## The Stops

Now lets create the Black Stops on every tip of the leg. We would be
creating this joined to the legs as one object then separate it later.
Its just that it seems more easy that way.

Without leaving edit mode, add a cube. scale an move it to one of the
tip. Move the cube so that it would be lower that usual to separate it
from the other mesh making it easier to edit it without disturbing the
others.

Shape the cube to match the tip. This should be easy by now. The whole
step is left out.

Subsurf would be used to this too so add extra loops to control how the
mesh would be smooth.

Now make copies of the stops using the Spin Duplicate tool. Don\'t
forget to remove the doubles.

Select all the tips then move them together up until they intersect with
the tips of the legs.

Now lets separate separate meshes to individual objects. Press Pkey and
select \"all loose part\" option.

Notice that the other part of the mesh would suddenly change in
appearance. Don\'t worry. It just means that those meshes are now
separate objects by themselves. If you go to object view you would now
be able to select the leg and the tips as separate objects.

There are some issues though when you use the subsurf modifier on the
leg base as shown.

Select the leg and go to edit mode. Add the following edge loop.

Scale the base loop too as shown.

The issue should now be solved.

This is how the whole leg assembly should look. All have subsurf
modifier on.

There is still an issue though. This is not important in most part but
will be taken care of for this time.

When one of the leg stops is selected in object mode, it would show that
its center is not at the center of the mesh. The center is where the
gizzmo (the red, blue and green arrow) would be located.

To correct this select the offending object. Click the Mesh menu
(located at the header) and navigate to \"Transform\" and select
\"Center New\" from the options. Blender would automatically calculate
the new center based on the objects mesh. Now when the object is
selected, the center would be located at a mush more appropriate
location.

Do the same to the other stoppers.

Now if you haven\'t named each individual part yet, You can do it now.
Name each part sensible names like uppertelescope, lowertelescope, etc.

## The Whole Chair

Unhide or Show the layer where your chair seat is so that it would unite
with the legs. Now this is how the whole model should look like.


# Blender 3D: Noob to Pro/Modeling a Human Character - Preparations

Actually, this model is made without any background reference images but
enough knowledge of human figure makes this possible. Modeling the human
body or any model in that case requires knowledge of it beforehand. Even
with the background image references, there are still some details (like
the armpit) that is not easily visible or are difficult to comprehend
with just simple orthogonal projections. It is advised to make some
study on basic human figure and proportions first.

For those who likes to have a background reference image to use while
modeling, use this orthogonal views of the model. You could still try
and test your knowledge on the human figure later by trying to model one
without image references.


# Blender 3D: Noob to Pro/Modeling a Human Character - Modeling

# Blocking the Figure

As with many models done in box modeling, let\'s start with a cube. The
model is symmetrical so let\'s make use of it. Add a
loop
running vertically at the middle and delete the
vertices
on the left, leaving you with only half of the cube. Now add a mirror
modifier.

Now add a loop running horizontally and fashion out the torso.

Add a vertical loop on the torso so that we will have more geometry to
work on.

Extrude the head and the legs. Add loops around the head and the bottom
of the legs and extrude out the head and feet.

Now add a loop around the torso and extrude out the arms. This is all
for blocking

# Detailing and Finishing

Add a loop that goes through the torso and the arms and another at the
sides. This geometry will enable us to round and shape the figure.

Extrude out to form a rough hand. Add an extra loop around the hand and
extrude out the thumb.

Add more loops around the arm, thumb and hand. Work out this additional
geometry to shape the parts.

Add this loop to add more geometry on the legs and to the torso.

And then shape.

Add more loops on the leg and shape out the form.

Now time to shape the foot add more geometry and shape out the foot.

Now take a look at your model. Adjust the form until satisfied. Work
finished.


# Blender 3D: Noob to Pro/Polygon by Polygon modeling

Although quite demanding, many modelers savor the control poly-by-poly
modeling allows. However, its demanding nature makes many modelers,
beginners and experts alike, try to avoid it. Still, poly-by-poly
modeling, if properly used, is a powerful tool.

## Before we start

For this work flow, being ready is of great importance. Have several
references of your subject, especially a front and side view. Also, have
minutes of study on the subject and try to make out an approach in
modeling it. Being ready is crucial for this.

## The Workflow

Poly-by-poly modeling provides the most free modeling workflow ever.
This freedom, however, causes confusion on how to approach modeling the
subject. Searching the internet for tutorials on modeling the face using
this method, you will find hundreds and each will be different from each
other. Some start with the eyes, others with the mouth, others the ridge
of the nose. And then each will proceed differently from that. No wonder
its confusing.

Even though poly-by-poly modeling is such a free form method and
constitutes a very vogue way to start and continue, a general guideline
is provided in the hope that it will help modelers in using this
approach.

### To Start

Poly-by-poly modeling rather sets you free on choosing how and where to
start. The only requirement is that you have a geometry, a vertex or a
plane to start with. Many beginners are stumped by this. Somehow such
liberty leaves them undecided.

A very good approach is to start by creating the important loops first.
For example, in modeling the face, you could start by creating the eye,
mouth and face loops. With the loops in place, it is easy to build other
geometries around them.

Another good approach is to start with the most important part of the
subject. For the face, this is the eyes and the mouth. You could model
these parts first and then proceed adding geometry from there.

As said, poly-by-poly modeling lets you free, so if you would like to
start on other parts first, say the nose, then you could do so.

### To Continue

Continuing from your beginnings is not as easy as connecting-the-dots as
it first appears to be. Rather than proceeding in a connect the dots
fashion, proceed by thinking of edge and face loops of your model first
then creating and adjusting geometry to fit them. Such view would ease
decision on placing your geometry.

### To Finish

When you find that you don\'t need to add more geometry, you can call it
quits. But still, its a good practice to take another look of your model
and make trial renders of it. There might be an awry edge loop,
geometries that mess the model, or triangles that you wanted out. Do
some fixing and adjusting and when you finally have the model good, give
yourself a pat on the back.


# Blender 3D: Noob to Pro/Customization

|previous=Animation Notes and FAQ
}}
```
## Changing the Theme

Like many other programs with a graphical user interface, Blender allows
you to customize or modify many aspects of its appearance. A collection
of such customizations is called a **theme**.

Theme controls are found in the User Preferences window. Click **LMB**
on the \"Themes\" button to activate a drop-down menu which can be used
to select different themes. Below this is an \"Add\" button that can be
used to create new themes. If any themes have been added, a \"Delete\"
button will appear, along with other controls to adjust the current
theme.

This book presents screen shots using the default theme. If you are new
to Blender, you should continue using the default theme as you progress
through the book, to avoid confusion.


# Blender 3D: Noob to Pro/Mist - Make Objects Opaque

|previous=Customization
}}
```
## How Blender\'s Mist works

If you render Objects within Blender\'s Mist, they mix up with the
Background-Color,\
because Blender decreases their Alpha-Value by increasing Mist-Intensity
and distance from the Camera.

## The Problem

This does a well job if your scene has a constantly-colored Background,
but\
in case of a real Background or World-Texture it looks not convincing.\
All objects are looking like ghosts.

## The Solution explained briefly

This page will show you two ways to get rid of that Problem.\
The major thought is to mix Objects with an opaque color, instead of
making them transparent.\
The more Transparency, the more of the opaque color will be added.\

Because Blender delivers a (dynamic) Alpha-Value with Mist enabled,\
we can use this value as a factor for increase or decrease of mixing the
objects\
with a certain color (or even to enhance or lower the contrast of
materials, etc.)\

!Here\'s a render result with mist and the \"Mixing-Technique\". You
see, that you don\'t see shining the Background
through.

The first solution goes with the help of an external compositing
program\
and won\'t be explained in depth as we want to focus on how to solve\
this issue within blender since it is open source.

## Solution 1: Make use of an external composite software.

Just render your Background and your Objects separately with
Alpha-Channels.\
Then you import these files into a composite program on two layers.\
(One for the Objects and one for the Background).\
Between these layers you set a new \"Color-Layer\" with a solid
greyish-blue color\
(because this fits the color of the atmosphere) and create a clipping
mask.\
A \"clipping mask\" means that the \"Color-Layer\" is only visible where
the objects of the top layer are.\
And where there\'s no object you can see the Background.\
As the object is partially transparent (because of Blender\'s Mist),\
you will see the greyish-blue color shining through.\
The more the object is away, the more transparent it is,\
and the more the color-Layer will shine through the Objects.\

## Solution 2: Make use of Blender\'s Composite-Nodes.

Since Solution 1 seems not to be a big deal as we cannot afford
expensive packages, we are also able\
to achieve this \"Mix-Technique\" by Blender\'s built-in
Composite-Nodes.\
To continue reading it would be good, if you know a little about
Blender\'s Compositing-Nodes.\
Now, here\'s the interesting part of the tutorial, the Graph of the
Nodes in the Node-Editor:

![](CompositeNode-Settings_withText_BlenderMistTutorial.jpg "CompositeNode-Settings_withText_BlenderMistTutorial.jpg")

Description:

##### Step 1 Render Layer1

In the Render Settings Tab you assign the Objects which you don\'t want
to be transparent to Render Layer1.\
See <http://wiki.blender.org/index.php/Doc:Manual/Render/Layers> for how
to deal with RenderLayers.

![](RenderLayer1-Settings_BlenderMistTutorial.jpg "RenderLayer1-Settings_BlenderMistTutorial.jpg")

It is important that you turn off \"Sky\" and that you turn on
\"IndexPass\". (The Option \"Mist\" delivers the same Value as the
Alpha-Output in the Node RenderLayer1)\
\"IndexPass\" will be explained in Step 5.

##### Step 2 Render Layer2

This Layer renders only the Background, the Sky. In my case I had to
enable other elements also, because otherwise the groundplane won\'t
render.\
I don\' t know why, but this doesn\'t matter in our case.

##### Step 3 Separating RGB+Alpha

The \"Image output\" of the Node RenderLayer1 delivers RGB+A, that\'s a
little distracting,\
because you can see an Alpha-Output also. Select \"Add\" -\> \"Color\"
-\> \"Separate RGBA\" in the Node-Editor Window.

##### Step 4 Combining RGBA

Now the Separated RGB gets combined again to RGB, but this time with a
new Alpha of Step 5.

##### Step 5 Making the transparent Objects opaque

The good thing is, that Blender\'s Object-ID Alpha Value does ignore
mist.\
So we can add an ID-Mask Node to get the Alpha of the Object into the
new Image.\
Here you must set the ID of the Object to the same number as in the
ID-Mask Node.\
Select the Object and set its ID Pass-Index!\
Beside is a screenshot where you set the Object ID.\
!In the red marked section of the buttons window, you can set the ID of
the
object

##### Step 6 Mixing the Object with a Color

Here you add a Mix-Node to mix the Object with a \"Horizon-Color\".\
The Color should be set to a bright greyish-blue as this is the color of
the air inner the atmosphere.\
Any color is possible, you may think of a dark red in a fire-hollow or
of black if somewhere out in space.

##### Step 7 Setting the Factor of how much of the color should be added

Blender delivers an Alpha-Value to the Objects due to the Mist.\
If an object is far away or if the Mist-Intensity is very high,\
the Alpha-Value of the Object decreases, which means the Alpha-Value
becomes more black.\
And if the Object is close, it has accordingly high Alpha, which means
getting white.\
Black means a Value of R-G-B 0-0-0 and White a Value of R-G-B 1-1-1.

Since we want to use these values as a factor of how much to blend the
Object\
with our \"Horizon-Color\", we need to invert this Value.\
(Close Objects = High Alpha = Factor almost 1 - but we need Blend Factor
close to 0, because we want low mist as the Object is close)

So let\'s add an \"Invert-Color-Node\".\
Get the Settings of the Node-Graph for this Node.\
This Node inverts Black to white, dark-grey to bright grey, etc.\
We now use this inverted alpha-value (or Mist-value)\
as a factor for mixing the Horizon-Color with the Object.

##### Step 8 Layering the colored Objects over the Sky-Background

Now you add an Alpha-Over-Node which will layer our Objects over the
Sky-Background.\
Be aware to use the settings shown in the screenshot and that the order
of the two Image-Inputs\
of the Alpha-Over-Node is very important.\
The second Input always gets over the first Input.

##### Step 9 Add an Output-Node

Finally you need an Output-Node and to enable \"Do Composite\" in the
RenderSettings.

##### Step 10 Example

Here an Example, of how it worked out in my project:

<File:Bird_149_mist_distance-1_0400.jpg%7CClose> Distance - Almost no
Mist <File:Bird_149_mist_distance-2_0400.jpg%7CFar> Distance - Low Mist
or atmospheric opacity
<File:Bird_149_mist_distance-3_0400.jpg%7CFurther> Distance - (!)The
Object is even scaled
<File:Bird_149_mist_distance-4_0400.jpg%7CFarthermost> Distance - In
original size the Object would be so small that it isn\'t visible -only
to make the Logic clear

## Summary

Be sure, you got every step right - then all will work out properly.\
What is almost of more importance, that you understood the logic behind
this,\
so that you learn about Blender\'s Compositing-Nodes and the 01-Logic ;)

Since \"Mist\" means something like \"Bullsh\*\*\" in German I did not
believe that it really\
is like that in Blender - and it isn\'t! Blender is a quite nice and
powerful tool.\
And I hope that it\'ll ever be Open-Source.


# Chinese (Mandarin)/Traditional

```{=html}
<div class="center">
```
*This book teaches Standard Mandarin Chinese. For other uses, see
Subject:Chinese language.*

```{=html}
</div>
```
!The Forbidden City in Beijing
北京故宮（紫禁城）{width="300"}

Welcome to the **Mandarin** Wikibook, a free Chinese textbook on the
Standard Mandarin dialect. This page links to lessons using Traditional
Han characters 繁體中文 (used in Taiwan, Macau and Hong Kong). There is
also a Simplified Han Character Version 简体中文
available (used in mainland China).

+---------------------------------------------------------+
| 我們需要您的幫助，如果您熟悉中文，請協助編撰本教科書。\ |
| 我们需要您的帮助！如果您熟悉中文，请协助编撰本教科书。  |
+---------------------------------------------------------+

## Lessons / 課程

+------------------------+----+------------------------+
| **Introduction /       |    | **Lesson Texts /       |
| 介紹**                 |    | 課文**                 |
|                        |    |                        |
| -   [About Mandarin\   |    | -   [Lesson 1: Hello!\ |
|                        |    |     第一課：你好！]    |
|   中文是什麽？](../Abo |    | (/Lesson_1 "wikilink") |
| ut_Chinese "wikilink") |    |      |
| 4, 2005}}`{=mediawiki} |    | -   [Lesson 2: Are you |
| -   [How to use this   |    |     busy today?\       |
|     textbook\          |    |                        |
|     如何使用本教科     |    | 第二課：今天你忙不忙?] |
| 書](../How_To_Use_Thi  |    | (/Lesson_2 "wikilink") |
| s_Textbook "wikilink") |    |     `{                 |
|      |
| 4, 2005}}`{=mediawiki} |    | -   [Lesson 3: An      |
| -   [How to study      |    |     introduction to    |
|     Mandarin\          |    |     particles\         |
|     如何學             |    |     第三課：助詞]      |
| 中文？](../How_To_Stu  |    | (/Lesson_3 "wikilink") |
| dy_Chinese "wikilink") |    |     `{                 |
|      |
| 4, 2005}}`{=mediawiki} |    | -   [Lesson 4: Word    |
|                        |    |     order and Verbs\   |
| **Pronunciation /      |    |                        |
| 發音**                 |    |    第四課：詞序和動詞] |
|                        |    | (/Lesson_4 "wikilink") |
| -   Pinyin            |    |     `{                 |
|     Pronunciation      |    | {stage short|00%|Jan 2 |
|     Basics\            |    | 4, 2005}}`{=mediawiki} |
|     基礎拼音發         |    | -   [Lesson 5: Measure |
| 音入門 |    |     第五課：量詞]      |
|      |    | {stage short|50%|Jan 2 |
| -   Pronunciation of  |    | 4, 2005}}`{=mediawiki} |
|     Initia             |    | -   [Lesson 6: More on |
| ls |    |     第六課：疑問助詞]  |
|      |    | {stage short|00%|Jan 2 |
| -   Pronunciation of  |    | 4, 2005}}`{=mediawiki} |
|     Fi                 |    | -   [Lesson 7: What\'s |
| nals |    |                        |
|      |    |      |    | 課：我的名字叫王明。]  |
| -   [More About Hanyu  |    | (/Lesson_8 "wikilink") |
|     Pinyin]            |    |      |
| {{stage short|25%|Oct  |    | -   Lesson 9: Where   |
| 2, 2014}}`{=mediawiki} |    |     is the railway     |
|                        |    |     station?\          |
| **Vocabulary           |    |     第九               |
| 生字/字彙**            |    | 課：火車站在哪裡？ |
| -   Part 1: Family\   |    |     `                  |
|     第一部分：家庭     |    | {{stage short|00%|Oct  |
|   |    | 5, 2008}}`{=mediawiki} |
| -   Part 2:           |    | -   Lesson 10: A      |
|     Commodity\         |    |     telephone          |
|                        |    |     conversation\      |
|   第二部分：日用品 |    | /Lesson_10 "wikilink") |
| -   Part 3:           |    |     `                  |
|     Transport\         |    | {{stage short|00%|Dec  |
|     第三部分：交通 |    | -   Lesson 11:        |
| -   [Part 4: Food\     |    |     Taiwan\            |
|     第四部分：食       |    |     第十一課：臺灣  |    | /Lesson_11 "wikilink") |
| -   Part 5: Animals\  |    |     `                  |
|     第五部分：動物     |    | {{stage short|00%|Dec  |
|  |    | 30,2009}}`{=mediawiki} |
|                        |    | -   Lesson 12:        |
|                        |    |     Mandarin is so     |
|                        |    |     interesting!\      |
|                        |    |                        |
|                        |    | 第十二課：漢語真有趣 |
|                        |    |     `                  |
|                        |    | {{stage short|00%|Dec  |
|                        |    | 30,2009}}`{=mediawiki} |
|                        |    | -   Lesson 13: I\'m   |
|                        |    |     sick\              |
|                        |    |                        |
|                        |    |   第十三課：我生病了 |
|                        |    |     `                  |
|                        |    | {{stage short|00%|Dec  |
|                        |    | 30,2009}}`{=mediawiki} |
|                        |    | -   Lesson 14:        |
|                        |    |     Drinking tea\      |
|                        |    |     第十四課：喝茶 |
|                        |    |     `                  |
|                        |    | {{stage short|00%|Dec  |
|                        |    | 30,2009}}`{=mediawiki} |
|                        |    | -   Lesson 15: China\ |
|                        |    |     第十五課：中國 |
|                        |    |     `{                 |
|                        |    | {stage short|00%|Sep 1 |
|                        |    | 2，2010}}`{=mediawiki} |
|                        |    | -   Lesson 16: Basic  |
|                        |    |     Chinese History\   |
|                        |    |     第                 |
|                        |    | 十六課：基本中國歷史 |
|                        |    |     `{                 |
|                        |    | {stage short|00%|Jan 1 |
|                        |    | 2，2012}}`{=mediawiki} |
+------------------------+----+------------------------+

## Appendices / 附錄

+------------------------+----+------------------------+
| -   Mandarin-English  |    | -   [Nations of the    |
|     Dictionary\        |    |     World\             |
|     漢英字典           |    |     世                 |
|  |    | _the_World "wikilink") |
| -   English-Mandarin  |    |     `{                 |
|     Dictionary\        |    | {stage short|50%|Jan 2 |
|     英漢字典           |    | 4, 2005}}`{=mediawiki} |
|  |    |     部首 |
|     問候語 |    | {stage short|00%|Jan 2 |
|      |
| stage short|100%|Jan 2 |    | -   Slang\            |
| 4, 2005}}`{=mediawiki} |    |     俚語               |
| -   [Possible          |    |  |
|     Initial-Final      |    | -   Web Resources\    |
|                        |    |                        |
|   Combinations |
| mbinations "wikilink") |    |      |
| 8, 2006}}`{=mediawiki} |    |                        |
| -   Numbers\          |    |                        |
|     數字 |    |                        |
|     `{                 |    |                        |
| {stage short|75%|Jan 2 |    |                        |
| 4, 2005}}`{=mediawiki} |    |                        |
+------------------------+----+------------------------+

### Related Books 相關書籍

-   Written Chinese
-   Guide to Writing East Asian Languages\
    漢字書寫
-   Cantonese (Yue)\
    廣東話（粵語）
-   Chinese Phrasebook (on
    WikiVoyage)
-   Taiwanese (Southern Min / Min Nan)\
    臺語（閩南語）
-   Cookbook:Cuisine of China

## Contributors

-   Contributor\'s Guide

-   Textbook Planning\
    課文安排

-   Development History

-   Contributors\
    撰文者

de:Chinesisch fr:Enseignement du
chinois it:Corso di
cinese
pl:Chiński


# Chinese (Mandarin)/Lesson 5

```{=html}
<div class="noprint">
```
```{=html}
</div>
```
# Lesson 5: Measure words

## Text

  Simplified Characters                                                                                Traditional Characters
  --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  **山村咏怀**`</br>`{=html} `<small>`{=html}【宋】邵雍`</small>`{=html}`</br>`{=html} 一去二三里`</br>`{=html} 烟村四五家`</br>`{=html} 亭台六七座`</br>`{=html} 八九十枝花`</br>`{=html}                                    **山村詠懷**`</br>`{=html} `<small>`{=html}【宋】邵雍`</small>`{=html}`</br>`{=html} 一去二三里`</br>`{=html} 煙村四五家`</br>`{=html} 亭臺六七座`</br>`{=html} 八九十枝花`</br>`{=html}
  Pīnyīn                                                                                English
  **Shāncun Yǒnghuái**`</br>`{=html} `<small>`{=html}【Sòng】Shàoyōng`</small>`{=html}`</br>`{=html} Yí qù èrsān lǐ`</br>`{=html} Yāncūn sìwǔjiā`</br>`{=html} Tíngtái liùqīzuò`</br>`{=html} Bājiǔshízhī huā`</br>`{=html}   **The sigh for a village**`</br>`{=html} `<small>`{=html}【Song】Shao Yong`</small>`{=html}`</br>`{=html} The distance is two or three miles,`</br>`{=html} and I can see four or five houses`</br>`{=html} with smoking chimneys.`</br>`{=html} There are six or seven pavilions,`</br>`{=html} and eight, nine or ten flowers.`</br>`{=html}

## Vocabulary

         Simplified (traditional in parentheses)     Pīnyīn                                Part of speech   English \[m.\]         notes
  ------ ------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  1\.    `<big>`{=html}一`</big>`{=html}             yī     (adj)                                                one
  2\.    `<big>`{=html}二`</big>`{=html}             èr      (adj)                                                two
  3\.    `<big>`{=html}三`</big>`{=html}             sān   (adj)                                                three
  4\.    `<big>`{=html}四`</big>`{=html}             sì      (adj)                                                four
  5\.    `<big>`{=html}五`</big>`{=html}             wǔ     (adj)                                                five
  6\.    `<big>`{=html}六`</big>`{=html}             liù   (adj)                                                six
  7\.    `<big>`{=html}七`</big>`{=html}             qī     (adj)                                                seven
  8\.    `<big>`{=html}八`</big>`{=html}             bā     (adj)                                                eight
  9\.    `<big>`{=html}九`</big>`{=html}             jiǔ   (adj)                                                nine
  10\.   `<big>`{=html}十`</big>`{=html}             shí   (adj)                                                ten
  11\.   `<big>`{=html}山村`</big>`{=html}           shāncūn                               \(n\)                                                mountain village
  12\.   `<big>`{=html}宋`</big>`{=html}             sòng                                  \(n\)                                                song                                                       It\'s short for 宋朝（song dynasty,960--1279）.
  13\.   `<big>`{=html}邵雍`</big>`{=html}           shàoyōng                              \(n\)                                                A poetic name.
  14\.   `<big>`{=html}去`</big>`{=html}             qù                                    \(v\)                                                be apart (away) from;`</br>`{=html}be at a distance from   This usage is only used classical Chinese.
  15\.   `<big>`{=html}里`</big>`{=html}             lǐ                                    ()                                                   mile                                                       Mile and 里 are not identical.In song dynasty,1里≈415.8m.Now China,1里=500m.
  16\.   `<big>`{=html}烟村（煙村）`</big>`{=html}   yāncūn                                \(n\)                                                The village with smoking chimneys                          This usage is only literary works.
  17\.   `<big>`{=html}家`</big>`{=html}             jiā                                   (ms)                                                 the measure Words of family
  18\.   `<big>`{=html}亭`</big>`{=html}             tíng                                  \(n\)                                                pavilions
  19\.   `<big>`{=html}台（臺）`</big>`{=html}       tái                                   \(n\)                                                platform
  20\.   `<big>`{=html}座`</big>`{=html}             zuò                                   (ms)                                                 the measure Words of building
  21\.   `<big>`{=html}枝`</big>`{=html}             zhī                                   (ms)                                                 the measure Words of flower
  22\.   `<big>`{=html}花`</big>`{=html}             huā                                   \(n\)                                                flower

## Measure Words/量词(liàngcí)

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  In Chinese, most specified or numbered nouns must be preceded by measure words, also known as classifiers, according to the type of object. Consider the English phrase, \"two pairs of pants.\" Like the word \"pair,\" Chinese measure words are placed between the noun and the preceding number.
  -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1\. 这本书里没有一个汉字。

:   Zhè bĕn shū lǐ méi yŏu yí gè Hànzì.
:   *This book doesn't contain one Chinese character.*

2\. 那间宿舍有六十个学生。

:   Nà jiān sùshè yŏu liùshí ge xuésheng.
:   *That dorm has sixty students.*

The phrase 一朵花 (yī duǒ huā) means \"one flower,\" but how would you
say \"a pile of flowers?\" It\'s simple: just change the classifier. The
phrase 一堆花 (yī duī huā) means \"a pile of flowers.\" You could also
say 一把花 (yī bǎ huā; a handful of flowers), 一桶花 (yī tǒng huā; a
bucket of flowers), or 一种花 (yī zhǒng huā; a kind of flower). You can
see that measure words act as adjectives.

In Chinese, like in English, you can omit the noun if it\'s already
known, leaving only the classifier. 你看到那种（花）吗？ (Nǐ kàn dào nà
zhǒng (huā) ma?) means \"Did you see that kind (of flower)?\" You can
see that measure words also act as nouns.

Measure words are also used with demonstrative
pronouns (this, that). For example, 这朵花
means \"this flower,\" and 那朵花 means \"that flower.\"

You might also encounter something like this: 书架上有书本。 (Shūjià
shàng yǒu shūběn.) which means \"The bookshelf has books on it.\" Note
that the classifier is after the noun. This signifies multiple books
where the exact number is not important, here translated \"books.\" The
sentence 书架上有书。, means the same as above, but is without the
classifier.

### Some Common Measure Words

Column key: Trad. is Traditional, Simp. shows changes made for the
simplified variant (if any).

  Trad.   Simp.   Pinyin   Main uses                                                                                Example
  ------- ------- -------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  個      个      ge       individual things, people --- usage of this classifier in conjunction with any noun is generally accepted if the person does not know the proper classifier.   一个书包 yí ge shūbāo, a schoolbag
  把              bǎ       \"handful\", \"fistful\" --- objects that can be held or grabbed (knives, scissors, keys; also chairs)                                                         一把刀 yì bă dāo. One knife. 一把盐 yì bă yán. A handful of salt.
  包              bāo      \"package\", \"bundle\"                                                                                一包纸巾 yì bāo zhǐ jīn. A package of paper towels.
  杯              bēi      \"cup\" --- drinks                                                                                一杯水 yì bēi shuǐ. A cup of water.
  本              běn      \"volume\" --- any bound print or written matter (books, etc.)                                                                                一本书 yì běn shū. A book.
  册              cè       slimmer volumes of books
  次              cì       \"time\" --- opportunities, accidents                                                                                两次 liǎng cì. Twice. 三次 sān cì. Three times.
  滴              dī       \"droplet\" --- water, blood, and other such fluids                                                                                一滴水 yì dī shuǐ. A drop of water.
  點      点      diǎn     ideas, suggestions, can also mean \"a bit\"                                                                                你睡一点。 Nǐ shuì yīdiǎn. Sleep a bit.
  堆              duī      \"pile\" --- anything in a pile                                                                                一堆书 yī duī shū. A pile of books.
  朵              duǒ      flowers, clouds                                                                                一朵花 yì duŏ huā. One flower.
  份              fèn      newspapers, jobs                                                                                一份报 yì fèn bào. A newspaper
  根              gēn      thin, slender objects, lit. \"a root of a\...\" (needles, pillars, grass, vegetable roots etc.)                                                                一根针 yì gēn zhēn. A needle
  家              jiā      gathering of people (families, companies, etc.)                                                                                一家人 yī jiā rén. A family of people.
  架              jià      objects with a \"frame\" or structure; generally used for machines or mechanical objects (esp. cars, planes, etc.)                                             一架飞机 yī jià fēijī. One plane.
  件              jiàn     matters, clothing, etc.                                                                                一件衣服 yí jiàn yī fù. An article of clothing.
  節      节      jié      \"a section\" --- of bamboo, tutorials and classes, etc.
  輛      辆      liàng    automobiles, bicycles, vehicles, etc.                                                                                一辆车 yí liàng chē. One car.
  面              miàn     any flat and smooth objects, lit. \"a surface of a\...\" (mirrors, flags, walls, etc.)                                                                         一面镜子 yí miàn jìng zi. One mirror
  匹              pǐ       horses and other mounts, or rolls/bolts of cloth                                                                                一匹马 yì pǐ mă. One horse.
  片              piàn     \"slice\" --- any flat object, like cards, slices of bread, tree leaves, etc.                                                                                一片叶子 yì piàn yè zi. One leaf.
  瓶              píng     \"bottle\" --- drinks
  扇              shàn     objects that open and close (doors, windows)                                                                                一扇门 yì shàn mén. One door
  艘              sōu      ships                                                                                一艘船 yì sōu chuán. One ship.
  所              suǒ      any buildings, apartment
  台              tái      heavy objects (TVs, computers, etc.) and performances (esp. in theatre, etc.)                                                                                一台电脑 yī tái diànnǎo. One computer.
  條      条      tiáo     long, narrow, flexible objects (fish, trousers, etc.)                                                                                一条鱼 yì tiáo yú. One fish.
  頭      头      tóu      \"head\" --- herd animals (pigs, cows, sheep etc., *never* for fowls or birds), hair                                                                           一头牛 yì tóu niú. One head of cattle (Literally translated into English, \"头\" means head).
  位              wèi      polite classifier for people (e.g. gentlemen, professors, customers)                                                                                几位？Jǐ wèi? How many (people)?
  些              xiē      \"some\" --- anything that\'s plural                                                                                一些书 yī xiē shū. Some books. *Never* 两些书
  張      张      zhāng    \"sheet\" --- squarish or rectangular flat objects (paper, tables, etc.), faces, bows, paintings, tickets, constellations                                      一张纸 yì zhāng zhǐ. One piece of paper.
  支              zhī      stick-like objects (pens, chopsticks, etc.)                                                                                一支笔 yì zhī bǐ. One pen.
  隻      只      zhī      one of a pair (e.g. hands, limbs), animals (birds, cats, etc.)                                                                                一只狗 yì zhī gŏu. One dog.
  種      种      zhǒng    types or kinds of objects, ideas, etc.                                                                                一种书 yì zhǒng shū. One type of book.
  棟      栋      dǒng     building object                                                                                一栋房子 yí dòng fáng zí. One house

See Chinese measure words on
Wikipedia for a more complete reference.

------------------------------------------------------------------------


# Chinese (Mandarin)/Lesson 8

# Lesson 8

# 她是谁？

## Dialogues

*You can check out the translation
here*

### Dialogue 1

+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| Simplified Characters            | Traditional Characters           |
+==================================+==================================+
| 杨勋：你今天好吗？\              | 楊勳：你今天好嗎？\              |
| 何铭：我很好。\                  | 何銘：我很好。\                  |
| 杨勋：你吃饭了吗？\              | 楊勳：你吃飯了嗎？\              |
| 何铭：还没。\                    | 何銘：還沒。\                    |
| 杨勋：要不要一起去吃饭？\        | 楊勳：要不要一起去吃飯？\        |
| 何铭：好啊。我昨天看到           | 何銘：好啊。我昨天看到           |
| 你跟一个女生去图书馆，她是谁？\  | 你跟一個女生去圖書館，她是誰？\  |
| 杨                               | 楊                               |
| 勋：她是我的女朋友，她叫陈洁。\  | 勳：她是我的女朋友，她叫陳潔。\  |
| 何铭                             | 何銘                             |
| ：原来你有女朋友，这么厉害啊！\  | ：原來你有女朋友，這麼厲害啊！\  |
| 杨勋：哪                         | 楊勳：哪                         |
| 里，不敢当。我们要去哪里吃饭？\  | 裡，不敢當。我們要去哪裡吃飯？\  |
| 何铭：都可以。                   | 何銘：都可以。                   |
+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| Pīnyīn                           |                                  |
+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
| Yáng Xūn: Nǐ jīntiān hǎo ma?\    |                                  |
| Hé Míng: Wǒ hěn hǎo.\            |                                  |
| Yáng Xūn: Nǐ chīfàn le ma?\      |                                  |
| Hé Míng: Hái méi.\               |                                  |
| Yáng Xūn: Yào bú yào yīqǐ qù     |                                  |
| chīfàn?\                         |                                  |
| Hé Míng: Hǎo ā. Wǒ zuótiān       |                                  |
| kàndào nǐ gēn yīge nǚshēng qù    |                                  |
| túshūguǎn, tā shì sheí?\         |                                  |
| Yáng Xūn: Tā shì wǒ de           |                                  |
| nǚpéngyǒu, tā jiào Chén Jié.\    |                                  |
| Hé Míng: Yuánlái nǐ yǒu          |                                  |
| nǚpéngyǒu, zhème lìhài a!\       |                                  |
| Yáng Xūn: Nǎli, bùgǎndāng. Wǒmen |                                  |
| yào qù nǎli chīfàn?\             |                                  |
| Hé Míng: Dōu kěyǐ.\              |                                  |
+----------------------------------+----------------------------------+

### Dialogue 2

+----------------------+----------------------+----------------------+
| Simplified           | Traditional          | Pinyin               |
| Characters           | Characters           |                      |
+======================+======================+======================+
| 王明：我叫王         | 王明：我叫王         | Wáng míng: Wǒ jiào   |
| 明。你叫什么名字？\  | 明。你叫什麼名字？\  | wáng míng. Nǐ jiào   |
| 李红：我叫李红。\    | 李紅：我叫李紅。\    | shén me míng zì?\    |
| 王明                 | 王明                 | Li hóng: Wǒ jiào li  |
| ：她的名字是什么？\  | ：她的名字是什麼？\  | hóng.\               |
| 李红：               | 李紅：               | Wáng míng: Tā de     |
| 她的名字是周朱丽。\  | 她的名字是周朱麗。\  | míng zì shì shén     |
| 王明：周朱丽         | 王明：周朱麗         | me?\                 |
| 是一个很好的名字。\  | 是一個很好的名字。\  | Li hóng: Tā de míng  |
| 李红：是，但是我     | 李紅：是，但是我     | zì shì zhōu zhū lì.\ |
| 比较喜欢你的名字。\  | 比較喜歡你的名字。\  | Wáng míng: Zhōu zhū  |
| 王明：为什么         | 王明：為什麼         | lì shì yī gè hěn hǎo |
| 比较喜欢我的名字？\  | 比較喜歡我的名字？\  | de míng zì.\         |
| 李红：因为你的       | 李紅：因為你的       | Li hóng: Shì, dàn    |
| 名字听起来很聪明。\  | 名字聽起來很聰明。\  | shì wǒ bǐ jiào xǐ    |
| 王明                 | 王明                 | huan nǐ de míng zì.\ |
| ：哪里，我不敢当。\  | ：哪裡，我不敢當。\  | Wáng míng: Wèi shé   |
|                      |                      | me bǐ jiào xǐ huan   |
|                      |                      | wǒ de míng zì?\      |
|                      |                      | Li hóng: Yīn wèi nǐ  |
|                      |                      | de míng zì tīng qǐ   |
|                      |                      | lái hěn cōng míng.\  |
|                      |                      | Wáng míng: Nǎ lǐ, wǒ |
|                      |                      | bù gǎn dāng.\        |
+----------------------+----------------------+----------------------+
|                      |                      |                      |
+----------------------+----------------------+----------------------+

## Vocabulary

         Simplified                            Traditional (if diff.)                Pīnyīn       Part of speech   English \[m.\]
  ------ ------------------------------------- ------------------------------------- ------------ ---------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------------
  1\.    `<big>`{=html}周朱丽`</big>`{=html}   `<big>`{=html}周朱麗`</big>`{=html}   Zhōu Zhūlì   (proper noun)                                        Person\'s Name
  2\.    `<big>`{=html}但是`</big>`{=html}                                           dànshì       (conjunction)                                        but, however
  3\.    `<big>`{=html}比较`</big>`{=html}     `<big>`{=html}比較`</big>`{=html}     bǐjiào                                                            by comparison
  4\.    `<big>`{=html}喜欢`</big>`{=html}     `<big>`{=html}喜歡`</big>`{=html}     xǐhuan       (verb)                                               to like
  5\.    `<big>`{=html}为什么`</big>`{=html}   `<big>`{=html}為什麼`</big>`{=html}   wèishénme    (adverb)                                             Why (lit. \"because of what?\").
  6\.    `<big>`{=html}因为`</big>`{=html}     `<big>`{=html}因為`</big>`{=html}     yīnwèi       (conjunction)                                        because
  7\.    `<big>`{=html}听起来`</big>`{=html}   `<big>`{=html}聽起來`</big>`{=html}   tīng qǐlai   (phrase)                                             Sounds like
  8\.    `<big>`{=html}聪明`</big>`{=html}     `<big>`{=html}聰明`</big>`{=html}     cōngmíng     (adjective)                                          intelligent
  9\.    `<big>`{=html}哪里`</big>`{=html}     `<big>`{=html}哪裡`</big>`{=html}     nǎli         (noun)                                               lit. Nowhere, can be used as a polite response to a complement.
  10\.   `<big>`{=html}不敢当`</big>`{=html}   `<big>`{=html}不敢當`</big>`{=html}   bùgǎndāng    (phrase)                                             I don\'t accept (not at all) / polite response to a compliment
  11\.   `<big>`{=html}还没`</big>`{=html}     `<big>`{=html}還沒`</big>`{=html}     háiméi       (conjunction)                                        not yet
  12\.   `<big>`{=html}图书馆`</big>`{=html}   `<big>`{=html}圖書館`</big>`{=html}   túshūguǎn    (noun)                                               library
  13\.   `<big>`{=html}名字`</big>`{=html}                                           míngzi       (noun)                                               name
  14\.   `<big>`{=html}女朋友`</big>`{=html}                                         nǚpéngyǒu    (noun)                                               girlfriend
  15\.   `<big>`{=html}昨天`</big>`{=html}                                           zuótiān      (noun)                                               yesterday

## Grammar

## Translation of the text

+----------------------+---------------------+----------------------+
| Chinese characters   | Sentences breakdown | English translation  |
+----------------------+---------------------+----------------------+
| **Text 1**           | **Text 1**          | **Text 1** Yang Xun: |
| 楊勳：你今天好嗎?\   |                     | How are you today?\  |
| 何銘：我很好。\      |                     | He Ming: I\'m very   |
| 楊勳：你吃飯了嗎？\  |                     | good.\               |
| 何銘：還沒。\        |                     | Yang Xun: Have you   |
| 楊勳                 |                     | eaten yet?\          |
| ：要不要一起去吃飯?\ |                     | He Ming: Not yet.\   |
| 何銘：好啊。         |                     | Yang Xun: Would you  |
| 我昨天看到你跟一個女 |                     | like to go eat       |
| 生去圖書館,她是誰?\  |                     | together?\           |
| 楊勳:                |                     | He Ming: Sure.       |
| 她是我               |                     | Yesterday, I saw you |
| 的女朋友,她叫陳潔。\ |                     | going to the library |
| 何銘:                |                     | with a girl, who is  |
| 原來你有             |                     | she?\                |
| 女朋友,這麼厲害啊!\  |                     | Yang Xun: She is my  |
| 楊勳: 哪裡,          |                     | girlfriend, her name |
| 不敢當               |                     | is Chen Jie.\        |
| 。我們要去哪裡吃飯?\ |                     | He Ming: All along   |
| 何銘: 都可以。\      |                     | you have had a       |
|                      |                     | girlfriend, it\'s so |
|                      |                     | good!\               |
|                      |                     | Yang Xun: Thanks,    |
|                      |                     | that\'s flattering.  |
|                      |                     | Where do you want to |
|                      |                     | go to eat?\          |
|                      |                     | He Ming: Anywhere is |
|                      |                     | fine.\               |
+----------------------+---------------------+----------------------+
|                      |                     |                      |
+----------------------+---------------------+----------------------+

------------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------

+----------------------+----------------------+----------------------+
| Chinese characters   | Sentences breakdown  | English translation  |
+----------------------+----------------------+----------------------+
| **Text 2**           | **Text 2** Wang      | **Text 2** Wang      |
| 王明：我叫王         | Ming: I called Wang  | Ming: My name is     |
| 明。你叫什麼名字？\  | Ming. You called     | Wang Ming. What is   |
| 李紅：我叫李紅。\    | what name?\          | your name?\          |
| 王明                 | Li Hong: I called Li | Li Hong: My name is  |
| ：她的名字是什麼？\  | Hong.\               | Li Hong.\            |
| 李紅：               | Wang Ming: Her name  | Wang Ming: What is   |
| 她的名字是周朱麗。\  | is what?\            | her name?\           |
| 王明：周朱麗         | Li Hong: Her name is | Li Hong: Her name is |
| 是一個很好的名字。\  | Zhou Zhuli.\         | Zhou Zhuli.\         |
| 李紅：是,            | Wang Ming: Zhou      | Wang Ming: Zhou      |
| 但是我               | Zhuli is very good   | Zhuli is a very good |
| 比較喜歡你的名字。\  | name.\               | name.\               |
| 王明:                | Li Hong: Yes, but I  | Li Hong: Yes, but I  |
| 為什                 | relatively (implied: | like your name       |
| 麼比較喜歡我的名字?\ | more) like your      | better.\             |
| 李紅:                | name.\               | Wang Ming: Why do    |
| 因為你的             | Wang Ming: Why (lit: | you like my name     |
| 名字聽起來很聰明。\  | for what) relatively | better?\             |
| 王明: 哪裡,          | like my name?\       | Li Hong: Because     |
| 我不敢當。\          | Li Hong: Because     | your name sounds     |
|                      | your name sounds     | very intelligent.\   |
|                      | (lit: hear-startup,  | Wang Ming: Oh no, I  |
|                      | hear-start-come)     | wouldn\'t say that.\ |
|                      | intelligent.\        |                      |
|                      | Wang Ming: Where, I  |                      |
|                      | don\'t dare to be    |                      |
|                      | so.\                 |                      |
+----------------------+----------------------+----------------------+
|                      |                      |                      |
+----------------------+----------------------+----------------------+


# Chinese (Mandarin)/Slang

Mandarin, like any language, has its own slang words and informal
meanings for some common words. For example, 同志 (*tóngzhì* - comrade,
a commonly used under Communism) now has a second meaning of \"gay
person\" (because it literally means \"same aspirations\"---in this case
sexual proclivities rather than political interests), and the female
equivalent 小姐 (*xiǎojiě*, often used with service personnel such as
waitresses) can also refer to a prostitute. Below is a partial list of
common slang terms. The letters \"xx\" stand for someone or something,
lit. gives a literal translation, and equiv. refers to an equivalent
English expression.

## Slang List

  简体              繁體              Pinyin               Meaning(s), Literal and Figurative
  ----------------- ----------------- -------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  酷                酷                kù                   cool (好酷喔 hǎo kù ō; that\'s cool!); lit., equiv. cool
  帅                帥                shuài                good looking, handsome (of a guy)
  帅呆（了）        帥呆(了)          shuàidāi(le)         very good looking, a hunk (of a guy); very good, awesome (of a situation)
  爽                爽                shuǎng               satisfying, enjoyable, (as in 我昨天去按摩超爽(的)。 \"The massage yesterday was very satisfying.\"
  过瘾              過癮              guòyǐn               entertaining; very pleasing; addictive
  不行了            不行了            bùxíngle             dying, at the point of death; lit. not OK anymore
  超                超                chāo                 very, extremely, super, ultra- (as in 超冷 \"very cold\", 超酷 \"very cool\")
  惹                惹                rě                   to annoy, provoke, offend, or get on someone\'s nerves(as in 你幹嘛老是惹我？ \"Why do you always get on my nerves?\")
  碍眼              礙眼              àiyǎn                annoying, get-in-the-way (as in 你在這裡很礙眼, 趕快去做一些有用的事情吧! \"You are being a nuisance, go see whether you can make yourself useful somewhere else!); lit. \'hinder the eye\'
  胡闹              胡鬧              húnào                make trouble, be a nuisance (as in 你現在馬上給我安靜睡覺,不要再胡鬧! \"you are going to sleep right now, no more nonsense!\"); lit 'nonsense quarrel'
  感冒              感冒              gǎnmào               (catch) a cold; to develop an aversion against someone (as in 我說了那句話之後,她就對我感冒了 \"after I said that she got upset with me\")
  机车              機車              jīchē                (noun) motorcycle; adj: used to describe someone displaying annoying behavior (as in 她很機車 \"she\'s annoying\")
  离谱              離譜              lípǔ                 preposterous, outrageous; lit. leaving the manual or musical score (as in 你這樣作實在是太離譜。 \"You are really out of line doing things like that.\")
  扯                扯                chě                  farfetched, unimaginable, defying all logic (as in 很扯! \"Unbelievable!\", 太扯了吧! \"That is ridiculous!\", 你扯到哪裡去? \"What are you talking about?\"); lit. drag, pull; chat
  扯xx（的）后腿    扯xx（的）後腿    chě xx (de) hòutuǐ   to be a drag on xx, be a hindrance; lit. to pull xx\'s hind legs
  正                正                zhèng                classy, good quality, high class (as in 正妹 \"a classy chick\", 他的女朋友很正。 \"He has a knock out girlfriend.\")
  耍                耍                shuǎ                 cheat, deceive (as in 你想耍我嗎? \"You must be kidding.\")
  耍嘴皮            耍嘴皮            shuǎzuǐpí            to talk slickly, to pay lip service
  耍赖              耍賴              shuǎlài              to act shamelessly; to act indifferent
  赖皮              賴皮              làipí                to act shameless, brazen, like a rascal; rascal, villain
  混                混                hùn                  to muddle along, to partake in a given activity in a lazy and unserious manner(as in 我這裡已經快混不下去了。 \"I\'m about to get kicked out of here.\" (school or company etc), 你還想混多久? \"How much longer are you planning to go on like this?\")
  摸鱼              摸魚              móyú                 to be lazy on the job; lit. to rub fish
  鱿鱼              魷魚              yóuyú                marching orders; lit. squid
  炒鱿鱼            炒魷魚            chǎoyóuyú            to be fired, sacked; lit. to fry squid, equiv. \"getting a pink slip\"
  烂                爛                làn                  rotten, crappy
  烂掉              爛掉              làndiào              to rot, to go bad
  烂摊子            爛攤子            làntānzi             bad situation, mess (as in 我可以收他的爛攤子。 \"I can take care of the mess he created.\")
  烂醉              爛醉              lànzuì               piss drunk, blind drunk, dead drunk
  烂好人            爛好人            lànhǎorén            spineless, weak person; lit. rotten good person
  透                透                tòu                  extremely, completely, used as a suffix (as in 爛透了 \'extremely crappy\'); lit. through
  吓死              嚇死              xiàsǐ                terrified; lit., equiv. scared to death
  难搞              難搞              nángǎo               hard to deal with, downright
  休想              休想              xiūxiǎng             never (interjection), lit., equiv. in your dreams
  吹牛              吹牛              chuīniú              to brag, boast
  吹                吹                chuī                 to brag, boast
  自大              自大              zìdà                 arrogant, overbearing
  臭屁              臭屁              chòupì               arrogant, overbearing; equiv. cocky, lit. stinking fart
  摆架子            擺架子            bǎijiàzi             to put on an airs, to act like the master of, to be arrogant; lit. to swing a rack, shelf
  假君子            假君子            jiǎjūnzǐ             equiv. a wolf in sheep\'s clothes, lit. a fake gentleman
  上流社会          上流社會          shàngliú shèhuì      lit. high society, the rich and famous; equiv. upper crust
  黑社会            黑社會            hēishèhuì            triad, triad society; lit. the underworld, equiv. gangland
  流氓              流氓              liúmáng              rogue, gangster, hoodlum; lit. flowing vagrant
  老大              老大              lǎodà                the big boss, older, elder
  小弟              小弟              xiǎodì               younger members of a gang; lit. little brother
  吵架              吵架              chǎojià              to quarrel, to argue
  斗嘴              鬥嘴              dòuzuǐ               bicker, squabble (lit. to fight with the mouth)
  打架              打架              dǎjià                to fight, scuffle (physically)
  把风              把風              bǎfēng               to keep watch, be on the look out (esp. during a heist)
  坏胚子            壞胚子            huài pēizi           a bad personal characteristic
  好兄弟            好兄弟            hǎo xiōngdì          a ghost; a good friend; lit. good brother
  不干净            不乾淨            bù gānjìng           not clean; haunted (by ghosts)
  夜总会            夜總會            yèzǒnghuì            nightclub; graveyard
  菜鸟              菜鳥              càiniǎo              rookie, beginner, novice, inexperienced person; lit. \'vegetable bird\'
  天真              天真              tiānzhēn             naive (said mostly of young girls); lit \'heaven real\'
  猪头              豬頭              zhūtóu               idiot; lit. pig\'s head
  笨蛋              笨蛋              bèndàn               idiot; lit. stupid egg
  坏蛋              壞蛋              huàidàn              crook, scoundrel; lit. rotten egg
  王八蛋            王八蛋            wángbādàn            son of a bitch; lit. turtle egg
  货                货                huò                  goods, merchandise, stuff; drugs
  白痴              白痴              báichī               idiot; stupidity; lit. white fool
  蠢货              蠢貨              chǔnhuò              idiot, blockhead, dunce, moron (used infrequently)
  傻瓜              傻瓜              shǎguā               fool, simpleton (sometimes used lovingly); lit. stupid melon
  小子              小子              xiǎozi               guy, kid; prick, brat
  疯子              瘋子              fēngzi               madman, lunatic
  发疯              發瘋              fāfēng               to become insane, to go mad
  娘娘腔            娘娘腔            niángniangqiāng      sissy, girly, effeminate (esp. of a male)
  傢伙              傢伙              jiāhuo               guy, chap (negative); weapon, gun
  毒蟲              毒蟲              dúchóng              junky, someone on drugs; lit. poisonous insect
  吸毒              吸毒              xīdú                 to drug, to take drugs (esp. narcotics); lit. to absorb poison
  上瘾              上癮              shàngyǐn             to become addicted; addictive; Used colloquially: \'get hooked to something\' (as in 這種啤酒太好喝了,我快要上癮了 \"This kind of beer is too tasty, I\'m about to get hooked\"
  崩溃              崩潰              bēngkuì              debacle; to fall apart, to collapse, esp. mental collapse
  欠xx              欠xx              qiàn-xx              to owe xx (as in, 欠錢 \"owe money\", 欠情 \"owe a favor\"); to ask/beg for xx (as in, 欠念 \"asking for a verbal dress down\", 欠揍 \"asking for a beating\")
  放xx(的)鸽子      放xx(的)鴿子      fàng xx gēzi         to (intentionally) not not come for xx; to miss xx\'s appointment, equiv. to stand xx up, to be a no-show (as in, 不要放我鴿子喔！ \"Don\'t stand me up!\"); lit. release xx pigeons
  吃xx(的)豆腐      吃xx(的)豆腐      chī xx (de) dòufu    to commit borderline sexual harassment with a woman (as in, 不要吃我的豆腐。 \"Don\'t touch me.\", 你想吃我的豆腐嗎? \"Would you like to touch me?\"); lit. to eat xx\'s tofu
  没水准            沒水準            méi shuǐzhǔn         equiv. to have no class; lit. to have no standards
  没家教            沒家教            méi jiājiào          unmannered, not well behaved, impolite; lit. without home teaching, without a good upbringing
  下流              下流              xiàliú               nasty; obscene; indecent; a low life; lit. downstream
  土                土                tǔ                   with no class, like a buffoon (as in, 你的衣服好土喔! \'your clothes are so low class!\'); lit. earth, soil
  飙车              飆車              biāochē              drag racing; motorcycle racing; to drive in speedily, a crazed fashion; lit. whirlwind car
  xx族              xx族              xx-zú                people that do xx (as in, 上班族 \"people that work\", 飆車族 \"people that drive too fast\"); lit. xx tribe/clan/family
  种草莓            種草莓            zhǒngcǎoméi          to kiss someone passionately, leaving a reddish mark (equiv. to give someone a hickey); lit. to plant strawberries
  丢脸              丟臉              diūliǎn              to embarrass, to disgrace, to humiliate (as in 你在朋友的面前這樣說我真丟臉。 \"The way you spoke about me in front of our friends really made me lose face.\"); equiv., lit. to lose face
  没面子            沒面子            méi miànzi           to lose face (as in 你害我沒面子。 \"You made me lose face.\")
  厚脸皮            厚臉皮            hòu liǎnpí           cheeky, brazen; thick skinned; willing to make daring demands (negative)
  嚣张              囂張              xiāozhāng            brazen, shameless, arrogant
  酒吧              酒吧              jiǔbā                a bar
  酒店              酒店              jiǔdiàn              a hotel; restaurant; hostess bar (Taiwan only); wine shop
  夜店              夜店              yèdiàn               a nightclub
  夜猫子            夜貓子            yèmāozi              someone who sleeps late (equiv. a night owl); someone with a rich nightlife
  黄包车            黃包車            huángbāochē          rickshaw / denigrating slang: a Chinese woman abroad (being promiscuous as opposed to conservative at home)
  恐龙妹            恐龍妹            kǒnglóngmèi          ugly girl (lit. \'dinosaur girl\')
  辣妹              辣妹              làmèi                a hot girl (lit. \'spicy girl\'); the Spice Girls
  正妹              正妹              zhèngmēi             a beautiful girl, pretty girl
  帅哥              帥哥              shuàigē              good looking dude, a hunk
  放电              放電              fàngdiàn             to create an atmosphere of feminine attraction (of a woman); lit. \'to discharge electricity\'
  欲火焚身          慾火焚身          yùhuǒfénshēn         to be very horny; lit. \'lust fire incinerate body\'
  泡妞              泡妞              pàoniū               (try to) hook up with girls, on the prowl for women; lit 'steep/soak girls'
  把妹              把妹              bǎmèi                to hunt for girls
  把马子            把馬子            bǎmǎzi               to hunt for girls
  把凯子            把凱子            bǎkǎizi              to hunt for rich hunks (of a woman)
  搭讪              搭訕              dāshan               (trying to hook up by) starting a conversation (with a stranger)
  乱讲              亂講              luànjiǎng            to speak nonsense
  胡烂              胡爛              húlàn                give someone a load of nonsense; (as in 男生最利害的就是胡爛 \"(said by a woman) Selling crap is what men do best\"); lit 'nonsense crap'
  放屁              放屁              fàngpì               to speak nonsense; lit. \'to fart\'
  废话              廢話              fèihuà               to speak nonsense, to trashtalk; lit. \'to waste words\'
  啰嗦              囉嗦              luōsuo               to talk too much (as in 你很囉嗦。 \"You talk too much.\", 不要囉嗦了！ \"Stop rambling!\")
  哈啦              哈啦              hāla                 to argue, to incessantly try to convince someone (as in 你不用哈啦這麼多, 就直接認錯吧! \"Stop arguing and just admit you\'re wrong!\", 哇,你很會哈啦喔! \"Wow, you really know how to argue!\")
  闭嘴              閉嘴              bìzuǐ                shut up (interjection, often said by parents)
  插嘴              插嘴              chāzuǐ               to interrupt someone talking (as in 你不要老是插嘴。 \"Stop interrupting me.\"); lit. to insert a mouth
  顶嘴              頂嘴              dǐngzuǐ              to talk back, to be a wiseguy; to answer defiantly (as in 如果你再頂嘴我就修理你! \"I am going to take care of you if you talk back to me again.\")
  xx个屁 / xx个头   xx個屁 / xx個頭   xx-gèpì / xx-gètóu   xx my ass (interjection, as in A: 這電影好浪漫喔。 B: 浪漫個屁阿! A: This movie is so romantic. B: Romantic my ass!)
  小弟弟            小弟弟            xiǎodìdì             penis; lit. little brother
  （小）鸡鸡        （小）雞雞        (xiǎo)jījī           penis; lit. chicken
  小鸟              小鳥              xiǎoniǎo             penis; lit. small bird
  那话儿            那話兒            nàhuàr               penis; lit. \"that talk\"
  蛋                蛋                dàn                  testicles, equiv. balls (as in 打架的時候要好好保護你的蛋(蛋)。 \"When fighting you have protect your balls.\"); lit. egg
  奶子              奶子              nǎizi                breast(s)
  巨乳              巨乳              jùrǔ                 huge breast(s)
  波霸              波霸              bōbà                 (woman with) huge breast(s)
  高潮              高潮              gāocháo              orgasm; lit. high tide, climax
  做爱              做愛              zuò\'ài              to have sex; lit., equiv. to make love
  炒饭              炒飯              chǎofàn              to make love; lit. to fry rice
  上床              上床              shàngchuáng          to go to bed; to make love
  色狼              色狼              sèláng               a man with strong sexual desires, a satyr, a sex addict; lit. appearance wolf
  变态              變態              biàntài              a sexual pervert; lit. metamorphosis, abnormal
  （有）外遇        （有）外遇        (yǒu) wàiyù          to have an affair
  劈腿              劈腿              pītuǐ                to have an affair, to cheat on someone; lit. to split the legs
  一夜情            一夜情            yīyèqíng             a one-night stand; lit. love for one night
  分手              分手              fēnshǒu              to break up in a relationship; to bid farewell; lit. divide hands
  兵变              兵變              bīngbiàn             a mutiny; a relationship that breaks up during military service; lit. military change
  追                追                zhuī                 to try to get a relationship with someone (as in 他還在追那個美妹嗎? \"Is he still after that pretty girl?\"); to pursue
  狐狸精            狐狸精            húlíjīng             a woman that steals another woman\'s man; lit. a fox spirit
  母老虎            母老虎            mǔlǎohǔ              a dominant wife; lit. mother tiger
  哇靠              哇靠              wākào                exclamation: WOW! (also the title of a song by 周杰倫 Jay Zhou, a famous Taiwanese singer)
  干                幹                gàn                  to make love \[vulgar\]; used as a vulgar exclamation, equiv. \"F\*\*k!\"; to do something, as in 幹活 \"work\"
  干掉              幹掉              gàndiào              to get rid of; to kill someone; lit. to do away
  干你娘            幹你娘            gàn nǐ niáng         to have sex with your mother, *very* vulgar (*never* used in public unless speaker wants to appear boorish)
  干嘛              幹嘛              gànmá                exclamation, \"What is it now?\" or \"What do you want now?\", indicating irritation; why (impolite) (as in \'你幹嘛花這麼多錢買這麼爛的東西? \"Why would you spend so much money buying something as crappy as that?\")
  （他）妈的        （他）媽的        (tā)made             exclamation, \"Fuck!\", \"Shit!\", \"To hell with it!\", \"Damn it!\"; used to increase vulgarity (as in 你也他媽的夠了吧! \"You are really out of line!\"); lit. his mom\'s
  操                操                cào                  to fuck \[vulgar\] (from 肏 which has the same pronunciation); to exercise, drill (when pronounced cāo)
  操你妈的屄        操你媽的屄        cāo nǐ mā de bī      to fuck your mother\'s cunt \[very vulgar\] (never use in public, or for that matter, at home)
  屌                屌                diǎo                 male reproductive organ; expression (mostly among guys) showing admiration or approval (as in 你很屌! \"you\'re awesome!\" or 超屌的! \"far out!\")
  老外              老外              lǎowài               foreigner (neutral connotation)
  洋妞              洋妞              yángniū              foreign babe, foreign chick
  阿都仔            阿都仔            ādōuzǐ               foreigner (Taiwan only)
  同志              同志              tóngzhì              gay or lesbian (normally \"comrade\" in a Communist context)
  小姐              小姐              xiǎojiě              girl working in a hostess bar; exclamation, used alone, \"Waitress!\"; prostitute; young woman
  槟榔西施          檳榔西施          bīnláng Xīshī        a young, attractive girl, usually scantily clad, hired to sell betelnuts in street stalls (西施 is a classic beauty from Chinese history/myth); lit. betelnut beauty
  杀价              殺價              shājià               to haggle, to bargain (foreigners will always be forced to pay more, though)
  动手              動手              dòngshǒu             to begin doing something (e.g. 他开始动手了吗？); to touch, to handle; to hit someone with hands
  动手脚            動手腳            dòngshǒujiǎo         to sabotage something; to cheat by modifying something; to tinker with; lit. to move hands and feet
  灌醉              灌醉              guànzuì              to fuddle, to confuse with alcohol; to get someone drunk
  海量              海量              hǎiliàng             to be capable of holding liquor (a highly valued asset in competitive drinking, a Chinese sport)
  灌水              灌水              guànshuǐ             to sell inferior goods that have been tampered with (business), for example, adding water to milk; to lose a game on purpose (sports)
  黑货              黑貨              hēihuò               goods that have been tampered with, potentially hazardous to health; smuggled goods; lit. black stuff, majorly used in China but Taiwan
  拍马屁            拍馬屁            páimǎpì              to flatter; lit. to align horse farts
  拍拍屁股走        拍拍屁股走        pāipāi pìgu zǒu      to run away, to take off without caring for the consequences (while engaged in a relationship or project); lit. to line up the ass and go
  条子              條子              tiáozi               a police officer; a strip (esp. of paper), a note
  内鬼              內鬼              nèiguǐ               to steal; lit. within ghosts
  饭桶              飯桶              fàntǒng              a scallywag, a do-nothing; a guy who lives off his girlfriend; lit. a rice container
  吃软饭            吃軟飯            chīruǎnfàn           to live off one\'s girlfriend; lit. to eat soft rice
  毛毛的            毛毛的            máomáode             creepy, suspicious, causing goosebumps (as in 他那樣瞪我, 我都覺得毛毛的。 \"The way he stared at me made me feel spooked.\")
  人情味            人情味            rénqíngwèi           affection, humane, used to describe a friendly, caring atmosphere (as in 中國很有人情味。); lit. the smell of human feelings
  累死了            累死了            lèisǐle              exhausted, worn out; lit. tired to the death
  （老）油条        （老）油條        (lǎo)yóutiáo         a deceitful, \"slick\" person (油條, fried wheat cruller, is a long stick of deep fried batter, a staple in China)
  狗仔（队）        狗仔（隊）        gǒuzǎi(duì)          paparazzi; lit. dog puppy team
  小强              小強              xiǎoqiáng            cockroach; lit. little strong one
  过头              過頭              guòtóu               in excess (as in 睡过头, to oversleep)
  赖床              賴床              làichuáng            to stay in bed (esp. too long), to not get up
  昏昏欲睡          昏昏欲睡          hūnhūnyùshuì         drowsy, sleepy
  拖拖拉拉          拖拖拉拉          tuōtuōlālā           to be slow (esp. from reluctance); to procrastinate
  湿达达（的）      溼答答（的）      shīdádá(de)          soaking wet
  A                 A                 A                    to steal (as in A錢, to steal money)
  K書               K書               K-shū                study (as in pounding something into one\'s head)
  SPP               SPP               SPP                  having no class (Taiwan only, based on Hoklo dialect)
  A片               A片               A-piàn               a porn movie
  咱们              咱們              zánmen               we, us (sometimes just 咱).

## External links

-   Chinese Chat
    Codes - This
    page contains numeric codes used in chatting or pager messages
    similar to English acronyms like LOL
    (_L_aughing _O_ut
    _L_oud) or BRB (_B_e
    _R_ight _B_ack).
-   Chinese Slang
    Dictionary -
    A dictionary of Chinese slang, colloquialisms, curses, vulgarities,
    dialects, and street talk that Chinese characters, pinyin
    romanization, and an English version.